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Title: Hungarian grammar
Author: C. Arthur Ginever
Ilona Ginever
Release date: August 24, 2025 [eBook #76725]
Language: English
Credits: Jonathan Ingram and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HUNGARIAN GRAMMAR ***
Transcriber’s Note: In the original, Hungarian words were printed in
bold typeface. This has been removed to avoid visual distraction for
the reader (but preserved in the HTML version). Some words and parts
of words are marked =thus= where the authors intended special emphasis.
The reader should exercise caution if removing the equals signs for
readability, as there are some genuine equals signs in the text as well.
Italics are indicated by _underscores_.
HUNGARIAN GRAMMAR
TRÜBNER’S SIMPLIFIED GRAMMARS OF THE PRINCIPAL ASIATIC AND EUROPEAN
LANGUAGES
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HUNGARIAN
GRAMMAR
BY
C. ARTHUR AND ILONA GINEVER
LONDON
KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRÜBNER & CO. LTD
DRYDEN HOUSE, GERRARD STREET, W.
1909
_The rights of translation and of reproduction are reserved_
Printed by BALLANTYNE, HANSON & CO.
At the Ballantyne Press, Edinburgh
PREFACE
Many people are under the wrong impression that Hungarian is a difficult
language to learn. It is true that it is quite unrelated to any other
European language, save the Finnish, being of oriental origin, and
brought with them by the invading Hungarians into the country now known
as Hungary, towards the end of the ninth century A.D.
Though the vocabulary, accordingly, may at first wear an air of
strangeness, this strangeness does not mean difficulty, and we venture
to say that Hungarian is easier for an English student than French or
German. The most striking characteristics of the language are its use
of suffixes, where in English pronouns and prepositions are employed,
and the law of harmony prevailing between the vowel-sounds of a word and
those of its suffixes.
When once these rules, and a few relating to the verb, are grasped,
Hungarian will be found to present no great difficulty, and the
impression that it is a hard language to learn must be regarded as due to
the bad and complicated exposition usually met with in grammars designed
to teach Hungarian.
A student who thoroughly masters this short and simple grammar will be
well on the way to speaking and reading Hungarian, and to unlocking for
himself the golden stores of Hungarian prose and poetry.
In the hope that this book may prove serviceable to any one visiting
Hungary, we have added a vocabulary and a number of phrases in common use.
C. ARTHUR GINEVER.
ILONA GINEVER
(_née_ DE GYŐRY, OF BUDAPEST).
ST. LADISLAS, CASTLE AVENUE, DOVER.
CONTENTS
CHAP. PAGE
I. THE ALPHABET 1
II. THE ARTICLE 4
III. THE NOUN 7
IV. PERSONAL SUFFIXES 18
V. SUFFIXES FOR PLACE, DIRECTION, &C. 22
VI. POSTPOSITIONS 26
VII. THE ADJECTIVE 30
VIII. THE PRONOUN 37
IX. THE VERB 43
X. THE ADVERB 62
XI. CONJUNCTIONS 66
XII. INTERJECTIONS 68
XIII. GENDER 70
XIV. ETYMOLOGY 72
XV. SYNTAX 75
XVI. DAYS, MONTHS, AND SEASONS 77
XVII. MONEY, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES 78
XVIII. PHRASES 79
HUNGARIAN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 88
ENGLISH-HUNGARIAN VOCABULARY 91
HUNGARIAN GRAMMAR
CHAPTER I
THE ALPHABET
VOWELS.
There are in Hungarian fourteen distinct vowel characters:— a, á; e, é;
i, í; o, ó, ö, ő; u, ú, ü, ű.
They are pronounced:—
=a= as _o_ in rod, _e.g._ fal, a wall
=á= ” _a_ ” far ” vár, a castle
=e=[1] ” _a_ ” man ” kerek, round
=é= ” _a_ ” pale ” pénz, money
=i= ” _i_ ” piqué ” piros, red
=í= ” _ee_ ” bee ” ív, an arch
=o= ” _o_ ” fort ” bor, wine
=ó= ” _o_ ” roll ” ló, a horse
=ö= ” French _eu_ ” neuf ” föld, earth
=ő= ” _u_ ” fur }
or French _œu_ ” sœur } ” bőr, skin
=u= ” _u_ ” bull ” futni, to run
=ú= ” _oo_ ” pool ” rút, ugly
=ü= ” French _u_ ” une ” fül, ear
=ű= ” ” _ue_ ” morue ” tűz, fire
a, e, i, o, ö, u, ü are short vowels.
á, é, í, ó, ő, ú, ű are long vowels.
_There are no Diphthongs._
Vowels are also divided into:—
(_a_) _Flats_: =a=, =á=, =o=, =ó=, =u=, =ú=;
(_b_) _Sharps_: =e=, =ö=, =ő=, =ü=, =ű=; and
(_c_) _Mediates_: =é=, =i=, =í=.
_Flats and Sharps never occur in the same word_, and according as the
vowels are of one or the other class the words are said to be sharp or
flat, and only take suffixes of their respective class.
kalap (hat), pl. kalapok.
kert (garden), ” kertek.
_Note._—This rule does not prevent the formation of compound
substantives of heterogeneous words, and applies only to
etymological derivatives. For example, selyemruha is a
compound of selyem (silk), and ruha (a dress).
The _Mediates_ may be found in the same word along with either flat or
sharp vowels. Such words are called mixed, and take suffixes of either
class.
piros (red), pl. pirosak.
hideg (cold), ” hidegek.
CONSONANTS.
The _simple consonants_ are: b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t,
v, z.
=c= (or =cz=) is pronounced like _ts_ in its, _e.g._ citrom, a lemon
=g= (hard) ” ” ” _g_ ” go ” galamb, a dove
=j= (soft) ” ” ” _y_ ” you ” jó, good
=s= ” ” ” _sh_ ” shoe ” sas, an eagle
=h= is always aspirated ” három, three
=r= is harder than in English, and is }
always vibrated, whether preceded } ” róka, a fox
or followed by a vowel } ” ár, price
The others are pronounced as in English.
The _compound consonants_ are: cs, ds, gy, ly, ny, sz, ty, zs.
They are pronounced as follows:—
=cs= as _ch_ in church, _e.g._ csirke, a chicken
=ds= ” _j_ ” joke ” findsa, a cup
=gy= ” _d_ ” dew ” gyöngy, a pearl
=ly= ” _y_ ” you ” ilyen, such
=ny= ” _n_ ” new ” nyúl, a hare
=sz= ” _s_ ” so ” szabó, a tailor
=ty= ” _t_ ” tune ” tyúk, a hen
=zs= ” _z_ ” azure } ” zsir, lard
or French _j_ in je }
These compound consonants must be looked upon as single letters, each
representing a single and distinct sound or articulation, and cannot be
divided in spelling or pronunciation.
If in a word the sound of a compound consonant is heard with greater
stress, that is, where these letters are to be written doubly, they are
thus abbreviated:—
For cscs, ccs; for gygy, ggy; &c.
But if these consonants meet only through the use of suffixes or the
formation of compound words, they must be written out in full. Also, when
a word is broken off at the end of a line, the missing letter is to be
replaced.
asszony (woman) is divided thus: asz-szony.
The Hungarian language has no mute letters. Every character is to be
pronounced distinctly and in full, always retaining the same sound, and
each word has as many syllables as it contains vowels.
fiaim has three syllables, and is pronounced fi-a-im.
leányaié ” five ” ” ” le-ány-a-i-é.
The _emphasis_ _always_ rests on the _first syllable_.
FOOTNOTES:
[1] This e is sometimes pronounced like _e_ in men, especially in the
case of words in which it occurs several times; _e.g._ engedelmes
(pronounced angedalmash).
CHAPTER II
THE ARTICLE
The _Definite Article_ is =a= or =az=.
=a= is used before words beginning with a consonant.
=az= is used before words beginning with a vowel.
Whenever any definite object is referred to the definite article is used.
a fiú, the boy; az alma, the apple.
The definite article is used in many cases where it would not be used in
English; for example, even after a demonstrative adjective, or where a
pronoun precedes the noun.
ez =az= alma; =az= én fiam.
(this apple;) ( my son.)
jobban szeretem =a= selymet mint =a= vásznat.
(better do I like silk than linen.)
In such cases the article must not be translated into English.
_N.B._—The definite article az must not be confused with
the demonstrative adjective az, that. The article, when
accompanying the demonstrative adjective, follows it:
_e.g._ az az ember, that man; az a madár, that bird.
The names of persons, towns, countries, months, and days do not take the
article.
Károly, Charles
Magyarország, Hungary
Európa, Europe
Berlin, Berlin
január,[2] January
hétfő,[2] Monday
The names of mountains, rivers, and lakes take the article.
a Duna, the Danube
a Balaton, Lake Balaton
a Kárpátok, the Carpathians
a Gellérthegy, Gellért hill
magyarországi, Hungarian
angol, English
berlini, belonging to Berlin
német, German
Similarly,
egy angol, an Englishman
egy német, a German
_The Indefinite Article_ is =egy=, which is also the numeral, one.
The indefinite article is much less frequently used in Hungarian than in
English. It is not necessary to use egy before a noun if spoken of in
general terms only.
embert láttam, I saw (or have seen) a man.
almát ettem, I have eaten an apple.
=egy= _must never be used before an adjective or noun used as a
predicate._ Thus—
Szent István király volt, St. Stephen was a king.
A sas madár, the eagle (is) a bird.
József jó fiú, Joseph (is) a good boy.
=egy= _should be used in cases where its meaning is that of “a certain.”_
volt egyszer egy ember aki, stb., there was once a man who, &c.
=egy= is used when stress is laid on the singleness of the object.
csak egy embert láttam, I saw only one man.
egy almát ettem, I have eaten one apple.
_The article is not inflected for number, gender, or case._
az ember, az emberek, az embernek, az embereknek.
(the man) (the men) (to the man) (to the men).
EXERCISE I.
A piros virág. Az atya ir. A szép asszony. Ez a fiú. Ez a nagy ház. A jó
emberek. Kutyát láttam. Csak egy kutyát láttam. Az az alma.
The swift horse. That brave man. I have eaten only one plum. I saw a
beautiful garden. The mother is gentle. Roses are beautiful flowers.
virág, flower
atya, father
ir, writes
szép, beautiful
nagy, great
ház, house
gyors, swift
bátor, brave
csak, only
kutya, dog
láttam, I saw (or have seen)
anya, mother
rózsa, rose
magas, high
szelid, gentle
szilva, plum
FOOTNOTES:
[2] The names of months and days all begin with small letters. So do the
names of towns and countries when used as adjectives.
CHAPTER III
THE NOUN
_Number_, _Case_, and _Person_ are expressed by means of _Suffixes_.
There are also _suffixes_ to express _place_ and _direction_.
These suffixes are joined to the root, which sometimes undergoes
orthographical changes.
Place and direction are also indicated by means of _postpositions_,
which, like the suffixes mentioned above, are equivalent to the
prepositions of English grammar, but which, as their name indicates,
follow the noun instead of preceding it.
Postpositions only differ from the suffixes which also indicate place and
direction by being separate from the noun.
NUMBER.
_Rule._—The plural is formed by adding =-k= to nouns ending with a vowel,
or =-ak=, =-ok=, =-ek=, or =-ök= to nouns ending with a consonant.
rigó (thrush), plural rigók
ház (house), ” házak
kert (garden), ” kertek
=a= and =e= at the end of a noun become _lengthened_ in the plural.
fa (tree), pl. fák
eke (plough), pl. ekék
Nouns ending with a _consonant preceded by á or é shorten these vowels_
in the plural, _except_ those ending in =-ság=, =-ség=, =-ás=, or =-és=,
and a few monosyllabic nouns.
madár (bird), plural madarak
kerék (wheel) ” kerekek
But, ritkaság (rarity) ” ritkaságok
szépség (beauty) ” szépségek
vágás (a stroke) ” vágások
vetés (a crop) ” vetések
If the final consonants of the last two syllables in polysyllabic nouns
would admit of an easy pronunciation without the intervention of a vowel,
the vowel of the last syllable is generally dropped in the plural. This
_contraction_ mostly takes place when the consonants =m-r=, =k-r=, =k-l=,
or reversed, =r-m=, =r-k=, and =l-k= meet.
lélek (soul), plural lelkek
ökör (bull) ” ökrök
járom (yoke) ” jármok
The following monosyllabic nouns ending with a vowel take =v= in the
_plural_; some of them at the same time shorten their vowel:—
kő (stone), plural kövek
lé (juice) ” levek
ló (horse) ” lovak
fű (grass) ” füvek
cső (tube) ” csövek
tó (lake) ” tavak
tő (stem) ” tövek
hó (snow) ” havak
mű (work of art) ” művek
szó (word) ” { szavak (consecutive words)
{ szók (disconnected words)
NOTE.—_Nouns are always used in the singular when preceded by a
numeral or any other word expressing quantity, and take the verb
in the singular._
két ember (two men); sok fa (many trees).
három ember van a kertben, three men are in the garden.
Many nouns in Hungarian are used in the singular which are in
English used in the plural; for example, the names of the various
parts of the human body, and of articles of clothing, which occur
in pairs—eyes, hands, gloves, boots, &c.
Szép szeme van, she has pretty eyes (literally, a pretty eye).
Fázik a kezem, my hands are cold (literally, my hand is cold).
Keztyűt, czipőt, vettem, I have bought gloves, shoes (literally,
glove, shoe).
If one desires to say exactly the quantity bought, one may say,
egy pár keztyűt, két pár keztyűt, &c., but if the quantity is not
mentioned, it is sufficient to use the singular accusative, as in
the above example. If the plural were used it would mean many pairs,
and it would then be better to say how many.
It may be well here to point out how such a notion as “a pair of,”
“a cup of,” “a pound of,” is expressed in Hungarian. The English
“of” has no equivalent in Hungarian.
A pair of shoes = egy pár czipő (lit. a pair shoe).
A cup of coffee = egy csésze kávé (lit. a cup coffee).
A bottle of wine = egy üveg bor.
A kilogram of apples = egy kilogramm alma (lit. a kilogram apple).
In such cases, if the accusative case has to be used, it is only the
second of the two nouns that takes the accusative ending -t (see
below).
I have bought a bottle of wine = vettem egy üveg bor-t.
_Collective nouns_ are used in the plural when several lots or quantities
of the same genus are referred to, but in all other cases they are used
in the singular. In Hungarian all generic names are collective nouns, as,
for instance, the names of fruits, corn, vegetables, minerals, &c., and
stand in the singular.
alma, apple or apples.
buza, wheat.
borsó, a pea or peas.
egy font alma, a pound of apples; szeretem az almát, I like apples.
két itcze borsó, two quarts of peas; borsót vettem, I have bought
some peas.
But,
a magyar buzá=-k= jobbak mint az oroszok.
Hungarian wheats (are) better than Russian.
EXERCISE II.
A házak magasak és a kertek nagyok. A rigók madarak. A vetések zöldek. Az
ökrök erősek. A tavak kékek. A hó fehér és hideg. A ló és a kutya házi
állatok. A kertben sok szép virág van. Az emberek a kertben vannak.
Apples and pears are pleasant fruits. The dog and the cat are domestic
animals. Many strong horses are in the stable. Three beautiful trees are
in the garden. Dogs are faithful friends.
zöld, green
erős, strong
kék, blue
fehér, white
házi, domestic
állat, animal
-ben, -ban, in
körte, pear
van, is
vannak, are
kellemes, pleasant
gyümölcs, fruit
macska, cat
istálló, stable
hű, faithful
barát, friend
CASES OF THE NOUN.
There are _four cases_:—_Nominative_, _Genitive_ or _Possessive_,
_Dative_ and _Accusative_.
The _Nominative_ is the subject of the verb and is the simple word.
THE GENITIVE.
Two different suffixes are used to indicate the genitive or possessive
case.
(1) _When the names of the possessor and the thing possessed are
both mentioned_ the name of the possessor takes the suffix =-nak= for
flat-sounding words and =-nek= for sharp-sounding words to indicate the
possessive case.
At the same time the name of the thing possessed takes the personal
suffix =-a=, =-e= or =-ja=, =-je= (see Chapter IV.).
Péter=-nek= kert=-je=, Peter’s garden.
Péter=-nek= a kert=-je= szép, Peter’s garden is beautiful.
The genitive with -nak, -nek, stands in an adjectival relation to the
thing possessed. In Péternek kertje, Péternek is the attribute to kertje.
This construction, while grammatically correct, is somewhat cumbersome,
and as a rule, when the possessive stands only as attribute to its
object, it is not inflected, as the object is already inflected with the
personal suffix, which expresses amply the relation between possessor and
thing possessed.
Thus, Péter kert=-je= is more usual than Péter=-nek= kert=-je=; in fact,
this construction is almost invariably employed.
az ember kabát=-ja=, the man’s coat.
_Note._—When several substantives occur in succession, and all
except the first and last are both possessors and things
possessed, while all the things possessed take the personal
suffix, only the last possessor takes the genitive suffix,
which must never be omitted.
A fa lomb-ja szin-é=-nek= szépség-e. The beauty of the colour of the
foliage of the tree.
VAN. VANNAK.
The Hungarian has no word corresponding to the English verb “to have,”
but expresses possession by the possessive case with the verb =van=,
“is,” or other parts of the verb lenni, “to be.”
Péter-nek =van= ház-a, Peter has a house (literally, there is a
house of Peter’s).
Péter-nek =vannak= ház-ai, Peter has houses (literally, there are
houses of Peter’s).
The form of the possessive with the verb van is called its subjective
form, and is always to be translated into English by the nominative and
the verb “to have.” With this construction, -nek or -nak must never
be omitted if the name of the possessor is mentioned, while the thing
possessed must always take the personal ending.
_Note._—The name of the possessor is not always mentioned, the
personal ending, or the context, being sufficient to show
who the possessor is.
Tavasszal sok virág=-unk lesz=. We shall have many flowers
in the spring.
Atyám örült, mert az ősszel sok gyümölcs=-e volt=. My father
was glad, because he had abundant fruit in the autumn.
In this latter sentence neki is understood, but need not be
expressed.
The other form, where it governs its object directly, that is, without
van, is called its attributive form, and is to be rendered in English by
the possessive case.
(2) _When the name of the thing possessed is suppressed, the possessive
case is indicated by the suffix_ =-é= _or_ =-éi=; -é, if the thing
possessed is a single object, -éi, when two or more objects are
possessed.
Kinek a háza az? Az atyám=-é=.
Whose house is that? My father’s.
Kinek a házai azok? Az atyám=-éi=.
Whose houses are those? My father’s.
Az a ház az atyám=-é=.
That house is my father’s.
This sentence in full would be: Az a ház az atyám háza, but háza is
suppressed and the suffix -é is substituted for it.
This suffix -é or -éi is added to the plural if there are more than one
possessor.
Kinek a szobája ez? A gyermek-ek=-é=.
Whose is this room? The children’s.
Kinek a szobái ezek? A gyermek-ek=-éi=.
Whose are these rooms? The children’s.
_Note._—This form of the genitive, being a contraction of both
possessor and object possessed, may be used as subject or
predicate, and can be inflected like an ordinary noun, except
that it cannot take the genitive ending again.
Házamat eladtam és Péter-é-t megvettem, I sold my house and
bought Peter’s.
Here Péter is in the genitive, and has taken also the
accusative ending -t, which would be joined to the object
were it expressed; thus, Házamat eladtam és Péternek ház-á-t
megvettem.
EXERCISE III.
A madarak dala szép. A fák lombja zöld. Péter háza és kertje nagy. A
háznak sok ablaka van. Az ökrök járma erős. Jánosnak négy lova van. A
rózsáknak édes illata van. Kinek a kertje ez? A szomszédé.
The scent of the flowers is pleasant. Whose are those fine horses? They
belong to the king. The colour of the roses of that garden is lovely.
That tall house belongs to Peter. The neighbour has a large garden.
dal, song
lomb, foliage
ablak, window
négy, four
édes, sweet
illat, scent
szomszéd, neighbour
szép, fine, beautiful
szín, colour
gyönyörű, lovely
THE DATIVE.
The dative suffix is also =-nak= or =-nek=, which corresponds to the
English “to” or “for.”
Ezt Péter=-nek= adom, I give this to Peter.
Szénát viszek a lovak=-nak=, I carry hay to the horses.
_N.B._—This dative suffix, unlike the genitive -nak, -nek, must
never be omitted.
THE ACCUSATIVE.
The distinctive mark of the accusative, both in the singular and in the
plural, is the ending =-t=.
_Rule 1._—This =-t= _is added directly_ to
(_a_) all substantives ending in a vowel.
férfi (man), acc. férfit
rózsa (rose) ” rózsát
kefe (brush) ” kefét
erdő (wood) ” erdőt
_Note._—Final -a and -e become lengthened in the accusative.
(_b_) Substantives ending in j, l, _if they are not monosyllables_, ny,
s (if preceded by a long vowel), dissyllables ending in sz and z, and
monosyllables ending in r (except vár, a castle).
zörej (noise), acc. zörejt
asztal (table) ” asztalt
leány (girl) ” leányt
kár (damage) ” kárt
hús (meat) ” húst
vadász (huntsman) ” vadászt
vitéz (warrior) ” vitézt
_Rule 2._ =-t= _is preceded by a vowel_ in the case of words ending with a
consonant.
(_a_) By =a= (for flat words).
In monosyllabic substantives containing a long or short _a_ (excepting
those covered by the preceding rule).
száj (mouth), acc. szájat
váz (skeleton) ” vázat
vaj (butter) ” vajat
In most monosyllables containing _i_.
díj (salary), acc. díjat
híd (bridge) ” hidat
Also, in many nouns which shorten the long _á_ of their last syllable.
madár (bird), acc. madarat
(_b_) By =o= (for flat words).
narancs (orange), acc. narancsot
kalap (hat) ” kalapot
(_c_) By =e= (for sharp words).
In all substantives whose roots have _i_, _e_, or _é_, for their radical
vowels.
gyermek (child), acc. gyermeket
vitézség (bravery) ” vitézséget
In monosyllables with a final l, or with another final consonant preceded
by l or r.
fül (ear), acc. fület
föld (earth) ” földet
völgy (valley) ” völgyet
(_d_) By =ö= (for sharp words).
In substantives having as their radical vowels ö, ő, ü, or ű, and not
covered by the preceding rules.
ezüst (silver), acc. ezüstöt
füst (smoke) ” füstöt
köd (fog) ” ködöt
CONTRACTION.
The rule for contraction is the same in the case of the addition of the
accusative ending as in that of the addition of the plural ending (see
page 8).
lélek (soul), plural, lelkek, acc. lelket
dolog (task) ” dolgok, ” dolgot
A substantive is declined in the plural in the same way as in the
singular.
_Nom._ a házak
_Gen._ a házak-é
_Dat._ a házak-nak
_Acc._ a házak-at
EXERCISE IV.
Buzát adok a madaraknak. Képeket mutatok a gyermekeknek. Az ember vizet
visz a lovaknak és az ökröknek. A hó takarót ad a földnek. A kert
gyümölcsöt hoz a gazdának. A tónak a partja virágos és a vize tiszta. A
kert füve zöld és fái magasak. Látok egy gazdaságot, két házat és három
lovat. A munka díja nagy. A madarat a kertben látom.
The men have a beautiful garden. The king’s palace is an imposing
building. I do not much admire the houses. Whose books are those? They
belong to the student. I shall give this gun to the hunter. I like
beautiful flowers.
kép, picture
mutatok, I show
víz, water
visz, carries
ad, gives
munka, work
látok, látom, I see
palota, palace
tekintélyes, imposing
épület, building
takaró, a covering
hoz, brings
gazda, farmer
gazdaság, farm
part, shore
virágos, flowery
nem, no, not
nagyon, much
bámulom, I admire
tanuló, student
fogom adni, I shall give
puska, gun
tiszta, clean, pure
CHAPTER IV
PERSONAL SUFFIXES
As already mentioned, the name of the object possessed is always
inflected.
Péternek kalap-ja (Peter’s hat).
In Hungarian, the function of the English possessive pronouns (my, thy,
&c.) is performed by suffixes.
atyá=-m= (my father); atyá=-d= (thy father).
These suffixes are as follows:—
(A.) _Where the Object possessed is Singular._
_Flat Words._ _Sharp Words._
Sing.: 1st person =-m= =-m= my
2nd ” =-d= =-d= thy
3rd ” =-ja= =-je= his, hers, its
Plural: 1st ” =-nk= =-nk= our
2nd ” =-tok= =-tek=, =tök= your
3rd ” =-jok=, =juk= =-jök=, =jük= their
When a word ends in a vowel these suffixes are added directly to the
word, the vowels a and e being lengthened, as in the case of the
formation of the plural.
_Examples._
atya (father)
atyá-m, my father atyá-nk, our father
atyá-d, thy father atyá-tok, your father
aty(á)-ja, his or her father[3] aty(á)-juk, their father[3]
eke (plough)
eké-m, my plough eké-nk, our plough
eké-d, thy plough eké-tek, your plough
eké-je, his or her plough eké-jük, their plough
A large number of words drop the j in the third person singular and
plural.
láb (foot) lába lábuk
bér (wages) bére bérük
szív (heart) szive szivük
toll (feather) tolla tolluk
orr (nose) orra orruk
In general, when a word ends with a consonant the j is omitted, but words
ending in two different consonants usually retain the j.
föld (ground) földje foldjük
kert (garden) kertje kertjük
domb (hill) dombja dombjuk
rojt (fringe) rojtja rojtjuk
There are exceptions, however.
gyümölcs (fruit) gyümölcse gyümölcsük
ércz (metal) ércze érczük
kilincs (door handle) kilincse kilincsük
(B.) _Where the Objects possessed are more than one._
_The mark of plurality is the vowel_ =i= _in the suffixes._
_Flat and Sharp Words._
Sing.: 1st person =-im= my
2nd ” =-id= thy
3rd ” =-i= his, hers, its
Plural: 1st ” =-ink= our
2nd ” =-itok=, =itek= your
(flat) (sharp)
3rd ” =-ik= their
_Examples._
hajó (ship) szoba (room) eke (plough)
Sing.: 1st person hajó-im szobá-im eké-im
2nd ” hajó-id szobá-id eké-id
3rd ” hajó-i szobá-i eké-i
Plural: 1st ” hajó-ink szobá-ink eké-ink
2nd ” hajó-itok szobá-itok eké-itek
3rd ” hajó-ik szobá-ik eké-ik
Nouns ending in a consonant link these endings by means of a vowel.
_Examples._
könyv (book); ház (house).
1. _The Object in the Singular._
1. könyv-em, my book. 1. ház-am, my house.
2. könyv-ed, thy book. 2. ház-ad, thy house.
3. könyv-e, his book. 3. ház-a, his house.
1. könyv-ünk, our book. 1. ház-unk, our house.
2. könyv-etek, your book. 2. ház-atok, your house.
3. könyv-ük, their book. 3. ház-ok, their house.
2. _The Object in the Plural._
1. könyv-eim, my books. 1. ház-aim, my houses.
2. könyv-eid, thy books. 2. ház-aid, thy houses.
3. könyv-ei, his books. 3. ház-ai, his houses.
1. könyv-eink, our books. 1. ház-aink, our houses.
2. könyv-eitek, your books. 2. ház-aitok, your houses.
3. könyv-eik, their books. 3. ház-aik, their houses.
Words which contract before adding the plural endings, also contract when
adding these personal suffixes.
ökör (ox), plural ökrök ökröm (my ox), &c.
malom (mill) ” malmok malmom (my mill), &c.
lélek (soul) ” lelkek lelkem (my soul), &c.
_Note._—If the possessor is the first or the second person, the
pronoun must not be put before it ordinarily, as the suffix
already indicates to whom the object belongs. The personal
pronoun is only to be used when it is desired to lay stress
on this ownership, as, az =én= könyvem, _my_ book (not yours);
a =te= könyved, _thy_ book (not another’s).
A noun to which has been added a personal suffix can take further
suffixes.
ezt atyá-m-nak adom, I am giving this to my father.
a hajó-m-at szeretem, I like my boat.
a hajó-m-ban, in my boat.
EXERCISE V.
A házak ablakai fényesek és ajtói magasak. A gazdának hat lova, nyolcz
ökre és tíz tehene van. Kié az eke és az ásó? A gazdáé. A hű és
szorgalmas szolga bére nagy. Kertem gyümölcsei érettek. Az én kertem
kisebb mint a barátomé. A körte íze kellemesebb mint az almáé. A mi
atyánk idősebb mint a te atyád. A rózsa szine piros, a buzavirágé kék.
My father’s books are very interesting. The scent of the roses is
pleasant. The colour of the rose is red. The farmer has many valuable
horses. The flowers of my father’s garden are beautiful. Whose is that
book? It belongs to my friend’s little boy.
fényes, bright
ajtó, door
hat, six
tíz, ten
tehén, cow
szorgalmas, industrious
szolga, servant
bér, wages
érett, ripe
kis, kisebb, small, smaller
barát, friend
íz, flavour
idős, old
buzavirág, cornflower
érdekes, interesting
értékes, valuable
FOOTNOTES:
[3] anya (mother), atya (father), and bátya (elder brother), drop the á
in the third person singular and plural.
CHAPTER V
SUFFIXES FOR PLACE, DIRECTION, ETC.
Where in English a preposition would be used, in Hungarian either a
suffix, or a postposition (see next chapter) is employed.
_In_ the house, a ház=-ban=.
(_a_) _Suffixes indicating Place where._
_Flat._ _Sharp._
1. =-ban=, =-ben= = _in_.
a ház-ban, a könyv-ben.
2. =-n= (after vowels) = _on_, _at_, _in_.
az ajtó-n, on the door.
_Note._—a and e become lengthened when adding -n: as, eke, eké-n.
=-on=, =-en=, =-ön= (after a consonant) = _on_, _at_, _in_.
az asztal-on, on the table.
a föld-ön, on the ground.
Budapest-en, in Budapest.
3. =-nál=, =-nél= = _with_, at the house of, at, among.
ő atyám-nál van, he is with my father, or at my father’s house.
a francia udvar-nál, at the French Court.
a görögök-nél, among the Greeks.
(_b_) _Suffixes answering the Question whither._
_Flat._ _Sharp._
4. =-ba=, =-be= = _into_.
a ház-ba megyek, I am going into the house.
tedd a terem-be, put it into the hall.
5. =-ra=, =-re= = _towards_, _on_, _upon_.
észak-ra, towards the north.
tedd az asztal-ra, put it on the table.
tíz-re jár az óra, it is getting towards ten o’clock.
6. =-hoz=, =-hez=, =-höz= = _to_, _towards_.
a barátom-hoz megyek, I am going to my friend.
menj az épület-hez, go to the building.
(_c_) _Suffixes answering the Question whence._
7. =-ból=, =-ből= = _out of_.
kimentem a ház-ból, I went out of the house.
a halat kifogták a víz-ből, they have drawn a fish out of the water.
8. =-ról=, =-ről= = _from_ (downwards from).
a kémény leesett a ház-ról (the chimney fell from the house).
9. =-tól=, =-től= = _from_.
a levél az atyám-tól jön, the letter comes from my father.
_Other Suffixes._
=-ig= answers the question How long? or How far?
a ház-ig, as far as the house.
két évig, for two years.
=-ért= = on account of, because of, for.
barátság-ért, for friendship.
pénz-ért, for money.
_Flat._ _Sharp._
=-val=, =-vel= = with, by means of.
ásó-val, with a spade.
_Note._—-val, -vel, if joined to a noun ending in a consonant,
drops the v, and doubles the final consonant of the noun.
kéz (hand), kéz-zel (by hand), kezem-mel (with my hand).
=-vá=, =-vé= is used to indicate the change of an object into something
else.
katoná-vá lenni, to become a soldier.
Lót neje só-vá változott, Lot’s wife was turned into salt.
_Note._—The above rule relating to -val, -vel, applies also to
-vá, -vé.
=-úl=, =-űl= tells for what purpose a thing has been done.
példá-úl, for example; mintá-úl, as a pattern.
=-ként= = like, as.
nagybátyját atyja-ként szereti, he loves his uncle like a father.
=-stul=, =stül= = together with.
levettem a rózsát szárastul, I plucked the rose with its stalk.
All these suffixes can be used after plural or personal suffixes have
already been added to a noun.
ház, ház-ak-ért, ház-am-ért.
They can also themselves take the personal endings mentioned in the
previous chapter.
Thus, instead of joining =-ben= (in) to the pronoun =én= (=I=), to
express the notion “_in me_,” the personal suffix =m= (with the proper
connecting vowel) is added to the prepositional affix =-ben=: thus, “in
me” becomes =bennem=, “in thee,” =benned=, &c.
ben (in) gives bennem, benned, benne,
bennünk, bennetek, bennök.
n (on) ” rajtam, rajtad, rajta,
rajtunk, rajtatok, rajtok.
nál (with) ” nálam, nálad, nála,
nálunk, nálatok, nálok.
be (into) ” belém, beléd, belé (beléje),
belénk, belétek, beléjök.
ra, re (on to) ” reám (rám), reád (rád), reá (rá),
reánk (ránk), rátok, rájok.
hoz (towards) ” hozzám, hozzád, hozzá (hozzája),
hozzánk, hozzátok, hozzájok.
ből (out of) ” belőlem, belőled, belőle,
belőlünk, belőletek, belőlök.
ról (down from) ” rólam, rólad, róla,
rólunk, rólatok, róluk.
től (from) ” tőlem, tőled, tőle,
tőlünk, tőletek, tőlük.
ért (on account of) ” értem, érted, érte,
értünk, értetek, értök.
vel (with) ” velem, veled, vele,
velünk, veletek, velök.
CHAPTER VI
POSTPOSITIONS
These resemble the suffixes just enumerated, except in the circumstance
that they are not joined to the noun, but stand after it as separate
words.
az egér fut a macska =elől=, the mouse runs from the cat.
Many have three forms, according as they answer the question _When?
Whither? Whence?_
alatt, under (stationary): a macska az asztal =alatt= van, the cat is
under the table.
alá, under (towards): menj a fa =alá=, go under the tree.
alól, under (from under): a növény kikel a föld =alól=, the plant comes
from under the ground.
Such postpositions may be tabulated as follows:—
_Where?_ _Whither?_ _Whence?_
under alatt alá alól
before előtt elé elől
above fölött fölé fölől
around körött köré körül
between or among között közé közül
behind mögött mögé mögül
beside mellett mellé mellől
on hegyett hegyé
towards felé
away from felől
_Other Postpositions._
ellen, against
gyanánt, as, for
iránt, towards
miatt, because of
mulva, after, at the end of
nélkül, without
óta, since
szerint, according to
után, after
végett, for the purpose of
helyett, instead of
The above postpositions do not necessitate any orthographical
modification of the preceding substantive.
a Duna mellett, beside the Danube.
The following postpositions do necessitate some change.
=közel=, near.
=képest=, in comparison with, in proportion to.
Before these the substantive takes =-hoz=, =-hez=, or =-höz=.
a templom=-hoz közel=, near the church.
öccsé=-hez képest= magas, he is tall compared with his younger brother.
=fogva=, since, by, from.
The substantive takes the suffix =-nál=, =-nél=, or =-tól=, =-től=.
kezé=-nél fogva=, by his hand.
tavasz=-tól fogva= épitik ezt a házat, they have been building this
house since the spring.
=nézve=, in regard to.
The substantive takes the suffix =-ra=, =-re=.
a dolog barátom=-ra nézve= kellemetlen, the business is disagreeable
as regards my friend.
a külsejé=-re nézve= megnyerő, he is pleasing as regards his appearance.
=együtt=, together with.
The substantive takes the suffix =-val=, =-vel=.
Sándor Mari=-val együtt= érkezett, Alexander has arrived together
with Mary.
_Note._—együtt can also be used as an adverb, meaning _together_.
a három ember =együtt= érkezett, the three men arrived together.
The following postpositions necessitate the addition to the substantives
of the ending =-n=, =-on=, =-en=, or =-ön=.
=alul=, below, under.
a becsár=on alul= adták el mindenét, all his belongings were sold under
their value.
=át=, =által=, across, over.
a katonák a hid=on át= mentek el, the soldiers went away over the
bridge.
=belül=, within, inside.
az ajtó=n belül=, inside the door.
=fölül=, above.
a felhőkö=n fölül=, above the clouds.
=innen=, this side of.
a folyó=n innen=, this side of the river
=keresztül=, through, across.
az erdő=n keresztül=, through the wood.
=kívül=, outside.
a város=on kívül=, outside the town.
=túl=, beyond, the other side of.
az erdő=n túl= vadásznak, they are hunting the other side of the wood.
The above postpositions (with the exception of gyanánt, mulva, óta,
közel, képest, fogva, nézve, együtt, át, belül, innen, keresztül, and
túl) may, like the suffixes in the preceding chapter, take the personal
endings.
alattam, under me alattad, under thee, &c.
nélkülem, without me nélküled, without thee, &c.
kívülem, besides me kívüled, besides thee, &c.
=alúl=, =belül=, =fölül=, =kívül=, =közel=, and =túl= can take the suffix
for direction =-ról=, =ről= (from), and they then mean from under, from
within, &c.
alúl-ról, from under
belül-ről, from within
fölül-ről, from above
kívül-ről, from without
közel-ről, from near
túl-ról, from beyond
EXERCISE VI.
A tehenek és lovak istállói tágasak és tiszták a gazdaságban.
Magyarország hegyeiben sok ércz van. Atyánk uj könyvei a könyvtárban
vannak. Hétfő helyett szerdán megyek el. A három közül ez a legszebb. A
füst elszállt a tető fölől. A hirlap szerint a király megérkezett.
My father is in his garden, but will soon go into the house. The horses
are in their stalls. The boys are coming out of school. The chimney fell
down from the roof. Do not go to the shop without money. Flour is made
into bread.
tágas, spacious
hegy, hill
ércz, metal
könyvtár, library
hétfő, Monday
szerda, Wednesday
legszebb, finest
elszállt, has flown
tető, roof
hirlap, newspaper
hamar, soon
jönnek, are coming
iskola, school
kémény, chimney
bolt, shop
ne menj, do not go
liszt, flour
kenyér, bread
csinálják, they make (the passive is not used)
CHAPTER VII
THE ADJECTIVE
The adjective when used _attributively_ is indeclinable.
A =szép= rózsa, the beautiful rose.
A =szép= rózsák, the beautiful roses.
Látom a =szép= rózsákat, I see the beautiful roses.
But when used _predicatively_, the adjective is declinable.
A rózsák =szép-ek=, the roses are beautiful.
Also, when the adjective is used by itself as a substantive, it is
declinable.
Add nekem a könyvet. Melyiket? =A nagy-ot.=
Give me the book. Which one? The big (one).
Add nekem a könyveket. Melyikeket? =A nagy-okat.=
Give me the books. Which ones? The big (ones).
An adjective when declined is inflected in the same manner as a
substantive. In forming the plural, however, the following exceptions
occur.
Adjectives ending in =ü= take the plural ending =-ek=.
Adjectives ending in =i= take the plural ending =-ek= or =-ak=.
gyönyörü (lovely), plural gyönyörü=-ek=
régi (old) ” régi=-ek=
párisi (Parisian) ” párisi=-ak=
In all other cases adjectives follow the same rules as substantives.
Among adjectives are reckoned the participles of the verb, which, when
used as adjectives, are inflected like them.
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES.
The _comparative_ is formed by adding =-bb= to adjectives ending in a
vowel, or =-abb=, =-ebb=, or =-obb=, to those ending in a consonant.
gyönyörü (lovely), comp. gyönyörü=-bb=
nagy (great) ” nagy=-obb=
After sibilants, which would admit the sound b to be heard without an
intermediate vowel, often only =-b= is added to form the comparative, but
it is preferable to use a connecting vowel, unless it is not desired
to lengthen the word by a syllable, as, for instance, in poetry. It is
correct, for example, to write magasb (higher), though magasabb is more
usual.
Final _a_ and _e_ are lengthened when the comparative suffix _-bb_ is
added.
drága (dear), drágá-bb; fekete (black), feketé-bb.
Final _ó_ shortens its sound only in jó (good), jobb.
The following are somewhat irregular:—
szép (beautiful), comp. szebb
könnyű (easy) ” könnyebb
ifju (young) ” ifjabb
hosszú (long) ” hosszabb
sok (much) ” több
Comparisons are made with the aid of the conjunction =mint=, as, than.
Ez nagyobb mint az, this is greater than that.
A méter hosszabb mint a rőf, the metre is longer than the yard.
=as ... as ...= is expressed by =olyan ... mint ...=
Az én házam olyan nagy mint a tied, my house is as large as yours.
Egy font nem olyan nehéz mint egy kilogramm, a pound is not so heavy
as a kilogram.
When the comparative is used by itself as a substantive, it takes the
affix =-ik=.
szebb, a szebbik; nagyobb, a nagyobbik.
A két folyó közül ez a mélyebbik, of the two rivers, this is the deeper.
This rule applies also to the superlative.
The _superlative_ is invariably formed by _prefixing_ =leg-= to the
comparative.
drága, comp. drágább sup. leg-drágább
nagy ” nagyobb ” leg-nagyobb
erős ” erősebb ” leg-erősebb
sok ” több ” leg-több
_Cardinals._—These are declinable like other adjectives when the
substantives which they qualify are not expressed.
They also form derivatives which answer the question: hányan (how many)?
For instance: How many ran away? Hárman (= három-an, the _o_ being
dropped). The terminations of these derivatives are =-an= and =-en=,
as, négy-en, öt-en.
egy = egyedűl (alone), and kettő = ketten, form their derivatives
irregularly; három and ezer become contracted: hárman, ezren.
Száz (100), ezer (1000), and millió may be used as substantives and
form plurals if the number of hundreds, &c., is indefinite; as, százak
(hundreds), ezrek (thousands), milliók (millions). If, however, the
number is stated, the singular must be used; as három száz (three
hundred), tíz ezer (ten thousand).
_Numerals_
Cardinals. Ordinals. Fractionals. Multiplicatives.
1 egy első egyszer (once)
2[4] két, kettő második fél, 1/2 kétszer (twice)
3 három harmadik harmad, 1/3 háromszor
4 négy negyedik negyed, 1/4 négyszer
5 öt ötödik ötöd, 1/5 ötször
6 hat hatodik hatod, 1/6 hatszor
7 hét hetedik heted, 1/7 hétszer
8 nyolc nyolcadik nyolcad, 1/8 nyolcszor
9 kilenc kilencedik kilenced, 1/9 kilencszer
10 tíz tizedik tized, 1/10 tízszer
11 tizenegy tizenegyedik tizenegyed, 1/11 tizenegyszer
12[4] tizenkét tizenkettedik tizenketted, 1/12 tizenkétszer
(kettő)
20 húsz huszadik huszad, 1/20 húszszor
21 huszonegy huszonegyedik huszonegyed, 1/21 huszanegyszer
22[4] huszonkét huszonkettedik huszonketted, 1/22 huszankétszer
(kettő)
30 harminc harmincadik harmincad, 1/30 harmincszor
31 harmincegy harmincegyedik harmincegyed, 1/31 harmincegyszer
40 negyven negyvenedik negyvened, 1/40 negyvenszer
50 ötven ötvenedik ötvened, 1/50 ötvenszer
60 hatvan hatvanadik hatvanad, 1/60 hatvanszor
70 hetven hetvenedik hetvened, 1/70 hetvenszer
80 nyolcvan nyolcvanadik nyolcvanad, 1/80 nyolcvanszor
90 kilencven kilencvenedik kilencvened, 1/90 kilencvenszer
100 száz századik század, 1/100 százszor
1,000 ezer ezredik ezred, 1/1000 ezerszer
10,000 tízezer tízezredik tízezred, 1/10000 tízezerszer
100,000 százezer százezredik százezred, 1/100000 százezerszer
1,000,000 millió milliomodik milliomod, 1/1000000 milliomszor
_Ordinals._—These, like cardinals, are adjectives, and are declinable.
They sometimes drop the ending -ik if another word is joined to them.
This is not usually done, however, and occurs chiefly in words expressing
age, as, másod-éves, in the second year; (“two years old” would be
kétéves).
Ordinals form adverbs by dropping the ending -ik, and taking =-szor= or
=-szer= instead. Első is irregular, but the rest are regular.
első, first először, firstly
második, second másodszor, secondly
harmadik, third harmadszor, thirdly
negyedik, fourth negyedszer, fourthly, &c.
_Fractionals_ are also adjectives and declinable, but they do not form
adverbs. They may be used in the plural, as, negyedek (quarters); _e.g._
a negyedek nagyobbak mint a nyolcadok (quarters are larger than eighths).
If however, these fractionals are preceded by another numeral, they must
be used in the singular; as, három negyed (three-fourths).
_Multiplicatives_ are adverbs and therefore indeclinable.
Háromszor négy: tizenkettő, three times four are twelve.
Háromszor irtam levelet, I have written a letter three times.
These multiplicatives form adjectives by adding =-es= or =-os=.
Kétszer-es, double; háromszor-os, triple, &c.
Other multiples, almost identical in meaning with kétszeres, háromszoros,
&c., are:—
egyes, simple
kettős, double
hármas, triple
négyes, quadruple
ötös, quintuple
hatos, sextuple
hetes, septuple
nyolczas, octuple, &c.
By adding =-rétü= to the cardinal numbers another kind of multiplicative
is formed.
egyrétü, single; kétrétü, two-fold; hatrétü, six-fold, &c.
háromrétü vászon, three-fold linen.
_Indefinite Numerals:_—
sok, much, many
sokan ” ” } only of persons,
kevesen, few } and when not followed
néhányan ” } by a substantive.
kevés, few
néhány, a few
annyi, so much
számtalan, innumerable
_The Time._
The hours are expressed by the respective cardinal numbers, followed by
the word óra (hour).
egy óra (one o’clock); tizenegy óra (eleven o’clock).
The half-hours and quarters are expressed by the suitable fraction,
followed by the number of the next hour, which number may take the affix
-ra, -re.
A quarter-past two = negyed háromra (lit. a quarter towards three).
Half-past two = fél háromra (lit. a half towards three).
A quarter to three = három negyed háromra (lit. three-quarters towards
three).
_N.B._—The affix is frequently omitted.
The minutes are indicated as follows:—
2.5 öt percczel mult kettő (lit. 5 minutes past two).
2.10 tíz percczel mult kettő (lit. 10 minutes past two).
2.20 tíz percz mulva fél három (lit. 10 minutes before half three).
2.25 öt percz mulva fél három (lit. 5 minutes before half three).
2.35 tíz percz mulva három negyed három (lit. 10 minutes before
three-quarters of three).
2.40 öt percz mulva három negyed három (lit. 5 minutes before
three-quarters of three).
2.50 tíz percz mulva három (lit. 10 minutes before three).
2.55 öt percz mulva három (lit. 5 minutes before three).
To ask the time, one says: Hány óra van? or, Hány az óra. (Hány = how
much? how many?).
EXERCISE VII.
A liszt fehér, a czukor fehérebb és a hó a legfehérebb. A gazdag
országok hatalmasak. A gondolat gyorsabb mint a villám. Atyám birtoka
sokkal régibb mint a te atyádé. A kemény drágakövek a bányában vannak.
A drágakövek nagyon kemények. Az utczában ötvenkét ház van. Negyedik[5]
Henrik német császár és Hetedik[5] Gergely római pápa kortársak voltak. A
gyümölcs egy harmada az enyém, két harmada bátyámé. Négy óra mult nyolcz
percczel.
The richest men are not always the happiest. I see many lovely roses in
your father’s garden. My friend’s house is much larger than this. There
are seventeen houses in the street, and mine is the eleventh. I shall be
at home at twenty-five minutes past six. The king’s palace is the largest
building in Budapest.
czukor, sugar
gazdag, rich
ország, country
hatalmas, powerful
gondolat, thought
villám, lightning
birtok, estate
sokkal, (by) much
régi, old
kemény, hard
drágakő, precious stone
bánya, mine
utcza, street
Henrik, Henry
német, German
császár, emperor
Gergely, Gregory
római, Roman
pápa, pope
kortárs, contemporary
enyém, mine
bátya, elder brother
mindig, always
boldog, happy
itthon, at home (here)
leszek, I shall be
FOOTNOTES:
[4] két, if followed by a substantive, and kettő, if standing by itself:
két ember, two men; on the question, How many? kettő.
[5] When ordinals form part of a title, they precede the name.
CHAPTER VIII
THE PRONOUN
1. _Personal Pronouns._
_Nominative._
én, I mi, we
te, thou ti, you
ő, he or she ők, they
_Dative._
nekem, to or for me nekünk, to or for us
neked, ” thee nektek, ” you
neki, ” him or her nekik, ” them
_Accusative._
engem, me minket or bennünket, us
téged, thee titeket or benneteket, you
őt, him or her őket, them
_The Possessive Pronoun._
(_a_) Where the object possessed is a single object.
enyém, mine mienk, ours
tied, thine tietek, yours
övé, his or hers övék, theirs
(_b_) Where more objects than one are possessed.
enyéim, mine mieink, ours
tieid, thine tieitek, yours
övéi, his or hers övéik, theirs
This pronoun is not used attributively, like the English _my_, _thy_,
&c., but predicatively, like _mine_, _thine_, &c.
Ez a könyv az =enyém=, a másik a =tied=, this book is _mine_, the
other is _yours_.
Ezek a könyvek az =enyéim=, these books are _mine_.
The force of the English _my_, _thy_, &c., is usually given by the
personal endings, as explained in Chapter IV.: as, for instance, a
kalap=-om=, my hat; az atyá=-d=, thy father. But if stress is laid on
the fact that an object is mine, thine, &c., then the simple pronoun én,
te, &c., is placed before the substantive, which takes in addition the
personal endings.
Ez az =én= kalap=-om=, this is _my_ hat.
A magasabbik az =én= ház=-am=, a kisebbik az =övé=, the taller is _my_
house, the smaller is _his_.
As there is no verb “to have” in Hungarian, the word =van= (vannak, &c.)
is often used with nekem, neked, &c., to express possession (see page
11), the object possessed taking the personal endings.
Nekem van toll-am, I have a pen.
Neked van kert-ed, thou hast a garden.
2. _Reflexive Pronouns._
magam, myself magunk, ourselves
magad, thyself magatok, yourselves
maga, himself or herself maguk, themselves
These pronouns are inflected like substantives. They are sometimes used
as equivalent to _my own, thy own_, &c., as, magam könyve, my own book;
magad könyve, thy own book, &c. The object possessed, in such cases,
always takes the third person singular personal ending, because magam
könyve, magad könyve, &c., strictly means _my self’s book, thy self’s
book_, &c.
The reflexive pronouns may take the possessive suffix =-é=; as, a magam-é,
mine.
Sometimes these pronouns are used to express solitude; as, magam vagyok,
I am alone.
=Egymás= is a _Reciprocal Pronoun_ = one another, each other.
Szeretik egymást, they like one another.
Levelet irtak egymásnak, they wrote a letter to one another.
_The Use of the Second Person._
In Hungarian, when speaking to one or more persons, the second person is
only used among members of the same family or by intimate friends, or
else in poetry.
In addressing strangers, instead of te, neked, &c., one must use =ön= or
=maga=, maga being rather less formal than ön.
_Nominative._ _Dative._ _Accusative._
Sing.: ön önnek önt
Plural: önök önöknek önöket
Sing.: maga magának magát
Plural: maguk maguknak magukat
These are all in the third person, and take the verb in the third person,
_e.g._ ön elmegy, you are going away.
Similarly the words nagyságod, sir or madam; nagysád, madam; méltóságod,
nagyméltóságod, your excellency, while formally in the second person,
always takes the verb in the third person, _e.g._ nagyméltóságod tudja,
your excellency knows.
=kegyed= (kegyetek, &c.) resembles ön, but is becoming old-fashioned.
3. _Relative Pronouns._
ki, aki, who (only for persons).
mely, amely, which (for things determinate).
mi, ami, which (for things indeterminate, and when the pronoun relates
to an abstract idea or a preceding phrase).
These pronouns are inflected like substantives.
4. _Interrogative Pronouns._
ki? kicsoda? who?
mi? micsoda? what? (for things).
melyik? which? (for persons or things).
milyen? minő? milyféle? what kind?
5. _Demonstrative Pronouns._
ez, this az,[6] that
emez, this amaz, that
ugyanez, this same ugyanaz, that same
ezen, this azon, that
ugyanezen, this same ugyanazon, that same
ily, ilyen, such as this oly, olyan, such as that
emily, emilyen, ” ” amoly, amolyan, ” ”
emez, amaz, ezen, azon, ugyanezen and ugyanazon, are rarely used.
ezen, azon, stand before the substantive without the article, while ez
and az are always followed by the article. Also, while ez and az are
inflected like substantives, ezen and azon are incapable of inflection.
Before suffixes beginning with a consonant, ez and az change their final
z into the first letter of such suffix; thus—
instead of az-nak we have annak.
” az-ba ” abba.
” az-ra ” arra, &c.
The suffixes -val, -vel, -vá, -vé, usually change their v into a letter
like the final consonant of the word to which they are joined. When,
however, they are combined with ez, az, either the v may change to z, or
the z of the demonstrative to v. It is equally correct to write ezzel or
evvel, azzal or avval.
These demonstratives may be used both as pronouns and as adjectives.
6. _Definite Pronouns._
mindenki, everybody egyik, one (of more)
senki, nobody másik, the other
kiki, each one semmi, nothing
mindenik, all (of persons) mind, all (of persons or things)
mindnyájan, all ” minden, all ” ”
7. _Indefinite Pronouns._
valaki, somebody akármi, anything
valami, something némelyik, some
akárki, anyone valamelyik, one (of them)
EXERCISE VIII.
Ti már egészségesek vagytok, de ők még betegek. Csak neked mondom meg a
titkot. Holnap délután várlak. Téged is kértelek, Ferenczet is. A tietek
ez a kocsi? Nem a mienk, hanem barátunké. A réten sok tehén van, az
enyéim mind fehérek, az övéik mind feketék. Árpád, aki Magyarországot
elfoglalta, nagy hős volt. A könyvtár amelyben dolgozom, csendes. Géza és
Béla ismerik egymást. Szerencsét kivánok önnek.
This book is not mine but yours. My garden is not so pretty as theirs. I
have a pretty garden. Ilona and her mother often write letters to each
other. Everybody likes Ilona. Tell me what (ami) is true.
már, already
egészséges, healthy, well
még, still
beteg, ill
mondani, to tell
titok, a secret
holnap, to-morrow
délután, afternoon
várlak, I wait for thee
kértelek, I asked thee
is, also
kocsi, coach
hanem, but
rét, meadow
fekete, black
Magyarország, Hungary
elfoglalni, to occupy, to take
hős, hero
dolgozni, to work
csendes, quiet, still
ismerni, to know
szerencse, good luck
kivánni, to wish
FOOTNOTES:
[6] Az, demonstrative, must be distinguished from az, the article. The
demonstrative always stands before the article, and it is capable of
inflection, while the article is not.
CHAPTER IX
THE VERB
There are two Conjugations. They are called in Hungarian the =ikes=
(pronounced ik-ash), _having_ =ik=, and the =iktelen=, _without_ =ik=,
conjugations, because verbs belonging to the ikes conjugation have the
termination ik in the _third person singular present indicative_, while
those belonging to the iktelen conjugation have not.
Every Hungarian dictionary puts (ik) after ikes verbs, to show
that they belong to the ikes conjugation; thus, dolgozni (ik).
Verbs not so distinguished belong to the iktelen conjugation.
The Hungarian verb has only one difficulty, and when the student has
mastered that he will have very little trouble.
_Every transitive verb has two forms, called the definite and the
indefinite forms, according to whether the object is determinate, or more
or less indefinite._
I am writing _this letter_, ezt a levelet =irom=.
I am writing _letters_, leveleket =irok=.
Irom is the definite form, because the object is a clearly marked-out one.
Irok is the indefinite form, because the object is not so clearly marked
out.
The _definite_ form is used when the object governed by the transitive
verb is a certain determinate object. For example:—
1. When the _substantive_ is a _proper noun_.
Pétert váro=m=, I am expecting Peter.
2. When the _article_ =az= or =a= _precedes the substantive_.
A levelet iro=m=, I am writing the letter.
3. When the substantive is used with a personal suffix.
Házamat elado=m=, I am selling my house.
4. When the _object_ of the sentence is a _demonstrative pronoun_, the
_third personal pronoun_, or the _reflexive pronoun_, magam, &c.
Azt láto=m=, I see that.
Őt hívo=m=, I am calling him.
Nem hallo=m= magamat, I do not hear myself.
The _indefinite_ form is used when the object is less determinate.
Sok levelet iro=k=, I am writing several letters.
Embert láto=k=, I see a man.
It is used even when the substantive is preceded by a cardinal numeral.
Nyolcz embert láto=k=, I see eight men.
But if, by a demonstrative, or by the article alone, we point to some
particular man or men, we must use the definite form.
Ezt az embert láto=m=, I see _this_ man.
A nyolcz embert láto=m=, I see _the_ eight men.
The _indefinite_ is used when the _object_ is an _infinitive verb_ (such
verb itself having no further object), or a _relative pronoun_.
Szerete=k= dolgozni, I like to work.
A levelek, amelyeket iro=k=, the letters which I write.
Az emberek, akiket láto=k=, the men whom I see.
_Note._—_Intransitive verbs_ naturally have but one form, the
_indefinite_—_e.g._ járok, I walk.
IKTELEN VERBS.
_Example._—=Vágni=, to cut.
Indicative.
_Indefinite Form._ _Definite Form._
_Present._
vág-ok, I cut vág-om, I cut (it)
vág-sz, thou cuttest vág-od, thou cuttest (it)
vág, he cuts vág-ja, he cuts (it)
vág-unk, we cut vág-juk, we cut (it)
vág-tok, you cut vág-játok, you cut (it)
vág-nak, they cut vág-ják, they cut (it)
_Imperfect._
vág-ék, I was cutting vág-ám, I was cutting (it)
vág-ál, thou wast cutting vág-ád, thou wast cutting (it)
vág-a, he was cutting vág-á, he was cutting (it)
vág-ánk, we were cutting vág-ók, we were cutting (it)
vág-átok, you were cutting vág-átok, you were cutting (it)
vág-ának, they were cutting vág-ák, they were cutting (it)
_N.B._—This tense is obsolete; see page 46.
_Past._
vág-tam, I have cut vág-tam, I have cut (it)
vág-tál, thou hast cut vág-tad, thou hast cut (it)
vág-(o)t(t)[7], he has cut vág-ta, he has cut (it)
vág-tunk, we have cut vág-tuk, we have cut (it)
vág-tatok, you have cut vág-tátok, you have cut (it)
vág-tak, they have cut vág-ták, they have cut (it)
_Pluperfect._
This is the same as the past tense, followed by =volt=.
vág-tam volt, I had cut.
vág-tál volt, thou hadst cut, &c.
_Future._
fogok vágni, I shall cut fogom vágni, I shall cut (it)
fogsz ” thou wilt cut fogod ” thou wilt cut (it)
fog ” he will cut fogja ” he will cut (it)
fogunk ” we shall cut fogjuk ” we shall cut (it)
fogtok ” you will cut fogjátok ” you will cut (it)
fognak ” they will cut fogják ” they will cut (it)
Imperative.
vág-j, do thou cut vág-d, cut thou (it)
vág-jon, let him cut vag-ja, let him cut (it)
vág-junk, let us cut vág-juk, let us cut (it)
vág-jatok, cut you vág-játok, cut you (it)
vág-janak, let them cut vág-ják, let them cut (it)
Subjunctive.
(hogy-) (that) (hogy-) (that)
vág-ják, I may or might cut vág-jam, I may or might cut
vag-j, thou mayest or vág-d, (it), &c.
vág-jon mightest cut, &c. vág-ja
vág-junk vág-juk
vág-jatok vág-játok
vág-janak vág-ják
Conditional.
_Present._
vág-nék, I should cut vág-nám, I should cut (it)
vág-nál, thou shouldst cut vág-nád, thou shouldst cut (it)
vág-na, he should cut vág-ná, he should cut (it)
vág-nánk, we should cut vág-nók, we should cut (it)
vág-nátok, you should cut vág-nátok, you should cut (it)
vág-nának, they should cut vág-nák, they should cut (it)
_Past._
This is formed from the past indicative, with =volna=.
vág-tam volna, I should have cut.
vág-tál volna, thou shouldst have cut, &c.
Infinitive.
vág-ni, to cut.
With the personal suffixes (see pages 59 and 60):—
Sing.: vág-nom, vág-nod, vág-nia.
Plural: vág-nunk, vág-notok, vág-niok.
Participles.
Present: vág-ó, cutting.
Past: vág-ott, cut.
Future: vág-andó, to be cut.
Adverbial Participles: vág-va, vág-ván.
_Notes on above example._
All regular iktelen verbs whose vowels are flats (see page 2) are
conjugated like vágni.
_Imperfect Indicative._—This tense is never used now in prose, though it
was so used formerly. It is occasionally to be met with in poetry.
_Past Indicative._—This is equivalent to both the perfect and the
preterite in English. Thus, vágtam means both “I have cut,” and “I cut.”
_Future Indicative._—Instead of fogok (I will), with the infinitive, it
is customary to use the present indicative with some adverb indicating
futurity. Thus instead of holnap =fogom vágni= a tüzelő fát, it would be
better to say holnap =vágom= a tüzelő fát, to-morrow I (shall) cut the
firewood. Hamar elmegyek, I (shall) go soon.
There is no form of future perfect now in use. Its place is taken
by either the present or the past tense, together with some adverb
indicating futurity.
I shall have finished soon = nemsokára bevégzem (literally, soon I
finish).
I shall soon have written the letter = hamar megirtam a levelet
(literally, soon I have written the letter).
_Note._—The particle =meg=, in this instance prefixed to irtam, strongly
emphasises the completion of an act. It occurs along with
very many verbs, and always has this force. Sometimes it
is prefixed to the verb, and sometimes it follows separately.
Sokat irtam a feladatból de még nem irtam =meg=, I have written much of
the task, but I have not yet finished writing.
This meg (which must not be confused with the adverb még = as yet) has no
equivalent in English.
_Subjunctive Mood._—A past tense of the subjunctive was formerly in use,
formed from the past indicative followed by legyen, _e.g._ hogy vágtam
legyen. This is never used now, its place being taken by the present
subjunctive.
_Conditional Mood._—The present tense is identical with the Imperative.
_Infinitive._—The use of the infinitive with personal suffixes will be
explained in the paragraph relating to the verb kelleni (page 59).
_Participles._—_Examples_:—
Present: Az iró ember, the writing man.
Past: Az irott könyv, the written book.
Future: Az irandó levél, the letter to be written.
Adverbial:
-va or -ve. A hegyen állva, beszélt, standing on the hill,
he spoke.
A ház fel van épitve, the house is built.
-ván or -vén. A munkát elvégezvén, haza ment, having finished
the work, he went home.
A lármát hallván, az udvarra sietett, hearing
the noise, he hastened to the courtyard.
-ván, -vén, is used more frequently than -va, -ve, but only in cases
similar to the above examples, where one clause is dependent on another.
VERBS WITH SHARP VOWELS.
The rules of euphony which regulate nouns and their suffixes (see page
2), apply also to verbs and their endings.
Hence, while vágni, a “flat” word, gives vág=ok=, vág=om=, &c., “sharp”
words like verni (to beat), törni (to break), give ver=ek=, ver=em=, &c.,
tör=ök=, tör=öm=, &c.
_Present Indicative._
_Indefinite._ _Definite._ _Indefinite._ _Definite._
ver-ek ver-em tör-ök tör-öm
ver-sz ver-ed tör-sz tör-öd
ver ver-i[8] tör tör-i[8]
ver-ünk ver-jük tör-ünk tör-jük
ver-tek ver-itek tör-tök tör-itek
ver-nek ver-ik[8] tör-nek tör-ik[8]
_Past Indicative._
_Indefinite._ _Definite._ _Indefinite._ _Definite._
ver-tem ver-tem tör-tem tör-tem
ver-tél ver-ted tör-tél tör-ted
ver-t ver-te tör-t tör-te
ver-tünk ver-tük tör-tünk tör-tük
ver-tetek ver-tétek tör-tetek tör-tétek
ver-tek ver-ték tör-tek tör-ték
In this tense, as in the other tenses and moods, these verbs resemble
vágni, except that as the vowel of the stem is a “sharp,” the vowel of
the ending must also be a sharp.
IKES VERBS
Many ikes verbs are transitive, and such verbs, like those of the iktelen
conjugation, have both the definite and indefinite forms.
_The definite form of the_ =ikes= _verbs is exactly the same as that of
the_ =iktelen= _verbs_.
lak-om, I inhabit
lak-od, thou inhabitest
lak-ja, he inhabits
lak-juk, we inhabit
lak-játok, you inhabit
lak-ják, they inhabit
It is in the _indefinite form_ that =ikes= _verbs differ from_ =iktelen=
_verbs_.
_Examples._
lakni, to dwell vétkezni, to sin ütközni, to encounter
Indicative.
_Present._
lak-om vétkez-em ütköz-öm
lak-ol vétkez-el ütköz-öl
lak-ik vétkez-ik ütköz-ik
lak-unk vétkez-ünk ütköz-ünk
lak-tok vétkez-tek ütköz-tök
lak-nak vétkez-nek ütköz-nek
The _imperfect_ indicative is _never used_.
The _past_, _pluperfect_, and _future_ tenses are the same as in the
indefinite form of the iktelen verbs.
Imperative and Subjunctive.
lak-jam vétkez-zem ütköz-zem
lak-jál vétkez-zél ütköz-zél
lak-jék vétkez-zék ütköz-zék
lak-junk vétkez-zünk ütköz-zünk
lak-jatok vétkez-zetek ütköz-zetek
lak-janak vétkez-zenek ütköz-zenek
Conditional.
lak-nám vétkez-ném ütköz-ném
lak-nál vétkez-nél ütköz-nél
lak-nék vétkez-nék ütköz-nék
lak-nánk vétkez-nénk ütköz-nénk
lak-nátok vétkez-nétek ütköz-nétek
lak-nának vétkez-nének ütköz-nének
Infinitive.
lak-ni vétkez-ni ütköz-ni
which take personal suffixes like those of the iktelen verbs.
Participles.
lak-ó vétkez-ő ütköz-ő
lak-ott vétkez-ett ütköz-ött
lak-andó vétkez-endő ütköz-endő
lak-va vétkez-ve ütköz-ve
lak-ván vétkez-vén ütköz-vén
It will be noticed that it is only in the singular number that the
indefinite form of the ikes verbs differs from that of the iktelen verbs;
the _first person_ always ending in =m= (thus resembling the definite
form), and the _second person_ in =l=, while the _third person_ present
indicative ends in =ik=.
NOTES ON THE VERB IN GENERAL.
_The Passive Voice._ — There is in Hungarian _no passive voice_,
although certain grammarians attempted to introduce one. The only parts
of the verb which have a passive significance are the past and future
participles. Where, in English, we should say, “I am loved,” in Hungarian
it is necessary to say “szeretnek engem” (they love me), or “valaki
szeret engem” (one loves me).
_Construction of First Person._—If the first person acts on the second
person, the distinguishing termination of the verb will be, in all moods
and tenses, =-lak= (for flat words), or =-lek= (for sharp words). Whereas
“I see the dog” would be lát=-om= a kutyát, “I see thee” is lát=-lak=; “I
saw thee,” látta=-lak=; “I love thee,” szeret=-lek=.
_Verbs ending with_ =s=, =sz=, _or_ =z=, double their final letter instead
of taking a j in the imperative and subjunctive moods; also in the present
indicative, definite form.
hoz-zak, not hoz-jak
hoz-za, ” hoz-ja, &c.
_Verbs ending in_ =t=, _preceded by_ =i= or a liquid consonant, take, in
the imperative and subjunctive moods, an s instead of a j; as gyüjteni, to
collect:—
gyüjtsek, not gyüjtjek
gyüjts, ” gyüjtj
gyüjtsön, ” gyüjtjön
But in the present indicative these verbs retain the j.
_Verbs ending in_ =t= _preceded by a vowel other than_ =i=, and all causal
verbs, change their final t into s in the imperative and subjunctive
present tense, _e.g._ látni, to see.
láss, not látj.
_In verbs ending in_ =t=, _preceded by_ =sz=, the final t is dropped in
the imperative and subjunctive, and sz is doubled, _e.g._ veszt-eni, to
lose.
vessz, not vesztj.
_The Infinitive Ending._—If a verb ends in a double consonant, or a
single hard consonant, that would not admit an easy pronunciation of the
usual infinitive ending =-ni=, this ending is joined to the stem by means
of the vowel =a= or =e=.
hall-a-ni (to hear), instead of hall-ni.
tanit-a-ni (to teach) ” tanit-ni.
In the case of such verbs, all inflections beginning with a consonant are
joined to the verb by means of a vowel; _e.g._ hall-o-tt, not hall-t. The
ending t in such cases is always doubled.
_Compound Verbs._—Hungarian abounds with compound verbs, as well as
with compound words in general. They are made by prefixing to the verb
adverbs, postpositions, or affixes for place and direction, which modify
the action expressed by the verb accordingly; as, venni, to take;
el-venni, to take away; föl-venni, to take up; le-venni, to take down.
The verb is inflected in the same manner as when it stands by itself.
_Note._—These particles or adverbs can also be written separately;
as, el akarta venni, he wished to take it away. This
construction is always used when the verb containing
the affix is dependent upon some other verb.
Also, if the verb is modified by some adverb in such a way
that the stress is on the adverb rather than on the verb,
the affix is written separately.
Nemsokara elmegyek, I _shall go out_ soon; but =ma= megyek el, _to-day_
I shall go out.
_Formation of New Verbal Roots._—The Hungarian language forms new verbal
roots by means of the addition of one or more syllables.
1. _Factitive._—=at=, =et=, =tat=, =tet=, to cause to do something.
ir-ni, to write; ir=-at=-ni, to cause to write.
olvas-ni, to read; olvas=-tat=-ni, to cause to read.
The object influenced usually takes the suffix -val or -vel.
A tanitó a fiu=-val= ir=-at=-ja a leveleket, the teacher makes the boy
write the letters.
Sometimes, however, it is put in the accusative.
Vár=-at=-om az inas=-t=, I make the footman wait.
2. _Frequentative._—=ogat=; indicates a repetition of the action.
ir-ok, I write; ir=-ogat=-ok, I keep on taking up my pen.
3. _Diminutive._—=kál=, or =gál=, =gél=.
ir, he writes; ir=-kál=, he is scribbling.
nevet, he laughs; nevet=-gél=, he giggles.
4. _Potential._—=hat=; indicates permission or power to do something.
ir=-hat=-ok, I may write.
_Note._—“I can write,” in the sense of “I have the ability to
write,” would be tudok irni.
More than one of these syllables may be added to the original root.
ir=-at-hat=-ok, I am able to make (some one) write.
IRREGULAR VERBS
The most important is =lenni=, to be.
Indicative.
_Present._ _Past._
vagyok, I am voltam, I was
vagy, thou art voltál, thou wast
van, he is volt, he was
vagyunk, we are voltunk, we were
vagytok, you are voltatok, you were
vannak, they are voltak, they were
_Note._—The imperfect, valék, valál, vala, valánk, valátok,
valának, is never used now, and is only met with in
old books, particularly in the Bible.
_Pluperfect._ _Future._
voltam vala, I had been leszek, I shall be
voltál ” thou hadst been léssz, thou wilt be
volt ” he had been lesz, he will be
voltunk ” we had been leszünk, we shall be
voltatok ” you had been lesztek, you will be
voltak ” they had been lesznek, they will be
Imperative.
légy, be thou
legyen, let him be
legyünk, let us be
legyetek, be you
legyenek, let them be
Subjunctive.
_Present._ _Past._
(hogy) (hogy)
legyek, that I shall be voltam legyén, that I have been
légy, that thou shalt be voltál ” that thou hast been
legyen, that he shall be volt ” that he has been
legyünk, that we shall be voltunk ” that we have been
legyetek, that you shall be voltatok ” that you have been
legyenek, that they shall be voltak ” that they have been
Conditional.
_Present._ _Past._
volnék, I should be voltam volna, I should have been
volnál, thou wouldst be voltál ” thou wouldst have been
volna, he would be volt ” he would have been
volnánk, we should be voltunk ” we should have been
volnátok, you would be voltatok ” you would have been
volnának, they would be voltak ” they would have been
Infinitive.
lenni, _to be_.
With the personal suffixes.
lennem, lenned, lennie lennünk, lennetek, lenniök
Participles.
_Present._ való, levö, lévő
_Past._ volt
_Future._ leendő
Adverbial Participles.
levén, being, having been.
=hinni=, _to believe_.
Indicative.
_Present._
_Indefinite._ _Definite._
hiszek, I believe hiszem, I believe (it)
hiszesz, thou believest hiszed, thou believest (it)
hisz, he believes hiszi, he believes (it)
hiszünk, we believe hisszük, we believe (it)
hisztek, you believe hiszitek, you believe (it)
hisznek, they believe hiszik, they believe (it)
_Past._
hittem, I believed, &c. hittem, I believed (it), &c.
hittél hitted
hitt hitte
hittünk hittük
hittetek hittétek
hittek hitték
_Future._
fogok hinni, &c. fogom hinni, &c.
Imperative and Subjunctive.
_Present._
_Indefinite._ _Definite._
higyjek higyjem
higyj higyjed
higyjen higyje
higyjünk higyjük
higyjetek higyjétek
higyjenek higyjék
_Past._
hittem légyen hittem légyen
hittél ” &c. hitted ” &c.
Conditional.
_Present._
hinnék, &c. hinném, &c.
_Past._
hittem volna hittem volna
hittél ” &c. hitted ” &c.
Infinitive.
hinni.
With personal suffixes.
hinnem, hinned, hinnie hinnünk, hinnetek, hinniök
Participles.
_Present._ hivő
_Past._ hitt
_Future._ hiendő
Adverbial Participles.
hive hívén
=enni=, _to eat_.
Indicative.
_Present._
_Indefinite._ _Definite._
eszem eszem
eszel eszed
eszik, &c. eszi, &c.
_Past._
ettem ettem
ettél etted
evett ette, &c.
ettünk, &c.
Imperative and Subjunctive.
_Indefinite._ _Definite._
egyem egyem
egyél edd
egyék, &c. egye, &c.
Conditional.
_Indefinite._ _Definite._
enném enném
ennél ennéd
ennék, &c. enné, &c.
Participles.
_Present._ evő
_Past._ evett
_Future._ evendő or eendő
=inni=, to drink, resembles enni.
Indicative. Indicative. Imperative Conditional.
Present. Past. and
Subjunctive. Participles.
aludni alszom aludtam aludjam aludnám alvó
(_ik_), alszol aludtál aludjál aludnál
to sleep alszik, aludt, aludjék, aludnék,
&c. &c. &c. &c.
feküdni fekszem, feküdtem, feküdjem, feküdném, fekvő
(_ik_), &c. &c. &c. &c.
to lie down
haragudni haragszom, haragudtam, haragudjam, haragudnám, haragvó
(_ik_), &c. &c. &c. &c.
to be angry
jönni, jövök jöttem jöjjek jönnék, jövő
to come jösz jöttél, jöjj &c. jött
jön &c. jöjjön jövendő
jövünk jöjjünk or
jöttök jerünk
jönnek jöjjetek or
jertek
jöjjenek
menni, megyek mentem menjek mennék, menő
to go mész mentél, menj &c.
megy &c. menjen,
megyünk &c.
mentek
mennek
tenni, teszek or tettem tegyek or tennék or tevő
to do teszem tegyem tenném tett
teendő
venni, to buy }
vinni, to carry } like tenni throughout
IMPERSONAL VERBS
esik, it rains.
villámlik, it lightens.
dörög, it thunders.
havazik, it snows.
Some impersonal verbs require to be constructed with either a dative or
an accusative.
illik nekem, it is becoming for me.
engem illet, it concerns me.
Among impersonal verbs may be reckoned the verb
=kelleni=, _to be necessary_.
This verb need not be used impersonally. Thus, a person may say kellek, I
am needed, but its most frequent use is an impersonal one.
kell, it is necessary; (or, kellett, it was necessary, fog kelleni,
kellene, &c.) is constructed either with the simple infinitive, or with
the infinitive with personal endings. Thus, one may say—
nekem kell irni or kell irnom, I must write.
neked kell irni or kell irnod, thou must write, &c.
If the speaker is merely thinking of the necessity of some action,
without referring it to any particular person, the infinitive with kell
is alone used.
Vigyázni kell, one must be careful.
Levelet kell irni, a letter must be written.
If the action is referred to some person, it is better to use the
infinitive with personal endings, than such a construction as nekem kell
irni.
_Examples._
Tanulnia fog kelleni, he will have to learn.
Dolgozniok kellene, they would have to work.
Olvasnotok kellett, you had to read.
=Szabad= (it is permitted), and =lehet= (it is possible), take a similar
construction.
Szabad dohányozni, smoking is allowed.
Szabad dohányoznom, I may smoke.
Nem lehet két urnak szolgálni, one cannot serve two masters.
Nem lehet irnom, I cannot write.
DEFECTIVE VERBS
(1) =Nincs= or =nincsen=, is not.
Plural: =nincsenek=, are not.
Atyám nincs itt, my father is not here.
Nincsenek itt a fiuk, the boys are not here.
Nincs must be translated by “have” or “has” when used with a noun or
pronoun in the genitive case.
Az atyám=-nak= nincs lova, my father has not a horse.
Nekem nincs, I have not.
Neked nincs, thou hast not, &c.
Nincs is a contraction of nem (not), and van (is).
(2) =Sincs=, =sincsen=; plural: =sincsenek=, are contractions of sem
(neither), and nincs, nincsen, or nincsenek.
A bátyám nincs itthon, my elder brother is not at home.
Az atyám sincs, neither is my father.
(3) =Jer= (come thou along), =jerünk= (let us go), =jertek= (come you
along), are the only forms of this verb.
EXERCISE IX.
Mindennap két órát sétálok. Másold le a költeményt a könyvből. Ha tudnám,
hogy találkozom vele, várnék. A két művész zongorázni és hegedülni fog.
Kérlek, ülj le. Álljatok fel, gyermekeim. Köszönjünk a vendégeknek. Anyám
virágot hozat és koszorút köttet belőle. Tavaly két lovunk volt, a nyáron
négy lesz.
I have written a long letter to my father. I told him what (amit) you
said to me. He will be very angry, but I hope soon to conciliate him.
Come into the garden. Sit here and drink a cup of tea. I would read to
you if you would like it. Do not go out of the house. I am going for a
walk until four o’clock.
mindennap, every day
óra, hour
sétálni, to walk
lemásolni, to copy
költemény, poem
tudni, to know
hogy, that
találkozni, to meet
várni, to wait for
művész, artist
zongorázni, to play the piano
hegedülni, to play the violin
kérni, to ask
leülni, to sit down
állni, to stand
gyermek, child
köszönni, to thank, to greet
vendég, guest
hozni, to bring
koszoru, wreath
kötni, to bind
tavaly, last year
nyár, summer
hosszu, long
remélni, to hope
megbékíteni, to conciliate
csésze, cup (a cup of tea, acc. csésze teát)
szeretni, to love, to like
FOOTNOTES:
[7] The regular ending is -t; _e.g._ várni (to wait for), which makes
vár-t; but a connecting vowel often has to be used, and the -t is then
doubled; _e.g._ ad-ni (to give) makes ad-ott.
[8] Note that the third person, present indicative, singular and plural,
of sharp-sounding verbs takes =-i=, =-ik=, instead of =-ja=, =-ják=. In
other tenses, however, sharp verbs resemble flat verbs.
CHAPTER X
THE ADVERB
1. _Adverbs of Manner._ These are mostly derived from adjectives, with
the aid of the suffix =-n=, =-an=, =-on=, =-en=, =-úl= or =-ül=.
tiszta (clean, clear), adverb, tisztá=-n=
szabad (free) ” szabad=-on=
rövid (short) ” rövid=-en=
rossz (bad) ” rossz=-úl=
The primitive adverbs of manner are:—
így, thus, in this way (for things near).
úgy, thus, in that way (for things farther).
2. _Adverbs of Time._
ma, to-day
holnap, to-morrow
tegnap, yesterday
most, now
akkor, then
máskor, another time
mindig, always
soha, never
a múltban, in the past
a jövőben, in the future
későn, late
korán, early
már, already
reggel, in the morning
nappal, in the daytime
este, in the evening
éjszaka, in the night
gyakran, often
ritkán, seldom
időnként, from time to time
addig, until then
3. _Adverbs of Place._
(_a_) _Rest at_—
itt, here
ott, there
ben, in
belől, inside
közel, near
messze, far
távol, far
kint, or künn, or kivűl, outside
valahol, somewhere
máshol, elsewhere
mindenhol, everywhere
lent, down there
fent, up there
(_b_) _Motion towards or from._
ide, hither
oda, thither
föl or fel, up
le, down
addig, as far as there
be, into
ki, out of
máshova, elsewhere
mindenhova, everywhere
eddig, as far as here
4. _Adverbs of Degree._
kevéssé or kissé, little.
inkább or jobban, more, rather.
leginkább, most.
egészen or teljesen, wholly, entirely.
nagyon, very, very much.
5. _Adverbs of Interrogation._
hogy? how?
mikor? when?
hol? where?
hova? whither?
honnan? whence?
miért? why?
meddig? how far? or, how long?
In connection with these adverbs must be mentioned the _interrogative
suffix_ =-e=, which is joined to words to mark a question; as, szép-e,
esik-e.
This construction is only used, however, in dependent sentences (except
in the case of ugy-e? Isn’t it so?).
Mondd meg, szép-e a könyv? Tell me, is the book pretty? or, Tell me
whether the book is pretty.
Nézd meg, esik-e? See if it is raining.
6. _Adverbs of Affirmation._
igen, yes
aligha nem, probably
bizony, verily
igazán, truly
talán, perhaps
7. _Adverbs of Negation._
nem, no, not
ne, not (in commands)
sem, neither
semmi esetre, in no case
aligha, hardly.
_Note._—Ne is only used with the imperative and subjunctive
moods; as, ne mondd, do not say; hogy ne irjak, that
I may not write. In all other cases nem is used.
The suffix =-ig= is used for both time and place, and has the force of
_until_ or _as far as_.
tíz órá=-ig=, until ten o’clock,
tíz percz=-ig=, for ten minutes.
a kapu=-ig=, as far as the gate.
a határ=-ig=, as far as the frontier.
COMPARISON OF ADVERBS.
All adverbs derived from adjectives form their comparative and
superlative by adding the adverbial ending to the comparative and
superlative of the adjective from which they are derived: as—
Adjective: szép, szebb, legszebb.
Adverb: szép=-en=, szebb=-en=, legszebb=-en=.
Adjective: rossz, rosszabb, legrosszabb.
Adverb: rossz=-úl=, rosszabb=-úl=, legrosszabb=-úl=.
Of primitive adverbs, some take both a comparative and a superlative,
while some are lacking in either one or the other.
távol, far; távolabb, legtávolabb
erre, this way; errébb (has no superlative)
arra, that way; arrább ” ”
elől, in front; legelől, foremost (has no comparative)
belül, within; legbelül, innermost ” ”
Inkább has no positive, but is used only in the comparative and
superlative, in both cases expressing preference.
inkább, sooner, rather; leginkább, soonest, especially.
EXERCISE X.
Ha magyarul beszélsz, tisztán mondj ki minden hangot. Imre király nemesen
győzte le öccsét, mikor ez álnokul támadta meg. “Jobb ma egy veréb, mint
holnap egy túzok.” Nagyon sajnálom, hogy önök nem jöhetnek el. A dinnye
belül piros, kivül zöld. A hangverseny tizenegy óráig tartott. Elkisérlek
a sarokig. Szeretném tudni, eljösz-e? Ne lármázzatok! A katonák között
a huszárok lovagolnak legszebben. Szent László mindig legelöl küzdött a
csatában.
I like reading very much. You have come very late. I saw him yesterday,
and hope to speak with him again to-morrow. Are you going far? As far as
the bridge. When did you buy that horse? Tell me if he is a good one. You
walk much more quickly than your elder brother. I would rather eat a pear.
magyarul, in Hungarian
beszélni, to speak
hang, sound
Imre, Emmeric
nemesen, nobly
legyőzni, to overcome
öcs, younger brother
álnokul, treacherously
megtámadni, to attack
tuzok, bustard
sajnálni, to regret
dinnye, melon
hangverseny, concert
tartani, to last
elkisérni, to accompany
sarok, corner
lármázni, to make a noise
huszár, hussar
lovagolni, to ride on horseback
szent, saint
László, Ladislas
küzdeni, to fight
csata, battle
CHAPTER XI
CONJUNCTIONS
(A.) CO-ORDINATING.
1. _Copulative._
és[9], and
meg, and
is, also
ismét, again
azaz, that is
vagyis, that is to say
azonkivül, besides
mind—mind, both—and
is—is, both—and
nemcsak—hanem is, not only—but also
aztán or azután, besides
2. _Adversative_ (contrasting).
de or hanem, but
ámde, but, yet
egyébiránt, yet, still
sőt, on the contrary
sőt még is, what is more
mindamellett, nevertheless
3. _Alternative._
vagy, or
vagy—vagy, either—or
akár—akár, whether—or
sem—sem, neither—nor
(B.) SUBORDINATING.
1. _Final_ (purpose).
hogy, that
különben or máskép, lest
2. _Conditional._
ha, if
hogyha, if
hacsak, if only
ha csak nem, unless, if not
föltéve ha, provided that, supposing
másként, if not, otherwise
3. _Concessive._
bár, habár, bárha, ámbár, noha, though, although.
4. _Causal._
mert, mivel, mivelhogy, because.
hát, tehát, azért, consequently, therefore.
minthogy, as, since.
FOOTNOTES:
[9] és is frequently abbreviated to s.
CHAPTER XII
INTERJECTIONS
éljen! hurrah!
ejnye! I say! bother!
lám! or nini! there! look!
jaj! oh! (pleased or pained)
rajta! forward!
bezzeg! indeed!
csitt! quiet!
no! well! come!
EXERCISE XI.
Az egri ütközetben nem a törökök győztek, hanem a magyarok. Nemcsak
láttam a királyt, hanem beszélni is hallottam. Mátyás király soha sem
haragudott az őszinte szóért, sőt még szerette is. A magyarok sem a latin
sem a germán népekkel nem rokonok. Azért jöttem, hogy láthassalak. Habár
késő ősz van, a napok derültek. A gazda örül mert kertjének fái sok
gyümölcsöt hoztak. Jaj de hideg van! “Oh, ha látná, mily nyomorban élek”
(Petőfi). Ejnye de szép lovak!
He is neither handsome nor clever. Not only were they not angry, but
they were grateful. If they were rich they would buy a house, but since
they are poor they must be content as they are. Pay at once, otherwise
there will be trouble. Though you tell me this, yet there is still some
uncertainty.
egri, of Eger (a town in Hungary)
ütközet, battle
török, Turk
derült, bright
örülni, to rejoice
nyomor, misery
győzni, to be victorious
hallani, to hear
Mátyás, Matthias
őszinte, sincere
nép, people
rokon, relative
késő, late
ősz, autumn
nap, day
élni, to live
okos, clever
hálás, grateful
megelégedni, to be content
fizetni, to pay
azonnal, at once
baj, trouble
némi, some
bizonytalanság, uncertainty
CHAPTER XIII
GENDER
The Hungarian language has no grammatical gender. Names of males are
masculine, and those of females are feminine.
To the name or title of a man the suffix =-né= is added to denote the
wife of that person: as, Deákné, the wife of Deák; szinészné, the wife of
an actor. If the lady were herself an actress, she might be called szinész
(actor or actress); but usually the word nő (woman) is joined to it, and
to similar words, to denote that the person spoken of is a woman; as,
szinésznő, actress.
If a Christian name is mentioned as well as the surname, the ending -né
is added, not to the surname, but to the Christian name.
Thus, Mrs. Déri would be Déri-né,
but Mrs. Charles Déri would be Déri Károly-né.
_N.B._—In Hungarian, Christian names always _follow_ the
surname instead of preceding it, as in English.
It would not be correct form to address Mrs. Déri as Dériné simply,
though one might speak of her so in the third person. In addressing an
envelope to her some such word as nagyságos, or urnő (madam), must be
used.
Thus, Nagyságos Dériné urnő, Dériné urnő, or Dériné ő nagysága.
It is better, if possible, to add the Christian name of the husband in
addressing a married woman.
Thus, Nagyságos Déri Károlyné.
In speaking to a lady the name is never mentioned. Instead of saying Mrs.
or Miss So-and-so, some such word as asszonyom or nagysád (madam) must be
used.
Asszonyom can only be used in addressing married women; nagysád can be
used for either married or single.
In addressing a gentleman, it is customary to use his title or office,
if he has one, _e.g._ titkár, secretary; tanár, professor; tanácsos,
councillor; kapitány, captain, &c.
On an envelope: Nagyságos Győry Loránd miniszteri osztály tanácsos urnak
(urnak is composed of ur, sir, and the suffix -nak, to).
In speaking to Győry Loránd one would say tanácsos ur.
The chief titles of courtesy employed are:—
Ő Felsége, his or her Majesty.
Ő Fensége, his or her Highness.
Kegyelmes, or Nagyméltóságu, his Excellency (for ministers, privy
councillors, &c.).
Méltóságos (for such members of the House of Lords as are not styled
kegyelmes, secretaries of State, and ministerial counsellors).
Nagyságos (for most persons who in England would be addressed as
esquire).
Tekintetes (used for country gentlemen, but it is going out of use
and giving place to nagyságos).
The sex of _animals_ is expressed by placing hím (male), or nőstény
(female), before the respective name; as—
hím farkas, he-wolf.
nőstény farkas, she-wolf.
CHAPTER XIV
ETYMOLOGY
New words are formed in two ways:—
(_a_) By means of suffixes called _formatives_.
(_b_) By putting two or more words together.
Those of the first class are called _derivatives_, and those of the
second class _compounds_.
A derivative may take a further formative, in which case the derivative
is called the primitive of the new word. In the following example each
preceding word is the primitive or stem of the following derivative:—
harc (substantive), battle.
harc-i (adjective), pertaining to battle.
harci-as (adjective), brave, warlike.
harcias-kod (ni) (verb), to act in a warlike way.
harciaskod-ás (abstract noun), the state of being at war.
harciaskodás-i (adjective), pertaining to warlike behaviour.
This example shows how rich the Hungarian language is in its capacity for
forming words and expressing the finer shades of meaning.
The principal formatives only are here given:—
I. _Substantives are formed_—
(_a_) By adding =-ság=, =-ség= to adjectives.
jó=-ság=, goodness; szép=-ség=, beauty.
(_b_) By adding =-ás=, =-és= to verbs.
vág=-ás=, the act of cutting; fest=-és=, the act of painting.
(_c_) By adding =-as=, =-es=, =-os=, =-ár=, =-ér= to substantives.
asztal, table; asztal=-os=, joiner.
kés, knife; kés=-es=, cutler.
kád, tub; kád=-ár=, cooper.
(_d_) All present participles may be used as substantives.
olvasó, reader; arató, reaper.
(_e_) Diminutives of substantives are formed by adding =-ka=, =-ke=,
=ocska=, =ecske=, &c.
leány=-ka=, a little girl; ablak=-ocska=, a small window.
II. _Adjectives are formed by adding_—
(_a_) =-as=, =-os=, =-es=, =-ös= to substantives.
máz, enamel; máz=-as=, enamelled.
arany, gold; arany=-os=, golden.
hely, place; hely=-es=, proper.
köd, fog; köd=-ös=, foggy.
(_b_) =-talan= or =-telen= to substantives, creating negatives.
hely=-telen=, improper.
virág=-talan=, without flowers.
(_c_) =-i=, especially to names of places.
budapest=-i=, of or pertaining to Budapest.
ház=-i=, domestic.
(_d_) Diminutives are formed by adding =-s= to adjectives ending with a
vowel, or =-es=, =-ás=, =-os= to those ending with a consonant.
sárga, yellow; sárgá=-s=, yellowish.
öreg, old; öreg=-es=, elderly.
III. _Verbs are formed by adding_—
=-al=, =-ol=, =-el=, =-oz=, =-ez= to substantives.
ház, house; ház=-al= (ni),[10] to peddle.
dal, song; dal=-ol= (ni), to sing.
tél, winter; tel=-el= (ni), to pass the winter.
szalag, ribbon; szalag=-oz= (ni), to adorn with ribbons.
FOOTNOTES:
[10] ni is merely the infinitive ending.
CHAPTER XV
SYNTAX
As nouns and verbs have significant endings there is much greater freedom
in the construction of sentences in Hungarian than in English. Thus we
may say, Margit szereti Etelkát, or Etelkát szereti Margit, without
altering or obscuring the sense of the words, which mean, Margit loves
Etelka. The accusative ending -t clearly shows who is loved.
Again, Ilonát szeretik, or szeretik Ilonát, equally states that “they
love Ilona,” for the plural ending of the verb shows that Ilonát is not
its subject, while the accusative -t in Ilonát proves that Ilona is the
object of the people’s affection.
Emphasis is expressed by the order in which words occur. Thus the above
instance might be written, Szereti Etelkát Margit, if it is desired to
lay stress on the fact of loving.
The general rule is that the word on which emphasis is laid immediately
precedes the predicate, whether that predicate is a verb, or (as it may
be in Hungarian) a substantive or an adjective.
The following examples illustrate this rule:—
Egernél a magyar nők =hősiesen küzdöttek= a törökök ellen. _Bravely_
fought the Hungarian women against the Turks at Eger.
A magyar nők =Egernél küzdöttek= hősiesen a törökök ellen. _At Eger_
the Hungarian women fought bravely against the Turks.
A magyar nők a =törökök ellen küzdöttek= hősiesen Egernél. _Against
the Turks_ the Hungarian women fought bravely at Eger.
Az angol nemzet =most hatalmas= a tengeren. _Now_ the English nation
is powerful on the sea.
Most az angol nemzet =a tengeren hatalmas=. _On the sea_ the English
nation is now powerful.
Most az =angol nemzet hatalmas= a tengeren. _The English nation_ is
now powerful on the sea.
If, in a sentence constructed in the present tense, the predicate is an
adjective or a substantive, it follows the subject without any copula.
Ilona szép, Ilona is beautiful.
Az épület szálló, the building is an hotel.
If, however, any such statement has reference to a past or future time,
then the appropriate tense of the verb “to be” must be placed after the
predicate.
Az épület szálló volt, the building was an hotel.
The verb van (is), with its various parts, when used as a copula between
subject and predicate, always stands immediately after the predicate.
Thus, if in the above sentence the order of subject and predicate were
changed, the sentence would run: szálló volt az épület.
CHAPTER XVI
DAYS, MONTHS, AND SEASONS
Monday, hétfő,
Tuesday, kedd,
Wednesday, szerda,
Thursday, csütörtök,
Friday, péntek,
Saturday, szombat,
Sunday, vasárnap.
On Monday, hétfőn
” Tuesday, kedden
” Wednesday, szerdán
” Thursday, csütörtökön
” Friday, pénteken
” Saturday, szombaton
vasárnap alone takes no suffix. On Sunday = vasárnap simply.
Last Monday, mult hétfő
On Monday last, mult hétfőn
Next Monday, jövő hétfő
On Monday next, jövő hétfőn
January, január
February, február
March, márczius
April, aprilis
May, május
June, junius
July, julius
August, augusztus
September, szeptember
October, október
November, november
December, december
In January, januárban
Last January, mult január
In September, szeptemberben
Next January, jövő január
Spring, tavasz,
Summer, nyár,
Autumn, ősz,
Winter, tél.
In Spring, tavasszal,
in Summer, nyáron,
in Autumn, ősszel,
in Winter, télen.
CHAPTER XVII
MONEY, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES
The monetary unit is the korona = 10d., which is divided into 100 fillér.
_s._ _d._
Gold coins 20 korona = 16 8
10 ” = 8 4
Silver coins 5 ” = 4 2
2 ” = 1 8
1 ” = 0 10
Nickel coins 20 fillér = 0 2
10 ” = 0 1
Bronze coins 2 ” = 0 ⅕
1 ” = 0 ⅒
Paper money comprises notes for 10, 20, 50, 100, and 1000 korona.
_N.B._—Many shopkeepers still reckon in the old florins and
krajczárs. The purchaser should take care to ascertain
whether the price marked is in florins or in korona.
1 florin = 2 korona.
1 krajczár = 2 fillér.
The decimal system of weights and measures is used in Hungary.
1 kilogramm = about 2 pounds.
1 kilométer = about 1100 yards.
1 liter = about 1¾ pints.
CHAPTER XVIII
PHRASES
_Sundry Phrases._
Yes. Igen.
Please. Kérem, or tessék.
No. Nem.
Thank you. Köszönöm.
Sir. Uram.
Madam. Nagysád.
Good morning. Jó reggelt.
Good evening. Jó estét.
Good-night. Jó éjszakát.
Good-bye. Ajánlom magamat, or Isten önnel.
How are you? Hogy érzi magát?
Do you speak English? Beszél ön angolul?
I only know Hungarian a little. Csak keveset tudok magyarul.
Do you understand me? Megért ön engem?
I do not understand. Nem értem.
I beg your pardon. Bocsánatot kérek.
Please speak more slowly. Kérem, beszéljen lassabban.
May one smoke here? Szabad itt dohányozni?
May I come in? Bejöhetek?
I wish to go to a doctor. Orvoshoz szeretnék menni.
I am ill. Beteg vagyok, or rosszul érzem
magamat.
Send for a doctor. Küldjön orvosért.
Open the door. Nyissa ki az ajtót.
Shut the door. Csukja be az ajtót.
No admittance. Tilos a belépés.
Do not touch the objects. Ne tessék a tárgyakhoz nyulni.
Keep off the grass. A fűre lépni tilos.
Take care. Vigyázzon, or tessék vigyázni.
Entrance. Bejárat, or bemenet.
Exit. Kijárat, or kimenet.
_Travelling._
Where is the railway station? Hol van a vasuti állomás?
Where is the booking-office? Hol van a jegypénztár?
First-class single to Budapest. Első osztályu menet jegyet
Budapestre.
Second return to Budapest. Másod osztályu menet-térti jegyet
Budapestre.
How much is it? Mi az ára?
I wish to have my luggage registered. Szeretném a podgyászt ajánlva adni
fel.
Where is the waiting-room? Hol a váróterem?
At what time does the train start? Mikor indul a vonat?
Does this train go to ——? —— -be megy ez a vonat?
Is there room in this carriage? Van ebben a kocsiban hely?
Is there a restaurant car on the
train? Van a vonaton étkező kocsi?
Sleeping-car. Hálókocsi.
Smoking-carriage. Dohányzó szakasz.
Non-smoking carriage. Nem dohányzó szakasz.
Smoking forbidden. Tilos a dohányzás.
Ladies’ compartment. Női szakasz.
Shall I open the window? Kinyissam az ablakot?
Please shut the window. Kérem, csukja be az ablakot.
It is very warm. Nagyon meleg van.
It is very cold. Nagyon hideg van.
Do I have to change? Át kell szállni?
What station is this? Milyen állomás ez?
Fetch me a cab. Hozzon kocsit.
What is your fare? Mi a viteldij?
Drive me to the —— hotel. Vigyen a —— szállóba.
_At a Hotel._
I want a room. Szobát szeretnék.
How much do you charge? Mi az ára?
That is too dear. Az nagyon drága.
I shall only stay one night. Csak egy éjjelen át maradok itt.
I shall stay several days. Több napig itt maradok.
This room will do. Ez a szoba jó lesz.
What is the number of my room? Mi a szobám száma?
Give me the key. Adja ide a kulcsot.
Please have my luggage sent up. Kérem, küldjék fel a podgyászomat.
I should like some hot water. Meleg vizet kérek.
Bring me some more cold water. Hozzon még hideg vizet.
Please bring me some soap. Kérem, hozzon szappant.
Bring me a towel. Hozzon egy törülközőt.
I want a hot bath. Meleg fürdőt szeretnék.
I want a cold bath. Hideg fürdőt szeretnék.
Please light a fire in my room. Kérem, fűtsön be a szobámba.
Please bring a clothes brush. Kérem, hozzon egy ruhakefét.
Please clean these boots. Kérem, tisztítsa ki a czipőmet.
Please brush these clothes. Kérem, kefélje ki a ruhámat.
Bring me some matches. Hozzon gyufát.
Bring me a candle. Hozzon egy gyertyát.
Knock at my door at 8 o’clock. Kopogjon az ajtómon reggel nyolcz
órakor.
I shall want breakfast at 7 o’clock. Hét órára szeretném a reggelit.
Bring me my hot water at 7.30. Félnyolczkor hozza be a meleg
vizet.
Can I have something to eat now? Kaphatok most valamit enni?
What is ready? Mi van készen?
What do you charge for dinner? Mi az ára az ebédnek?
I will take all meals at the hotel. A szállóban fogok étkezni.
What do you charge per day for meals? Mi a teljes ellátás ára egész
napra?
Have any letters arrived for me? Érkezett számomra levél?
Where can I get money changed? Hol váltathatok pénzt?
I want these garments washed. Szeretném ezt a fehérneműt
kimosatni.
When will they be ready? Mikor lesz készen?
Bring me the bill. Hozza el a számlát.
Bring me a time-table. Adjon egy menetrendet.
I want this luggage taken to the Szeretném ezt a podgyászt az
railway station. állomásra küldeni.
_At Meals._
Good morning. Jó reggelt kívánok.
Have you slept well? Jól aludt?
Yes, thank you. Köszönöm, jól.
I hope that you have slept well. Remélem, jól aludt.
I was very tired last night. Tegnap este nagyon fáradt voltam.
Waiter. Pinczér.
Bring me some coffee. Kávét kérek.
A roll. Zsemle.
This bread is too new. Ez a kenyér nagyon friss.
Have you some stale bread? Van szikkadt kenyerük?
Some butter. Vaj.
Milk and sugar, please. Tejet és czukrot kérek.
Another cup of coffee. Még egy csésze kávét.
Bring me a cup of tea. Hozzon egy csésze teát.
At what time is dinner? Hány órakor van az ebéd?
Dinner _à la carte_. Ebéd étlap szerint.
Bring me some soup. Hozzon levest.
What fish have you? Miféle hal van?
Will you have some chicken? Tetszik csirke?
Give me a wing. Adjon egy szárnyát.
Some mashed potatoes. Tört burgonya.
Potato salad. Burgonya saláta.
Bring me a slice of mutton. Hozzon egy szelet ürühúst.
I like it well done. Jól átsülve szeretem.
It is too much done. Ez nagyon meg van sütve.
It is quite underdone. Ez egészen sületlen.
Bring me the wine list. Adja ide az italjegyzéket.
I will have a bottle of claret. Egy üveg vörösbort kérek.
A syphon of soda water, please. Egy üveg szódavizet.
Bring me a glass of beer. Hozzon egy pohár sört.
Prepare me an omelette. Csináltasson egy omelettet
(tojáslepényt).
Will you have some more wine? Tetszik még bor?
No more, thank you. Köszönöm, nem kérek.
Bring me the dessert. Hozza ide a csemegét.
Give me some cheese. Adja ide a sajtot.
A cup of black coffee, please. Egy csésze fekete kávét kérek.
I would like some milk. Tejet szeretnék.
Waiter, the bill, please. Pinczér, a számlát kérem.
_At the Post-office._
Where is the post-office? Hol van a póstahivatal?
In —— street. A —— utczában.
I want three penny stamps. Kérek három tíz filléres bélyeget.
What is the postage on this letter? Mennyi a póstadij ezért a
levélért?
This is to go by book post. Ezt mint könyvcsomagot akarom
küldeni.
This is to go by parcel post. Ezt csomagpóstával akarom küldeni.
A postal order for ten korona. Póstautalvány tíz koronára.
Give me a telegram form. Kérek egy sürgönylapot.
A registered letter. Ajánlott levél.
I want this letter to be registered. Szeretném ezt a levelet ajánlva
feladni.
_Shopping._
Where do they sell clothing? Hol árulnak itt ruhanéműt?
That is a good shop. Az jó bolt.
I want a new hat. Uj kalapot szeretnék venni.
I want a pair of boots. Egy pár czipőt szeretnék venni.
I want a shirt. Inget szeretnék venni.
I want some handkerchiefs. Néhány zsebkendőt szeretnék venni.
I want some collars. Néhány gallért szeretnék venni.
I want some ties. Néhány nyakkendőt szeretnék venni.
I want a stick. Sétabotot szeretnék venni.
I want an umbrella. Esernyőt szeretnék venni.
I want some socks, stockings. Kapczát, harisnyát szeretnék
venni.
I want some gloves. Keztyüt szeretnék venni.
What is the price? Mi az ára?
I want better ones. Jobb minőségűt szeretnék.
I want cheaper ones. Olcsóbbat szeretnék.
This will do. Ez jó lesz.
Can you change this money? Fel tudná ezt a pénzt váltani?
Where is there a watchmaker? Hol van itt órás?
My watch has stopped. Megállt az órám.
My watch wants cleaning. Ki kell az órámat tisztítani.
The spring is broken. A rúgó el van törve.
I want to go to the barber. Szeretnék a borbélyhoz menni.
Please cut my hair. Kérem, nyírjon meg.
Not too short. Ne nagyon rövidre.
A shave, please. Kérem, borotváljon meg.
I want some tobacco, cigars. Dohányt, szivart, szeretnék venni.
I want some cigarettes, matches. Cigarettát, gyufát, szeretnék
venni.
I want a cigar-case. Szivartartót szeretnék venni.
I want a tobacco-pouch. Dohánytartót szeretnék venni.
Nothing more, thank you. Köszönöm, mást nem kérek.
Will you please send these to my
hotel. Kérem, küldje el ezt a szállóba.
This is my address. Ez a czimem.
Send them at once. Kérem, küldje azonnal.
_Sightseeing._
Where is the —— theatre? Hol van a —— szinház?
What is being played? Mit adnak?
I do not know. Nem tudom.
At what time does the performance
begin? Mikor kezdődik az előadás?
What price are the seats? Mi az ára a jegyeknek?
Is there a concert to-night? Van ma este valami hangverseny?
I should like to go to a music hall. Szeretnék valami orfeumba menni.
Whereabouts is the museum? Merre van a muzeum?
Can you direct me to the picture Meg tudná mondani az utat a
gallery? képtárba?
I wish to go to the cathedral. A székesegyházba szeretnék menni.
Where is the town park? Hol van a Városliget?
Can I go there by tram? Visz oda villamos vasut?
Does the tram go to ——? —— be megy ez a villamos?
What is the fare? Mit kell fizetni?
I will go for a walk. Sétálni megyek.
Which are the best streets? Melyek a legszebb utczák?
Where is —— street? Hol van a —— utcza?
Turn to the right. Tessék jobbra fordulni.
Turn to the left. Tessék balra fordulni.
Straight on. Egyenesen előre.
The zoological garden. Az állatkert.
The fortress garden. A várkert.
The Danube embankment. A Dunapart.
_Paying a Call._
Where does Mr. X. live? Hol lakik X. ur?
No. 2 —— Street. —— utcza második szám alatt.
He has a flat on the second floor. A második emeleten van a lakása.
Ring the bell. Csöngessen.
Knock at the door. Kopogtasson.
Is Mr. Kovács at home? Itthon van Kovács ur?
He is not at home. Nincs itthon.
I will call again. Majd eljövök ujra.
I will call at 3 P.M. to-morrow. Holnap délután három órakor jövök
el.
Yes, he is in. Igen, itthon van.
I wish to see him. Szeretnék vele beszélni.
Please take in my name. Kérem, jelentsen be.
Please take in my card. Vigye be a névjegyemet.
Good afternoon. Jó napot kivánok.
Good evening, madam. Jó estét kivánok, nagysád.
Pray be seated. Kérem, foglaljon helyet.
How are you? Hogy érzi magát?
I am quite well, thank you. Köszönöm, jól.
I am very pleased to see you. Nagyon örülök hogy láthatom.
When did you arrive in Hungary? Mikor érkezett Magyarországba?
Will you stay long? Sokáig szándékszik itt maradni?
Do you like your stay in Budapest? Szeret Budapesten lenni?
Yes, it is a fine city. Igen, nagyon szép város.
I must go now. Most már mennem kell.
Good-bye. Ajánlom magamat.
_Au revoir._ A viszontlátásig.
_Books and Stationery._
Have you a guide-book? Kaphatok úti kézikönyvet?
Is it in English? Angolul van?
I want a map. Térképet szeretnék.
Can I see a directory? Megnézhetem a lakjegyzéket?
I wish to buy a dictionary. Szótárt szeretnék venni.
I want some notepaper. Levélpapirost szeretnék venni.
A packet of envelopes. Egy csomag levélboríték.
A box of pens. Egy doboz írótoll.
A fountain pen. Töltő toll.
Some pencils, please. Néhány irónt (czeruzát) kérek.
A bottle of ink. Egy üveg tinta.
Some blotting-paper. Itatós papiros.
A stick of sealing-wax. Egy rúd pecsétviasz.
I want some postcards. Levelező lapokat kérek.
Some picture postcards. Képes levelező lapokat.
A newspaper. Hirlap, ujság.
A morning paper, please. Kérem a reggeli lapot.
An evening paper. Kérem az esti lapot.
An illustrated paper. Képes lap.
Which is the best newspaper? Melyik a legjobb hirlap?
_Specimen Letter engaging a Room._
Tisztelt Uram,
Honoured Sir,
Folyó hó 15. én Budapestre érkezem a
The current month on the 15th to Budapest I arrive by the
délután 4 órai vonattal a nyugati pályudvaron. Kérem,
afternoon 4 o’clock train at the west railway station. Please
gondoskodjék számomra bérkocsiról, és tartson fenn egy
take thought on my behalf regarding a cab, and reserve a
jó de nem nagyon költséges hálószobát. Két hétig (néhány
good but not very expensive bedroom. Two weeks (a few
napig) szándékozom Budapesten maradni, és étkezésre mindig
days) I intend in Budapest to remain, and for meals always
a szállóban leszek.
in the hotel will be.
Tisztelettel,
With respect,
A. B.
The envelope would be addressed thus:—
A —— Szálló
—— Hotel
Tekintetes igazgatójának
To the manager
—— Utcza
—— Street
Budapest.
Uram = ur (sir) + am (my).
15 én = 15 + affix -én (on).
Budapestre = Budapest + -re (to).
órai = óra + adjectival suffix i.
vonattal = vonat + -al (by or with), the t being duplicated.
pályudvaron = pályudvar + -on (at).
számomra = szám (account) + -om (my) + -ra (on).
bérkocsiról = bérkocsi + -ról (as regards).
Budapesten = Budapest + -en (in).
étkezésre = étkezés + -re (for).
szállóban = szálló + -ban (in).
tisztelettel = tisztelet + -(t)el (with).
tekintetes = a courteous expression.
igazgatójának = igazgató (manager or director) + -ja (its) + nak (to).
a —— szálló tekintetes igazgatójának = (literally) to the —— hotel’s
honoured manager.
HUNGARIAN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
ablak, window
adni, to give
ajtó, door
állat, animal
állni, to stand
álnokul, treacherously
anya, mother
atya, father
azonnal, at once
baj, trouble
bámulni, to admire
bánya, mine
barát, friend
bátor, brave
bátya, elder brother
bér, wages
beszélni, to speak
beteg, ill
birtok, estate
bizonytalanság, uncertainty
boldog, happy
bolt, shop
buzavirág, cornflower
csak, only
császár, emperor
csata, battle
csendes, quiet, still
csésze, cup
csinálni, to make, to do
czukor, sugar
dal, song
délután, afternoon
derült, bright
dinnye, melon
dolgozni, to work
drága, dear
drágakő, precious stone
édes, sweet
egészséges, healthy, well
elfoglalni, to occupy, to take
elkisérni, to accompany
élni, to live
elszállni, to fly away
épület, building
ércz, metal
érdekes, interesting
érett, ripe
erős, strong
értékes, valuable
fehér, white
fekete, black
fényes, bright
fizetni, to pay
gazda, farmer
gazdag, rich
gazdaság, farm
gondolat, thought
gyermek, child
gyönyörű, lovely
gyors, swift
győzni, to be victorious
gyümölcs, fruit
hálás, grateful
hallani, to hear
hamar, soon
hanem, but
hang, sound
hangverseny, concert
hat, six
hatalmas, powerful
ház, house
házi, domestic
hegedülni, to play the violin
hegy, hill, mountain
hétfő, Monday
hirlap, newspaper
hogy, that
holnap, to-morrow
hős, hero
hosszú, long
hozni, to bring
hű, faithful
huszár, hussar
idős, old
illat, scent
irni, to write
is, also
iskola, school
ismerni, to know (a person)
istálló, stable
itthon, at home
íz, flavour
kék, blue
kellemes, pleasant
kemény, hard
kémény, chimney
kenyér, bread
kép, picture
kérdezni, to ask
kérni, to ask
késő, late
kis, little
kivánni, to wish
kocsi, coach
költemény, poem
könyv, book
könyvtár, library
kortárs, contemporary
körte, pear
köszönni, to thank, to greet
koszoru, wreath
kötni, to bind
kutya, dog
küzdeni, to fight
lármázni, to make a noise
látni, to see
legyőzni, to overcome
lemásolni, to copy
lenni, to be
leülni, to sit down
liszt, flour
lomb, foliage
lovagolni, to ride on horseback
macska, cat
magas, high, tall
magyarul, in Hungarian
már, already
még, still
megbékiteni, to conciliate
megelégedni, to be content
megtámadni, to attack
menni, to go
mindennap, every day
mindig, always
mondani, to tell
munka, work
mutatni, to show
művész, artist
nagy, great
nagyon, very, much
nap, day, sun
négy, four
nem, no, not
nemesen, nobly
német, German
némi, some
nép, people
nyár, summer
nyomor, misery
öcs, younger brother
okos, clever, wise
óra, hour, clock, watch
öreg, old (for persons)
ország, country
örülni, to rejoice
ősz, autumn
őszinte, sincere
palota, palace
pápa, pope
part, shore
puska, gun
régi, old (for things)
remélni, to hope
rét, meadow
rokon, relative
római, Roman
rózsa, rose
sajnálni, to regret
sarok, corner
sétálni, to walk
sok, many, much
szelid, gentle
szent, saint
szép, beautiful
szerda, Wednesday
szerencse, good luck
szeretni, to like, to love
szilva, plum
szin, colour
szolga, servant
szomszéd, neighbour
szorgalmas, industrious
tágas, spacious
takaró, covering
találkozni, to meet
tanuló, student
tartani, to last
tavaly, last year
tehén, cow
tekintélyes, imposing
tető, roof, summit
tiszta, clean, pure
titok, secret
tíz, ten
török, Turk
tudni, to know
tuzok, bustard
ülni, to sit
utcza, street
ütközet, battle
van, is
várni, to wait for
vendég, guest
villám, lightning
vinni, to carry
virág, flower
virágos, flowery
víz, water
zöld, green
zongorázni, to play the piano
ENGLISH-HUNGARIAN VOCABULARY
actor, szinész
afternoon, délután
air, levegő
almanac, naptár
almond, mandula
aluminium, aluminium
amusement, mulatság
angel, angyal
animal, állat
another, más, másik
apple, alma
apricot, sárgabaraczk
arm, kar
arrival, megérkezés
art, művész
artist, művészet
asparagus, spárga
attendance, kiszolgálás
axle, tengely
baby, kisbaba, csecsemő
back, hát
backward, hátrafelé
back wheel, hátsó kerék
bacon, szalonna, oldalas, füstölt hús
bad, rossz
bag, táska, utitáska
bake (to), sütni
baked, sült
baker, pék
ball, labda
ball (dance), bál
banana, banán
band, zenekar
bank, bank, pénzintézet
barber, borbély, fodrász
barley, árpa
basin, medencze
bath, fürdő
bathe (to), fürödni
bathroom, fürdőszoba
bay, öböl
beans, bab
bear, medve
beard, szakál
beat (to), ütni, megverni
bed, ágy
bed (to go to), lefeküdni
bedroom, hálószoba
beef, marhahús
beer, sör
begin (to), kezdeni
bell, csengetyű
belt, öv
bicycle, kerékpár, bicikli
bill, számla
bill of fare, étlap
bird, madár
biscuit, kétszersült
bishop, püspök
bitter, keserű
black, fekete
blanket, paplan, gyapjutakaró
blotting-paper, itatós papiros
blue, kék
board, ellátás
boat, csónak
bodice, ruhaderék
boil (to), főzni, forralni
boiled, főtt
book, könyv
booking-office, jegypénztár
bookseller, könyvkereskedő
boot, czipő, csizma
bootlaces, czipőkötő
bootmaker, czipész, varga
bottle, üveg
box, doboz
box (in the theatre), páholy
boy, fiú
braces, nadrág tartó
brake (cycle), keresztrúd
brandy, pálinka, konyak
brass, sárgaréz
bread, kenyér
break (to), törni
breakfast, reggeli
breast, mell
bridge, híd
bright, fényes
bring (to), hozni
broom, seprő
brother (elder), bátya
” (younger), öcs
brown, barna
brush (clothes), ruhakefe
” (hair), hajkefe
” (nail), körömkefe
” (tooth), fogkefe
buffet, étterem
bull, bika
butter, vaj
button, gomb
buy (to), venni
cab, bérkocsi
cabbage, káposzta
cabman, bérkocsis
café, kávéház
cake, sütemény
calf, borju
calico, perkál
call (to), hívni
camera, fényképező gép
candle, gyertya
candlestick, gyertyatartó
cap, sapka
cape, gallér, gallérköpeny
carnation, szegfű
carpet, szőnyeg
carriage, kocsi, hintó
carrot, sárgarépa
cat, macska
cathedral, székesegyház
ceiling, mennyezet
chain, láncz
chair, szék
chambermaid, szobaleány
change money (to), pénzt váltani
chapel, kápolna, templom
cheap, olcsó
cheese, sajt
chemise, ing
chemist, gyógyszerész
chestnut, gesztenye
child, gyermek
chin, áll
chocolate, csokolád
choir, énekkar
Christian, keresztény
church, templom
cigar, szivar
cigar-case, szivartárcza
cigarette, cigaretta, szivarka
cigarette-case, cigaretta-tárcza
city, város
clean, tiszta
clean (to), tisztítani
clear, világos
clergyman, pap, lelkész
cloak, köpeny, felöltő
cloakroom, ruhatár
clock, toronyóra, falióra
clothing, ruházat
cloudy, felhős
coal, szén, kőszén
cocoa, kakao
coffee, kávé
cold, hideg
cold (a), nátha, hurut
cold (to be), fázni
collar, gallér
collar-stud, inggomb
college, kollégium
come (to), jönni
concert, hangverseny
confectioner, czukrász
continent, kontinens, szárazföld
copper, réz, vörösréz
correct, helyes
cottage, házikó, kunyhó
cotton, gyapot, pamut
couch, pamlag
cough (to), köhögni
county, vármegye
country, ország, vidék, táj
cow, tehén
cream, tejszin
cuffs, kézelő
cup, csésze
curtain, függöny
custom-house, vámház
cutlet, szelet, bordaszelet
dance (to), tánczolni
danger, veszély, veszedelem
dangerous, veszélyes, veszedelmes
dark, sötét
date (on letters), keltezés
daughter, leány
day, nap, nappal
dear, kedves, drága
deer, őz
departure, indulás
dessert, csemege
devil, ördög
dictionary, szótár
dine (to), ebédelni
dinner, ebéd
directory, czimjegyzék, lakjegyzék
dirty, piszkos, szennyes
do (to), tenni
doctor, orvos, doktor
dog, kutya
door, ajtó
down, le
downhill, hegynek le
draper, ruhakereskedő
drawers, nadrág
dress, ruha (nőiruha)
dress (to), öltözni
drink, inni
drive (a), kocsizás
duck, kacsa
eagle, sas
ear, fül
early, korán
earth, föld
earthquake, földrengés
eat (to), enni
egg, tojás
electric light, villamos lámpa
electric tram, villamos vasút
electroplated, ezüstözött
embankment, folyópart, korzó
emperor, császár
empress, császárné
empty, üres
end, vég
enough, elég
entrance, belépés, bejárat, bemenet
envelope, boríték, levélboríték
evening, este
exchange (to), kicserélni
exhibition, kiállitás
exit, kimenet, kijárás
expensive, költséges, drága
eye, szem
eyeglasses, szemüveg
face, arcz
family, család
far, messze, távol
fare, fuvar, viteldíj
farm, gazda
farmer, gazdaság
fast, gyorsan
father, atya
feel (to), érezni
felt hat, nemez kalap
ferry, átkelés
field, mező
fig, füge
finger, ujj, kézujj
fire, tűz
firewood, tűzelő fa
first-class, első osztályú
fish, hal
flannel, flanel
flat (a), lakás
floor, padló
floor (1st, 2nd, &c.), emelet (I., II. stb.)
flour, liszt
flower, virág
fog, köd
food, táplálék, étel
foot, láb
football, rúgólabda
forbidden, tilos
forest, erdő
forget (to), elfelejteni
fork, villa
fortress, vár, erőd
forward, előre
fountain, szökőkút
fountain pen, töltő toll
fowl, szárnyas, baromfi
fox, róka
free, szabad
friend, barát, barátnő
frock-coat, frakk
front wheel, elsőkerék, homlokkerék
fruit, gyümölcs
fruiterer, gyümölcsárus
fry (to), kirántani, zsirból, kisütni
full, tele, teljes
furnished, bútorozott
game (a), játék
game (birds, &c.), vad
garden, kert
gas, légszesz, gáz
get up (to), fölkelni
gipsy, czigány
girl, leány
give (to), adni
glad (to be), örülni
glass, üveg
gloves, keztyü
go (to), menni
goat, kecske
God, Isten
gold, arany
gold-plated, aranyozott
goloshes, sárczipő
good, jó
grammar, nyelvtan
grapes, szőllő
grass, fű
green, zöld
greengrocer, zöldségárus
grocer, fűszeres, fűszerkereskedő
ground, talaj, föld
guide-book, úti kézikönyv
hail, jégeső
hair, haj
half, fél
hall, csarnok, előcsarnok
ham, sonka
hammer, kalapács
hand, kéz
handkerchief, zsebkendő
handle, fogó, fogantyú
happy, boldog
hard, kemény
hare, nyúl
hat, kalap
hatter, kalapos
head, fej
headache, fejfájás
health, egészség
heart, szív
heaven, ég, mennyország
heavy, nehéz
hell, pokol
hill, halom, hegy
home, otthon
hope (to), remélni
horse, ló
horse-radish, torma
hot, forró
hotel, szálló, vendéglő
house, ház
hungry, éhes
hunt (tó), vadászni
hurt (tó), megsérteni, megbántani
husband, férj
hymn, szentének
hymn-book, enekeskönyv
ice, jég
ice-cream, fagylalt
ill, beteg
indiarubber, gummi
indigestion, emésztési zavar, gyomorrontás
injury, sérülés, sebesülés
ink, tinta
inn, kocsma, fogadó
interesting, érdekes
iron, vas
island, sziget
jam, íz, lekvár
Jew, zsidó
jewel, ékszer
jeweller, ékszerész
jug, korsó
key, kules
kidney, vese
king, király
knife, kés
knock (to), kopogtatni
lace, csipke
lager beer, ászok-sör
lamb, bárány
lamp, lámpa
land, ország, föld
landlady, háziasszony
landlord, háziúr
language, nyelv
large, széles, nagy, tágas
late, késő, későn
laundry, mosó intézet
lavatory, árnyékszék
leather, bőr
leg, lábszár
lemon, czitrom
lemonade, czitromos viz
letter, levél
level, színvonal
lie down (to), lefeküdni
lift, felvonó gép
light, világos
lily, liliom
lily of the valley, gyöngyvirág
limb, tag
line, sor
linen, vászon
liqueur, likőr, édes pálinka
little, kis, kicsi
live (to), élni
liver, máj
lodging, lakás
long, hosszu
looking-glass, tükör
luggage, podgyász
lungs, tüdő
mackintosh, esőköpeny
man, ember, férfi
map, térkép
market, vásár, piacz
matches, gyufa
meal, étkezés
meat, hús
medicine, orvosság, gyógyszer
melon, dinnye
mend (to), javítani
messenger, küldött
metal, ércz, fém
milk, tej
milk jug, tejeskancsó
milliner, divatárusnő
mine, bánya
mineral, ásvány
mineral water, ásvány víz
mistake, tévedés, hiba
money, pénz
money-changer, pénzváltó
month, hónap
monument, szabor, emlékoszlop
moon, hold
more, több
morning, reggel
mother, anya
mountain, hegy
moustache, bajusz
mouth, száj
much, sok
muddy, sáros
museum, múzeum
mushroom, gomba
music, zene
music hall, zenecsarnok, orfeum
mustard, mustár
mutton, ürü
nail, szeg
nail (finger), köröm
name, név
near, közel
neck, nyak
necktie, nyakkendő
needle, varrótű
new, uj
newspaper, ujság, hirlap
night, éjjel, éjszaka
nightshirt, hálóing
no, not, nem, ne
nose, orr
note, jegyzet
note-book, jegyzőkönyv
notepaper, levélpapiros
novel, regény
number, szám
nut, dió
oat, zab
ocean, oceán, világtenger
office, hivatal
official, hivatalos
oil, olaj
old, öreg (person), régi (object)
omnibus, társaskocsi, omnibusz
open (to), kinyitni
opera, opera, dalmű, dalszinház
opera-glass, látcső
orange, narancs
orchestra, zenekar
overcoat, felöltő
owl, bagoly
ox, ökör
pair, pár
paper, papiros
parasol, napernyő
parcel, csomag
park, park
pastry, sütemény
pay (to), fizetni
peach, őszibaraczk
pear, körte
peas, borsó
pedal, pedál
pen, toll, írótoll
pencil, irón, czeruza
pepper, bors
petticoat, alsószoknya
permitted, megengedett, megengedve
photograph, fénykép
piano, zongora
picture, kép, festmény
picture-gallery, képtár
pie, pástétom
piece, darab
pig, disznó
pin, tű, gombostű
pineapple, ananász
pink, rózsaszin
pipe, pipa
place, hely
plan, terv
planet, bolygv
plate, tányér
play (a), szindarab
play (to), játszani
play the piano (to), zongorázni
play the violin (to), hegedülni
pleasant, kellemes
please, kérem, tessék
please (to), tetszeni
plum, szilva
pocket, zseb
pocket-book, zsebkönyv
pocket-knife, zsebkés, tollkés
policeman, rendőr
police station, rendőrség
polish (to), csiszolni, fényesíteni
polite, udvarias
poor, szegény
pork, disznóhús
porter, hordár
portmanteau, bőrönd
post (to), postára adni
postage stamp, levélbélyeg
postcard, levelezőlap
postman, levélhordó, póstás
post-office, postahivatal
potato, burgonya
poultry, szárnyas
pray (to), imádkozni
prayer-book, imakönyv
preach (to), prédikálni
preacher, hitszónok
price, ár
priest, pap
programme, szinlap
prohibited, tilos
queen, királyné
quick, gyors
quickly, gyorsan
railway, vasut
railway station, vasuti állomás
rain, eső
rain (to), esni
raisin, malagaszőlő
read (to), olvasni
ready, kész, készen
red, piros, vörös
refreshments, frissitők
register (to), ajánlani
registered, ajánlott
remember (to), emlékezni
rent, házbér, lakbér
repair (to), javitani
rest (to), pihenni
restaurant, vendéglő
return ticket, térti jegy
rice, rizs
rich, gazdag
ride (to), lovagolni, kocsizni
right, helyes, igaz
right (to the), jobbra
ring, gyürü
ring (to), csengetni
river, folyó
road, út
roast (to), sütni
roast beef, marhasült
roll (a), zsemle
roof, tető
room, szoba
room (space), hely
rose, rózsa
rough, durva
run (to), szaladni, futni
saddle, nyereg
sailor, hajós, tengerész
salad, saláta
salt, só
sand, homok
sauce, mártás
saucer, csészealj
saucepan, lábas
say (to), mondani
scenery, tájék, kilátás
scent, illatszer
school, iskola
science, természettudomány
screw, csavar
sea, tenger
sealing-wax, pecsétviasz
seat, ülés
see (to), látni
second-class, másodasztályú
sell (to), eladni
send (to), küldeni
servant, cseléd
serviette, asztalkendő
shawl, sál, nagykendő
sheep, juh
ship, hajó
shirt, ing, férfiing
shoe, czipő, félczipő
shop, bolt, üzlet
short, rövid
shoulder, váll
shut (to), becsukni, bezárni
silk, selyem
silver, ezüst
silver-plated, ezüstözött
sing (to), énekelni
singer, énekes
single ticket, menetjegy
sister, nővér
sit (to), ülni
skate (to), koresolyázni
sky, ég
sleep (to), aludni
sleeping-car, hálókocsi
sleepy, álmos
sleeve, ruhaujj
sleeve-links, kézelőgomb
slice, szelet
slip (to), kicsúszni
slipper, papucs
slow, lassú
slowly, lassan
small, kis, kicsi
smoke, füst
smoke (to), dohányozni, füstöln
smooth, síma
snake, kigyó
snow, hó
soap, szappan
socks, kapcza, férfiharisnya
soda water, szódavíz, szíkvíz
sofa, pamlag, kanapé
soft, puha, lágy
soldier, katona
solid, szilárd
son, fiú
song, ének
sorry, szomoru
soup, leves
sour, savanyú
sparrow, veréb
speak, beszélni
spectacles, szemüveg
spirits, szesz
spokes, küllők
sponge, szivacs, spongya
spoon, kanál
spring (of water), forrás
springs, rúgók
square, négyszögletű, tér
stable, istálló
stag, szarvas
stairs, lépcső
stand (to), állni
star, csillag
station, állomás
stationer, papirkereskedő
statue, szobor
steak, szelet, pecsenye
steal, lopni
steam, gőz
steamboat, gőzhajó
steel, aczél
steep, meredek
stockings, harisnya
stone, kő
storm, vihar
story, elbeszélés, történet
strawberry, szamócza, földieper
straw hat, szalmakalap
street, utcza
sugar, czukor
sugar-basin, czukortartó
sun, nap
supper, vacsora
sweet, édes
sweets, édesség, czukor
swim (to), úszni
swimming-bath, uszoda
table, asztal
tablecloth, asztalteritő, abrosz
table-d’hôte, közösasztal
take (to), venni, kivenni, elvenni
tame, szelíd, szelídített
taste (to), izlelni
tea, tea
teapot, teáskanna
telegram, sürgöny, távirat
telegram form, sürgönylap
tell (to), mondani
tennis, tenisz
theatre, színház
think (to), gondolni, gondolkozni
third-class, harmadosztályú
thirsty, szomjas
thought, gondolat
throat, torok
throw (to), dobni
ticket, jegy
time, idő
time-table, menetrend
tired, fáradt
toast, pirított kenyér
tobacco, dohány
tobacco-pouch, dohánytartó
to-day, ma
toe, lábujj
toll, vám, hidvám
to-morrow, holnap
tongue, nyelv
tooth, fog
toothache, fogfájás
tooth powder, fogpor
towel, törülköző
town, város
train, vonat
tram, lóvasut
tray, tálcza
tree, fa
trousers, nadrág
true, igaz
turnip, fehérrépa
turkey, pulyka
tyre, kerékabroncs
umbrella, esernyő
underdone, sületlen
undervest, gyapjuing
understand (to), érteni, megérteni
university, egyetem
uphill, hegynek föl
valet, inas, komornyik
valley, völgy
veal, borjuhús
vegetables, zöldség, főzelék
village, falu
vinegar, eczet
violin, hegedű
visit (to), meglátogatni
visiting-card, névjegy
volcano, tűzhányó hegy
waist, derék
waistcoat, mellény
wait (to), várni
waiter, pinczér
waiting-room, váróterem
walk (to), sétálni
walking-stick, sétabot
wall, fal
walnut, dió
wardrobe, ruhaszekrény
warm, meleg
wash (to), mosni, mosdani
washstand, mosdó asztal
watch, zsebóra
watchmaker, órás
water, víz
weak, gyönge
weather, időjárás
week, hét
weight, súly
well, jól
well done (in cooking), jól átsült
wheat, búza
wheel, kerék
whisky, whisky
whistle (to), fütyülni
white, fehér
whole, egész, teljes
wick, lámpabél
wide, széles
widow, özvegy
wife, feleség
wild, vad
wind, szél
window, ablak
wine, bor
wine-list, borjegyzék
wing, szárny
wish (to), kivánni
wolf, farkas
woman, asszony
wood, fa
wool, gyapju
word, szó
world, világ
wrong, helytelen, rossz
year, év, esztendő
yellow, sárga
yes, igen
yesterday, tegnap
young, fiatal
youth, fiatalember, ifju
zoological garden, állatkert
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