Primeira origem da arte

By João Villeneuve

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Title: Primeira origem da arte
       de imprimir dada à luz pelo primeiros characteres

Author: João Villeneuve

Release Date: August 3, 2006 [EBook #18974]

Language: Portuguese


*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PRIMEIRA ORIGEM DA ARTE ***




Produced by Rita Farinha and the Online Distributed
Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was
produced from images generously made available by National
Library of Portugal (Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal).)









PRIMEIRA ORIGEM DA ARTE DE IMPRIMIR DADA A LUZ PELOS PRIMEIROS
CHARACTERES,

Que Joaõ de Villeneuve formou para serviço da Academia Real da Historia
Portugueza.

Dedicada a ELREY Dom JOAÕ V. seu Augustissimo Protector.


LISBOA OCCIDENTAL.
Na Officina de Joseph Antonio Da Sylva,
Impressor da Academia Real.
MDCCXXXII.


[Figura: aberto por Pedro de Rochefort. Lisboa 1732]




Senhor


Com a generosa protecçaõ de Vossa Magestade naõ só renascem em Portugal
as Letras, mas agora pode dizerse [~q] nascem; pois sem as [~q] eu venho
a introduzir nos dilatados dominios de Vossa Magestade, naõ podiam as
outras propagarse, e fazer-se eternas sendo os bronzes, em [~q] eu as
deixo gravadas, as primeiras formas para as estatuas, e para as
Inscripçoens, [~q] Vossa Magestade merece como Heroe, de quem os Sabios
da Academia Real haõ de escrever a Historia, [~q] se há de imprimir com
estas minhas letras, se o seu grande Character podese descreverse, e
escreverse em Characteres tam pequenos. Attrahido pela fama [~q] com
verdade pinta a Vossa Magestade por toda Europa segundo Augusto no
seculo litterario de Portugal, sem valerme de outro Mecenas, vim buscar
a felicidade de ser subdito seu, deixando Paris por Lisboa para
introduzir nella a incognita, e utilissima Arte de fundir, e gravar as
Matrises, e Punçoens, deque se serve a maravilhoza Arte Typografica, e
[~q] até agora ou se mandavam vir de fóra do Reyno, saindo delle
consideravel cabedal, ou se uzava das imperfeitas, e gastadas com o
tempo, sem poder aperfeiçoarse por esta causa as ediçoens dos melhores
Livros: como em Europa há tam poucos Artifices desta minha manufactura,
he crivel, [~q] venhaõ a Portugal procuralla dos Reynos mais vizinhos,
convertendose o damno em publico beneficio. Teve Vossa Magestade,
Senhor, com a sua alta comprehençaõ tam prompto conhecimento deste meu
zelo, [~q] logo o remunerou com huma pensaõ, e o [~q] he mais, o
admittio, e honrou com o seu Real agrado: para o naõ desmerecer,
offereço a os pes de Vossa Magestade alguns indicios das letras [~q]
tenho fabricado, estando prompto para fazer as outras, sem me
intimidarem as Hebraicas, Gregas, e Arabigas, [~q] sam taõ precizas para
as doutas dissertaçoens da Academia, e para perpetuar os monumentos
originaes, [~q] nestas, e outras Lingoas se conservaõ em todo o dilatado
Imperio de Vossa Magestade pelas quatro partes do mundo. Espero, Senhor,
[~q] nem a ociozidade, nem a distracçaõ me façaõ indigno da benevolencia
de Vossa Magestade, [~q] procurarei naõ desmerecer em quanto a Vida me
durar.

Joaõ de Villeneuve.




PRIMEIRA ORIGEM DA ARTE DE IMPRIMIR.

_Primeira Prova Destes Novos Characteres_.


De muitas cousas grandes, que se admiraõ no Mundo, se naõ sabe o
principio; assim succedeo à Patria de Homero, ao nascimento do rio Nilo;
e assim acontece tambem à origem da Arte de imprimir; se naõ he que os
progressos das mesmas Artes muitas vezes saõ os mayores impedimentos
para se saberem com certeza os seus nascimentos, por[~q] com a
experiencia, e o uso dos artifices se costumaõ augmentar de forte, [~q]
naõ parecem as mesmas, e como insensivelmente crescem, naõ he facil
determinarlhe, nem o lugar em [~q] se inventaraõ, nem as primeiras
pessoas [~q] as acharaõ, por[~q] a diversidade dos lugares, e
multiplicidade dos Authores, [~q] as aperfeiçoaraõ, fazem provaveis as
muitas opinioens, que naõ sem fundamento se seguem, e que por ambiçaõ de
gloria se arrogaõ as Cidades, e naçoens, [~q] se costumaõ jactar de
terem produzido homens em qualquer profissaõ insignes; para o que naõ
concorre menos a emulaçaõ taõ poderosa, quando he louvavel para
exercitar as mais laboriosas, e engenhosas producçoens, e taõ efficaz
quando he viciosa, para promover os effeitos mais escandalosos do odio.
Alguns querem fazer nesta Arte a differença, [~q] costuma haver nas
producçoens da natureza, affirmando [~q] foy muy diverso o tempo, em
[~q] se concebeo, daquelle em que sahio a luz, e diversas tambem as
pessoas, [~q] concorreraõ para [~q] se conseguisse o fim pertendido. Os
Hollandezes, como Boxornio affirma no seu Theatro de Holanda, attribuem
a Lourenço Coster, guarda do Palacio Real da Cidade de Harlem, a
invençaõ desta admiravel Arte; o que pertendem provar com huma
inscripçaõ, [~q] ainda presentemente se lê na porta da Casa, em [~q] o
mesmo Lourenço Coster assistio, na qual se anticipa muito o nascimento
da Impressaõ à opiniaõ cõmua, declarando-se, que ella se inventara no
anno de 1440. havendo a contradiçaõ de se ler na Estatua do mesmo
Lourenço Coster, que elle fora outro Cadmo, e o primeiro inventor deste
utilissimo Artefacto no anno 1430. o [~q] ainda se faz tanto mais
incrivel, quanto mais se afasta esta opiniaõ do anno em que se vê [~q]
foraõ impressos os primeiros Livros, que appareceraõ no Mundo.

Servese este Author tambem do [~q] escreveo Adriaõ Junio, Medico, e
Historiador de Hollanda, [~q] no seu Livro, [~q] intitulou _de Batavia_,
diz [~q] assistindo Lourenço Coster em huma Casa de Campo, e passeando
por hum Bosque, lhe lembrara fazer huns characteres de pao de _Faia_ com
os quaes imprimira alguns Versos em papelaõ; e assim este Author, como o
primeiro em que fallei, seguraõ existirem varios Livros, [~q] nomeaõ
para mostrarem [~q] Lourenço Coster seu Nacional fora quem inventara a
Arte de imprimir taõ anticipadamente, como ambos affirmaõ; e para
corroborarem mais a sua opiniaõ, dizem [~q] o mesmo Lourenço Coster
vendo, que lhe succedera bem na primeira prova dos characteres de pao,
os fizera de chumbo, ou de estanho, e para o ajudar chamara a Joaõ
Fauste, ou Fust. Porèm Malinchrot na sua Arte Typographica he de
parecer, [~q] as primeiras folhas de alg[~u] dos Livros, [~q] os
Hollandezes allegaõ para mostrar que os imprimira Lourenço Coster, se
lhe ajuntaraõ depois, e por este, e outros principios mais solidos
segue, que a invençaõ da Arte de imprimir pertence aos naturaes de
Moguncia, e naõ aos de Harlem, como entendem todos os que fazem o
melhor, e mais certo juizo sobre esta materia, julgando [~q] este
invento se deve a Joaõ Guttemberg natural de Strasbourg, a quem ajudara
muito Joaõ Fauste, ou Fust no anno 1440. ou [~q] pelo contrario, o
inventor fora Joaõ Fust; e [~q] Joaõ Guttemberg, e Pedro Schofer seu
genro, [~q] depois foy do mesmo Fust, contribuira sómente com a despeza
necessaria para se pôr em pratica este projecto; e a isso se
accrescenta, que dos primeiros Livros, que se imprimiraõ, foy hum
intitulado: _Speculum Salutis_, que os de Harlem pertendem [~q] já de
antes estivesse impresso em vulgar por Lourenço Coster; porèm o [~q]
Berthio diz no 3^{ro} Livro da descripçaõ de Alemanha, fallando de
Moguncia, póde tirar toda a duvida, [~q] se mover nesta questaõ, ficando
satisfeitos os sequazes de huma, e outra opiniaõ; por[~q] diz elle, [~q]
neste Livro _Speculum Salutis_, como em outros muitos das primeiras
ediçoens da Officina de Lourenço Coster, observara, que cada pagina fora
impressa sobre numa forma, ou taboa, em [~q] se esculpiraõ as letras
como abertas ao buril, e naõ com characteres separados; do que se póde
julgar, que Lourenço Coster achou em Harlem a invençaõ de imprimir com
esta forma, ou taboa, do modo de que dizem usaõ os Chinas; e [~q]
Guttemberg, Fauste, e Schofer foraõ os [~q] inventaraõ em Moguncia os
characteres moveis, e separados huns dos outros, para se poderem compor
as syllabas, as palavras, e as paginas, como presentemente se pratica;
mas a mais cõmua opiniaõ he a [~q] seguem Tritemio na sua Chronica,
Polidoro Virgilio, Bruschio no Catalogo dos Bispos de Moguncia, Salmuth
sobre Pancirolo Sabellico nas suas Eneadas, e Wemphelingo, que escreveo
em 1511. os quaes affirmaõ, [~q] Joaõ Guttemberg natural de Strasbourg
fora o primeiro, que nesta Cidade inventara a Arte de imprimir; e que
passando a Moguncia, ahi a concluira felizmente. Esta he a opiniaõ, que
commummente se segue como mais verdadeira, com que concorda Ferrario na
descripçaõ da Cidade de Moguncia, com outros que Naude cita na addiçaõ à
Historia de Luiz XI. os quaes affirmaõ, que Joaõ Guttemberg, Cavalhero
Alemaõ, natural da Cidade de Strasbourg, procurando, ainda [~q] sem
fruto, pôr esta Arte na ultima perfeiçaõ na mesma Cidade de Strasbourg,
se achara obrigado a hir para Moguncia, aonde passou o resto da sua
vida, alcançando o Privilegio de natural della, o que foy cauza de
muitos Authores lhe chamarem Moguntino, como tambem na Inscripçaõ
seguinte.

JOANNI GUTTEMBERGENSI
MOGUNTINO,
Qui Primus omnium Litteras
AEre imprimendas invenit
Hac Arte de Orbe toto benemerenti
YVO Vintigensis
Hoc Saxum pro Monumento posuit.

Guttemberg naõ podendo fazer os gastos, e despezas necessarias para se
pôr em pratica esta Arte, (porque a mayor parte dos primeiros Livros se
imprimiraõ em pergaminho para poderem passar por Manuscritos, e por isto
custavaõ muy caros) se vio obrigado a fazer sociedade com Joaõ Fust, ou
Fauste, acima nomeados, ajudado de seu genro Pedro Schoffer, ou Opilio
de Gernshain, [~q] se tem pelo primeiro inventor dos Punçoens e
Matrizes, aos quaes cõmunicou o seu projecto, com que ultimamente se
publicaraõ tantos effeitos desta Arte, como o explicou Arnaldo
Bergellano nestes Versos.

Addidit huic operi lucem sumptumque laboris
  Faustus Germamus, munera fausta ferens.
Et levi ligno sculpunt & grammata prima,
  Quae poterat variis quisque referre modis.
Materiam bibulae supponunt indè papyri
  Aptam, quam libris littore Nilus alit.
Insuper aptabant mitti quas sepia guttas
  Reddebat pressas sculpta tabella notas.
Sed qui non poterat propria de classe character
  Tolli, nec variis usibus aptus erat,
Illi succurrit Petrus cognomine Schoffer,
  Quo vix caelando promptior alter erat.
Ille sagax animi praeclare toreumata finxit,
  Quae sanxit matris nomine posteritas.
Et primus vocum fundebat in aere figuras,
  Innumeris cogi quae potuere modis.

E mais adiante fallando nesta mesma sociedade neste distico:

Illo primus erat tunc Guttembergus in albo,
  Alter erat Faustus, tertius Opilio.

Principiaraõ estes Inventores a imprimir os primeiros Livros no anno de
1450. como se acha escrito no Livro intitulado _Trithemianarum
Historiarum Breviarium_: isto mesmo confirma Erasmo no prologo de hum
Tito Livio, impresso em 2 Volumes no anno de 1519 em Moguncia, por Joaõ
Schoffer, filho de Pedro Schoffer, e Neto de Joaõ Fust, no fim do qual
se lê tambem hum Privilegio do Emperador Maximiliano, dado ao mesmo Joaõ
Schoffer em consideraçaõ de seu avou Joaõ Faust ter inventado a Arte de
imprimir.

A Biblia, que estes mesmos primeiros inventores imprimiraõ, era tam
semelhante às manuscritas, que levando Joaõ Faust muitos Exemplares a
Pariz, de que a mayor parte eraõ de pergaminho, ornados com grandes
Letras, e Vinhetas de ouro feitas de maõ, como ainda muitos existem, os
vendeo por Escritos de maõ por hum preço muy consideravel; porèm
advertindo os [~q] os tinhaõ comprado, que os Exemplares eraõ muitos, o
accusaraõ pelo crime de feitiçaria; e isto obrigou a Joaõ Fauste a
retirarse para Moguncia; e naõ se achando ainda seguro, passou a
Strasbourg, aonde assistio alg[~u] tempo, e alli ensinou esta Arte a
Joaõ Metelin, ou Mentel, que foy o primeiro, que a exercitou em
Strasbourg.

Depois publicou por hum Edital o Parlamento de Pariz, que declarava
livre de culpa a Joaõ Faust, reconhecendo a grande utilidade da
admiravel Arte de imprimir.

Tendo estes engenhosos Artifices impresso estas Biblias, e alguns mais
Livros, se deviaõ separar, ou morrer, porque se naõ achaõ outros com os
seus nomes; e assim se principiou a divulgar este invento pelos criados,
e Officiaes destes primeiros Impressores.

Joaõ de la Caille na sua Historia da Impressaõ, de quem tirey a mayor
parte destas noticias, diz que Roma fora a primeira Cidade aonde se
principiou a exercitar esta Arte no anno de 1467. sendo Pontifice Paulo
II, e que o primeiro Livro, [~q] ahi imprimiraõ Conrado Suvenhein, e
Arnoldo Parmarts, fora a Cidade de Deos de Santo Agostinho, e que por
isto se ficara chamando a letra em que esta Obra foy impressa, com o
mesmo nome do Santo; porèm eu entendo, que Joaõ de la Caille se engana,
se he certo o que pessoas dignas de mayor credito me affirmaraõ,
dizendome que na Livraria de huma das primeiras Casas deste Reyno se
acha hum Livro impresso em Lisboa sem data, porèm em lugar della, se lê
nelle, que fora impresso 8 annos depois de se inventar a Arte da
Imprimissaõ; (saõ palavras do mesmo Livro) e como o mesmo de la Caille
assenta, que os primeiros Livros se principiaraõ a imprimir no anno
1450. sendo certa a noticia da nossa primeira ediçaõ, tambem fica sem
duvida, que já em Lisboa havia Impressaõ no anno 1458. que saõ nove
annos antes que esta Arte se exercitasse em Roma, como diz o mesmo de la
Caille; mas sobre esta materia espero tratar mais com extençaõ em outra
Obra a [~q] mais propriamente pertence. Foy tal o progresso, [~q] em
breve tempo fez esta utilissima Arte, que dentro do mesmo seculo de 400.
se introduzio o seu uso nas Cidades mais principaes de Europa, e os que
a exercitaraõ, tiveraõ tanta estimaçaõ, que mereceraõ occupar muitos
lugares, e Officios pela sua capacidade, a qual parece que adquiriraõ
pelo mesmo emprego em que se occupavaõ, tirando do seu trabalho o melhor
lucro no estudo [~q] faziaõ, e pelas noticias com [~q] se instruiaõ.
Sirva a todos de exemplo o celebre Aldo Manuntio, que floreceo no mesmo
seculo de 400. e a quem devem os Professores da Lingua Latina a mayor
luz para penetrarem os mysterios mais escuros, e o methodo mais efficaz
de se aproveitarem das riquezas deste Thesouro da erudiçaõ. Os louvores
desta Arte naõ cabem nem ainda em tantos volumes, quantos por ella se
tem publicado, porque todas quantas ediçoens se fizerem pelos seculos
futuros, todas seraõ novas provas da sua utilidade, porque ninguem
negarà, que se a Arte de escrever he a mais necessaria para o cõmercio
dos homens de Negocio, e para o mais trato civil, a Arte de imprimir he
a mais precisa para os homens de letras, e para todas as Artes, e
Sciencias, que tambem ajudaõ ao negocio, e à conservaçaõ do genero
humano, com a differença, [~q] a Arte de escrever suppre ordinariamente
a falta da presença dos que vivem, e a Arte de imprimir resuscita os que
já naõ existem, conservando lhes o nome, e a fama, que he huma vida mais
perduravel. Devem pois entre os Artifices, que concorrem para este fim,
ser mais estimados, naõ só os que fundem os characteres, mas os que
formaõ aquelles instrumentos donde elles nascem, e muito mais os que
executaõ huma, e outra cousa; de sorte que naõ só enriquecem as
officinas da Impressaõ com as letras mais bem formadas, mas lhes deixaõ
as fontes inexgotaveis dos Punçoens, Matrizes, e Moldes, de que por
muitos seculos se poderáõ valer para se refazerem de toda a especie de
characteres, que lhes forem necessarios. Aos Soberanos pertence mais que
a ninguem exaltar, e favorecer a Arte de imprimir, porque nesta Officina
se forja a trombeta da sua Fama; e o metal [~q] se emprega neste
exercicio, naõ he menos conducente para permanecer a sua gloria, que o
das Estatuas, em que tanto se ostenta a dos Heroes, a quem se dedicaõ
semelhantes incentivos da memoria, ficando esta mais diffusa, e
nobremente eternizada pelas relaçoens das façanhas, escritas, e
impressas pelo character das virtudes referidas, e pela eloquencia dos
Historiadores, e Panegyristas, do que pela semelhança da figura
representada, ou pela estatura do corpo figurada, que mais serve para
lembrar a pessoa, do que para persuadir o merecimento. Assim espera
_Joaõ de Villeneuve_ ter a mayor fortuna, [~q] he merecer o agrado de
Vossa Magestade por esta prova, [~q] offerece dos characteres [~q]
formou, e fundio para o serviço da Impressaõ da Academia Real da
Historia Portugueza.

       *       *       *       *       *

O Director, e Censores da Academia Real da Historia Portugueza mandaõ
imprimir esta prova dos primeiros characteres, que fez Joaõ de
Villeneuve para uso da Impressaõ da mesma Academia. Lisboa Occidental,
18 de Janeiro de 1732.

O Conde da Ericeira.
O Marquez de Alegrete.
Joseph da Cunha Brochado.
O Marquez de Abrantes.
O P. D. Manoel Caetano de Sousa.
O Marquez Manoel Telles da Sylva.





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