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Title: A New, Practical and Easy Method of Learning the Portuguese Language
Author: Franz Ahn
Release date: October 11, 2024 [eBook #74563]
Language: English
Original publication: London: Franz Thimm
Credits: The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive)
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A NEW, PRACTICAL AND EASY METHOD OF LEARNING THE PORTUGUESE LANGUAGE ***
Transcriber’s Notes:
Underscores “_” before and after a word or phrase indicate _italics_
in the original text.
Equal signs “=” before and after a word or phrase indicate =bold=
in the original text.
Small capitals have been converted to SOLID capitals.
Old or antiquated spellings have been preserved.
Typographical and punctuation errors have been silently corrected.
A NEW
PRACTICAL AND EASY METHOD
OF LEARNING
THE PORTUGUESE LANGUAGE.
AFTER THE SYSTEM
OF
F. AHN,
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY AND PROFESSOR
AT THE COLLEGE OF NEUSS.
LONDON:
FRANZ THIMM,
FOREIGN PUBLISHER,
3 BROOK STREET,
GROSVENOR SQUARE. W.
1857.
PREFACE.
“_Learn a foreign language as you learned your mother-tongue._” It is
the way that nature herself follows, it is the same which the mother
points out in speaking to her child, repeating to it a hundred times
the same words, combining them imperceptibly and succeeding in this
way in making it speak the same language she speaks. To learn in this
manner is no longer a study, it is an amusement. This is in a few
words the Method which Prof. =Ahn= has so successfully adopted in his
continental Grammars.
The Editor of this Grammar has followed the rational System, which has
already procured for Prof. =Ahn= a European reputation, and he has
adopted it for the Study of the Portuguese Language. He is greatly
indebted to the excellent Grammars by =Bösche=, =Müller=, etc., which
he has used for the ground work of this Grammar and it is hoped that
its simplicity and utility will procure for it that favour, which the
German, French, Italian, Spanish, Swedish, Danish, Dutch and Latin
Grammars of Prof. =Ahn= have already found in the Colleges and Schools
of England.
=The Editor.=
The Copyright for England, France and Germany is secured.
INDEX.
FIRST COURSE.
Page
The Pronunciation 1
PART I.
Declension of the definite Article 7
Declension of the indefinite Article 8
Contractions of the Article with the Prepositions 9
=On the Gender= 10
Masculine 10
Feminine Substantive 11
Formation of the Plural 14
Declension of Substantives 18
=The Adjective= 20
The Plural of Adjectives 21
The Comparison of Adjectives 23
Irregular Comparisons 24
Declension of the Adjective 24
=The Numbers= 26
1. The Cardinal Numbers 26
2. The Ordinal Numbers 27
3. Fractional Numbers 27
4. Proportional Numbers 28
5. Collective Numbers 28
=Pronouns= 30
1. Personal Pronouns 30
2. Conjunctive Pronouns 31
3. Mixed Pronouns 31
4. Possessive Pronouns 33
5. Demonstrative Pronouns 34
6. Relative Pronouns 35
7. Interrogative Pronouns 36
8. Indefinite Pronouns 37
PART II.
=Collection of Words= 41
=Easy Dialogues= 47
SECOND COURSE.
=Verbs= 58
The Auxiliary Verbs 58
The Regular Verbs 69
Active Verbs 69
The Passive Verbs 79
The Neuter Verbs 79
The Reflective Verbs 80
Irregular Verbs 84
Impersonal Verbs 107
=Adverbs= 108
1. Adverbs of Time 108
2. Adverbs of Place 108
3. Adverbs of Number and Comparison 108
4. Adverbs of Manner and Kind 109
5. Adverbs of Affirmation and Negation 109
=Prepositions= 111
=Conjunctions= 113
=Interjections= 114
=Reading Lessons= 115
=Idiomatic Expressions=
with Verbs, Adverbs, Prepositions etc. 121
FIRST COURSE.
The Pronunciation.
=1. The Alphabet.=
The Portuguese Alphabet is composed of the 25 following letters:
pronounced | pronounced
_a_ ah | _n_ ennay
_b_ bay | _o_ o
_c_ say | _p_ pay
_d_ day | _q_ kay
_e_ ai | _r_ erray
_f_ effay | _s_ essay
_g_ jay | _t_ tay
_h_ aghah | _u_ oo
_i_ ee | _v_ vay
_j_ dshod | _x_ shees
_k_ kah | _y_ ypsilon
_l_ ellay | _z_ zea.
_m_ emmay |
There are six vowels: _a_, _e_, _i_, _o_, _u_ and _y_, the rest are
consonants.
=2. The Accent.=
The Portuguese language has several accents:
the ʹ acute accent,
the ^ circumflex accent,
the ~ hyphen, called _til_, is set over some letters
as a substitute for _m_, as:
_lã_ for _lam_
_bẽ_ for _bem_
_huã_ for _huam_.
=3. The Vowels.=
=A= 1. is pronounced like the _a_ in the English word
=path=, when it has the acute accent ´:
_chá_, tea
_dá_, he gives
_lá_, there.
2. is it pronounced short and clear like the _a_ in
=father=:
_capitão_, the captain (first a),
or if found before the double consonants:
_cc_, _ll_, _mm_, _nn_, _pp_, _ss_, _tt_, as:
_acclamar_, to call out
_annullar_, to annull
_alludir_, to allude
_appellar_, to appeal.
3. it has a soft and aspirated sound at the end of words if not
accentuated: _vergonha_, the shame. If the hyphen ~ _til_
stands over the _a_ it takes a nasal sound:
_irmãa_ (pr. irmāng), the sister
_lã_ (pr. lāng), the world.
=E= has three sounds:
1. open but short like _ai_ in the English word =hail=,
when with the acute accent ´ as:
_pé_, foot
_fé_, belief
_sé_,
or in:
_mel_, honey
_he_, he is
_quero_ (pr. kayro), I will,
or in those verbs ending in _er_:
_conhecer_, to know
_receber_, to receive.
2. long, when with the circumflex ^ over it, as:
_lê_, he reads
_vê_, he sees
_rêde_, the net.
3. It is almost mute at the end of words without the accent, as:
_liberdade_, liberty
_amizade_, friendship.
=I= is pronounced like _e_ in the English word =me=, and it
is only the accent that determines the pronunciation, as:
_tímido_,
_timoré_,
_difficil_,
_javalí_.
=O= has three sounds:
1. clear and strong in:
_mólho_,
_dó_.
2. soft and long in:
_bôlo_, cake
_gôrdo_, fat
_rapôsa_, the fox (fem.).
3. quite short, almost like _oo_ in:
_poder_, to be able
_molho_, a bundle almost pronounced like
_molyou_.
=U= is pronounced like the _oo_ in the word =wood=, but the
pronunciation depends much upon the length of the
syllables, f. i. in _túmulo_, the grave, the first _u_
is long, the second is short. If provided with the _til_
~ and before _m_ and _n_ it takes the nasal sound.
If it follows after _g_ and _q_, it is either aspirated,
or it is quite mute, as:
_guerra_ (gerrah), war
_quero_ (kayro), I will
_quieto_ (key-eh-to), quite.
In _qual_, it is slightly sounded to distinguish it from the
Noun _cal_, the chalk.
=Y= is pronounced like the vowel _I_.
=4. The Consonants.=
=B= is pronounced like the English _B_.
=C= before _a_, _o_, _u_, _l_ and _r_ is pronounced like _k_, as:
_cavallo_ (kahvallo), the horse
_cravo_ (krahvo), the pink
_cuidado_ (kooeedado), the care.
Before _e_ and _i_ it sounds like _s_, as:
_ceo_ (sayo), heaven
_cigarro_ (seegarro), cigar.
If the _c_ before _a_, _o_, _u_ has a cedille (_ç_)
it sounds like _s_, as:
_caça_ (kassah), chase
_aço_ (asso), the steel
_açucar_ (assookar), sugar.
The double _c_, is distinctly heard only before _e_ and
_i_, the first sounds like _k_, the second like _s_, as:
_accidente_ (akseedente), the accident.
=D= is pronounced like the English.
=F= do. do.
=G= before _a_, _o_ and a consonant is pronounced
like the English _g_, as:
_gordo_, fat
_gravo_, grave.
_g_ before _e_ and _i_ sounds like the
_j_ in the English word =joy=, as:
_general_.
_gua_ almost sounds like the English _wa_, as:
_guarda_, pr. gwarda.
=H= is only softly aspirated in few words, as:
_anhelar_,
_hálito_;
otherwise it is mute, as:
_homem_ (omem), man
_hora_ (ora), hour.
Many writers drop the _h_ at the beginning and write
_um_, _uma_, instead of: _hum_, _huma_.
=J= is pronounced like the English _j_.
=K= only occurs in foreign words and is pronounced like the
English _K._
=L= is pronounced like the English _L._
=M= at the beginning of words, or between two vowels when it belongs
to the second syllable, is pronounced like the English _m_, as:
_menino_, child
_amar_, to love.
It takes a nasal sound at the end of words, or when it follows
after _a, e, i, o_ or _u_ which cannot well be described, as:
_condição_, condition
_bem_ (bang), well
_bom_ (bong), good.
=N= is pronounced like the English _n_, but has the same
peculiarities as _m._
=P= is pronounced as in English.
=Q= sounds like _k_, as:
_quero_ (kayro), I will.
=R= is pronounced as in English.
=S= is pronounced as in English; between two vowels it sounds
like _z._
=T= is pronounced like the English.
=V= do. do.
=X= has three sounds.
1. It sounds generally like _sh_, as:
_xarope_ (sharope), syrup
_enxaqueca_ (anshakeykah), headake.
2. After _e_ it is pronounced like _ks_, as:
_extenção_,
_extenuado_,
_expulso_,
_excellente_.
3. Between two vowels it is pronounced like _gz_, as:
_exactamente_,
_exornar_,
except in:
_paixão_,
_puxo_,
_Alexandre_,
_baixo_,
and some other words, where it sounds like _sh._
The _x_ must be pronounced so softly that it is
scarcely audible.
=Z= sounds like the English, as:
_zelo_,
_zona_.
At the end of words it sounds like _s_, as:
_rapaz_,
_luz_,
_voz_.
=5. Double Consonants.=
The Portuguese language has the following double consonants:
=Ch= 1. is pronounced like the English _ch_, as:
_acho_,
_chaga_,
_marchar_.
2. it is pronounced like _k_ in words derived from Latin or
Greek, as:
_monarchia_,
_archeo_,
_archonte_,
_Achilles_.
=Lh= is pronounced like the _ll_ in the English word “billiards”
or in the French words “fille, bouilli”, as:
_mulher_, woman
_mólho_, the bundle.
=Nh= is pronounced like the French _gn_ in “espagne, peigner”, as:
_ganho_, I win
_banho_, bath
_manha_, trick.
=Ph= is pronounced like _f_, as:
_philosophia_.
=Rh= and =Th= are pronounced like _r_ and _t_.
6. The Diphthongs.
The Portuguese language has two kinds of diphthongs: the =pure=,
those which are distinctly pronounced, and the =nasal= diphthongs,
pronounced with a nasal sound.
=Pure Diphthongs.=
=ae=, as:
_taes_,
_olivaes_.
=ai= (the _a_ and _i_ do not blend), as:
_pai_ (pa-i),
_ai_ (a-i).
=ao=, as:
_páo_ (pa-o),
_máo_ (ma-o).
=au=, as:
_aula_,
_auto_,
_pauta_,
_causa_.
=ei=, =ey=, as:
_rei_,
_rey_,
_lei_,
_sei_.
=éi=, as:
_papéis_,
_réis_.
=eo=, as:
_deo_,
_mordeo_,
_viveo_.
=éo=, as:
_Céo_,
_véo_,
_réo_.
=eu=, as:
_eu_,
_euro_,
_meu_,
_seu_.
=io=, as:
_pio_,
_rio_,
_vio_,
_ouvio_.
=oa=, as:
_loa_,
_toa_.
=oe=, as:
_heroe_,
_dóe_,
_róe_.
=oi=, as:
_boi_.
=ôo=, =oo=, as:
_vôo_,
_sôo_,
_môo_.
=ou=, as:
_ou_,
_ouvir_,
_douto_.
=ui=, =uy=, as:
_fui_,
_Rui_.
In the above the first vowel is preeminent, in the
following the second vowel has most emphasis.
=ea=, as:
_lactea_,
_área_.
=eo=, as:
_lacteo_,
_arboreo_.
=ia=, as:
_gloria_.
=oa= (pron. _oâ_ and _oá_), as:
_agoa_,
_coadura_,
_coalho_.
=ui= (pron. _ui_), as:
_quirinal_,
_inquirir_.
=uo= (pron. _uó_), as:
_equoreo_.
=uu= (pron. _uú_), as:
_equuleo_.
=Nasal Diphthongs.=
=ãa= (bad orthography _am_ or _an_), as:
_maçãa_ (mas-sang), apple,
_irmãa_ (ir-mang), sister.
=ãe= (bad _aem_, _aen_), as:
_capitães_ (kapeeta-engs), captains,
_cães_ (ka-engs), dogs.
=am=, as:
_amparo_ (ang-paro), protection.
=an=, as:
_andar_ (ang-dar), to go.
=ão= (bad orthogr. _aõ_, _am_, _an_), as:
_captião_, captain.
=em=, =ẽe=, =ẽem=, as:
_lem_ or _lẽem_ (lay-eng), they read,
_bem_, good.
=im=, as:
_fim_ (fing), the end.
=õe= (_oem_, _oen_), as:
_põe_ (pong-eng),
_nações_ (nahs-so-engs).
=om=, as:
_bom_ (bong), good.
=um=, =un=, as:
_mundo_ (moong-do), the world.
The Portuguese have also syllables of three vowels such, as:
=eei=,
=éio=,
=eão=,
=ião=,
as:
_eia_, hallo!
_meia_, half
_ideia_, idea
_rodeão_, they surround
_vivião_, they lived.
PART I.
1.
_o_, the (masc.) | _irmão_, brother
_a_, the (fem.) | _irmãa_, sister
_pai_, father | _e_, and
_mãi_, mother | _he_, is
_bom_ (m.), _boa_ (f.), good |
_Exercises._
O pai. A mãi. O irmão. A irmãa. O pai he bom, e a mãi he boa. O bom
pai, a boa mãi. O bom irmão, a boa irmãa. O irmão he bom, a irmãa he
boa.
2.
_meu_, _minha_, my
_alto_, great
_pequeno_, little.
The sister is good. The father and the good brother. The good mother
and the little sister. The great brother. My brother is little. My
little brother. My mother and my good sister. My father and my mother.
My good mother and my little sister.
3.
=Declension of the definite Article.=
=Masculine.=
Singular. Plural.
Nom. _o_, the | _os_
Gen. _do_, of the | _dos_
Dat. _ao_, to the | _aos_
Acc. _o_, the | _os_
Abl. _do_, from the. | _dos_.
=Feminine.=
Singular. Plural.
Nom. _a_, the | _as_
Gen. _da_, of the | _das_
Dat. _á_, to the | _ás_
Acc. _a_, the | _as_
Abl. _da_, from the. | _das_.
=Declension of the indefinite Article.=
=Masculine. Feminine.=
Nom. _um_, a | _uma_
Gen. _de um_, of a | _de uma_
Dat. _á um_, to a | _á uma_
Acc. _um_, a | _uma_
Abl. _de um_, from a | _de uma_.
4.
=Vocabulary.=
_moça_, girl
_bonito_, pretty
_cavallo_, horse
_agulha_, needle
_faca_, knife
_leão_, lion
_tigre_, tiger
_leopardo_, leopard
_são_, are (from _ser_)
_animal_, _aes_, animal
_feroz_, wild
_estado_, situation
_no_ (_em o_), in, Dat.
_miseravel_, miserable
_em_, in
_que_, which
_elle_, he
_está_, is (from _estar_)
_ella_, she
_na_ (_em a_), in the
_rua_, street
_garfo_, fork
_estão_, are (from _estar_)
_nas_ (_em as_), in, Acc.
_gaveta_, drawer
_tenho_, I have
_lido_, read
_isso_, this
_nos_ (_em os_), in, Acc.
_livro_, book
_passeio_, I go
_pelo_ (_por o_), through the
_entrou_, he came
_pela_ (_por a_), through
_porta_, gate
_boi_, ox
_vaca_, cow.
_Exercises._
O pai he alto. A mãi he pequena. A moça he bonita. O cavallo do pai.
A agulha da irmãa. A faca do irmão. O leão, o tigre e o leopardo são
animaes ferozes. No estado miseravel em que elle está. Ella está na
rua. Os garfos estão nas gavetas. Tenho lido isso nos livros do C.
Passeio pelo campo. Elle entrou pela porta. Um boi. Uma vaca.
5.
=Vocabulary.=
_noticia_, the news
_muíto_, very
_nobre_, noble
_cão_, dog
_labrão_, bark
_rosa_, rose
_mais bello_, more beautiful
_do que_, than
_tulipa_, tulip
_verão_, summer
_quente_, hot
_inverno_, winter
_rigoroso_, severe
_passaro_, bird
_cantão_, sing
_aguia_, eagle
_açor_, hawk
_ave de rapina_, bird of prey
_ignorancia_, ignorance
_erro_, error
_superstição_, superstition
_deixei_, I left behind
_tia_, aunt
_cama_, bed
_menino_, _criança_, child, baby
_o braço_, the arm
_carta_, letter
_mão_, hand
_secretario_, secretary
_saltar_, to jump
_janella_, window.
The news is good. The horse is a very noble animal. The dogs bark.
The roses are more beautiful than the tulips. The summers are hot and
the winters severe. The birds sing. The eagle and the hawk are birds
of prey. Ignorance is the mother of error, of superstition, and of
prejudice. I left my hat in the carriage. The aunt is in bed. She
had her child in her arms. He gave the letter into the hands of the
secretary. He jumped out of (_pela_) the window. I see a man and a
woman. A garden and a house.
=Contractions of the Article with the Prepositions.=
The Portuguese contract the Article and Preposition in the following
way:
from _de o_ is formed _do_ | from _em o_ is formed _no_
- _de a_ - - _da_ | - _em a_ - - _na_
- _de os_ - - _dos_ | - _em os_ - - _nos_
- _de as_ - - _das_ | - _em as_ - - _nas_
- _a o_ - - _ao_ | - _por o_ - - _pelo_
- _a a_ - - _á_ | - _por a_ - - _pela_
- _a os_ - - _aos_ | - _por os_ - - _pelos_
- _a as_ - - _ás_ | - _por as_ - - _pelas_.
6.
=On the Gender.=
Masculine
The names of all masculine persons, animals, and the occupations of men.
Vocabulary.
_Imperador_, emperor
_foi_, was (from _ser_)
_morto_, killed
_Rei_, king
_chegou_, he arrived
_hontem_, yesterday
_jesuita_, the Jesuit
_forão_, they were
_expulsado_, expelled
_homem_, man
_não ama senão_, only loves
_a si mesmo_, himself
_Carlos_, Charles
_foi_, was
_Frederico_, Frederick
_ambicioso_, ambitious
_ferreiro_, the smith
_diligente_, diligent
_alfaiate_, tailor
_preguiçoso_, lazy
_gordo_, fat
_gallo_, the cock
_mais forte_, stronger
_de que_, than
_gallinha_, hen.
O Imperador Paulo foi morto. El-Rei chegou hontem. Os jesuitas forão
expulsados. O homem não ama senão a si mesmo. Carlos foi grande e
Frederico ambicioso. O ferreiro he diligente e o alfaiate preguiçoso. O
boi he muito gordo. O leão he muito feroz. O gallo he mais forte do que
a gallinha.
7.
Vocabulary.
_duque_, duke
_proclamado_, proclaimed
_principe herdeiro_, hereditary prince
_morreo_, died
_marcineiro_, the joiner
_carpinteiro_, the carpenter
_trabalhão_, they work
_Luiz_, Lewis
_Henrique_, Henry
_poderoso_, powerful
_touro_, the bull
_matado_, killed
_vigilante_, watchful
_bello_, _formoso_, beautiful
_sanguinario_ }
_sanguinoso_ } bloodthirsty
_sanguinolento_ }
_marido_ }
_esposo_ } husband
_doente_, ill
_tio_, uncle
_sahio_ (_sahir_), went out
_avô_, grandfather
_primo_, cousin
_filho_, son
_dão_, they take
_passeio_, walk.
The Duke of Bragança was proclaimed king. The hereditary prince died.
The joiner and the carpenter work. Lewis was brave, and Henry powerful.
The bull was killed. The watchful dog. The beautiful horse. The tiger
is very bloodthirsty. The husband of this woman is very ill. The uncle
went out. The grandfather, the father, the cousin and the son took a
walk.
8.
=Feminine Substantive.=
The names of all feminine persons, animals and the occupations of women
are feminine.
Vocabulary.
_Imperatriz_, empress
_Rainha_, queen
_estavão_, they were
_igreja_, church
_duqueza_, duchess
_banho_, bath
_alfaiata_, sempstress
_concerta_, mends
_vestido_, dress
_filha_, daughter
_tia_, aunt
_avó_, grandmother
_neta_, granddaughter
_jardim_, garden
_rapariga_, little girl
_feia_, ugly
_mulher_, woman
_obsequioso_, good
_vaca_, cow
_dá_, gives
_leite_, milk
_chocando_, hatching.
A Imperatriz e a Rainha estavão na igreja. A duqueza está no banho. A
alfaiata concerta um vestido. A mãi e a filha, a tia e a prima, a avó
e a neta estão no jardim. A rapariga não he feia. A mulher he muito
obsequiosa. A vaca dá leite. A gallinha está chocando.
9.
Vocabulary.
_abbadessa_, abbess
_fallou_, spoke
_freira_ }
_religiosa_ } nun
_sór_ }
_mosteiro_ }
_convento_ } convent
_princeza_, princess
_estar para_, was on the point
_partir_, to depart
_condeça_, the countess
_casa_, house
_costureira_, needlewoman
_pespontar_, hems
_lenço de pescoço_, neckhandkerchief
_esposa_, the wife
_negociante_, merchant
_muitas vezes_, frequently
_caprichoso_, capricious
_criada_, the servant
_varre_, sweeps
_cozinha_, kitchen
_cabra_, goat
_animal domestico_, domestic animal
_gata_, cat
_está brincando_, plays
_com_, with
_cachorra_, young dog
_minha_, my, fem.
_prima_, cousin, fem.
_irmãa_, sister
_theatro_, theatre
_leoa_, lioness
_juba_, the mane
_esta_, this
_egoa_, mare
_mais bello_, more beautiful
_cavallo capado_, the stallion
_Maria_, Mary
_não he tão_, is not so
_come_, as
_Marianna_, Maryanne
_Inglaterra_, England
_sabio_, wise
_soberana_, sovereign
_cozinheira_, cook
_mercado_, market
_diligente_, diligent.
The abbess spoke with the nuns of the convent. The princess was on the
point of departing. The countess was not at home. The needlewoman hems
my pockethandkerchief. The wife of the merchant. The women are often
very capricious. The servant sweeps the kitchen. The goat is a domestic
animal. The cat plays with the young female dog. My cousin (_fem._) and
my sister were at the theatre. The lioness has no mane. This mare is
more beautiful than that stallion. Mary is not so diligent as Maryanne.
Elisabeth of England was a wise sovereign. The cook went to market.
In Portuguese some of the names of animals are occasionally masculine
and feminine; to denote the gender the words _macho_, male, or _femea_,
female, are used, as:
_elephante macho_, the male elephant,
_elephante femea_, the female elephant.
Those Substantives ending in _a_ and _ãa_ are feminine.
10.
_Exercises._
Esta casa[1] tem uma boa[2] apparencia[3]. A rosa[4] he muito bella.
A boca[5], a orelha[6], a cabeça[7], a testa[8] e a barba[9] são
partes[10] do corpo[11] humano[12]. A janella[13] está aberta[14].
Esta agulha[15] he fina de mais[16]. Esta tinta não presta para
nada. Quero aparar[17] uma penna[18]. Tenho[19] que escrever[20]
uma carta[21]. Faça-me o favor[22] de-me emprestar[23] una folha
de papel[24]. A garrafa[25] está na mesa[26]. Esta cerejeira[27]
carrega[28] muito. Esta uva[29] está madura[30]. Esta vinha[31] está em
optima[32] exposição[33].
[1] house.
[2] good.
[3] appearance.
[4] rose.
[5] mouth.
[6] ear.
[7] head.
[8] forehead.
[9] chin.
[10] part.
[11] body.
[12] human.
[13] window.
[14] open.
[15] needle.
[16] is too fine.
[17] mend.
[18] pen.
[19] I have.
[20] to write.
[21] letter.
[22] do me the favour.
[23] lend.
[24] sheet of paper.
[25] bottle.
[26] table.
[27] cherry tree.
[28] bears.
[29] grape.
[30] ripe.
[31] vine.
[32] the best.
[33] situation.
11.
The butter[34] is fresh[35]. With your permission[36]. The cup[37] is
not washed[38]. I have the honour[39]. The beer[40] is excellent[41].
The oyster[42] is fresh. Bring me[43] a wafer[44].—We have a
beautiful[45] morning[46]. The door[47] is locked[48]. Spring[49] is
the most agreeable[50] time of the year[51]. The harvest[52] will
be[53] abundant[54].
[34] manteiga.
[35] fresco.
[36] licença.
[37] chicara.
[38] levado.
[39] honra.
[40] cerveja.
[41] excellente.
[42] ostra.
[43] traga me.
[44] obrea.
[45] lindo.
[46] manhãa.
[47] porta.
[48] fechado.
[49] primavera.
[50] a mais agradavel.
[51] estação.
[52] colheita.
[53] ha de ser.
[54] abundante.
12.
=Exceptions.=
The following Substantives ending in _a_ are masculine:
_o aroma_, the aroma | _o drama_, the drama
_o axioma_, the principle | _o mappa_, the map
_o chá_, the tea | _o idioma_, the idiom
_o clima_, the climate | _o planeta_, the planet
_o cometa_, the comet | _o poema_, the poem
_o dia_, the day | _o thema_, the theme.
_o diadema_, the diadem |
Those Nouns ending in _e_, are generally =masculine=, except:
1. those ending in _ade_, as:
_verdade_, truth, etc.,
2. those ending in _ie_ or _ice_, as:
_a velhice_, the age,
3. those ending in accented _é_, as:
_a cheminé_, a chimney.
Nouns ending in _i_, _y_, _o_, _u_ as well as those ending in _l_, _m_,
_r_, _s_ and _z_ are with few exceptions all masculine.
Those ending in _ão_, are both masculine and feminine.
13.
=Formation of the Plural=.
Nouns ending in _a_, _e_, _i_, _y_, _o_, _u_ and _ãa_ form their plural
by adding an _s_ to the singular. As:
_a rosa_, _as rosas_;
_a arte_, _as artes_;
_o filho_, _os filhos_.
=Examples.=
As rosas são mais bellas que as tulipas. Os rios correm[55] por terras
despovoadas[56]. As arvores são muito frondosas[57]. As villas são
ornadas[58] de duas igrejas. Eu não vi os pentes[59]. Os habitantes[60]
destas comarcas[61] são Indios[62]. Elles tem maçãas. Novos reis, novas
leis. Deixei os bahús nos coches. Os ribeiros[63], algumas lagôas[64] e
mesmo certos rios ficão em secco[65].
[55] flow.
[56] depopulated.
[57] leaved.
[58] ornamented.
[59] comb.
[60] inhabitants.
[61] district.
[62] Indian.
[63] brook.
[64] lake.
[65] dry out.
14.
These houses please me more than those edifices[66]. The villages[67]
and towns in this district[68] are not very numerous[69]. The oxen[70],
cows, goats, sheep[71] and cats[72] are domestic animals. There are[73]
many wild boars[74], deer[75] and hares[76] in these forests[77]. The
cranes[78] and storks[79] are birds of passage[80]. The huts[81] are
made[82] of the trunks of trees[83].
[66] edificio.
[67] aldêa.
[68] região.
[69] numeroso.
[70] boi.
[71] ovelha.
[72] gato.
[73] ha.
[74] javali.
[75] veado.
[76] lebre.
[77] bosque.
[78] grou.
[79] cegonha.
[80] ave de arribação.
[81] barraca.
[82] feito.
[83] tronco d’arvore.
15.
=Substantives= ending in _ão_, form their plural in _ões_, as:
_a condição_, condition, _as condições_.
=Exceptions= are:
_Allemão_, the German, _Allemães_
_Catalão_, the Catalonian, _Catalães_
_cão_, dog, _cães_
_pão_, bread, _pães_
_capitão_, captain, _capitães_
_tabellião_, notary, _tabelliães_.
The following only add an _s_ in the Plural:
_aldeão_, the peasant | _irmão_, the brother
_anão_, the dwarf | _mão_, the hand
_ancião_, the age | _orfão_, the orphan
_a benção_, the blessing | _orgão_, the organ
_christão_, Christ | _pagão_, the heathen
_cortezão_, the courtier | _rabão_, the radish
_grão_, the corn | _villão_, the villain.
16.
=Examples.=
Elle abrio[84] communições entre as cidades e os sertões[85]. Os
serões[86] são cumpridos. O districto he proprio[87] para todas as
producções agricolas[88]. As terras são plantadas[89] e semeadas[90] de
feijões[91] e melões[92]. Os Allemães fizerão[93] muitas invenções[94]
uteis[95]. Os capitães não querem obedecer[96] ao general. Aqui[97]
estão tres pães[98]. Os Cortezãos lisonjão[99] ao principe[100]. Os
primeiros orgãos forão construidos[101] por um Allemão em 1312. Eis
aqui[102] os dous[103] villãos. As casas são ornadas de balcões[104] de
ferro. Aos orphãos mandase[105] aprender[106] um officio[107].
[84] open.
[85] the interior of the country.
[86] evening.
[87] is suitable.
[88] agricultural produce.
[89] planted.
[90] sowed.
[91] black bean.
[92] melon.
[93] make.
[94] invention.
[95] useful.
[96] obey.
[97] here.
[98] bread.
[99] flatter.
[100] the prince.
[101] constructed.
[102] here are.
[103] two.
[104] balcony.
[105] one lets.
[106] learn.
[107] a handicraft.
17.
The passions[108] of women are often very violent[109]. The
navigation[110] extended[111], at the beginning[112], only along the
coast. Many revolutions[113] have broken out[114] in Europe in recent
times[115]. The conditions[116] were rejected[117]. These places[118]
are situated in the interior of the country[119]. The hunters[120]
took[121] the dogs to the chase[122]. The Catalonians inhabit an
important[123] province of Spain[124]. The notaries[125] protest[126]
the bills of exchange[127]. His brothers were not at home[128]. The
first Christians were much persecuted[129]. The heathens are still very
numerous[130]. The radishes are very dear.
[108] paixão.
[109] violento.
[110] navegação.
[111] estender.
[112] no principio.
[113] revolução.
[114] rebentar.
[115] no ultimo tempo.
[116] condição.
[117] rejeitar.
[118] povoação.
[119] no interior do paiz.
[120] caçador.
[121] levar.
[122] caça.
[123] consideravel.
[124] Hespanha.
[125] tabellião.
[126] protestar.
[127] lettra de cambio.
[128] em casa.
[129] perseguir.
[130] numeróso.
18.
=Substantives= ending in:
_al_, _ol_, _ul_ change _l_ into _es_, as:
_a sinal_, _as sinaes_
_el_ change _l_ into _is_, as:
_annel_, _anneis_
_il_ change _l_ into _s_, as:
_o funil_, _os funis_.
=Examples.=
_conter_, contain | _muitas vezes_, frequently
_sal_, salt | _o funil_, the funnel
_mandar_, to order | _ao pé_, with
_furriel_, lieutenant | _barril_, the barrel
_amizade_, friendship | _mandou_, had (let)
_encontrar_, to meet | _pôr_, erect
_primavera_, spring | _pharol_, lighthouse.
_terrestre_, earthly |
As aguas contem differentes saes. Os animaes domesticos. Os generaes
mandavão aos furrieis. Os coroneis estavão no conselho de guerra. Os
varios sinaes de sua amizade. Não se encontra muitos caracoes nesta
primavera. Os males terrestres são muitas vezes quasi insupportaveis.
Os papeis estão na mesa. Os funis estão ao pé dos barris. O imperador
mandou pôr pharoes.
19.
The poignards[131] are ground[132]. These fishing rods[133] are
good for nothing[134]. The goldsmith brought the rings[135]. The
painter[136] has many brushes. Three consuls governed[137] France in
1803. The barrels[138] are full[139]. The officers[140] were very much
dissatisfied[141]. There are[142] different chalks[143]. I like[144]
pies[145].—They will discover[146] your tricks[147].
[131] punhal.
[132] amolar.
[133] oanzol.
[134] não valem nada.
[135] annel.
[136] pintor.
[137] governar.
[138] barril.
[139] cheio.
[140] official.
[141] descontente.
[142] ha.
[143] cal.
[144] eu gosto.
[145] pastel.
[146] descubrir.
[147] ardil.
20.
Substantives ending in _m_, change their plural into _ns_, as:
_bem_, the treasure, _bens_
_viagem_, the journey, _viagens._
Those ending in _r, s_ and _z_, add _es_ to the singular, as:
_a colher_, the spoon, _as colheres_
_ar_, the air, _ares_
_deos_, a God, _deoses_
_perdiz_, the partridge, _perdizes_;
except:
_ourives_, the goldsmith, _ourives_
_caliz_, the chalice, _calices_
_alferes_, the ensign, _alferes._
=Examples.=
As margens[148] verdejão[149] com a relva[150] dos prados[151]. Elle
fez[152] muitas viagens. Elle possue[153] muitos bens de raiz[154] na
cidade e fóra della[155]. Todos os homens são mortaes[156]. Os sons dos
instrumentos musicos. Os jejuns[157] não engordão[158]. O ceo[159] se
cobre[160] de nuvens[161]. Os moradores[162] commercião[163] em[164]
madeiras de construcção[165]. Comprei[166] duas colheres de prata. As
Imperatrizes de Russia e d’Austria chegárão[167]. Atire[168] a esse
bando[169] de perdizes. Os Deoses se ajuntão[170] no Olympo. Quasi[171]
todos os freguezes[172] são Indios. Ha quatro calices na igreja. Os
piratas[173] infestavão os mares.
[148] bank.
[149] green.
[150] turf.
[151] meadow.
[152] made.
[153] possess.
[154] (landed) property.
[155] out of it.
[156] mortal.
[157] fasting.
[158] to make fat.
[159] sky.
[160] covered.
[161] cloud.
[162] inhabitants.
[163] deal.
[164] with.
[165] timber.
[166] to buy.
[167] to arrive.
[168] short.
[169] flock.
[170] assemble.
[171] almost.
[172] customer.
[173] pirates.
21.
I hear[174] sounds[175]. The sun[176] hides[177] itself behind[178]
thick[179] clouds[180]. We have four ducks[181]. The passages[182]
are locked[183]. The pictures[184] of Saints in this church are very
numerous. Our baggage[185] is still in the vessel. I offer[186] you my
congratulations[187]. The air (_pl._) is always[188] pure[189] in this
Country. I have eaten[190] four[191] quails[192]. He showed[193] me
the scars[194] of his wounds[195]. In a battalion[196] there are eight
ensigns. The goldsmiths came together. The chalices of the flowers. I
was many times[197] in your house. The belligerent[198] powers.
[174] ouvir.
[175] tom.
[176] sol.
[177] esconder.
[178] de.
[179] grosso.
[180] nuvem.
[181] pato.
[182] passagem.
[183] fechar.
[184] imagem.
[185] bagagem.
[186] dar.
[187] parabem.
[188] sempre.
[189] puro.
[190] comido.
[191] quatro.
[192] codorniz.
[193] mostrar.
[194] cicatriz.
[195] ferida.
[196] batalhão.
[197] vez.
[198] belligerante.
22.
=Declension of Substantives.=
=Singular.=
Masculine. Feminine.
Nom. _o homem_, the man | _a mulher_, the woman
Gen. _do homem_, of the man | _da mulher_, of the woman
Dat. _ao homem_, to the man | _á mulher_, to the woman
Acc. _o homem_, the man | _a mulher_, the woman
Abl. _do homem_, from the man. | _da mulher_, from the woman.
=Plural.=
Nom. _os homens_, the men | _as mulheres_, the women
Gen. _dos homens_, of the men | _das mulheres_, of the women
Dat. _aos homens_, to the men | _ás mulheres_, to the women
Acc. _os homens_, the men | _as mulheres_, the women
Abl. _dos homens_, from the men. | _das mulheres_, from the women.
Nom. _Deos_, God | _Deoses_, Gods
Gen. _de Deos_, of God | _de Deoses_, of Gods
Dat. _a Deos_, to God | _a Deoses_, to Gods
Acc. (_a_) _Deos_, God | (_a_) _Deoses_, Gods
Abl. _de Deos_, from God. | _de Deoses_, from Gods.
23.
=Examples.=
_chapéo_, the hat
_offerecer_, to offer
_batalha_, the battle
_inimigo_, enemy
_jardim_, garden
_luva_, glove
_conde_, count
_deixar_, to leave
_mordomo_, steward
_adular_, to flatter
_lisongeiro_, the flatterer
_de sorte_, in such a manner
_igualar_, to compare
_deo_, gave (from _dar_)
_grande_, sound, great
_bofetada_, box on the ear
_calçado_, paved
_fizerão_, they made
_cruel_, cruel
_guerra_, war
_comprar_, to buy
_livro_, book
_livreiro_, bookseller
_rancor_, the rancor, enmity.
O pai não está em casa. O chapéo do irmão. O general offereceo batalha
ao inimigo. A mai ama a seu filho. A irmãa está no jardim. As luvas
da mãi. O conde nada deixou ao seu mordomo. Adulando um lisongeiro ao
Imperador Sigismundo, de sorte que o igualava a Deos, o Imperador deo
ao lisongeiro uma grande bofetada. As ruas são calçadas. Os Portuguezes
fizerão cruel guerra aos Indios. A mulher comprou o livro do livreiro.
O rancor dos Francezes contra os Inglezes.
24.
_Exercises._
The father loves[199] his daughter[200]. Mary loves her friend[201]
(_fem._). The eyes of Caroline equal[202] two[203] stars[204]. He
gave the money to the woman, and paid the tailor[205] at the same
time[206]. Two streams[207] of the province are designated[208] by this
name[209]. Various estates[210] are touched[211] by this river. These
offers[212] have been made to the Colonists[213]. He delivered[214]
the letter[215] to the secretary[216]. The Madeira is the most
important[217] tributary[218] of the Amazon river[219]. The name of the
Islands. The town is situated[220] on the left bank[221] of the river.
The harbour[222] of Rio de Janeiro is the most beautiful ornament[223]
of the city.
[199] amar.
[200] filha.
[201] amiga.
[202] igualar.
[203] dous (_fem._ duas).
[204] estrella.
[205] alfaiate.
[206] ao mesmo tempo.
[207] ribeiro.
[208] assignar.
[209] nome.
[210] fazenda.
[211] regar.
[212] offerecimento.
[213] colono.
[214] entregar.
[215] carta.
[216] secretario.
[217] cabal, importante.
[218] tributario.
[219] rio do Amazonas.
[220] jazer.
[221] na margem esquerda.
[222] porto.
[223] ornato.
25.
=On the Augmentatives and Diminutives.=
The Portuguese language has the peculiarity of the Italian and Spanish
languages in making Substantives and Adjectives, by the addition of a
syllable augmentative or diminutive.
I. =Augmentativos.=
_homem_, a man
_homemzarão_, a large, powerful man
_tolo_, a fool
_toleirão_, a great fool
_mulher_, the woman
_mulherona_, a large masculine woman
_tola_, the foolish woman
_toleirona_, a very foolish woman.
II. =Diminutivos=
are formed by changing the final vowel into “_inho_”:
_casa_, the house
_casinha_, a pretty little house
_homem_, a man
_homemzinho_, a little man
_bicho_, a worm
_bichinho_, a little worm
_coitado_, a poor man
_coitadinho_, a poor little fellow
_bonito_, pretty
_bonitinho_, rather pretty;
others are formed by adding: _zinho_, _zinha_ or _sinho_, _inha_, as:
_coração_, the heart
_coraçãozinho_, dear little heart
_cão_, the dog
_cãozinho_, pretty little dog
_irmão_, the brother
_irmãozinho_, dear little brother
_cabeça_, the head
_cabeçinha_, pretty little head
_mão_, the hand
_mãozinha_, pretty little hand.
26.
=The Adjective.=
The Adjectives in Portuguese agree with the Substantives in gender and
number.
1. Adjectives ending in _e_, _l_ and _z_, remain unchanged in the
feminine, as:
_forte_, strong;
_grande_, great;
_cruel_, cruel;
_amavel_, amiable.
2. Adjectives ending in _o_ change the feminine into _a_, as:
_o bonito_, the pretty, _a bonita_.
3. Those ending in _ú_, _m_ and _r_, add an _a_ in the feminine, as:
_crú_, raw, _crúa_
_nú_, nude, _núa_
_um_, a, _uma_
_nenhum_, none, _nenhuma_
_traidor_, traitorous, _traidora_
_protector_, _protectora_.
4. Adjectives ending in _ão_ change to _ãa_ in the feminine, as:
_lução_, brilliant, _luçãa_
_são_, healthy, _sàa_.
27.
=The Plurals of Adjectives=
are formed in the same manner as the plural of Nouns, as:
=Singular.= =Plural.=
Masc. Fem. | Masc. Fem.
_forte_, strong, _forte_ | _fortes_, _fortes_
_gordo_, fat, _gorda_ | _gordos_, _gordas_
_crú_, raw, _crua_ | _crús_, _cruas_
_são_, healthy, _sãa_ | _sãos_, _sãas_
_igual_, equal, _igual_ | _iguaes_, _iguaes_
_amavel_, amiable, _amavel_ | _amaveis_, _amaveis_
_civil_, civil, _civil_ | _civis_, _civis_
_algum_, any one, _alguma_ | _alguns_, _algumas_
_protector_, protected, _protectora_ | _protectores_, _protectoras_
_capaz_, capable, _capaz_ | _capazes_, _capazes_.
=Observations.=
1. The following add _s_ to the plural:
_meão_, mediocre
_temporão_, timely
_são_, healthy
_villão_, bad.
2. The following change _il_ into _eis_ in the plural, as:
_agil_, swift
_aquatil_, aquatic
_debil_, weak
_difficil_, difficult
_docil_, docile
_ductil_, pliant
_esteril_, sterile
_facil_, easy
_fertil_, fertile
_fossil_, fossil
_fragil_, fragile
_futil_, futile
_habil_, clever
_ignobil_, disgraceful
_immobil_, immoveable
_indocil_, stupid
_inhabil_, awkward
_inutil_, useless
_inverosimil_, unlikely
_portatil_, portable
_reptil_, reptile
_util_, useful
_verosimil_, probable
_versatil_, changeable
_volatil_, volatile
_volubil_, voluble.
3. _Simplez_, single, forms its plural in _simplez_ and _simplices_.
28.
=Examples.=
A rua principal. As ruas principaes são calçadas. A igreja nova.
A nova igreja. O homem velho[224]. A mulher velha. Os Indios
atemorisados[225]. As mulheres Indias. A bella e grande cidade. O
sobrinho[226] moribundo[227]. A victoria gloriosa. Este homem he
mui villão e aquella mulher mui villãa. As mulheres são amaveis, os
homens mui crueis. Um moço nú e uma criança nua. O homem he affavel
e a mulher he tambem affavel. O genio contraditor e a observação
contraditora. A filha he gorda e o filho he gordo. Os homens estão
sãos e as mulheres sãas. O povo tranquillo e soffredor[228]. A sombria
raiva[229] do Philippe. Os velhos bandos hespanhões[230]. Algumas[231]
embarcações[232] que tinhão servido de piquetes[233]. Uma satisfacção
inexplicavel. A igreja he uma das mais bellas do reino[234]. As aguas
mineraes. O termino he fertil. O filho unico. A religão christãa. Um
cavalheiro[235] christão[236]. A igreja de Santo Antonio he dedicada
ao santo do seu nome. A margem[237] direita. A guarda[238] nacional. O
sobredito[239] districto. As grandes plantações[240] de cannas[241]. A
pequena[242] aldèa[243]. Santos he uma cidade maritima a mercantil. As
autoridades militares e civis. O rio aurifero.
[224] old.
[225] frightened.
[226] nephew.
[227] dying.
[228] suffering.
[229] hatred.
[230] Spanish.
[231] some.
[232] vessel.
[233] watch.
[234] reign.
[235] knight.
[236] Christian.
[237] shore.
[238] the guard.
[239] above named.
[240] plantations.
[241] sugar.
[242] little.
[243] village.
29.
_Exercises._
The rich[244] man and the poor[245] woman. The pretty house. The
large church[246]. The fertile fields[247]. The shoemaker is very
industrious. The leafy[248] trees[249]. The wounded[250] soldier[251].
The beautiful bridges[252]. The numerous[253] products. The old
uncle[254] and the fat aunt[255]. The horses are very handsome.
The day is very bright[256]. The climate is very agreeable[257].
The winter[258] in Siberia[259] is very rigorous[260]. The
geographical[261] and historical[262] Institute[263]. The tall man
and the little woman. The above named[264] royal decree[265]. The
generous[266] feelings[267]. The enormous[268] forests[269]. Some[270]
sombre and broad[271] rivers. The only[272] ornament. The warlike[273]
Indians. The preceding[274] article[275]. The sea is very rough[276].
The following[277] day. The following days. He is silent[278] and
grave[279]. The deep[280] love[281].
[244] rico.
[245] pobre.
[246] igreja.
[247] campo.
[248] frondoso.
[249] arvore.
[250] ferido.
[251] soldado.
[252] ponte.
[253] numeroso.
[254] tio.
[255] tia.
[256] claro.
[257] agradavel.
[258] inverno.
[259] Sibiria.
[260] rigoroso.
[261] geographico.
[262] historico.
[263] instituto.
[264] mencionado.
[265] alvará.
[266] generoso.
[267] sentimento.
[268] immenso.
[269] selva (silva).
[270] uns, umas.
[271] largo.
[272] unico.
[273] bellicoso.
[274] precedente.
[275] artigo.
[276] agitado.
[277] seguinte.
[278] silencioso.
[279] grave.
[280] profundo.
[281] amor.
30.
=The Comparison of Adjectives=.
The =Comparative= is formed by placing _mais_ (more) or _menos_ (less)
before the Positive, as:
_bello_, beautiful,
_mais bello_, more beautiful.
=Obs.= “Than” following the Comparative is rendered by _que_, _como_,
or: _tão_—_como_, as—as; _não tão_—_como_, not so—as; before the
particle _que_ the word _do_ is often prefixed, as:
_he mais prudente do que parece_,
he is wiser than it appears.
The =Superlative= is formed
1. by placing the article before the Comparative, as:
_o mais douto_, the most learned
_o mais bello_, the most beautiful;
2. by adding to the Positive _issimo_ (masc.) and _issima_ (fem.), as:
_bello_, beautiful, _bellissimo_, _bellissima_.
=Exceptions are=:
_acre_, harsh, _acerrimo_
_amigo_, friendly, _amicissimo_
_antigo_, old, _antiquissimo_
_aspero_, rough, _asperrimo_
_bom_, good, _bonissimo_
_capaz_, capable, _capacissimo_
_celebre_, celebrated, _celeberrimo_
_chão_, flat, _chanissimo_
_feliz_, happy, _felicissimo_
_fiel_, faithful, _fidelissimo_
_frio_, cold, _frigidissimo_
_humilde_, humble, _humilissimo_, _humillimo_
_máo_, bad, _malissimo_
_nobre_, noble, _nobilissimo_
_prospero_, prosperous, _prosperrimo_
_rico_, rich, _riquissimo_
_sabio_, wise, _sapientissimo_
_sagrado_, sacred, _sacratissimo_
_salubre_, salutary, _saluberrimo_
_simples_, simple, _simplicissimo_
_valente_, brave, _valentissimo_.
31.
=Irregular Comparisons=.
Positive. Comparative. Superlative.
_bom_, good, _melhor_, better, _optimo_, the best
_máo_, bad, _peior_, worse, _pessimo_, the worst
_grande_, great, _maior_, greater, _maximo_, the greatest
_pequeno_, little, _menor_, less, _minimo_, the least.
=Obs.= The Positive and Comparative can be strengthened by placing
before it:
_muito_, very
_assaz_, enough
_demasiado_, too, too much.
32.
Declension of the Adjective.
=Masculine.=
Singular. Plural.
Nom. _o homem diligente_ } | _os homens diligentes_ }
Gen. _do homem diligente_ }the | _dos homens diligentes_ }the
Dat. _ao homem diligente_ }indust-| _aos homens diligentes_ }indust-
Acc. _o homem diligente_ } rious | _os homens diligentes_ } rious.
Abl. _do homem diligente_ }man. | _dos homens diligentes_ }men.
=Feminine.=
Singular. Plural.
Nom. _a mulher gorda_ } | _as mulheres gordas_ }
Gen. _da mulher gorda_ } | _das mulheres gordas_ }
Dat. _á mulher gorda_ }the | _ás mulheres gordas_ } the
Acc. _a mulher gorda_ }corpulent| _as mulheres gordas_ } corpulent
Abl. _da mulher gorda_ }woman. | _das mulheres gordas_ } women.
33.
=Examples.=
A Asia he mais grande que a Europa. A Africa he menos povoado[282] que
a Europa. A rosa he mais bella que a viola. A viola[283] he menos bella
que a rosa. Pedro he mais feliz do que João. O filho não he tão liberal
como seu pai. A historia he tão util como agradavel. O dia he mais
agradavel que a noite[284]. O seu amante he mais bello, mais moço[285]
e mais rico que ella. Eu acho-o agora menos lindo[286] do que quando
o comprei[287]. O meu livro he tão barato[288] como o vosso. Elle he
muito mais grande. Ella he pouco mais grande. Caesar he muito mais
estimado[289] que Pompeo. Pompeo foi muito menos feliz que Caesar. Elle
he o mais douto[290] dos homens. Elle he o menos douto dos homens. Ella
he a mais bella das mulheres. Ella he muito amavel. Estas cadeiras[291]
são feitas[292] de optima madeira[293]. Esta mulher he boa, o marido
he melhor e o filho he o optimo. Elle he o felicissimo dos mortaes. O
clima he saluberrimo. He homem valentissimo. O filho he rico, o pai he
riquissimo. O neto[294] he máo, o primo[295] he ainda peior e o tio he
o pessimo. Na margem do rio ha optimos pastos[296].
[282] populated.
[283] violet.
[284] night.
[285] young.
[286] pretty.
[287] to buy.
[288] cheap.
[289] esteemed.
[290] learned.
[291] chair.
[292] made.
[293] wood.
[294] grandson.
[295] cousin.
[296] pasture.
34.
_Exercises._
Mariana is more industrious[297] than her sister[298]. Europe is not
so large as America. The wife is handsomer than her husband[299]. This
horse is very beautiful, more beautiful than yours. The most fertile
fields. His cousin is very rich, his uncle is still richer, and his
father is the richest. The man is very bad[300], the woman is worse,
and the son is the worst. This wine is good, but that one is better.
She is much taller than her friend[301]. The tulip[302] is not so
beautiful as the rose. The son is little, but the daughter is very
little indeed (_pequenissimo_). Our house is not so large as yours.
Amelia is smaller than her brother. The best ship[303]. The worst man.
The bravest knight. The simplest[304] man in the world[305]. This[306]
man is very wise, and that[307] one is the wisest of all. The climate
of Siberia is very cold. The summer[308] is in that country hotter and
the winter[309] more rigid[310]. A great part[311] and the greater
part. The turf[312] is very green[313], but the trees[314] are still
greener. I do not write so well as he. This man speaks[315] as well as
Cicero[316]. The English[317] horses are better than the French. Arabia
has the best horses. It is commendable[318] to recommend virtue[319],
but it is better to practise[320] it.
[297] diligente.
[298] irmãa.
[299] marido.
[300] máo.
[301] amiga.
[302] tulipa.
[303] navio.
[304] simples.
[305] no mundo.
[306] este.
[307] aquelle.
[308] verão.
[309] inverno.
[310] rigoroso.
[311] parte.
[312] relva.
[313] verde.
[314] arvore.
[315] fallar.
[316] um Cicero.
[317] inglez.
[318] louvavel.
[319] virtude.
[320] praticar.
35.
-The Numbers (Vos Numeral).-
=1. The Cardinal Numbers (Numerales cardinaes)=.
_um_, fem. _uma_ 1
_dois_, _dous_, fem. _duas_ 2
_tres_ 3
_quatro_ 4
_cinco_ 5
_seis_ 6
_sete_ 7
_oito_ 8
_nove_ 9
_dez_ 10
_onze_ 11
_doze_ 12
_treze_ 13
_quatorze_ 14
_quinze_ 15
_dezeseis_ 16
_dezesete_ 17
_dezoito_ 18
_dez e nove_ 19
_vinte_ 20
_vinte e um_ 21
_vinte e dois_ 22
_vinte e tres_ 23
_vinte e quatro_ 24
_vinte e cinco_ 25
_vinte e seis_ 26
_vinte e sete_ 27
_vinte e oito_ 28
_vinte e nove_ 29
_trinta_ 30
_trinta e um_ 31
_quarenta_ 40
_quarenta e um_ 41
_cincoenta_ 50
_sessenta_ 60
_setenta_ 70
_oitenta_ 80
_noventa_ 90
_cem_, _cento_ 100
_cento e um_ 101
_duzentos_, fem. -_as_ 200
_duzentos e um_ 201
_trezentos_, -_as_ 300
_quatrocentos_, -_as_ 400
_quinhentos_ 500
_seiscentos_ 600
_setecentos_ 700
_oitocentos_ 800
_novecentos_ 900
_mil_ 1,000
_mil e cento_ 1,100
_mil e duzentos_ 1,200
_dois mil_ 2,000
_cem mil_ 100,000
_milhão_ a million
_bilhão_ a billion.
=Obs.= Before a Noun “_cem_” is used, before a number “_cento_”, as:
_cem soldados_, hundred soldiers; _cento e um_, a hundred and one. The
Portuguese use the Cardinal Numbers to express the date, as: _chegou a
quatro de Maio_, he arrived on the fourth of May.
36.
=2. The Ordinal Numbers.=
_primeiro_ the 1ˢᵗ
_segundo_ the 2ⁿͩ
_terceiro_ the 3ʳͩ
_quarto_ the 4ᵗʰ
_quinto_ the 5ᵗʰ
_sexto_ the 6ᵗʰ
_setimo_ the 7ᵗʰ
_oitavo_ the 8ᵗʰ
_nono_ the 9ᵗʰ
_decimo_ the 10ᵗʰ
_undecimo_, _onzeno_ the 11ᵗʰ
_duodecimo_ the 12ᵗʰ
_decimo terceiro_ the 13ᵗʰ
_decimo quarto_ the 14ᵗʰ
_decimo quinto_ the 15ᵗʰ
_decimo sexto_ the 16ᵗʰ
_decimo setimo_ the 17ᵗʰ
_decimo oitavo_ the 18ᵗʰ
_decimo nono_ the 19ᵗʰ
_vigesimo_ the 20ᵗʰ
_vigesimo-primeiro_ the 21ˢᵗ
_vigesimo-segundo_ the 22ⁿͩ
_trigesimo_ the 30ᵗʰ
_quadragesimo_, _quarentesimo_ the 40ᵗʰ
_quinquagesimo_ the 50ᵗʰ
_sexagesimo_ the 60ᵗʰ
_septuagesimo_ the 70ᵗʰ
_octogesimo_ the 80ᵗʰ
_nonagesimo_ the 90ᵗʰ
_centesimo_ the 100ᵗʰ
_millesimo_ the 1,000ᵗʰ
_ultimo_ the last.
37.
=3. Fractional Numbers.=
_a metade_, half
_o terço_, the third
_a terça parte_, the third part
_o quarto_ } the fourth part
_a quarta parte_ }
_o quinto_, the fifth
_a quinta parte_, the fifth part
_a sexta parte_, the sixth part
_a setima parte_, the seventh part
_um oitavo_, an eighth
_uma oitava_, an eighth part
_tres oitavos_, three eighths
_uma novena_, a ninth
_uma nona parte_, a ninth part
_uma decima parte_, a tenth part
_um e meio_, one and a half
_dous e meia_, two and a half
_tres e meia_, three and a half.
38.
=4. Proportional Numbers.=
_simples_, simple
_duplice_ } double
_duplicado_ }
_triple_ } triple
_triplice_ }
_quadruplo_, fourfold
_quintuplo_, fivefold
_uma vez_, once
_duas vezes_, twice
_tres vezes_, thrice
_sextuplo_, sixfold
_septuplo_, sevenfold
_octuplo_, eightfold
_nonuplo_, ninefold
_decuplo_, tenfold
_centuplo_, a hundredfold
_a primeira vez_, the first time.
39.
=5. Collective Numbers.=
_um par_, a pair
_ambos_, _ambas_, both
_um terno_, a number of 3
_um quaterno_, a number of 4
_uma dezena_, a number of 10
_uma duzia_, a dozen
_uma quinzena_, fifteen
_uma sessenta_, sixty
_uma centena_, a hundred
_uma vintena_, twenty
_um milhar_, a thousand
_quintal_, a hundred weight
_uma quarta do arratel_, a quarter of a pound.
_todo_, _toda_, _tudo_, all, every one;
=plur.= _todos_, _todas_.
_muito_, many;
_tanto_, so many.
_pouco_, few.
40.
=Examples.=
Elle viveo[321] noventa annos[322]. Ella tem vinto e cinco annos
de idade[323]. O exercito[324] he composto[325] de noventa mil e
seiscentos homens. Dous mil cincocentos e trinta e quatro homens
forão mortos[326] neste encontro[327]. Cem homens ficarão[328]
prisioneiros[329]. Ha nesta povoação[330] mil e setecentas almas[331].
Ha mil quinhentas casas na nossa freguezia[332]. A sua carta[333] he
datada[334] de vinte e dous de Abril de mil oitocentos e cincoenta
e sete. Nosso tio ha de chegar[335] a treze do mez que vem. O
comprimento[336] desta rua tem o dobro do da outra. Eu fiz duas vezes a
volta[337] da villa a cavallo. Um terremoto[338] destruio[339] a metade
da cidade. Este theatro foi queimado[340] tres vezes. Se cultivar a sua
herdade[341], ella se elevará[342] em valor ao centuplo.
[321] live.
[322] year.
[323] age.
[324] army.
[325] consists of.
[326] killed.
[327] battle.
[328] remained.
[329] prisoners.
[330] population.
[331] souls.
[332] parish.
[333] letter.
[334] dated.
[335] arrive.
[336] length.
[337] the round.
[338] earthquake.
[339] destroy.
[340] burnt down.
[341] inheritance.
[342] to raise.
41.
_Exercises._
The company[343] consists of one hundred men and the regiment[344]
has six thousand men. There were collected[345] two hundred men and
nearly[346] seventy women. He was the first who arrived[347]. The
second was thy brother. The third man I have not seen. The French army
consists of 600,000 men. Within[348] eight days. He had one sister and
two cousins[349] with him. This house would be worth a hundred times
more. Once I have told him, but twice he has forgotten it. The first
time that I had the knife ground[350]. A thousand men were killed in
this battle[351]. The first day of the year[352]. To-day is the first,
the second, the third, the fourth of the month[353]. Twenty eggs[354].
He arrived on the fifth of July. The nineteenth century[355]. The year
has 365 days. He has three sons[356] and five daughters[357].
[343] companhia.
[344] regimento.
[345] ajuntado.
[346] quasi.
[347] chegar.
[348] dentro.
[349] prima.
[350] amolar.
[351] batalha.
[352] anno.
[353] mez.
[354] ovo.
[355] seculo.
[356] filho.
[357] filha.
42.
=Pronouns.=
1. Personal Pronouns.
=Singular.=
1ˢᵗ Person. 2ⁿͩ Person.
N. _eu_, I | _tu_, thou
G. _de mim_, of me | _de ti_, of thee
D. _a mim_, to me | _a ti_, to thee
Acc. _me_, me | _te_, _a ti_, thee
Abl. _de mim_ } from | _de ti_ } from
_por mim_ } me | _por ti_ } thee
3ʳͩ Person.
Masc. Fem.
_elle_, he | _ella_, she
_d’elle_, of him | _d’ella_, of her
_a elle_, _lhe_, to him | _a ella_, to her
_elle_, him | _ella_, _a ella_, her
_d’elle_ } from | _d’ella_, } from
_por elle_ } him | _por ella_, } her.
=Plural.=
1ˢᵗ Person. 2ⁿͩ Person.
N. _nós_, we | _vós_, you
G. _de nos_, of us | _de vos_, of you
D. _a nos_, to us | _a vós_, to you
Acc. _nos_, _a nos_, us | _a vos_, _vos_, you
Abl. _de nos_ } from | _de vós_, from you
_por nos_ } us |
3ʳͩ Person.
Masc. Fem.
_elles_, they | _ellas_, they
_d’elles_, of them | _d’ellas_, of them
_a elles_, _lhes_, to them | _a ellas_, to them
_elles_, _a elles_, them | _ellas_, them
_d’elles_, from them | _d’ellas_, from
| them
=Obs.= If the Pronouns _mim_, _ti_, _si_, _nós_, _vós_, are accompanied
by the Preposition _com_, they are contracted thus:
_com mim_ into _commigo_, with me
_com ti_ — _comtigo_, with thee
_com si_ — _comsigo_, with him
_com nós_ — _comnosco_, with us
_com vós_ — _comvosco_, with you.
=Me= is generally translated by _me_, as:
speak to me, _fallai-me_
he told me, _elle disse-me_
tell me, _dizei-me_
write me, _escrevei-me_.
=The reflective Pronoun= “_si_”.
Nom. _si_, one’s self
Gen. _de si_, of one’s self
Dat. _a si_, to one’s self
Acc. _si_, _a si_, one’s self
Abl. _de si_, _por si_, from one’s self.
It is generally united to the Pronoun: _mesmo_ or _mesma_, as:
_de si mesmo_, of one’s self:
_o homem não ama senão a si mesmo_,
the man loves only himself.
The Portuguese also join _mesmo_, to the personal Pronouns, as:
_eu mesmo_, I myself | _nós mesmos_, we ourselves
_tu mesmo_, thou thyself | _vós mesmos_, you yourselves
_elle mesmo_, he himself | _elles mesmos_, } they themselves
_ella mesma_, she herself | _ellas mesmas_, }
_o homem mesmo_, the man himself.| _a virtude mesma_, virtue itself.
43.
=2. Conjunctive Pronouns.=
The following are always used in connexion with Verbs:
_me_, me — _nos_, us
_te_, thee — _vos_, you
_se_, it — _lhes_, them
_lhe_, him, her.
_isto me agrada_ — it pleases me
_he-me necessario_ — I want it (have it necessary)
_deos te ve_ — God sees thee
_ella se louva_ — she praises herself
_eu lhe direi_ — I shall tell him or her
_eu lhes prometti_ — I have promised them.
44.
=3. Mixed Pronouns.=
are composed of personal and conjunctive Pronouns, by changing the
letter _e_ of the conjunctive Pronoun into _o_ and _a_, as:
instead of _me o_ — say: _mo_
” ” _me a_ — ” _ma_
” ” _lhe o_ — ” _lho_
” ” _lhe a_ — ” _lha_
” ” _me os_ — ” _mos_
” ” _me as_ — ” _mas_
” ” _lhe os_ — ” _lhos_
” ” _lhe as_ — ” _lhas_
” ” _te o_ — ” _to_
” ” _te a_ — ” _ta_
” ” _te os_ — ” _tos_
” ” _te as_ — ” _tas_.
_dai-mo_, give me (_livro_, the book)
_dai-mo_, give me (_cão_, the dog)
_dai-ma_, give me (_penna_, the pen).
_entrego-to_, I give it thee (_livro_)
_darei-ta_, I shall give it thee (_casa_)
_entrego-tos_, I give them to thee (_chapéos_, pl.)
_darei-tas_, I shall give them to thee (_peras_, pl.).
_se o_, changes into _selo_
_se a_, ” ” _sela_
_se os_, ” ” _selos_
_se as_, ” ” _selas_
_nos o_, ” ” _nolo_
_nos a_, ” ” _nola_
_nos os_, ” ” _nolos_
_nos as_, ” ” _nolas_
_vos o_, ” ” _volo_
_vos a_, ” ” _vola_
_vos os_, ” ” _volos_
_vos as_, ” ” _volas_.
=Examples.=
_para dar-lho_, for the purpose of giving it to him
_dai-mo_, give it me
_eu to darei_, I shall give it to thee
_entrego-to_, I hand it over to thee
_dize-lho_, they told it him or her
_entrega-lhos_, give them (she) to him
_elle nolo disse_, he told it us
_eu volos mandarei_, I shall send them to you.
45.
=4. Possessive Pronouns.=
=Masculine.= =Feminine.=
Singular. Plural. | Singular. Plural.
_meu_, mine _meus_ | _minha_, mine _minhas_
_teu_, thine _teus_ | _tua_, thine _tuas_
_seu_, his _seus_ | _sua_, hers _suas_
_nosso_, ours _nossos_ | _nossa_, ours _nossas_
_vosso_, yours _vossos_. | _vossa_, yours _vossas_.
The Pronouns are declined with the definite article, as:
=Masculine.=
Singular. | Plural.
my book. | my books.
N. _o meu livro_ | _os meus livros_
G. _do meu livro_ | _dos meus livros_
D. _ao meu livro_ | _aos meus livros_
Acc. _meu livro_ | _meus livros_
Abl. _do (pelo) meu livro_. | _dos (pelos) meus livros_.
=Feminine.=
Singular. | Plural.
my house. | my houses.
N. _a minha casa_ | _as minhas casas_
G. _da minha casa_ | _das minhas casas_
D. _á minha casa_ | _ás minhas casas_
Acc. _minha casa_ | _minhas casas_
Abl. _da (pela) minha casa_. | _das (pelas) minhas casas_.
=Examples.=
The Portuguese say:
the father loves: _a seu filho_, his son
the mother loves: _a seu filho_, her son
the father loves his daughter: _o pai ama á sua filha_
the mother loves her daughter: _a mai ama á sua filha_
it is mine: _he meu_
it is thine: _he teu_.
46.
=5. Demonstrative Pronouns.=
_Este_, denotes a person or thing in our immediate neighbourhood.
_Esse_, denotes a person or thing a little more distant from us.
_Aquelle_, one still farther distant.
=Singular.=
Masculine. Feminine. Neuter.
N. _este_, this | _esta_ | _isto_
G. _d’este_, of this | _d’esta_ | _d’isto_
D. _a este_, to this | _a esta_ | _a isto_
Acc. _este_, this | _esta_ | _isto_
Abl. _d’este_, from this. | _d’esta_. | _d’isto_.
=Plural.=
N. _estes_, these | _estas_ |
G. _d’estes_, of these | _d’estas_ |
D. _a estes_, to these | _a estas_ | wanting.
Acc. _estes_, these | _estas_ |
Abl. _d’estes_, from these. | _d’estas_. |
=Singular.=
N. _esse_, this one | _essa_ | _isso_
G. _d’esse_, of this one | _d’éssa_ | _d’isso_
D. _a esse_, to this one | _a essa_ | _a isso_
Acc. _esse_, this one | _éssa_ | _isso_
Abl. _d’esse_, from this one.| _d’essa_. | _d’isso_.
=Plural.=
N. _esses_, these | _essas_ |
G. _d’esses_, of these | _d’essas_ |
D. _a esses_, to these | _a essas_ | wanting.
Acc. _esses_, these | _essas_ |
Abl. _d’esses_, from these. | _d’essas_. |
=Singular.=
N. _aquelle_, that | _aquella_ | _aquillo_
G. _d’aquelle_, of that | _d’aquella_ | _d’aquillo_
D. _áquelle_, to that | _áquella_ | _áquillo_
Acc. _aquelle_, that | _aquella_ | _aquillo_
Abl. _d’aquelle_, from that. | _d’aquella_. | _d’aquillo_.
=Singular.=
N. _aquelles_, those | _aquellas_ |
G. _d’aquelles_, of those | _d’aquellas_ |
D. _áquelles_, to those | _áquellas_ | wanting.
Acc. _aquelles_, those | _aquellas_ |
Abl. _d’aquelles_, from those.| _d’aquellas_.|
47.
=6. Relative Pronouns.=
a) _Qual_, which, declined with the article _o_ and _a_:
_o qual_, _a qual_; plural: _os quaes_, _as quaes_.
b) _Que_, which, is used of persons and things, as:
_o livro que_, the book which
_a arvore que_, the tree which
_os livros que_, the books which
_o mestre que ensina_, the teacher who instructs
_a mulher que tenho_, the woman whom I have
_o homem que eu amo_, the man whom I love.
=It is declined=:
N. _que_, who, which, what
G. _de que_, of whom
D. _á que_, to whom
Acc. _que_, whom
Abl. _de que_, from whom.
c) _Quem_, is only used of persons.
=Singular and Plural.=
N. _quem_, who
G. _de quem_, of whom
D. _á quem_, to whom
Acc. _quem_, whom
Abl. _de quem_, from whom.
d) _Cujo_, _cuja_, whose.
=Singular.=
Masculine. Feminine.
N. — | —
G. _de cujo_, of whose | _de cuja_
D. _a cujo_, to whose | _a cuja_
Acc. _cujo_, whose | _cuja_
Abl. _de cujo_, whose. | _de cuja_.
=Examples.=
_a pessoa cuja reputação vós admirais._
The person whose reputation you admire.
_o ceo cujo soccorro nunca falta._
The heaven whose assistance never fails.
_a mulher cuja bella cara._
The woman whose beautiful face.
_cujas bellezas._
Whose beauties.
_a cujo pai._
To whose father.
48.
=7. Interrogative Pronouns.=
_Quem_, _qual_, _que_, who, which, what?
=Singular and Plural.=
Masc. and Fem. Masc. and Fem.
N. _quem_, who? | _que_ }
G. _de quem_, of whom? | _de que_ }
D. _á quem_, to whom? | _á que_ } what? which?
Acc. _quem_, whom? | _que_ }
Abl. _de quem_, whom? | _de que_ }
=Singular.= =Plural.=
Masculine and Feminine.
N. _qual_, which? | _quaes_ }
G. _de qual_, of which? | _de quaes_ }
D. _á qual_, to which? | _á quaes_ } which?
Acc. _qual_, which? | _quaes_ }
Abl. _de qual_, from which? | _de quaes_ }
=Examples.=
_Quem he?_ Who is it?
_Quem vos disse isso?_ Who told that to you?
_Que quereis?_ What do you want?
_Com que se sustenta?_ What does he live upon?
_Que estais fazendo?_ What are you doing?
_De que se faz isto?_ What is this made of?
_Que livro he este?_ What book is this?
_Que negocios tendes?_ What business have you?
_Que casa he?_ What sort of a house is it?
_De qual fallais vós?_ Of whom do you speak?
_Qual delles?_ Which of them?
_Quem or qual dos dous?_ Which of the two?
49.
=8. Indefinite Pronouns.=
_um_, _una_, a, one
_uns_, _umas_, some
_algum_, _alguma_, somebody
_alguns_, _algumas_, some
_nenhum_, _nenhuma_, no one
_nenhuns_, _nenhumas_, none
_cada_, each
_cada um_, _cada uma_, everyone
_outro_, _outra_, other
_outros_, _outras_, others
_se_, one, some one
_todo_, _toda_, all, everyone
_todos_, _todas_, all
_tudo_, everything
_tal_ }
_tales_ } such
_qualquer_ } who ever
_quaesquer_ } some one
_quemquer_, any one
_alguem_, some one
_ninguem_, no one
_outrem_, another, some one else
_muitos_, _muitas_, many.
_certo_, _certa_, a certain one
_um e outro_ } the one and the other
_uma e outra_ }
_um ou outro_ }
_uns ou outros_ } the one or the other
_uma ou outra_ }
_umas ou outras_ }
_nenhum nem outro_ }
_nenhuns nem outros_ } neither the one nor the other.
_nenhuma nem outra_ }
_nenhumas nem outras_ }
50.
=Examples.=
Eu sou pobre[358] e tu es rico. Eu amo[359] e tu amas tambem, elle
ama, elles amão. Ella nunca[360] traz[361] dinheiro comsigo. Isto me
agrada[362]. Ella se louva[363]. Eu lhe direi[364]. Cortailhe[365]
as azas[366]. Comprei o cavallo e montei-o[367]. Louvavel[368] he
aconselhar[369] a virtude, mas melhor he pratica-la[370]. Assenta no
que lhe digo. A sua perda[371]. Este vento[372] he favoravel[373].
Louva-se lhe a generosidade[374]. Esta flor[375] não he do meu jardim,
he do teu. O que lhe digo he verdade. O ceo cujo soccorro nunca
falta. Carlos foi grande, Frederico ambicioso, este valente[376],
aquelle poderoso[377]. Aquelles que desprezão[378] a sciencia[379]
não conhecem[380] o valor d’ella. A providencia não abençoa[381]
o trabalho[382] d’aquelles que desprezão os seus melhores amigos.
Aquelles taes que não amão a virtude, não a conhecem. O homem que eu
amo. O meu livro está na mesa. De todas as obras de engenho, nenhuma
ha que não tenha o seu defeito[383]. A pessoa cuja reputação[384]
vós admirais[385]. Um tal velhaco[386] deve[387] ser castigado[388].
Aprendem-se[389] com mais facilidade[390] as cousas que se
comprehendem, do que as que se não comprehendem.
[358] poor.
[359] love.
[360] never.
[361] _trazer_, to carry.
[362] _agradar_, to please.
[363] praise.
[364] _dizer_, to say.
[365] to cut, to trim.
[366] the wing.
[367] to mount.
[368] praiseworthy.
[369] to advise.
[370] to practice.
[371] the loss.
[372] the wind.
[373] favorable.
[374] generosity.
[375] flower.
[376] valiant.
[377] powerful.
[378] to despise.
[379] sciences.
[380] to know.
[381] to bless.
[382] labour.
[383] imperfection, fault.
[384] reputation.
[385] to admire.
[386] scoundrel.
[387] ought.
[388] to punish.
[389] _aprender_, to learn.
[390] facility.
51.
Esta batalha[391] decidirá[392] a sorte[393] da campanha[394]. Este
homem he sabio[395], aquelle he valente. Esta arvore he nova[396], essa
velha, aquella foi desarraigada[397]. Este cavallo he arabe, est’outro
he andaluz, aquell’outro he inglez. O culto[398] dos idolos[399], o
qual he tão antigo como absurdo. As molestias[400] contra as quaes
a medicina he impotente. Qual he o caracter distinctivo dos templos
gothicos? O estado cujo governo, cujos habitantes, cuja religião,
cujas instituições nos parecem[401] preferiveis[402]. O marido, cuja
mulher, cujas filhas são virtuosas, deve reputar-se feliz. O amigo de
cuja casa venho. Quem descobrio a America? Quem fôrão os primeiros
habitantes da Grecia? Que homem he esse que vejo na estrada. Nenhum
homem he izento[403] de paixões[404]. Elle em generosidade não cede a
ninguem. Um morreo na India, o outro em França. Não faze a outrem o
que não quizeras te fizessem a ti. Em taes circumstancias. A conclusão
foi tal qual eu a esperava. Elle fallou[405] contra mim. Quaes são os
requisitos de um bom pintor?
[391] battle.
[392] to decide.
[393] the issue.
[394] the campaign.
[395] wise.
[396] young, now.
[397] uprooted.
[398] worshipping.
[399] idols.
[400] disease.
[401] appear.
[402] excellent.
[403] exempt.
[404] passion.
[405] _fallar_, to speak.
52.
_Exercises._
I have a dress[406]. He has stockings[407]. She has shoes[408]. We
have money[409]. You have houses. They have chairs[410]. He received
the money from thee. This horse is handsomer than that one. This is
white[411] and that is blue[412]. The wife of my uncle. The house of my
sister. The woman whose husband was killed[413]. The man whose wife is
so similar[414] to your sister. What are the requisites[415] to be a
great minister[416]? Who has told you this? Of whom did you learn this
news? What animals are there on this island[417]? The man who wishes to
be esteemed[418] must esteem himself. All men must[419] die[420]. Every
man and every woman received a present[421].
[406] vestido.
[407] meia.
[408] sapato.
[409] dinheiro.
[410] cadeira.
[411] branco.
[412] azul.
[413] morto, matado.
[414] igualar.
[415] requisito.
[416] ministro.
[417] ilha.
[418] estimar, respeitar.
[419] dever.
[420] morrer.
[421] dom, dativa.
53.
_Exercises._
I see nobody. Nobody answers me. The one lives in Holland[422] and the
other in Germany[423]. The one is an honest man[424] and the other
is a scoundrel[425]. Neither[5] the one nor[426] the other. This man
is a Spaniard[427], the other an Englishman[428], and that one a
German[429]. Everyone of these Indians. This is good[430] and that is
bad[431]. This man loves only himself[432]. Many authors maintain[433].
In certain seasons[434] and in certain times[435]. A certain man said.
A certain person. Such a man. The terror[436] was such that everyone
fled[437]. Any one of the conspirators[438].
[422] Hollanda.
[423] Allemanha.
[424] homem de bem.
[425] velhaco.
[426] _neither_—_nor_, nem—nem.
[427] Hespanhol.
[428] Inglez.
[429] Allemão.
[430] bom.
[431] máo.
[432] amar a si mesmo, _to love one’s self_.
[433] affirmar.
[434] estação.
[435] tempo.
[436] terror.
[437] fugir.
[438] conjurado.
PART II.
=Collection of Words.=
=1. The Universe.=
_Deos_, God
_o creador_, the creator
_o mundo_, the world
_o firmamento_, the sky
_um astro_, a star
_o sol_, the sun
_um raio de sol_, a sunbeam
_a lua_, the moon
_o luar_, the moonlight
_uma nuvem_, a cloud
_uma estrella_, a star
_o céo_, _os céos_, the heaven
_o nascer do sol_, sunrise
_o pôr do sol_, sunset
_um cometa_, a comet
_o arco iris_, the rainbow
_o trovão_, the thunder
_o calor_, the heat
_um relampago_, a lightning
_o fogo_, the fire
_o frio_, the cold
_a geada_, the frost
_o gelo_, the ice
_a luz_, the light
_a neve_, the snow
_o obscuridade_, the darkness
_uma trovoada_, a storm
_a chuva_, the rain
_o tempo_, the weather
_o vento_, the wind.
=2. The Seasons.=
_Primavera_, spring
_estio_, _verão_, summer
_outono_, autumn
_inverno_, winter
_Janeiro_, January
_Fevereiro_, February
_Março_, March
_Abril_, April
_Maio_, May
_Junho_, June
_Julho_, July
_Agosto_, August
_Septembro_, September
_Outubro_, October
_Novembro_, November
_Dezembro_, December
_Segunda feìra_, Monday
_Terça feìra_, Tuesday
_Quarta feìra_, Wednesday
_Quinta feìra_, Thursday
_Sexta feìra_, Friday
_Sabbado_, Saturday
_Domingo_, Sunday
_um seculo_, a century
_um anno_, a year
_o anno passado_, the last year
_o anno que vem_, the next year
_um moz_, a month
_uma semana_, a week
_um dia_, a day
_uma hora_, an hour
_meia hora_, half an hour
_hora e meia_, an hour and a half
_um quarto d’hora_, a quarter of an hour
_um minuto_, a minute
_um segundo_, a second
_o despontar do dia_, the daybreak
_a madrugada_, the morning
_a manhã_, the forenoon
_meio-dia_, noon
_a tarde_, the afternoon
_o pôr do sol_, sunset
_a entrada_, the evening
_a noite_, the night
_meia noite_, midnight
_hoje_, to-day
_hontem_, yesterday
_antes d’hontem_, the day before yesterday
_á manhã_, to-morrow
_o fim_, the end, close.
=3. Water.=
_Uma bahia_, a bay
_agua corrente_, running water
_agua enxarcada_, stagnant water
_agua morta_, standing water
_agua doce_, sweet water
_agua do mar_, sea water
_um lago_, a pond
_um rio_, a river
_um lago_, _uma lagoa_, a lake
_um charco_, a pool
_a maré_, the tide
_maré alta_, high water
_maré baixa_, low water
_o mar_, the sea
_mar perigoso_, a rough sea
_as ondas_, the waves
_um regato_, a brook
_um nascente_, a spring
_uma torrente_, a torrent
_as ondas_, the billows
_um barco de vapor_, a steamer
_um brigue_, a brig
_uma fragata_, a frigate
_um navio mercante_, a merchant ship
_um navio de guerra_, a man of war
_uma ancora_, an anchor
_a rabadilha_, the stern
_a proa_, the head
_um remo_, an oar
_a cana do leme_, the helm
_um masto_, a mast
_a bandeira_, the flag
_a tolda_, the deck
_uma véla_, a sail
_o velame_, the sails.
=4. Individuals and Relations.=
_Um homem_, a man
_uma mulher_, a woman
_as mulheres_, women
_uma mulher casada_, a wife
_um menino_, a child
_um moço_, a boy
_uma rapariga_, a girl
_um mancebo_, a young man
_uma moça_, a young maid
_um velho_, an old man
_uma velha_, an old woman
_o avô_, the grandfather
_a avó_, the grandmother
_o pai_, the father
_a mai_, the mother
_o filho_, the son
_a filha_, the daughter
_um irmão_, a brother
_uma irmã_, a sister
_um tio_, an uncle
_uma tia_, an aunt
_um sobrinho_, a nephew
_uma sobrinha_, a niece
_um primo_, a cousin
_uma família_, a family
_os parentes_, the parents
_o marido_, the husband
_a esposa_, the wife
_o noivo_, the bridegroom
_a noiva_, the bride
_o sogro_, the father-in-law
_a sogra_, the mother-in-law
_o genro_, the son-in-law
_a nóra_, the daughter-in-law
_um cunhado_, a brother-in-law
_uma cunhada_, a sister-in-law.
=5. The Human Body.=
_A pelle_, the skin
_a barba_, the beard
_a boca_, the mouth
_um braço_, an arm
_um cabello_, a hair
_o coração_, the heart
_o pescoço_, the neck
_um dente_, a tooth
_um dedo_, a finger
_a espalda_, the back
_uma espadoa_, a shoulder
_o estomago_, the stomach
_a face_, the face
_um joelho_, a knee
_uma perna_, a leg
_uma face_, a cheek
_a língua_, the tongue
_um beiço_, a lip
_uma mão_, a hand
_o nariz_, the nose
_um olho_, an eye
_uma orelha_, an ear
_um pé_, a foot
_o pulso_, the fist
_a cabeça_, the head.
=6. The House and Furniture.=
_Uma casa_, a house
_um palacio_, a palace
_uma quinta_, a country house
_uma livraria_, a library
_um quarto_, a room
_um quarto de dormir_, a bedroom
_a escada_, the staircase
_uma janella_, a window
_o tecto de estuque_, the ceiling
_o solho_, the floor
_uma porta_, a door
_uma fechadura_, a lock
_a chave_, the key
_uma sala baixa_, a parlour
_uma sala da jantar_, a dining room
_uma sala_, a drawingroom
_uma campaïnha_, the bell
_uma mobilia_, furniture
_uma cadeira_, a chair
_um castiçal_, a candlestick
_uma vella de sebo_, a candle
_uma cheminé_, a chimney
_uma comoda_, a chest of drawers
_um espelho de sala_, a looking-glass
_um candieiro_, a lamp
_uma cama_, a bed
_uma cortina_, a curtain
_uma papeleira_, a writing-desk
_um sofa_, a sofa
_uma mesa_, a table
_um quadro_, a picture
_um tapete_, a carpet
_as gavetas_, drawers
_uma toalha de mesa_, a table cloth
_uma colher_, a spoon
_uma colherinha_, a tea spoon
_um garfo_, a fork
_uma faca_, a knife.
=7. Trees, Shrubs etc.=
_Os cereaes_, corn
_a aveia_, oats
_o feno_, hay
_o trigo candeal_, wheat
_a herva_, grass
_a batata_, potatoe
_o arroz_, rice
_uma bétula_, a birch
_uma ceregeira_, a cherry tree
_uma azinheira_, an oak
_uma figueira_, a fig-tree
_uma faia_, a beech
_uma hera_, ivy
_um olmo_, an elm
_um chopo_, a poplar
_um pinheiro_, a pine
_um abeto_, a fir
_um salgueiro_, a willow
_um til_, a lime-tree.
=8. Fruits and Flowers.=
_Um damasco_, an apricot
_uma cereja_, a cherry
_uma castanha_, a chestnut
_um limão_, a lemon
_um figo_, a fig
_um morango_, a strawberry
_uma groselha_, a currant
_groselha de bagos grossos_, a gooseberry
_uma noz_, a nut
_uma pera_, a pear
_uma maçã_, an apple
_o lirio_, the lily
_a margarita_, the daisy
_o lirio dos valles_, the lily of the valley
_o cravo_, the pink
_a papoula_, the poppy
_a primavera_, the primrose
_a rosa_, the rose
_a tulipa_, the tulip
_a violeta_, the violet.
=9. Dress.=
_Uma camiza_, a shirt
_umas ceroulas_, drawers
_uma camizola_, an underwaistcoat
_uns calções_, breeches
_um colete_, a waistcoat
_uma casaca_, a coat
_um capote_, a cloak
_um chapéo_, a hat
_uma bota_, a boot
_uma anagoa_, a pellicoat
_um vestido_, a gown
_uma touca_, a bonnet
_um veo_, a veil
_um collar_, a necklace
_um brinco_, an ear-ring
_pulseiras_, bracelets
_uma meia_, a stocking
_um sapato_, a shoe
_uma luva_, a glove
_uma bolsa_, a purse
_um annel_, a ring
_pós_, powder
_sabão_, soap
_uma toalha de mãos_, a towel
_um pente_, a comb
_uma escova_, a brush
_uma escova de dentes_, a toothbrush.
=10. Town and Country.=
_Uma cidade_, a town
_uma aldea_, a village
_os arrabaldes_, the suburbs
_um candieiro de gaz_, a gas lamp
_a calçada_, the pavement
_uma praça_, a square
_uma ponte_, a bridge
_um passeio_, a walk
_um farol_, a lamp
_uma rua_, a street
_um bosquesinho_, a thicket
_um campo_, a field
_uma cavalhariça_, a stable
_uma floresta_ }
_uma selva_ } a forest
_uma sebe_, a hedge
_um jardim_, a garden
_um almargeal_, a meadow
_um vergel_, an orchard.
=11. Animals.=
_Um cervo_, a stag
_um crocodillo_, a crocodile
_um elephante_, an elephant
_um coelho_, a rabbit
_uma lebre_, a hare
_um lião_, a lion
_um leopardo_, a leopard
_um lobo_, a wolf
_um urso_, a bear
_uma panthera_, a panther
_um rato_, a rat
_uma raposa_, a fox
_um mono_, a monkey
_um tigre_, a tiger
_um burro_, an ass
_uma ovelha_, a sheep
_um borrego_, a lamb
_um gato_, a cat
_um cão_, a dog
_um cavallo_, a horse
_um macho_, a mule
_uma vaca_, a cow
_um bezerro_, a calf
_um boi_, an ox
_um leitão_, a pig
_o gado_, cattle
_gado vacum_, herds
_godo meudo_, flocks.
=12. Birds, Fishes and Insects.=
_Um pata_, a duck
_um gallo_, a cock
_uma gallinha_, a hen
_um ganso_, a goose
_um pombo_, a pigeon
_uma aguia_, an eagle
_uma calhandra_, a lark
_uma cegonha_, a stork
_um corvo_, a raven
_um cisne_, a swan
_uma andorinha_, a swallow
_um roussinol_, a nightingale
_uma enguia_, an eel
_uma carpa_, a carp
_um harenque_, a herring
_uma lagosta_, a lobster
_uma ostra_, an oyster
_uma sarda_, a mackerel
_uma perca_, a perch
_um salmão_, a salmon
_um linguado_, a sole
_uma truta_, a trout
_um rodavalho_, a turbot
_uma abelha_, a bee
_uma aranha_, a spider
_um sapo_, a toad
_uma borboleta_, a butterfly
_uma serpente_, a serpent
_um escaravelho_, a beetle
_uma formiga_, an ant
_uma rã_, a frog
_uma vespa_, a wasp
_uma mosca_, a fly
_um bicho_, a worm
_uma vibora_, a viper.
_uma cobra_, an adder.
Easy Dialogues.
=1. Eating and Drinking.=
Are you hungry? _Vm. tem fome?_
I have a good appetite. _Tenho boa vontade de comer._
I am very hungry. _Tenho bastante fome._
Eat something. _Coma alguma cousa._
What will you eat? _Que ha de Vm. comer?_
What do you wish to eat? _Que é o que tem vontade de_
_comer?_
You do not eat. _O senhor naõ come._
I beg your pardon, I eat very _Com perdaõ de Vm., eu como_
heartily. _muito bem._
I have eaten very heartily. _Tenho comido bastante._
I have dined with a good appetite. _Jantei de boa vontade._
Eat another piece. _Coma ainda mais alguma cousa._
I can eat no more. _Naõ comerei mais nada._
Are you thirsty? _Tem Vm. sêde?_
Are you not thirsty? _Naõ tem Vm. sêde?_
I am very thirsty. _Tenho bastante sêde._
I am dying of thirst. _Estou morrendo de sêde._
Let us drink. _Toça a beber._
Give me something to drink. _De-me de beber._
Will you drink a glass of wine? _Quer Vm. beber um copo de_
_vinho?_
Drink a glass of beer. _Tome um copo de cerveja._
Drink another glass of wine. _Beba mais esse copo de vinho._
Sir, I drink to your health. _Bebo a sua saude._
I have the honour to drink _Tenho a honra de beber á sua_
your health. _saúde._
=2. Going and Coming.=
Where are you going? _Onde vai Vm.?_
I am going home. _Vou para casa._
I was going to your house. _Hia á sua casa._
From whence do you come? _Donde vem Vm.?_
I come from my brother’s. _Venho de casa de meu irmão._
I am coming from church. _Venho da igreja._
I have just left the school. _Saio da escola._
Will you go with me? _Quer Vm. vir commigo?_
Whither do you wish to go? _Onde quer Vm. hir?_
We will take a walk. _Hiremos passeiar._
We will take a walk. _Hiremos fazer um passeio._
With all my heart; most willingly. _Quero, pois naõ. Com muito_
_gosto._
Which way shall we go? _Per onde iremos?_
Any way you like. _Para aquella que quizer._
Let us go into the park. _Vamos a tapada._
Let us take your brother in _Vamos ter de caminho com seu_
our way. _irmão._
As you please. _Como queira._
Is Mr. B. at home? _O senhor B. está em casa?_
He is gone out. _Está fóra._
He is not at home. _Naõ está em casa._
Can you tell us where he is _Pode Vm. dizer-me para onde_
gone? _foi?_
I cannot tell you precisely. _Naõ saberei dizer-lhe ao certo._
I think he is gone to see his _Creio que foi ver a irmã._
sister.
Do you know when he will _Sabe Vm. quando ha de voltar?_
come back?
No, he said nothing of it when _Naõ: partio sem m’odizer._
he went out.
Then we must go without him. _Entaõ ir-nos hemos sem elle._
=3. Questions and Answers.=
Come nearer; I have something _Venha ca, tenho que lhe dizer_
to tell you. _uma cousa._
I have a word to say to you. _Tenho que lhe dizer duas palavras._
Listen to me. _Escute-me._
I want to speak to you. _Tenho desejo de lhe fallar._
What is it you want? _Que ha de novo para o seu_
_serviço?_
I am speaking to you. _É com Vm. que fallo._
I am not speaking to you. _Naõ é com Vm. que eu fallo._
What do you say? _Que diz Vm.?_
What did you say? _Que disse Vm.?_
I say nothing. _Naõ disse nada._
Do you hear? _Entende?_
Do you hear what I say? _Entende Vm. o que digo?_
Do you understand me? _Entende-me Vm.?_
Will you be so kind as to _Quer Vm. repetil’o?_
repeat...?
I understand you well. _Eu bem o entendo._
Why do you not answer me? _Por que me naõ responde?_
Do you not speak Portuguese? _Vm. naõ falla portuguez?_
Very little, Sir. _Muito pouco, senhor._
I understand it a little, but _Entendo-o um pouco, porèm_
I do not speak it. _naõ fallo._
Speak louder. _Falle mais alto._
Do not speak so loud. _Naõ falle taõ alto._
Do not make so much noise. _Naõ faça tanta bulha._
Hold your tongue. _Calle-se._
Did you not tell me that...? _Naõ me disse Vm. que?_
Who told you that? _Quem lhe disse isto?_
They told me so. _Disseraõ-me._
Somebody has told it me. _Disse-m’o certa pessoa._
I have heard it. _Ouvi dizer._
What do you wish to say? _Que quer Vm. dizer?_
What is that good for? _Para que é bom isto?_
What do you call that? _Como chama Vm. a isto?_
Do you know Mr. G.? _Conhece Vm. o senhor G.?_
I know him by sight. _Conheço-o de vista._
I know him by name. _Conheço-o de nome._
=4. The Age.=
How old are you? _Que idade tem Vm.?_
How old is your brother? _Que idade tem o senhor seu irmão._
I am twelve years old. _Tenho doze annos._
I am ten years and six months _Tenho dés annos e meio._
old.
Next month I shall be sixteen _Hei de fazer desaseis annos no_
years old. _mez que vem._
I was thirteen years old last _Fiz treze annos a semana passada._
week.
You do not look so old. _Vm. naõ me parecia ter tanta_
_idade._
You look older. _Vm. parecia ter mais idade._
I thought you were older. _Cuidava que era mais velho._
I did not think you were so old. _Naõ cuidava que tivese tanta
idade._
How old may your uncle be? _Que idade tem seu tio?_
He may be sixty years old. _Poderá ter sessenta annos._
He is about sixty years old. _Tem obra de sessenta annos._
He is more than fifty years old. _Tem mais de cincoenta annos._
He is a man of fifty and upwards. _É um homem de cincoenta e_
_tantos annos._
He may be sixty or there abouts. _Poderá ter cousa de sessenta_
_annos._
He is above eighty. _Tem mais de oitenta annos._
That is a great age. _É uma idade assás adiantada._
Is he so old? _É taõ idoso como isto?_
He begins to grow old. _Começa a fazer-se velho._
=5. The Time.=
What o’clock is it? _Que horas saõ?_
Pray tell me what time it is? _Tenha a bondade de dizer-me_
_que horas saõ._
It is one o’clock. _É uma hora._
It is past one. _É uma hora passada._
It has struck one. _É uma hora ja dada._
It is a quarter past one. _É uma hora e um quarto._
It is half past one. _É hora e meia._
It wants ten minutes to two. _Saõ duas horas menos dés minutos._
It is not yet two o’clock. _Ainda naõ deraõ duas horas._
It is only twelve o’clock. _Naõ é mais que meio-dia._
It is almost three o’clock. _Saõ perto de tres horas._
It is on the stroke of three. _Saõ tres horas em ponto._
It is going to strike three. _Está a dar tres horas._
It is ten minutes past three. _Saõ tres horas e dés minutos._
The clock is going to strike. _O relogio está para dar horas._
There is the clock striking. _O relogio está dando horas._
It is not late. _Naõ é tarde._
It is later than I thought. _É mais tarde do que eu cuidava._
I did not think it was so late. _Naõ cuidava que fosse taõ tarde._
=6. The Weather.=
What kind of weather is it? _Que especie de tempo faz?_
It is bad weather. _Faz máo tempo._
It is cloudy. _Faz um tempo escuro._
It is dreadful weather. _Faz um tempo horrivel._
It is fine weather. _Faz bom tempo._
We are going to have a fine _Havemos de ter um optimo dia._
day.
It is dewy. _Ha muito orvalho._
It is foggy. _Faz nevoa._
It is rainy weather. _Faz um tempo chuvoso._
It threatens to rain. _O tempo está embrulhado._
The sky becomes very cloudy. _O céo se esconde._
The sky is getting very dark. _O céo se escurece._
The sun is coming out. _O sol começa a apparecer._
The weather is clearing up _O tempo principia a concertar-se._
again.
It is very warm. _Faz bastante calma._
It is sultry. _Faz uma calma que abafa._
It is very mild. _Faz um tempo bem brando._
It is cold. _Faz frio._
It is excessively cold. _Faz um frio terrivel._
It is raw weather. _Faz um tempo frio e juntamente_
_humido._
It rains. _Chove._
It has been raining. _Choveo._
It is going to rain. _Está para chover._
I feel some drops of rain. _Sinto alguns choviscos._
There are some drops of rain _Caem algumas gotas d’agua._
falling.
It hails. _Cae pedra._
It snows; it is snowing. _Neva. Está chovendo neve._
It has been snowing. _Cahio bastante neve._
It snows in large flakes. _Cahe neve em frocos._
It freezes. _Géla._
It has frozen. _Cahio geada._
It begins to thaw. _O tempo começa a abrandar-se._
It thaws. _Ha degêlo._
It is very windy. _Faz bastante vento._
The wind is very high. _Faz uma grande ventania._
There is no air stirring. _Naõ ha viraçaõ._
It lightens. _Está fazendo relampagos._
It has lightened all night. _Toda esta noite fez relampagos._
It thunders. _Troveja._
The thunder roars. _Está trovejando._
The thunderbolt has fallen. _Cahio um raio._
It is stormy weather. _O tempo ameaça trovoada._
We shall have a thunderstorm. _Havemos de ter alguma trovoada._
The sky begins to clear up. _O céo começa a limpar-se._
The weather is very unsettled. _O tempo está bem inconstante._
It is very muddy. _Faz bastante lama._
It is very dusty. _Ha muita poeira._
It is very slippery. _Escorrega muito._
It is bad walking. _Faz máo tempo para se sahir._
It is day-light. _Faz dia._
It is dark. _Faz escuro._
It is night. _Faz noite._
It is moonlight. _Faz luar._
Do you think it will be fine _Cuida Vm. que teremos bom tempo?_
weather?
I do not think that it will _Creio que não ha de chover._
rain.
I am afraid it will rain. _Tenho medo que chova._
I fear so. _Eu assim o creio._
=7. Salutation.=
Good morning, Sir. _Bons dias senhor._
I wish you good morning. _Tenha Vm. bons dias._
How do you do? } _Como está Vm.?_
How are you? }
Do you continue in good _Está sempre de saúde?_
health?
Pretty good; and how are you? _Muito bem, e Vm.?_
Are you well? _Vm. está bem disposto?_
Very well, and you? _Muito bem, e Vm.?_
I am perfectly well. _Acho-me as mil maravilhas._
And how is it with you? _E Vm. como vai de saúde?_
As usual. _Como do costume._
Pretty well, thank God. _Assas bem, graças a Deus._
I am very happy to see you _Estou encantado de o ver em_
well. _perfeita saúde._
=8. The Visit.=
There is a knock. _Batem a porta._
Somebody knocks. _Alguem está batendo a porta._
Go and see who it is. _Vai ver quem é._
Go and open the door. _Vai abrir a porta._
It is Mrs. B. _É a senhora B._
I wish you good morning. _Tenha Vm. muito bons dias._
I am happy to see you. _Estou encantado de a ver._
I have not seen you this age. _Ha um seculo que naõ a hei visto._
It is a novelty to see you. _É milagre vel’a._
Pray, sit down. _Queira assentar-se._
Sit down if you please. _Tenha a bondade de assentar-se._
Take a seat. _Queira ter o incommodo de_
_assentar-se._
Give a chair to the lady. _Dê uma cadeira á senhora._
Will you stay and take some _Quer Vm. ficar para jantar_
dinner with us? _comnosco._
I cannot stay. _Naõ posso demorar-me._
I only came in to see how _Entrei sómente para saber da_
you are. _sua saúde._
I must go. _Naõ me posso demorar mais._
You are in a great hurry. _Vm. tem muita pressa._
Why are you in such a hurry? _Que pressa é esta?_
I have a great many things _Tenho muito que fazer._
to do.
Surely you can stay a little _Vm. bem pode demorar-se mais
longer. uma instante._
I will stay longer another _Em outra vez ficarei mais_
time. _tempo._
I thank you for your visit. _Receba os meus agradecimentos_
_pela visita._
I hope to see you soon again. _Espero de o ver bem cédo._
=9. Breakfast.=
Have you breakfasted? _Vm. já almoçou?_
Not yet. _Ainda naõ._
You have come just in time. _Chega em boa occasiaõ._
You will breakfast with us. _Almoçará comnosco._
Breakfast is ready. _O almoço está prompto._
Do you drink tea or coffee? _Toma Vm. chá, ou café?_
Would you prefer chocolate? _Gosta talvez mais de chocolate?_
I prefer coffee. _Prefiro o café._
What can I offer you? _Que lhe poderei offerecer?_
Here are rolls and toast. _Ahi tem paõ e fatias._
What do you like best? _De qual gosta mais?_
I shall take a roll. _Comerei um destes pãezinhos._
How do you like the coffee? _Como acha Vm. o café?_
Is the coffee strong enough? _Acha Vm. o café com bastante_
_força?_
It is excellent. _Acho-o excellente._
Is there enough sugar in it? _Tem assucar sufficiente?_
If there is not, do not make _Se não tem o que é mister, não_
any ceremony. _faça ceremonias._
Act as if you were at home. _Faça como se estivesse em sua_
_casa._
=10. Before Dinner.=
At what time do we dine to-day? _Á que horas jantamos hoje?_
We shall dine at four o’clock. _Devemos jantar ás quatro._
We shall not dine before five _Nem antes das cinco o faremos._
o’clock.
Shall we have anybody to dinner _Teremos hoje alguem de fóra?_
to-day?
Do you expect company? _Espera Vm. gente?_
I expect Mr. B. _Espero pelo senhor B._
Mr. D. has promised to come _O senhor por D. prometteo de
if the weather permits. vir, se o tempo permitisse._
Have you given orders for _Deo Vm. já os ordens para o_
dinner? _jantar?_
What have you ordered for _Que encommendou Vm. para_
dinner? _o jantar?_
Have you sent for fish? _Mandou Vm. vir peixe?_
I could not get any fish. _Naõ pude haver peixe._
I fear we shall have a very _Quer me parecer, que havemos_
indifferent dinner. _de ter um máo jantar._
We must do as we can. _Faremos como podermos._
=11. The Dinner.=
To what shall I help you? _Que quer que lhe sirva?_
Will you take a little soup? _Quer uma pouca de sopa?_
I thank you. I will trouble _Obrigado, aceitarei um pouco_
you for a little beef. _de vaca._
It looks so very nice. _Tem mui boa apparencia._
Which part do you like best? _De que parte gosta mais?_
I hope you like this piece. _Espero que este bocado é a seu_
_gosto._
Gentlemen, you have dishes _Senhores, Vm. tem dous pratos_
near you. _diante de si._
Help yourselves. _Sirvaõ-se._
Take without ceremony what _Sirvaó-se sem ceremonia daquillo_
you like best. _de que mais gostarem._
Would you like a little of this _Quer um pouco deste assado?_
roastmeat?
Will you have some fat? _Gosta de gordura?_
Give me some of this lean, _Dê-me do que naõ tem gordura,_
if you please. _por quem é._
How do you like the roastmeat? _Que tal acha o ássado?_
It is excellent, delicious. _Excellente._
What will you take with your meat? _Que quer Vm. comer com a_
_carne?_
Shall I help you to some vegetables? _Posso servir-lhe alguma_
_hortaliça?_
Will you take peas or cauliflower? _Quer Vm. ervilhas ou couves_
_flores?_
It is quite indifferent to me. _Gosto tanto d’um, como_
_d’outro._
I shall send you a piece of _Vou servir-lhe desta ave._
this fowl.
No, thank you, I can eat no more. _Muito obrigado, tenho comido_
_sufficiente._
You are a poor eater. _Vm. come mui pouco._
You eat nothing. _Vm. naõ come nada._
I beg your pardon, I do honour _Pelo contrario como_
to your dinner. _sufficiente._
You may take away. _Podem tirar a mesa._
=12. Tea.=
Have you carried in the tea-things? _Trouxeste tudo quanto é mister_
_para o chá?_
Everything is on the table. _Está tudo na mesa._
Does the water boil? _A agua está a ferver?_
Tea is ready. _O chá está prompto._
They are waiting for you. _Estamos á sua espera._
Here I am. _Eis-me prompto._
We have not cups enough. _As chicaras naõ saõ_
_sufficientes._
We want two more cups and saucers. _É mister mais duas._
Bring another tea-spoon and _Falta tambem uma colher e_
a saucer. _um pires._
You have not brought in the _Esqueces-te de trazer a tenaz_
sugar-tongs. _do assucar._
Do you take cream? _Toma Vm leite?_
The tea is so strong. _O chá está muito forte._
I shall thank you for a little _Pedir-lhe hei mais um pouco_
more milk. _de leite._
Here are cakes and muffins. _Ahi tem bolos, e bolachas._
Do you prefer some bread _Tal vez queira antes fatias de_
and butter? _paõ com manteiga?_
I shall take a slice of bread _Aceitarei uma fatia de paõ_
and butter. _com manteiga._
Pass the plate this way. _Passe para cá o prato._
Ring the bell, if you please. _Toque a campainha._
Will you kindly ring the bell? _Tenha a bondade de tocar a_
_campainha?_
We want some more water. _E nos mister mais agua._
Bring it as quickly as possible. _Traze-as o mais de pressa_
_possivel._
Take the plate with you. _Leva ao mesmo tempo este_
_prato._
Is your tea sweet enough? _O seu chá tem o assucar_
_sufficiente?_
Have I put sugar enough in _Naõ sei se deitei bastante_
your tea? _assucar no seu chá?_
It is excellent. _Está muy bem temperado._
I do not like it quite so sweet. _Naõ gosto delle muito doce._
Your tea is very good. _O seu chá é muito bom._
Where do you buy it? _Onde o compra?_
I buy it at... _Compro-o em casa de..._
Have you already done? _Vm. naõ quer mais chá?_
You will take another cup. _Vm. ha de tomar mais uma_
_chicara._
I shall pour you out half a cup. _Vou dar-lhe uma meia chicara._
You will not refuse me. _Espero qui naõ a ha de_
_engeitar._
I have already drunk three cups, _Já tomei tres chicaras e nunca_
and I never drink more. _tomo mais._
SECOND COURSE.
=Verbs.=
=The Auxiliary Verbs.=
1.
=Ter= and =Haver, to have=.
=Infinitive Mood.=
_Present. ter_ or _haver_, to have.
_Past. ter tido_ — _ter havido_, to have had.
_Gerund. tendo_ — _havendo_, having.
_Participles. tido_, _tida_ — _havido_, _havida_, had.
=Indicative Mood.=
_Present._
_eu tenho_ or _hei_, I have
_tu tens_ — _has_, thou hast
_elle_ or _ella tem_ — _ha_, he or she has
_nós temos_ — _havemos_ or _hemos_, we have
_vós tendes_ — _haveis_, you have
_elles_ or _ellas tem_ — _hão_, they have.
_Imperfect._
_tinha_ or _havia_, I had
_tinhas_ — _havias_, thou hadst
_tinha_ — _havia_, he had
_tinhamos_ — _haviamos_, we had
_tinheis_ — _havieis_, you had
_tinhão_ — _havião_, they had.
_Past definite._
_tive_ or _houve_, I have had
_tiveste_ — _houveste_, thou hast had
_teve_ — _houve_, he has had
_tivemos_ — _houvemos_, we have had
_tivestes_ — _houvestes_, you have had
_tiverão_ — _houverão_, they have had.
_Past indefinite._
_tenho tido_ or _tenho havido_, }
_tens tido_ — _tens havido_, }
_tem tido_ — _tem havido_, } I have had.
_temos tido_ — _temos havido_, }
_tendes tido_ — _tendes havido_,}
_tem tido_ — _tem havido_, }
_Past anterior._
_tivera_ or _houvera_, I had had
_tiveras_ — _houveras_, thou hadst had
_tivera_ — _houvera_, he had had
_tiveramos_ — _houveramos_, we had had
_tivereis_ — _houvereis_, you had had
_tiverão_ — _houverão_, they had had.
_Pluperfect._
_tinha tido_ or _tinha havido_, I had had
_tinhas tido_ — _tinhas havido_, thou hadst had
_tinha tido_ — _tinha havido_, he had had
_tinhamos tido_ — _tinhamos havido_, we had had
_tinheis tido_ — _tinheis havido_, you had had
_tinhão tido_ — _tinhão havido_, they had had.
_Future._
_terei_ or _haverei_, I shall have
_terás_ — _haverás_, thou shalt have
_terá_ — _haverá_, he shall have
_teremos_ — _haveremos_, we shall have
_tereis_ — _havereis_, you shall have
_terão_ — _haverão_, they shall have.
_Compound Future anterior._
_hei de ter_ or _hei de haver_, }
_has de ter_ — _has de haver_, }
_ha de ter_ — _ha de haver_, } I shall (must, will)
_havemos de ter_ — _havemos de haver_,} have.
_haveis de ter_ — _haveis de haver_, }
_hão de ter_ — _hão de haver_, }
_Future past._
_terei tido_ or _terei havido_, I shall have had
_terás tido_ — _terás havido_, thou shalt have had
_terá tido_ — _terá havido_, he shall have had
_teremos tido_ — _teremos havido_, we shall have had
_tereis tido_ — _tereis havido_, you shall have had
_terão tido_ — _terão havido_, they shall have had.
=Conditional.=
_teria_ or _haveria_, I should have
_terias_ — _haverias_, thou shouldst have
_teria_ — _haveria_, he should have
_teriamos_ — _haveriamos_, we should have
_terieis_ — _haverieis_, you should have
_terião_ — _haverião_, they should have.
=Conditional past.=
_teria tido_ or _teria havido_, }
_terias tido_ — _terias havido_, }
_teria tido_ — _teria havido_, } I should have had.
_teriamos tido_ — _teriamos havido_,}
_terieis tido_ — _terieis havido_, }
_terião tido_ — _terião havido_, }
=Subjunctive Mood.=
_Present._
_que tenha_ or _haja_, that I may have
_tenhas_ — _hajas_, that thou mayest have
_tenha_ — _haja_, that he may have
_tenhamos_ — _hajamos_, that we may have
_tenhais_ — _hajais_, that you may have
_tenhão_ — _hajão_, that they may have.
_Imperfect._
_que tivéra_ or _houvéra_, that I might have
_tivéras_ — _houvéras_, that thou mightst have
_tivéra_ — _houvéra_, that he might have
_tivéramos_ — _houvéramos_, that we might have
_tivéreis_ — _houvéreis_, that you might have
_tivérão_ — _houvérão_, that they might have.
_Past definite._
_que tivesse_ or _houvesse_, that I may have had
_tivesses_ — _houvesses_, that thou mayest have had
_tivesse_ — _houvesse_, that he may have had
_tivessemos_ — _houvessemos_, that we may have had
_tivesseis_ — _houvesseis_, that you may have had
_tivessem_ — _houvessem_, that they may have had.
_Past indefinite._
_que tenha tido_ or _tenha havido_, that I may have had
_tenhas tido_ — _tenhas havido_, that thou mayest have had
_tenha tido_ — _tenha havido_, that he may have had
_tenhamos tido_ — _tenhamos havido_, that we may have had
_tenhais tido_ — _tenhais havido_, that you may have had
_tenhão tido_ — _tenhão havido_, that they may have had.
_Pluperfect._
_que tivesse tido_ or _tivesse havido_, that I might have had
_tivesses tido_ — _tivesses havido_, that thou mightst have had
_tivesse tido_ — _tivesse havido_, that he might have had
_tivessemos tido_ — _tivessemos havido_, that we might have had
_tivesseis tido_ — _tivesseis havido_, that you might have had
_tivessem tido_ — _tivessem havido_, that they might have had.
_Simple Future._
_quando eu tiver_ or _eu houver_, when I shall have
_tu tiveres_ — _tu houveres_, when thou shalt have
_elle tiver_ — _elle houver_, when he shall have
_nos tivermos_ — _nos houvermos_, when we shall have
_vos tiverdes_ — _vos houverdes_, when you shall have
_elles tiverem_ — _elles houverem_, when they shall have.
_Compound Future._
_que haja de ter_ or _haja de haver_, that I shall have
_hajas de ter_ — _hajas de haver_, that thou shalt have
_haja de ter_ — _haja de haver_, that he shall have
_hajamos de ter_ — _hajamos de haver_, that we shall have
_hajais de ter_ — _hajais de haver_, that you shall have
_hajão de ter_ — _hajão de haver_, that they shall have.
_Future past._
{ _eu tiver tido_ or _tiver havido_,
{ when I shall have had
{ _tu tiveres tido_ — _tiveres havido_,
{ when thou shalt have had
_quando (se)_ { _elle tiver tido_ — _tiver havido_,
{ when he shall have had
{ _nos tivermos tido_ — _tivermos havido_,
{ when we shall have had
{ _vos tiverdes tido_ — _tiverdes havido_,
{ when you shall have had
{ _elles tiverem tido_ — _tiverem havido_,
when they shall have had.
=Imperative.=
First Person: wanting.
_tem tu_ or _hajas tu_, have thou
_tenha elle_ — _haja elle (ella)_, let him (her) have
_tenhamos nós_ — _hajamos nós_, let us have
_tende vós_ — _havei vós_, have ye
_tenhão elles_ — _hajão elles (ellas)_, let them have.
=Obs.= All Verbs composed of _ter_, are conjugated like it, as:
_conter_, _deter_, _manter_, _obter_, _reter_ etc.
2.
=Examples.=
Tenho pão[439]. Tens carne[440]. Elle tem vinho[441]. Tinhamos
ameixas[442]. Eu tive morangos[443]. Elle teve uma laranja[444].
Tivemos framboezas[445]. Elles tiverão figos[446]. Hei de ter
groselhas[447]. Meu irmão[448] ha de ter nozes[449]. Minhas irmãas[450]
hão de ter nesperas[451]. Eu teria vacca[452]. Meu amigo[453] teria
vitella[454]. Tereis assado[455]. Elles terião presunto[456]. Tenha
elle pastel[457]. Tenhão elles ovos[458]. Tenhamos bolo[459]. Tende vós
salada[460]. Que eu tivesse pimenta[461]. Que tu tivesses vinagre[462].
Que elle tivesse azeite[463]. Que nós tivessemos mostarda[464]. Que vós
tivesseis assucar[465]. Que elles tivessem especiarias[466].
[439] bread.
[440] meat.
[441] wine.
[442] plum.
[443] strawberries.
[444] orange.
[445] raspberry.
[446] fig.
[447] gooseberry.
[448] brother.
[449] nut.
[450] sister.
[451] medlar.
[452] beef.
[453] friend.
[454] veal.
[455] the roastmeat.
[456] ham.
[457] pie.
[458] egg.
[459] cake.
[460] salad.
[461] pepper.
[462] vinegar.
[463] oil.
[464] mustard.
[465] sugar.
[466] spice.
3.
_Exercises._
I have beer[467]. Thou hast fruit[468]. He has apples[469]. We have
a pear[470]. You have peaches[471]. They have cherries[472]. I had
grapes[473]. Thou hadst almonds[474]. He had mulberries[475]. We had
an apricot[476]. You had cheese[477]. They had milk[478]. I shall
have hazelnuts[479]. My brother will have butter[480]. We shall have
chestnuts[481]. You will have a lemon[482]. Our gardener[483] will have
celery[484]. I would have cake. Thou wouldst have salad. He would have
onions[485]. Our game keeper[486] would have venison[487]. We would
have sour cherries[488]. You would have raisins[489]. Our cooks[490]
would have olives[491]. That our friends[492] have a rosetree[493].
That we have a myrtle[494]. That you have an apricot-tree[495]. That
our sisters have a bouquet[496]. That I had cream[497]. That thou hadst
salt[498]. That he had coffee[499]. That we had tea[500]. That she had
chocolate[501]. Have courage[502]. He may have a book[503]. Let us have
patience[504]. Have a watermelon[505]. Let them have a melon[506].
[467] cerveja.
[468] fruta.
[469] maçãa.
[470] pera.
[471] pecego.
[472] cereja.
[473] uva.
[474] amendoa.
[475] amora.
[476] albricoque (damasco).
[477] queijo.
[478] leite.
[479] avelãa.
[480] manteiga.
[481] castanha.
[482] limão.
[483] jardineiro.
[484] aipo.
[485] cebola.
[486] caçador.
[487] caça.
[488] ginjas.
[489] passas, passas de uva.
[490] cozinheira.
[491] azeitona.
[492] amiga.
[493] roseira.
[494] murta.
[495] damasqueiro.
[496] ramalhete.
[497] nata.
[498] sal.
[499] café.
[500] chá.
[501] chocolate.
[502] corragem, animo.
[503] livro.
[504] paciencia.
[505] melancia, balancia.
[506] melão.
4.
=Examples.=
Tenho por ventura[507] uma faca[508]? Tens tu um garfo[509]?
Tendes vós guardanapos[510]? Tem elles uma toalha[511]? Tinha eu
um prato[512]? Tem ella um copo[513]? Temos nós copos? Tendes vós
ouro[514]? Tem elles prata[515]? Tinha eu uma colher[516]? Tinhamos nós
uma garrafa[517]? Tinhão elles ferro[518]? Tive eu aço[519]? Tivestes
vós chumbo[520]? Terei eu papel[521]? Terás tu pennas[522]? Vosso amigo
terá o seu canivete[523]? Teremos nós livros? Tereis vós tinta[524]?
Suas irmãas, terão uma casa[525]? Teria eu uma flor[526]? Tereis vós um
jardim[527]?
[507] by accident.
[508] knife.
[509] fork.
[510] table napkin.
[511] towel.
[512] plate.
[513] glass.
[514] gold.
[515] silver.
[516] spoon.
[517] decanter.
[518] iron.
[519] steel.
[520] lead.
[521] paper.
[522] pens.
[523] penknife.
[524] ink.
[525] house.
[526] flower.
[527] garden.
5.
_Exercises._
Have I by accident a chamber[528]? Hast thou a castle[529]? Has he
a tree[530]? Have we money[531]? Are you (have you) thirsty[532]?
Have thy friends a sword? Had I an opportunity[533]? Hadst thou a
razor[534]? Had you a horse[535]? Had you permission[536]? Would I have
a tankard[537]? Would she have a cat[538]? Would we have a goat[539]?
Would you have a cow[540]? Would they have an ox[541]? Would I have had
a mule[542]? Wouldst thou have had a dog[543]?
[528] quarto.
[529] castello.
[530] arvore.
[531] dinheiro.
[532] sede.
[533] occasião.
[534] navalha.
[535] cavallo.
[536] licença.
[537] cantaro.
[538] gato (gata).
[539] cabra.
[540] vacca.
[541] boi.
[542] burro.
[543] cão.
6.
=Conjugation of the Verbs “ser” and “estar”, to be.=
=Infinitive Mood.=
_=Present.= ser_ or _estar_, to be.
_=Past.= ter sido_ — _ter estado_, to have been.
_=Gerund.= sendo_ — _estando_, being.
_=Participles.= sido_, _sida_ — _estado_, _estada_, been.
=Indicative Mood.=
_Present._
_eu sou_ or _estou_, I am
_tu es_ — _estás_, thou art
_elle (ella) he_ — _está_, he (she) is
_nós somos_ — _estamos_, we are
_vós sois_ — _estais_, you are
_elles (ellas) são_ — _estão_, they are.
_Imperfect._
_era_ or _estava_, I was
_eras_ — _estavas_, thou wast
_era_ — _estava_, he was
_eramos_ — _estavamos_, we were
_ereis_ — _estaveis_, you were
_erão_ — _estavão_, they were.
_Past definite._
_fui_ or _estive_, I have been
_foste_ — _estiveste_, thou hast been
_foi_ — _esteve_, he has been
_fomos_ — _estivemos_, we have been
_fostes_ — _estivestes_, you have been
_forão_ — _estiverão_, they have been.
_Past indefinite._
_tenho sido_ or _tenho estado_, I have been
_tens sido_ — _tens estado_, thou hast been
_tem sido_ — _tem estado_, he has been
_temos sido_ — _temos estado_, we have been
_tendes sido_ — _tendes estado_, you have been
_tem sido_ — _tem estado_, they have been.
_Past anterior._
_fora_ or _estivera_, I had been
_foras_ — _estiveras_, thou hadst been
_fora_ — _estivera_, he had been
_foramos_ — _estiveramos_, we had been
_foreis_ — _estivereis_, you had been
_forão_ — _estiverão_, they had been.
_Pluperfect._
_tinha sido_ or _tinha estado_, I had been
_tinhas sido_ — _tinhas estado_, thou hadst been
_tinha sido_ — _tinha estado_, he had been
_tinhamos sido_ — _tinhamos estado_, we had been
_tinheis sido_ — _tinheis estado_, you had been
_tinhão sido_ — _tinhão estado_, they had been.
_Future._
_serei_ or _estarei_, I shall be
_serás_ — _estarás_, thou shalt be
_será_ — _estará_, he shall be
_seremos_ — _estaremos_, we shall be
_sereis_ — _estareis_, you shall be
_serão_ — _estarão_, they shall be.
_Future anterior._
_hei de ser_ or _hei de estar_, I shall be
_has de ser_ — _has de estar_, thou shalt be
_ha de ser_ — _ha de estar_, he shall be
_havemos de ser_ — _havemos de estar_, we shall be
_haveis de ser_ — _haveis de estar_, you shall be
_hão de ser_ — _hão de estar_, they shall be.
_Future past._
_terei sido_ or _terei estado_, I shall have been
_terás sido_ — _terás estado_, thou shalt have been
_terá sido_ — _terá estado_, he shall have been
_teremos sido_ — _teremos estado_, we shall have been
_tereis sido_ — _tereis estado_, you shall have been
_terão sido_ — _terão estado_, they shall have been.
=Conditional.=
_seria_ or _estaria_, I should be
_serias_ — _estarias_, thou shouldst be
_seria_ — _estaria_, he should be
_seriamos_ — _estariamos_, we should be
_serieis_ — _estarieis_, you should be
_serião_ — _estarião_, they should be.
=Conditional past.=
_teria sido_ or _teria estado_, I should have been
_terias sido_ — _terias estado_, thou shouldst have been
_teria sido_ — _teria estado_, he should have been
_teriamos sido_ — _teriamos estado_, we should have been
_terieis sido_ — _terieis estado_, you should have been
_terião sido_ — _terião estado_, they should have been.
=Subjunctive Mood.=
_Present._
_que seja_ or _esteja_, that I may be
_sejas_ — _estejas_, that thou mayest be
_seja_ — _esteja_, that he may be
_sejamos_ — _estejamos_, that we may be
_sejais_ — _estejais_, that you may be
_sejão_ — _estejão_, that they may be.
_Imperfect._
_que fora_ or _estivera_, that I might be
_foras_ — _estiveras_, that thou mightst be
_fora_ — _estivera_, that he might be
_foramos_ — _estiveramos_, that we might be
_foreis_ — _estivereis_, that you might be
_forão_ — _estiverão_, that they might be.
_Past definite._
_que fosse_ or _estivesse_, that I may have been
_fosses_ — _estivesses_, that thou mayest have been
_fosse_ — _estivesse_, that he may have been
_fossemos_ — _estivessemos_, that we may have been
_fosseis_ — _estivesseis_, that you may have been
_fossem_ — _estivessem_, that they may have been.
_Past indefinite._
_que tenha sido_ or _tenha estado_, that I may have been
_tenhas sido_ — _tenhas estado_, that thou mayest have been
_tenha sido_ — _tenha estado_, that he may have been
_tenhamos sido_ — _tenhamos estado_, that we may have been
_tenhais sido_ — _tenhais estado_, that you may have been
_tenhão sido_ — _tenhão estado_, that they may have been.
_Pluperfect._
_que tivesse sido_ or _tivesse estado_, that I might have been
_tivesses sido_ — _tivesses estado_, that thou mightst have been
_tivesse sido_ — _tivesse estado_, that he might have been
_tivessemos sido_ — _tivessemos estado_,that we might have been
_tivesseis sido_ — _tivesseis estado_, that you might have been
_tivessem sido_ — _tivessem estado_, that they might have been.
_Simple Future._
_que for_ or _estiver_, that I shall be
_fores_ — _estiveres_, that thou shalt be
_for_ — _estiver_, that he shall be
_formos_ — _estivermos_, that we shall be
_fordes_ — _estiverdes_, that you shall be
_forem_ — _estiverem_, that they shall be.
_Compound Future._
_que haja de ser_ or _haja de estar_, }
_hajas de ser_ — _hajas de estar_, }
_haja de ser_ — _haja de estar_, } that I shall be.
_hajamos de ser_ — _hajamos de estar_,}
_hajais de ser_ — _hajais de estar_, }
_hajão de ser_ — _hajão de estar_, }
_Future past._
{ _tiver sido_ or _tiver estado_,
{ when I shall have been
{ _tiveres sido_ — _tiveres estado_,
{ when thou shalt have been
{ _tiver sido_ — _tiver estado_,
{ when he shall have been
_quando_ { _tivermos sido_ — _tivermos estado_,
{ when we shall have been
{ _tiverdes sido_ — _tiverdes estado_,
{ when you shall have been
{ _tiverem sido_ — _tiverem estado_,
when they shall have been.
=Imperative.=
_sê tu_ or _está tu_, be thou
_seja elle_ — _esteja elle_, let him be
_sejamos nós_ — _estejamos nós_, let us be
_sede vós_ — _estai vós_, be ye
_sejão elles_ — _estejão elles_, let them be.
7.
The Regular Verbs.
=Active Verbs.=
=FIRST CONJUGATION.=
=Amar, to love.=
=Infinitive Mood.=
_Present._ _amar_, to love.
_Perfect._ _ter amado_, to have loved.
_Gerund._ _amando_, loving.
_Participles._ _amado_, _amada_, loved.
=Indicative Mood.=
_Present._
_amo_, I love
_amas_, thou lovest
_ama_, he loves
_amamos_, we love
_amais_, you love
_amão_, they love.
_Imperfect._
_amava_, I loved
_amavas_, thou lovest
_amava_, he loved
_amávamos_, we loved
_amaveis_, you loved
_amavão_, they loved.
_Past definite._
_amei_, I have loved
_amaste_, thou hast loved
_amou_, he has loved
_amámos_, we have loved
_amastes_, you have loved
_amárão_, they have loved.
_Past indefinite._
_tenho amado_, I have loved
_tens amado_, thou hast loved
_tem amado_, he has loved
_temos amado_, we have loved
_tendes amado_, you have loved
_tem amado_, they have loved.
_Past anterior._
_amára_, I had loved
_amáras_, thou hadst loved
_amára_, he had loved
_amáramos_, we had loved
_amáreis_, you had loved
_amárão_, they had loved.
_Pluperfect._
_tinha amado_, I had loved
_tinhas amado_, thou hadst loved
_tinha amado_, he had loved
_tinhamos amado_, we had loved
_tinheis amado_, you have loved
_tinhão amado_, they have loved.
_Future._
_amarei_, I shall love
_amarás_, thou shalt love
_amará_, he shall love
_amaremos_, we shall love
_amareis_, you shall love
_amarão_, they shall love.
_Future anterior._
_hei de amar_, I shall love
_has de amar_, thou shalt love
_ha de amar_, he shall love
_havemos de amar_, we shall love
_haveis de amar_, you shall love
_hão de amar_, they shall love.
_Future past._
_terei amado_, I shall have loved
_terás amado_, thou shalt have loved
_terá amado_, he shall have loved
_teremos amado_, we shall have loved
_tereis amado_, you shall have loved
_terão amado_, they shall have loved.
=Conditional.=
_amaria_, I should love
_amarias_, thou shouldst love
_amaria_, he should love
_amariamos_, we should love
_amarieis_, you should love
_amarião_, they should love.
=Conditional past.=
_teria amado_, I should have loved
_terias amado_, thou shouldst have loved
_teria amado_, he should have loved
_teriamos amado_, we should have loved
_terieis amado_, you should have loved
_terião amado_, they should have loved.
=Subjunctive Mood.=
_Present._
_que ame_, that I may love
_ames_, that thou mayest love
_ame_, that he may love
_amemos_, that we may love
_ameis_, that you may love
_amem_, that they may love.
_Imperfect._
_que amára_, that I might love
_amáras_, that thou mightst love
_amára_, that he might love
_amáramos_, that we might love
_amáreis_, that you might love
_amárão_, that they might love.
_Past definite._
_que amasse_, that I may have loved
_amasses_, that thou mayest have loved
_amasse_, that he may have loved
_amassemos_, that we may have loved
_amasseis_, that you may have loved
_amassem_, that they may have loved.
_Past indefinite._
_que tenha amado_, that I may have loved
_tenhas amado_, that thou mayest have loved
_tenha amado_, that he may have loved
_tenhamos amado_, that we may have loved
_tenhais amado_, that you may have loved
_tenhão amado_, that they may have loved.
_Pluperfect._
_que tivesse amado_, that I might have loved
_tivesses amado_, that thou mightst have loved
_tivesse amado_, that he might have loved
_tivessemos amado_, that we might have loved
_tivesseis amado_, that you might have loved
_tivessem amado_, that they might have loved.
_Future._
_que amar_, when I shall love
_amares_, when thou shalt love
_amar_, when he shall love
_amarmos_, when we shall love
_amardes_, when you shall love
_amarem_, when they shall love.
_Compound Future._
_que haja de amar_, that I shall love
_hajas de amar_, that thou shalt love
_haja de amar_, that he shall love
_hajamos de amar_, that we shall love
_hajais de amar_, that you shall love
_hajão de amar_, that they shall love.
_Future past._
_que tiver amado_, when I shall have loved
_tiveres amado_, when thou shalt have loved
_tiver amado_, when he shall have loved
_tivermos amado_, when we shall have loved
_tiverdes amado_, when you shall have loved
_tiverem amado_, when they shall have loved.
=Imperative.=
_ama tu_, love thou
_ame elle_, let him love
_amemos nós_, let us love
_amai vós_, love ye
_amem elles_, let them love.
8.
=SECOND CONJUGATION.=
=Receber=, to receive.
=Infinitive Mood.=
_Present._ _receber_, to receive.
_Past._ _ter recebido_, to have received.
_Gerund._ _recebendo_, receiving.
_Participles._ _recebido_, -_a_, received.
=Indicative Mood.=
_Present._
_eu recebo_, I receive
_tu recebes_, thou receivest
_elle recebe_, he receives
_nós recebemos_, we receive
_vós recebeis_, you receive
_elles recebem_, they receive.
_Imperfect._
_recebia_, I received
_recebias_, thou receivedst
_recebia_, he received
_recebiamos_, we received
_recebieis_, you received
_recebião_, they received.
_Past definite._
_recebi_, I have received
_recebeste_, thou hast received
_recebeo_, he has received
_recebémos_, we have received
_recebestes_, you have received
_receberão_, they have received.
_Past indefinite._
_tenho recebido_, I have received
_tens recebido_, thou hast received
_tem recebido_, he has received
_temos recebido_, we have received
_tendes recebido_, you have rec.
_tem recebido_, they have received.
_Past anterior._
_recebera_, I had received
_receberas_, thou hadst received
_recebera_, he had received
_receberamos_, we had received
_recebereis_, you had received
_receberão_, they had received.
_Pluperfect._
_tinha recebido_, I had received
_tinhas recebido_, thou hadst rec.
_tinha recebido_, he had received
_tinhamos recebido_, we had rec.
_tinheis recebido_, you had rec.
_tinhão recebido_, they had rec.
_Future._
_receberei_, I shall receive
_receberás_, thou shalt receive
_receberá_, he shall receive
_receberemos_, we shall receive
_recebereis_, you shall receive
_receberão_, they shall receive.
_Future anterior._
_hei de receber_, I shall receive
_has de receber_, thou shall rec.
_ha de receber_, he shall rec.
_havemos de receber_, we shall rec.
_haveis de receber_, you shall rec.
_hão de receber_, they shall rec.
_Future past._
_terei recebido_, I shall have rec.
_terás recebido_, thou shalt have rec.
_terá recebido_, he shall have rec.
_teremos recebido_, we shall have rec.
_tereis recebido_, you shall have rec.
_terão recebido_, they shall have rec.
=Conditional.=
_receberia_, I should receive
_receberias_, thou shouldst receive
_receberia_, he should receive
_receberiamos_, we should receive
_receberieis_, you should receive
_receberião_, they should receive.
=Conditional past.=
_teria recebido_, I should have received
_terias recebido_, thou shouldst have received
_teria recebido_, he should have received
_teriamos recebido_, we should have received
_terieis recebido_, you should have received
_terião recebido_, they should have received.
=Subjunctive Mood.=
_Present._
_que receba_, that I may receive
_recebas_, that thou mayest receive
_receba_, that he may receive
_recebamos_, that we may receive
_recebais_, that you may receive
_recebão_, that they may receive.
_Imperfect._
_que recebéra_, that I might receive
_recebéras_, that thou mightst receive
_recebéra_, that he might receive
_recebéremos_, that we might receive
_recebéreis_, that you might receive
_recebérão_, that they might receive.
_Past definite._
_que recebesse_, that I may have received
_recebesses_, that thou mayest have received
_recebesse_, that he may have received
_recebessemos_, that we may have received
_recebesseis_, that you may have received
_recebessem_, that they may have received.
_Past indefinite._
_que tenha recebido_, that I may have received
_tenhas recebido_, that thou mayest have received
_tenha recebido_, that he may have received
_tenhamos recebido_, that we may have received
_tenhais recebido_, that you may have received
_tenhão recebido_, that they may have received.
_Pluperfect._
_que tivesse recebido_, that I might have received
_tivesses recebido_, that thou mightst have received
_tivesse recebido_, that he might have received
_tivessemos recebido_, that we might have received
_tivesseis recebido_, that you might have received
_tivessem recebido_, that they might have received.
_Future._
_quando receber_, when I shall receive
_receberes_, when thou shalt receive
_receber_, when he shall receive
_recebermos_, when we shall receive
_receberdes_, when you shall receive
_receberem_, when they shall receive.
_Compound Future._
_que haja de receber_, that I shall receive
_hajas de receber_, that thou shalt receive
_haja de receber_, that he shall receive
_hajamos de receber_, that we shall receive
_hajais de receber_, that you shall receive
_hajão de receber_, that they shall receive.
_Future past._
_quando tiver recebido_, when I shall have received
_tiveres recebido_, when thou shalt have received
_tiver recebido_, when he shall have received
_tivermos recebido_, when we shall have received
_tiverdes recebido_, when you shall have received
_tiverem recebido_, when they shall have received.
=Imperative Mood.=
_recebe tu_, receive thou
_receba elle_, let him receive
_recebamos nós_, let us receive
_recebei vós_, receive ye
_recebão_, let them receive.
9.
THIRD CONJUGATION.
=Partir, to divide.=
=Infinitive Mood.=
_Present._ _partir_, to divide.
_Past._ _ter partido_, to have divided.
_Gerund._ _partindo_, dividing.
_Participles._ _partido_, _partida_, divided.
=Indicative Mood.=
_Present._
_parto_, I divide
_partes_, thou dividest
_parte_, he divides
_partimos_, we divide
_partis_, you divide
_partem_, they divide.
_Imperfect._
_partia_, I divided
_partias_, thou dividedst
_partia_, he divided
_partiamos_, we divided
_partieis_, you divided
_partião_, they divided.
_Past definite._
_parti_, I have divided
_partiste_, thou hast divided
_partio_, he has divided
_partimos_, we have divided
_partistes_, you have divided
_partirão_, they have divided.
_Past indefinite._
_tenho partido_, I have divided
_tens partido_, thou hast divided
_tem partido_, he has divided
_temos partido_, we have divided
_tendes partido_, you have divided
_tem partido_, they have divided.
_Past anterior._
_partira_, I had divided
_partiras_, thou hadst divided
_partira_, he had divided
_partiramos_, we had divided
_partireis_, you had divided
_partirão_, they had divided.
_Pluperfect._
_tinha partido_, I had divided
_tinhas partido_, thou hadst divided
_tinha partido_, he had divided
_tinhamos partido_, we had divided
_tinheis partido_, you had divided
_tinhão partido_, they had divided.
_Future._
_partirei_, I shall divide
_partirás_, thou shalt divide
_partirá_, he shall divide
_partiremos_, we shall divide
_partireis_, you shall divide
_partirão_, they shall divide.
_Future anterior._
_hei de partir_, I shall divide
_has de partir_, thou shalt divide
_ha de partir_, he shall divide
_havemos de partir_, we shall divide
_haveis de partir_, you shall divide
_hão de partir_, they shall divide.
_Future past._
_terei partido_, I shall have divided
_terás partido_, thou shalt have divided
_terá partido_, he shall have divided
_teremos partido_, we shall have divided
_tereis partido_, you shall have divided
_terão partido_, they shall have divided.
=Conditional.=
_partiria_, I should divide
_partirias_, thou shouldst divide
_partiria_, he should divide
_partiriamos_, we should divide
_partirieis_, you should divide
_partirião_, they should divide.
=Conditional past.=
_teria partido_, I should have divided
_terias partido_, thou shouldst have divided
_teria partido_, he should have divided
_teriamos partido_, we should have divided
_terieis partido_, you should have divided
_terião partido_, they should have divided.
=Subjunctive Mood.=
_Present._
_que parta_, that I may divide
_partas_, that thou mayest divide
_parta_, that he may divide
_partamos_, that we may divide
_partais_, that you may divide
_partão_, that they may divide.
_Imperfect._
_que partira_, that I might divide
_partiras_, that thou mightst divide
_partira_, that he might divide
_partiramos_, that we might divide
_partireis_, that you might divide
_partirão_, that they might divide.
_Past definite._
_que partisse_, that I may have divided
_partisses_, that thou mayest have divided
_partisse_, that he may have divided
_partissemos_, that we may have divided
_partisseis_, that you may have divided
_partissem_, that they may have divided.
_Past indefinite._
_que tenha partido_, that I may have divided
_tenhas partido_, that thou mayest have divided
_tenha partido_, that he may have divided
_tenhamos partido_, that we may have divided
_tenhais partido_, that you may have divided
_tenhão partido_, that they may have divided.
_Pluperfect._
_que tivesse partido_, that I might have divided
_tivesses partido_, that thou mightst have divided
_tivesse partido_, that he might have divided
_tivessemos partido_, that we might have divided
_tivesseis partido_, that you might have divided
_tivessem partido_, that they might have divided.
_Future._
_quando partir_, when I shall divide
_partires_, when thou shalt divide
_partir_, when he shall divide
_partirmos_, when we shall divide
_partirdes_, when you shall divide
_partirem_, when they shall divide.
_Compound Future._
_que haja de partir_, that I shall divide
_hajas de partir_, that thou shalt divide
_haja de partir_, that he shall divide
_hajamos de partir_, that we shall divide
_hajais de partir_, that you shall divide
_hajão de partir_, that they shall divide.
_Future past._
_quando tiver partido_, when I shall have divided
_tiveres partido_, when thou shalt have divided
_tiver partido_, when he shall have divided
_tivermos partido_, when we shall have divided
_tiverdes partido_, when you shall have divided
_tiverem partido_, when they shall have divided.
=Imperative Mood.=
_parte tu_, divide thou
_parta elle_, let him divide
_partamos nós_, let us divide
_parti vós_, divide ye
_partão elles_, let them divide.
10.
=The Passive Verbs.=
The Passive Verb is conjugated in all its tenses by the Auxiliary Verb
“_ser_” to be, to become, to which is added the Participle of the
Passive Verb, as:
_sou amado_ I am loved
_tu es amado_ thou art loved
_serei amado_ I shall be loved
_eu seria amado_ I should be loved.
11.
=The Neuter Verbs.=
are conjugated with the Auxiliary Verb “_ter_” to have, as:
_tenho dormido_ — I have slept
_tenho cahido_ — I have fallen
_eu tenho chegado_ — I have arrived.
They are otherwise conjugated like the Active Verbs: _amar_, _receber_,
_partir_.
12.
=The Reflective Verbs.=
are conjugated with “_ter_” and the Pronouns
_me_, me
_te_, thee
_se_, it
_nos_, we
_vos_, you.
=Lembrar-se=, to remember.
=Infinitive Mood.=
_Present. lembrar-se_, to remember.
_Past. ter-se lembrado_, to have remembered.
_Gerund. lembrando-se_, remembering.
_Participle. lembrado_, _lembrada_, remembered.
=Indicative Mood.=
_Present._
_eu me lembro_, I remember
_tu te lembras_, thou rememberst
_elle se rembra_, he remembers
_nós nos lembramos_, we remember
_vós vos lembrais_, you remember
_elles se lembrão_, they remember.
_Imperfect._
_eu me lembrava_, I remembered
_tu te lembravas_, thou rememberedst
_elle se lembrava_, he remembered
_nós nos lembravamos_, we remembered
_vós vos lembraveis_, you remembered
_elles se lembravão_, they remembered.
_Past definite._
_eu me lembrei_, I have remembered
_tu te lembraste_, thou hast remembered
_elle se lembrou_, he has remembered
_nós nos lembramos_, we have remembered
_vós vos lembrastes_, you have remembered
_elles se lembrárão_, they have remembered.
_Past indefinite._
_eu me tenho lembrado_, I have remembered
_tu te tens lembrado_, thou hast remembered
_elle se tem lembrado_, he has remembered
_nós nos temos lembrado_, we have remembered
_vós vos tendes lembrado_, you have remembered
_elles se tem lembrado_, they have remembered.
_Past anterior._
_eu me lembrára_, I had remembered
_tu te lembráras_, thou hadst remembered
_elle se lembrára_, he had remembered
_nós nos lembráramos_, we had remembered
_vós vos lembráreis_, you had remembered
_elles se lembrárão_, they had remembered.
_Pluperfect._
_eu me tinha lembrado_, I had remembered
_tu te tinhas lembrado_, thou hadst remembered
_elle se tinha lembrado_, he had remembered
_nós nos tinhamos lembrado_, we had remembered
_vós vos tinheis lembrado_, you had remembered
_elles se tinhão lembrado_, they had remembered.
_Future._
_eu me lembrarei_, I shall remember
_tu te lembrarás_, thou shalt remember
_elle se lembrará_, he shall remember
_nós nos lembraremos_, we shall remember
_vós vos lembrareis_, you shall remember
_elles se lembrarão_, they shall remember.
_Future anterior._
_eu me hei de lembrar_, I shall remember
_tu te has de lembrar_, thou shalt remember
_elle se ha de lembrar_, he shall remember
_nós nos havemos de lembrar_, we shall remember
_vós vos haveis de lembrar_, you shall remember
_elles se hão de lembrar_, they shall remember.
_Future past._
_eu me terei lembrado_, I shall have remembered
_tu te terás lembrado_, thou shalt have remembered
_elle se terá lembrado_, he shall have remembered
_nós nos teremos lembrado_, we shall have remembered
_vós vos tereis lembrado_, you shall have remembered
_elles se terão lembrado_, they shall have remembered.
=Conditional.=
_eu me lembraria_, I should remember
_tu te lembrarias_, thou shouldst remember
_elle se lembraria_, he should remember
_nós nos lembrariamos_, we should remember
_vós vos lembrarieis_, you should remember
_elles se lembrarião_, they should remember.
=Conditional past.=
_eu me teria lembrado_, I should have remembered
_tu te terias lembrado_, thou shouldst have remembered
_elle se teria lembrado_, he should have remembered
_nós nos teriamos lembrado_, we should have remembered
_vós vos terieis lembrado_, you should have remembered
_elles se terião lembrado_, they should have remembered.
=Subjunctive Mood.=
_Present._
_que eu me lembre_, that I may remember
_tu te lembres_, that thou mayest remember
_elle se lembre_, that he may remember
_nós nos lembremos_, that we may remember
_vós vos lembreis_, that you may remember
_elles se lembrem_, that they may remember.
_Imperfect._
_que eu me lembrasse_, that I might remember
_tu te lembrasses_, that thou mightst remember
_elle se lembrasse_, that he might remember
_nós nos lembrassemos_, that we might remember
_vós vos lembrasseis_, that you might remember
_elles se lembrassem_, that they might remember.
_Past indefinite._
_que eu me tenha lembrado_ }
_tu te tenhas lembrado_ }
_elle se tenha lembrado_ } that I may have remembered.
_nós nos tenhamos lembrado_ }
_vós vos tenhais lembrado_ }
_elles se tenhão lembrado_ }
_Pluperfect._
_que eu me tivesse lembrado_ }
_tu te tivesses lembrado_ }
_elle se tivesse lembrado_ } that I might have remembered.
_nós nos tivessemos lembrado_ }
_vós vos tivesseis lembrado_ }
_elles se tivessem lembrado_ }
_Future._
_quando eu me lembrar_ }
_tu te lembrares_ }
_elle se lembrar_ }
_nós nos lembrarmos_ } when I shall remember.
_vós vos lembrardes_ }
_elles se lembrarem_ }
_Compound Future._
_que eu me haja de lembrar_ }
_tu te hajas de lembrar_ }
_elle se haja de lembrar_ }
_nós nos hajamos de lembrar_ } that I shall remember.
_vós vos hajeis de lembrar_ }
_elles se hajão de lembrar_ }
_Future past._
_quando eu me tiver lembrado_ }
_tu te tiveres lembrado_ }
_elle se tiver lembrado_ } when I shall have remembered.
_nós nos tivermos lembrado_ }
_vós vos tiverdes lembrado_ }
_elles se tiverem lembrado_ }
=Imperative Mood.=
_lembra-te tu_, remember thou
_lembre-se elle_, let him remember
_lembremos-nos nós_, let us remember
_lembrai-vos vós_, remember ye
_lembrem-se elles_, let them remember.
=Observ.= In all the simple tenses of the Indicative Mood, is it
unimportant whether the Pronouns _me_, _te_, _se_, _nos_, _vos_ stand
before or after the Verb, and one may therefore say either: _eu me
lembro_, or _eu lembro-me_, _eu me lembrava_ and _eu lembrava-me_, but
in the compound tenses as well as in the Subjunctive and Imperative
Mood they must stand before the Verb, as: _eu me tenho lembrado_, _que
eu me lembre_, _que eu me lembrasse_.
13.
=Irregular Verbs.=
=FIRST CONJUGATION.=
1. =Dar, to give.=[544]
[544] Only the irregular tenses are given, the others are conjugated in
the regular manner.
=Indicative Mood.=
_Present._
_eu dou_, I give
_tu dás_, thou givest
_elle dá_, he gives
_nós damos_, we give
_vós dais_, you give
_elles dão_, they give.
_Past definite._
_eu dei_, I have given
_tu déste_, thou hast given
_elle deo_, he has given
_nós demos_, we have given
_vós déstes_, you have given
_elles dérão_, they have given.
_Past anterior._
_eu dera_, I had given
_tu deras_, thou hadst given
_elle dera_, he had given
_nós deramos_, we had given
_vós dereis_, you had given
_elles derão_, they had given.
=Subjunctive Mood.=
_Present._
_que eu dê_, that I may give
_tu dês_, that thou mayest give
_elle dê_, that he may give
_nós dêmos_, that we may give
_vós deis_, that you may give
_elles dem_, that they may give.
_Imperfect._
_que eu dera_, that I might give
_tu deras_, that thou mightst give
_elle dera_, that he might give
_nós deramos_, that we might give
_vós dereis_, that you might give
_elles derão_, that they might give.
_Past._
_que eu désse_, that I may have given
_tu désses_, that thou mayest have given
_elle désse_, that he may have given
_nós dessemos_, that we may have given
_vós desseis_, that you may have given
_elles dessem_, that they may have given.
_Future._
_quando eu der_, when I shall give
_tu deres_, when thou shalt give
_elle der_, when he shall give
_nós dermos_, when we shall give
_vós derdes_, when you shall give
_elles derem_, when they shall give.
=2. The Verbs ending in “car”=
have no other irregularity than that they change the _c_ every time
into _qu_, if an _e_ follows in the conjugation, as:
_ficar_, to remain,
_fiquei_ (not _ficei_), I have remained,
_que eu figue_ (not _fice_), that I may remain;
this irregularity is only maintained for the purpose of keeping the
same pronunciation for the Verb throughout, which would otherwise not
be the case.
=3. The Verbs ending in “gar”=
change the _g_, if followed by an _e_, into _gu_, for the sake of
Pronunciation.
=4. The Verbs ending in “iar”=
take an _e_ before _i_ in all persons of the Indicative Mood, as:
_premiar_, to reward,
_premeio_, _premeias_, _premeia_, _premeiamos_ etc.
14.
=SECOND CONJUGATION.=
=5. Dizer, to say.=
=Indicative Mood.=
_Present._
_eu digo_, I say
_tu dizes_, thou sayest
_elle diz_, he says
_nós dizemos_, we say
_vós dizeis_, you say
_elles dizem_, they say.
_Past definite._
_eu disse_, I have said
_tu disseste_, thou hast said
_elle disse_, he has said
_nós dissemos_, we have said
_vós dissestes_, you have said
_elles disserão_, they have said.
_Past anterior._
_eu dissera_, I had said
_tu disseras_, thou hadst said
_elle dissera_, he had said
_nós disseramos_, we had said
_vós disserais_, you had said
_elles disserão_, they had said.
_Future._
_eu direi_, I shall say
_tu dirás_, thou shalt say
_elle dirá_, he shall say
_nós diremos_, we shall say
_vós direis_, you shall say
_elles dirão_, they shall say.
=Conditional.=
_eu diria_, I would say
_tu dirias_, thou wouldst say
_elle diria_, he would say
_nós diriamos_, we would say
_vós dirieis_, you would say
_elles dirião_, they would say.
=Subjunctive Mood.=
_Present._
_que eu diga_, that I may say
_tu digas_, that thou mayest say
_elle diga_, that he may say
_nós digamos_, that we may say
_vós digais_, that you may say
_elles digão_, that they may say.
_Imperfect._
_que eu dissera_, that I might say
_tu disseras_, that thou mightst say
_elle dissera_, that he might say
_nós disseramos_, that we might say
_vós disserais_, that you might say
_elles disserão_, that they might say.
_Past._
_que eu dissesse_, that I may have said
_tu dissesses_, that thou mayest have said
_elle dissesse_, that he may have said
_nós dissessemos_, that we may have said
_vós dissesseis_, that you may have said
_elles dissessem_, that they may have said.
_Future._
_quando eu disser_, when I shall say
_tu disseres_, when thou shalt say
_elle disser_, when he shall say
_nós dissermos_, when we shall say
_vós disserdes_, when you shall say
_elles disserem_, when they shall say.
=Imperative Mood.=
_dize-tu_, say thou
_diga-elle_, let him say
_digamos-nós_, let us say
_dizei-vós_, say ye
_digão-elles_, let them say.
=Participle=: _dito_, _dita_, said.
All Verbs composed of _dizer_ are conjugated in the same manner, as:
_contradizer_, _desdizer_, etc.
6. =Fazer=, to do, to make.
=Indicative Mood.=
_Present._
_eu faço_, I do
_tu fazes_, thou doest
_elle faz_, he does
_nós fazemos_, we do
_vós fazeis_, you do
_elles fazem_, they do.
_Past definite._
_eu fiz_, I have done
_tu fizeste_, thou hast done
_elle fez_, he has done
_nós fizemos_, we have done
_vós fizestes_, you have done
_elles fizerão_, they have done.
_Pluperfect._
_eu fizera_, I had done
_tu fizeras_, thou hadst done
_elle fizera_, he had done
_nós fizeramos_, we had done
_vós fizereis_, you had done
_elles fizerão_, they had done.
_Future._
_eu farei_, I shall do
_tu farás_, thou shalt do
_elle fará_, he shall do
_nós faremos_, we shall do
_vós fareis_, you shall do
_elles farão_, they shall do.
=Conditional.=
_eu faria_, I would do
_tu farias_, thou wouldst do
_elle faria_, he would do
_nós fariamos_, we would do
_vós farieis_, you would do
_elles farião_, they would do.
=Subjunctive Mood.=
_Present._
_que eu faça_, that I may do
_tu faças_, that thou mayest do
_elle faça_, that he may do
_nós façamos_, that we may do
_vós façais_, that you may do
_elles fação_, that they may do.
_Imperfect._
_que eu fizera_, that I might do
_tu fizeras_, that thou mightst do
_elle fizera_, that he might do
_nós fizeramos_, that we might do
_vós fizerais_, that you might do
_elles fizerão_, that they might do.
_Perfect._
_que eu fizesse_, that I may have done
_tu fizesses_, that thou mayest have done
_elle fizesse_, that he may have done
_nós fizéssemos_, that we may have done
_vós fizesseis_, that you may have done
_elles fizessem_, that they may have done.
_Future._
_quando eu fizer_, when I shall do
_tu fizeres_, when thou shalt do
_elle fizer_, when he shall do
_nós fizermos_, when we shall do
_vós fizerdes_, when you shall do
_elles fizerem_, when they shall do.
=Imperative Mood.=
_faze-tu_, do thou
_faça elle_, let him do
_façamos-nós_, let us do
_fazei-vós_, do ye
_fação elles_, let them do.
=Participle=: _feito_, _feita_, done.
7. =Poder=, to be able to, can.
=Indicative Mood.=
_Present._
_eu posso_, I can
_tu podes_, thou canst
_elle póde_, he can
_nós podemos_, we can
_vós podeis_, you can
_elles podem_, they can.
_Perfect._
_eu pude_, I have been able
_tu pudeste_, thou hast been able
_elle pode_, he has been able
_nós pudemos_, we have been able
_vós pudestes_, you have been able
_elles puderão_, they have been able.
_Pluperfect._
_eu pudera_, I had been able
_tu puderas_, thou hadst been able
_elle pudera_, he had been able
_nós puderamos_, we have been able
_vós pudereis_, you had been able
_elle puderão_, they had been able.
=Subjunctive Mood.=
_Present._
_que eu possa_, that I may be able
_tu possas_, that thou mayest be able
_elle possa_, that he may be able
_nós possamos_, that we may be able
_vós possais_, that you may be able
_elles possão_, that they may be able.
_Imperfect._
_que eu pudera_, that I might be able
_tu puderas_, that thou mightst be able
_elle pudera_, that he might be able
_nós puderamos_, that we might be able
_vós pudereis_, that you might be able
_elles puderão_, that they might be able.
_Perfect._
_que eu pudesse_, that I may have been able
_tu pudesses_, that thou mayest have been able
_elle pudesse_, that he may have been able
_nós pudessemos_, that we may have been able
_vós pudesseis_, that you may have been able
_elles pudessem_, that they may have been able.
_Future._
_quando eu puder_, if I could be able
_tu puderes_, if thou couldst be able
_elle puder_, if he could be able
_nós pudermos_, if we could be able
_vós puderdes_, if you could be able
_elles puderem_, if they could be able.
8. =Querer=, to wish, to will.
=Indicative Mood.=
_Present._
_eu quero_, I wish
_tu queres_, thou wishest
_elle quer_, he wishes
_nós queremos_, we wish
_vós quereis_, you wish
_elles querem_, they wish.
_Perfect._
_eu quiz_, I have wished
_tu quizeste_, thou hast wished
_elle quiz_, he has wished
_nós quizemos_, we have wished
_vós quizestes_, you have wished
_elles quizerão_, they have wished.
_Pluperfect._
_eu quizera_, I had wished
_tu quizeras_, thou hadst wished
_elle quizera_, he had wished
_nós quizeramos_, we had wished
_vós quizereis_, you had wished
_elles quizerão_, they had wished.
=Subjunctive Mood.=
_Present._
_que eu queira_, that I may wish
_tu queiras_, that thou mayest wish
_elle queira_, that he may wish
_nós queiramos_, that we may wish
_vós queirais_, that you may wish
_elles queirão_, that they may wish.
_Imperfect._
_que eu quizera_, that I might wish
_tu quizeras_, that thou mightst wish
_elle quizera_, that he might wish
_nós quizeramos_, that we might wish
_vós quizereis_, that you might wish
_elles quizerão_, that they might wish.
_Perfect._
_que eu quizesse_, that I may have wished
_tu quizesses_, that thou mayest have wished
_elle quizesse_, that he may have wished
_nós quizessemos_, that we may have wished
_vós quizesseis_, that you may have wished
_elles quizessem_, that they may have wished.
_Future._
_quando eu quizer_, when I shall wish
_tu quizeres_, when thou shalt wish
_elle quizer_, when he shall wish
_nós quizermos_, when we shall wish
_vós quizerdes_, when you shall wish
_elles quizerem_, when they shall wish.
=Imperative Mood.=
_queiras tu_, wish thou
_queira elle_, let him wish
_queiramos nós_, let us wish
_queirais vós_, wish ye
_queirão elles_, let them wish.
9. =Saber=, to know.
=Indicative Mood.=
_Present._
_eu sei_, I know
_tu sabes_, thou knowest
_elle sabe_, he knows
_nós sabemos_, we know
_vós sabeis_, you know
_elles sabem_, they know.
_Perfect._
_eu soube_, I have known
_tu soubeste_, thou hast known
_elle soube_, he has known
_nós soubemos_, we have known
_vós soubestes_, you have known
_elles souberão_, they have known.
_Pluperfect._
_eu soubera_, I had known
_tu souberas_, thou hadst known
_elle soubera_, he had known
_nós souberamos_, we had known
_vós soubereis_, you had known
_elles souberão_, they had known.
=Subjunctive Mood.=
_Present._
_que eu saiba_, that I may know
_tu saibas_, that thou mayest know
_elle saiba_, that he may know
_nós saibamos_, that we may know
_vós saibais_, that you may know
_elles saibão_, that they may know.
_Imperfect._
_que eu soubera_, that I might know
_tu souberas_, that thou mightst know
_elle soubera_, that he might know
_nós souberamos_, that we might know
_vós soubereis_, that you might know
_elles souberão_, that they might know.
_Future._
_quando eu souber_, when I shall know
_tu souberes_, when thou shalt know
_elle souber_, when he shall know
_nós soubermos_, when we shall know
_vós souberdes_, when you shall know
_elles souberem_, when they shall know.
=Imperative Mood.=
_sabe tu_, know thou
_saiba elle_, let him know
_saibamos nós_, let us know
_saibei vós_, know ye
_saibão elles_, let them know.
10. =Trazer=, to carry, to fetch.
=Indicative Mood.=
_Present._
_eu trago_, I carry
_tu trazes_, thou carriest
_elle traz_, he carries
_nós trazemos_, we carry
_vós trazeis_, you carry
_elles trazem_, they carry.
_Perfect._
_eu trouxe_, I have carried
_tu trouxeste_, thou hast carried
_elle trouxe_, he has carried
_nós trouxemos_, we have carried
_vós trouxestes_, you have carried
_elles trouxerão_, they have carried.
_Pluperfect._
_eu trouxera_, I had carried
_tu trouxeras_, thou hadst carried
_elle trouxera_, he had carried
_nós trouxeramos_, we had carried
_vós trouxereis_, you had carried
_elles trouxerão_, they had carried.
_Future._
_eu trarei_, I shall carry
_tu trarás_, thou shalt carry
_elle trará_, he shall carry
_nós traremos_, we shall carry
_vós trareis_, you shall carry
_elles trarão_, they shall carry.
=Conditional.=
_eu traria_, I should carry
_tu trarias_, thou shouldst carry
_elle traria_, he should carry
_nós trariamos_, we should carry
_vós trarieis_, you should carry
_elles trarião_, they should carry.
=Subjunctive Mood.=
_Present._
_que eu traga_, that I may carry
_tu tragas_, that thou mayest carry
_elle traga_, that he may carry
_nós tragamos_, that we may carry
_vós tragais_, that you may carry
_elles tragão_, that they may carry.
_Imperfect._
_que eu trouxera_, that I might carry
_tu trouxeras_, that thou mightst carry
_elle trouxera_, that he might carry
_nós trouxeramos_, that we might carry
_vós trouxereis_, that you might carry
_elles trouxerão_, that they might carry.
_Perfect._
_que eu trouxesse_, that I may have carried
_tu trouxesses_, that thou mayest have carried
_elle trouxesse_, that he may have carried
_nós trouxessemos_, that we may have carried
_vós trouxesseis_, that you may have carried
_elles trouxessem_, that they may have carried.
_Future._
_quando eu trouxer_, when I shall carry
_tu trouxeres_, when thou shalt carry
_elle trouxer_, when he shall carry
_nós trouxermos_, when we shall carry
_vós trouxerdes_, when you shall carry
_elles trouxerem_, when they shall carry.
=Imperative Mood.=
_traze tu_, carry thou
_traga elle_, let him carry
_tragamos_, let us carry
_trazei vós_, carry ye
_tragão elles_, let them carry.
11. =Ver, to see.=
=Indicative Mood.=
_Present._
_eu vejo_, I see
_tu vês_, thou seest
_elle vê_, he sees
_nós vemos_, we see
_vós vedes_, you see
_elles vêm_, they see.
_Imperfect._
_eu vi_, I have seen
_tu viste_, thou hast seen
_elle vio_, he has seen
_nós vimos_, we have seen
_vós vistes_, you have seen
_elles virão_, they have seen.
_Pluperfect._
_eu vira_, I had seen
_tu viras_, thou hadst seen
_elle vira_, he had seen
_nós viramos_, we had seen
_vós vireis_, you had seen
_elles virão_, they had seen.
=Subjunctive Mood.=
_Present._
_que eu veja_, that I may see
_tu vejas_, that thou mayest see
_elle veja_, that he may see
_nós vejamos_, that we may see
_vós vejais_, that you may see
_elles vejão_, that they may see.
_Imperfect._
_que eu vira_, that I might see
_tu viras_, that thou mightst see
_elle vira_, that he might see
_nós viramos_, that we might see
_vós virais_, that you might see
_elles virem_, that they might see.
_Perfect._
_que eu visse_, that I may have seen
_tu visses_, that thou mayest have seen
_elle visse_, that he may have seen
_nós vissemos_, that we may have seen
_vós visseis_, that you may have seen
_elles vissem_, that they may have seen.
_Future._
_quando eu vir_, when I shall see
_tu vires_, when thou shalt see
_elle vir_, when he shall see
_nós virmos_, when we shall see
_vós virdes_, when you shall see
_elles virem_, when they shall see.
=Imperative Mood.=
_vê tu_, see thou
_veja elle_, let him see
_vejamos nós_, let us see
_vede vós_, see ye
_vejão elles_, let them see.
=Participle=: _visto_, _vista_, seen.
The Verbs composed of _ver_, are conjugated in the same manner, as:
_prever_, _rever_, _antever_.
12. =Perder=, to lose.
The irregularity of this Verb consists in the following tenses changing
the _d_ into _c_.
=Indicative Mood.=
_Present._
_perco_, I lose
_perdes_, thou losest
_perde_, he loses
_perdemos_, we lose
_perdeis_, you lose
_perdem_, they lose.
=Subjunctive Mood.=
_Present._
_que eu perca_, that I may lose
_tu percas_, that thou mayest lose
_elle perca_, that he may lose
_nós percamos_, that we may lose
_vós percais_, that you may lose
_elles percão_, that they may lose.
=Imperative Mood.=
_perde tu_, lose thou
_perca elle_, let him lose
_percamos nós_, let us lose
_perdei vós_, lose ye
_percão elles_, let them lose.
13. =Valer, to be worth,=
changes _l_ into _lh_, in the following tenses.
=Indicative Mood.=
_Present._
_eu valho_, I am worth
_tu vales_ }
_elle vale_ }
_nós valemos_ } regular
_vós valeis_ }
_elles valem_ }
=Subjunctive Mood.=
_Present._
_que eu valha_, that I may be worth
_tu valhas_, that thou mayest be worth
_elle valha_, that he may be worth
_nós valhamos_, that we may be worth
_vós valhais_, that you may be worth
_elles valhão_, that they may be worth.
=Imperative Mood.=
_vale tu_, be thou worth
_valha elle_, let him be worth
_valhamos_, let us be worth
_valei vós_, be ye worth
_valhão elles_, let them be worth.
14. =Ler, to read.=
=Indicative Mood.=
_Present._
_eu leio_, I read
_tu lês_, thou readest
_elle lê_, he reads
_nós lemos_, we read
_vós ledes_, you read
_elles lêm_, they read.
=Subjunctive Mood.=
_Present._
_que eu lêia_, that I may read
_tu lêias_, that thou mayest read
_elle lêia_, that he may read
_nós lêiamos_, that we may read
_vós lêiais_, that you may read
_elles lêião_, that they may read.
=Imperative Mood.=
_lê tu_, read thou
_lêia elle_, let him read
_lêiamos_, let us read
_lede vós_, read ye
_lêião elles_, let them read.
The Verb “_crer_” to believe, is conjugated in the same manner.
=15. The Verbs ending in “ger”=
change _g_ into _j_ in all persons when it is followed by _o_ or _a_,
for the sake of pronunciation. As:
_eleger_, to elect;
_elejo_, _que eu eleja_, etc.
15. =THIRD CONJUGATION.=
=16. Ir, to go.=
=Indicative Mood.=
_Present._
_eu vou_, I go
_tu vas_, thou goest
_elle vai_, he goes
_nós vamos_, we go
_vós ides_, you go
_elles vão_, they go.
_Imperfect._
_eu hia_, I went
_tu hias_, thou wentest
_elle hia_, he went
_nós hiamos_, we went
_vós hieis_, you went
_elles hião_, they went.
_Perfect._
_eu fui_, I have gone
(like the Perfect of “_ser_” to be).
_Pluperfect._
_eu fora_, I had gone
(like the Pluperfect of “_ser_”).
=Subjunctive Mood.=
_Present._
_que eu vá_, that I may go
_tu vás_, that thou mayest go
_elle vá_, that he may go
_nós vámos_, that we may go
_vos vades_, that you may go
_elles vão_, that they may go.
_Imperfect._
_que eu fora_, that I might go
_tu foras_, that thou mightst go
_elle fora_, that he might go
_nós foramos_, that we might go
_vós foreis_, that you might go
_elles forão_, that they might go.
_Perfect._
_que eu fosse_, that I may have gone
(like “_ser_”).
_Future._
_quando eu for_, when I shall go
(like “_ser_”).
=Imperative Mood.=
_vai tu_, go thou
_vá elle_, let him go
_vamos_, let us go
_ide vós_, go ye
_vão elles_, let them go.
17. =Vir, to come.=
=Indicative Mood.=
_Present._
_eu venho_, I come
_tu vens_, thou comest
_elle vem_, he comes
_nós vimos_, we come
_vós vindes_, you come
_elles vem_, they come.
_Imperfect._
_eu vinha_, I came
_tu vinhas_, thou camest
_elle vinha_, he came
_nós vinhamos_, we came
_vós vinheis_, you came
_elles vinhão_, they came.
_Perfect._
_eu vim_, I have come
_tu vieste_, thou hast come
_elle veio_, he has come
_nós viemos_, we have come
_vós viestes_, you have come
_elles vierão_, they have come.
_Pluperfect._
_eu viera_, I had come
_tu vieras_, thou hadst come
_elle viera_, he had come
_nós vieramos_, we had come
_vós viereis_, you had come
_elles vierão_, they had come.
=Subjunctive Mood.=
_Present._
_que eu venha_, that I may come
_tu venhas_, that thou mayest come
_elle venha_, that he may come
_nós venhamos_, that we may come
_vós venhais_, that you may come
_elles venhão_, that they may come.
_Imperfect._
_que eu viera_, that I might come
_tu vieras_, that thou mightst come
_elle viera_, that he might come
_nós vieramos_, that we might come
_vós viereis_, that you might come
_elles vierão_, that they might come.
_Perfect._
_que eu viesse_, that I may have come
_tu viesses_, that thou mayest have come
_elle viesse_, that he may have come
_nós viessemos_, that we may have come
_vós viesseis_, that you may have come
_elles viessem_, that they may have come.
_Future._
_quando eu vier_, when I shall come
_tu vieres_, when thou shalt come
_elle vier_, when he shall come
_nós viermos_, when we shall come
_vós vierdes_, when you shall come
_elles vierem_, when they shall come.
=Imperative Mood.=
_vem tu_, come thou
_venha elle_, let him come
_venhamos_, let us come
_vinde vós_, come ye
_venhão elles_, let them come.
=Participle=: _vindo_, _vinda_, come.
18. =Pedir=, to request,
changes _d_ in _ç_ in the following persons.
=Indicative Mood.=
_Present._
_eu peço_, I request (the other persons are regular:
_pedes_, _pede_, etc.).
=Subjunctive Mood.=
_Present._
_que eu peça_, that I may request
_tu peças_, that thou mayest request
_elle peça_, that he may request
_nós peçamos_, that we may request
_vós peçais_, that you may request
_elles peção_, that they may request.
=Imperative Mood.=
_pede tu_, request thou
_peça elle_, let him request
_peçamos nós_, let us request
_pedi vós_, request ye
_peção elles_, let them request.
“_Medir_” to measure, is conjugated in the same manner.
19. =Rir, to laugh.=
=Indicative Mood.=
_Present._
_eu rio_, I laugh
_tu ris_, thou laughest
_elle ri_, he laughs
_nós rimos_, we laugh
_vós rides_, you laugh
_elles rim_, they laugh.
=Subjunctive Mood.=
_Present._
_que eu ria_, that I may laugh
_tu rias_, that thou mayest laugh
_elle ria_, that he may laugh
_nós riamos_, that we may laugh
_vós riais_, that you may laugh
_elles rião_, that they may laugh.
=Imperative Mood.=
_ri tu_, laugh thou
_ria elle_, let him laugh
_riamos_, let us laugh
_ride vós_, laugh ye
_rião elles_, let them laugh.
20. The Verbs ending in “=gir=”
change the _g_ into _j_ in all persons where _g_ is followed by _o_
or _a_.
21. The Verbs ending in “=uzir=”
drop the final _e_ in the third person Singular of the Present,
as: _conduz_ (not _conduze_), _induz_ (not _induze_).
22. The Verbs ending in “=hir=”
change _hi_ into _i_ in the following persons.
=Indicative Mood.=
_Present._
_eu saio_, I go out
(the others are regular: _sahes_, _sahe_, _sahimos_, etc.).
=Subjunctive Mood.=
_Present._
_que eu saia_, that I may go out
_tu saias_, that thou mayest go out
_elle saia_, that he may go out
_nós saiamos_, that we may go out
_vós saiais_, that you may go out
_elles saião_, that they may go out.
=Imperative Mood.=
_sahe tu_, go thou out
_saia elle_, let him go out
_saiamos nós_, let us go out
_sahi vós_, go ye out
_saião elles_, let them go out.
23. =Subir, to mount,=
changes _u_ into _o_, in the second person Singular, third person
Singular and Plural of the Present, and in the second person of the
Imperative, as:
_sobes_,
_sobe_,
_sobem_,
_sobe tu_.
24. =Mentir, to lie,=
changes _e_ into _i_ in the following persons.
=Indicative Mood.=
_Present._
_eu minto_, I lie (_tu mentes_, _elle mente_).
=Subjunctive Mood.=
_Present._
_que eu minta_, that I may lie
_tu mintas_, that thou mayest lie
_elle minta_, that he may lie
_nós mintamos_, that we may lie
_vós mintais_, that you may lie
_elles mintão_, that they may lie.
=Imperative Mood.=
_mente tu_, lie thou
_minta elle_, let him lie
_mintamos nós_, let us lie
_menti vós_, lie ye
_mintão elles_, let them lie.
The same irregularities occur in
_sentir_, to feel
_servir_, to serve
_ferir_, to wound.
25. =Dormir, to sleep.=
This Verb changes _o_ into _u_ in all persons, in which _mentir_
changes the _e_ into _i_, as:
_durmo_,
_durma_,
_durmamos_.
26. =Ouvir, to hear.=
This Verb changes _uvi_ into _uç_ in all persons in which _mentir_
changes _e_ into _i_, as:
_eu ouço_, I hear
_que eu ouça_, that I may hear.
=Imperative Mood.=
_ouve tu_, hear thou
_ouça elle_, let him hear
_ouçamos nós_, let us hear
_ouvi vós_, hear ye
_oução elles_, let them hear.
Some writers change _u_ into _i_, as:
_oiço_,
_oiça_.
27. =Pôr, to place, to put.=
=Indicative Mood.=
_Present._
_eu ponho_, I place
_tu pões_, thou placest
_elle poem_, he places
_nós pômos_, we place
_vós pondes_, you place
_elles poem_, they place.
_Imperfect._
_eu punha_, I placed
_tu punhas_, thou placedst
_elle punha_, he placed
_nós punhamos_, we placed
_vós punheis_, you placed
_elles punhão_, they placed.
_Perfect._
_eu puz_, I have placed
_tu puzeste_, thou hast placed
_elle póz_, he has placed
_nós puzemos_, we have placed
_vós puzestes_, you have placed
_elles puzerão_, they have placed.
_Pluperfect._
_eu puzera_, I had placed
_tu puzeras_, thou hadst placed
_elle puzera_, he had placed
_nós puzeramos_, we had placed
_vós puzereis_, you had placed
_elles puzerão_, they had placed.
_Future._
_eu porei_, I shall place
_tu porás_, thou shalt place
_elle porá_, he shall place
_nós poremos_, we shall place
_vós poreis_, you shall place
_elles porão_, they shall place.
=Conditional.=
_eu poria_, I should place
_tu porias_, thou shouldst place
_elle poria_, he should place
_nós poriamos_, we should place
_vós porieis_, you should place
_elles porião_, they should place.
=Subjunctive Mood.=
_Present._
_que eu ponha_, that I may place
_tu ponhas_, that thou mayest place
_elle ponha_, that he may place
_nós ponhamos_, that we may place
_vós ponhais_, that you may place
_elles ponhão_, that they may place.
_Imperfect._
_que eu puzera_, that I might place
_tu puzeras_, that thou mightst place
_elle puzera_, that he might place
_nós puzeramos_, that we might place
_vós puzereis_, that you might place
_elles puzerão_, that they might place.
_Perfect._
_que eu puzesse_, that I may have placed
_tu puzesses_, that thou mayest have placed
_elle puzesse_, that he may have placed
_nós puzessemos_, that we may have placed
_vós puzesseis_, that you may have placed
_elles puzessem_, that they may have placed.
_Future._
_quando eu puzer_, when I shall place
_tu puzeres_, when thou shall place
_elle puzer_, when he shall place
_nós puzermos_, when we shall place
_vós puzerdes_, when you shall place
_elles puzerem_, when they shall place.
=Imperative Mood.=
_põe tu_, place thou
_ponha elle_, let him place
_ponhamos nós_, let us place
_ponde vós_, place ye
_ponhão elles_, let them place.
=Gerund=: _pondo_, placing.
=Participle=: _posto_, _posta_, placed.
The Verbs composed by _pôr_ are conjugated in the same manner, as:
_antepôr, compôr, depôr, dispôr, propôr_.
16.
The following Verbs have two Participles, a regular and an irregular
one.
FIRST CONJUGATION.
_aceitar_, to accept, _aceitado_, _aceito_
_enxugar_, to dry, _enxugado_, _enxuto_
_exceptuar_, to except, _exceptuado_, _excepto_
_expressar_, to express, _expressado_, _expresso_
_expulsar_, to expel, _expulsado_, _expulso_
_gastar_, to spend, _gastado_, _gasto_
_imprensar_, to print, _imprensado_, _impresso_
_izentar_, to except, _izentado_, _izento_
_manifestar_, to manifest, _manifestado_, _manifesto_
_pagar_, to pay, _pagado_, _pago_
_salvar_, to save, _salvado_, _salvo_
_professar_, to act, profess, _professado_, _professo_
_soltar_, to set at liberty, _soltado_, _solto_
_sujeitar_, to subject, _sujeitado_, _sujeito_.
SECOND CONJUGATION.
{ _absoluto_
_absolver_, to acquit, _absolvido_, { _absolto_
_absorver_, to swallow, _absorvido_, _absorto_
_accender_, to light, _accendido_, _acceso_
_corromper_, to corrupt, _corrompido_, _corrupto_
_eleger_, to elect, _elegido_, _eleito_
_encher_, to fill, _enchido_, _cheio_
_envolver_, to envelope, _envolvido_, _envolto_
_escrever_, to write, _escrevido_, _escrito_
_incorrer_, to incur (a penalty), _incorrido_, _incurso_
_interromper_, to interrupt, _interrompido_, _interrupto_
_morrer_, to die, _morrido_, _morto_
_prender_, to take (into charge), _prendido_, _preso_
_romper_, to break (open), _rompido_, _roto_
_suspender_, to postpone, _suspendido_, _suspenso_
_torcer_, to turn, _torcido_, _torto_.
THIRD CONJUGATION.
_abrir_, to open, _abrido_, _aberto_
_affligir_, to afflict, _affligido_, _afflicto_
_concluir_, to close, shut, _concluido_, _concluso_
_contrahir_, to contract, _contrahido_, _contracto_
_cubrir_, to cover, _cubrido_, _cuberto_
_distinguir_, to distinguish, _distinguido_, _distincto_
_distrahir_, to abstract, _distrahido_, _distracto_
_erigir_, to erect, _erigido_, _erecto_
_exhaurir_, to exhaust, _exhaurido_, _exhausto_
_expellir_, to expel, _expellido_, _expulso_
_exprimir_, to express, _exprimido_, _expresso_
_exstinguir_, to extinguish, _extinguido_, _extincto_
_extrahir_, to extract, _extrahido_, _extracto_
_frigir_, to fry, _frigido_, _frito_
_imprimir_, to impress, _imprimido_, _impresso_
_incluir_, to shut up, _incluido_, _incluso_
_inserir_, to insert, _inserido_, _inserto_
_opprimir_, to oppress, _opprimido_, _oppresso_
_possuir_, to possess, _possuido_, _possesso_
_reprimir_, to suppress, _reprimido_, _represso_
_submergir_, to submerge, _submergido_, _submerso_
_supprimir_, to oppress, _supprimido_, _suppresso_
_surgir_, to anchor, _surgido_, _surto_.
The first or regular form of these Participles is generally used for
the compound tenses, whilst the second or irregular form is Generally
used with _ser_ or _estar_.
17.
=Impersonal Verbs=
are only used in the third person Singular, they are:
_Chover_, to rain — _chove_, it rains
_relampager_ } to lighten — _relampaga_ } it lightens
_fuzilar_ } — _fuzila_ }
_trovejar_, to thunder — _troveja_, it thunders
_choviscar_, to drizzle (rain) — _chovisca_, it drizzles
_nevar_, to snow — _neva_, it snows
_gelar_, to freeze — _gela_, it freezes.
They follow those Conjugations to which they belong.
18.
Adverbs.
=1. Adverbs of Time.=
_Hoje_, to-day
_agora_, now
_hontem_, yesterday
_presentemente_, at present
_antehontem_, the day before yesterday
_antigamente_, in times past
_ultimamente_, lastly
_recentemente_, lately
_amanhãa_, to-morrow
_logo_, directly
_depois de amanhãa_, the day after to-morrow
_daqui por diante_, from hence, in future
_sempre_, always
_desde_, since
_ainda_, yet.
=2. Adverbs of Place.=
_aqui_, here
_ali_, _acolá_, there
_arriba_, above
_abaixo_, below
_além_, on the other side
_daquem_, on this side
_á mão direita_, to the right
_á mão esquerda_, to the left
_d’ali_, from here.
=3. Adverbs of Number and Comparison.=
_primeiramente_, firstly
_segundamente_, secondly
_em terceiro lugar_, thirdly
_depois_, afterwards
_raramente_, _de maravilha_, rarely
_mais_, more
_menos_, less
_tão_ } almost
_como se_ }
_como_, as
_assim_, just so, the same
_melhor_, better
_peior_, worse
_quasi_, almost
_em parte_, partly
_quando muito_, highest
_quando menos_, least.
=4. Adverbs of Manner and Kind.=
_muito_, very
_bem_, good, well
_mal_, bad
_pouco_, little
_assaz_, enough
_demasiadamente_, too much
_sufficientemente_, sufficient
_abundantemente_, abundantly
_mesmo_, even
_apenas_, scarcely
_senão_, only
_principalmente_, chiefly
_em geral_, generally, altogether.
=5. Adverbs of Affirmation and Negation.=
_sim_, yes
_certamente_, certainly
_verdadeiramente_, indeed
_não_, no
_nada_, nothing
_talvez_ }
_pode ser_ } perhaps
_quiça_ }
_quando?_ when?
_como?_ how?
_porque?_ why?
_quanto?_ how much?
_onde?_ where?
_aonde?_ whereto?
The Adverbs are not declined, but some are compared like the
Adjectives, as:
_mais ricamente_, richer
_menos ricamente_, less rich
_tão ricamente_, just as rich
_muito ricamente_, very rich
_o mais ricamente_, the richest;
Superl.
_bem_, good, formes the Comp.: _melhor_ — _optimamente_
_mal_, bad, - - - _peior_ — _pessimamente_.
19.
=The following Adverbs are principally in use=:
_agora_, now
_hoje_, to-day
_amanhãa_, to-morrow
_amanhãa pela manhãa_, to-morrow-morning
_depois de amanhãa_, the day after to-morrow
_frequentamente_, frequently, often
_nunca_, never
_ordinariamente_, generally
_jamais_, never
_tarde_, late
_cedo_, early
_daqui por diante_, in future
_ultimamente_, lastly, at latest
_recentemente_, lately
_logo_, soon
_depois_, afterwards
_abundantemente_, abundantly
_com razão_, _justamente_, in justice
_absolutamente_, absolutely
_já para já_, immediately
_com condição_, under the condition
_actualmente_, actually, at present
_de proposito_, purposely
_admiravelmente_ } admirable
_maravilhosamente_ }
_as mil maravilhas_, exquisitely
_astutamente_, artfully
_atraiçoadamente_, traitorously
_de maravilha_, very rarely
_a miudo_, often
_assim_ }
_tão_ } so, equally so
_apressa_, quickly, in haste
_facilmente_, easily
_ao avesso_, reversedly
_as avessas_, reversedly
_de improviso_ } extempore
_improvisamente_ }
_quasi_, _casi_, almost
_então_, then
_desde então_, since
_desde quando?_ since when?
_de quando ha?_ how long ago?
_quando bem_ } even
_ainda quando_ }
_quando muito_, highest, at latest
_quando menos_, at least
_cá_, here
_alli_, there
_ahi_, there, where (you are}
_acolá_, there
_traz_ } behind
_detraz_ }
_para traz_, backwards
_isto he_, that is to say
_em vez_, _em lugar_, instead
_tambem_, also
_tanto que_ } as soon as
_logo que_ }
_acaso_, accidentally
_ainda_, yet
_finalmente_, at last
_muito_, much, very
_depressa_, quickly
_aqui_, here
_até_, until
_bem_, well, good
_mal_, bad
_como_, how, as
_como?_ how?
_primeiro que_, before that
_primeiro que tudo_, before all
_fora_, out, out of
_já_, already
_abaixo_, below
_acima_, above
_de balde_, in vain
_antes_, for, before
_juntamente_, together
_enteiramente_, entirely
_ao redor_, round about
_loucamente_, foolishly
_atrevidamente_, boldly
_felizmente_, happily
_vergonhosamente_, infamously
_nem se quer_, even if
_mais_, more
_menos_, less
_sim_, yes
_não_, no
_onde_, where
_nada_, nothing
_de cór_, by heart
_em vão_, in vain
_escassamente_, scarcely, rarely
_em fin_, at last
_longe_, long, far
_verdadeiramente_, truly
_dentro_, thereinto
_as vezes_, sometimes
_de vagar_, slowly
_quando_, when
_quanto_, how much.
20.
=Prepositions.=
The Prepositions most in use are the following:
_a_, to
_de_, from
_em_, in
_dentro_, in, within
_sobre_, on, over
_debaixo_ } under
_sob_ }
_perante_, before
_altraz_ } behind
_traz_ }
_entre_, between
_para_, after
_perto_ } by, near, at
_junto_ }
_desde_, of, from
_até_, after
_antes_, before
_depois_, after
_durante_, during
_desde_, since
_com_, with
_excepto_, except
_fora_ } besides
_além_ }
_sem_, without
_contra_, against
_a pezar_, notwithstanding
_não obstante_, in spite of
_para com_, against
_acerca_, in respect
_por_, through
_mediante_, by means of.
21.
The following are used with the =Genitive=:
_além dos mares_, on the other side of the seas
_além d’isso_, besides this one
_acerca daquelle negocio_, as to that business
_aquem_ or _daquem dos mares_, on this side of the seas
_antes do dia_, before daybreak
_diante de Deos_, before God
_dentro da igreja_, within the church
_de traz do palacio_, behind the palace
_debaixo da mesa_, under the table
_em cima da mesa_, upon the table
_ao redor_ or _em contorno da cidade_, round about the town
_perto de Londres_, near London
_fora da casa_, out of the house
_fora de perigo_, out of danger
_depois da cea_, after the supper
_defronte de minha casa_, opposite to my house
_defronte da igreja_, opposite the church;
=Dative=:
_quanto áquillo_, with regard to that
_pegado á muralha_, at, near the wall
_desde o bico do pé até á cabeza_, from head to foot;
=Accusative.=
_perante o juiz_, before the judge
_durante o inverno_, during the winter
_traz do templo_, behind the temple
_entre os homens_, among men
_sobre a mesa_, on the table
_conforme á lei_, according to the law
_segundo á ordem_, in consequence of the order
_por amor de Deos_, for God’s sake
_pelo mundo_, through the world
_pela rua_, through the street
_contra elles_, against them.
_A_ (to), _eu vou a Londres_, I go to London,
_voltar a Portugal_, to return to Portugal,
_não tem nada que fazer_ }
_não tem nada a fazer_ } he has nothing to do.
_De_ (from), _vir de França_, I come from France,
_vir das Indias_, I come from India,
_sahir de Londres_, I go from London
(to leave London),
_de noite_, by night,
_de dia_, by day.
_Por_ (by, from), _por mar e por terra_, by sea and by land.
22.
=Conjunctions.=
_E_, and
_tambem_ }
_outrosim_ } also
_tambem_—_como_, as well—as
_não sómente_—_mas tambem_, not only—but also
_ora_—_ora_, soon—soon
_em primeiro lugar_, firstly
_então_, then
_além disso_ }
_de mais_ } further
_depois_, afterwards
_em fim_, at last
_em parte_—_em parte_, partly—partly
_ou_—_ou_, either—or
_nem_—_nem_, neither—nor
_tão_, so
_assim_, thus
_porém_ }
_mas_ } but
_com tudo_, notwithstanding
_ainda que_, although
_assim_, therefore
_porque_, because
_pois_, there
_afim_, that
_se não_, else
_com tanto que_, taking for granted that
_bem que_, certainly, indeed.
23.
_que_, that
_nomeadamente_, namely
_se_, whether
_comó_, as
_a saber_, viz
_excepto_, _alem_, except
_onde_, where
_donde_, whence
_quando_, when
_desde que_, since
_durante que_, whilst, during
_antes_, before
_depois que_ } afterwards
_depois de_ }
_como_, as
_como tambem_, as soon as
_tão_—_como_, so—as
_assim_—_que_, so that
_por isso_, why
_porque_, because
_por_, _pois_, there
_afim que_ } that
_para que_ }
_se_, if
_se_, _posto que_, in case
_se não que_, if not
_com tanto que_, in case
_ainda que_, although
_não obstante_, notwithstanding
_tanto_—_tanto_, the—the.
Examples.
_Francezes e Inglezes._ Frenchmen and Englishmen.
_Nem este, nem aquelle._ Neither these, nor those.
_Ou este, ou aquelle._ Either this one, or that one
_Nem mais, nem menos._ Neither more, nor less.
_Quer o faça, quer não, tudo It is indifferent to me whether
para mim he o mesmo._ he does it or not.
_Quer seja verdade, quer não._ Whether it be true or not.
_Antes quero pedir que furtar._ I will rather beg than steal.
_Antes morrerei que dizer-volo._ I will rather die than tell it
to you.
=Interjections=
may be divided according to the various passions or emotions expressed
by them.
Of Joy: _Ah! ho!_
Of Pain: _Ai! apre!_
Of Fear: _Ai Jesus! eh, eh! ai de mim!_
Of Abhorrence: _Va-se embora! passa fora!_
Of Surprise: _Oh! Ah!_
Urging or Exhorting: _Ora vamos! animo, animo!
arreda! hola! sentido!_
Silencing: _Chiton! calla a boca! calai-vos!_
Wishing: _O provera a Deos!_
=Reading Lessons.=
1.
Em um ajuntamento[545] de senhoras e homens suscitou-se[546] a
questão[547] de qual era o paiz[548] melhor[549] para se habitar[550];
e dizendo uma que Londres, outra que Pariz, este que o Brazil, aquelle
que a Austria ou a Italia, disse uma senhora mui presumida[551]:
“Pois[552] eu dou[553] a primazia[554] ao celibato, pois tenho ouvido
dizer a meu irmão padre[555], que he de todos os estados o mais
perfeito.”
[545] meeting.
[546] to ask.
[547] the question.
[548] land.
[549] better.
[550] to live.
[551] presumptuous.
[552] as.
[553] I give.
[554] the preference.
[555] the priest.
2.
Certo[556] juiz de fóra[557] tendo queixas do povo[558] que os
arrematantes da vacca[559] só matavão[560] um boi[561] cada dia
d’assouge[562], e que este não chegava[563] para todos, e ao mesmo
tempo[564] ouvindo dizer aos ditos arrematantes que dous bois erão de
sobejo[565]; mandou[566] por seu respeitando despacho que cada dia
d’assougue se matasse boi e meio.
[556] a certain.
[557] judge who has studied.
[558] the people.
[559] the priviledged butchers of beef.
[560] _matar_, to kill, to slaughter.
[561] the ox.
[562] _açougue_, the slaughter-house.
[563] _chegar_, to suffice.
[564] at the same time.
[565] too much.
[566] to order.
3.
Dizia o P. Antonio Vieira, que toda a fortuna d’um homem de corte[567]
consistia em saber adular[568], mentir[569], furtar[570], e
repartir[571].
[567] courtier.
[568] to flatter.
[569] to lie.
[570] to steal.
[571] to divide.
4.
Na desgraçada[572] morte[573] do Principe D. Affonso, disse El-Rei Dom
João II. seu pai: “No excessivo sentimento em que vivo da morte de
meu filho, só me consola parecer-me que Deos se lembrou[574] d’este
reino[575]; porque o Principe não era para Rei dos Portuguezes: os
Portuguezes hão de mister Rei de bronze. Era o Principe inclinado a
delicias[576].”
[572] unfortunate.
[573] death.
[574] _lembrar-se_, to remember.
[575] kingdom.
[576] pleasure.
5.
Levantando[577] El-Rei D. João I. o sitio[578], que tinha posto a
Coria, disse: “Grande falta[579] nos fizerão os cavalheiros da taboa
redonda[580]; porque se elles aqui estivérão, não nos levantáramos
desta cidade sem a render[581].” Respondeo Mem Rodrigues de
Vasconcellos: “Não faltarão por certo, senhor, aqui esses cavalheiros;
porque aqui está Martim Vasques da Cunha, que he tão bom, como dizem o
foi D. Galaz; Gonçalo Vasques Coutinho, que he tão bom como D. Tristão;
João Fernandes Pacheco, que não deve nada a Lancarote; e aqui estou
eu, que não mereço[582] menos[583] que qualquer d’elles: O certo he,
senhor, que só faltou aqui o bom Rei Artur, que os sabía estimar, e
animar com mercês grandes.”
[577] to raise.
[578] the siege.
[579] want.
[580] round table.
[581] surrender.
[582] to be worth.
[583] less.
6.
Quando El-Rei D. Sebastião quiz[584] fazer[585] a jornada de Africa,
determinou avistar-se em N. Senhora de Guadalupe com El-Rei Philippe
seu tio[586]; para se ajustar[587] esta funcção[588] veio[589] de
Castella o duque[590] d’Alva, cavalheiro mui soberbo[591], e pouco
affeiçoado aos Portuguezes, e de cá foi o conde[592] de Redondo. Entre
a pratica[593] que tiverão, lhe perguntou[594] o duque que fidalgos
vinhão com El-Rei Dom Sebastião; porque com El-Rei vinha elle, e outros
como elle. Respondeo-lhe o conde: “Com El-Rei meu senhor vem o duque
de Bragança, o de Aveiro, e o marquez[595] de Villa-Real; e fidalgos
razos[596], como eu e vós, vem muitos.”
[584] _querer_, to wish.
[585] to make.
[586] uncle.
[587] to arrange.
[588] business.
[589] he came (_vir_).
[590] duke.
[591] proud.
[592] the count.
[593] the discussion.
[594] to ask.
[595] marquis.
[596] the low gentry.
7.
Pedindo[597] um pobre[598] esmola[599] a Philippe II. lhe dizia que
se lembrasse erão irmãos; e perguntando-lhe El-Rei por que quarte,
respondeo por Adão. Mandou[600]-lhe El-Rei dar um real. Replicou[601]
o pobre que aquella esmola não era d’um irmão Rei. “Se a todos os meus
irmãos”, disse Philippe, “eu désse outro tanto[602], já não teria[603]
real que dar.”
[597] _pedir_, to beg.
[598] poor.
[599] alms.
[600] ordered.
[601] reply.
[602] just as much.
[603] I would have.
8.
Christovão Colon foi o primeiro que com audaz[604] fortaleza[605]
navegou o oceano, o descobrio[606] as Indias de Castella; pelo que
mereceo que os Reis Catholicos o fizessem duque de Beraguas. Estava
uma noite[607] ceando[608] com outros cavalheiros seus amigos; e
dizendo-lhe um que aquella façanha a poderia obrar qualquer outro, se
lhe dessem o socorro[609], que fosse necessario, dissimulou Christovão
Colon, e tirando um ovo[610] do prato, perguntou aos demais fidalgos
se poderia algum fazer que aquelle ovo estivesse levantado[611], sem
que se arrimasse[612] a cousa alguma? Respondêrão todos, que não
podia ser[613]. Pegou[614] no ovo Christovão Colon, e dando com elle
mansamente[615] na mesa[616], lhe fez uma pequena[617] móssa[618], e o
póz muito direito. Rírão-se[619] todos, e disse Colon: “Nenhum[620] de
Vossas Mercês[621] ha que não acha facil navegar o oceano, depois que
eu de lá vim; porém he certo, que se eu não fôra o primeiro, nenhum
seria o segundo.”
[604] audacious.
[605] fortitude.
[606] discovered.
[607] night.
[608] _cear_, to sup.
[609] assistance.
[610] egg.
[611] to stand erect.
[612] to assist.
[613] that it could not be.
[614] _pegar_, to take up.
[615] quiet.
[616] table.
[617] small.
[618] break.
[619] _rir-se_, to laugh.
[620] nobody.
[621] of your honours.
9.
Um Mahometano consultando a Aischeh mulher de Mahometo, lhe pedio uma
regra[622] para bem viver; e ella lhe respondeo: “Reconhece[623] um
só Deos, refrêa[624] a tua lingua, reprime[625] as tuas paixões[626],
adquire sciencia, vive constante na tua religião, abstem-te de
fazer mal[627], frequenta os bons, encobre[628] os defeitos do teu
proximo[629], soccorre[630] os pobres, e espera a eternidade por
recompensa.”
[622] rule.
[623] recognise.
[624] restrict.
[625] suppress.
[626] passions.
[627] to do evil.
[628] cover.
[629] neighbour.
[630] assist.
10.
Querendo certo homem desquitar-se[631] de sua mulher, com quem tinha
pouca paz[632], appareceo[633] para este fim[634] diante[635] do
Provisor. Estranhou[636] elle a proposta[637], porque conhecia a
mulher, e era de boas qualidades: “Porque quereis deixar[638] vossa
mulher?” (lhe perguntou o Provisor): “Não he virtuosa?”—“Sim, senhor”;
respondeo o homem.—“Não he rica?”—“Sim, senhor.” Emfim[639] a todas
as cousas, sobre que era perguntado, respondia em abono seu. Com que
lhe disse o Provisor: “Pois se vossa mulher tem tantas cousas boas,
porque quereis desquitar-vos della?” A isto o homem, descalçando[640]
um sapato[641], perguntou ao Provisor: “Senhor, este sapato não he
novo?”—“Sim”, respondeo o Provisor. Accrescentou[642]: “não está bem
feito[643]?”—“Sim, ao que parece”, respondeo o Provisor.—“Não he de
bom cordavão, e de boa sola?”—Respondeo do mesmo modo que sim. “Pois
vê Vossa Mercê com tudo isso[644]” (disse o descontente marido[645]),
“pois eu quero tirar este sapato, e calçar outro, porque eu sei muito
bem aonde[646] me aperta[647], e faz mancar[648], e Vossa Mercê não o
sabe.”
[631] to divorce.
[632] peace.
[633] appeared.
[634] for this purpose.
[635] before.
[636] to surprise.
[637] the proposition.
[638] to leave.
[639] in fine.
[640] to take off.
[641] the shoe.
[642] to add.
[643] _fazer_, to make.
[644] with all that.
[645] husband.
[646] where.
[647] pinch.
[648] to make tame.
11.
=Botocudos.=
Estes Indios dominão[649] na cordilheira[650] habitada[651] por seus
maiores[652] os Aimorés, de cuja[653] barbaridade ainda guardão
sementes. Quando os Portuguezes começárão[654] a povoar[655] o Brazil
tiverão de guerrear com os ferozes[656] Aimorés, a quem dizem[657]
que derão[658] o nome de Botocudos, de boto, e codea[659], por
isso que os Indios desta nação[660] erão rolhos, e trazião[661]
o corpo[662] coberto d’uma codea de gomma[663] copal com que se
pintavão[664] para se preservarem das ferretoadas[665] dos mosquitos
e outros insectos. Os Botocudos são mais brancos[666] que a maior
parte dos demais[667] Indios do Brazil, porém, como seus ascendentes
os Aimorés, costumão[668] pintar a cara[669] e mais partes do corpo.
Dividem-se em varias tribus ou cabildas[670], cada[671] uma com seu
cabo[672], que tem um poder[673] absoluto sobre os seus[674] em os
negocios de maior importancia como são a caça[675], a guerra[676] e
a escolha[677] de uma nova morada[678]; mas na aldea[679] limita-se
toda a sua autoridade a compôr as desavenças que são entre elles mui
frequentes. Este lugar não he hereditario, escolhe-se para elle o mais
bravo, e por vezes[680] o mais atrevido[681] se proclama por chefe da
tribu, sobre tudo se por ventura o que os commandava vem a morrer.
Os Botocudos tem as espadoas[682] largas, o pescoço[683] curto, o
nariz[684] chato, as maçãas[685] do rosto proeminentes, os pés[686]
pequenos, as extremidades inferiores delgadas[687], mas nervosas. Furão
as orelhas[688], e o beiço inferior[689], e enfião no buraco[690] uma
rodella de páo[691]. São vingativos[692] e traidores[693], posto que
tinhão um exterior alegre e um ar[694] de franqueza. Não tem especie
alguma de culto; considerão[695] o sol[696] como uma divindade a que
chamão[697], e reverenceão ainda mais a lua[698], quando com sua luz
os protege em suas excursões nocturnas. Amão e imitão as ceremonias
religiosas dos christãos, quanto isto póde compadecer-se com a vida
nomada que fazem, assim que são de todos os Indios os que mais custão a
civilizar-se.
[649] govern.
[650] mountain chain.
[651] inhabited.
[652] ancestors.
[653] whose.
[654] to begin.
[655] to populate.
[656] wild.
[657] _dizer_, to say.
[658] they gave (_dar_).
[659] the rind.
[660] nation.
[661] to carry.
[662] the body.
[663] gum.
[664] _pintar_, to paint.
[665] sting.
[666] white.
[667] the others.
[668] to have the practice.
[669] face.
[670] hordes.
[671] each.
[672] leader.
[673] power.
[674] over his tribe.
[675] the chase.
[676] war.
[677] the choice.
[678] place of residence.
[679] village.
[680] sometimes.
[681] bold.
[682] shoulder.
[683] neck.
[684] nose.
[685] cheeks.
[686] foot.
[687] thin.
[688] ears.
[689] the underlip.
[690] a hole.
[691] wooden.
[692] vindictive.
[693] traitorous.
[694] an air.
[695] to look upon.
[696] the sun.
[697] to call.
[698] the moon.
12.
=As grutas=[699] =do inferno=[700].
Deo-se[701] este nome ás cavernas naturaes que se achão[702] na
montanha em que estão assentadas a povoação e fortaleza[703] da
Nova-Coimbra, na provincia de Mato-Grosso e sobre a margem direita[704]
do Paraguai. No vertente[705] septentrional[706] da montanha existe
uma abertura que dá passo[707] a duas especies de antecamaras, 1 de
braça[708] e meia de comprido[709], e 1 de largo[710], e outra algum
tanto maior. Desce-se para ellas por uma ladeira que tem obra de 20
braças de comprimento[711], guarnecida de estalactitas, que provêm
da filtração continua da abobada. No cabo[712] da ladeira entra-se
n’uma salla parecida com uma mesquita[713], de cuja abobada pendem
estalactitas de differentes fórmas e tamanhos[714], e o mesmo se
observa no chão. A’ esquerda[715] a parede se acha revestida d’uma
incrustação d’espalto, que com o reflexo da luz arremeda uma soberba
cascata. Póde esta salla ter 50 braças de comprido e 1S de largo,
e no fundo della existe um espaço de 6 braças pelo menos coberto
d’agua limpida porém de máo sabor[716], que dá da parte de fóra[717]
origem a um ribeiro[718] represado frequentemente pelas aguas do
Paraguai, nas cheias[719] que alagão todos os annos por varias vezes
os campos vizinhos. Os naturaes[720] do paiz não se atrevião[721] a
entrar n’estas grutas que forão pela primeira vez exploradas pelo
engenheiro[722] Ricardo Franco d’Almeida Serra, em 1791, levando
em sua companhia o naturalista Alexandre Rodriguez Ferreira que as
debuxou[723] e descreveo[724]. Em 1795, varias pessoas[725] curiosas
entrárão n’ellas e com fachas virão que no ribeiro que as aguas ali
formavão havião jacarés[726], e que um d’elles tinha uma pata de menos.
[699] grotto.
[700] hell.
[701] one has given.
[702] to find, _achar-se_.
[703] the fortress.
[704] on the right shore.
[705] slope.
[706] northern.
[707] which forms the entrance.
[708] fathom.
[709] long.
[710] wide.
[711] length.
[712] at the end.
[713] Mosque.
[714] size.
[715] on the left.
[716] bad taste.
[717] from the outside.
[718] rivulet.
[719] inundation.
[720] inhabitants.
[721] attempt.
[722] engineer.
[723] to draw.
[724] to describe.
[725] persons.
[726] crocodile.
Idiomatic Expressions
with =Verbs, Adverbs, Prepositions etc.=
_Andar a pé._ To go on foot.
_Andar de pé._ To be unwell.
_Andar a cavallo._ To go on horseback.
_Andar em coche._ To drive in a carriage.
_Andar á vela._ To take a sail.
_Andar para diante._ To go forward.
_Andar para traz._ To go backward.
_Andar a traz de alguem._ To follow some one.
_Andar com o tempo._ To go with the times.
_Andar perdido._ To go astray.
_Andar com honra._ To act honorably.
_Andar de esguelha._ To go badly.
_Andar de mal para peor._ Out of the frying-pan into the fire.
_Com o andar do tempo._ In the course of time.
_Andar de galope._ To canter.
_Dar um passeio, uma volta._ To take a walk.
_Dar a entender._ To give to understand.
_Dar fé._ To believe, to credit.
_Dar fiado._ To give credit.
_Dar á luz._ To publish.
_Dar principio._ To begin.
_Dar fim._ To end.
_Dar os bons dias._ To say good day.
_Dar os parabens._ To congratulate.
_O relogio dá horas._ The clock strikes.
_Dar boa conta de si._ To behave well.
_Eu derei conta d’isso._ I will be answerable for it.
_Dar em ridicularias._ To become ridiculous.
_Dar-se pressa._ To be in a hurry.
_Não se lhe dá de morrer._ He does not fear death.
_Estar escrevendo._ To be writing.
_Estar em pé._ To stand erect.
_Estar assentado._ To sit.
_Está para chover._ It is going to rain.
_Estar em duvida._ To be in doubt.
_Estar na cama._ To lie in bed.
_Estar com, em, de, saúde._ To be well.
_Não está no meu poder._ It is not in my power.
_Estar de posse._ To be in possession.
_Fazer esmólas._ To give alms.
_Faz frio._ It is cold.
_Faz lua._ The moon shines.
_Não faço caso delle._ I do not care for him.
_Fazer uma festa._ To give a party.
_Fazer lugar._ To make room.
_Ter que fazer._ To have to do.
_Fazer um discurso._ To make a speech.
_Fazer uma aposta._ To lay a wager.
_Faz hoje oito dias._ It is a week to-day.
_Fazer o possivel._ To do one’s utmost.
_Não henho que fazer com_ I have nothing to do with it.
_isso._
_Fazer-se velho._ To become old.
_Fazer-se feio._ To become ugly.
_Faz-se tarde._ It is getting late.
_Ter razão._ To be in the right.
_Não ter razão._ To be in the wrong.
_Ter ciumes._ To be jealous.
_Que quer dizer isto?_ What is the meaning of it?
_Isto quer dizer, que..._ It means that...
_Ha alguma, cousa de novo?_ Is there any news?
_Ha muito tempo._ It is a long time ago.
_Ha um anno._ It is a year ago.
_Hir por diante._ To go forward.
_Eilo lá vai._ There he goes.
_Hir para traz._ To go back.
_Hir buscar._ To fetch.
_Nada se vai mais depressa_ Nothing passes quicker than the time.
_que o tempo._
_Vai-se fazendo tarde._ It becomes late.
_Não tenho medo._ I have no fear.
_Não mais._ Not more.
_Ainda não._ Not yet.
_Não o farei._ I shall not do it.
_Não muito depois._ Not long after.
_Queres fazer isso ou não?_ Will you do it or not?
_Um diz sim, e outro não._ One says yes, the other no.
_Não he bom nem máo._ It is neither good nor bad.
_Elle ainda não veio._ He has not yet come.
_Até onde?_ How far?
_Até Roma._ To Rome.
_Até quando?_ How long?
_Até que eu vivo._ As long as I live.
_Como assim?_ How so?
_Como! não quereis vir?_ What! you will not come?
_Dez libras quando muito._ At utmost ten pounds.
_Dez libras quando menos._ At least ten pounds.
_Dizei muito embora o que_ You may say what you like.
_quizerdes._
_Assim he?_ Is it so?
_Assim seja._ Be it so.
_Basta assim por agora._ It is enough for the present.
_Andar a passos lentes._ To go very slowly.
_A’ direita._ To the right.
_A’ esquerda._ To the left.
_Vir de França._ To come from France.
_Venho da casa da Senhora N._ I come from Mrs. N.
_De madrugada._ Early in the morning.
_De noite._ By night.
_De dia._ By day.
_De verão._ In summer.
_Perto de oito horas._ Towards eight o’clock.
_Junto á cidade._ Near the town.
_Sobre a mesa._ Upon the table.
_Sobre a noite._ Towards night.
_Sobre todas as cousas._ Before all things.
_Duas vezes no dia._ Twice a day.
_Na rua._ On the street.
_Em todo o tempo._ At all times.
_Em premio._ For reward.
_Para que he isto?_ What is that for?
_Para onde?_ Whereto?
_Para que fim?_ For what purpose?
_Palavra por palavra._ Word for word.
_Vai por vinho._ Fetch wine.
_De muito atraz._ Far back.
_Fazer passo atraz._ To take a step backwards.
_Alguns dias atraz._ A few days ago.
Leipsic, printed by J. B. Hirschfeld.
LATELY PUBLISHED
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=Wollheim da Fonseca=, ditto. 12mo. 1856. 0 9 0
=Azevedo=, Portugiesisch-Englisch-Deutsches
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THE BEST
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MEISSNER’S German and English Vocabulary and Dialogues.
Cloth. 0 2 6
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DUDEVANT, French and English Idiomatic Dialogues. Cloth. 0 2 6
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MACHETTI’S Italian and English Idiomatic Dialogues. Cloth. 0 2 6
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