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Title: Spar-torpedo instructions for the United States Navy
Author: anon anon
Release date: October 5, 2025 [eBook #76987]
Language: English
Original publication: washington: Bureau of Ordnance, 1890
Credits: deaurider and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive)
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SPAR-TORPEDO INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE UNITED STATES NAVY ***
Transcriber’s Notes:
Underscores “_” before and after a word or phrase indicate _italics_
in the original text.
Equal signs “=” before and after a word or phrase indicate =bold=
in the original text.
Small capitals have been converted to SOLID capitals.
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Typographical and punctuation errors have been silently corrected.
SPAR-TORPEDO INSTRUCTIONS
FOR THE
UNITED STATES NAVY.
[Illustration]
1890.
PREPARED AT THE TORPEDO STATION,
BY DIRECTION OF THE
BUREAU OF ORDNANCE.
TORPEDO STATION PRINT.
MAY 1890.
_These Torpedo Instructions, revised and prepared at the Torpedo
Station by order of the Bureau of Ordnance, are approved for use in the
Navy._
_W. M. FOLGER_,
_Chief of Bureau._
_Bureau of Ordnance_,
_May 1st, 1890._
LIST OF PLATES.
PLATE.
I. Service Torpedo.—Pattern D.
II. Exercise Torpedo.—Pattern D.
III. Circuit-closer, Contact Torpedo.—Pattern B.
IV. Fig. 1. Ship‘s Secondary Spar.—Pattern A.
” Fig. 2. Boat‘s Secondary Spar.—Pattern A.
V. Contact Spar Leading-Wires.—Pattern B.
VI. Spar-Torpedo Boat-Fittings.—Pattern B.
VII. Junction of Tubes Forming Boat‘s Spar.—Pattern A.
VIII. Fig. 1. Detonator.
” Fig. 2. Detonator Block.
IX. Fig. 1. Permanent Wires.
” Fig. 2. Connections with Firing Key of “A” Machine.
” Fig. 3. Connections with Firing-Battery.
X. Fig. 1. Electric Switch.
” Fig. 2. Terminal.
XI. Heel Fittings for Ship‘s Spar.
XII. Ship‘s Spar Fittings.
XIII. Battery Cell.
XIV. Battery Tester.
XV. Fig. 1. Hand-Firing Key.—Pattern B.
” Fig. 2. Diagram Showing Hand-Firing Key in Circuit.
XVI. Fig. 1. “A” Machine and Firing Key Connected.
“ Fig. 2. ”C” Machine Connected.
XVII. Fig. 1. Firing Key, Short-Circuit.
” Fig. 2. Firing Key, Testing Circuit.
” Fig. 3. Firing Key, Firing-Circuit.
XVIII. Steam-Drier.
CONTENTS.
PAGE.
CHAPTER I.
Spar-Torpedo Outfit—General Description—Care and Preservation 1
CHAPTER II.
Preparation of Torpedoes 17
CHAPTER III.
Electrical Apparatus 27
CHAPTER IV.
Gun-Cotton—How Packed—Stowage—Care—Inspection and Drying 39
APPENDIX.
Duties of the Inspector of Ordnance—List of Articles in
Outfit—Weights—Stowage Space 51
INDEX 59
PLATES 69
Spar-Torpedo Instructions.
CHAPTER I.
SPAR-TORPEDO OUTFIT.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION.—CARE AND PRESERVATION.
_Class D._—Includes one set of Ship‘s Torpedoes, Service and Exercise,
one set of Boat‘s Torpedoes, Service and Exercise, and one set of
circuit-closers and appurtenances for the conversion of Service into
Contact Torpedoes.
Service and Exercise Torpedoes are to be used from ships and boats;
Contact Torpedoes from boats only.
Many articles in a Torpedo Outfit are common to the different sets
comprised in Class D, in which case similar articles are classed
together for convenience of stowage and transportation. If the whole of
Class D is not issued, then only a proportionate part of those articles
designated as “Spare” are issued. Articles that belong exclusively to
any one set are issued with that set only.
SERVICE TORPEDO.
=Pattern D.—Plate I.=
(Twenty-four are issued.—Twelve for use from ships and twelve from
boats.)
This torpedo, intended for use from either ships or boats, is 12⅜
inches long and 9 inches square, inside measurement, and is made of
sheet iron tinned inside and out, coated inside with shellac and
painted outside with asphaltum. Around a filling hole in the top is
soldered a brass ring having on its inner circumference, a screw-thread
for a brass screw-cover which bears a stuffing-box for the entrance
of the spar leading-wires. A rubber washer between the cover and ring
makes the case water-tight. Riveted to the top is a tinned malleable
iron frame fitted with four lugs. A handle secured to two of the
lugs forms a brace for the spindle that attaches the torpedo to the
secondary spar; this spindle has two curved arms at one end that
straddle the handle and secure to the other two lugs by screw-bolts, a
projection on the crown of the handle fitting into a recess in the stem
of the spindle. To the bottom of the case is riveted a tinned malleable
iron plate for attaching a circuit-closer.
The primer-case, 8⅛ inches long and 3 inches square, inside
measurement, is made of tin coated inside and out with shellac and is
closed at one end.
The torpedo-case, empty but complete except the spindle, weighs about
15 lbs. The charge of the torpedo, including the primer of 2½ lbs. of
dry gun-cotton, is equivalent to about 34 lbs. of dry gun-cotton.
When issued, the torpedo-cases are completely filled with wet
gun-cotton, the screw-cover is screwed down tight and the hole in the
stuffing-box is closed tight by screwing down the water-cap over the
spherical rubber packing placed sideways in its seat.
EXERCISE TORPEDO.
=Pattern D.—Plate II.=
(Twelve are issued, two of which are empty, for use from ships or
boats).
This torpedo, 12½ inches long and 3¹/₁₆ inches square, inside
measurement, is made of tin and is closed at the lower end. It is
coated inside and out with shellac. To the upper end is soldered a
brass flange having a loop on one side and a throw-back hinge on
the opposite side. The cover consists of a square brass plate with
two loops one of which rests over the loop on the flange, the other
receiving the lug of the throw-back hinge. A thumb-screw, fitted to
the end of the lug, secures one side of the cover and a transportation
thumb-screw, fitted to the loops, secures the other side. The cover
bears a stuffing-box for the entrance of the spar leading-wires. A
rubber washer between the cover and flange makes the case water-tight.
A loop is fitted to one side of the case to receive the lower end of
the spindle.
The weight of this torpedo, empty but complete, except the spindle, is
3¼ lbs. and its charge is equivalent to about 4 lbs. of dry gun-cotton.
When issued, all the exercise torpedo-cases, except two, are completely
filled with wet gun-cotton, the cover is closed tight and the hole in
the stuffing-box is closed tight by screwing down the water-cap over
the spherical rubber packing placed sideways in its seat.
STUFFING-BOXES.
=Plates I. and II.=
Stuffing-boxes provide a water-tight entrance for the spar
leading-wires through the covers of the torpedo-cases.
In the center of each cover, around the hole for the entrance of the
leading-wires, is a brass rim fitted with a screw-thread outside, and
bored out, inside, with a slightly conical taper, providing a seat for
the packing.
The packing is of partly vulcanized rubber, 1 inch in diameter,
spherical in shape, with two parallel holes, each ¼ inch in diameter,
for reeving the leading-wires.
The water-cap screws on the brass rim and compresses the packing in its
seat, a friction-ring in the top of the cap preventing twisting of the
packing when screwing down.
A hole, ⅝ inch in diameter, through the top of the water-cap, permits
reeving the spar leading-wires.
When rubber packing is to be left seated for a long time the seat for
the packing should be coated with shellac and the packing brushed with
black lead to prevent adhesion.
CIRCUIT-CLOSER.—CONTACT TORPEDO.
=Pattern B.—Plate III.=
(Four are issued, to convert Service Torpedoes into Contact Torpedoes,
for use from boats.)
The circuit-closer consists of a cylindrical brass casting, having
one end closed, and on this end are four feet by which it is secured
to the lower head of the service torpedo by screws. The cylinder,
4¾ inches long and 5 inches in diameter, is closed at the open end
by a screw-cover, having four lugs that serve as bearings for the
contact-arms; these arms, four in number, work in slots cut in a
plunger that passes through the center of the cap, and they are held in
place by screws through the ends of two arms and their lugs. Inside the
cylinder are two insulated contact-springs secured to binding-posts in
an ebonite collar. This collar screws on the end of a short brass tube
that carries a plunger tipped on the inner end with ebonite. A stout
spiral spring in the tube through which passes this plunger, maintains,
normally, the end of the plunger clear of the contact-springs. A
rubber diaphragm separates the plunger in the cover from the plunger
in the tube, and also acts as a washer to the cover, making the
cylinder water-tight; a brass washer, laid on this diaphragm, acts as a
friction-plate for the cover to turn on when screwed up. A safety-pin
through the outer plunger prevents its being forced in accidentally.
When this pin is withdrawn, any pressure on the contact-arms tends to
force the inner plunger in against the action of the spiral spring and
to close the break between the contact-springs.
The break is ³/₁₆ inch and the tension of the spiral spring is 75 lbs.
On the side of the cylinder is fitted a stuffing-box furnishing a
water-tight entrance for the leading-wires to the binding-posts of the
contact-springs.
The circuit-closer, complete, weighs 7 lbs.
SECONDARY SPARS.
=Pattern A.—Plate IV.=
(One is furnished for each Service Torpedo.)
These are iron pipes, 8 feet long. Those for ships‘ use have a slot
cut in one end, for a key. Those for use in boats are fitted at one
end with an iron disc, called a butt, and at 2 feet 2 inches from the
butt an iron cap is riveted to the spar. All secondary spars have, at 5
inches from the outer end, a hole for the torpedo-pin. Secondary spars
are packed six in a box; those for ships having a key stopped to each
to be used in securing the secondary spar to the inner spar-band; those
for boats having a toggle stopped to each to be used in securing the
secondary spar to the boat spar.
TORPEDO PINS.
=Plate IV.=
Torpedo pins are short iron pins with an eye in one end, to which a
spun-yarn tail is spliced, designed to secure torpedoes to secondary
spars. One is provided for each service and exercise torpedo. They are
packed, with the spindles, in Box 53.
REEL BOX.
This contains 300 feet of insulated double-conductor wire cable. The
inner ends of the cable are connected to binding-screws on the sides of
the reel, where short wires are to be attached, for making connections
with batteries, etc., after the requisite amount of cable has been
unreeled. A handle is becketed to the cover of the box, to be used in
reeling up the cable. The binding-screws must be kept free from rust
(no oil to be used in cleaning), and must be occasionally turned to
keep them from setting.
The cable, as now issued, consists of two cores, each core composed of
seven No. 22 A. W. G. copper wires of not less than 95% conductivity,
coated with tin and laid up in a strand. Each core is separately
insulated with okonite composition to an external diameter of ¼ inch
and is wrapped with tape soaked in okonite composition. The two
insulated cores, laid side by side, are covered with hemp braiding to
protect them from chafe.
The resistance of the core is 2.2 ohms per 1000 feet.
The cable in the reel box is for general use and to replace disabled
permanent wires. It must never be subjected to a strain of over 100
pounds, nor jerked or hauled in from any length, but under-run.
The cable must be stowed in a cool, dry place.
SHIP‘S WIRE-BOX.
This box is marked “Wire-Box—Ship‘s.” It contains four spar
leading-wires of insulated double-conductor copper wire cable, 70 feet
each in length, precisely similar to that found in the reel box, and
two machine-connecting wires 12 feet each in length.
The spar leading-wires are to connect the torpedo with the terminals of
the permanent wires. To guard against mistakes in making connections
those for use on the starboard side are painted green and marked with
one knot and those for use on the port side are painted red and marked
with two knots.
The machine-connecting wires are insulated wires for connecting the D.
E. machine, Pattern A., with the firing-key and for general purposes.
BOAT‘S WIRE-BOX.
This box is marked “Wire-Box—Boat‘s.” It contains the same articles as
“Wire-Box—Ship‘s,” similarly marked.
CONTACT SPAR LEADING-WIRES.
=Pattern B.—Plate V.=
These consist, practically, of three insulated copper wire cables which
lead, in use, as follows:—1st. wire, from the detonator to one terminal
of the battery; 2nd. wire, from the circuit-closer to the second
terminal of the battery _via_ the safety-break; 3rd. wire, branching in
two legs at its outer end, from the detonator and the circuit-closer to
the second terminal of the battery _via_ the hand-firing key and the
safety-break.
The safety-break and the hand-firing key are connected to their proper
leads by wires of convenient length to permit placing the battery out
of the way when connected up.
The safety-break consists of two round, tapering pieces of brass each
fitted with a score and two small holes in the smaller end to which the
leading-wire is permanently secured. The larger ends, fitted to ship
together bayonet fashion, can be readily connected or disconnected at
pleasure.
Directions for using these wires are given in “Preparation of Contact
Torpedo.”
SPAR-BANDS.
=Plate IV.=
These, of wrought iron, furnish a ready means of securing secondary
spars to the ordinary wooden torpedo-spars supplied to ships. These
bands, with loops on top, are secured to the end of the wood spar, 3
feet apart, with wood screws. The inner band has a key-way, to hold
the secondary spar in place. Care must be taken that the loops of both
bands are exactly in line.
SUPPLY-BOX.
This box, containing tools and small articles required in spar-torpedo
work, is marked on top, “Torpedo Supply-Box.” For contents see Box 3
“List of Articles in Outfit supplied from Torpedo Station.”
BOAT-FITTINGS.
=Pattern B.—Plate VI.=
These, for the support and handling of the boat spars, consist of
bow-fittings, 2 swivel-crutches and 2 heel-rests.
The heel-rest is an iron crutch bolted to the rail well aft. A hinge
allows the rest to be laid inboard when not in use.
The swivel-crutch is a square iron collar fitted with a shank that
turns freely in a bearing firmly bolted to the rail, 9 feet abaft the
cross-beam. The collar is made in two parts, the upper one working on a
hinge, and has two rollers.
Bow-fittings consist of a cross-beam with its attachments. The
cross-beam, made of heavy wrought-iron tubing, is secured across the
bow to castings let into the rail. On sleeves, at the ends of the
cross-beam, are elevating-arms free to revolve in a vertical plane. At
the outer end of each arm a swivelled guide-ring is placed, projecting
at right angles to the arm in the direction of the beam of the boat.
In the lower part of this ring is a roller. Connected with the sleeve
of each arm is a gear moved by a worm on the forward end of a shaft
extending aft into the boat, an elevating-wheel being keyed to the
after end of the shaft.
The worm-shaft is in two lengths joined by a hook-coupling interposed
near the forward end of the shaft to allow the worm sufficient play to
engage the gear of the elevating-arm during the revolution of the shaft.
The worm-shaft is allowed a fore-and-aft motion such that, when
the shaft is forward, the worm is disengaged from the gear of the
elevating-arm, leaving it unsupported and free to drop and, when
the shaft is aft, the worm is engaged with the gear so that the
elevating-arm may be controlled by the elevating-wheel.
The shaft is held aft by a clutch placed just forward of the
elevating-wheel. The clutch consists of a sleeve, supported on
trunnions by a bearing bolted to a chock on the forward deck of the
boat, carrying a yoke-link, loosely bolted to two lugs on its forward
lower end and a detaching-lever, loosely bolted to two lugs on its
forward upper end. The worm-shaft, passing through this sleeve, bears a
rigid collar so placed that, when the shaft is aft, the collar is close
up against the forward end of the sleeve. The yoke-link, when swung up,
embraces the shaft and bears against the forward side of the collar,
holding the shaft aft. The yoke-link is held up by the detaching-lever
which is thrown forward between the upper ends of the yoke-link, a
transverse roller in the detaching-lever, with ends projecting on
either side, locking the yoke-link in place. A pin, passed through
eyes worked in the upper ends of the yoke-link, prevents accidental
tripping of the detaching-lever. When this pin is withdrawn and the
detaching-lever is pulled aft the yoke-link falls and the shaft is free
to move forward.
By the worm-shaft and its attachments the elevating-arm can be rotated
around the cross-beam, held in any position in its plane of rotation,
or released at any desired moment.
The gear and worm are protected by hoods.
BOAT SPARS.
=Pattern A.—Plate VII.=
The spar, made of steel, consists of two tubes, 18 and 15 feet long
respectively, one 4 inches and the other 3½ inches in diameter, joined
together with a telescopic joint. The tubes—with a lap of 2 feet—are
held together by two screws. At the larger end of the spar is an
eye-bolt for the heel-rope screwed in from the inside, and at 5 feet
from the smaller end is a hole for reeving the spar leading-wires.
This constitutes the main spar, which can readily be taken apart for
stowage by removing the screws. To assemble the spar, a feather fits
into a score on the end of the larger tube, bringing the screw-holes
opposite each other. Iron spar-clamps are furnished, to facilitate the
assembling of the spar.
The two tubes composing each spar are marked by similar letters or
numbers.
=_Note._=—Spars must invariably be taken apart after use, joints
lubricated, and protected by a canvas cover.
DETONATORS.
=Plate VIII.=
Detonators are cylindrical copper cases, closed at the bottom,
containing 35 grains of fulminate of mercury, primed on top with dry,
pulvurulent gun-cotton.
A plug, made of 1 part of ground glass and 2 parts of sulphur, melted
together, is cast around the detonator-legs:—tinned copper wires, No.
20 A. W. G., 6 inches in length, insulated with a double layer of
cotton thread soaked in paraffine, the outer layer colored red.
The inner ends of the detonator-legs are bridged by a platinum-iridium
wire, 90% platinum, 10% iridium, ³/₁₆ inch long and 2 mils in diameter,
having a resistance of .65±.03 ohm.
The plug is inserted in a copper band; dry pulvurulent gun-cotton is
loosely packed about the bridge and on top of the fulminate of mercury
and the band is screwed on the upper end of the detonator-case, thus
closing it.
Detonators are painted red. They are supplied for use with gun-cotton
torpedoes.
DETONATOR BLOCKS.
=Plate VIII.=
Wooden cylinders, with a cover that has a small circular motion. Each
block holds 8 detonators placed in holes around the circumference, the
cover locking them in. Each block is placed in a covered tin cylinder
painted red and marked “Dangerous.” These blocks will be placed in
different parts of the ship, never below the water-line. (See Ord.
Inst.)
DUMMY DETONATORS.
These are empty detonator-cases, with a hole bored in the bottom, for
use in making connections in practice. The detonator-legs are not
bridged but are cast in the plug on the bight.
Dummy detonators are painted white and the legs are insulated with
white cotton thread.
IGNITERS.
Igniters are cylindrical brass cases, closed at the lower end,
containing a charge of rifle gunpowder.
The upper end is closed by inserting a plug precisely similar to that
used in detonators, except that the igniter-legs are insulated with
white cotton thread instead of red.
The bridge is primed by twining about it a wisp of long-staple, dry
gun-cotton.
Igniters are coated with white shellac. They are supplied for use with
improvised gunpowder torpedoes.
GUN-POWDER FUZES.
These are stout, cylindrical, paper cases, closed at the lower end and
charged with rifle gunpowder. In the center of the charge is placed an
igniter the legs of which project on either side of a wooden plug which
is seized in the upper end of the case to close it.
Igniters are coated with orange shellac.
A rubber insulator, for preventing short-circuit between the splices
when the fuze is attached to leading-wires, is seized around the upper
end of the case.
Fuzes are supplied for use with improvised gunpowder torpedoes.
BOX CONTAINING GUN-POWDER FUZES AND IGNITERS.
This is marked with a list of contents. It is packed in Box 7, from
which it is to be removed, when received aboard ship, and stowed in the
magazine or ammunition room.
GLASS JARS FOR DRY PRIMERS.
=Pattern B.=
Glass cylindrical jars, fitted with cork covers, each having a capacity
for 6 two-inch, or 24 one-half inch blocks of gun-cotton. These
blocks of dry gun-cotton are tied together with boiled tape and have
litmus-paper between them. They are never to be stowed below, but
must be placed in different parts of the ship above the water-line.
Being glass, the jar, without being opened, renders the litmus-paper
readily discernible. Each jar is placed in a wooden case fitted with a
sliding cover, painted white, and is stencilled with contents, and with
precautions.
The dry primers, as used, are replaced by drying the wet blocks removed
from the torpedoes in priming them.
GUN-COTTON DRYING APPARATUS.
=Plate XVIII.=
A steam-drier, for drying wet gun-cotton for use as primers, consists
of a sheet-iron box containing two removable galvanized-iron wire
baskets in which the blocks to be dried are supported, strung on rods.
The blocks are separated from each other by small iron washers, ¼ inch
thick, also strung on the rods, to permit free circulation of the air.
A door in the front of the box permits entering and withdrawing the
baskets.
In the bottom of the box is a flat of steam-pipe the two ends of which,
projecting from the side, are screw-threaded for ready connection
with steam-heating apparatus, or with any other convenient source of
low-pressure steam.
A wire-gauze bottom, below the flat of steam-pipe, permits the entrance
of air and serves to keep out dust and to prevent undue radiation of
heat toward the outside.
In the top of the box is a ventilating opening, with a rotary damper,
protected by a hood, and also a hole for the introduction of a
thermometer.
CHEMICAL BOX.
This box is marked on top “Chemical Box.” For contents see Box 16,
“List of Articles in Outfit supplied from Torpedo Station.” For use of
contents see “Inspection of Gun-Cotton.”
The outfit includes a number of spare washers, spherical packings,
diaphragms, etc., to supply necessary waste.
In addition to the articles already mentioned, every vessel having a
“Ship‘s and Boat‘s” spar-torpedo outfit is supplied from the Torpedo
Station with the following articles, to be placed on board at the
navy yards, as permanent fittings; viz.:
Double-conductor insulated copper wire, incased in lead, in such
quantity as may be required for permanent wires; 2 electric switches;
13 terminal binding-screws.
PERMANENT WIRES.
=Plate IX.=
In order to do away with the inconvenience of leading out lengths of
wire from place to place, and to avoid injury to the wire, permanent
wires are put in place when the ship is fitted out. These wires are
led from terminals conveniently placed for battery connections via the
electric switches or firing apparatus to the terminals, abreast the
heels of the torpedo-spars.
Permanent wires should be protected from hostile fire, from chafe,
wear, and the sun; should never be taut; should never be led around
sharp angles; metal staples should never be used to hold the wires
in position, even temporarily; no part of the copper wire should be
exposed to the action of salt water; splices should be soldered and
carefully insulated; and the wires should be boxed in throughout their
lengths.
ELECTRIC SWITCHES.
=Plate X.=
In connection with permanent wires electric switches are used, and are
permanently placed in a suitable position before a ship leaves the
navy-yard.
Their object is to connect the firing-battery or the firing-key of the
D. E. machine with any or all the torpedoes. The plate represents the
switch in position, on the starboard side, with the battery off, or
the wires from the firing-key disconnected from any permanent wire,
electrically. The switch should be protected from salt water and the
weather as much as possible. It is thought best to inclose it in a box,
as nearly water-tight as possible, provided with a door which opens in
front.
=_Note._=—Where permanent firing apparatus is furnished, the electric
switches will not be issued.
TERMINALS.
=Plate X.=
Terminals are ordinary brass binding-screws secured to base-pieces
of black walnut which are to be secured in position by screws. The
figure illustrates the manner of making permanent and temporary
connections with the terminals. The counter-sunk space in the back of
the base-piece is to be filled with melted wax, after the permanent
wire has been attached, before securing the terminal in place. The
binding-screws must be kept clean and free from paint.
ARTICLES OF TORPEDO OUTFIT SUPPLIED AT NAVY YARDS.
=Ship‘s Spars.=—Such ship-rigged vessels as are now fitted for
spar-torpedoes are supplied with four torpedo-spars, fitted two on
each side, abreast the foremast and mizzenmast. Barque-rigged vessels
are supplied with but two spars, fitted one abreast the foremast on
each side. The present regulation spar is of hickory or oak, 45 feet
long, 8 inches in diameter at the heel, and 6 inches at the outer end.
It should be of the best material, straight-grained, and as nearly as
possible a natural-growth pole. In working down a larger spar, care
should be observed to follow the grain of the wood. Yellow oak is
considered superior for torpedo-spars. Red oak is too brash.
=The Heel Fittings.= (_Plate XI._)—The thrust-plate is placed at
about the height of the channels, in accordance with the regulations
established by the Bureau of Ordnance. Discretion must be used in
so placing this as to allow the spar to come alongside, so that the
torpedo can be shipped from the rail or from a port. The elbow of the
heel-bolt transmits the recoil of the spar to the thrust-plate, without
injury to the bolt itself. Good results have been obtained by using a
lashing of 6 turns of 3½-inch manilla, in place of the shackle, the
elasticity of the rope serving to take up a portion of the thrust of
the spar. An excellent plan is to secure the heel of the spar to a
spare eye-bolt in the channels, as shown in Fig. 2.
=The Spar Fittings.= (_Plate XII._)—The most approved method of fitting
a torpedo spar with guys and topping lift is shown in the plate. Spans
are fitted to the spar on which the forward guy and topping lift
travel freely, and these spans are rove through lizards to divide the
strain along the spar and prevent vibrations. The forward guy should
be single, with as much drift as possible, and long enough to let the
spar trail aft, after the explosion. The forward guy, the pendant of
the topping lift, or that part of it secured to the span, the spans and
lizards should be of galvanized-iron wire rope, ⅝ inch in diameter. The
after guy may be a single part of small manilla rope, say 3-inch. The
forward guy should be led from as near the water-line as possible to
keep the spar from rising.
CHAPTER II.
PREPARATION OF TORPEDOES.
SERVICE TORPEDO.
=Pattern D.—Plate I.=
=Priming the Service Torpedo.=—Take the torpedo out of its box; remove
the screw-cover of the case and take out the wet gun-cotton found in
the primer-case; wipe the primer-case dry and insert a primer of 16
one-half inch blocks, or 4 two-inch blocks of dry gun-cotton.
The wet gun-cotton removed from the primer-case is to be put in one of
the empty exercise torpedo-cases and dried when opportunity offers.
Wipe the screw-thread carefully and screw down tight the cover on its
washer, taking care not to cut it, using the open-end wrench provided
for the purpose in the supply-box. _It is absolutely necessary that
this case be closed water-tight._
=_Note._=—It is not advisable to prime torpedoes for a much longer
time before using than the exigencies of the service require, although
experiments at the Torpedo Station show that service gun-cotton
torpedoes may remain primed for three months, under service conditions,
and yet be relied upon to explode.
=Testing the Detonator.=—Select a detonator, brighten the ends of
its legs and attach them to leading-wires. _Put the detonator in
a safe place_, connect the leading-wires to the terminals of the
testing-magneto and turn the crank. Rattling of the armature will
indicate continuity of the circuit and is presumptive evidence that
the detonator is good. The wires from the detonator can be taken to
the binding-posts T, T of the firing-key of the A machine and tested, a
deflection of the needle furnishing proof of continuity (_Plate XVI_);
or they can be taken to the terminals of the C machine which will
indicate continuity by the striking of its gong. (_Plate XVI_).
=Splicing on the Detonator.= (_Plates I and II._)—The detonator
should now be spliced to the spar leading-wires. In splicing on the
detonator, so arrange the length of wire that the spherical rubber
packing can be placed on the leading-wires five inches from the bottom
of the detonator-case, the splices being between the detonator and
the packing. Remove the water-cap from the screw-cover of the case.
Strip the braiding and rubber tape from the leading-wires for at least
six inches from their ends and put on a neat whipping, which shall be
outside the packing.
Reeve the ends of the leading-wires through the water-cap and rubber
packing. Remove so much of the insulation as may be necessary, for
making the splice, from the leading-wires and from the legs of
the detonator; brighten the wires and place the insulation of the
detonator-legs alongside that of the leading-wires, with the ends of
the insulation flush, and expend the bare detonator-legs in turns
at right angles around the leading-wires. Turn the ends of the
leading-wires back over the splices, and trim off the ends. _One splice
should be one-half inch from the detonator and the other one inch from
the packing._ Insulate from metallic contact the splice nearest the
packing with twine and pass several turns about the wires until the
detonator is reached, where the end of the twine is secured. A strip of
okonite tape can be used, taking care that the insulation is not too
bulky. (See sample splice in supply-box).
=Fuzing the Service Torpedo.= (_Plate I._)—Having lined the holes of
the dry blocks with the rectifier, to be found in the supply-box,
enter the detonator through the hole in the cover and push it in until
the packing is seated; screw up the water-cap hand-tight. Provide the
spindle, to be found in Box 53, and secure it to the torpedo-case.
=Shipping the Secondary Spar.= (_Ship‘s._)—Enter the end of the
secondary spar in the loop of the outer band, and push in until the
key-way is abreast the slot in the loop of the inner band; then put in
the key and stop it in.
=Shipping the Service Torpedo.= (_Ship‘s._)—Insert the stem of the
spindle in the outer end of the secondary spar and push it home as far
as the shoulder. Put in the torpedo-pin and stop it in.
To prevent the strain of towing from starting the splice, turn
a cuckold‘s-neck in the spar leading-wires, and lash it to the
secondary spar or to the spindle, clear of the torpedo-case. The spar
leading-wires should then be led in along the ship‘s spar, abaft the
topping lift, and stopped to it at intervals of about four feet.
=Fuzing and Shipping the Service Torpedo, and Shipping the Secondary
Spar.= (_Boat‘s._) =Pattern B. Boat-Fittings.=—See that the
elevating-arm points aft. Rig in the main spar clear of the guide-ring.
Point the inner end of the secondary spar through the guide-ring,
the outer end resting on the rail. Reeve the leading-wires through
the guide-ring from forward aft, and fuze the torpedo. Then ship
the torpedo in the secondary spar, securing it by the torpedo-pin,
which must be stopped in. Turn a cuckold‘s-neck in the leading-wires
and stop it to the secondary spar or to the spindle, clear of the
torpedo-case. Slew the secondary spar in position, butt aft. Reverse
the elevating-arm, by revolving it downward, until the guide-ring is in
line with the swivel-crutch and heel-rest, carefully tending the inner
end of the secondary spar by a line bent on. Ship the secondary spar
in the main spar, by rigging the latter out or in, and secure it by a
toggle, which must be stopped in.
The boat spar leading-wires are rove through the main spar. To
facilitate this, a reeving-line and weight, found in the supply-box, is
rove through the main spar, before the secondary spar is shipped; one
end of the line is secured to the heel-bolt, and the other around the
spar abreast the wire-hole.
When the secondary spar is shipped, bend the end of the leading-wires
to the reeving-line, rig out the torpedo until the heel of the spar is
conveniently placed for hauling on the after end of the reeving-line,
and reeve the leading-wires through the spar, being careful to avoid
chafing the insulation.
When the contact spar leading-wires are used they must be rove through
the main spar, from aft forward, before fuzing the torpedo.
The spar leading-wires from the heel of the ship‘s spar are taken
to the terminals abreast the heel of the spar; from the heel of the
boat‘s spar they are taken directly to the C machine, or to the
firing-battery, a hand-firing key being interposed when the battery is
used. (_See Plate XV._)
_No connection, however, is to be made with terminal, machine, or
battery, until the torpedo is submerged and at the proper distance from
the side of the ship or boat._
=Testing the Circuit from Ships.=—After the torpedo is submerged the
circuit may be tested, to do which connect the spar leading-wires
to their proper terminals and connect the binding-screws T, T, of
the firing-key, to the proper permanent wires. Place the firing-key
as directed for testing the detonator, ship the crank of the D.
E. machine, turn rapidly with the sun, and press the key T of the
firing-key. A deflection of the compass-needle will indicate that the
circuit is complete. (_See Plate XVI._) Or, the testing-magneto may be
used to test the circuit.
_The firing-battery must not be used to test the circuit._
=To Fire.=—Make connections with the firing-battery, or with the A
machine (_Plate IX_). When using the battery, close the hand-firing key
at the moment it is desired to fire. When using the A machine, press
the key F of the firing-key, and keep it down; turn the crank of the
machine rapidly, and at the instant it is desired to fire, press firmly
the key T of the firing-key (the key F being already down).
The Service Torpedo must be immersed 10 feet, and from ships may be
safely exploded at 35 feet from the side.
=To Test the Circuit from Boats.=—The spar leading-wires are brought
directly to the machine, (_See Plate XVI_), _but not connected until
the torpedo is submerged_, when the circuit may be tested by connecting
it to the binding-screws of the C machine, turning the crank of the
machine and pressing the key T, as for testing the detonator. Or, the
testing-magneto may be used to test the circuit.
_The firing-battery must not be used to test the circuit._
=To Fire.=—Make connection with the battery (_Plate XV_), or with the
C machine (_Plate XVI_.) When using the battery, close the hand-firing
key at the desired instant. When using the C machine, manipulate the
keys as directed for the firing-key of the A machine.
The Service Torpedo must be immersed not less than 10 feet, and may be
safely exploded at a horizontal distance of 22 feet from the boat.
EXERCISE TORPEDO.
=Pattern D.—Plate II.=
=Priming the Exercise Torpedo.=—Remove the transportation thumb-screw
and loosen the thumb-screw on the lug of the hinge. Throw back the
cover, replace the second wet block of gun-cotton from the top with
a dry 2-inch block, or four ½inch blocks, and put the cover back in
place; insert the spindle, to be found in box 53, through the loops on
one side and screw down taut against its shoulder; screw down also the
thumb-screw on the lug of the hinge. _It is absolutely necessary that
this case be closed water-tight._
The wet gun-cotton removed is to be placed in one of the empty exercise
torpedo-cases, to be dried when opportunity offers.
=_Note._=—Do not allow the dry primer to remain in the exercise torpedo
any considerable length of time before use, as it may absorb enough
moisture to prevent detonation.
The detonator is tested and spliced, and the torpedo fuzed in the same
manner as directed for the Service Torpedo.
=Shipping the Exercise Torpedo.=—To be done in the same manner as
prescribed for the Service Torpedo.
The Exercise Torpedo may be used from either a boat‘s or ship‘s spar.
It may be safely exploded at an immersion of 5 feet, and a horizontal
distance of 20 feet.
PREPARATION OF THE CONTACT TORPEDO.
=Pattern D.—Plate V.=
=To Convert a Service Torpedo into a Contact Torpedo.=—Attach a
circuit-closer, Pattern B, to the frame on the lower head of the
torpedo by screws through the lugs.
=Testing the Circuit-Closer.=—Remove the water-cap and spherical
rubber packing from the side of the circuit-closer; remove its
screw-cover; take out the inner plunger. Remove the braid for a few
inches from the longer leg (insulated double-conductor cable) at the
outer end of the contact spar leading-wires, whipping the braid.
Remove the rubber tape from the conductors, and pass them through the
water-cap and packing and through the cylinder of the circuit-closer.
Remove the insulation for one inch, brighten and lay up the naked wires
and connect them to the binding-posts of the circuit-closer, taking
care that the bare ends do not project far beyond the binding-posts.
Seat the inner plunger, hauling on the wires at the same time, so as
not to leave any slack wire in the cylinder. Set down the water-cap on
the packing in the side of the circuit-closer. Replace the diaphragm,
friction-plate and screw-cover. Remove the insulation for one inch
from the shorter legs at the outer end of the leading-wires, and
bend the naked wires together temporarily. Connect the inner ends of
the leading-wires with the terminals of the testing-magneto, or of
the C machine. Close the safety-break. Remove the safety-pin from
the circuit-closer and press down the contact-arms. Under these
circumstances a test with the testing-magneto, or with the C machine
should show continuity. Release the contact-arms and put in the
safety-pin. A test should now show no continuity. After this test the
safety-pin must not be removed until just before submerging the torpedo
prior to firing.
_It is absolutely necessary that the circuit-closer be closed
water-tight._
=Priming the Contact Torpedo.=—Proceed as in priming the Service
Torpedo.
=Fuzing and Shipping the Contact Torpedo, and Shipping the Secondary
Spar.=—Proceed as with the Service Torpedo, except that the contact
spar leading-wires must be rove through the main spar, from aft
forward, before fuzing the torpedo. The detonator must be spliced to
the short legs of the leading-wires.
=To Test the Circuit.=—The torpedo having been submerged, connect the
inner ends of the leading-wires to the testing-magneto, or to the C
machine. Close the safety-break and the hand-firing key and test. Under
these circumstances continuity should be found.
=To Fire at Will.=—Connect to the firing-battery, close the
safety-break and, at the desired moment, close the hand-firing key.
=To Fire on Contact.=—Connect to the firing-battery. Close the
safety-break. When contact is made the contact-arms will be forced in,
and the torpedo will explode.
=_Note._=—The safety-break should be habitually left open, being
closed only just before it is desired to put the circuit in condition
to fire by closing either one of the two remaining breaks—that in the
hand-firing key, when firing at will, or that in the circuit-closer,
when firing on contact.
IMPROVISED TORPEDOES.
Torpedoes may be readily improvised from kegs or casks pitched outside.
The fuze should be put in place before filling with powder, in order
that it may be near the center of the charge. The spar leading-wires
pass out through the close fitting scores in the bung. The latter,
after being secured in its place, should be pitched over thoroughly,
and weight added to the whole, in order that it may be readily
immersed. For exercise torpedoes, bottles, oil-cans, etc., may be used.
An excellent composition for rendering the bung and the entrance of the
leading-wires water-tight is made by melting together 8 parts of pitch,
1 of beeswax and 1 of tallow. It is to be applied while fluid.
In order to burn all of the powder in the torpedo, a spindle, to
contain the fuze, should be made on board of wood, following the
general form of spindle in a gunpowder torpedo, and using a wrapping of
cotton cloth, bunting, or paper, to prevent the powder passing through
the flame-holes and choking up the spindle.
=Splicing on the Fuze.=—To splice the fuze to the spar leading-wires
so arrange the length of wire that the fuze will be entered in the
spindle, reaching well into the torpedo-case when the entrance for
the wires is closed. The leading-wires must be stripped of covering
exterior to the insulation, to a distance extending to just outside
the entrance. At this point the outer wrapping on the wires should
be secured by a good whipping. If the outer wrapping on the wire is
admitted inside, it will, after a time, act so as to introduce water to
the charge.
To make the splices, strip the insulation from the leading-wires for
about an inch, and brighten them. Brighten the fuze-legs and twist them
around the leading-wires in a manner similar to that employed in the
Service Torpedo, arranging the splices, however, so that they shall be
at equal distances from the top of the fuze. Cut off extra ends and
lay the splices in the scores of the fuze-plug; turn the insulator
down over them, and secure it with the insulator fastener. (See sample
splice in supply-box).
USE OF THE PERMANENT WIRES AND ELECTRIC SWITCHES.
=Connecting.= (_Plate IX._)—The connections with the firing-battery
are as follows:—one wire from each switch is connected to one battery
terminal, and the common-return wire, with the hand-firing key
interposed, is connected to the other battery terminal.
The connections with the firing-key of the A machine are as
follows:—one wire from each switch is connected to one binding-post,
marked T, of the firing-key, and the common-return wire is connected to
the other binding-post of the firing-key, also marked T.
When electric switches are used an intelligent and careful person must
be stationed at each switch, the index of which must be kept pointing
toward “Battery off; connection through,” except when it is desired
to prepare the circuit for firing any torpedo, when the index must be
turned so as to point toward the torpedo which is about to be fired.
The circuit for firing any single torpedo may thus be arranged; or, by
moving the index to point toward “Battery on both” the circuits will be
prepared for firing the two attached to that switch.
By a proper manipulation of the switches the circuits may be prepared
so that any one, two, or three, or all four of the torpedoes may be
fired simultaneously.
It must be borne in mind, however, that the electric switch is only a
commutator for establishing the paths of the currents and that it must
not be used as a firing-key.
CHAPTER III.
ELECTRICAL APPARATUS.
FIRING-BATTERIES.
Voltaic batteries are supplied for firing torpedoes from ships and
boats. A modification of the Le Clanché cell has been adopted and is
now issued from the Torpedo Station. One ship‘s firing-battery of six
cells is supplied to such ships as are fitted with spars. For use in
boats and elsewhere, as may be necessary, two boat‘s firing-batteries
of four cells each, with two spare cells for each battery, are
supplied. When the guns are to be fired by electricity an additional
firing-battery will be furnished for the purpose.
=_Note._=—Ships having only one torpedo launch will be supplied with
but one boat‘s battery.
THE CELL.
=Plate XIII.=
The positive element is zinc in the shape of a cylinder open at both
ends. Around the zinc is molded a covering of okonite, which forms the
jar of the cell. A lug from the zinc cylinder projects up through the
okonite covering and has soldered to it the brass negative terminal of
the cell. The negative element is a thin plate of platinum enclosed in
a cylindrical muslin bag filled with crushed carbon. The bottom of the
bag is closed by a flat, circular piece of ebonite. The top of the bag
is seized to a plug of ebonite, through which passes a platinum wire,
soldered to the platinum plate and to the brass positive terminal in
the top. The ebonite plug is scored to take a rubber cover, the outer
edge of which fits in a groove cut around the inside of the okonite
cylinder above the top of the zinc, preventing loss of the liquid by
splashing, or by evaporation. A hole in the cover permits the entrance
of air, which is necessary for the proper operation of the cell. A
rubber ring around the lower end of the negative element prevents its
contact with the zinc. The liquid is a nearly saturated solution of
sal-ammoniac (ammonium chloride). This cell polarizes rapidly on a
short-circuit, but recovers in a few hours if left on open circuit.
FIRING-BATTERY FOR SHIPS.
The ship‘s firing-battery consists of six cells inclosed in a box. The
cells are joined up in series. The terminals are at one end of the box,
on top, and are covered by a lid hinged to the cover of the box.
FIRING-BATTERY FOR BOATS.
This pattern is similar to the ship‘s battery, except that four cells
only are inclosed in its box.
BATTERY TESTER.
=Plate XIV.=
This consists of a small wooden case inclosing a resistance-coil and a
fuze-bridge. One end of the coil is connected to a brass spring and the
other to one end of the fuze-bridge; the other end of the fuze-bridge
is connected to a brass contact-piece opposite a spring at the other
end of the case. When the tester is laid over the terminals of the
battery and pressed down, contact is made between the contact-piece
and spring, and a circuit established through the resistance-coil and
bridge. If the battery is in good condition the bridge will be seen to
redden, through a glass plate in the top of the case. The resistance
of the coil in the tester for the ship‘s battery is 6.5 ohms and in
the tester for the boat‘s battery it is 4 ohms.
Should the fine wire bridge accidentally be broken, the plug must be
removed and a new one inserted. A number of plugs, with bridges, are
supplied for this purpose.
MANAGEMENT AND CARE OF FIRING-BATTERIES.
=To Prepare the Liquid.=—Make a saturated solution of sal-ammoniac with
rain or distilled water. The solution will be hastened by crushing the
crystals of sal-ammoniac and heating the water. Allow the solution to
cool and settle, and decant it carefully. Then add one-tenth its volume
of distilled or rain water.
One pound of sal-ammoniac to four pints of water will give the proper
degree of saturation.
=To Fill the Cells.=—Press down the edge of the rubber cover at one
point and, by inserting a screw-driver at this point, pry up the cover,
and lift its edge all around. Introduce the liquid through a glass
funnel, being careful to spill none of it on the connections, and fill
the jars to within half an inch of the top. After twenty-four hours
replenish the liquid, filling the jars to the same point as before, and
replace the rubber cover.
The ship‘s battery should be kept in a locker provided for it on the
berth-deck, and should be kept connected with the wires leading to the
firing apparatus on the spar-deck.
Neither the ship‘s nor the boat‘s firing-batteries are to be tested
too frequently, nor must the duration of a test be longer than is
necessary. The batteries, if kept stationary in a proper locker, need
be tested but once weekly. The boat‘s battery must be tested before it
is sent into the boat, and again after it is put in place in the boat.
The liquid should last from six to twelve months, according to the work
done by the battery. Should the battery fail to show the proper test,
search for bad or corroded connections. Test each cell separately, by
touching the legs of a fuze-bridge directly to the poles of the cell. A
single cell should redden the fuze-bridge when no other resistance is
interposed. Faulty cells must be taken out, emptied and supplied with
fresh liquid.
The batteries must be examined daily. The connections must be kept
clean and free from salts and, to secure this, the liquid must not
be allowed to come in contact with them. Corroded connections can be
cleaned with emery cloth, or, if very badly corroded, they may be
scraped with the back of a knife-blade.
Boat‘s batteries must be habitually examined after use in boats and any
liquid that may have splashed about them be carefully wiped off.
It sometimes happens that, from long use and impoverishment of the
liquid, crystals of zinc-ammonium-chloride form in the cell, attaching
themselves to the muslin bag and to the zinc. Sometimes these crystals
build across from the bag to the zinc and prevent the ready removal
of the negative element. When this occurs no effort should be made
to remove it by force, for such a proceeding is liable to brake the
platinum wire, or tear the thin platinum plate. To remove the negative
element, take off the rubber cover and pour out the liquid, which
should not be used again. Fill the cell with warm water and allow it to
stand, full of water, for several hours. The crystals are but slightly
soluble, but prolonged soaking will detach them sufficiently to permit
the removal of the negative element. When this can be done the crystals
are to be carefully picked off the muslin and scraped off the zinc. If
such crystals are found in a cell, at any time, they must at once be
removed and the liquid renewed.
These batteries require but little care, but this little they must
have. Systematic attention to them will be well repaid by their good
performance and their constant readiness for use.
Before the firing-batteries are returned into store at the end of
the cruise, or before transportation to distant points, the negative
elements must be removed from the cells, thoroughly soaked in fresh
water and dried. The jars must be washed out and drained and all metal
parts wiped perfectly dry.
HAND-FIRING KEY.
=Pattern B.—Plate XV.=
This consists of two pieces of hickory, shaped to fit the hand, and
joined together at the smaller end. Each piece is fitted with a brass
contact stud projecting from its inner face at a short distance
from the larger end. The natural spring of the wood keeps the two
parts separated and maintains, normally, a break between the studs.
A hole, bored longitudinally in each part, permits the entrance of
a leading-wire, the bared end of which is secured by a screw to the
contact stud. A rubber cot is seized over the key to prevent the
closing of the circuit by sea-water. A safety-pin, attached to the
key by a laniard, is habitually kept between the two parts to prevent
accidental closing.
The hand-firing key, introduced in an electrical circuit, provides a
break that can be closed at will.
THE TESTING-MAGNETO.
This is a small magneto-electric machine, sending alternating currents
into the external circuit. The circuit from the magneto includes an
electro-magnet with a vibrating armature.
The magneto will actuate this armature vigorously as a sounder, or
rattler, through about 1000 ohms resistance. It may be used for testing
the continuity of torpedo and other circuits, or for testing the
insulation of the permanent and other leading-wires.
=For Testing Continuity.=—The poles of the magneto are connected with
the ends of the circuit to be tested and the crank turned. If the
armature rattles it indicates a continuous circuit. The failure of the
armature to rattle will show a break in the circuit.
=For Testing the Insulation of the Permanent Wires.=—Connect one pole
of the magneto with the wire to be tested and the other pole to earth;
or, if a cross with some other wire is suspected, the other pole is
connected with that wire. If the armature rattles vigorously when the
crank is turned, a leak of less than about 1000 ohms resistance is
indicated; if not, the insulation resistance of the wire is about 1000
ohms.
=To Test the Insulation of a Leading-Wire.=—Attach one end of it to one
pole of the magneto, the other pole of which is connected by a short
length of wire to an earth-plate placed in a tub of sea-water. Keeping
the two ends of the wire to be tested out and dry, pay it into the tub
gradually, turning the crank of the magneto meanwhile. Should there be
a fault in the insulation, its existance and locality will be indicated
by rattling of the armature when it reaches the water.
FARMER‘S DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINE, PATTERN A, AND FIRING-KEY.
=Plate XVI.=
For a full description of the electric machine, see “A Lecture on
Galvanic Batteries, Part III” published by the Bureau of Ordnance, 1875.
In general, pattern A may be considered as having an electro-motive
force of sixteen to eighteen volts and a resistance of five ohms and to
be capable of firing from twenty to twenty-five detonators arranged in
series, or five to six arranged in as many branch circuits, or a single
detonator through 1½ miles of cable such as is now issued, or through
twenty ohms resistance.
It is unnecessary to give more than three or four turns of the crank
in order to generate sufficient current to fire; but these revolutions
must be with the sun and continuous up to and including the moment
of firing. In general, as more work is required from the machine,
greater speed and longer time will be necessary to get the machine
up to its maximum power; this time, however, is very limited and
the rapid turning of the crank for half a minute may be considered
sufficient. With a single detonator in circuit and a moderate amount
of leading-wire, one-quarter of a turn of the crank will usually be
sufficient to fire.
=Testing the Machine.=—To test the machine, connect the binding-screws
by a piece of metal, ship the crank and turn it with the sun. If it
turn hard the machine is in good order; if it turn as easily as before
the binding-screws were connected the machine is out of order.
In case the machine is out of order it should be removed from the outer
case and the cause sought out and remedied. There are no delicate parts
or mechanism and the machine may be examined without fear of injury.
The only faults which have been observed are the collecting of dirt
between the shells of the commutator and the commutator springs, want
of contact between them and the collecting of metallic dust between the
two shells of the commutator. Each of these faults may be remedied in
a moment. It is proper to say that these faults have never occurred
when the machines were turned by hand and seldom when turned by power
at a high rate of speed.
Some of the wire connections inside the machine might be severed by
the breaking of a soldered joint, of which there are five. A fault of
this kind would be readily found and easily remedied. In soldering
electrical connections, resin, and not acid, should be used.
The effect of any of these faults is to cause a break in the continuity
of the electrical circuit of the machine. This circuit is as follows:
starting from one binding-screw, a wire leads to the field-of-force
coils, or electro-magnet coils, traverses them and passes to one of the
commutator springs; thence to one shell of the commutator; thence to
the coil around the armature, through this coil to the other shell of
the commutator; thence to the other commutator spring and, by a wire,
to the second binding-screw, thus forming a complete circuit, when
the binding-screws are joined together. If they are left unconnected,
there is no closed circuit, no current is generated and the armature,
therefore, turns easily. When the circuit is closed by connecting the
terminals by a conductor of not too great resistance, the current
generated excites the electro-magnets and this leads, in turn, to the
generation of a stronger current until a maximum is reached depending
on the resistance of the circuit and the speed with which the crank
is turned. The electrical energy thus developed when the circuit is
closed requires, of course, that extra work should be done to turn the
crank. When the circuit is broken, inside or outside of the machine,
it is necessary to overcome only the friction of the machine and the
armature, therefore, turns easily.
=The Purpose of the Firing-Key.= (_Plate XVI._)—The full power of the
electro-magnets of the D. E. machine will be reached soonest and will
be greatest when the two binding-screws are joined by a piece of metal
of practically no resistance as, for instance, a short wire. If this
short-circuit is kept closed until the moment of firing and is at that,
moment replaced by the circuit containing the detonator, we will have
the machine working with its magnets fully excited in the circuit in
which useful work is to be done. In order to accomplish this change of
circuit, without allowing the magnetism of the machine to fall, the
second circuit must be completed before the first is broken. If we had
no more convenient method we could take advantage of this property
of the machine by connecting the two ends of the fuze-circuit to the
two binding-screws of the machine, and laying a piece of metal across
the two binding-screws. When the crank is turned a strong current is
generated, the magnets reach their full strength and, on removing the
piece of metal, the machine is thrown upon the fuze-circuit with its
magnets strongly excited, generating sufficient current to fire the
detonator.
The firing-key furnishes a convenient method for making this change of
circuit and also a means for testing the continuity of the fuze-circuit
at any time before firing. When the firing-key is connected to the
machine by wires between the binding-screws of the latter and those
marked B, B, of the former and the binding-screws, marked T, T, of the
former, are joined by a wire, there are three circuits which may be
closed or broken by manipulation of the keys T and F of the firing-key.
(_Plate XVII._)
=The Short-Circuit.=—The current follows the path shown in Fig. 1.
=The Test-Circuit.=—When the key T is pressed, the short-circuit is
broken and the current follows the path shown in Fig. 2.
=The Firing-Circuit.=—When the keys F and T are pressed, the current
follows the path shown in Fig. 3.
=To Test the Firing-Key.=—Connect as above and place the firing-key
about ten or twelve feet from the machine, and so that the
compass-needle points in the direction of the length of the box; ship
the crank and turn it rapidly; if it turn hard the short-circuit is in
good condition; then press the key T; if the crank turn easily and the
compass-needle be deflected, the test-circuit is complete; then press
the key F (the key T being already down); if the crank turn hard and
the needle be no longer deflected, the firing-circuit is complete.
FARMER‘S DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINE.
=Pattern C.—Plate XVI.=
This machine, intended for use in boats, has less power than the large
machine, and may generally be considered as having an electro-motive
force of eight volts, and a resistance of four ohms, and to be capable
of firing eight to ten detonators in series, or two to three arranged
in as many branches, or a single detonator through 1500 feet of such
cable as is now issued.
This pattern combines within itself the firing and testing
apparatus,—that is, the firing-key is permanently connected to the
machine and the binding-screws of the C machine occupy a position
analogous to that of the binding-screws T, T, of the firing-key.
=To Test the Machine.=—Ship the crank and turn it rapidly with the
sun; if it turn somewhat hard the short-circuit is complete; press the
key T; the crank should turn with ease; connect the binding-screws by
a short wire; turn the crank as before and press the key T; if the
crank turn easier and a small bell be heard to strike inside, the
test-circuit is complete. Continue turning the crank, press the key F
and then the key T; if it continue to turn somewhat hard, and the bell
does not sound, the firing-circuit is complete. The difference of force
necessary to turn the crank during the several tests is not so apparent
as with the larger machine. If any of the tests fail the machine
should be taken from its case and the fault treated as with the larger
machines.
WIRES.
=Insulation.=—Insulation is for the purpose of confining the electric
current to the path we wish it to take and should be carefully looked
after at all points not covered by the rubber or other permanent
insulating matter. Faults in the insulation of the wires leading from
the testing or firing apparatus to the torpedo may be so situated as to
cause, in the former case, false tests and, in the latter, a sufficient
weakening of the current through the detonator to prevent its firing;
or, they may be so situated as to cause accidental explosion of the
torpedo. The insulation of the wires, as well as that of the testing or
firing apparatus, must therefore be carefully preserved.
In order to preserve good insulation, all binding-screws should be kept
clean and dry. Rain water has little effect, but salt water is bad.
Wires which make short angles should be protected from chafe and all
splices should be very carefully insulated by rubber tubing.
Particular care must be taken to prevent metallic contact of the two
legs of the detonator. Any such contact at that point would not be
detected by testing and would be fatal to success.
=Splicing Wires.=—Remove the jute braiding and rubber tape from the
two ends to be spliced for such a distance as to be clear of the rubber
tubing used to insulate the splices and whip the braiding. Bare the
conductors of the two wires for about an inch and a half, lay them up
and brighten them. Slip the piece of rubber tubing over the end of one
of the wires. Unite the wires by a square-knot or sheet-bend, soldering
the splice if it is to be permanent. Slip the rubber tubing over the
splice so that its ends will overlap the rubber insulation of the wires
and pass a snug seizing around each end of it.
If the splice is to be permanent a better junction may be made as
follows: Prepare the wires as before, bend up slightly the two ends,
lay them side by side, and bind them tightly together with a whipping
of fine wire; then turn the ends back on the splice and solder the
whole together. Another good joint may be made as follows: Prepare the
wires, but allow a greater length; lay them together and twist each
about the other at right angles and in opposite directions; then solder
all together.
In all cases trim the splices so that there shall be no projecting
wires to cut through the insulation.
=Continuity.=—It is possible that a wire may be cut or broken at some
point where such cut or break cannot be seen. If there be any reason to
suspect such a break, the continuity of that wire may be readily tested
by connecting it to the testing-magneto, using leading-wires known to
be good, and proceeding as in other testing.
CHAPTER IV.
GUN-COTTON.—HOW PACKED.—STOWAGE.—CARE.—INSPECTION AND DRYING.
PACKING AND STOWAGE OF WET GUN-COTTON.
Each Service Torpedo, completely filled with wet gun-cotton, is packed
in a rough box for transportation and stowage. The Exercise Torpedoes,
ten filled with wet gun-cotton and two empty, are packed six in a box.
Each filled torpedo has attached to its case a tag on which is marked
the gross weight of the torpedo in pounds and ounces, the initials of
the Superintendent of the Gun-cotton Factory and the factory number of
the charge from which the contained gun-cotton is taken.
When received on board ship the cover on which the address is marked
is to be reversed. The torpedoes are then stowed in the magazine in a
manner similar to that now employed in stowing shells.
MARKS ON BOXES.
+-----------------------+------------------------+
| PAT. D. TORPEDO, | PAT. D. TORPEDOES, |
| SERVICE. | EXERCISE. |
| | |
| = .... LBS. DRY G. C. | = .... LBS. DRY G. C. |
| | |
|(_Factory No. of_ | (_Factory No. of_ |
| __Charge._) | _Charge._) |
+-----------------------+------------------------+
PACKING-AND STOWAGE OF DRY GUN-COTTON.
The glass jars for dry primers, filled with dry gun-cotton, are put in
wooden cases, painted white, fitted with sliding covers as described on
p. 13. The cases are marked “DRY GUN-COTTON PRIMERS. NOT TO GO BELOW.”
They are packed in a rough box for transportation.
When received on board ship the cases containing the jars are placed
in different parts of the ship, but are never to be stowed below the
water-line.
On account of insurance restrictions imposed on freight companies it is
often impracticable to ship gun-cotton in its dry state. When this is
the case the gun-cotton primers are issued wet and are packed in the
spare exercise torpedo-cases from which, on receipt aboard ship, they
are to be removed and dried and then stowed in the glass jars for dry
primers.
* * * * *
A Torpedo Outfit, consisting of 24 Service, Pattern D. Torpedoes, 12
Exercise (10 filled, 2 empty), Pattern D. Torpedoes and 4 jars of dry
gun-cotton for primers will contain, approximately, the following
amount of gun-cotton:—
WET GUN-COTTON.
24 Service Pattern D,} {1296 2-inch blocks; or 1200}
Torpedoes }={ 2-inch blocks and 384 }wet = 818.1 lbs.
} { ½-inch blocks } dry.
12 Exercise (10 full,} {60 2-inch blocks; or 50 }
2 empty) Pattern D,}={ 2-inch blocks and 40 }wet = 37.9 lbs.
Torpedoes } { ½-inch blocks } dry.
} {1356 2-inch blocks; or 1250}
Total wet gun-cotton }={ 2-inch blocks and 424 }wet = 856 lbs.
} { ½-inch blocks } dry.
DRY PRIMERS.
6 each of {16 ½-inch blocks;} {96 ½-inch blocks;}dry = 15.2 lbs. dry.
{or 4 2-inch blocks }={or 24 2-inch blocks}
-----
Total equivalent of dry gun-cotton in outfit 871.2 lbs. dry.
The wet charge of a torpedo, Pattern D, is composed of blocks two
inches thick. The primer charge is composed of blocks ½ inch thick, if
there be any on hand; otherwise, of blocks 2 inches thick.
The 2-inch block contains 10.1 oz. and the ½-inch block 2.5 + oz. of
dry gun-cotton.
CARE OF GUN-COTTON AND DETONATORS.
=The Gun-Cotton Magazine= must not be located near the boilers or
engines, nor where the temperature of the magazine will equal 105° F.
for any great length of time. The magazine should be aired frequently.
Avoid as much as possible exposing any box or case containing
gun-cotton, dry or wet, to the direct rays of the sun for any length of
time, as the temperature inside the box can, in this way, be raised to
a point considerably above that of the open air and this temperature
will be maintained for a considerable time after the exposure.
The diurnal changes of temperature will not affect gun-cotton, wet or
dry, provided that the cases or boxes containing the gun-cotton are not
exposed to the sun.
The detonating charges of dry gun-cotton are designated “primers,” and
the fulminate of mercury igniter as the “detonator.”
The primers of dry gun-cotton supplied to each ship are packed in glass
jars with tight covers to exclude moisture. Strips of blue litmus-paper
are placed between the blocks of dry gun-cotton.
The glass jars will be kept in their wooden cases. The jars and cases
are a part of the permanent outfit and must be cared for and returned.
Dry gun-cotton is never to be stowed below the water-line, but it may
be carried under any deck above the water-line, care being taken that
the glass jars, in their wooden cases, are not within 10 feet of each
other, nor in the vicinity of the galley or other fires, nor in the
immediate vicinity of the guns of the battery.
In removing from their cases the glass jars holding the dry gun-cotton
never expose them to the sun, as the glass may act as a lens and cause
the ignition of the gun-cotton.
All other primers will be furnished wet, and packed in the torpedo
cases.
As the stock of dry primers becomes reduced, a suitable time and place
will be selected for replenishing the stock, by drying, according to
the rules for drying gun-cotton, the blocks removed from the torpedoes
in priming them.
The detonator has a charge of 35 grains of fulminate of mercury.
Detonators are placed in circular wooden blocks, bored to hold eight
each, each block being put in a tin box. These tin boxes should never
be put below the water-line, but kept in a dry place on the upper
decks, and not in the immediate vicinity of the galley or other fires,
of the battery, or of other explosives. _All loaded detonators are
painted red_, and the tin boxes containing them are also painted red
and marked on top “DANGEROUS.” Great care should be taken to grasp the
box by the bottom when lifting or carrying it for, if held by the top
only, the bottom, with its block, may slip out.
INSPECTION OF GUN-COTTON.
_Weekly—all dry gun-cotton._
_Monthly—all dry gun-cotton._
_Quarterly—all wet gun-cotton._
INSPECTION OF DRY GUN-COTTON.
=Weekly Inspection.=—_The dry gun-cotton primers must be inspected
weekly._ This can be done without opening the jars, by observing the
condition of the blocks and the strips of blue litmus-paper placed
between them.
In the event of any serious decomposition having taken place, the
gun-cotton will be found more or less covered with pasty, yellow
spots, the jar will be filled with brownish red, highly acid fumes
and the litmus-paper will show a decided red color. In this event the
gun-cotton may be thrown overboard, but even when in this extreme
condition there appears to be little danger of immediate explosion
and, if desired for use, this gun-cotton may be wet with the alkaline
solution (p. 45), until it has increased 30% in weight, and used
as wet gun-cotton. No serious risk will attend this operation. No
gun-cotton should be thrown overboard except when a board of experts
has pronounced it to be in the condition above described. This is
essential, as considerable valuable gun-cotton has been condemned and
destroyed and a sense of insecurity has arisen in consequence of errors
in inspection.
It frequently occurs that the blue litmus-paper becomes faded by
exposure in the jars, but no danger is to be apprehended in consequence.
If the litmus-paper has become reddened, but no fumes or pasty spots
are observed, the blocks should be lifted out by the loose ends of the
tape and placed on a perfectly clean, dry piece of blotting-paper. Then
untie the tape and separate the blocks, being careful not to touch them
with the fingers. (A perfectly clean, dry crash towel may be used in
handling the blocks.) Remove the strips of litmus-paper, insert freshly
moistened strips in their places and tie the tape as before. After an
hour‘s interval examine the ends of the strips of litmus-paper. If
they have become reddened, wet the blocks with the alkaline solution
(p. 45), until they have increased 30% in weight and use them as wet
gun-cotton.
If the moistened litmus strips have not become reddened after one
hour‘s exposure, replace the blocks in the jar, close it tight and
replace it in its box.
=Monthly Inspection.=—Even if no change is observed in the
litmus-paper at the weekly inspections the test just described, with
freshly moistened blue litmus-paper strips, is to be applied to all
dry gun-cotton once each month and this constitutes the _monthly
inspection_. If the test shows the gun-cotton to be acid, the
gun-cotton should be wet with the alkaline solution (p. 45), until it
has increased 30% in weight, and then used as wet gun-cotton.
INSPECTION OF WET GUN-COTTON.
=Quarterly Inspection.=—The wet gun-cotton is packed in the Service and
Exercise cases and contains from 30% to 35% of water. The gross weight
of gun-cotton and case is marked upon each case. These cases are to be
separately weighed every three months and any loss in the gross weight
made up by the addition of pure water poured through the filling-hole,
which should then be carefully closed.
PRECAUTIONS TO BE TAKEN IN INSPECTION.
Do not handle the gun-cotton with the bare hand. Never touch
litmus-paper with the bare hand. Blue litmus-paper may become reddened
by the acid substances exuded from the skin. Litmus-paper should always
be handled with the forceps provided in the Chemical Box.
Always moisten the litmus-paper before making the test, using the
distilled water provided in the Chemical Box. Hold the litmus-paper
strip in the forceps, dip one of the glass rods, provided in the
Chemical Box, in the bottle of distilled water and then apply the
moist rod to the paper. The litmus-paper must be moist, only, and not
reeking with water. Should the supply of water in the Chemical Box be
exhausted, water distilled on board, or fresh rain water, may be used,
provided it first be tested and found free from acid reaction.
Make a comparative test to prove that there is, or is not, an acid
reaction. As blue litmus-paper may sometimes become slightly reddened
when moistened with distilled water only, a comparison should always be
made by taking two pieces of fresh blue litmus-paper and moistening one
with distilled water and the other with dilute vinegar.
Always examine the test papers by white light. Litmus-paper will
present a reddish appearance in any apartment that is shellacked or
colored; the examination of test papers should therefore be made only
in a light room or in the open air.
Do not mistake iron rust for pasty yellow spots. Gun-cotton sometimes
becomes rusted in the course of manufacture, or from the cases in which
it is packed. The rust does no harm.
Avoid unnecessary handling of the blocks, as they are apt to flake and
crumble.
ALKALINE SOLUTION.
The alkaline solution referred to above is made by dissolving four
ounces of dry carbonate of soda in one gallon of rain or distilled
water. When it is found necessary to wet dry gun-cotton this solution
may be poured into the jar holding the blocks.
RULES FOR DRYING GUN-COTTON.
Wet gun-cotton primers can be dried by any of the following methods:—
1. Exposure in a steam-drier.
2. ” to calcium chloride. (Ca Cl₂).
3. ” in a dry atmosphere.
The quantity of dry gun-cotton primers that are furnished being very
small, the stock should be replenished as fast as used by drying the
wet blocks removed from the torpedoes in priming them.
DRYING BY EXPOSURE IN A STEAM-DRIER.
The steam-drier must be located above the water-line, remote from
fires and lamps and where it will not be subject to disarrangement.
Its supply of steam is to be derived from a suitable part of the
steam-heating apparatus of the ship or from any other convenient source
of low-pressure steam by piping fitted at the Navy Yard.
The blocks to be dried are separately weighed, the weight of each
marked on it with a soft lead-pencil (never putting labels of any kind
on the gun-cotton) and then strung on the rods, with the iron washers
strung between adjacent blocks, and placed in the baskets of the drier.
The baskets are put in the drier, the door is closed, the thermometer
put in place, steam is turned on and the ventilating openings are
adjusted.
The baskets, rods and washers must be kept free from dirt and oil.
The temperature of the drying chamber must not exceed 100° F.
After each day‘s heating carefully remove and weigh each block, re-mark
it and proceed with the drying.
This process should be continued until the blocks no longer lose
weight, when all but a small percentage of moisture will have been
expelled. It has been found by experiment, however, that gun-cotton
containing as much as 13% of water can be relied on to detonate, the
service fulminate of mercury detonator being used.
When the drying is complete remove the blocks from the drier, place
them, while still warm, in the glass jars, with strips of blue
litmus-paper between them and close the jars tight. They will then be
stowed and inspected as dry gun-cotton.
If the process of drying is not continuous the blocks must be kept in a
powder tank, closed tight, when the drier is not in operation.
DRYING BY EXPOSURE TO CALCIUM CHLORIDE (Ca Cl₂).
This method requires:—5 lbs. calcium chloride (Ca Cl₂), 1 empty powder
tank and 3 baking pans.
The calcium chloride (Ca Cl₂) is cheap and can readily be obtained
from any dealer in chemicals; it must not be confounded with chloride
of lime or bleaching powder (CaO₂Cl₃). The latter has a strong odor of
chlorine and, if used instead of the calcium chloride (Ca Cl₂), might
cause decomposition of gun-cotton. The former is odorless and has no
bleaching properties. To distinguish whether the substance has any
bleaching properties, stir a small portion in an equal volume of water
and immerse a piece of blue litmus-paper in the mixture. If the color
disappears from the paper when dry (turning white), the substance is
chloride of lime or bleaching powder (CaO₂Cl₂) and must not be used.
The powder tank can be readily procured on board ship; care must be
taken that it closes easily and air-tight.
The baking pans should be of such a size that three of them will cover
the bottom of the tank when placed alongside of each other; made of
stout tin, free from solder, and 5 to 6 inches deep.
Divide the calcium chloride between the three pans and place these
pans, which must be clean and free from oil or grease, in the oven of
the galley and allow them to remain there until all traces of moisture
disappears. Stir the calcium chloride occasionally with a clean metal
rod to expose the lower particles. Break it into pieces the size of a
pigeon‘s egg. When all traces of moisture have disappeared remove the
pans to a dry place and allow them to cool. The calcium chloride must
not be put in the tank, nor the gun-cotton exposed to it, while warm.
Place the tank in some suitable location where it will not be disturbed
and, when the calcium chloride is cooled, place the pans in the bottom
of the tank and lay over them a copper sieve, tinned copper wire being
the best. Then place the blocks to be dried on the sieve and close the
tank. Open the tank every 3 or 4 days, weigh the blocks, marking the
weight and date with a soft lead-pencil on them and dry the calcium
chloride as before. Continue this until the blocks have ceased to lose
weight. While the calcium chloride is drying, the blocks are to be kept
in the tank, which must be closed to exclude the moisture in the air.
When they have ceased to lose weight stow them in the glass jars for
dry gun-cotton primers, taking care to lay between them strips of blue
litmus-paper, and treat them according to the rules laid down for dry
gun-cotton.
This operation is independent of the condition of the atmosphere and
only requires the care mentioned.
DRYING BY EXPOSURE IN A DRY ATMOSPHERE.
String the blocks to be dried on a wood, brass or copper rod or pipe,
which must be free from dirt and oil, or place them on a shelf made
of wire netting, separating the blocks from each other to expose all
surfaces freely to the air; suspend the rod or shelf in some suitable
place not in the vicinity of the galley or other fires, where the
blocks will be freely exposed to the air, and be under cover.
Expose the blocks only when the atmosphere is dry; at all other times
keep them in an empty powder tank, in the immediate vicinity of the
place selected for drying, kept closed to exclude moisture. Weigh
the blocks every two days, noting the date and weight with a soft
lead-pencil on them. Continue the drying until the blocks show no
loss of weight for two consecutive weighings; then place them in the
glass jars, with strips of blue litmus-paper between, and treat them
according to the rules given for dry gun-cotton primers.
This plan can only be carried out in dry climates.
Avoid unnecessary handling of the blocks, as they are apt to flake and
crumble.
MISCELLANEOUS DATA.
Dimensions of gun-cotton blocks
length 2.9 inches.
width 2.9 ”
height { 2.0 ” for full sized blocks,
{ 0.5 ” for primer blocks.
Diameter of detonator hole = ⁷/₁₆ inch.
Pressure applied to blocks in the final press = 6800 lbs. per square
inch.
Average gravimetric density of compressed dry gun-cotton = 1.287.
Average weight of one cubic inch of compressed dry gun-cotton = 325
grains, = 0.743 oz.
Weight of water added to each pound of dry gun-cotton when issued to
the service as wet gun-cotton (approximately 35%) = 0.35 lb. = 5.6 oz.
APPENDIX.
DUTIES OF THE INSPECTOR OF ORDNANCE.—LIST
OF ARTICLES IN OUTFIT, WEIGHTS AND
STOWAGE SPACE.
DUTIES OF THE INSPECTOR OF ORDNANCE AT THE NAVY
YARD IN CONNECTION WITH THE TORPEDO
OUTFIT OF A SHIP.
GUN-COTTON MAGAZINE.
He will carefully inspect the gun-cotton magazine, satisfy himself
that it is constructed in accordance with the Ordnance Instructions
concerning shell-rooms, and the directions given on pages 40 and 41
Spar-Torpedo Instructions, that it is of sufficient size to stow the
portion of the torpedo outfit defined in the “Table showing Weight,
Space and Place of Stowage of Articles in Spar-Torpedo Outfit” and will
prepare a plan of stowage.
TORPEDO STOREROOM.
He will carefully inspect the torpedo store-room, satisfy himself
that it is in a proper position with regard to battery and boilers,
that it is not exposed to undue changes of temperature, or to
accidental admission of water, and that it is of sufficient capacity
and conveniently arranged to stow the portion of the outfit defined
in “Table showing Weight, Space and Place of Stowage of Articles in
Spar-Torpedo Outfit.”
BATTERY LOCKER.
He will carefully inspect the battery locker and see that it is in a
proper position with regard to the great-gun battery and the boilers.
It should, preferably, be in a good light.
SHIP‘S SPARS AND FITTINGS.
He will, while the ship‘s spars and fittings are being made and
when they are in place, inspect them carefully, satisfy himself
that the spar-bands are properly spaced and in line to receive the
secondary spar and report to the Bureau the position and class of the
heel fittings and the leads of topping-lifts and guys, with his opinion
of their efficiency and convenience.
PERMANENT WIRES.
He will ascertain what firing apparatus the Bureau intends to place on
board and make a requisition for the necessary wire and terminals.
Upon the receipt of these articles he will locate the firing apparatus
and prepare and place the permanent wires and terminals.
He will cause a plan showing the lead of the different wires to be
made, and will send copies to the Bureau and to the Torpedo Station,
and will furnish one to the commanding officer of the vessel.
No fixed rules can be given for leading permanent wires. The general
method of leading the upper-deck wires, manner of securing to terminals
and precautions to be observed, are given on pages 14 and 15. Permanent
wires should also be led from the battery to the firing-point on the
bridge or elsewhere. In case of electrical gun-circuits being desired,
special directions or plans will be issued by the Bureau of Ordnance.
LIST OF ARTICLES IN SPAR-TORPEDO OUTFIT
SUPPLIED FROM THE TORPEDO STATION.
The Spar-Torpedo Outfit for ships having one torpedo boat comprises the
articles given in the list. Ships having two or more torpedo boats will
have the articles in the Boat‘s Outfit, necessary to the simultaneous
use of all the boats, increased proportionally.
Ship‘s
Boat‘s and
Outfit. Boat‘s
Outfit. BOX 1.
1 Farmer‘s D. E. machine, Pattern A, containing:—
1 Firing-key.
2 Machine connecting-wires (12 feet long).
1 Crank.
BOX 2.
1 1 Reel box, containing:—
300 300 Feet double-conductor insulated cable.
1 1 Crank.
BOX 3.
1 1 Supply-box, containing:—
1 1 Monkey wrench.
3 3 Open-end wrenches.—One end fits the screw-cover
of the torpedo-case; the other, the screw-bolts
that secure the spindle.
1 1 Rectifier,—a wooden rod, marked in inches, for
lining the blocks in the primer-case.
6 12 Pieces of emery cloth,—for brightening wires and
removing rust.
1 2 Pairs of cutting plyers,—for general use in
cutting and working wires.
1 2 Pieces of okonite tape,—for insulating naked
wires when not exposed to water.
2 2 Earth-plates,—copper plates (coated with tin to
prevent rust).
12 24 Pieces of rubber tubing,—for insulating splices.
1 1 Sample splice,—for instruction.
1 2 Spools of hemp twine,—for securing rubber tubing.
1 2 Knives,—for cleaning wires and for general use.
1 1 Screw-driver,—for general use.
6 12 Dummy detonators (painted white),—for instruction.
1 1 Sample detonator splice,—for instruction.
1 1 Dummy gunpowder fuze,—for instruction.
24 36 Spherical rubber packings.
36 36 Paper fasteners.
2 2 Safety-pins for circuit-closer (spare).
1 1 Spring for circuit-closer (spare).
1 1 ⅜ by 16 screw-tap,—to cut a thread for
spar screws.
12 12 Screws for boat‘s steel spars,—to secure the two
parts of a boat spar.
4 4 Reeving-lines,—for reeving leading-wires through
the boat‘s spars.
2 2 Reeving-line weights,—to reeve the reeving-lines
through the boat‘s spars.
BOX 4.
1 Wire-box, ship‘s, containing:—
4 Spar leading-wires.
2 Machine connecting wires-(12 feet long, spare).
BOX 5.
4 Spar-bands with key-ways.
4 ” (ordinary).
24 Wood screws.
BOX 6.
4 8 Tin boxes, containing:—
4 8 Detonator-blocks.
32 64 Detonators.
BOX 7.
32 32 Gunpowder igniters.
18 18 ” fuzes.
BOX 8.
2 4 Glass jars with corks, containing:—
12 24 Blocks dry gun-cotton.
BOX 9.
1 Testing and firing plate
(when specially ordered).
BOXES 10 AND 11.
12 Secondary spars, ship‘s.
12 Keys for same.
BOXES 12 AND 13.
12 12 Secondary spars, boat‘s.
12 12 Toggles for same.
BOX 14.
1 1 Farmer‘s D. E. machine, Pattern C, containing:—
2 2 Machine connecting-wires (12 feet long).
1 1 Crank.
BOX 15.
1 1 Wire-box, boat‘s, containing:—
4 4 Spar leading-wires.
2 2 Machine-connecting wires (12 feet long, spare).
4 4 Secondary spar caps.
4 4 Rivets for same.
4 4 Secondary spar butts.
4 4 Rivets for same.
BOX 16.
1 1 Chemical box, containing:—
2 2 Pair forceps.
2 2 ” scissors.
2 2 Bottles distilled water.
2 2 ” for litmus-paper.
½ ½ Quire litmus-paper.
1 1 Tin cylinder for same.
2 2 Pounds carbonate of soda (dry).
1 1 Piece boiled tape.
2 2 Glass rods.
BOX 17.
2 2 Spar clamps.
1 1 Set of boat-fittings, Pattern B, as follows:—
2 2 Heel-rests.
2 2 Hinge-plates.
2 2 ⅝ bolts with nuts,—for securing heel-rests to
hinge-plates.
2 2 Swivel-crutches,—each with a hinged top and two
rollers, secured together by studs, rivets
and pins.
2 2 Bearings secured to crutches with bolts and
washers.
1 1 Cross-beam with two bearings riveted on.
2 2 Hoods, (right and left),—each fitted with two
bolts for securing to the cross-beam.
2 2 Securing rods,—for securing elevating-arms to
cross-beam.
2 2 Elevating-arms with cog-wheels attached.
2 2 Plate washers,—for holding elevating-arms on
cross-beams.
2 2 Nuts on ends of securing rods,—to hold washers
in place.
2 2 Guide rings,—each fitted with a roller secured
by studs and split pins.
2 2 Screw-nuts,—each fitted with a lock-screw,
to secure guide rings to elevating-arms.
2 2 Worm shafts,—each in two parts, joined by
a hook-coupling.
2 2 Elevating-wheels,—with pins for securing same
to worm shafts.
2 2 Clutches, consisting of the following parts:—
2 2 Bearings.
2 2 Sleeves,—with trunnions and lugs.
2 2 Yoke-links.
2 2 Detaching-levers,—each with transverse roller
attached.
2 2 Pins,—for locking detaching-levers.
4 4 Bolts with split pins,—for securing parts of
clutch together.
16 16 ⅝ bolts,—for securing hinge-plates, swivel-crutch
bearings and clutch-bearings to boat.[1]
16 16 ⅝ phosphor-bronze nuts for same.
4 4 ¾ bolts,—for securing cross-beam bearings to
deck.[2]
4 4 ¾ phosphor-bronze nuts for same.
BOX 18.
1 1 Testing magneto.
BOXES 19 TO 22. (_Both inclusive_).
2 2 Boat spars.
2 2 Canvas bags for same.
BOXES 23 TO 46. (_Both inclusive_).
12 24 Service Torpedoes, Pattern D.
BOXES 47 AND 48.
BOXES 49 AND 50.
12 12 Exercise Torpedoes, Pattern D,
(two of which are empty).
BOXES 51 AND 52.
BOX 53.
12 24 Service Torpedo spindles.
12 12 Exercise ” ”
24 36 Torpedo pins.
4 8 ” ” (spare).
BOX 54.
1 Ship‘s firing-battery.
1 Battery tester (6.5 ohms).
1 1 Boat‘s firing-battery.
2 2 Spare cells for same.
1 1 Battery tester (4 ohms).
1 2 Hand-firing keys.
3 5 Pounds sal-ammoniac.
12 12 Spare fuze bridges,—for testing batteries.
BOX 55.
1 1 Steam-drier.
BOX 56.
4 4 Circuit-closers,—for Contact Torpedo.
4 4 Spherical rubber packings for same.
4 4 Rubber diaphragms for same.
16 16 Brass screws,—for attaching circuit-closer.
BOX 57.
1 1 Contact spar leading-wires.
2 2 Rubber diaphragms (spare).
12 12 ” washers,—for Exercise Torpedo (spare).
12 24 ” ” —for Service Torpedo (spare).
4 8 Spherical rubber packings (spare).
In addition to the above, if no testing and
firing-plate is furnished,
2 Electric switches.
[1] =_Note._=—These bolts are supplied at the Navy Yard where the boats
are fitted.
[2] =_Note._=—These bolts are supplied at the Navy Yard where the boats
are fitted.
Two Copies of the Torpedo Instructions, corrected to date of issue,
will be furnished to each vessel receiving a torpedo outfit.
These copies will be sent by mail, simultaneously with the issue of
the outfit, addressed to the Inspector of Ordnance at the Navy Yard at
which the vessel is fitted out.
* * * * *
This book is corrected to
* * * * *
Terminals and insulated wire for permanent wires will be furnished as
required.
The Bureau of Ordnance will designate which of the following will be
supplied:—
2 Electric switches.
1 Testing and firing-plate.
SUPPLIED FROM NAVY YARD.
Torpedo-spars for ship.
Fittings for same.
16 16 ⅝ bolts,—for securing boat-fittings to boat.
4 4 ¾ ” ” ” ” ” ” ”
=_Note._=—Boxes 6, 7, 8, 23 to 46 inclusive, 49 and 50,
contain explosives, which must be stowed as directed in the
Instructions.
Boxes 8 and 16 contain glass and are to be handled with care.
Boxes 2, 4, 15 and 57 contain insulated wire and must be stowed in
a cool place to guard against deterioration of the insulation.
All other boxes must be stowed in a dry place and the contents kept
free from rust.
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| Table Showing Weight, Space and Place of Stowage of Articles |
| in Torpedo Outfit. |
+===========+========+==================+===========+===========+
| | | | | |
| |Invoice |OUTSIDE DIMENSIONS|Approximate|Approximate|
| WHERE | number | OF BOX IN INCHES | cubical | gross |
| STOWED. |of boxes+------------------+ space of | weight of |
| | | L. W. D. | each box | each box |
| | | | | |
+-----------+--------+------------------+-----------+-----------+
| | | | Cu. ft. | Lbs. |
|GUN-COTTON |23 to 26| 11.8 11.8 17.8 | 1.4 | 72. |
| MAGAZINE. | 49, 50 | 13.8 12.9 17. | 1.8 | 66. |
+-----------+--------+------------------+-----------+-----------+
| | 1 | 16. 13.5 20.5 | 2.6 | 146. |
| | 2 | 18.5 15.2 17.5 | 2.8 | 92. |
| | 3 | 20. 16. 10.5 | 1.9 | 48. |
| | 4 | 16.5 16.5 16. | 2.5 | 67. |
| | 10, 11 | 98.5 14. 5. | 4. | 222. |
| | 12, 13 | 102. 21. 6. | 7.4 | 230. |
| | 14 | 12.6 11. 16.5 | 1.3 | 54. |
| TORPEDO | 15 | 16.6 16.6 16. | 2.6 | 68. |
|STOREROOM. | 16 | 19. 11.6 12.6 | 1.6 | 30. |
| | 17 | 86.5 15.3 18. | 13.8 | 400. |
| | 18 | 7.8 5.3 7.5 | .2 | 9. |
| +--------+------------------+-----------+-----------+
| |19 to 22| 219. 8.5 6.5 | 7. | 205. |
| | | 183. 8.5 6.5 | 5.8 | 170. |
| +--------+------------------+-----------+-----------+
| | 53 | 19.8 11.6 15.1 | 2. | 105. |
| | 55 | | | |
| | 56 | 24.6 13. 8.2 | 1.5 | 43. |
| | 57 | 19.5 18.5 6.6 | 1.3 | 28.5 |
+-----------+--------+------------------+-----------+-----------+
| BATTERY | 54 | 15. 10.5 11.5 | 1. | 37.5 |
| LOCKER. | | | | |
+-----------+--------+------------------+-----------+-----------+
|IN PLACE ON| 5 | 21. 16.5 7.5 | 1.5 | 80. |
| SPARS.| | | | |
|” ” ” DECK.| 9 | 52. 18.5 18.5 | 10.4 | 155. |
+-----------+--------+------------------+-----------+-----------+
|SEE | 6 | 9.8 9.7 6.8 | .4 | 10. |
|REGULATIONS| 7 | 12.2 10.2 5.2 | .4 | 11. |
| FOR SAME. | 8 | 8.2 14.2 17.5 | 1.2 | 25. |
+-----------+--------+------------------+-----------+-----------+
+===========+========================++=========================+
| | BOAT‘S OUTFIT ||SHIP‘S AND BOAT‘S OUTFIT.|
| |------+-------+---------++------+-------+----------+
| WHERE |Number| Total | || | Total | |
| STOWED. | of |approx.|Aggregate||Number|approx.| Aggregate|
| | boxes|cubical| weight || of |cubical| Weight |
| | | space | || Boxes| space | |
+-----------+------+-------+---------++------+-------+----------+
| | |Cu. ft.| Lbs. || |Cu. ft.| Lbs. |
|GUN-COTTON | 12 | 16.8 | 864. || 24 | 33.6 | 1728. |
| MAGAZINE. | 2 | 3.6 | 132. || 2 | 3.6 | 132. |
+-----------+------+-------+---------++------+-------+----------+
| | | | || 1 | 2.6 | 146. |
| | 1 | 2.8 | 92. || 1 | 2.8 | 92. |
| | 1 | 1.9 | 48. || 1 | 1.9 | 48. |
| | | | || 1 | 2.5 | 67. |
| | | | || 2 | 8. | 444. |
| | 2 | 14.8 | 460. || 2 | 14.8 | 460. |
| | 1 | 1.3 | 54. || 1 | 1.3 | 54. |
| TORPEDO | 1 | 2.6 | 68. || 1 | 2.6 | 68. |
|STOREROOM. | 1 | 1.6 | 30. || 1 | 1.6 | 30. |
| | 1 | 13.8 | 400. || 1 | 13.8 | 400. |
| | 1 | .2 | 9. || 1 | .2 | 9. |
| +------+-------+---------++------+-------+----------+
| | 2 | 14. | 410. || 2 | 14. | 410. |
| | 2 | 11.6 | 340. || 2 | 11.6 | 340. |
| +------+-------+---------++------+-------+----------+
| | 1 | 2. | 105. || 1 | 4. | 172. |
| | 1 | | || 1 | | |
| | 1 | 1.5 | 43. || 1 | 1.5 | 43. |
| | 1 | 1.3 | 28.5 || 1 | 1.3 | 28.5 |
+-----------+------+-------+---------++------+-------+----------+
| BATTERY | 1 | 1. | 36.5 || 1 | 1.9 | 70.5 |
| LOCKER. | | | || | | |
+-----------+------+-------+---------++------+-------+----------+
|IN PLACE ON| | | || 1 | 1.5 | 80. |
| SPARS.| | | || | | |
|” ” ” DECK.| | | || 1 | 10.4 | 155. |
+-----------+------+-------+---------++------+-------+----------+
|SEE | 1 | .4 | 10. || 1 | .7 | 20. |
|REGULATIONS| 1 | .4 | 11. || 1 | .4 | 11. |
| FOR SAME. | 1 | 1.2 | 25. || 1 | 2.2 | 49. |
+-----------+------+-------+---------++------+-------+----------+
INDEX.
After guy—ship‘s torpedo spar, 16
Alkaline solution, 45
Amount of water in wet gun-cotton, 44
Apparatus for drying gun-cotton, 13, 47, 48, 49
Articles for testing gun-cotton. (See Chemical box).
” list of in outfit, 52
” of torpedo outfit supplied at Navy Yard, 15, 56
” ” ” ” ” from Torpedo Station, 14, 52
” spare, 1, 14
Bands, spar, 8, 53
Batteries, firing. (See Firing-batteries).
Battery-cell, description, 27
” cells, spare, 27, 55
” locker, 51
” tester, 28, 55
Blocks, detonator, 11, 53
” primer, dry, 12, 39, 40, 41, 49, 53
Boat, firing-batteries. (See Firing-batteries).
” fittings, Pattern B, 8, 9, 10, 54, 55
” spar. (See Spar).
” to test the circuit from, 21
” wire-box, 7, 54
Bow-fittings, 8, 54
Box, chemical, 13, 54
” gunpowder fuzes and igniters, 12, 53
” reel, 6, 52
” stuffing, 3
” supply, 8, 52
” torpedo packing, 39
” wire, boats, 7, 54
” ” ships, 6, 7, 53
Butts, secondary spar, 5, 54
Cable, insulated. (See Reel box).
Caps, secondary spar, 5, 54
” ” ” rivets for, 54
” water. (See Stuffing-boxes).
Care and management of firing-batteries, 29
” of gun-cotton and detonators, 41
Case, primer. (See Primer-case).
Cell, battery, 27
Cells, battery, spare, 27, 55
Charge, detonator, 10, 42
” primer, dry. (See Primer charge).
Calcium, chloride. (See Chloride of calcium).
Chemical box, 13, 54
Chloride of calcium, 47
” ” ” how distinguished from chloride of lime, 47
” ” ” test of, for bleaching properties, 47
” ” ” to be used instead of chloride of lime, 47
” ” lime. (See Chloride of calcium).
Circuit-closer, Pattern B, description, 4
” ” ” ” how attached, 4, 22
” ” ” ” test, 22, 23
” ” ” ” necessary to be water-tight, 23
” ” ” ” number issued, 4, 56
” ” ” ” safety-pin to be in before priming, 23
” ” ” ” to be tested before priming, 23
” ” safety-pins, spare, 53
” ” spring, spare, 53
” ” weight of, 5
Circuit testing, from ships, 20
” to test the, from boats, 21
Clamps, spar, 10, 54
Cloth, emery, 52
Commanding officer of vessel to be furnished with plan of wires, 52
Condition of firing-batteries, how to test, 28, 29
Connection to terminal, machine, or battery not to be made
until, 20, 21
Contact, fire on, when using circuit-closer, Pattern B, 24
” spar leading-wires, Pattern B. (See Wires).
” torpedo. (See Torpedo).
Continuity of wires, testing, 32, 38
Crutch, swivel, 8, 54
Cutting plyers, 52
Depth. (See Immersion).
Detonator, 10, 41, 42, 53
” blocks, 10, 53
” bridge, resistance of, 11
” care of, 41
” charge, 11, 42
” dummy, 12, 53
” packing and stowage, 10, 42
” splice-sample, 53
” splicing on, 18
” testing, manner of, 17
” when tested, to be put in safe place, 17
Diaphragms, rubber, 56
Distance, proper, for contact torpedo before firing, 21
” ” ” exercise ” ” ” 22
” ” ” service ” ” ” 21
Drier, steam, 13, 46, 56
Dry primers. (See Primer).
Drying apparatus, gun-cotton, 13, 47, 48, 49
” gun-cotton, rules for, 45
Dummy detonators, 12, 53
” gunpowder fuze, 53
Dynamo-electric machine, pattern A, 32, 52
” ” ” ” C, 36, 53
Earth-plates, 52
Electric switches, 15, 56
” ” and permanent wires, use of, 25
” ” not issued with permanent firing apparatus, 15
” ” ” to be used as firing keys, 26
Emery cloth, 52
Exercise torpedo. (See Torpedo).
Fasteners, paper, 53
Fire at will, contact torpedoes, 24
” on contact, contact torpedoes, 24
” torpedoes using A machine and firing-key, 21
” ” ” C ” , 21
” ” ” battery and hand-firing key, 21
Firing-batteries, 27
” ” boats, 28, 55
” ” how to test condition of, 28, 30
” ” management and care of, 29
” ” no connection to be made with until, 20, 21
” ” not to be used to test the circuit, 21
” ” number furnished, 27
” ” ships, 28, 55
Firing-key, D. E. machine, pattern A, 34, 52
” ” ” ” ” ” to test, 36
Fittings, boats. (See Boat-fittings).
” bow, 8
” heel, ship‘s torpedo spar, 16
” ” ” ” ” substitute for, 16
” ship‘s spar, 16, 56
Forward guy, ship‘s torpedo spar, how fitted, 16
Fuze bridges, spare, 55
” gunpowder, dummy, 53
” ” splicing on, 25
Fuzes, gunpowder, 12, 53
Fuzing torpedoes. (See Torpedo).
Glass jars for dry primers, 12, 41, 53
Gun-cotton, amount in torpedo outfit, 40
” ” ” of water in when wet, 44
” ” apparatus for drying, 13, 57, 48, 49
” ” articles for testing. (See Chemical box).
” ” care of, 41
” ” dry, packing and stowage of, 39
” ” inspection of, 42
” ” ” ” precautions to be taken, 44
” ” magazine, 41
” ” miscellaneous data, 49
” ” primers. (See Primers).
” ” rules for drying, 45
” ” test of. (See Inspection of gun-cotton).
” ” removed in priming, where placed, 17, 22
” ” wet, packing and stowage of, 39
Gunpowder fuze, dummy, 53
” ” splicing on, 25
” fuzes, 12, 53
” igniters, 11, 53
” torpedoes, improvised, 24
Guy, after, ship‘s torpedo spar, 16
” forward, ” ” ” how fitted, 16
Hand-firing key, 31, 55
Heel fittings, ship‘s torpedo spar, description, 16
” ” ” ” ” substitute for, 16
Hemp twine, 52
Horizontal distance. (See Distance).
Igniters, gunpowder, 12, 53
Immersion, proper for the exercise torpedo, 22
” ” ” ” service torpedo, 21
” ” ” ” contact torpedo, 21
Improvised torpedoes, gunpowder, 24
Inspection of gun-cotton, 42
” ” ” precautions to be taken, 44
Inspectors of ordnance at Navy Yard, duties of, 51
Instructions, Torpedo, copies of, 56
Insulated cable. (See Reel box).
Insulating splices, 38
Insulation of wires, 37
” ” ” not to be damaged, 37
” ” ” testing the, 32
Jars, glass, for dry primers, 12, 41, 53
Key for ship‘s secondary spar, 5, 53
” hand-firing, 31, 55
Knives, 3
Lead-covered wires, 14
Leading-wires. (See Wires).
Lift, topping, ship‘s torpedo spar, how fitted, 16
Lines, reeving, 20, 53
” ” weights, 20, 53
Locker, battery, 51
Machine connecting wires, 6, 7, 52, 53, 54
” dynamo-electric, pattern A, 32, 52
” ” ” ” C, 36,53
” no connection to be made with until torpedo is
immersed, 20, 21
Magazine, gun-cotton, 41
Magneto, testing, 31, 32, 55
Management and care of firing-batteries, 29
Monkey wrench, 52
Navy Yard, articles of torpedo outfit supplied at, 14, 56
” ” Inspectors of ordnance at, duties of, 51
No connection to be made to terminal, battery, or machine
until, 20, 21
Officer commanding vessel to be furnished with plan of wires, 52
Okonite tape, 18, 52
Open-end wrench, 52
Outfit, spar-torpedo, amount of gun-cotton in, 40
” ” articles of, invoice number of boxes
containing, 57
” ” ” ” list of, 52
” ” ” ” place of stowage, 57
” ” ” ” spaced occupied when boxed, 57
” ” ” ” supplied at Navy Yards, 14, 56
” ” ” ” from Torpedo Station, 48
” ” ” ” weight of when boxed, 57
” ” how designated, 1
” ” includes, 1
Packing, spherical rubber, 3, 53, 56
Paper fasteners, 53
Permanent wires, 14, 56
” ” plan to be furnished to, 52
” ” use of, 25
Pins, safety, for circuit-closer, spare, 53
” ” ” ” ” to be in before priming, 23
” torpedo, 5, 55
” ” spare, 55
Plate, testing and firing, 53, 56
Plates, earth, 52
Plyers, cutting, 52
Precautions to be taken in inspection of gun-cotton, 44
Preparation of contact torpedo, 22
” ” exercise ” pattern D, 22
” ” service ” ” ”, 17
Primer blocks, 12, 39, 40, 41, 53
” case, description of, 2
” charge, 40, 41
” not to remain long in exercise torpedo, 22
” dry gun-cotton, care of, 41
” ” ” ” how packed and stowed, 12, 39, 41
” ” ” ” inspection of, 42
” ” ” ” number furnished, 41, 42
” ” ” ” precautions to be observed with, 42, 44
” ” ” ” testing. (See Inspection of gun-cotton).
” wet ” ” how packed, 39
Priming the exercise torpedo, 22
” ” service torpedo, 17
Priming, wet gun-cotton removed in, where stowed, 17, 22
Rectifier, 19, 52
Reel box, 6, 52
Reeving-lines, 20, 53
” line weights, 20, 53
Resistance of detonator bridge, 11
Rivets for secondary spar butts, 54
” ” ” ” caps, 54
Rubber diaphragms, 4, 56
” packing, spherical, 3, 53, 56
” tubing, 38, 52
” washers, 2, 56
Rules for drying gun-cotton, 45
Safety-break of contact spar leading-wires, 6
” ” to be kept open until, 24
Sample splice, 52
” ” detonator, 53
Safety-pin circuit-closer, spare, 53
” ” ” ” to be in before priming, 23
Screw-driver, 52
” tap, 53
Screws for boat spar, pattern A, 53
Secondary spar. (See Spar).
Service torpedo. (See Torpedo).
Shipping contact torpedo, safety-pin to be in before, 23
” secondary spar. (See Spar).
” torpedo. (See Torpedo).
Ship‘s firing-batteries. (See Firing-batteries).
” testing circuit from, 20
” torpedo spar. (See Spar).
” wire-box, 6, 53
Solution, alkaline, 45
Spar-bands, 8, 53
” boat, pattern A, 10, 55
” ” ” ” screws for, 53
” ” ” ” to be taken apart when not in use, 10
” clamps, 10, 54
” leading-wires. (See Wires).
” secondary, butts, 5, 54
” ” ” rivets, 54
” ” caps, 5, 54
” ” ” rivets, 54
” ” keys, 5, 54
” ” pattern A, description, 5
” ” ” ” difference between boats and ships, 5
” ” ” ” how packed for boats, 5, 54
” ” ” ” ” ” ” ships, 5, 54
” ” ” ” number supplied, 5
” ” pattern A, shipping, 19
” secondary, pattern A, toggles, 5, 53
” ship‘s, description, 15
” ” fittings, 16, 56
” ” number supplied, 15
” torpedo. (See Torpedo).
Spare articles, 1, 14
Spherical rubber packing, 56
Spindle for torpedo. (See Torpedo).
Splice wire, insulating of, 38
” ” sample, 52
” detonator, sample, 53
” towing strain on, how to prevent, 19
Splicing on detonator, 18
” ” gunpowder fuze, 25
” wires, 37
Spring for circuit-closer, spare, 53
Steam-drier, 13, 46, 56
Storeroom, torpedo, 51
Strain, towing on splices, how to prevent, 19
Stuffing-boxes, 3
Supply-box, 8, 52
Switches, electric. (See Electric switches).
” ” and permanent wires, use of, 25
Swivel-crutch, 8, 54
Table showing weight, space, and place of stowage of articles, 57
Tape, okonite, 18, 52
Terminals, 15
” connection with not to be made until, 20
Test-circuit through circuit-closer, pattern B, how to, 22, 23
” condition of firing-batteries, how to, 28, 30
Tester, battery, 28, 55
Test, gun-cotton. (See Inspection of gun-cotton).
Testing and firing-plate, 53, 56
” circuit-closer, pattern B, 22
” circuit from boat, 21
” ” ” ship, 20
” continuity of wires, 32, 38
” detonator circuit in contact torpedoes, 24
” ” manner of, 17
” ” when, put in a safe place, 17
” gun-cotton, articles for. (See Chemical box).
” insulation of wires, 32
” magneto, 31, 32, 55
Toggles, secondary spar, 5, 53
Topping lift, ship‘s spar, 16
Torpedo, contact, circuit-closer to be tested before priming, 22
” ” fuzing, 23
” ” no connection to be made until, 21
” ” preparation of, 22
” ” priming, 23
” ” proper distance and immersion, 21
” ” shipping, 23
” ” safety-pin to be in, 23
” ” splicing on detonator for, 23
” ” testing circuit, 24
” ” to fire at will, 24
” ” ” ” on contact, 24
” ” spar leading-wires, pattern B, 7, 22, 23, 24
” exercise, pattern D, description, 2
” ” ” ” fuzing, 22
” ” ” ” necessary to be closed
water-tight, 3, 22
” ” ” ” no connection to be made until, 20, 21
” ” ” ” number issued, 2, 40
” ” ” ” outfit of, 40, 55
” ” ” ” packed, 39
” ” ” ” preparation of, 22
” ” ” ” primer not to remain in long, 22
” ” ” ” priming, 22
” ” ” ” shipping, 22
” ” ” ” spindle packed, 5, 55
” ” ” ” splicing detonator on, 22
” ” ” ” testing, 22
” ” ” ” weight, empty, 3
” ” ” ” of charge, 3
” ” ” ” when issued filled with wet
gun-cotton, 3, 39, 44
” ” proper distance and immersion, 22
” Instructions, copies of, 56
” outfit. (See Outfit).
” no connection to terminal, battery, or machine to be
made until, 20, 21
” packing boxes, 39
” pins. (See Pins).
” service and contact, proper distance and immersion, 21
” ” pattern D, conversion of to contact torpedo, 2, 22
” ” ” ” description, 1
” ” ” ” firing, 21
” ” ” ” fuzing, 19
” ” ” ” necessary to be closed water-tight, 2
” ” ” ” no connection to be made until, 20, 21
” ” ” ” not advisable to prime long before
using, 17
” ” ” ” number issued, 1, 40
” ” ” ” outfit, 40, 55
” ” ” ” preparation of, 17
” ” ” ” primer-case, 2
” ” ” ” priming, 17
” ” ” ” shipping, 19
” ” ” ” splicing detonator on, 18
” ” ” ” spindle, 2, 55
” ” ” ” testing, 20, 21
” ” ” ” weight, empty, 2
” ” ” ” of charge 2
” ” ” ” when issued filled with wet
gun-cotton, 2, 39, 44
” spars, ship‘s, 15
” ” ” number of, 15
Torpedo Station, articles supplied from, 52
” store-room, 51
Torpedoes, firing, using A machine and firing-key, 21
” ” ” C ” 21
” ” ” battery and hand-firing key, 21
” gunpowder improvised, 24
” how named, 1
” ” packed and marked, 39
” ” to be stowed on board ship, 39
” intended use of, 1
” when received on board, what to do with, 39
Towing strain on splices, how to prevent, 19
Tubing, rubber, 38, 52
Twine, hemp, 52
Use of permanent wires and electrical switches, 25
” ” leading-wires with circuit-closer, pattern B, 22, 23, 24
Washers, rubber, 2, 56
Water, amount in wet gun-cotton, 44
” caps. (See Stuffing-Boxes).
Weights, reeving-line, 20, 53
Wet gun-cotton, amount of water in, 44
” ” ” packing and stowage of, 39
” ” ” removed in priming, where placed, 17, 22
” primers. (See Primers).
Will, to fire at, contact torpedo, using circuit-closer,
pattern B, 24
Wire-box, boat‘s, 7, 54
” ” ship‘s, 6, 7, 53
Wire, continuity of, testing the, 32, 38
” insulation of, 37
” ” ” not to be damaged, 37
” ” ” testing the, 32
” splice, insulating, 38
Wires, contact spar leading, pattern B, 7, 22, 23, 24
” lead-covered, 14
” machine connecting, 6, 7, 52, 53, 54
” permanent. (See Permanent).
” ” plan of, to be furnished to, 52
” spar leading, how marked, 7
” ” ” boats, 7
” ” ” ” to be led through spar, 20
Wires, spar leading, never to be connected to terminals,
battery, or machine until, 20, 21
” ” ” ship‘s, 6, 54
” ” ” ” to be stopped to spar, 19
” splicing, 37
Wrench, monkey, 52
Wrenches open-end, 52
PLATES.
=PLATE I.=
SERVICE TORPEDO.—PATTERN D.
_A_ barrel.
_B_ lower head.
_C_ upper ”
_g_, _h_ splices between leading-wires and detonator-wires.
_K_ handle.
_l_ lugs for handle.
_k_ ” ” spindle.
_i_, _i_ screw-holes for attaching circuit-closer.
_n_ screw-rib for screw-cover.
_r_ projection on handle shipping into spindle.
_t_ screw-bolts securing spindle to lugs.
_H_ spindle.
_L_ spar leading-wires.
_M_ water-cap.
_P_ primer-case.
_O_ screw-cover.
_w_ rubber washer.
_G_ spherical rubber packing.
_D_, _D_ dry gun-cotton primer.
_x_ detonator.
_Y_ wet charge.
[Illustration: PLATE I.]
=PLATE II.=
EXERCISE TORPEDO.—PATTERN D.
_c_ case.
_d_ lower loop.
_e_, _e_ loops for transportation thumb-screw and
for spindle.
_f_ throw-back hinge with thumb-screw.
_H_ spindle.
_O_ cover.
_w_ rubber washer.
_M_ water-cap.
_G_ spherical rubber packing.
_Y_, _Y_, _Y_, _Y_ wet charge.
_D_, _D_, _D_, _D_ dry primer.
_x_ detonator.
_L_ spar leading-wires.
_g_, _h_ splices between leading-wires and
detonator-wires.
[Illustration: PLATE II.]
=PLATE III.=
CIRCUIT-CLOSER.—PATTERN B.—CONTACT TORPEDO.
_A_ hollow brass casting.
_M_ water-cap.
_G_ spherical rubber packing.
_O_, _O_ feet for attaching circuit-closer to service
torpedo, Pattern D.
_B_ inner brass plunger.
_C_ spiral spring.
_N_ ebonite collar.
_I_, _I_ binding-posts.
_E_ contact-springs.
_t_ screw-cover.
_s_, _s_ contact arms.
_K_ outer plunger.
_l_ safety-pin.
_V_ rubber diaphragm.
_k_ friction-plate.
[Illustration: PLATE III.]
[Illustration]
=PLATE IV.=
SECONDARY SPARS.
FIG. 1, SHIP‘S.—PATTERN A.
_A_ main spar.
_B_ secondary spar.
_a_, _a_ spar-bands.
_b_ key-way.
_c_ key.
_l_ hole for torpedo-pin.
_m_ torpedo-pin.
[Illustration: PLATE IV.]
FIG. 2, BOAT‘S.—PATTERN A.
_R_ main spar.
_H_ secondary spar.
_i_ butt.
_k_ cap.
_g_ toggle.
_l_ hole for torpedo-pin.
_m_ torpedo-pin.
[Illustration]
=PLATE V.=
CONTACT SPAR LEADING-WIRES.—PATTERN B.
_B_ battery.
_C_ contact torpedo.
_x_ circuit-closer.
_D_ contact spar leading-wires.
_H_ hand-firing key.
_S_ safety-break.
[Illustration: PLATE V.]
=PLATE VI.=
SPAR-TORPEDO BOAT-FITTINGS.—PATTERN B.
_S_ heel-rest.
_H_ swivel-crutch.
_R_ cross-beam.
_D_ ” bearing, riveted to cross-beam and bolted
through rail.
_E_ elevating-arm.
_m_ plate washer.
_n_ nut on end of securing rod.
_G_ guide-ring.
_K_ gear on elevating-arm.
_M_ worm.
_N_ worm-shaft, forward length.
_O_ ” ” after ”
_X_ hook-coupling.
_P_ elevating-wheel.
_Q_ clutch.
_L_ detaching-lever.
_T_ torpedo.
_A_ main spar.
_B_ secondary spar.
[Illustration: PLATE VI.]
[Illustration]
=PLATE VII.=
JUNCTION OF TUBES FORMING BOAT‘S SPAR.—PATTERN A.
_A_ large tube.
_B_ small tube.
_c_, _c_ rings.
_d_ shoulder.
_e_ screw-holes.
_f_ feather.
_g_ score.
[Illustration: PLATE VII.]
[Illustration]
=PLATE VIII.=
FIG. 1, DETONATOR.
_A_ copper case.
_B_ plug.
_c_, _c_ detonator-legs.
_D_ bridge.
_F_ gun-cotton priming.
_H_ fulminate of mercury.
FIG. 2, DETONATOR BLOCK.
_A_ block.
_B_ ” cover.
_C_, _C_ detonators.
_D_, _D_ tin box.
[Illustration: PLATE VIII.
_Fig. 1._]
[Illustration: _Fig. 2._]
=PLATE IX.=
FIG. 1, PERMANENT WIRES.
_A_, _A_ electric switches (on bulwarks under bridge).
_B_, _B_ forward terminals.
_C_, _C_ after ”
_D_, _D_ forward permanent wires.
_E_, _E_ after ” ”
_G_, _G_ permanent wires leading from bridge to lower
binding-posts of electric switches.
_H_, _H_ wires leading from bridge to common-return
terminals, below switches.
_K_ terminal on bridge for wires _H_, _H_.
_L_, _L_ ” ” ” ” ” _G_, _G_.
_X_ firing-battery connected to terminals on bridge.
FIG. 2, CONNECTIONS WITH FIRING-KEY OF “A” MACHINE.
_B_, _B_ terminals of firing-key.
_T_, _T_ ” ” ”
Key “_T_” test key.
Key “_F_” firing key.
_M_, _M_ wires to terminals _L_, _L_
on bridge. (Fig. 1.)
_N_ wire to terminal _K_ on bridge (common return).
(Fig. 1.)
_O_, _O_ machine-connecting wires.
FIG. 3, CONNECTIONS WITH FIRING-BATTERY.
_B_, _B_ terminals of battery.
_M_, _M_ wires to terminals _L_, _L_
on bridge. (Fig. 1.)
_N_ wire to terminal _K_ on bridge (common return).
(Fig. 1.)
_H_ hand-firing key.
[Illustration: PLATE IX.
_Fig. 2._]
[Illustration: _Fig. 3._]
[Illustration: _Fig. 1._]
=PLATE X.=
FIG. 1, ELECTRIC SWITCH.
_A_ permanent wire to forward torpedo.
_B_ ” ” ” after ”
_C_, _C_ ” ” common return.
_D_ wire to battery or firing-key of machine.
_E_ commutator of switch.
[Illustration: PLATE X. _Fig. 1._]
FIG. 2, TERMINAL.
_H_ binding-screw.
_I_ permanent wire.
_w_ wire temporarily connected.
[Illustration: _Fig. 2._]
=PLATE XI.=
HEEL FITTINGS FOR SHIP‘S SPAR.
_a_ ship‘s spar.
_b_ thrust-plate (30″ diameter).
_c_ eye-bolt through thrust-plate and ship‘s side.
_d_ heel-bolt.
[Illustration: PLATE XI.
_Fig. 2._]
[Illustration: _Fig. 1._]
=PLATE XII.=
SHIP’S SPAR FITTINGS.
_a_ ship’s spar.
_b_ topping lift.
_c_ forward guy.
_d_ after ”
_e_ span for topping lift (16′ long).
_f_ ” ” forward guy (16′ long).
_x_, _x_, _x_, _x_ bands on spar (5′ apart).
[Illustration: PLATE XII.]
=PLATE XIII.=
BATTERY CELL.
_a_ okonite jar.
_b_, _b_ zinc cylinder.
_c_ platinum plate.
_d_ muslin bag filled with crushed carbon.
_e_ ebonite disc.
_f_ ” plug.
_g_ sal-ammoniac solution.
_h_ positive terminal.
_i_ negative ”
_k_ rubber cover.
_r_ rubber ring.
[Illustration: PLATE XIII.]
=PLATE XIV.=
BATTERY TESTER.
_a_, _a_ battery terminals.
_b_ ” tester.
_c_ fuze-bridge in tester.
[Illustration: PLATE XIV.]
=PLATE XV.=
FIG. 1, HAND-FIRING KEY.—PATTERN B.
_a_, _a_ hickory pieces.
_c_, _c_ contact studs.
_L_, _L_ leading-wires.
_d_ rubber cot.
_e_ safety-pin with hole for laniard.
_f_ eye-bolt for laniard.
FIG. 2, DIAGRAM SHOWING HAND-FIRING KEY IN CIRCUIT.
_B_ battery.
_H_ hand-firing key.
_w_, _w_ leading-wires.
[Illustration: PLATE XV.]
=PLATE XVI.=
FIG. 1, “A” MACHINE AND FIRING-KEY CONNECTED.
_A_ “A” machine.
_C_ firing-key.
_B_, _B_ terminals of firing-key.
_T_, _T_ ” ” ”
Key “T” test key.
” “F” firing-key.
_O_ machine-connecting wires.
_w_, _w_ wires to torpedo.
FIG. 2, “C” MACHINE CONNECTED.
_D_ “C” machine.
_C_ firing-key (in the machine).
Key “T” test key.
” “F” firing-key.
_w_, _w_ wires to torpedo.
[Illustration: PLATE XVI.]
=PLATE XVII.=
FIG. 1, firing-key, short-circuit.
” 2, ” testing circuit.
” 3, ” firing-circuit.
_O_, _O_ machine-connecting wires.
_w_, _w_ wires to torpedo.
_B_, _B_ terminals of firing-key.
_T_, _T_ ” ” ”
Key “T” test key.
Key “F” firing-key.
[Illustration: PLATE XVII.
_Fig. 1._]
[Illustration: _Fig. 2._]
[Illustration: _Fig. 3._]
=PLATE XVIII.=
STEAM-DRIER.
[Illustration: PLATE XVIII.
_Fig. 1._]
[Illustration: _Fig. 2._]
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