The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Memoir of Sir Edmund Andros, Knt.,, by
William Henry Whitmore
This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or
re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
Title: A Memoir of Sir Edmund Andros, Knt.,
Governor of New England, New York and Virginia, &c., &c.
Author: William Henry Whitmore
Release Date: October 17, 2011 [EBook #37773]
Language: English
*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A MEMOIR OF SIR EDMUND ***
Produced by Steven Gibbs, Linda Cantoni, and the Online
Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
[Transcriber's Note: Obvious printer errors have been corrected
without note. In the original, Andros's will contains no punctuation,
and new sentences are indicated with large spaces, which are
represented here by long dashes.]
MEMOIR
OF
SIR EDMUND ANDROS.
[Illustration]
A
MEMOIR
OF
SIR EDMUND ANDROS, KNT.,
GOVERNOR OF NEW ENGLAND, NEW YORK AND VIRGINIA, &c., &c.
WITH A PORTRAIT.
BY WILLIAM HENRY WHITMORE, A.M.
Reprinted from the "Andros Tracts," published by the Prince Society of
Boston, N.E.
Boston:
PRINTED BY T.R. MARVIN & SON.
1868.
[Illustration:
T.R. MARVIN & SON,
PRINTERS, BOSTON.]
SIR EDMUND ANDROS.
Concerning the ancestry of Sir Edmund Andros, the sole printed
authority is the memoir in the History of Guernsey by Jonathan Duncan,
(London, 1841,) which occupies about three pages in that book. This
sketch has been copied by Dr. E.B. O'Callaghan in his "Documents
relating to the Colonial History of the State of New York," (ii. 740),
and also in a note in Woolley's Journal (GOWAN'S Bibliotheca
Americana). It seems that Andros placed on record at Heralds' College
a very elaborate pedigree of his family, September 18th, 1686, a few
days before he sailed to assume the government of New England.
Although this document was used probably by DUNCAN, it is now printed
for the first time in full, from a transcript made by Joseph L.
Chester, Esq., of London.
* * * * *
The family of Andros, or Andrews as it is more frequently spelt, was
of great antiquity in Northamptonshire, being long settled at Winwick
in that county. One branch, which was raised in 1641 to the dignity of
Baronet, was resident at Denton in the same county; and from the
similarity of the arms, it is evident that Sir Edmund claimed the same
paternity. The pedigree recorded at Heralds' College is as follows.
[Heralds' College, Book 2 D, XIV. fol. 175b]
ANDROS.--Gules, a saltire or surmounted by another vert, on
a chief argent 3 mullets sable. [No crest.]
SAUSMAREZ.--Argent, on a chevron gules between 3 leopards'
faces sable as many castles triple towered or. Crest: a
falcon affrontant proper, beaked and membered or, [_not_
wings expanded as in the armory.] Supporters: Dexter, a
unicorn, tail cowarded, argent; Sinister, a greyhound argent
collared gules garnished or.
["This is a true Account of the Marriages and Issues of my
family, and of the Armes we have constantly borne since our
coming into Guernsey, as also of the Arms Crest and
Supporters of Sausmarez whose heir General we married.
Witnes my hand this 18th of September, 1686.
"E. ANDROS."]
[Transcriber's Note: In the original, the pedigree below is split
across two facing pages. For readability, the split has been retained
in this e-book, with bracketed notes as to where the table continues.]
Mr. John Andros, (alias = Judith de Sausmarez only daur:
Andrews,) an English Gentleman | of Thomas de Sausmarez Lord of
born in Northamptonsh: came | the Seigneurie of Sausmarez,
into the Isle of Guernsey with | and sister and heir to George
Sr Peter Mewtis Knt. Governor | Sausmarez her brother, married
of the said Isle as his | Ao 1543. She dyed at
Lieutenant, and was afterwards | Sausmarez, Ao 1557, and was
a Capt of Foot in Calais, | buried in ye Church of St.
where he dyed and was buried, | Martin.
Ao 1554. |
|
+-------------+
|
Alix Roiiaux = John Andros, eldest son = Secille Blondel = Margaret,
wid: of of the said John was the | daur: of Mr. John daur: of
Monsieur John King's Ward and committed | Blondel, one of Monsr
de la Cour, to the custody of Sr | the Justices of Thomas
second wife, Leonard Chamberlain, Knt. | the Royall Court Compton,
obijt s. pr. Governour of the said Isle | in the said Isle Bailly of
Ao 1595. until he came of age, | of Guernsey. the said
which having attained he | Married to Mr. Isle,
did his homage, and payd | John Andros, son third
the Relief due to the King | of John Andros wife.
for the said Seigneurie, | before mentioned,
and had possession thereof, | 24 Oct: 1570,
and was made Capt. of the | dyed 6 May 1588
Parish of St. Martin, and | and was buried at
28 May 1582, was sworne | St. Martins.
one of ye Justices of the | First wife.
Royal Court. |
|
+---------------+--------------------------------
|1 [continue with 2 John below]
Mary Careye, daur: of = Thomas Andros, eldest son, = Elizabeth Carteret,
Mr. Nicollas Careye, born at Sausmarez, 16 Oct. | eldest daur: of
one of the Justices 1571. He was sworne one of | Mnsr Amice de
of the Royal Court, the Justices of the Royal | Carteret, Seignr
Married 1o Jun: 1597, Court after the death of | de la Trinite,
and dyed in childbed his father, 2 Febr: 1609, | Lieutt Governor
without Issue and Lieutt Governor of | and Bailly of the
surviving, 6 Nov: Guernsey under my Lord | Isle of Guernsey
1598. First wife. Carew Governor 8 Jun: | married 22 Oct:
1611, and dyed 18 Apr: | 1606, dyed 3 Jan:
1637, at Sausmarez, and | 1672. 2d Wife.
was there buried. |
|
+------------+-------------------------------------+------------+++-------
|1 |2 |||
Catherine Amice Andros born at = Elizabeth Stone 3 Thomas
married Sausmarez 5 Sept. 1610. | sister of Sr 4 Joshua
to Monsr He was made Marshall of | Robert Stone, 5 & John,
John ye Ceremonies to King | Knt., Cup-Bearer died
Bonamy. Charles I. Ao 1632. | to the Queen of unmarried.
Bailly of the Isle of | Bohemia, and [continue
Guernsey by K. Ch. 2 | Captain of a with
upon his Coronation in | Troop of horse 6 Elizabeth
Scotland. Bayliff of the | in Holland. below]
Royal Court in Guernsey |
Ao 1661, and Major of |
the Forces of the said |
Isle. He dyed at |
Sausmarez, 7 Apr. 1674. |
|
++--------------+--------------------+-----------------------------------
|| |3 [continue with 4 Richard below]
1 Amice and Sr Edmond Andros, Knt. born at London, = Marie Craven eldest
2 Elizabeth 6 Dec. 1637, made Gentl: in Ordinary to daughter of Thomas
dyed the Queen of Bohemia, Ao 1660, and Craven, and sister
young. Major to the Regimt of foot sent into of Sr William
America Ao 1666. After that, Major to Craven of
Prince Rupert's Regimt of Dragoons Ao Apletrewick, in
1672. He was sworne Bailly of the Com: Ebor: and of
Royall Court in Guernsey 30 Junij 1674, Combe Abbey in Co:
and shortly after was constituted Warr: Knight, heir
Governor general of New York in America in Reversion to the
and knighted on his return from thence, Barony of Hamsted
Ao 1681. He was sworn Gentl: of ye Marshall. Married
Privy Chamber to the King Ao 1683, and in Febr: 1671.
in ye year 1685 was made Lieutt
Colonell to her Royal Highns the Pr.
Anne of Denmark's Regt of Horse,
commanded by the Earl of Scaresdale, and
lastly this present year 1686 was made
Governor of New England.
[continued from 1 Thomas Andros above]
+--+---------------+-------------+--------------+
| |2 |3 |4 |5
| John, dyed Thomas, Elizabeth, Mary, died
| unmarried. dyed married to Mr. an infant.
| young. Peter Painsec,
| Minister of St.
| Peters Port.
|
| [continued from 5 John above]
|+----+-------+-----+--------+-------------------------+------+
|| |6 |7 |8 |9 |10 |11
|| Elizabeth, | Secille, Charles = Alix, dau: Peter, |
|| married to | married Andros, | and sole died |
|| Monsieur | to Capt: Seigne'r | heir of an |
|| John | Nicollas D'Anneville, | M. Thomas infant. |
|| Dobree, | Ling. living 1686, | Fashin, |
|| merchant. | marr: to his | Seigneur +----+
|| | first wife, | D'Anneville, |
-+| Anne, Collette, | 2d wife. |
| died daur: of | William = Judith,
| an Jonas le | Andros, | dau: of
| infant. Marchant by | 11th and | Monsr
| whom he had | youngest | John
| issue onely | child | Blondell.
| one daughr: | dyed |
| Elizabeth | 7 Nov: |
| who dyed | 1679, |
| young. | ætat: |
| | 47 An. |
| +-----------------------------+ |
| | +---------------------------+----------------+++
| | |1 |2 ||
| | Charles Andros, = Rachell, Amice Andros, 3 John, and
--+ | born 9 Apr: Ao | daur: second son, 4 Judith,
| 1662. | of Mr. married dyed
| | James Magdalen young.
| | Careye. Mancell.
| |
| +---------------------------------+
| |
+----+--------------+---------+---------+ +-----+-----+
|1 |2 |3 |4 |1 |2
Charles Andros, Thomas Mary, Anne, Rachell, Anne,
born 15 Sept: born 25 married born born born
1662. Married Mart: Ao to Mr. 21 Ao 1683. 1685.
Elizab: Mauger 1672. Jean Nov.
widow of Monsr Renouf, 1667.
Tho: de Beauvoir. Merchant.
[continued from 3 Sr Edmond Andros above]
------++---------+----------------+------------------------+
|| |6 |7 |8
4 Richard, John Andros, George Andros, born Carterette Andros,
and born 2 Nov: 5 Oct: 1646. Married married to Mr.
5 Elizabeth, 1642. Married Anne Blondel, and Cæsar Knapton, an
dyed Anne Knapton. dyed 8o Nov: 1664. English Gentl:
young. === === ===
| | |
1 Elizabeth, 1 John, Elizabeth Knapton
2 Marie, 2 George, only child, married
3 Amice, mort. 3 Charles, to Mr. Will: le
4 Anne, 4 Mary, Marchant, eldest
5 John, 5 Anne. son of Mr. James
6 Carterette, mort. le Marchant, Ao
7 Edmond, mort. 1684.
8 Cæsar,
9 Edmond.
At the same time Sir Edmund recorded his coat-of-arms as described in
the following document at Heralds' College, Grants of Arms, Book 1,
26. fol. 98.
"Whereas Sr Edmund Andros, Knight, Lord of ye Seignorie of
Sausmarez in the Island of Guernsey, hath made application
to me, Henry, Duke of Norfolk, Earl Marshall of England &c.
that his Arms may be Registered in the College of Arms in
such manner as he may lawfully bear them, with respect to
his Descent from the antient Family of Sausmarez in ye said
Isle, there being no entries in the College of Arms of the
Descents or Arms of the Families in that Isle: And whereas
it hath been made out unto me that his Great Grandfather's
Father, John Andros als. Andrews, an English Gentleman,
borne in Northamptonshire, coming into the Isle of Guernsey
as Lieutt. to Sr Peter Mewtis, Knight, the Governour, did
there marry, Ao. 1543, with Judith de Sausmarez, only
daughter of Thomas Sausmarez, son and heir of Thomas
Sausmarez, Lords of the Seignorie of Sausmarez in the said
Isle, which Judith did afterwards become heir to her brother
George de Sausmarez, Lord of the said Seignorie: And that
John Andros, Esqr., son and heir of the said John and
Judith, had the sd. Seignorie with its appurtenances and all
Rights and Privileges thereto belonging, adjudged to him by
the Royal Commrs. of the said Isle, Ao. 1607, against the
heirs male of the said Family of Sausmarez, who then sued
for the same, as finding it to be held of the King by a
certain Relief and certain Services, all which were
inseparable from the said Seignorie: And whereas it hath
been made [to] appear unto me by an Antient Seal of one
Nicollas de Sausmarez, which seems to be between 2 and 300
years old, and by other Authorities, that the said Family of
Sausmarez have constantly borne and used the Arms herein
impressed, I the said Earl Marshall, considering that the
forementioned Sr. Edmund Andros, Knt., and his Ancestors,
from the time of the said John Andros who married the heir
generall of Sausmarez as aforesaid, have successively done
Homage to the Kings of England for ye sd Seignorie, and
thereupon have been admitted into and received full
possession thereof, do order and require, That the Arms of
Andros (as the said Sr Edmund and his Ancestors ever since
their coming into the said Isle have borne the same)
quartered with the Arms of Sausmarez as they are hereunto
annexed,[1] be, together with the Pedigree of the said Sr
Edmund Andros (herewith also transmitted) fairly registered
in ye College of Arms by the Register of the said College,
and allowed unto him the said Sr Edmund Andros, and the
heirs of his body lawfully begotten, and of the body of his
Great Grandfather John Andros, son and heir of the
forementioned John Andros and Judith de Sausmarez, having,
possessing and enjoying the said Seignorie, to be borne and
used by him and them on all occasions according to the Law
of Arms: And for so doing this shall be a sufficient
warrant.
"Given under my hand and seal the 23d. day of September,
1686, in the second year of the Reigne of our Soveraigne
Lord King James the Second, &c.
"Norfolke & Marshall."
To the Kings Heralds,
and Pursuivts. of Arms.
[Footnote 1: The Andrews family of Denton bore "Gules, a saltire _or_,
surmounted of another vert." O'Callaghan and Trumbull (Col. Rec. of
Conn. iii. 392) have followed an error in BERRY'S History of Guernsey,
wherein the arms of Andros are said to be "a chevron between three
pelicans vulning themselves." Such a coat indeed is found on the
monument of Amice Andros, but they undoubtedly belong to his wife
Elizabeth Stone, the mother of Governor Andros.]
During the exile of the Stuarts, Edmund Andros served in the army of
Prince Henry of Nassau (PALFREY, iii. 127), and was faithful to their
cause. His family indeed was eminent among the adherents of the King,
as appears by the pardon granted 13th August, 1660, by Charles II. to
the inhabitants of Guernsey. In it he declares that Amice Andros,
Edmund his son, and Charles his brother, Sir Henry Davie, bart, and
Nathaniel Darell, during the preceding troubles "continued inviolably
faithful to his Majesty, and consequently have no need to be comprised
in this general pardon." So also we learn by the monument to
Elizabeth, mother of Sir Edmund, that she "shared with her husband
the troubles and exile to which he was exposed for several years in
the service of Charles I. and Charles II."[2]
[Footnote 2: "She lived with her husband 42 years and was the mother
of 9 children." She died 25 Dec. 1686, aged 73. (BERRY, Hist.
Guernsey.)]
Edmund Andros received his first considerable preferment by being made
Gentleman in Ordinary to the Queen of Bohemia in 1660. He had
undoubtedly been attracted to her service through the position of his
uncle, Sir Robert Stone, who was Cup-bearer to that princess, and he
was afterwards more closely allied to her friends in consequence of
his marriage. Whether any part of his youthful years while he was a
page in the Royal service, had been spent in her household or not, it
is worthy of notice that as a young man Andros was in a position to
acquire the accomplishments of a Court, and to behold Royalty in its
most fascinating form.
Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia, was the only daughter of King James I. of
England, and was born 19th August, 1596. She was married 27th Dec.
1612, to Frederick V., Count Palatine of the Rhine, Duke of Bavaria
and Silesia, who was soon elected King of Bohemia, but lost all his
possessions by the fortune of war. He died at Mentz, November 19th,
1632, having had thirteen children, of whom the best known were Prince
Rupert, and Sophia, wife of Ernest Augustus, Elector of Hanover,
mother of George I. of England.
The Queen of Bohemia had shared the exile and misfortunes of her
English relatives, and returned to England, 17th May, 1661. She died
February 13th, 1662, at London.
Historians have agreed in describing this princess as a most charming
woman. JESSE (Court of England) writes thus: "Lively in her manners,
affectionate in her disposition, and beautiful in her person; throwing
a charm and a refinement over the social intercourse of life; she yet
possessed with all these qualities, a strength of mind which never
became masculine; talents which were never obtrusive, and a warmth of
heart which remained with her to the end." "In prosperity modest and
unassuming; in adversity surmounting difficulties and dignifying
poverty, her character was regarded with enthusiasm in her own time,
and has won for her the admiration of posterity." "In the Low
Countries she was so beloved as to be styled 'the Queen of Hearts.'"
During her long widowhood, her chief adviser and friend was William,
Earl of Craven, and it was to the sister of the chosen heir to a
portion of the honors of this nobleman, that Edmund Andros was
married, in 1671. It has been believed that the Earl of Craven was
married to the Queen, and he was certainly one of the bravest and most
honored gentlemen of his time.
In 1666, Andros was made Major of a Regiment of foot, which was sent
to America. DUNCAN writes that Andros distinguished himself in the war
against the Dutch, and was in 1672, "commander of the forces in
Barbados and had obtained the reputation of being skilled in American
affairs."
In February, 1671, Andros married Marie, oldest daughter of Thomas
Craven of Appletreewick, co. York, and thus sister to the "heir in
reversion to the Barony of Hamsted-Marshall." This match is a
sufficient proof of the estimation in which he was held, as the lady
was sister of the designated heir of the Earl of Craven, his former
patron. The pedigree of the Cravens will be best understood by the
annexed tabular statement.[3] The "Peerages" have left the matter
obscure, but it has been rendered plain by some articles in "Notes
and Queries" for 1868. The Earl of Craven, after the death of his
brothers, entailed the Barony on his more distant cousins of
Appletreewick, omitting the issue of his uncle Anthony Craven. At his
death, April 9th, 1697, the title passed to William Craven, nephew of
Lady Andros.
[Footnote 3:
John Craven = ----
|
+-------------------------+----------------+
| |
Henry of = ---- dau. of William = Beatrix, dau. of
Appletreewick. | ---- Sherwood. | John Hunter.
| +--------+----------------+
| | |
Robert = Mary, dau. Sir William = Elizabeth, Anthony = ----
| of ---- Lord Mayor | dau. of |
| Brockden. of London. | Wm. Whitmore. |
| | |
| +--------------+--------------+ |
| | | | |
| William John Thomas |
| Earl of Lord Craven d. _s.p._ |
| Craven. of Ryton. |
| d. _s.p._ d. _s.p._ |
| |
+-------------+-----------------+-------------------------+ |
| | | |
Sir William = Mary, dau. of Sir Thomas = Anne, dau. Sir Anthony |
of | Ferdinando, | of Francis = |
Lenchwike, | Visct. | Proctor, Elizabeth |
d. 1665, | Fairfax, | of dau. of Baron |
æt. 46. | of Cameron. | Beckwith. Pelnitz |
| | d. _s.p._ |
+-------------+ | |
| | | |
William Elizabeth = Theophilus | |
d. _v.p._ Leigh. | |
Aug. 13, 1665, | |
æt. 16. | |
| |
+--------------------------+------+--------++ |
| | || |
Sir William = Mary, dau. Mary = Sir E. Alice = Wm. Topham |
b. 21 Aug. 1638. | of Sir Andros. Margaret = Christopher |
d. 24 Oct. 1695. | Christopher Dauson. |
| Chapham of |
| Beamsley, |
| co. York. |
| |
+----+------------+++ +--------------------+
| ||| |
William, Thomas = Margaret Craven,
b. 4 Oct. 1668, | dau. of Robt
2d Lord Craven, | d. 23 Feb. 1702,
of Hampsted Marshall. | aged 80.
|
+----------------------+------------------------+
| | |
Sir William = Mary, Sir Robert = Margaret. Sir Anthony = Theodosia,
of Winwick, dau. of d. 4 Oct. Bart. of dau. of
d. Mch, 1707, George 1672, Spersholt, Sir Wm.
æt. 73. Clerke. æt. 40. 1661, d. 1713. Wiseman.]
It is possible that Andros came to England for the marriage, and
returned to Barbados; but we think it more probable that the regiment
had been recalled to England. DUNCAN states that in April, 1672, a
regiment raised for Prince Rupert was armed for the first time with
the bayonet, that Andros was made Major, and the four Barbados
companies then under his command were incorporated in it. In the same
month, the proprietors of the Province of Carolina, of which the Earl
of Craven was one, conferred on him the title of Landgrave, with four
Baronies, containing 48,000 acres of land.
In April, 1674, Andros succeeded his father in his estates in
Guernsey, and 30 June, was sworn as Bailly of the island, the
reversion of that office having been before granted him.
We do not find mention of the occasion which recommended him to the
attention of the Duke of York, but from his early attendance on the
royal family, and his exceptional loyalty, he had probably long been
known to that prince. Andros was accordingly selected to be the
Governor of the Province of New York, which was claimed by the Duke,
and had recently been restored to him by the Dutch. He arrived in
this country, November 1st, 1674, accompanied by his wife.
A brief notice of the events which had occurred in this country
immediately before his arrival, may render his subsequent proceedings
more intelligible to the reader.
On the 27th of August, 1664, the Dutch Colony of New Netherland was
surrendered to an English force under Col. Richard Nicolls. The King,
Charles II., had already granted it, by patent dated 12 March, 1664,
to his brother, the Duke of York. After it had been held by the
English for over nine years, the Dutch had recaptured it, August 9,
1673; but under the terms of the treaty of peace, it was restored to
its English owners. In a letter dated 7/17 July, 1674, the Dutch
embassadors wrote that they had complied with the orders from the
States-General to notify the King that the Province would be delivered
to his agent; that Edmund Andros had been designated as the person,
and was to sail before the end of the week. (N.Y. Col. Doc. ii. 733.)
The Colony at that time was estimated to contain between six and seven
thousand white inhabitants, to which number were to be added the
English settlers on Long Island. Andros's commission, which was dated
July 1, 1674, made him "Lieutenant and Governor" over that part of
Maine which was styled Pemaquid, Long Island, Nantucket and Martha's
Vineyard, and the territory from the west side of Connecticut River to
the east side of Delaware Bay. This latter territory comprised not
only the State of New York, but Delaware, New Jersey and a large
portion of Connecticut; the claim of the Duke of York to which
domains was by no means undisputed.
Andros was at the same time commissioned as captain of a regiment of
foot, raised by the Duke of York for service in the Colony, and
received the necessary money for the expenses attendant upon
establishing the new government. He was accused by some of the Dutch
colonists of having exacted a new and unlawful oath of allegiance from
them, but this difficulty seems to have speedily subsided. His
instructions had been explicit that he should not disturb those
colonists who desired to remain in good faith, and we see no reason to
doubt that Andros fulfilled his orders. He has left an account of his
administration for the first three years (N.Y. Col. Doc. iii. 254-7)
from which we take the principal items.
In October, 1674, he says, that having received possession of New York
and reduced the east end of Long Island, he took in hand the turbulent
at various other places; these once quieted, the country had been
peaceful ever since. The next summer he commenced to press the Duke's
claim to that part of the country between the Hudson and Connecticut
rivers. He therefore wrote several letters to the Governor and General
Court of Connecticut, but it may easily be believed that the claim was
only a matter of form. In fact, both parties had a patent for the same
land, since the Connecticut Charter covered all the land from the
Narragansett Bay, due west to the South Sea, and the Duke of York's
territory was to be carved from this domain. Andros indeed says with
truth that the English claim had been abandoned, since under that
patent Connecticut might claim "New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland,
Carolina and the Spanish West Indies," as well as all New York. The
Duke of York was not disposed to press the matter, and wrote to Andros
in January, 1675-6, that he approved of the demand, as preserving his
title entire, but hoped for some more convenient method of adjusting
the boundaries in the future; the only stipulation he made, was that
the Connecticut men should not approach within twenty miles of the
Hudson River. Within a month, however, the hostile attitude of the
Indians compelled the eastern colonists to apply to Andros for aid in
the alarming position of affairs. On the 1st of July, 1675, a letter
was sent by Gov. Winthrop of Connecticut to New York, and Andros not
only was "much troubled at the Christians' misfortunes and hard
disasters in those parts," but he proposed to start at once, with a
force "ready to take such resolutions as may be fit for me," and to
make the best of his way to Connecticut River; "his royal Highness's
bounds," as he significantly termed them.
This was more than the colonists had anticipated; yet they were
unwilling to bring the dispute of boundaries to an open rupture,
especially at such a time. Andros, therefore, was allowed to come to
Saybrook with his two small vessels, and was met by Robert Chapman and
Thomas Bull in behalf of the Colony. Various protests were exchanged,
and Andros caused the Duke of York's Charter and his commission to be
read. After this ceremony, he declared he should depart immediately
unless desired to stay. In return, the agents of the Colony, who had
studiously disavowed any share in these proceedings, read a protest
on the part of Connecticut. And so "his Honor was guarded with the
town soldiers to the waterside, went on board, and presently fell down
below the Fort, with salutes on both sides." (TRUMBULL, Col. Rec.
Conn. ii. 584.) Thus both sides parted in peace, each content with its
own performance; and a few years afterwards the boundary was settled
by mutual concessions.
Andros pursued his plans for protecting his Colony, furnished the
necessary arms and ammunition, and disarmed the friendly Indians.
Returning to New York, he called together the neighboring sachems and
renewed the treaties with them; and in August, 1675, he proceeded to
Albany, where he succeeded in gaining the friendship of the Mohawks
and other powerful tribes. For nearly a year, till the death of
Philip, August 12th, 1676, Massachusetts and Connecticut suffered from
the barbarous incursions of the Indians. During this time, Andros, by
his own account, had remained unwillingly idle, his offers of
assistance having been rejected by his neighbors. He would have
brought into the field his Mohawk allies, but the offer being slighted
he could only keep them true to their allegiance, build forts and
boats, and prevent any increase of Philip's forces. He seems in fact
to have been greatly offended by the assertions of the Massachusetts
Colony, that it was at Albany, and through his connivance, that the
hostile Indians had obtained their supplies of arms and ammunition. He
sent two gentlemen to Boston to obtain satisfaction, and received only
a letter "clearing the magistrates, but not the generalty, still
aspersed without any known cause, complaint or notice." So indignant
was he at this false accusation, that after his arrival in England, he
petitioned the King in Council to cause inquiry into the truth of the
matter; to which the agents, William Stoughton and Peter Bulkley
merely replied, that they were not furnished with the information, and
that evil-minded persons might have sold ammunition to the Indians
despite the Governor's prohibition; in short, while evading all
concessions or apologies, they insinuated the truth of the charge.
Towards the end of the summer of 1676, the Indian troubles broke out
in the settlements in Maine, and though Massachusetts had taken
possession of the Duke of York's territory of Pemaquid, Andros exerted
himself to protect the settlers there, and sent an armed sloop
thither.
In June, 1677, he sent a force to Pemaquid and constructed a fort
there, which he garrisoned with fifty men; and he undoubtedly
contributed much to the pacification of that country for the next few
years.
In August, 1677, he visited Albany with an agent from Maryland, and
there received anew the assurances of the friendship of the western
Indians. At that time and place he received permission from the Duke
of York to take a brief leave of absence, and we transcribe a few
passages from the letter. "I am glad to find the quiet condition of
your government notwithstanding the late troubles that have been in
your neighbourhood." "In regard you express a desire to come for
England for some time to look after your own concerns, if you shall
towards the end of this summer continue to be of that mind, (not
doubting your care to settle all things during your absence from your
government in the best and safest manner), I do agree that you come
away with the latest shipping, so as having the winter to yourself,
you may be ready to return to your government with the first ships
that go hence in the spring."
Andros indeed, up to this time had merited the thanks of his employer.
He had kept the country at peace, and had already made its revenue
equal to its current expenses. The former laws in force during the
English rule had been re-established, and it would seem that he had
even tried to persuade the Duke of York to concede to the settlers
some form of a legislative Assembly. (N.Y. Col. Doc. ii. 235.) He
therefore communicated to the Council and General Court of Assizes, in
October, the permission he had received to visit England, and arranged
all matters likely to arise in his absence. On the 17th November,
1677, he sailed from New York, not accompanied by his wife probably,
as we find no mention of her.
During his stay in England at this time, Sir Edmund Andros was
knighted, a sufficient proof of the favor in which he was held at
court. On the 8th April, 1678, he was called before the Committee for
Trade and Plantations, and was examined in regard to affairs in New
England as well as in his own Colony. His answer was quite elaborate,
and is printed in the New York Colonial Documents, iii. 260-265. In
regard to his own Colony of New York, he estimates the towns,
villages, and parishes at about twenty-four in number, the militia as
numbering 2,000, the value of all estates at £150,000. He thinks a
substantial merchant is one worth £500 to £1,000, and a planter is
rich who has half as much in moveables.
His opinion of the settlements in New England certainly does not seem
unfriendly. He states indeed that "the acts of trade and navigation
are said, and is generally believed, not to be observed in the
Colonies as they ought," yet he adds, "I do not find but the
generality of the magistrates and people are well affected to the King
and Kingdom, but most knowing no other government than their own,
think it best and are wedded to and opinionate for it. And the
magistrates and others in place, chosen by the people, think that they
are obliged to assert and maintain said government all they can, and
are Church-members and like so to be chosen, and to continue without
any considerable alteration and change there, and depend upon the
people to justify them in their actings."
Andros at this time brought before the Council the matter of the false
charge that he had supplied the Indians with ammunition, and the
Agents for Massachusetts, William Stoughton and Peter Bulkley
accordingly replied, promising "To do their utmost endeavour" to
remove any misunderstanding between Sir Edmund and their government.
On the 27th of May, 1678, he sailed for New York in the "Blossom,"
taking with him William Pinhorne, James Graham, John White, John West
and others, including his chaplain, the Rev. Charles Woolley, whose
Journal was published in 1701.[4]
[Footnote 4: It has been reprinted (New York, 1860) with notes by Dr.
E.B. O'Callaghan.]
He arrived on the 7th September, 1678, and found his Colony at peace,
though there were still difficulties to be apprehended in dealing with
the Indians. During the next two years Andros seems to have been much
disturbed by controversies with some of the leading merchants, and
complaints were freely made to the Duke of York that his Governor was
dishonest. Accordingly, James wrote, May 24, 1680, to Andros, (N.Y.
Col. Doc. iii. 283,) that he wished him to return to England "by the
first convenience," turning over the government to Anthony Brockholst,
the Lieutenant-Governor. Mr. John Lewen was sent hither as a special
commissioner to investigate the accounts of the government, and his
report (printed in N.Y. Col. Doc. iii. 302-8) was decidedly
unfavorable to Andros. The Governor, however, who had sailed from New
York, January 7, 1681, was able to refute the charges made against
him, and ends his reply as follows:--
"Lastly, I answer to the whole report, I do find all the imputations
upon myself to be wholly untrue and deny every part thereof."... "But
if any objections or doubts remain, I am still ready to subject them
to the greatest scrutiny his Royal Highness shall think fit, not
doubting his Royal Highness's justice and my own vindication." (N.Y.
Col. Doc. iv. 313.)
We have learned nothing respecting Andros's position in England for
the next five years, except that he was in favor at Court, being, in
1683, sworn Gentleman of the Privy Chamber to the King, Charles II. He
very probably devoted his attention to his estates in Guernsey, as in
this year he and his wife received from the Crown a grant of the
Island of Alderney for ninety-nine years, at a rent of thirteen
shillings. In 1685, he was made Lieutenant-Colonel of the Princess of
Denmark's Regiment of Horse, commanded by the Earl of Scarsdale.
The accession of James II. however, February, 1685, opened a new
prospect of advancement. Andros seems to have been a staunch member of
the Church of England, but his long intimacy with the Duke of York had
doubtless given that Prince a favorable impression of his abilities.
The Charter of Massachusetts, after a contest extending through many
years, had been declared vacated, October 23rd, 1684. The notorious
Col. Piercy Kirke[5] had been designated as the new Governor by
Charles II. and confirmed by James, but New England had been spared
the affliction of his presence. Joseph Dudley had been commissioned as
President of the Council, and served as chief magistrate from May
15th, 1686, till December 19th following.
[Footnote 5: Not much is known of Col. Piercy Kirke. His father was
Col. Lewis Kirke, who in 1642-3 commanded the Royal forces in the
defence of Reading against the troops under Hampden. (Lord Nugent's
Life of Hampden, ii. 339-343.) Some account of Kirke is given in
"Notes and Queries," 2nd S. viii. 472. It seems that Piercy Kirke, in
1673, served under the Duke of Monmouth in the army of the King of
France. In 1675, he was Captain-Lieutenant in the Royal regiment of
Horse-Guards; and in 1680, he was made Lieutenant-Colonel of the 2nd
Tangier regiment. He was soon after made Colonel of this regiment, and
in 1682 was transferred to the Queen's regiment. In 1684, he came with
his regiment to England, and was employed under the Earl of Feversham
during Monmouth's rebellion. His conduct after that revolt was
quelled, has covered his name with infamy, and Macauley has drawn his
character in vivid colors. He was made Brigadier-General in 1685, was
one of those who joined William of Orange, and distinguished himself
at the battle of the Boyne in 1690. He was promoted to the rank of
Lieutenant-General in the same year, was sent to the army in Flanders,
and died at Breda, October 31, 1691.
He married Lady Mary Howard, daughter of George, fourth Earl of
Suffolk. From the identity of names it is probable that his son was
the Percy Kirke who in 1735 was a Brigadier-General, commanding the
King's Own Regiment of Foot.]
Andros was commissioned Governor in chief in and over the dominion of
New England, June 3, 1686, though his appointment is spoken of as
settled, in a letter from Randolph, dated at Boston, July 28th of that
year. (Hutchinson Papers, ii. 288, Prince Society's edition.)
It would seem as if Andros had received less than justice from the
historians of Massachusetts. HUTCHINSON (Hist. i. 353) writes of him,
"he was less dreaded than Kirke, but he was known to be of an
arbitrary disposition. He kept a correspondence with the Colony whilst
he was Governor of New York. His letters then discovered much of the
dictator." So PALFREY (iii. 517) in his admirable History, says that
James "had known Andros many years as a person of resolution and
capacity, of arbitrary principles, and of habits and tastes absolutely
foreign to those of the Puritans of New-England; and could scarcely
have been ignorant of his personal grudge against Massachusetts, on
account of old affronts. It was not to be doubted that here was a man
prepared to be as oppressive and offensive as the King desired."
It is certainly but justice to an officer who filled so many important
positions to the entire satisfaction of employers so different as
James II. and William of Orange, to scrutinize with deliberation such
charges against his character, and to insist upon undoubted evidence
of his personal iniquities.
One thing seems evident, the government now imposed on New England was
not the act of Andros, nor is there any proof that he sought the
position of Governor. Randolph indeed had labored for years to effect
the downfall of the Charter government; and as PALFREY has shown in
successive chapters, in aid of the same purpose were the efforts of
English merchants whose trade was injured by the commercial enterprise
of Massachusetts, and the denunciations of English politicians, who
considered the Charter government an infringement of the Royal
prerogative. We have seen no evidence of Andros's complicity with
these enemies of New England, and no proof of an unfriendly
disposition when he accepted office.
It will hardly be imputed to Andros as a fault that he took the view
of the Royal authority which prevailed at Court. As a subordinate,
appointed to a certain position to carry out a certain policy, he had
no choice but to obey or resign. In carrying out the commands of his
master, he can only be blamed if his conduct was cruel or even harsh,
in excess of his instructions. It will certainly be difficult, we
think, to fasten any such stigma upon Andros. Leaving his political
offences, for which the King was responsible, what personal charges
can be substantiated against him?
It is evident that no person was executed for a political offence, and
that none of the atrocities of Jeffreys or Lauderdale were repeated in
this country. It is equally evident that no one was fined or
imprisoned for non-conformity to the Church of England, and the
contrast with the mother country is entirely in our favor. If the
fees exacted were excessive, a point hereafter to be considered, was
Andros a gainer thereby? From a report made at the time, and printed
in N.Y. Colonial Documents, iv. 263, it appears that Andros was paid a
fixed salary in 1686, of £1200 sterling; in 1687, the same, and in
1688, £1400 sterling, out of the revenue. We have yet to learn of any
claim made against Andros for fees illegally collected or for public
money mis-appropriated. PALMER indeed, in his Impartial Account, makes
a strong defense for Andros on this head. The Council were all old
residents; the Secretary and Collector, who received the greatest
fees, were not appointed by Andros, and indeed Randolph quarrelled
with him. The Treasurer was John Usher, who continued to reside here
after the downfall of Andros, and the Chief Justice was Dudley. It is
hardly probable that Andros was responsible for the appointment of any
of the higher officials, nor should he be justly charged with the
table of fees which was fixed for their benefit by a committee of the
Council.
Reduced to plain statements, the personal charges against Andros seem
to be, first, a zeal for Episcopacy, which led him to insist upon
having a place for Church services in one of the Boston meeting-houses
for a time; and secondly, a rude or insolent carriage towards his
disaffected subjects.
As to the first, the facts are patent, and they do not seem to
constitute a very heinous offence. It was undeniably a great annoyance
to the members of the Old South Church, to have the Governor use the
building for Episcopal services, but as they were held only when "the
building was not occupied by the regular congregation," (PALFREY, iii.
522,) we cannot greatly censure Andros for his course.
As to his treatment of persons accused of misdemeanors, we find but
one instance which was worthy of censure. The case of the Rev. Mr.
Wiswall of Duxbury, as narrated at p. 100 of this volume, is an
evidence of inhumanity on the part of some one. If he were compelled
to journey and appear before the Council when disabled by gout, it was
an act disgraceful to the authorities; yet we must add, that Andros is
not accused directly of being the persecutor. The other instances sink
into insignificance, and at most prove only that Andros was a
passionate man, who did not hesitate to express uncomplimentary
opinions very freely. When Andros "called the people of the country
Jacks and Toms;" and when, the constables having made an address to
Sir Edmund as to how they should keep the peace if the sailors from
the Frigate made a fray, "he fell into a great rage and did curse them
and said they ought to be sent to Gaol and ordered Mr. West to take
their names,"--we cannot on that account rank him with Kirke or
Claverhouse.
So in two cases cited by his accusers, in pages 107 and 111 following:
when certain impertinent busy-bodies brought an Indian to testify that
Andros was engaged in a conspiracy to bring on an Indian War,--a story
whose folly was only equalled by the harm it might cause if believed
by the people,--Andros contented himself with ridiculing them, though
afterwards they were fined by the courts. To prove that he
discountenanced making defence against the Indians, his opponents
offer the testimony of certain village officials, whose affidavits
prove only that Sir Edmund probably had read Shakespeare.
We fail, therefore, to see any evidence that Andros was cruel,
rapacious, or dishonest; we know of no charge affecting his morality,
and we find a hasty temper the most palpable fault to be imputed to
him.
To return to our sketch of his public acts. He arrived at Boston, a
place which he had before visited in October, 1680, to wait upon Lord
Culpepper, (N.Y. Col. Doc. iii. 308,) in the "Kingfisher," Sunday,
December 19, 1686, and landed the next day attended by about sixty
soldiers. He was received with great acclamation of joy, and was
escorted by a great number of merchants and others, to the Town House.
He at once proceeded to organize his government, which it must be
remembered, as constituted by his commission, was composed of the
Governor and his Council. The other officers, judges, collectors, &c.,
were at hand, and the objects of the new rulers were soon disclosed.
By losing their Charter and its representative form of government, the
colonists had lost the privilege of taxing themselves. The Governor
and Council imposed the tax; and when the inhabitants of the town of
Ipswich attempted to resist the law, the patriotic leaders of the
movement were tried, fined and imprisoned. The judges were Dudley,
Stoughton, Usher and Randolph. This trial ended all attempts to
dispute this claim of the government, but it was only the natural
result of the forfeiture of the Charter, and in no sense the act of
the Governor.
The other claim of the Crown was to the ownership of all the land,
which involved two questions, viz. as to lands already owned by the
settlers, and waste lands. The government held that private titles
were invalid, unless confirmed by the Crown on the payment of a quit
rent. Preposterous as this doctrine may seem, it had staunch
defenders, and Andros was in earnest in enforcing it. Many complied
with the requirements of the government, but the work was not
completed when the Revolution came. As to Andros's share of the blame,
Palmer makes the best defence, when he points out that Writs of
Intrusion were brought only against a few persons to test the right,
and these persons were those able to contest the question, and not
obscure individuals. The moral question as to waste lands is more
difficult of decision, since the argument is not without force, that
it was better for Andros to grant them to persons who would improve
them, than for the towns to hold them, unimproved, as commons.
Among the earliest acts of Andros, was his extending his authority
over New Hampshire, Plymouth and Rhode Island, as well as Maine and
Massachusetts. In October, 1687, he visited Hartford, and took the
government of Connecticut also into his hands, and he afterwards
traveled through that Colony. The first few months of 1688 were spent
at Boston in consolidating the legislation necessary for the future
guidance of the government.
He had at this time the misfortune to lose his wife, who died January
22, 1687-8, and was buried in the church-yard adjoining King's
Chapel.[6]
[Footnote 6: In TRUMBULL'S Conn. Records, iii. 437, is a letter from
John West to John Allen at Hartford. It is dated January 21st,
(Saturday,) and states that he writes to let Allen "know the great
griefe and sorrow wee are in for my Lady Andros, who since Tuesday
last was sevenight hath been extreamly ill, and soe continues almost
at the Court of Death, and is a greate affliction to his Excellency
who is most passionately concerned. If it should please God to call
her to himselfe, wee should all have a greate losse of a right good
and vertuous Lady."
In a postscript West adds--"January 26th. Mr. Belcher not proceeding
on his intended Journey, have opportunity to add that on Sunday last
the Lady Andros departed this life, to the great griefe and sorrow of
his Excellency and all that knew her."
As to the funeral, the following account is given in Judge Sewall's
Diary, quoted in BRIDGMAN'S King's Chapel Epitaphs, p. 318. "Between 4
and 5 I went to the funeral of the Lady Andros, having been invited by
the Clark of the South Company. Between 7 and 8 (lychns illuminating
the cloudy air) the corpse was carried into the herse drawn by six
horses, the soldiers making a guard from the Governor's house down the
Prison Lane to the South meeting-house; there taken out and carried in
at the western door, and set in the alley before the pulpit, with six
mourning women by it. House made light with candles and torches. There
was a great noise and clamor to keep people out of the house that they
might not rush in too soon. I went home."]
In April, 1688, Andros visited Portsmouth and Pemaquid, where he
repaired the fort, and proceeding to Penobscot, he seized some
property of Castine, a Frenchman who had settled there among the
Indians. Returning to Boston, "he found a great promotion awaiting him
in a new commission, creating him Governor of all the English
possessions on the mainland, except Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland
and Virginia."[7] His command embraced New England, New York and New
Jersey, with its capital at Boston.
[Footnote 7: PALFREY, iii. 558, 561, 562.]
In July, August and September, 1688, Andros made a tour through the
Colonies, going through the Jerseys, and visiting New York city,
Albany and Hartford. During this visit he had held a conference with
the chiefs of the Five Nations, and had notified the Governor of
Canada that these tribes were under the protection of the English. He
must therefore have been surprised and disgusted to find that
hostilities were imminent in the Colony of Maine. The cause of this
outbreak was probably the resentment of Castine, whose property had
been taken by Andros in the spring, and whose influence with the
Penobscots was great.
At first, the Governor tried the effect of conciliation, but finding
this useless, he collected some seven hundred troops,[8] and in
November, 1688, he proceeded to Maine to defend the settlers there. He
established and garrisoned several forts, a list of which will be
found in Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll. 3rd S. i. 85. At Pemaquid, he received
information of the probable designs of the Prince of Orange upon
England, and January 10th, 1689, he issued the Proclamation which will
be found on p. 75 of the present volume.
[Footnote 8: PALFREY, iii. 568.]
He returned to Boston early in March,[9] and the chief event of that
month was the accusation that he had entered into a conspiracy with
the Indians against the Colony, a base and foolish calumny. On the 4th
of April, 1689, the news of the landing of the Prince of Orange in
England was brought to Boston from Nevis by John Winslow, who had a
copy of the Prince's Declaration. Andros had been previously warned
however, by his friends in New York.
[Footnote 9: Ibid, iii. 570.]
From this time until the 18th of April, there were doubtless plots and
conspiracies without end. On that day the people of Boston rose
against Andros and his government, but no hint is given us of the real
contrivers of the revolution. PALFREY, iii. 579, writes, "It would be
very interesting to know when and how the rising in Boston was
projected. But conspirators do not show their hands while they are at
their game; and after the settlement under King William, it became
altogether unsuitable for those who had been privy to the facts to let
it be known that the insurrection at Boston was a movement independent
of his enterprise." The contemporary accounts of the proceedings are
numerous and full of detail. BYFIELD'S Account was printed very soon
and will be found in this volume; HUTCHINSON gives in his History, (i.
374-377,) a copy of a letter sent to Gov. Hinckley; PALFREY in the
notes to his History, gives a number of citations from original
papers, including the narrative of John Riggs, a servant of Sir
Edmund's; and last, O'CALLAGHAN, (N.Y. Col. Documents, iii. 722,)
prints Andros's own version. The events themselves are so fully
described in the following pages, that it is necessary to say only
that Andros, who was in the fort on Fort-hill, was obliged to
surrender on the first day, April 18th, and was lodged under guard at
Mr. Usher's house. On the 19th he was forced to order the surrender of
the Castle in the harbor, and the Rose frigate was also given up and
partially dismantled. A provisional government was at once formed, and
Andros was transferred to the custody of John Nelson at the fort. We
have printed in the present collection a statement by the Captain of
the Castle, of the good treatment afforded Andros and his companions.
It seems by BYFIELD'S story, that Sir Edmund made an unsuccessful
attempt to escape disguised in woman's apparel, in April; he was more
successful on the 2nd of August, when by the treachery of one of the
corporals, he escaped from the Castle and reached Rhode Island.
Waiting there too long, probably for some vessel bound to New York or
to England, he was captured by Major Sanford and sent back to his
former prison.
The following named persons were imprisoned with Andros. (R.I.
Records, iii. 257.) "Joseph Dudley, Judge Palmer, Mr. Randolph, Lt.
Col. Lidgett, Lt. Col. Macgregry, Captain George, Major Brockholes,
Mr. Graham, Mr. West, Captain Treffry, Mr. Justice Bullivant, Mr.
Justice Foxcroft, Captain White, Captain Ravencroft, Ensign Pipin, Dr.
Roberts, Mr. Farewell, Mr. Jemeson, Mr. Kane, Mr. Broadbent, Mr. James
Sherlock, sheriff, Mr. Larkin, Captain Manning, Lt. Jordaine, Mr.
Cutler,"--25 in all, to which BYFIELD adds Mr. Crafford and Mr. Smith,
and HUTCHINSON says that the number seized and confined amounted to
about fifty. Probably some were soon released, or were too obscure in
rank to be recorded.
It is our intention now to trace the personal fortunes of the deposed
Governor, rather than the course of his successors. He was kept
prisoner until February, 1690, when, in accordance with an order from
England, Sir Edmund and his companions were sent thither for trial.
The order, which was caused by letters which they had managed to
convey to the Court, was dated July 30, 1689, but it did not reach
Boston till very late in the year, and the prisoners were sent by the
first opportunity.[10]
[Footnote 10: See HUTCHINSON, i. 392; R.I. Records, iii. 256.]
The Colony sent over Elisha Cooke and Thomas Oakes to assist their
agents, Sir Henry Ashurst and Increase Mather, in prosecuting their
charges against Sir Edmund and his associates. We find in the New York
Col. Documents, iii. 722, and also in R.I. Records, iii. 281, an
account by Sir Edmund of his administration, which is termed by
PALFREY (iii. 587) "extremely disingenuous," though we cannot assent
to this term. In it he says that he and his friends were sent to
England "where, after summons given to the pretended agents of New
England, and their twice appearance at the Council Board, nothing
being objected by them or others, they were discharged."
HUTCHINSON, indeed, (i. 394,) attempts to lay the blame of this
release of Andros and his more guilty associates, upon Sir John
Somers, the counsel employed by the agents. It may be nearer the truth
to say that Andros had committed no crime for which he could be
punished, and that he had in no way exceeded or abused the powers
conferred upon him.
At all events, Andros was favorably received at home, and in 1692 was
appointed Governor of Virginia, to which command was joined that of
Maryland. "He brought over to Virginia the Charter of William and Mary
College, of which he laid the foundation. He encouraged manufactures
and the cultivation of cotton in that Colony, regulated the
Secretary's office, where he commanded all the public papers and
records to be sorted and kept in order, and when the State House was
burned, had them carefully preserved, and again sorted and registered.
By these and other commendable acts, he succeeded in gaining the
esteem of the people, and in all likelihood would have been still more
useful to the Colony had his stay been longer, but his administration
closed in November, 1698." (O'CALLAGHAN, Woolley's Journal, p. 67.)
Strangely enough, the Governor who in Massachusetts was chiefly hated
for his love of Episcopacy, was overthrown in Virginia for quarrelling
with the Church authorities. The Earl of Bellomont writes in 1690, in
a letter printed in N.Y. Col. Doc. iv. 490, "Sir Edmund Andros for
quarreling with Doctor Blair in Virginia, brought the resentment of
the Bishop of London and the Church (they say) on his head, which is
the reason he has lost his government, and by the same rule they would
get me recalled by making this a church quarrel." Bishop Meade in his
"Old Churches and Families of Virginia," i. 157-8, gives some account
of this controversy. The opponent of Andros was the Rev. James Blair,
Commissary of the Bishop of London and President of the College, who
seems to have passed nearly all his life in disputes with successive
Governors; and it is no proof that Andros was in the wrong that he was
recalled and superseded. The record of the trial of Dr. Blair is
preserved at Lambeth, the result being that he returned triumphant
with a good sum of money for his College.
Sir Edmund soon reappears, however, as the recipient of Court favor,
being in 1704 appointed Governor of Guernsey, an office which he held
for two years, retaining also the post of Bailiff of the Island, which
he had for life. This is nearly the last we learn of him, and his age,
nearly seventy years, must have debarred him from farther service. We
find his name indeed among the new members in the "Proceedings of the
Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, 20 Feb.
1712-3 to 19 Feb. 1713-4;"[11] and this was in the last year of his
life, as he was buried at St. Anne's, Soho, Westminster, London, 27th
Feb. 1713-4, in his 76th year.
[Footnote 11: Communicated by W.S. Appleton, Esq.]
There remain to be noticed only a few items in respect to Sir Edmund's
marriages, all occurring after his return from Virginia.
We do not know how soon after the death of his first wife in 1688 he
married again; but the examination made for us by Joseph L. Chester,
Esq., of London, shows that Sir Edmund's second wife was Elizabeth,
third daughter and co-heiress of Thomas Crispe of Quekes, co. Kent.
Her father, who died in 1680, was the oldest son of Thomas Crispe,
Esq. of Gondhurst, co. Kent, nephew and heir-male of Henry Crispe of
Quekes. She was a widow, having married first Christopher Clapham,
(son of Sir Christopher Clapham, Knt. of Clapham, co. York,) who died
15th November, 1677, and was buried in Birchington Church, Isle of
Thanet, co. Kent: by him she had but one child, Christopher Clapham,
who is mentioned in Andros's Will. It may be added, that Sir William
Craven, brother of the first Lady Andros, married Mary Clapham, a
sister-in-law of this Mrs. Elizabeth Clapham. The connection between
the families rendered this second marriage of Andros the more
natural.
The second Lady Andros was buried at St. Giles'-in-the-Fields, co.
Middlesex, August 18th, 1703.
Sir Edmund married thirdly, April 21st, 1707, Elizabeth Fitzherbert,
of whose family nothing has been found. She survived him and was
buried at St. Anne's, Soho, February 12th, 1716-17. He left no issue
by any of his wives, though representatives of the family, in the line
of his nephew, still reside at Guernsey.
In reviewing the long public career of Sir Edmund Andros, we are
struck not less by the amount of work which he performed than by the
censures which his services incurred. He was the Governor at times of
every Royal Province on the mainland, and exercised a larger influence
than any other of the rulers sent hither by Great Britain. He was
repeatedly accused of dishonesty and oppression, yet he passed
harmless through repeated examinations only to receive fresh
promotion. He was apparently the chosen follower of James, and yet
there is no reason to suspect him of any disloyalty to his country at
the anxious period when that monarch was striving to retain his
throne. He was intrusted by William with the government of Virginia,
and was honored by Queen Anne; thus holding office under four
successive monarchs. Surely there must have been some noble traits of
character in a man thus perpetually involved in contests and thus
invariably successful.
It is certainly to be regretted that we have been led to form our
opinion of Andros from the reports of men who were deeply interested
in maligning him. That his government was distasteful to the citizens
of Massachusetts is undeniable, but no man sent here to perform the
same duty would have been acceptable. In reality the grievance of the
colonists lay in the destruction of their Charter, and filled with
hatred to those who had thus deprived them of this accustomed liberty,
they were at enmity with every form of government that might be
imposed in its place. The leaders indeed found that a restoration of
the Charter was impossible, but Increase Mather's letters testify how
reluctantly the people acquiesced, and how sharply he was blamed for
not effecting impossibilities.
As to the government of Andros, we fail to see in it any special
hardships or persecution. He himself declares that he levied for the
expenses of the State only the usual annual tax of a penny in the
pound, which had been the rate for the previous fifty years. If other
officers, not appointed by him, nor under his control, charged
unmerciful fees, that was a matter to be urged against them. It is a
significant fact, however, that most of these officers remained in
America and were unmolested. If under instructions from the Crown, and
fortified by the opinions of English judges, he attempted to collect
rent for lands which the settlers claimed were their own, unless he
used fraud or violence, he should no more be blamed than the lawyers
employed in the cases.
We see then no reason to doubt that Sir Edmund Andros was an upright
and honorable man, faithful to his employers, conscientious in his
religious belief, an able soldier, possessed of great administrative
abilities, a man worthy to be ranked among the leaders of his time. He
may have been hasty of speech, yet his words were followed by no acts
of revenge; he may have been proud of his ancestry and his position at
Court, yet we find no evidence that his pride exceeded the bounds of
decorum. He was singularly fortunate in acquiring the affection of the
Indians at a time when their good-will was of immense importance; and
his overthrow was the precursor of one of the most disastrous Indian
wars that New England ever experienced.
It should be remembered, finally, that he labored under the
disadvantage of being here at the time of a transition in affairs. He
was fast building up a party here of those who wished to assimilate
Massachusetts to other portions of the British empire. There were
many, and those not the poorest or least educated, who were sorry when
the reaction succeeded for a time and the old rule was re-established.
And yet the triumph was but nominal, for the old Charter and the old
system were never restored. The Colony was destined to enter upon a
new career which was to reach to the Revolution, and undoubtedly a
potent influence at the outset was the breaking up of old associations
effected by Andros. The only injustice we need to repair, is the
mistaken idea that he was the ruling cause of the change--it was
something far more powerful. Unless, therefore, we are disposed to
quarrel with the progress of events, and to wish to restore our State
to the primitive rule of the Puritan church, we should cease to make a
bugbear of the instrument of its overthrow. We may class Andros rather
among those statesmen, unwelcome but necessary, whose very virtues and
abilities are detested in their lifetime, because they do so
thoroughly their appointed work and initiate new periods in national
history.
WILL OF SIR EDMUND ANDROS.
[Extracted from the Principal Registry of Her Majesty's Court of
Probate, in the Prerogative Court of Canterbury.]
In the Name of God, Amen.
I Sr. Edmund Andros of Guernsey and now residing in the parish of
St Anne in the Liberty of Westminster in the County of Middlesex
Knight being in health of body and of good and perfect memory praised
be God do make and ordain this my last Will and Testament in manner
and form following that is to say First and principally I commend my
soul into the hands of Almighty God my Creator trusting and assuredly
hoping through the merits and mediation of my blessed Lord and Saviour
Jesus Christ to inherit eternal life my body to be decently buried but
without ostentation and as to the worldly estate it hath pleased God
to bless me with I dispose thereof as followeth viz Imprs: I order
and direct that all the just debts which I may happen to owe at my
decease be forthwith paid----Item I give the sum of one hundred
pounds for the placing of ten poor children to be apprentices to some
trades or otherwise preferred according to the discretion of my
Executor that is to say ten pounds for each child----Item
Whereas I am entitled to two several annuities of fifty pounds p.
annum each payable out of the Exchequer by virtue of an Act of
Parliament whereof the order for payment for one is number one
thousand and ninety four and therefore payment of the other is number
four thousand three hundred seventy seven now for a further and better
provision for Dame Elizabeth my wife I do give unto her the said two
several annuities of fifty pounds p: ann: a piece together with the
several Tallys and Orders relating thereunto for and during the term
of her natural life only and I also give unto my said wife the sum of
one hundred pounds to be paid to her immediately after my death which
said several annuities for life and one hundred pounds I do hereby
direct appoint and declare are for and in lieu of a jointure and in
full recompence of her dower and are hereby given to my said wife upon
condition that she shall not claim any interest right or title in or
to any lands tenements or hereditaments of which I am or shall be
seized at the time of my decease and if my said wife shall after my
death claim any estate right title or interest in or to any of my
lands tenements or hereditaments Then the bequest herein made unto her
of the said several annuities and of the said one hundred pounds as
aforesaid shall be void and of none effect and then and in such case I
give the said several annuities and the said one hundred pounds unto
my Executor hereinafter named----And from and after the decease
of my said wife I also give the said two several annuities of fifty
pounds each unto my Executor hereinafter named together with the
Tallys & orders relating thereunto----Item I give the sum of
two hundred pounds which is due to me by bond from Thomas Cooper near
Maidstone in Kent taken in the name of my late sister in law Mrs
Hannah Crispe and all the interest that shall be due thereupon unto
Christopher Clapham Esq (son of my late dear deceased wife) if I do
not in some other give or secure to the said Christopher Clapham the
sd. debt of two hundred pounds and interest----Item I give
to Edwin Wiat Esq Serjeant at Law (if he shall survive me) and in case
of his death before me to his Executors Administrators or assigns the
sum of three hundred pounds which is due and owing to me by mortgage
made from Mrs Mary Hurt unto my said late wife by the name of
Elizabeth Clapham Widow and all interest that shall be due thereupon
and all my right and interest in and to the same upon this condition
that the said Serjt. Wiat his executors administrators or assigns
shall within six months next after my decease pay unto the said
Christopher Clapham Esq the sum of two hundred pounds which sum I do
give to the said Mr. Clapham out of the said debt----Item I
give to my niece Elizabeth daughter of my late brother John Andros
deceased the sum of two hundred pounds----Item I give to my
niece Ann daughter of my said late brother John Andros the sum of one
hundred pounds----Item I give to my nephew Cæsar son of my
sd. late brother John Andros the sum of one hundred pounds----Item
I give to my nephew Edmund son of my said late brother John Andros
the yearly sum of twenty pounds for his maintenance which sd. yearly
sum of twenty pounds my will is shall be paid by my Executor
hereinafter named free from all taxes charges and payments whatsoever
unto my said nephew Edmund or to such person or persons as shall from
time to time have the care and keeping of him by equal half yearly
payments for and during the term of his natural life that is to say at
the feast of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary and the Feast
of St. Michael the Archangel the first payment to begin and to be made
at such of the said feasts as shall first happen after my
death----Item I give unto my nephew William son of my said late
brother John Andros the sum of one hundred pounds----Item I give to my
nephew George Son of my late brother George Andros deceased all my
estate and interest in the Island of Alderney which I shall be seized
or possessed of at the time of my death either in fee simple or for
any term of years or otherwise howsoever in the said Island of
Alderney together with all powers privileges and francises to me
belonging and all my right title and interest thereto and I also give
unto my said nephew George Andros the sum of five hundred pounds----Item
whereas there is payable to me or my assigns out of the
Exchequer and chargeable on the Revenue of Excise by Act of Parliament
two several annuities of fifty pounds each whereof the order for one
is number four hundred sixty three & the order for the other is number
four hundred sixty four I do hereby give unto my said nephew George
Andros the said two several annuitys or yearly sums of fifty pounds &
all my term benefit & advantages in & to the same together with the
Tallys and orders relating thereunto to be delivered to him
immediately after my decease----Item I give to my niece Anne
Lemesurier daughter of my said late Brother George Andros the sum of
one hundred pounds----Item Whereas Cæsar Knapton Gent is indebted to
me in several sums of money by bond mortgage or otherwise the mortgage
being made to Ralph Marshall Esq & by him assigned to me in lieu of
moneys had of mine I do hereby give unto the sd. Cæsar Knapton all
such moneys as remains due to me from him & do also release unto him
and his heirs all securities which I have for the same----Item I give
to William Le Merchant Son of my late niece Elizabeth Le Merchant
dec'ed the sum of one hundred pounds and to his sister Elizabeth the
now wife of Mr. Elizea Le Merchant the like sum of one hundred
pounds----Item I release and discharge my cousin Magdalen Andros Widow
the Relict of my Cousin Amos Andros deceased and his heirs off and
from all and every the sum and sums of money which is due and owing to
me from the said Amos Andros by Bond or otherwise----Item I release &
discharge my cousin Mary Andros (daughter of the said Amos Andros
deceased) off and from all sum and sums of money charges and other
expences whatsoever which I have disbursed or have been at for her
late maintenance or might have or clayme any wise for the same and
also I give unto her the said Mary Andros the sume of one hundred
pounds and my mind and will is and I doe hereby direct that the
several and respective legacies hereinbefore given shall be by my
Executor hereinafter named paid or assigned to the said several
legatees entitled thereto within one year next after my decease
nevertheless my will is and I do hereby declare that the said several
legacies hereinbefore given are given to the said several legatees
respectively upon condition that they do not claim any other part of
my estate than what is hereby given to them respectively and that if
any or either of them or any other person or persons on their or any
of their behalfs or claiming by or under them either or any of them
shall or do clayme any part of my estate either real or personal other
than what is by this my Will given to them respectively or shall in
any wise molest hinder or disturb my nephews John Andros or his heirs
or any claiming under him or them in the quiet possession or enjoyment
thereof or shall upon his or their request refuse to release all his
her or their claim interest or pretensions in or to all or any part or
parcel of my estate other than what is hereinbefore respectively given
to them That then and from thenceforth the legacy or legacys so given
to him her or them respectively as aforesaid so claiming or refusing
as aforesaid shall respectively cease determine and be utterly void
and in such case I give the said legacy or legacys so as to be made
void as aforesaid unto my said nephew John (eldest son of my said
brother John Andros dec'ed) and his heirs----Item I give to Mrs.
Margaret Baxter Widow the yearly sum of ten pounds to be paid to her
tax free out of the interest rents issues and profits of the mortgage
money hereinafter mentioned to be due to me from the estate of my late
cousin Margaret Lowdon deceased by equal quarterly payments for and
during the natural life of the said Mrs. Baxter the first payment
whereof to begin and to be made at the end of three calendar months
next after my decease----Item I discharge the heirs executors and
administrators of the said Mrs. Margaret Lowdon of and from all
interest money that shall remain due to me at the time of my decease
over and above what sums of money she did in her lifetime pay and
which they or any of them shall have paid to me or by my order for the
sum of four hundred pounds which is due to me on the mortgage of her
estate in Harron Alley without Aldgate London----Item all other my
estate whatsoever both real and personal in Great Britain Guernsey or
elsewhere not herein disposed of after all my debts legacies and
funeral expences shall be paid and satisfied I give devise and
bequeath unto my said nephew John (eldest son of my said late brother
John Andros deceased) and to his heirs----But my will is that my said
nephew John or his heirs shall within two years after my decease (if
not built before) build a good suitable house on or at the Manor of
Saçmares in Guernsey aforesaid and if the said John or his heires
shall not in that time build such house (if not built before) Then my
Will is and I do hereby direct and appoint my said nephew John or his
heires to pay the sum of five hundred pounds unto my said nephew
George Andros within one year after his or their neglect to build such
house as aforesaid and I do hereby make ordain constitute and appoint
my said nephew John Andros (in case he survives me) Sole Executor of
this my last Will and Testament----But if my said nephew John Andros
shall be then dead then and in such case I make his heirs male Sole
Executor of this my last Will and Testament----And I do hereby
revoke annul and make void all former wills by me made declaring this
to be my last Will and Testament----In witness whereof to this my last
Will and Testament contained in five sheets of paper I have to each of
the said sheets sett my hand and seal the nineteenth day of July Anno
Dom: 1712 and in the eleventh year of the reign of our Sovereign Lady
Anne by the Grace of God of Great Britain France and Ireland Queen
Defender of the Faith
E. ANDROS.
Signed sealed declared and published by the said Sir Edmund
Andros to be his last Will and Testament in the presence of
the Witnesses hereunder written which said Witnesses
subscribed their names in the presence of the said Sir
Edmund Andros--James Spenceley--Rob: Hodson Jno. Hodson--
Probatum fuit hujus modi Testamentum apud London coram Venerabili Viro
Johanne Andrew Legum Doctore Surrogato Præhonorandi viri Domini Caroli
Hodges Militis Legum Etiam Doctoris Curiæ Prerogativæ Cantuariensis
Magistri Custodis Sive Commissarii legitime constituti Octavo die
mensis Martii Anno D'ni Millesimo Septingentesimo decimo tertio
juramento Johannis Andros Armigeri Executoris in dicto Testamento
nominati Cui Commissa fuit administratio omnium et singulorum bonorum
jurium et creditorum dicti defuncti de bene et fideliter administrando
eadem ad Sancta Dei Evangelii Jurat.
[Illustration: From Sir Edmund's official Seal used in New England.]
NOTES ON THE PRECEDING MEMOIR.
Since the foregoing pages were in type, we have been favored with some
additional information concerning the Governor, through the kindness
of A.C. Andros, Esq., one of the present representatives of the
family.
A.
He refers, first, to the printed account of Sir Edmund Andros, to be
found in the following book:--"Sarnia, or Brief Memorials of many of
her sons," by Ferdinand Brock Tupper, Esq. of Guernsey, published in
that island in 1862. In it the fact is mentioned that the manor or
fief of Sausmarez (_anglice_ Saltmarsh) in St. Martin's parish, was
sold in 1748 by the Andros family to a branch of the Sausmarez family
which still owns it.
B.
Amice Andros, father of Sir Edmund, was "keeper of the castle of
Jerbourg, and hereditary Cup-bearer to the King in Guernsey, as also
one of the gallant defenders of Castle Cornet, during its memorable
nine years' siege. Two of his brothers, military officers, were slain;
one in the service of the King of Bohemia, who was son-in-law of
James I. of England; and the other in 1644, during the Civil War."
C.
We have mentioned (p. xxii) that Sir Edmund received in 1683 a grant
of the Island of Alderney for ninety-nine years. Mr. Tupper states
that Lieut. General John Le Mesurier, who died 21st May, 1843, was the
last hereditary governor of Alderney. He was descended from Anne
Andros, sister and co-heir of George Andros, the nephew and heir of
Sir Edmund. Gen. Le Mesurier resigned the patent in 1825, on condition
of receiving a pension of £700 a year until its expiration in 1862.
D.
In an old pedigree, written about A.D. 1687 by Charles Andros, uncle
of the Governor, and still preserved in the family, are a few
additional items relating to Sir Edmund. Before 1660 he served three
years in a troop of horse commanded by his uncle, Sir Robert Stone, in
Holland, and had a commission as Ensign to go to the island of Funeme
in Denmark.... After the death of the Queen of Bohemia he was made
ensign of the company of Sir John Talbot, Captain of the King's
guards. He was married "in England" to Mary Craven in February, 1671.
March 30th, 1672, (by which we understand the same year as that of his
marriage,) he was made Major of Prince Rupert's Dragoons. "The 14th
day of January, 1673," (? 1673-4,) he received "by patent in reversion
the charge of the Bailly of the island of Guernsey." "The 13th April,
1683, the King, Charles II. gave the charge of Gentleman in ordinary
of his privy chamber" to Sir Edmund, and "the 6th day of the month of
June, 1685, the King, James II. gave a commission to the above Sir
Edmund Andros to command a troop of cavalry to go against the rebels
in England." This refers of course to Monmouth's Rebellion. In August,
1685, he was made Lieut. Colonel of Lord Scarsdale's cavalry. (_Ante_,
p. xxii.) "The 19th October, 1686, the above Sir Edmund left England
to go to New-England;" he arrived 19th December, 1686. (_Ante_, p.
xxvii.)
E.
We are indebted to Mr. Andros for a photograph of an original portrait
of Sir Edmund, from which the engraving prefixed to this memoir has
been made. As no other likeness of the Governor has been published,
our readers will fully appreciate the kindness of this contribution,
and will cordially join in expressing thanks for it.
CORRECTIONS
RECEIVED AFTER THE MEMOIR WAS PRINTED.
P. v. The Memoir in Duncan's History was written by the late Mr.
Thomas Andros of Guernsey, who died in 1853.
P. vii. Colette, first wife of Charles Andros, was daughter of Josias
Le Marchant. George Andros who m. Anne Blondel, died 10 Nov. 1685; so
say the family records.
P. ix. The pardon was dated 18th August. The baronet was Sir Henry De
Vic.
P. xi. Edmund Andros returned from Barbados to England in August,
1668, as appears by a letter of the 13th of that month from Mr. Thomas
Samborne to Mr. Amias Andros announcing his son's arrival in London.
P. xxxv. Sir Edmund's second marriage was in 1691, says Mr. Chester.
The Crispes were of Go_u_dhurst, Kent.
P. xlvii. The two brothers of Amice Andros were Joshua, killed in
Germany, and John, "Master of Artillery to Prince Maurice," killed in
England.
End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Memoir of Sir Edmund Andros, Knt.,, by
William Henry Whitmore
*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A MEMOIR OF SIR EDMUND ***
***** This file should be named 37773-8.txt or 37773-8.zip *****
This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
http://www.gutenberg.org/3/7/7/7/37773/
Produced by Steven Gibbs, Linda Cantoni, and the Online
Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
will be renamed.
Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules,
set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project
Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you
do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is
subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
redistribution.
*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
http://gutenberg.org/license).
Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic works
1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be
used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few
things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See
paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works. See paragraph 1.E below.
1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the
collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an
individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in
a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check
the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning
the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
States.
1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
copied or distributed:
This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or
re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
1.E.9.
1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked
to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg-tm License.
1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or
distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
that
- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is
owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments
must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License. You must require such a user to return or
destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
Project Gutenberg-tm works.
- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
of receipt of the work.
- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the
Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
1.F.
1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
your equipment.
1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
DAMAGE.
1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you
received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with
the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy
is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
opportunities to fix the problem.
1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any
provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists
because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
people in all walks of life.
Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
assistance they need, are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org.
Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation
The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
http://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at
809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
[email protected]. Email contact links and up to date contact
information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
page at http://pglaf.org
For additional contact information:
Dr. Gregory B. Newby
Chief Executive and Director
[email protected]
Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation
Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations
($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
status with the IRS.
The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations
where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To
SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
particular state visit http://pglaf.org
While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
approach us with offers to donate.
International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other
ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations.
To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate
Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works.
Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily
keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
http://www.gutenberg.org
This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
