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Title: Recollections of the War of 1812
Author: William Dunlop
Release Date: November 25, 2013 [EBook #44281]
Language: English
*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK RECOLLECTIONS OF THE WAR OF 1812 ***
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Recollections
of
The American War
First edition, 250 copies
Second edition, 750 copies
[Illustration: WILLIAM DUNLOP, M.D.
_From original painting in the possession of Mrs. Thos. McGaw._]
Recollections
of the
War of 1812
By
DR. WM. DUNLOP
With a Biographical Sketch of the Author by
A. H. U. Colquhoun, LL.D.
Deputy Minister of Education, Ontario
SECOND EDITION
[Illustration: U. E.
SERIES
No. 3]
TORONTO:
HISTORICAL PUBLISHING CO.
1908.
Entered according to the Act of the Parliament of Canada, in the
year nineteen hundred and eight, by the Historical Publishing
Co., at the Department of Agriculture.
TORONTO:
THE BRYANT PRESS, LIMITED
Sketch of
Dr. William Dunlop
[Illustration]
This reprint of an entertaining little narrative of personal experiences
in the War of 1812-14 may be appropriately prefaced by a short account
of the author. Few of the pioneers of Upper Canada had careers as varied
and interesting as that of Dr. William Dunlop, and none possessed a
personality quite so striking and original as his. On the Saltfort road,
near Goderich, Canada, there is a cairn marking the burial place of two
notable worthies of the Huron Tract, and upon it is the following
inscription:
Here lies the body of
ROBERT GRAHAM DUNLOP, ESQ.
Commander Royal Navy, M.P.P.
Who after serving his King and country in
every quarter of the globe, dies at Gairbraid,
on the 28th Feby., 1841, in
the 51 year of his age.
Also to the memory of
DR. WILLIAM DUNLOP,
a man of surpassing talent, knowledge,
and benevolence, born in Scotland
in 1792.
He served in the army in Canada and in India
and thereafter distinguished himself
as an author and man of
letters.
He settled in Canada permanently in 1825 and
for more than 20 years was actively
engaged in public and philanthropic
affairs.
Succeeding his brother, Capt. Dunlop, as Member
of the Provincial Parliament and
taking successful interest in
the welfare of Canada,
and died lamented
by many
friends
1848.
The elder of these two brothers, William Dunlop, was born at Greenock,
Scotland, in 1792, and became, when a stripling of scarce 21 years of
age, a surgeon in the famous 88th, or, Connaught Rangers. Being ordered
to Canada, where the war with the United States was in progress, he made
his way to the fighting line in the Niagara Peninsula, and there,
serving first as surgeon and afterwards as a combatant, he gave
indubitable proofs of courage and capacity. When the "appalling
intelligence" of the peace concluded by the Treaty of Ghent reached him,
Dunlop embarked with his regiment for England, just missing by a few
days a share in the glorious action of Waterloo, and was ordered to
India. While there his restless activity occupied itself with his
medical and military duties, with the congenial task of editing a
newspaper, and with numerous tiger hunts. So successful was he as a
slayer of tigers that he earned the name of "Tiger" Dunlop, and in his
later Canadian days was familiarly known as "The Tiger." An attack of
jungle fever drove him back to England on half-pay, and settling in
London he lived for a few years what has been called a most
miscellaneous life. He wrote articles for the magazines. He edited for a
time a newspaper called the "British Press," until he quarrelled with
the publisher for dismissing contemptuously a political upheaval in
France in the following brief "leader": "We perceive that there is a
change of ministry in France;--we have heard of no earthquakes in
consequence!" He edited a work on medical jurisprudence. He started a
Sunday newspaper for Anglo-Indians called "The Telescope," the history
of which, declared one of his friends, was a comedy of the drollest
kind. He founded a club,--being of convivial tastes and a prince of boon
companions,--called The Pig and Whistle. Finally,--and this doubtless
led to his returning to Canada,--he became interested, as secretary, or,
director, in some industrial concerns, notably a salt works in Cheshire.
In London he made the acquaintance of Mr. John Galt, and accompanied him
to Canada in 1826. He received from the Canada Company the appointment
of Warden of the Forests, and for twenty years was a leading figure in
what we now call Western Ontario. If one wishes to know "The Tiger" in
this period, he must be sought in the charming pages of the Misses
Lizars' book "In the Days of the Canada Company." There, his rollicking
humour, his broad sympathies, his eccentric jests are excellently
depicted. Dunlop represented Huron in Parliament, where he was a
veritable "enfant terrible," speaking his mind in his slap dash way and
frequently convulsing the House with merriment. The story of his tossing
the coin with his brother to settle which of them should marry Lou
McColl, the Highland housekeeper and devoted friend, and the terms of
his extraordinary will and testament,--one clause of which (typical of
all) leaves some property to a sister "because she is married to a
minister whom (God help him) she henpecks",--are famous. Dunlop's
literary talents were considerable. He wearied of writing as he did of
most things that demanded continuous application. But he had an easy
style, much shrewd wit, and undoubted ability. These qualities he
displayed in his magazine articles, in his book "The Backwoodsman," and
in the "Recollections," which are here reprinted from "The Literary
Garland," the Montreal periodical of half a century or more ago. They
were penned long after the events concerned had occurred and it may be
supposed that he fell into some errors of fact. But as a picture of the
manner in which this haphazard war was conducted it is singularly vivid
and impressive. The unearthing of manuscripts and official documents
about this war will not throw into clearer relief than the following
pages do, the desperate circumstances under which a mere handful of
French Canadian and Loyalist colonists emerged from their primitive
villages and log cabins and with Spartan courage and hardihood drove
back the invader again and again and captured large areas of his
territory. There are several readable sketches of these campaigns, but
none with the freshness and spirit of Dunlop's. In this lies its value
and the justification for preserving it. Dunlop retired from Parliament
in 1846, and was appointed Superintendent of the Lachine Canal. He died
in the village of Lachine in the Autumn of 1848, and his body was
conveyed to its resting place at Goderich.
A. H. U. Colquhoun.
INTRODUCTION
The favourable reception of a small work on this colony has emboldened
me again to come before the public in the character of an author, and as
it is fifteen years since I last obtruded myself in that capacity, I
have at least to boast of the merit assumed to himself by the sailor in
his prayer, during a hurricane, "Thou knowest it is seldom that I
trouble thee," and I may hope on the same grounds to be listened to.
It is now upwards of thirty-three years since I became acquainted with
this country, of which I was eleven years absent. During that time I
visited the other quarters of the globe. My design in this work is to
shew the almost incredible improvement that has taken place during that
period. Notwithstanding all that has been written by tourists, &c., very
little indeed is known of the value and capabilities of Canada, as a
colony, by the people of Great Britain.
I have not arrived at anything like methodical arrangement further than
stating in their chronological order, events and scenes of which I was a
witness, with occasional anecdotes of parties therein concerned, so that
those who do not approve of such a desultory mode of composition, need
not, after this fore-warning, read any further. My intention, in fact,
is not exclusively either to instruct or amuse, but, if I possibly can
accomplish it, to do a little of both. I wish to give an account of the
effect of the changes that have taken place in my day in the colony, on
my own feelings, rather than to enter into any philosophical enquiry
into their causes; and if in this attempt I should sometimes degenerate
into what my late lamented friend, the Ettrick Shepherd, would have
denominated _havers_, I hope you will remember that this is an infirmity
to which even Homer (see Horace,) is liable; and if, like hereditary
disease, it is a proof of paternity, every author in verse or prose who
has written since his day, has ample grounds whereon to found its
pretensions to a most ancient and honourable descent.
[Illustration]
RECOLLECTIONS OF THE
AMERICAN WAR
CHAPTER I.
"My native land, good night."--_Byron._
The end of March or the beginning of April, 1813, found me at the Army
Depôt in the Isle of Wight. Sir Walter Scott in his Surgeon's Daughter,
says that no one who has ever visited that delightful spot can ever
forget it, and I fully agree with him, but though perfectly susceptible
of the impressions which its numberless beauties leave on the mind, I
must confess that the view of a fleet of transports rounding St. Helens
to take us to our destination, would have been considered by myself and
my comrades, as a pleasanter prospect than all Hampshire could offer to
our admiration.
I shall not stay to describe the state of military society in those days
at the Army Depôt at Parkhurst barracks and the neighbouring town of
Newport. It has been much better done than I could expect to do, by
Major Spencer Muggridge, in Blackwood's Magazine; all I can do as a
subaltern, is fully to endorse the field officer's statement, and to
declare that it is a just, graphic and by no means over-charged
description.
I went once, and only once, to the Garrison Mess, in company with two or
three officers of my acquaintance, and saw among other novelties of a
mess table, one officer _shy_ a leg of mutton at another's head, from
one end of the table to the other. This we took as notice to quit; so we
made our retreat in good order, and never again returned, or associated
with a set of gentlemen who had such a vivacious mode of expressing a
difference of opinion.
The fact is, all the worse characters in the army were congregated at
the Isle of Wight; men who were afraid to join their regiments from the
indifferent estimation they were held in by their brother officers.
These stuck to the depôt, and the arrival of a fleet of transports at
Spithead or the Mother-bank, was a signal for a general sickness among
these worthies. And this was peculiarly the case with those who were
bound for Canada, for they knew full well if they could shirk past the
month of August, there was no chance of a call on their services until
the month of April following. And many scamps took advantage of this. I
know one fellow who managed to avoid joining his regiment abroad for no
less than three years.
I took my departure from this military paradise for the first time, for
this country, in the beginning of August, 1813, in a small, ill-found,
undermanned, over-crowded transport, as transports in those days were
very apt to be; and after a long, weary, and tempestuous voyage of three
months, was landed at Quebec in the beginning of the following November.
Next to the tedium of a sea voyage, nothing on earth can be so tiresome
as a description of it; the very incidents which a Journal of such a
pilgrimage commemorates shew the dreadful state of vacuum and ennui
which must have existed in the mind of the patient before such trifles
could become of interest sufficient to be thought worthy of notation. A
sail in sight,--a bunch of sea-weed floating past the ship,--a log of
wood covered with barnacles,--or, better still, one of the numerous
tribe of Medusa, with its snake-like feelers and changeable colours--a
gull, or a flock of Mother Carey's chickens, paddling in the wake,--are
occurrences of sufficient importance to call upon deck all the
passengers, even during dinner. Or if they are happy enough to fall in
with a shoal of porpoises or dolphins, a flock of flying fish, or a
whale blowing and spouting near the ship, such a wonder is quite
sufficient to furnish conversation for the happy beholders for the rest
of the voyage. For my own part, being familiar with, and also seasoned
to, all the wonders of the deep, I make a vow whenever I go on board,
that nothing inferior in rank and dignity to a sea-serpent shall ever
induce me to mount the companion ladder. On the whole, though it cannot
be considered as a very choice bit of reading, I look upon the log-book
as by far the best account of a voyage, for it accurately states all
that is worthy of note in the fewest possible words. It is the very
model of the terse didactic. Who can fail to admire the Caesar-like
brevity in an American captain's log: "At noon, light breezes and cloudy
weather, wind W.S.W., fell in with a phenomenon--caught a bucket full of
it." Under all these circumstances, I think it is highly probable that
my readers will readily pardon me for not giving my _experience_ on this
subject. I met with no seas "mountains high," as many who have gone down
unto the sea in ships have done. Indeed, though I have encountered gales
of wind in all the favorite playgrounds of Oeolus--the Bay of
Biscay--off the Cape of Good Hope--in the Bay of Bengal--the coast of
America, and the Gulph of St. Lawrence, yet I never saw a wave high
enough to becalm the main-top sail. So that I must suppose that the
original inventor of the phrase was a Cockney, who must have had Garlic
hill or Snow hill, or some of the other mountainous regions of the
metropolis in his mind's eye when he coined it.
Arrived at Quebec, we reported ourselves, as in duty bound, to the
General Commanding, and by his orders we left a subaltern to command the
recruits (most of whom, by the way, were mere boys,) and to strengthen
the Garrison of Quebec, and the venerable old colonel and myself made
all haste to join our regiment up the country. As my worthy old
commander was a character, some account of him may not be uninteresting.
Donald McB---- was born in the celebrated winter of 1745-46, while his
father, an Invernesshire gentleman, was _out_ with Prince Charles
Edward, who, on the unfortunate issue of that campaign for the Jacobite
interest, was fain to flee to France, where he joined his royal master,
and where, by the Prince's influence, he received a commission in the
Scotch Regiment of Guards, and in due time retired with a small pension
from the French King, to the town of Dunkirk, where with his family, he
remained the rest of his days.
Donald, meanwhile, was left with his kindred in the Highlands, where he
grew in all the stinted quantity of grace that is to be found in that
barren region, until his seventh year, when he was sent to join his
family in Dunkirk. Here he was educated, and as his father's military
experience had given him no great love for the profession of arms, he
was in due time bound apprentice to his brother-in-law, an eminent
surgeon of that town, and might have become a curer instead of inflicter
of broken heads, or at least murdered men more scientifically than with
the broadsword; but fate ordered it otherwise.
Donald had an objection as strong to the lancet as his father could
possibly have to the sword. Had the matter been coolly canvassed, it is
hard to say which mode of murder would have obtained the preference,
but, always hasty, he did not go philosophically to work, and an
accident decided his fate as it has done that of many greater men.
A young nun of great beauty, who had lately taken the veil, had the
misfortune to break her leg, and Donald's master, being medical man to
the convent, he very reasonably hoped that he would assist in the
setting of it--attending upon handsome young nuns might reconcile a man
even to being a surgeon of----; but his brother-in-law and the abbess
both entered their veto. Piqued at this disappointment, next morning saw
him on the tramp, and the next intelligence that was heard of him was
that he was serving His Most Christian Majesty in the capacity of a
Gentleman Sentinel, (as the Baron of Bradwardine hath it,) in a marching
regiment.
This settled the point. His father, seeing that his aversion to the
healing art was insuperable, procured a commission in the Regiment de
Dillon or Irish Brigade of the French Service.
In this he served for several years, until he had got pretty well up
among the lieutenants, and in due time might have figured among the
marshals of Napoleon; but the American Revolution breaking out, and it
being pretty apparent that France and Great Britain must come into
hostile collision, his father, though utterly abhorring the reigning
dynasty, could not bear the idea of a son of his fighting against his
country and clan, persuaded him to resign his commission in the French
Service, and sent him to Scotland with letters of recommendation to some
of his kindred and friends, officers in the newly raised Frazer
Highlanders (since the 71st,) whom he joined in Greenock in the year
1776, and soon after embarked with them for America in the capacity of a
gentleman volunteer, thus beginning the world once more at the age of
thirty.
After serving in this regiment till he obtained his ensigncy, he was
promoted to be lieutenant and adjutant in the Cavalry of Tarlton's
Legion, in which he served and was several times wounded, till the end
of the war, when he was disbanded with the rest of his regiment, and
placed on half pay. He exchanged into a regiment about to embark for the
West Indies, where in seven or eight years, the yellow fever standing
his friend by cutting off many of his brother officers, while it passed
over him, he in progress of seniority, tontined it up to nearly the head
of the lieutenants; the regiment was ordered home in 1790, and after a
short time, instead of his company, he received his half-pay as a
disbanded lieutenant.
He now, from motives of economy as well as to be near his surviving
relatives, retired to Dunkirk; but the approaching revolution soon
called him out again, and his promotion, which, though like that of
Dugald Dalgetty, it was "dooms slow at first," did come at last. Now
after thirty-seven years' hard service in the British Army, (to say
nothing of fourteen in the French) in North America, the West Indies,
South America, the Cape of Good Hope, Java and India, he found himself a
Lieutenant-Colonel of a second battalion serving in Canada. Such is a
brief memoir of my old commanding officer. He was a warm-hearted,
hot-tempered, jovial, gentlemanly old veteran, who enjoyed the present
and never repined at the past; so it may well be imagined that I was in
high good luck with such a _compagnon de voyage_.
Hearing that the American Army under General Wilkinson, was about to
make descent on Canada somewhere about the lower end of Lake Ontario, we
were determined to push on with all possible speed.
The roads, however, were declared impracticable, and the only steamboat
the Canadas then rejoiced in, though now they must possess nearly one
hundred, had sailed that day, and was not expected to return for nearly
a week; so it was determined we should try our luck in one of the
wretched river craft which in those days enjoyed the carrying trade
between Quebec and Montreal. Into the small cabin, therefore of one of
these schooners we stowed ourselves. Though the winds were light, we
managed to make some way as long as we could take advantage of the
flood-tide, and lay by during the ebb; but after this our progress was
slow indeed; not entirely from the want of a fair wind, but from the
cursed dilatory habits of Frenchmen and their Canadian descendants in
all matters connected with business. At every village (and in Lower
Canada there is a village at every three leagues along the banks of the
St. Lawrence) our captain had or made business--a cask of wine had to be
delivered to "_le digne Curé_" at one place; a box of goods to "_M. le
Gentilhomme de Magasin_" at another; the captain's "_parents_" lived
within a league, and he had not seen them for six weeks,--so off he must
go, and no prospect of seeing him any more for that day. The cottage of
the cabin boy's mother unluckily lay on the bank of the river, and we
must lay to till madame came off with confitures, cabbages and clean
shirts for his regalement; then the embracing, and kissing, and bowing,
and taking off red night caps to each other, and the telling the news
and hearing it, occupied ten times the space that the real business (if
any there was) could possibly require. And all this was gone through on
their part, as if it was the natural and necessary consequence of a
voyage up the River Saint Lawrence. Haste seemed to them quite out of
the question; and it is next to impossible to get into a passion and
swear at a Frenchman, as you would at a sulky John Bull, or a saucy
Yankee, under similar circumstances, for he is utterly unconscious all
the time that he is doing anything unworthy; he is so polite,
complaisant and good humoured withal, that it is next to impossible to
get yourself seriously angry with him. On the fifth day of this tedious
voyage, when we had arrived within about fifteen miles of Three Rivers,
which is midway between the two cities, we perceived the steamboat
passing upwards close under the opposite shore, and we resolved to land,
knowing that it was her custom to stop there all night, and proceed in
the morning; accordingly we did so, and in a short time were seated in a
caleche following at all the speed the roads would admit of--by dint of
hard travelling, bribing and coaxing, we managed to get to Three Rivers
by moonlight, about one in the morning. So far so good, thought we; but
unluckily the moonlight that served us, served the steamboat also, and
she had proceeded on her voyage before we came up. As we now, however,
had got quite enough of sailing, we determined to proceed by land to
Montreal.
The French, I suspect, have always been before us in Colonial policy. An
arbitrary government can do things which a free one may not have the
nerve to attempt, particularly among a people whose ignorance permits
them to see only one side of the question.
The system of land travelling in Lower Canada was better, when we became
master of it, than it is now in any part of the North American
Continent. At every three leagues there was a "_Maison de Poste_" kept
by a functionary who received his license from government, and
denominated a "_Maitre de Poste_." He was bound by his engagement to
find caleches and horses for all travellers, and he made engagements
with his neighbors to furnish them when his were employed. These were
called "_Aides de Poste_"; and they received the pay when they performed
the duty, deducting a small commission for the _Maitre_. They were bound
to travel when the roads admitted of it, at a rate not less than seven
miles an hour, and were not to exceed quarter of an hour in changing
horses; and to prevent imposition, in the parlour of each post house,
(which was also an inn,) was stuck up a printed paper, giving the
distance of each post from the next, and the sum to be charged for each
horse and caleche employed, as well as other regulations, with regard to
the establishment, which it was necessary for a traveller to know, and
any well substantiated charge against these people was sure to call down
summary punishment.
The roads not being, as already remarked, in the best order, we did not
arrive at Montreal till the end of the second day, when we were
congratulated by our more lucky companions who had left Quebec in the
steamboat three days later, and arrived at Montreal two days before us;
and we were tantalized by a description of all the luxuries of that then
little known conveyance, as contrasted with the fatigues and
_désagréments_ of our mode of progression. For the last fifty miles of
our route there was not to be seen throughout the country a single man
fit to carry arms occupied about his farm or workshop; women, children,
or men disabled by age or decrepitude were all that were to be met with.
The news had arrived that the long threatened invasion had at last taken
place, and every available man was hurrying to meet it. We came up with
several regiments of militia on their line of march. They had all a
serviceable effective appearance--had been pretty well drilled, and
their arms being direct from the tower, were in perfectly good order,
nor had they the mobbish appearance that such a levy in any other
country would have had. Their capots and trowsers of home-spun stuff,
and their blue _tuques_ (night caps) were all of the same cut and color,
which gave them an air of uniformity that added much to their military
look, for I have always remarked that a body of men's appearance in
battalion, depends much less on the fashion of their individual dress
and appointments, than on the whole being in strict uniformity.
They marched merrily along to the music of their voyageur songs, and as
they perceived our uniform as we came up, they set up the Indian
War-whoop, followed by a shout of _Vive le Roi_ along the whole line.
Such a body of men in such a temper, and with so perfect a use of their
arms as all of them possessed, if posted on such ground as would
preclude the possibility of regular troops out-manoeuvering them, (and
such positions are not hard to find in Canada,) must have been rather a
formidable body to have attacked. Finding that the enemy were between us
and our regiment, proceeding to join would have been out of the
question. The Colonel therefore requested that we might be attached to
the militia on the advance. The Commander-in-Chief finding that the old
gentleman had a perfect knowledge of the French language, (not by any
means so common an accomplishment in the army in those days as it is
now,) gave him command of a large brigade of militia, and, like other
men who rise to greatness, his friends and followers shared his good
fortune, for a subaltern of our regiment who had come out in another
ship and joined us at Montreal, was appointed as his Brigade Major; and
I was exalted to the dignity of Principal Medical Officer to his
command, and we proceeded to Lachine, the head-quarters of the advance,
and where it had been determined to make the stand, in order to cover
Montreal, the great commercial emporium of the Canadas, and which,
moreover, was the avowed object of the American attack.
Our force here presented rather a motley appearance; besides a small
number of the line consisting chiefly of detachments, there was a
considerable body of sailors and marines; the former made tolerable
Artillery men, and the latter had, I would say, even a more serviceable
appearance than an equal body of the line, average it throughout the
army.
The fact is that during the war the marines had the best recruits that
entered the army. The reason of this, as explained to me by an
intelligent non-commissioned officer of that corps, was, that whereas a
soldier of the line, returning on furlough to his native village, had
barely enough of money to pay his travelling expenses, and support him
while there, and even that with a strict attention to economy, the
marine, on the other hand, on returning from a three years' cruise, had
all the surplus pay and prize money of that period placed in his hands
before he started, and this, with his pay going on at the same rate as
that of the soldier of the line, enabled him to expend in a much more
gentlemanly style of profusion than the other.
The vulgar of all ranks are apt to form their opinions of things rather
from their results than the causes of them, and hence they jump to the
conclusion that the marine service must be just so much better than that
of the line, as the one has so much more money to spend on his return
home than the other. And hence, aspiring--or as our quarter master, Tom
Sheridan, used to say when recruiting sergeant, _perspiring_--young
heroes, who resolve to gain a field marshal's baton by commencing with a
musket, preferred the amphibious path of the jolly to the exclusively
terraqueous one of the flat-foot. Besides these and our friends the
country militia, there were two corps formed of the gentlemen of
Montreal, one of artillery and another of sharp-shooters. I think these
were in a perfect state of drill, and in their handsome new uniforms had
a most imposing appearance. But if their discipline was commendable,
their commissariat was beyond all praise. Long lines of carts were to be
seen bearing in casks and hampers of the choicest wines, to say nothing
of the venison, turkeys, hams, and all other esculents necessary to
recruit their strength under the fatigues of war. With them the Indian
found a profitable market for his game, and the fisherman for his fish.
There can be little doubt that a gourmand would greatly prefer the
comfort of dining with a mess of privates of these distinguished corps
to the honour and glory of being half starved (of which he ran no small
risk) at the table of the Governor General himself. Such a force opposed
to an equal number of regulars, it may be said, was no very hopeful
prospect for defending a country. But there are many things which, when
taken into consideration, will show that the balance was not so very
much against them as at first sight may appear. Men who are fighting for
their homes and friends, and almost in sight of their wives and
children, have an additional incentive over those who fight for pay and
glory. Again, the enemy to attack them had to land from a rapid, a thing
which precludes regularity under any circumstances, and they would not
be rendered more cool by a heavy fire of artillery while they were
yawning and whirling in the current. They must have landed in confusion,
and would be attacked before they could form, and should they get over
all this, there was a plateau of land in the rear ascended by a high
steep bank, which, in tolerable hands, could neither be carried nor
turned. Add to all this, that the American regulars, if equal, were not
superior to our troops in drill and discipline, the great majority of
them having been enlisted for a period too short to form a soldier,
under the most favorable circumstances. And much even of that short time
had been consumed in long and harassing marches through an unsettled
country that could not supply the commissariat, and exposed to fatigue
and privation that was rapidly spreading disease among them; dispirited
too by recent defeat, with a constantly increasing force hanging on
their rear. If they even had forced us at Lachine, they must have done
it at an enormous loss. In their advance also towards Montreal, they
must have fought every inch of the way, harrassed in front, flank and in
rear, and their army so diminished that they could not hold Montreal if
they had it. On the whole, therefore,--any reflections on the conduct of
General Wilkinson by those great military critics, the editors of
American newspapers, to the contrary notwithstanding,--every soldier
will admit, that in withdrawing with a comparatively unbroken army to
his intrenchment on Salmon River, the American commander did the very
wisest thing that under all the circumstances he could have done. What
the event of a battle might have been it is now impossible to say, for
on this ground it was fated we were to show our devotion to our king and
country at a cheaper rate, for the news of the battle of Chrysler's
Farm, and the subsequent retreat of the Americans across the river,
blighted all our hopes of laurels for this turn.
This was a very brilliant little affair. Colonel Morrison of the 89th
Regiment, was sent by General de Rotenburg, with a small corp amounting
in all to 820 men, Regulars, Militia and Indians, to watch the motions
of the American army, when it broke up from Grenadier Island, near
Kingston, and to hang on and harass their rear. This was done so
effectually that General Covington was detached with a body at least
three times our number to drive them back. Morrison retired till he came
to a spot he had selected on his downward march, and there gave them
battle. Luckily for us, the first volley we fired killed General
Covington, who must have been a brave fine fellow; the officer
succeeding him brought his undisciplined levies too near our
well-drilled troops before he deployed, and in attempting to do so, got
thrown into confusion, thus giving our artillery and gun-boats an
opportunity of committing dreadful slaughter among their confused and
huddled masses. They rallied, however, again, but were driven off by the
bayonet; but all this cost us dear, for we were too much weakened to
follow up our victory. They retired therefore in comparative safety to
about seven miles above the village of Cornwall, where they crossed the
river without loss, save from a body of Highland militia, from
Glengarry, who made a sudden attack on their cavalry while embarking,
and by firing into the boats by which they were swimming over their
horses, made them let go their bridles, and the animals swimming to the
shore, were seized upon by Donald, who thus came into action a foot
soldier, and went out of it a dragoon, no doubt, like his countryman,
sorely "_taight wi' ta peast_" on his journey home.[1] The enemy then
took up a position and fortified a camp, where they remained during the
winter, and when preparations were made to drive them out of it in the
spring, they suddenly abandoned their position, leaving behind them
their stores and baggage, and retreated, followed by our forces, as far
as the village of Malone, in the State of New York. Thus ended the
"_partumeius mons_" of the only efficient invasion of Canada during the
war. The fact is, the Americans were deceived in all their schemes of
conquest in Canada; the disaffected then as now were the loudest in
their clamour, and a belief obtained among the Americans that they had
only to display their colours to have the whole population flock to
them. But the reverse of this was the case. They found themselves in a
country so decidedly hostile, that their retreating ranks were thinned
by the peasantry firing on them from behind fences and stumps; and it
was evident that every man they met was an enemy. The militia at
Lachine, after being duly thanked for their services, were sent home,
and the regulars went into winter quarters; the sailors and marines to
Kingston--and we, having enjoyed our newly acquired dignities for a few
days, set off to join our regiment then quartered at Fort Wellington, a
clumsy, ill-constructed unflanked redoubt, close to which now stands the
large and populous village of Prescott, then consisting of five houses,
three of which were unfinished. The journey was a most wretched one. The
month of November being far advanced, rain and sleet poured down in
torrents--the roads at no season good, were now barely fordable, so that
we found it the easiest way to let our waggon go on with our baggage,
and walk through the fields, and that too, though at every two hundred
yards, or oftener, we had to scramble over a rail fence, six feet high;
sometimes we got a lift in a boat, sometimes we were dragged by main
force in a waggon through the deep mud, in which it was hard to say
whether the peril of upsetting or drowning was the most imminent.
Sometimes we marched; but all that could be said of any mode of travel
was, that it was but a variety of the disagreeable; so, as there was no
glory to be gained in such a service, I was anything but sorry when I
learned that I was to halt for some time at a snug, comfortable, warm,
cleanly, Dutch farm house, to take charge of the wounded who had
suffered in the action of Chrysler's Farm.
[1] The Highlander is no equestrian--he can trot on his feet
fifty or sixty miles a day, with much greater ease to
himself, and in a shorter space of time, than he could ride
the same distance. A gentleman once sent his Highland
servant a message on urgent business, and to enable him to
execute it sooner, gave him a horse. Donald did not return
at the time expected, nor for long after it; at last his
master, who was watching anxiously for him, discerned him at
a long distance on the road on foot, creeping at a snail's
pace, and _towing_ the reluctant quadruped by the bridle. On
being objurgated for his tardiness, he replied "he could
have been here twa three hours, but he has taight wi' ta
peast," _i.e._ delayed, or impeded by the horse.
Washington Irving is the only describer of your "American Teutonic
Race," and this, my debut in the New World, put me down in the midst of
that worthy people as unsophisticated as possible. It is _refreshing_,
as his little Lordship of Craigcrook used to say, in this land where
every man is a philosopher, and talks of government as if he had been
bred at the feet of Machiavel, to meet with a specimen of genuine
simplicity, perfectly aware of his own ignorance in matters which in no
way concern him. Your Dutchman is the most unchangeable of all human
beings, "_Caelum non animum mutant, qui trans mare currunt_" applies
with peculiar force to the Batavian in every clime on the face of the
globe. In America, at the Cape of Good Hope, in the congenial marshes of
Java, in the West Indies, and at Chinsurhae on the banks of the Ganges,
the transmarine Hollander is always the same as in his own native mud of
the dams and dykes of Holland,--the same in his house, his dress, his
voracious and omniverous appetite, his thrift and his cleanliness.
Among these good, kind, simple people, I spent a month or six weeks very
pleasantly. Loyal and warmly attached to the British Crown, they
followed our standard in the Revolutionary War, and obtained from
government settlements in Canada when driven from their homes on the
banks of the Hudson. From what I could learn from them, the Americans
had persecuted them and their families with a rancour they displayed to
no other race of mankind. When prisoners were taken in action, while the
British were treated by them with respect, and even with kindness, the
Dutch were deliberately murdered in cold blood. Men without arms in
their hands, but suspected of favouring the British cause, were shot
before their own doors, or hanged on the apple trees of their own
orchards, in presence of their wives and families, who without regard to
age or sex, were turned from their homes without remorse or pity. And
one old dame told me that she was for six weeks in the woods between
Utica and Niagara, unaccompanied by any one but her two infant children,
looking for her husband, who she luckily found in the fort of the latter
place; at one time she and her poor babes must have perished from
hunger, but for some Mohawk Indians, who came up and delivered them, and
conducted them to the Fort. The Dutch themselves ascribe this very
different treatment of the two races to the fear of the Americans that
the British would retaliate in case they were ill used, while the Dutch
could not.
This, however, could not have been the case, for had the Americans
feared vengeance on the part of the British for the wrongs they
inflicted on their countrymen, they must have equally feared that they
would not quietly submit to injuries inflicted on men who were their
loyal and faithful fellow subjects. I therefore suspect, that, so far as
their statements were correct, and they must have been so in the main,
for I have the same stories from the Dutch of the Niagara District, who
had no communication whatever with their compatriots of Williamsburg,
and though we must allow great latitude for exaggeration in a people who
were, no doubt, deeply injured, and had been brooding over their wrongs
for a period of upwards of thirty years, during all which time their
wrath had gathered force as it went, and their stories having no one to
contradict them, must have increased with each subsequent narrator, till
they had obtained all the credence of time-honoured truth--allowing for
all this, but insisting that the stories had a strong foundation in
fact, the rigor of their persecution must be attributed to another
feeling, and must have, I should think, arisen from this, that the
Americans considered that a British subject born within the realm, and
fighting for what he believed to be the rights of his country, was only
doing what they themselves were doing; whereas, a North American born,
whatever his extraction, fighting against what they considered the
rights of the people of North America, was a traitor and an apostate, an
enemy to the cause of freedom from innate depravity, and therefore, like
a noxious animal, was lawfully to be destroyed, "_per fas et nefas_."
However this may be, I found their hatred to the Americans was deep
rooted and hearty, and their kindness to us and to our wounded, (for I
never trusted them near the American wounded,) in proportion strong and
unceasing; my only difficulty with them was to prevent them cramming my
patients with all manner of Dutch dainties, for their ideas of practice
being Batavian, they affirmed that there was infinitely greater danger
from inanition than repletion, and that strength must come from
nourishment. "Unless you give de wounded man plenty to eat and drink it
is quite certain he can never get through."
Killing with kindness is the commonest cause of death I am aware of, and
it is very remiss in the faculty, that it has never yet found a place in
the periodical mortuary reports which they publish in great cities in a
tabular form--this ought to be amended. _Au reste_--I was very
comfortable, for, while I remained under the hospitable roof of my
friend old Cobus, I had an upper room for my sleeping apartment, and the
show room of the establishment for my sitting parlor, an honour and
preferment which nobody of less rank them an actual line officer of the
"_riglars_" could have presumed to aspire to; to the rest of mankind it
was shut and sealed, saving on high days and holidays. This sacred
chamber was furnished and decorated in the purest and most classical
style of Dutch taste, the whole woodwork, and that included floor, walls
and ceiling, were sedulously washed once a week with hot water and soap,
vigorously applied with a scrubbing brush. The floor was nicely sanded,
and the walls decorated with a tapestry of innumerable home-spun
petticoats, evidently never applied to any other (I won't say meaner)
purpose, declaring at once the wealth and housewifery of the gude vrow.
On the shelf that ran round the whole room, were exhibited the holiday
crockery of the establishment, bright and shining, interspersed with
pewter spoons, which were easily mistaken for silver from the excessive
brightness of their polish. And to conclude the description of my
comforts, I had for breakfast and dinner a variety and profusion of
meat, fish, eggs, cakes and preserves, that might have satisfied the
grenadier company of the Regiment.
On the Saturday morning (for this was the grand cleansing day) I never
went forth to visit my hospital without taking my fowling piece in my
hand, and made a point of never returning until sunset, as during the
intervening period no animal not amphibious could possibly have existed
in the domicile; after leaving them I never passed their door on the
line of march without passing an hour or two with my old friends, and on
such occasions I used to be honoured with the chaste salute of the
worthy old dame, which was followed by my going through the same
ceremony, to a strapping beauty, her niece, who was "comely to be seen,"
and in stature rather exceeded myself, though I stand six feet in my
stocking soles. An irreverent Irish subaltern of ours impiously likened
the decorous and fraternal salute with which I greeted her, to the "slap
of a wet brogue against a barn door;" and the angel who in her innocence
bestowed that civility on me, was known by my brother officers, who had
no platonism in their souls, as "The Doctor's Sylph."
From the end of the first few weeks that I remained here my patients
gradually began to diminish,--some died, and these I buried,--some
recovered by the remedies employed, or spite of them, and these I
forwarded or carried with me to join the Regiment,--and others who from
loss of limbs or of the use of them, might be considered as permanently
rendered "_hors de combat_," I sent by easy stages to Montreal General
Hospital, thence in the spring to be removed to England as occasion
offered, thence to enjoy the honours and emoluments of a Chelsea
Pension. The few that remained unfit to be removed I committed to the
charge of an Hospital Mate, and proceeded with all convenient speed to
join the headquarters of my Regiment.
[Illustration]
CHAPTER II.
"Cockneys of London, Muscadines of Paris,
I pray you ponder, what a pastime war is."
--_Byron._
I joined my regiment at Fort Wellington, and a fine jovial
unsophisticated set of "wild tremendous Irishmen" I found my brother
officers to be. To do them justice (and I was upwards of four years with
them) a more honest-hearted set of fellows never met round a mess table.
No private family ever lived in more concord or unanimity than did "Our
Mess."
Irishmen though they mostly were, they never quarrelled among
themselves. They sometimes fought, to be sure, with strangers, but never
in the Regiment, though we rarely went to bed without a respectable
quorum of them getting a _leetle_ to the lee side of sobriety.
"Tempora mutantur," says Horace, but I very much doubt if "nos" (that is
such as are alive of 'nos') "mutamur in illis." The Army is very
different from what it was in my day--sadly changed indeed! It will
hardly be believed, but I have dined with officers who, after drinking a
few glasses of wine, called for their coffee. If Waterloo was to fight
over again, no rational man can suppose that we would gain it after such
symptoms of degeneracy. Such lady-like gentlemen would certainly take
out vinaigrettes and scream at a charge of the Old Guard, and be
horrified at the sight of a set of grim-looking Frenchmen, all grin and
gash, whisker and moustache.
I was not, however, allowed to enjoy the festivities of Fort Wellington,
such as they were. The enemy being extended along the line of the right
bank of the St. Lawrence, and the Lake of the Thousand Islands, it was
necessary that we also should extend and occupy points that might enable
us to keep up a communication, and maintain a correspondence with our
rear. Besides it was considered highly expedient and necessary, that
small bodies of the line should be stationed in defensible positions, to
form a nucleus, in case of invasion, for the Indians and Militia to
rally round and form upon. Accordingly, a garrison had to be maintained
in a block-house in the woods of Gananoque, between Brockville and
Kingston, and our Grenadier Company being ordered for that service, I
was detached to accompany them. A block-house is a most convenient and
easily constructed fort in a new country. The lower story is strongly
built of stone, and the upper, which overhangs it about eighteen inches,
(so that you can fire from above along the wall without being exposed,)
is built of logs about a foot square. Both stories are pierced with
loop-holes for musquetry, and in the upper are four portholes, to which
are fitted four 24-pounder carronades, mounted naval fashion, the whole
being surrounded with a strong loop-holed and flanked stoccade, and this
makes a very fair protection for an inferior force, against a superior
who are unprovided with a battering train, which of course in a few
rounds would knock it to splinters.
Except in the expectation of a sudden attack, the officers were
permitted to sleep out of the block-house, and a small unfinished house
was taken for their residence. The captain and senior lieutenant being,
as Bardolph hath it, better _accommodated_ than with wives, we, that is
the junior lieutenant and myself, gave up our share of the quarters to
them, and established ourselves in what had been a blacksmith's shop,
for our winter quarters. In the ante-room to this enviable abode, a
jobbing tailor had formed his shop-board, and his rags and shapings
proved highly useful in caulking its seams against the wind. By means of
a roaring fire kept up on the forge, and a stove in the outer room, we
managed to keep ourselves tolerably comfortable during an unusually
rigorous winter; and it being on the road side, and a halting station in
the woods, we were often visited by friends coming or going, who partook
with great goût of our frozen beef--which had to be cut into steaks with
a hand-saw. Being on the banks of a fine stream, we never were at loss
for ducks, and in the surrounding pine woods the partridges were
abundant, and the Indians brought us venison in exchange for rum, so
that we had at least a plentiful, if not an elegant table, and we were
enabled to pass the winter nights as pleasantly over our ration rum as
ever I did in a place with much more splendid "appliances and means to
boot."
We passed the remainder of the winter as officers are obliged to do in
country quarters. We shot, we lounged, we walked and did all the
flirtation that the neighborhood of a mill, a shop, a tavern, with two
farm houses within a reasonable forenoon's walk, could afford. We were
deprived, however, of the luxury of spitting over a bridge, which Dr.
Johnston says is the principal amusement of officers in country
quarters, for though we had a bridge close at hand, the stream beneath
it was frozen. Early in spring we were relieved by two companies of
another Regiment, and having received orders to join, we joined
accordingly.
I had the good fortune to be quartered with two companies of my Regiment
at the then insignificant village of Cornwall. It is now a flourishing
town, and sends a Member to the Provincial Parliament, though it then
did not contain more than twenty houses. Here we found ourselves in very
agreeable society, composed principally of old officers of the
revolutionary war, who had obtained grants of land in this
neighbourhood, and had _settled down_, as we say in this part of the
country and its neighbourhood, with their families. An affectation of
style, and set entertainments that follow so rapidly the footsteps of
wealth, were then and there unknown, and we immediately became on the
best possible terms with the _highest circles_ (for these exist in all
societies, and the smaller the society, the more distinctly is the
circle defined). We walked into their houses as if they had been our
own, and no apology was offered, though these were found in such a
litter as washing or scrubbing day necessarily implied. The old
gentlemen when in town came to Our Mess, and when they had imbibed a
sufficient quantity of port, they regaled us with toughish yarns of
their military doings during the revolutionary war. And when a
tea-drinking party called a sufficient number of the aristocracy
together, an extemporaneous dance was got up, a muffled drum and fife
furnishing the orchestra.
Towards the end of June our two companies got the route to join
headquarters, the Regiment being ordered to the Niagara frontier. But
though the troops were relieved, I was not, but ordered to remain till
some one should arrive to fill my place, and in the interval between
that and my departure a Field Officer, who was sent to command the
Militia of the district, arrived.
He was an old acquaintance of mine, and a real good fellow. He had
highly distinguished himself during the war, particularly at the
storming of Ogdensburg, where he commanded. He was of Highland
extraction, and though he had not the misfortune to be born in that
country, he had, by means of the instructions of a Celtic moonshee, (as
they say in Bengal,) acquired enough of their language to hammer out a
translation of a verse or two of the Gaelic Bible, with nearly as much
facility as a boy in the first year of the Grammar School would an equal
quantity of his Cordery. To all these good gifts he added the advantage
of being of the Catholic persuasion, which rendered him the most proper
person that could have been selected to take charge of a district the
chief part of whose Militia were Highlanders, Catholics, and soldiers,
or the sons of soldiers.
I have never met with him since the end of the war, though I might have
seen him in Edinburgh at the King's visit; but who could be expected to
recognize a respectable Field Officer of Light Infantry, masquerading,
disguised for the first time in his life in a kilt, and forming a joint
in the tail of the chief of his barbarous clan?
It struck this gentleman that supplies of fresh provisions might be got
from the American side, and accordingly he sent emissaries over the
river, and the result justified the correctness of his views.
While sitting after dinner one day _tete-à-tete_ with the Colonel, his
servant announced that a gentleman wanted to see him. As the word
_gentleman_ on this side of the Atlantic conveys no idea of either high
birth or high breeding, nor even of a clean shirt, or a whole coat, my
friend demanded what kind of a gentleman,--as, like a sensible man as he
was, he did not wish to be interrupted in the pleasant occupation of
discussing his wine and listening to my agreeable conversation, by a
gentleman who possibly might ask him if he wished to buy any eggs, as
many species of the _genus_ gentleman on this side of the herring pond
might possibly deem a good and sufficient reason for intruding on his
privacy. His servant said he believed he must be a kind of Yankee
gentleman, for he wore his hat in the parlor, and spit on the carpet.
The _causa scientiae_, as the lawyers say, seemed conclusive to my
Commandant, for he was ordered to be admitted, and the Colonel, telling
me that he suspected this must be one of his beef customers, requested I
would not leave the room, as he wished a witness to the bargain he was
about to make.
Accordingly, there entered a tall, good-looking, middle-aged man,
dressed in a blue something, that might have been a cross between a
surtout and a great coat. He was invited to sit down, and fill his
glass, when the following dialogue took place:
Yankee.--I'm Major ---- of Vermont State, and I would like to speak to
the Colonel in private, I guess, on particular business.
Colonel.--Anything you may have to say to me, Sir, may be said with
perfect safety in presence of this gentleman.
Major.--I'm a little in the smuggling line, I reckon.
Colonel.--Aye, and pray what have you smuggled?
Major.--Kettle, (cattle,) I reckon. I heerd that the Colonel wanted some
very bad, so I just brought a hundred on 'em across at St. Regis, as
fine critters, Colonel, as ever had hair on 'em. So I drove them right
up; the Colonel can look at 'em hisself--they are right at the door
here.
Colonel.--Well, what price do you ask for them?
Major.--Well, Colonel I expect about the same as other folks gets, I
conclude.
Colonel.--That is but reasonable, and you shall have it.
The Commissary of the Post was sent for, and having been previously
warned not to be very scrupulous in inspecting the drove, as it was of
infinitely more importance to get the army supplied than to obtain them
at the very lowest rate per head, he soon returned with a bag of half
eagles, and paid the Major the sum demanded. The latter, after carefully
counting the coin, returned it into the canvas bag, and opening his coat
displayed inside the breast of it, a pocket about the size of a
haversack, into which he dropped his treasure, and then deliberately
buttoning it up from the bottom to the throat, he filled and drank a
glass of wine, to our good healths; adding, "Well, Colonel, I must say
you are a leetle the genteelest man to deal with ever I met with, and
I'll tell all my friends how handsome you behaved to me; and I'm glad of
it for their sakes as well as my own, for jist as I was fixing to start
from St. Regis, my friend Colonel ---- arrived with three hundred head
more. The kettle arnt his'n; they belong to his father, who is our
Senator. They do say that it is wrong to supply an innimy, and I think
so too; but I don't call that man my innimy who buys what I have to
sell, and gives a genteel price for it. We have worse innimies than you
Britishers. So I hope the Colonel will behave all the same as well to
them as he has done to me; but there was no harm in having the first of
the market, you know, Colonel." So with a duck that was intended for a
bow, and a knowing grin that seemed to say, "It was just as safe to
secure my money before giving you this piece of information," he took
his leave and departed, evidently much pleased with the success of his
negotiation.
At this time the expense of carrying on the war was enormous. Canada, so
far from being able to supply an army and navy with the provisions
required, was (as a great many of her effective population were employed
in the transport of military and naval stores,) not fit to supply her
own wants, and it was essential to secure supplies from wherever they
could be got soonest and cheapest. Troops acting on the Niagara
frontier, 1,000 miles from the ocean, were fed with flour the produce of
England, and pork and beef from Cork, which, with the waste inseparable
from a state of war, the expense and accidents to which a long voyage
expose them, and the enormous cost of internal conveyance, at least
doubled the quantity required, and rendered the price of them at least
ten times their original cost. Not only provisions, but every kind of
Military and Naval Stores, every bolt of canvas, every rope yarn, as
well as the heavier articles of guns, shot, cables, anchors, and all the
numerous etceteras for furnishing a large squadron, arming forts,
supplying arms for the militia and the line, had to be brought from
Montreal to Kingston, a distance of nearly 200 miles, by land in winter,
and in summer by flat-bottomed boats, which had to tow up the rapids,
and sail up the still parts of the river, (in many places not a mile in
breadth, between the British and American shores,) exposed to the shot
of the enemy without any protection; for with the small body of troops
we had in the country, it was utterly impossible that we could detach a
force sufficient to protect the numerous _brigades_ of boats that were
daily proceeding up the river, and we must have been utterly undone, had
not the ignorance and inertness of the enemy saved us. Had they
stationed four field guns, covered by a corps of riflemen, on the banks
of the St. Lawrence, they could have cut off our supplies without
risking one man. As it was we had only to station a small party at every
fifty miles, to be ready to act in case of alarm; but fortunately for
us, they rarely or never troubled us. If they had done so with any kind
of spirit, we must have abandoned Upper Canada, Kingston and the fleet
on Ontario included, and leaving it to its fate, confined ourselves to
the defence of such part of the Lower Province as came within the range
of our own empire, the sea.
I would do gross injustice to my reader, no less than to myself, were I
to quit Cornwall without mentioning a most worthy personage, who, though
in a humble station, was one of the best and most original characters I
ever met with in my progress through life. This was no other than my
worthy hostess, of the principal log hotel, Peggy Bruce. If you could
conceive Meg Dodds an Irish instead of a Scotch woman, you would have a
lively conception of Peggy. She possessed all the virtues of her
prototype, all her culinary talents, all her caprice with guests she did
not take a fancy for, and all powers, offensive or defensive, by tongue
or broom, as the case in hand rendered the one or the other more
expedient.
Peggy was the daughter of a respectable Irish farmer, and had made a
runaway match with a handsome young Scotch sergeant. She had accompanied
her husband through the various campaigns of the revolutionary war, and
at the peace, his regiment being disbanded, they set up a small public
house, which, when I knew her as a widow, she still kept. The sign was a
long board, decorated by a very formidable likeness of St. Andrew at the
one end, and St. Patrick at the other, being the patron saints of the
high contracting parties over whose domicile they presided, and the
whole surrounded by a splendid wreath of thistles and shamrocks.
Bred in the army, she still retained her old military predeliction, and
a scarlet coat was the best recommendation to her good offices.
Civilians of whatever rank she deemed an inferior class of the human
race, and it would have been a hard task to have convinced her that the
Lord Chancellor was equal in dignity or station to a Captain of
Dragoons.
It was my luck, (good or bad as the reader may be inclined to
determine,) to be a prodigious favourite with the old lady; but even
favour with the ladies has its drawbacks and inconveniences, and one of
these with me was being dragged to the bedside of every man, woman and
child who was taken ill in or about the village. At first I remonstrated
against my being appointed physician-extraordinary to the whole parish,
with which I was in no way connected; but Peggy found an argument which,
as it seemed perfectly satisfactory to herself, had to content me. "What
the d--l does the king pay you for, if you are not to attend to his
subjects when they require your assistance?"
I once, and only once, outwitted her. She woke me out of a sound sleep a
little after midnight, to go and see one of her patients. Having
undergone great fatigue the day before, I felt very unwilling to get up.
At first I meditated a flat refusal, but I could see with half a glance,
that she anticipated my objections, for I saw her eye fix itself on a
large ewer of water in the basin stand, and I knew her too well for a
moment to suppose that she would hesitate to call in the aid of the pure
element to enforce her arguments. So I feigned compliance, but pleaded
the impossibility of my getting up, while there was a lady in the room.
This appeared only reasonable, so she lit my candle and withdrew to the
kitchen fire, while I was at my toilet. Her back was no sooner turned,
than I rose, double-locked and bolted the door, and retired again to
rest, leaving her to storm in the passage, and ultimately to knock up
one of the village doctors, whose skill she was well persuaded was
immeasurably inferior to any _Army_ medical man who wore His Majesty's
uniform. But though I chuckled at my success at the time, I had to be
most wary how I approached her, and many days elapsed before I ventured
to come within broom's length of her. At last I appeased her wrath by
promising never "in like case to offend," and so obtained her
forgiveness, and was once more taken into favour; but Peggy was too old
a soldier to be taken in twice, or to trust to the promise of a sleepy
man that he would get up. After this, when she required my services, she
would listen to no apology on the score of modesty, but placing her
lantern on the table, waited patiently till I was dressed, when tucking
up her gown through her pocketholes and taking my arm, away we paddled
through the mud in company.
After reaching the house of the patient, and after the wife and
daughters had been duly scolded for their neglect in not calling her in
sooner, we entered into consultation, which like many other medical
consultations, generally ended in a difference of opinion. To a
_military_ surgeon, much sooner than to any other surgeon, there were
certain great leading principles in the healing art, to all impugning of
which Peggy was flint and adamant and when these were mooted I much
question if she would have succumbed to even the Director General of the
Army Medical Board himself.
At the head of her medical dicta was that it was essential to "support
the strength." That was to cram the patient with every kind of food that
by entreaty or importunity he could be prevailed upon to swallow, (a
practice by the way of more learned practitioners than Peggy.) A hot
bath with herbs infused in it was another favourite remedy, and on this
we were more at one, for the bath would most likely do good, and the
herbs no harm. Her concluding act at the breaking up of the consultation
was generally to dive into the recesses of a pair of pockets of the size
and shape of saddle bags, from which, among other miscellaneous
contents, would she fish up a couple of bottles of wine which she deemed
might be useful to the patient. After we had finished business I
escorted the old lady home, where there was always something comfortable
kept warm for supper, which when we had discussed together, with
something of a stiffish horn of hot brandy and water, we departed to our
respective dormitories.
Peggy, like many of her country, possessed a keen vein of sarcastic
humor, which often made her both feared and respected. A Colonel, as
good a man, and as brave a soldier as ever drew a sword, but too much of
a martinet to be a favourite with the militia of whom he was Inspecting
Field Officer, received a command in a division that was then going on
actual service. Peggy, who respected his military talents at least as
much as she disliked his hauteur, meeting him the day before his
departure, addressed him with--"Och! Colonel dear, and are ye going to
lave us--sure there will be many a dry eye in the town the day you quit
it." When the American Army, under Wilkinson, were coming down the St.
Lawrence, a company of Glengarry Militia were placed at Cornwall to
watch their movements, and act as might be most expedient. The Captain
of the band was named John McDonald, a very good and highly respectable
name, but of no earthly use to distinguish a Glengarry man, as there
were some hundreds in that part of the world--nor would the prefix of
his military rank much mend the matter, as there are probably some score
Captain John McDonalds. In this emergency therefore, a soubriquet
becomes indispensable. This Captain John had in his youth served in the
revolutionary war as a corporal, in the same brigade as Peggy's husband,
therefore they were very old friends, and to distinguish him from the
clan she named him _Captain Corporal John_. When it was known that the
invading army had abandoned the attempt, and had crossed the river, the
men, wisely considering that their services were no longer required in
Cornwall, and would be highly useful on their farms, disbanded
themselves during the night without the formality of asking leave, so
that at morning parade only six appeared on the ground. Such an
unheard-of breach of military discipline could not fail to excite the
fierce indignation of the worthy veteran; accordingly he vented his
wrath in every oath, Gaelic or English, within the range of his
vocabulary. Peggy, who witnessed the scene from her window, consoled the
incensed commander with "Och! John, dear, don't let the devil get so
great a hould of ye as to be blaspheming like a heathen in that fearful
way; things are not so bad with you yet, sure you have twice as many men
under your command as you had when I knew you first."
Having at last been relieved, I proceeded to join on the Niagara
frontier, and therefore marched with a detachment of the Canadian
Fencibles to Kingston, where I was joined by a friend of mine, an
officer of the 100th, who was bound for the same destination. We
accordingly waited on the Deputy Quarter Master General, and stated the
necessity of being furnished with land conveyance, as the battle which
must decide the campaign, was hourly expected; but that gentleman having
newly acquired his dignity, it did not sit easy upon him, and with great
hauteur he flatly refused us, and unless we chose to march it, (about
200 miles,) we had no shift but to embark in a batteau loaded with
gunpowder, and rowed by a party of De Watteville's regiment. This
gentleman, by the bye, afterwards distinguished himself as a naturalist
in Sir John Ross' first Polar expedition, and as a most appropriate
reward had the honor to stand god-father to a nondescript gull, which
bears his name unto this day.
In the batteau, therefore, we deposited ourselves, and with six more in
company proceeded on our way, with such speed as a set of rowers, who
probably had never had an oar before in their hands, could urge us. The
wind though light was ahead; but when we got about six hours distance
from Kingston, which perhaps might amount to eighteen or twenty miles,
all we could do was to make head-way against it, and as it looked as if
there would be more of it, sooner than less, I (who, from my superior
nautical experience, having been born and bred in a sea-port town and
acquired considerable dexterity both in stealing boats and managing them
when stolen, was voted Commodore,) ordered them under the lee of a
little rocky island, and carried their dangerous cargo about a hundred
yards from where we encamped, that is to say, put the gunpowder at one
end of the island and ourselves at the other, hauled up the batteau,
lighted fires, and forming a camp of sails and tarpaulins, waited the
event. A squall did come down the lake in very handsome style,
embellished with a sufficiency of spindrift to make us thankful that we
were under the lee of a rock and covered overhead. The squall subsided
into a good steady gale, accompanied by a sea that made it utterly
impossible that we could have proceeded even if the wind had been as
favourable as it was the contrary; we thus had the advantage of enjoying
two days of philosophical reflection on a rock in Lake Ontario. On the
third it began to moderate, and my comrade and I took one of the empty
batteaus with a strong party, and made us directly in shore as we could,
and had the good fortune to land about twelve miles above Kingston,
determined to make our way on horseback, _coute qu'il coute_.
Any one who has only seen the roads of Canada in the present day, can
form but a very inadequate idea of what they were then between Kingston
and Toronto; for a considerable part of the way we were literally up to
our saddle-flaps. In those days all the horses along the roads were
taken up for Government, and an officer receiving the _route_ gave the
proprietor an order for so many horses so many miles, and the nearest
Commissary paid it; or he paid it, taking a receipt which, when he
showed it to the Commissary at the end of his journey, was refunded. We
necessarily took the latter mode, seeing we had no route to show, and
therefore paid our way ourselves. The officer who accompanied me being
like myself a subaltern, we found we uniformly got the worst horses, as
Major A. or Colonel B. or some other "person of worship" was expected,
and the best must necessarily be kept for him. It struck me therefore
that if "Captain" was a good travelling name, "General" must be a much
better; I proposed to my companion that he should have the rank of Major
General "for the road only," and I volunteered to act as Aide-de-camp.
He liked the plan, but objected that he was too young to look the
character, but that as I had a more commanding and dignified presence, I
should do General and he Aide-de-camp, and as we were dressed in our
surtouts and forage caps, we were well aware that we might easily pass
with the uninitiated for any rank we might think proper to assume.
Accordingly, when we approached a halt where we were to change horses,
he rode briskly forward and began to call lustily about him, as "one
having authority," for horses, and pointing to a very active, stout
looking pair, peremptorily ordered them to be brought out and saddled;
but the man of the house excused himself by saying that he "kept them
horses for the sole use of Major B. the Deputy Quarter Master General,
and as he had the conducting of the troops on the line of march through
which the road lay, and had it in his power to put good jobs in his way,
he was not a man whom he could offend on slight grounds."
"D----n Major B!" exclaimed the irreverent and indignant A.D.C. "Would
you set his will, or that of fifty like him, against the positive orders
of the great General D. who has been sent out by the Duke of Wellington
to instruct Sir Gordon Drummond how he is to conduct the campaign? Sir,
if by your neglect he is too late for the battle that must soon be
fought, you will be answerable for it, and then hanging on your own
sign-post is the very mildest punishment you can expect; it is the way
we always settled such matters in Spain." To this argument there could
be no answer, so the horses were led out just as I came up--my A.D.C.
with his hat in his hand holding my stirrup as I mounted. This to those
who knew anything about the service would have appeared a little _de
trop_; but to the uninitiated, of whom mine host was one, it only served
to inspire him with the higher respect for the great man his horse was
about to have the honour to carry.
So far things went on as well as could have been wished; but in turning
a corner in a young pine wood about a mile from where we had started,
who should we meet full in the face but Major B., (commonly called Beau
B.) who was also a captain in my own regiment. After the first
salutation he expressed his surprise that the man should have given me
his horses. I assured him that I should not have got them, but that he
had a much better pair for him. This pacified him, so after a few
minutes' conversation, (the A.D.C. and guide keeping a respectful
distance,) I told him I had been made a general since I last saw him. He
did not see the point of the joke at the time, but on taking leave he
took off his hat and bowing till his well brushed and perfumed locks
mixed with the hair of his horse's mane, said, loud enough for the guide
to hear him, "General D., I have the honor to wish you a very good
morning." If there had been any misgivings in the mind of the guide,
this could not fail to remove them. Immediately after he rode up to me,
and said that if I had no objections he would ride forward, and make
such arrangements that there should be no delay in mounting me at the
next stage. To this I acceded with the most gracious affability, so he
rode on accordingly. His zeal for the service might account for his
eagerness, yet I hope I will not be accounted uncharitable when I
suspected that the importance, which attaches to the person who is first
to communicate an extraordinary piece of news, may have had something to
do with all this alacrity. However this may be, it served my purpose,
for at every stage not a moment was lost, the news flying like wild
fire. I found horses ready at every house, and never was for one moment
delayed.
With my friend Beau B. the result was somewhat different, for on
arriving at the stage there was nothing for him but our exhausted
dog-tired horses to mount, which in the state of the roads would have
been utter madness; so he had to wait in a roadside inn, consoling
himself with what philosophy he could muster till they were sufficiently
recruited with food and rest to continue their journey.
On this journey there occurred a circumstance which, as it is intimately
connected with the secret history of the Province, deserves to be
related. It will be news to most of my neighbors that the Province of
Canada has a _secret history_ of its own, or they may suppose that it
may contain some such tit-bits as the secret history of the Court of St.
Petersburg in the days of Catharine; but I am sorry to say that our
secret history affords nothing so _piquante_; it only relates to the
diplomacy of the Court of St. James, with its effects on the Court of
the Chateau St. Louis.
In those days Sir George Prevost filled the vice-regal chair of Her
Majesty's dominions in British North America, and a more incompetent
Viceroy could hardly have been selected for such trying times. Timid at
all times, despairing of his resources, he was afraid to venture
anything; and when he did venture, like an unskilful hunter, he spurred
his horse spiritedly at the fence, and while the animal rose he suddenly
checked him--baulked him in the leap he could have easily cleared, and
landed himself in the ditch. Thus he acted at Sackett's Harbour and thus
at Plattsburg, where he was in possession of the forts when he ordered
the retreat to be sounded, and ran away out of one side of the town
while the enemy were equally busy in evacuating it at the other. But to
my story. Late on the evening of our first day's journey, and therefore
somewhere midway between Kingston and Toronto, we overtook an officer of
Sir George Prevost's Staff. He asked us why we were riding so fast? We
told him, to be present at the coming battle. He told us we might save
ourselves the trouble, as there would be no battle till he was there,
and hinted perhaps not then; and strongly recommended that, instead of
pushing on through such roads during the night, we should stop at a
house he pointed out to us, and where he was going. Thinking, however,
that a battle was not always at the option of one party, we determined
to push on, while he turned up to a good looking two story white framed
house on the lake side of the road. Many years after, the late Mr. Galt
was employed to advocate the War Losses in Canada with His Majesty's
Government. In one of his conferences with the Colonial Secretary, the
latter stated that everything that could be done had been done for the
defence of the Province, and that it never had been the intention either
of the Imperial or Colonial Government to abandon it. Mr. Galt then
placed in his hands a paper purporting to be a copy of a despatch from
Sir George Prevost to Sir Gordon Drummond, ordering him to withdraw his
forces from the upper part of the Province, and to concentrate them to
cover Kingston. The Secretary then, turning to Galt, said rather
sternly:
"Sir, you could not have come fairly by this copy of a private
despatch?"
Galt calmly replied, "My Lord, however this paper was come by at first,
I came honestly enough by it, for it was sent to me with other papers to
assist me in advocating the claims of those who have suffered in the
war; but I thank your Lordship for admitting that it is a copy of a
despatch whether private or public."
His Lordship felt that, in his haste to criminate, he had allowed his
diplomacy to be taken by surprise.
Galt told me this story, and I then told him my meeting the officer, who
undoubtedly was the bearer of the despatch; he confessed to me that it
was at that house and on that night that the despatches were abstracted
from that Staff Officer's sabre-tasche, copied, resealed and returned.
Of course he never would tell me who were the perpetrators; but if a
certain Colonel of Militia (who was not then present, but attending his
duty on the frontier) were now alive,--poor fellow! he came by an
untimely end--I have no doubt but he could throw some light on the
subject.
We continued to be furnished with good horses till we arrived at
Toronto, (then York,) for there being then moonlight we rode twenty
hours out of the twenty-four, and it appeared that we had advanced for
the two last days (for the first day we only made one stage) at the rate
of seventy-five miles per day, which, considering the state of the
roads, was far from being amiss.
[Illustration]
CHAPTER III.
Ah, me! what perils do environ
The man that meddles with cold iron!
Luckily the moment we arrived at Toronto, we were informed that a
gun-brig was about to sail for Niagara, on board which we were shipped.
About sun-set we sailed, and the wind being fair, we arrived in the
mouth of the Niagara river at daylight, and lost no time in ordering
horses; and while they were getting ready, we were anxiously employed in
examining and cross-examining witnesses as to the contradictory reports
that were in circulation as to a battle. All we could elicit was, that
there had been some fighting, for many had heard from Queenston Heights
the noise both of artillery and musketry. Some said we had been
defeated, and were in full retreat on Niagara; others that we had cut
the enemy to pieces, and that the few that were left were busy crossing
to their own side. Of course, as in most matters of rumor, both reports
were partly true and partly false. We had obtained a victory, but lost
severely in so doing; and the enemy, in consequence of the masterly
arrangements of Major General Scott, one of the best soldiers in the
American Army, (and one of the most gentlemanly men I ever met with,)
had retired on Fort Brie; and a body of our troops, under Major General
Convan of the Royals, had pressed hard upon them, and had he not been
disabled by a wound, it is the general opinion, would have followed them
into the Fort. The first of the particulars we were told by an officer
who had come from the field on the spur, with the despatches, and he
advised me as a friend (for we were old acquaintances) to stay where I
was, and get my hospital in readiness, for, he assured me, that from the
manner our Regiment had been handled, I would have quite enough to do at
home without going abroad to look for adventures. Accordingly, upon
inquiring where my wounded were to be put, I was shown a ruinous fabric,
built of logs, called Butler's Barracks, from having been built during
the revolutionary war by Butler's Rangers for their temporary
accommodation. Nothing could be worse constructed for an hospital for
wounded men--not that it was open to every wind that blew, for at
midsummer in Canada that is rather an advantage; but there was a great
want of room, so that many had to be laid on straw on the floor, and
these had the best of it, for their comrades were put into berths one
above another as in a transport or packet, where it was impossible to
get round them to dress their wounds, and their removal gave them
excrutiating pain.
In the course of the morning I had my hands full enough. Our Surgeon had
gone to Scotland in a state of health which rendered recovery hopeless,
and our senior assistant, naturally of a delicate constitution, and
suffering under disease at the time of the action, had the last of his
strength exhausted in bringing his wounded down. Waggon after waggon
arrived, and before mid-day I found myself in charge of two hundred and
twenty wounded, including my own Regiment, prisoners and militia, with
no one to assist me but my hospital serjeant, who, luckily for me, was a
man of sound sense and great experience, who made a most able second;
but with all this the charge was too much for us, and many a poor fellow
had to submit to amputation whose limb might have been preserved had
there been only time to take reasonable care of it. But under the
circumstances of the case it was necessary to convert a troublesome
wound into a simple one, or to lose the patient's life from want of time
to pay him proper attention.
One of the many blunders of this blundering war, was that the Staff of
the Army was never where it was wanted. The Medical and Commissariat
Staffs, for instance, were congregated at the headquarters at Quebec,
where they were in redundancy, with nothing for them to do, while a
Staff Surgeon and an Hospital Mate were all that was allowed for the
Army of the Right,--men who must have been active beyond all precedent
if they could keep the office business, the accounts and returns square,
without even attempting to interfere with the practice; and all this at
a time too, when there was hardly a regiment in the field that had its
full complement of medical officers.
There is hardly on the face of the earth a less enviable situation than
that of an Army Surgeon after a battle--worn out and fatigued in body
and mind, surrounded by suffering, pain and misery, much of which he
knows it is not in his power to heal or even to assuage. While the
battle lasts these all pass unnoticed, but they come before the medical
man afterwards in all their sorrow and horror, stripped of all the
excitement of the "heady fight."
It would be a useful lesson to cold-blooded politicians, who calculate
on a war costing so many lives and so many limbs as they would calculate
on a horse costing so many pounds--or to the thoughtless at home, whom
the excitement of a gazette, or the glare of an illumination, more than
reconciles to the expense of a war--to witness such a scene, if only for
one hour. This simple and obvious truth was suggested to my mind by the
exclamation of a poor woman. I had two hundred and twenty wounded turned
in upon me that morning, and among others an American farmer, who had
been on the field either as a militia man or a camp follower. He was
nearly sixty years of age, but of a most Herculean frame. One ball had
shattered his thigh bone, and another lodged in his body, the last
obviously mortal. His wife, a respectable elderly looking woman, came
over under a flag of truce, and immediately repaired to the hospital,
where she found her husband lying on a truss of straw, writhing in
agony, for his sufferings were dreadful. Such an accumulation of misery
seemed to have stunned her, for she ceased wailing, sat down on the
ground, and taking her husband's head on her lap, continued long,
moaning and sobbing, while the tears flowed fast down her face; she
seemed for a considerable time in a state of stupor, till awakened by a
groan from her unfortunate husband, she clasped her hands, and looking
wildly around, exclaimed, "O that the King and the President were both
here this moment to see the misery their quarrels lead to--they surely
would never go to war again without a cause that they could give as a
reason to God at the last day, for thus destroying the creatures that He
hath made in his own image." In half an hour the poor fellow ceased to
suffer.
I never underwent such fatigue as I did for the first week at Butler's
Barracks. The weather was intensely hot, the flies were in myriads, and
lighting on the wounds, deposited their eggs, so that maggots were bred
in a few hours, producing dreadful irritation, so that long before I
could go round dressing the patients, it was necessary to begin again;
and as I had no assistant but my serjeant, our toil was incessant. For
two days and two nights, I never sat down; when fatigued I sent my
servant down to the river for a change of linen, and having dined and
dressed, went back to my work quite refreshed. On the morning of the
third day, however, I fell asleep on my feet, with my arm embracing the
post of one of the berths. It was found impossible to awaken me, so a
truss of clean straw was laid on the floor, on which I was deposited,
and an hospital rug thrown over me; and there I slept soundly for five
hours without ever turning.
My instructions were, as soon as a man could be safely removed, to ship
him for York, and as the whole distance was by water conveyance, and
there were ships of war always in readiness, and as my men were
eminently uncomfortable where they were, I very soon thinned my
hospital, and the few that remained over were sent to a temporary
general hospital, and I was despatched to Chippawa in the neighborhood
of the Falls of Niagara.
My duty here was to keep a kind of a medical boarding house. The sick
and wounded from the Army were forwarded to me in spring waggons, and I
took care of them during the night, and in the morning I forwarded them
on to Niagara by the same conveyance, so that my duty commenced about
sun-set, and terminated at sun-rise. By this arrangement I had the whole
of the day to myself, and in the vicinity of the Falls there was no
difficulty in employing it agreeably. My first business on my arrival,
on a beautiful summer afternoon, was to visit the Table Rock. My first
sight of the Falls most woefully disappointed me,--it was certainly
grander than any fall I had ever seen, those of the Clyde included; but
it was not on that scale of magnificence I had been led to expect, the
opposite shore seemed within a stone's throw, and the height of the Fall
not very great. I walked to the edge of the rock, and seated myself with
my legs dangling over, and blessed my stars that I was not a man to be
thrown into ecstacies and raptures merely because other people had been
so. After about a quarter of an hour's contemplation I resolved to
return to my quarters, and previous to rising, I bent forward and looked
straight down. Below me were two men fishing, diminished by the
distance--
"The fishermen that walked upon the beach
Appeared like mice."
This immediately gave me a notion of the height I was perched upon; a
sense of sickness and giddiness came over me, and, like Edgar, I
prudently resolved--
"I'll look no more,
Lest the brain turn, and the deficient sight
Topple down headlong."
But I did not make my retreat in a manner quite so dignified as could
have been wished, for in coming down the bank I had unslung my sword,
and was carrying it in my hand; it I pitched backwards over my head, and
throwing myself first on the broad of my back, I rolled over half a
dozen times, till I thought myself a sufficient distance from the verge
of the precipice to get upon my legs, and it will easily be believed I
was in no hurry to return to my former position.
I then set on foot a series of experiments to ascertain the width of the
Falls, by throwing stones across, but by some extraordinary fatality
they seemed to drop from my hand into the enormous cauldron that boiled
and smoked below. Next day I came armed with an Indian bow, but the
arrows met with no greater success than the stones--they, too, dropt as
if impelled by a child's force; and it was not till after I looked at
the Falls in every aspect that I convinced myself that they were such a
stupendous work of nature as they really are. The fact is, there is
nothing at hand to compare them with, and a man must see them often, and
from every different point of view, to have any proper conception of the
nature of them. I never heard of any one except Mrs. Boyle Corbett who
was satisfied with seeing the Falls from her bed-room window while
dressing for dinner; but I have often been amused, while staying at the
hotel there, to see a succession of respectable people come from Buffalo
to Chippawa by steam, take the stage that stops an hour at the Falls,
dine, and see them, and start for Queenston, quite convinced that they
had seen everything worth seeing in the neighborhood. Getting tired of
the inactive life I was leading, I applied to get into the field, and it
luckily so happened that another medical man had as great a desire to
quit it as I to get into it; accordingly, an exchange was soon agreed
upon--he being duly installed in the Chippawa hospital, and I receiving
the route to join the Army before Fort Erie.
The leaguer before Fort Erie had been always called the "Camp," and I
certainly expected that, like other camps, it would have been provided
with tents; but in this I was mistaken. It was rather a bivouac than a
camp, the troops sheltering themselves under some branches of trees that
only collected the scattered drops of rain, and sent them down in a
stream on the heads of the inhabitants, and as it rained incessantly for
two months, neither clothes nor bedding could be kept dry. I, though a
young soldier, showed myself an old one, for my friend Tom F---- having
rather a better hut than his neighbors, I took up my quarters there, and
his bed being raised on forked sticks, I placed my own under it, so that
the rain had to penetrate through his bed clothes and mattress before it
could reach me.
This arrangement did admirably for some time, till one night we were
visited by the most tremendous thunder storm I ever witnessed in this or
any other country, and accompanied with a deluge of rain, that might
have done credit to Noah's flood. The hut was very soon swimming, and I
was awoke by my bed being overflowed, and started up to get out, but the
water that flooded the floor softened the earth in which the forked
sticks that supported Tom's bed were driven, and it falling forward
jammed me in among the wet bed clothes, where I was nearly drowned, till
Tom starting to his feet allowed me to raise the wreck and crawl on
all-fours from under it.
I may here remark what has always struck me as a great deficiency in the
military education of the British Army--they are too much taken care of
by their officers, and never taught to take care of themselves. In
quarters their every motion is under the surveillance of their
officers--the Captain and Subaltern of the day visit them each twice a
day, and the Commanding Officer and one or other of the Majors
frequently, to say nothing of the Surgeon and the Captain of their
Company, who, if he (as sometimes happens) is a man possessed of a
spirit of fidgetty zeal for the service, actually harasses them to death
by his kind attention to their wants.
It must be certified that their room is duly swept and cleaned, their
bedding regularly made up and folded, their meals properly dressed, and
it is not even left to their own discretion to eat them when dressed,
but an officer must see and certify that fact.
Their shaving, their ablutions, their cleaning their shoes and clothes,
all come under the same strict supervision, so that at last they get
into the notion that their comfort, cleanliness, feeding and clothing,
all are the duty and business of their officers, they having no interest
in the matter, and that what they are not ordered to do for their own
relief they may leave undone. In the sister service this is not so. A
sailor will mend his clothes, will leave his hammock properly fitted,
his bedding properly made, and his comforts so far as depends upon
himself, properly cared for, whether his officers order it or not. The
result of all this excessive care and attention is that you make men
mere children. When the soldier leaves his clean comfortable barracks in
England and is put into the field, where he has few or none of the
accommodations he had at home, he is utterly helpless, and his officer
on whom he leant, is just as helpless when a new state of things arises,
as he can possibly be. All this was most fully illustrated before Fort
Erie. The line might nearly as well have slept in the open air. The
incorporated Militia, on the contrary, erected shanties, far superior,
in warmth, tightness and comfort, to any canvas tent. De Watteville's
regiment, which was recruited, chiefly from the prison hulks, consisted
of all the nations of Europe, but all of them had served in the armies
of Napoleon, and all of them had there learned how to make the best of a
bad bargain. These, though they had not the skill in the axe inherent in
their brethren of the Militia, took down hemlock boughs (a species of
the pine, "_pinus canadensis_,") and cutting off the tails of them, made
thatched wigwams, perfectly weatherproof; and though they could not
equal the Canadian Militia in _woodcraft_, they greatly excelled them in
gastronomic lore; and thus, while our fellows had no better shift than
to frizzle their rations of salt provisions on the ends of their
ramrods, these being practical botanists, sent out one soldier from each
mess, who gathered a haversack full of wild pot herbs, with which and a
little flour their ration was converted into a capital kettle of soup.
I shall have occasion to show hereafter how easily those camp habits may
be acquired; meantime I have only to remark that, were they generally
understood, an army might often be kept in the field in an infinitely
more serviceable condition than it now is, and the prevalence of ague
and dysentery in a body of men exposed to hardship and privation, if not
totally arrested, might at least be very much diminished. I lately saw a
very clever article on this subject by Sir J. E. Alexander of the 32nd
Regt., now quartered at London, U.C., and I wrote him a very long and a
very prosy letter thereanent. My positions, if I remember aright, were,
first--That every Regiment in Canada should be made a Light Infantry
Regiment, insomuch as they ought to be taught to understand and obey the
bugle; secondly, that they should be taught the use of the axe, without
which a Regiment is absolutely helpless in the woods, and this might be
done by making them chop their own firewood, and giving them the money
that is otherwise given to the contractor: and thirdly, that they should
be taken into the woods for a month every summer, with a party of
woodsmen to teach them how to erect shanties, cut fire-wood and provide
for themselves in such a situation. Even the Commissariat Department
(the most important in modern warfare) may be dispensed with by able
woods-men. Sir William Johnson marched his Regiment, who were all
woods-men, from the Mohawk River to Fort Niagara, through the woods,
requiring no other support, on that long line of march, than their
rifles were amply sufficient to supply them with.
When I arrived at Fort Erie, I found myself appointed to the very
service I would have chosen had I had the right of choosing. A corps of
six flank companies was organized under the command of Lieutenant
Colonel Drummond, of Keltie, then commandant of the 104th Regiment.
Colonel Drummond was everything that could be required in a soldier;
brave, generous, open-hearted and good natured, he added to all these
the talent of a first-rate tactitian; and if at times eccentricities
broke out through all these, any one who knew him must have agreed with
his clansman, and I believe kinsman, Sir Gordon Drummond, that "all
these eccentricities would one day mellow down into sound common sense,
and that Keltie would be an honor to the service." Alas! his prophecy
was destined never to be fulfilled--that was his last campaign, and he
fell in it as a brave man and a soldier would wish to fall, a death far
less to be pitied than envied. But I am anticipating. We were divided
into three brigades--let not the old soldier suppose that these were
such brigades as are generally in the army. Our force never amounted to
9,000 men, including artillery, cavalry and militia, and these took
their tour of piquet duty in rotation, so that we had one day of duty,
were relieved the next, and on the fourth again took our turn. This, all
things considered, especially alarms and skirmishes, when we all turned
out, was pretty hard work, but we were in high spirits, and it never
affected us. One of the great drawbacks of the service in Canada was
that we got the rubbish of every department in the army. Any man whom
The Duke deemed unfit for the Peninsula was considered as quite good
enough for the Canadian market, and in nothing was this more conspicuous
than in our Engineer Department. Without the semblance of a battering
train, it was deemed expedient to besiege Fort Erie, and the ground was
occupied, parties sent in advance, and batteries ordered to be
constructed. Our first essay in this line was a battery on the main road
leading to the Fort, which was to breach the strong stone building in
the centre of it, on which were mounted, if I recollect rightly, one
iron 24-pounder, one 18-pounder and two brass field 24-pounders. I have
never seen before or since, any like them, but they were of the time of
George II., and were admirable guns in the field, though not quite the
best that could be used for breaching the wall of a fort. A brass and an
iron mortar were afterwards added to this most efficient battering
train; the latter, however, having no bed, was placed in one of oak,
which it split almost as often as it was fired. After much skirmishing
with the enemy and the covering parties, the battery was at last opened,
and gentle reader! if ever you saw what is termed hopping bowling at
cricket you may have some idea how our fire operated. I very much doubt
if one shot in ten reached the rampart at all, and the fortunate
exceptions that struck the stone building at which they were aimed,
rebounded from its sides as innocuous as tennis balls.
The fact is the distance had been miscalculated, and we were attempting
to breach a wall at a distance that it was scarcely possible to hit it.
The enemy knew their distance better, and managed to pitch shot and
shell among us in a way that was anything but pleasant.
I remember one day while I was in the battery, admiring our abortive
attempts to do any mischief, while a gun of the enemy was practising
with the most admirable precision on us, Mr. K., of the Glengarries,
lounged into the battery, and casually asked the Commanding Engineer how
far we were from the Fort. He replied about seven hundred yards. Mr. K.
said he thought double the distance would be nearer the mark;--this
brought on a dispute, which Mr. K. offered to settle by either cutting a
fuse or laying a gun for the supposed distance. To this it was replied
that both the powder and the fuses were bad, and no faith could be had
in them. Mr. K. then asked leave to lay the 24-pounder, and the
Engineer, with a sneer, looking at his green jacket, observed, that
there was some difference between a rifle and a 24-pounder; however, Mr.
K. then himself on the trail of the gun, brought out the coign further
than it had been before, and from the orders he gave to the artillery
even, showed, at least, that he knew the words of command in working a
gun. The presiding Engineer, seeing the elevation he was taking, asked
him if he was aiming at the truck of the flagstaff of the Fort. He
replied, no--the site of the embrazure would be high enough for him. The
gun was fired, and the ball entered the sand bags about a foot below the
mark. He then asked leave to try a second shot. He laid the gun with
great care, and took a long while to do it,--at last he gave the word
"fire," away went the ball, and driving the sand up from the site of the
embrazure, took the enemy's gun on the transom, and capsized it. "Pray,
sir," said the Engineer, "where might you have learned to lay guns?" "At
Woolwich," was the reply, "where I was three years Serjeant Major of
Artillery."
It was then resolved that another battery should be erected some
hundreds of yards in advance, and to the right of the first.
Accordingly, our brigade was sent out to drive the enemy's piquets out
of the wood in our front, and establish parties to cover the workmen.
This duty was performed in good style, but with considerable loss on our
part, for in a wood the advancing party always acts to disadvantage, as
the retreating can fire from under cover, and retreat in the smoke;
whereas the advancing party must necessarily expose himself somewhat,
the quantum of exposure depending much on his knowledge of his business
in advancing in such a way as will give his antagonists as little chance
as may be of taking a steady aim at him.
The ground was accordingly chosen, and the third effort commenced. The
enemy were aware of what we were about, so they kept up a constant fire
of round shot and shells upon the working parties. The direction of
their practice was admirable, but they seemed to have altogether lost
their knowledge of elevation, for their shot was uniformly over our
heads. At last the battery was declared ready to open, but, as it was
masked by a considerable belt of trees, these had, of course, to be
felled, and that required a strong covering, and an equally strong
working party. If the enemy had failed with their round shot against the
men in the trenches, they were infinitely more fortunate with their
grape against the covering and working party. This was by far the
bloodiest bush skirmish we had. The party with which I was, though not
120 strong, had six killed and about thirty wounded; however, we stuck
obstinately to it, and at last our object was achieved. The battery was
unmasked, and the Lord have mercy on the defenders of the Fort, for we
would have none! "Mistakes will creep into the best regulated families."
When all this profuse waste of life, time and labor had been gone into,
it was discovered that the battery had been erected without taking the
levels, and that a rise of ground in front of it prevented us even from
seeing the Fort. This at once demonstrated that the battery was useless,
and explained the reason why the American shot had been so innocuous.
During the whole time we lay before Fort Erie, bush-skirmishing was an
every day's occurrence, and though the numbers lost in each of these
affairs may seem but trifling, yet the aggregate of men put _hors de
combat_ in a force so small as ours became very serious in the long run.
They generally commenced with some accidental rencontre of
videttes--their firing brought out the piquet, then the brigade on duty,
and then, not unfrequently, the brigade next for duty. I think, on a
fair average of three months, I enjoyed this amusement about three times
a week.
Excepting only a melée of cavalry, a bush skirmish is the only aspect in
which modern warfare appears in anything picturesque. Look at all
attempts at painting a modern battle, and unless the painter takes such
a distance as to render everything indistinct, you have nothing but a
series of stiff, hard, regular, straight lines, that might represent a
mathematical diagram in uniform. Not so with light infantry in a wood.
There a man ceases to be merely a part of a machine, or a point in a
long line. Both his personal safety and his efficiency depend on his own
knowledge and tact. To stand straight upright and be shot at is no part
of his duty; his great object is to annoy the enemy, and keep himself
safe; and so far was this carried by the tacticians of the Prussian
school, that in a German Contingent, which served on this continent
during the revolutionary war, a yager has been flogged for _getting
himself wounded_.
Perhaps there can be no military scene more fit for the pencil than a
body of light infantry awaiting an attack. The variety of attitude
necessary to obtain cover--the breathless silence--the men attentive by
eye and ear--every glance (furtively lowered) directed to the
point--some kneeling, some lying down, and some standing straight behind
a tree--the officer with his silver whistle in his hand, ready to give
the signal to commence firing, and the bugle boy looking earnestly in
his officer's face waiting for the next order. This is worth painting,
which cannot, by any one having a decent regard for truth, be said of
the base reliefs that we see on the tombs of heroes, of a line of men
marching in step, each with his bayonet levelled at precisely the same
angle, in a manner that would draw forth the enthusiastic approbation of
the shade of Sir David Dundas, but which no effort of the genius of
sculptor or painter could even render more tolerable, than a well
executed representation of the same quantity of park pales.
This species of warfare necessarily draws forth the individual talent of
the soldier. I once saw a soldier of the 32nd take two American sentries
prisoners, by placing his cap and great coat on a bush, and while they
were busy firing at his image and superscription, he fetch'd a circuit,
got behind them, waited till both of their firelocks were discharged,
and then drove them before him into the picquet guard.
The Glengarry Regiment being provincials, possessed many excellent
shots. They were not armed with the rifle, but with what I greatly
prefer to that arm, the double sighted light infantry musket. A rifle is
by no means suited for a day's fighting; when it gets foul from repeated
firing it is difficult even to hammer the ball down, and the same
foulness which clogs the barrel must injure the precision of the ball.
The well made smooth barrel on the contrary, is to a certain degree
scoured by every discharge, and can stand sixty rounds without the
necessity of cleaning. Nor is it in the precision of its aim for any
useful purpose inferior to the rifle, that is to say in the hands of a
man who knows how to use it. I have seen a Sergeant of the Glengarries
who would allow you to pick out a musket from any of the corps, and let
him load it, when he would knock the head off a pigeon on the top of the
highest tree in the forest.
In the British Army one would suppose that the only use of a musket was
understood to be that it could carry a bayonet at the end of it. The
quantity of powder allowed to be expended in teaching the men the use of
their principal weapon is fifteen rounds per annum. Now, suppose such a
limitation was placed on sportsmen, is it possible to conceive that on
the twelfth of August, or the first of September, there could be found
one man who could bring down a grouse or a partridge? No; the officers
in command of corps should have an unlimited power in the expenditure of
ammunition, and should only be made answerable for their Regiment being
efficient in their practice when called into the field.
In this regiment there were a father and three sons, American U. E.
Loyalists, all of them crack shots. In a covering party one day the
father and one of the sons were sentries on the same point. An American
rifleman dropped a man to his left, but in so doing exposed himself, and
almost as a matter of course, was instantly dropped in his turn by the
unerring aim of the father. The enemy were at that moment being driven
in, so the old man of course (for it was a ceremony seldom neglected,)
went up to rifle his victim. On examining his features he discovered
that it was his own brother. Under any circumstances this would have
horrified most men, but a Yankee has much of the stoic in him, and is
seldom deprived of his equanimity. He took possession of his valuables,
consisting of an old silver watch and a clasp knife, his rifle and
appointments, coolly remarking, that it "served him right for fighting
for the rebels, when all the rest of his family fought for King George."
It appeared that during the revolutionary war his father and all his
sons had taken arms in the King's cause, save this one, who had joined
the Americans. They had never met him from that period till the present
moment; but such is the virulence of political rancour, that it can
overcome all the ties of nature.
With all our hardships and privations there was nowhere to be met with a
merrier set of fellows than in the camp before Fort Erie. One of the
chief promoters of this was worthy Billy R. of the King's, who, to all
the qualifications of a most accomplished soldier, added all the
lightheartedness and wit of an Irishman.
There was in the camp an old thorn, up which a wild vine had climbed,
and then descended in long branches to the ground, forming a natural
bower impervious to the rays of the sun. The root of this tree was
Billy's favourite seat (for he was too much of the Falstaff build to be
more peripatetic than was absolutely necessary) and no sooner was he
seated than a group of officers was established around him, and to these
he would tell funny stories and crack jokes by the hour together. He was
appointed to the command of the Incorporated Militia, and a more
judicious selection could not have been made, not only on account of his
military talents, but his invincible good temper and good humour, which
endeared him to the men, and made them take a pleasure and a pride in
obeying his orders and attending to his instructions. Some idea may be
formed of his talents in this way, when I state that in the course of a
very few months, he rendered a body of raw lads from the plough-tail as
efficient a corps as any in the field.
Towards the end of the business, when his men were acting as light
infantry, he was knocked off his horse by a ball, which struck him in
the forehead and came out over the ear. This would have knocked the life
out of most men, but it did knock the wit out of Billy. He was raised
and placed in a blanket, his eyes still fixed on his men, who he saw
were pushing on in a way to expose themselves. "Stop till I spake to the
boys," said he to the men, who were carrying him off the field; "Boys!"
shouted he, "I have only one remark to make, and that is, that a stump
or a log will stand a leaden bullet better than the best of yees, and
therefore give them the honor to be your front rank men." Poor Billy
survived this severe wound many years, but at last its effects began to
tell. He became paralytic of the lower extremities, and had to be
carried from place to place; but his wit and good humor never forsook
him. He died in the Isle of Wight in 1827, on his way to Canada to draw
his land.
One day, when relieved from piquet, I announced to Col. P., who
commanded our brigade, that I had discovered a short way through the
woods to the camp, and accordingly I led the way, he and Captain F., of
the Glengarries, following. By some fatality I mistook the path, and
took a wrong turn, so that instead of finding the camp we came right on
the top of an American piquet, which opened fire upon us at about fifty
yards distance. Being use to this we were behind trees in a moment, and
the next were scampering in different directions at greater or less
angles from the enemy. It may well be supposed I did not wait on our
brigadier, during the time we were off duty, to receive thanks for my
services as a guide, nor when we did go on duty again was I at all
anxious to obtrude myself upon him; indeed I kept as far from him as I
could, but in going his rounds at daylight he came up with me seated by
a piquet fire at the extreme left of the line. He saluted me most
graciously, alluded to our late exploit as a good joke, and asked me to
breakfast with him. "Ho, ho," thinks I, "he has forgotten it all, and
I'm forgiven--this is as it should be." Lounging about after breakfast,
and talking over indifferent matters, a sputtering fire began a little
to our left, and the Colonel ordering a look out on the right,
proceeded, followed by me, to the scene of action. We soon saw that this
was the point of attack, so he sent me to order up the reserve. This
done I rejoined him, and found him standing coolly giving his orders in
the middle of a whistling of bullets, far too thick to be pleasant. I
stood by his side for some minutes, thankful that none of these missiles
had a billet on us, when on a sudden I felt a severe sharp pain from my
brow to the back of my head at the same moment the Colonel exclaimed:
"By G--d! you are shot through the head." I sunk upon one knee, and
taking off my forage cap felt along my head for blood, but none was to
be found. "It is only a graze," said I. "Colonel, is there any mark?"
"Yes," said he, "there is a red mark, but not from a ball, it came from
my switch. You gave me a d--l of a fright the other day--now I have
given you one, so we are quits."
Weeks passed at this kind of warfare, that served no purpose to the
parties except to harass one another, and mutually to thin our ranks.
The enemy determined on a grand attack, that, but for an accident, would
have finished the campaign and our army together. They collected all the
force they could raise, giving the militia a long exemption from playing
at soldiers in their own country for one day's active exertion in ours.
They at the same time marched a body of troops down their own side of
the river, to cross and take us in rear. The time was altogether well
chosen. The principal part of the brigade on duty was De Watteville's
regiment, who being foreigners, and formerly soldiers of Napoleon, could
not have any very ardent desire for a victory on our side. The day was
cloudy, with a continued drizzling rain. In the forenoon the troops from
the fort were marched out in small parties, and stationed in rear of the
piquets, and towards the afternoon all was in readiness.
A sudden and unexpected attack was made. The out ports were forced--the
battery on the right stormed, and the guns disabled; the second battery
was also stormed, and the wheels of one gun cut to pieces, and those of
a second injured, when two companies of the 82nd, under Captain
Pattison, rushed up to the assistance of the piquet which was guarding
it. They poured a volley into the mass of the enemy, who were huddled
together into so small a space that they could not return it. Pattison
immediately sprung forward, and called out to the American officer in
command to surrender, as resistance would only cause loss of life and
could do no good. He did give an order to ground arms, and some of his
men were in the act of doing so, when an American soldier raised his
rifle and shot Pattison through the heart. In one moment a charge was
made by the 82nd into the battery, and every soul in it put to the
bayonet, amounting, I think, to upwards of two hundred men.
By this time the alarm was given in the camp, and the men, without
waiting for orders, rushed out--their officers, who were at dinner,
followed at speed. The action became general, and the enemy, finding
that their object in destroying the batteries had failed, returned in
some confusion.
It is said that in war any new weapon, or any new manoeuvre, strikes the
enemy with terror, and here we had an instance of it. A body of the 82nd
were opposed to a party of riflemen in the wood. The Captain commanding,
to the utter astonishment of all of us old bush-whackers, gave orders to
charge, and the order was executed in a very spirited style. This we
thought was consigning our men to inevitable destruction; but no such
thing: the riflemen had no more idea of a bayonet being pointed at them
than they had of being swallowed up by an earthquake; and when the smoke
cleared away, and they saw the 82nd within twenty yards of them, moving
on at the "pas de charge," it shook their nerves,--they fired, to be
sure, but with little effect, and then ran--they were too late, however.
The flat-foots got within _their_ deadly range, that is, bayonet's
length--they _skivered_ many of them, and others were shot at two
muskets' length, and driven out of the woods to the esplanade of the
Fort, where they were treated with a parting volley; and the guns of the
Fort immediately opening on us, we took the hint, and withdrew under the
cover of the woods.
I, like the rest of the dining parties, was alarmed by the firing, and
ran to the trenches. On my road I met with about twenty of the men of my
own Regiment, and took them with me, being guided to where the fire was
thickest by the noise. I found myself along with my friend, Mautass, a
Soc Chief, and his Indians. I have had an opportunity of seeing
bush-fighting in the Indian fashion. It seemed to me to be a point with
them at every discharge of their rifle to shift their position, and
whenever they knocked a fellow over, their yelling was horrible. I was
close to Mautass himself, and whenever he performed this feat, after
giving the triumphal yell, he jumped behind a tree, and seemed to be
engaged in prayer--perhaps to thank the great Spirit for his success, or
as likely to petition him that he might knock over a few more.
When the enemy retired, the Indians who had shown so much wariness in
the fight, and had talked to me of the folly of my young men exposing
themselves, suddenly seemed to lose all their caution, and bounded
forward with a horrible yell, threw themselves on the retreating enemy
with their tomahawks, and were soon out of our sight; but as we
advanced, we saw they left their trace behind them in sundry cleft
skulls.--They also, when their opponents were from fifteen to twenty
yards in advance of them, threw their tomahawks with unerring aim and
great force, burying the head of the hatchet up to the eye in the body
of their opponents.
I afterwards requested the Chief to show me how he threw the tomahawk.
He accordingly cut a small chip out of the bark of a tree, and standing
some fourteen yards off, and taking his tomahawk with its pole to the
front, he threw it, and it was buried some inches into the oak, with the
handle upmost, it having turned round in its flight.
This is analogous to the custom of the Portuguese, who, in throwing the
knife, always project it with the handle foremost, but it as uniformly
strikes with the point.
These Socs or Sacs were the only genuine unadulterated Indians I ever
saw. They were very fine men, few of them under six feet high, and their
symmetry perfectly faultless. In action they fought all but naked, which
gymnastic undressing gave you the means of seeing their forms to the
greatest advantage.
Their features, too, had not the rounded form or stolid expression of
many Indian tribes, particularly those towards the North. They had
European features, or, more properly, those of the Asiatic. Their Chief
had so strong a resemblance to George the Third that even the tribe
called the head on the half penny Mautass, and he certainly might have
passed for a bronze statue of that worthy and estimable Monarch.
After the action was over, and it was drawing towards dusk, I rapidly
traversed the ground with a strong party to look out for wounded, and
finding only a few of the enemy, I ordered them to be carried to the
hospital, but I preceded them to make preparations for their reception.
When nearing the Camp, I found a party of the band of our Regiment
carrying in a blanket an American officer mortally wounded, who was
greedily drinking water from one of the soldier's canteens. I ordered
them to lay him down, and set myself to dress his wound. He calmly said,
"Doctor, it's all in vain--my wound is mortal, and no human skill can
help me--leave me here with a canteen of water near me, and save
yourself--you are surrounded, and your only chance of escape is to take
to the woods in a northerly direction, and then make your way east for
Queenston,--there is not a man of your army who can escape by any other
means--I am not at liberty to tell you more." I, however, ordered the
men to carry him to a hut belonging to an officer of my own Regiment,
who undertook to sit by him till my return. After he had been put to bed
I left him, and when I returned during the night from my hospital, he
was dead. He proved to be Colonel Wood of the American Engineers--a man
equally admired for his talents and revered for his virtues. His
calmness and courage in the hour of death, with his benevolence and
kindness to myself and others, who were doing any little they could to
render his last moments easy, convinced me that he deserved the high
character which all his brother officers that I afterwards met with
uniformly gave him.
Next morning I discovered what the poor Colonel alluded to. The party
sent down the right bank of the Niagara to take us in rear, on arriving
at the place where it was determined they should cross, saw a body of
troops cooking their dinners on the bank, and supposing their plan was
betrayed, desisted from the attempt.
The fact was, it was a party of men coming up to join their Regiments in
the field, who had halted there by chance, and by this accident we were
saved, for had a small force landed they must have taken our baggage,
ammunition and field guns (for the camp was deserted except by the few
guards that were mounted more for show than use), and had they attacked
us in rear, must have thrown us into inextricable confusion. I could now
see well enough why the enemy were so easily driven in. Had the expected
attack on our rear taken place, there is no doubt they would been out
again in double their former force; but they had done all that there was
any necessity for them to do--they had brought us into a general
engagement, made us leave our camp and park of artillery undefended, and
had their other column made the proposed attack in rear, their loss,
severe as it was under existing circumstances, would have been of no
account, compared to the advantages that must have accrued from it.
We continued this _humbugging_ kind of warfare for some time longer,
when, finding there was no chance of us breaching strong ramparts, or
knocking down stone towers with such artillery as we had to apply, and
under the direction of such engineers as it pleased the Lord in His
wrath to bestow upon us, it was determined to try the matter by a _coup
de main_. Accordingly about a week before the great attempt was to be
made, it was known in the camp, from the General to the drum-boy, that
it was in contemplation. A worthy old officer of De Watteville's used to
salute his friends every morning with--"Well, gentlemans! this would be
one very fine day for _de grand object_." As the intelligence was so
universal in our camp, it is not well supposable that it should be
unknown in that of the enemy, and accordingly they had a full week to
prepare for our attack. At last orders were given for the assault. It
was to be made in two divisions, one against the Fort, and another
against Snake hill, a fortified camp higher up the lake. The troops at
sun-set moved on, but before we had started half an hour an express was
sent after us to recall us. Had the enemy had the slightest doubt of the
information their spies and our deserters had given them as to our
intentions, this must have set it at rest. Some three days after we had
orders in form to make the attack, and our brigade was to lead. Never
were men better pleased than ours were to hear this. We were tired of
the wet bivouac they called a camp; we were tired of our busy idleness!
which, though fatal to many of our comrades, had as yet produced no
military result; and we knew that whatever they might be at a distance,
the enemy had no chance with us at a hand-to-hand fight, and therefore
we hailed the prospect of an assault as a relief from trouble--a
glorious termination to a fatiguing and harassing campaign, where, if we
had got some credit by the Battle of the Falls, accounts from that date
to the present had been pretty evenly balanced.
I have said that it was determined that our brigade should lead, and
never was honor more highly appreciated. It struck us that the General
showed great discrimination and penetration in selecting the very
fittest men under his command for such a service, the more so that the
corps of flank companies to which I belonged, was to lead immediately
after the forlorn hope.
We were the first for duty on that day, and the relief brigade was
summoned out at eleven and marched to take up its position at twelve. We
breakfasted at eight; Colonel Drummond was in high spirits--it has
sometimes struck me since unnaturally high,--but that idea might have
proceeded from the result. Be that as it may, certain it is that he had
a presentiment that he never would come out of that day's action, and he
made no secret of that feeling either from me or several others of his
friends.
We sat apparently by common consent long after breakfast was over.
Drummond told some capital stories, which kept us in such a roar that we
seemed more like an after dinner than an after breakfast party. At last
the bugles sounded the turn-out, and we rose to depart for our stations;
Drummond called us back, and his face assuming an unwonted solemnity, he
said, "Now boys! we never will all meet together here again; at least I
will never again meet you. I feel it and am certain of it; let us all
shake hands, and then every man to his duty, and I know you all too well
to suppose for a moment that any of you will flinch it." We shook hands
accordingly, all round, and with a feeling very different from what we
had experienced for the last two hours, fell into our places.
On taking up our several stations on piquet, the weather, which had been
clear became suddenly dark and cloudy, and a thick, drizzling rain began
to fall, which, towards evening, increased to a heavy shower. Colonel
P., Colonel Drummond, and some more of us, were congregated in a hut,
anything but rain-tight; Colonel Drummond left the hut, where we were
smoking and talking, and stowed himself away in a rocket case, where he
soon fell fast asleep. About midnight we were summoned to fall in
without noise, and a party of sailors forming the forlorn hope, headed
by a midshipman taking the lead, our corps followed close in their rear.
When we were yet three hundred yards from the fort their videttes fired
on us and immediately retired; soon after the guns of the Fort opened,
but with little or no effect. About 200 yards from the fort Drummond
halted, and turning to me unbuckled his sword, which he gave to me,
telling me to keep it for his sake. It was a regulation sword in a steel
scabbard. Thinking that he had no great faith in it, I offered him mine,
which was a Ferrara of admirable temper and edge; but he said he had got
a boarding pike from the sailors whom he was going to join. He told me
to stand where I was and not expose myself; and these were the last
words I ever heard him utter.
The sailors and our corps dashed on and made good their lodgment in fine
style, and after standing till the last of the attacking columns was
past, I began to feel my situation most particularly unpleasant. A man
must possess more courage than I can pretend to, who can stand perfectly
cool, while, having nothing to do, he is shot at like a target.
Accordingly, I determined to advance at all hazards, and at least have
the pleasure of seeing what was doing for my risk of being shot. I had
not proceeded many yards when I stumbled over a body, and on feeling,
for I could not see, I discovered he was wounded in the arm and the
blood flowing copiously. He had fainted and fallen in attempting to get
to the rear. I fixed a field tourniquet on his arm, and throwing him
over my shoulder like a sack, carried him to a ravine in rear, and
delivered him to the care of a Naval Surgeon I met with there. He proved
to be Major R. of the Royals, who, but for my lucky stumble, would most
probably have given promotion to the senior Captain of that
distinguished Regiment.
When I came up to the fort I found no difficulty in getting on the
rampart, for our own men were in full possession; but just as I was
scrambling over some dead bodies, an explosion took place. At first I
thought it was a shell had burst close to me, for the noise was not
greater if so great, as that of a large shell; but the tremendous glare
of light and falling of beams and rubbish soon demonstrated that it was
something more serious. In a fact a magazine in a bastion had exploded,
and on the top of this bastion, through some mistake of their orders,
the 103rd Regiment were either posted or scrambling up; all who were on
the top were necessarily blown up, and those not killed by the shock
fell on the fixed bayonets of their comrades in the ditch, and thus,
after we were in possession of the place, in one instant the greater
part of our force was annihilated.
All was now confusion, and--d--l take the hindmost! How I got across the
ditch, I cannot, nor never could call to my memory; but I found myself
scouring along the road at the top of my speed, with a running
accompaniment of grape, cannister and musketry whistling about my ears,
and tearing the ground at my feet.
When about half way between the ditch and the ravine, I heard a voice
calling on me for help. I found it was a wounded officer; so, calling a
drum-boy of the Royals, who had a stretcher, we laid him into it, and
carried him after the manner of a hand-barrow; he entreated us to get
into the wood, as, on the road, we were likely to be cut to pieces with
the shot. Accordingly we turned for that purpose; but just as we were
entering, a round shot cut a large bough just above our heads, and down
it came on the top of the three of us. I crawled backwards and the
drum-boy forwards; and there we were staring at each other; however,
there was no time to express our surprise. I ordered him in again, and I
crawled in at the other side; and by our joint exertions we got the poor
fellow out of his uncomfortable situation, and once in the wood we were
safe for the rest of our journey. I handed him over to some medical men
in the battery, and went in search of my own men.
Day not being yet fairly broken, I did not know whom I had been the
means of saving, but more than twelve months after I met in the streets
of Portsmouth with Captain C., of the 103rd, who, after shaking hands
with me, thanked me for my kindness to him at Fort Erie, and this was
the first time that I ever knew the Regiment to which my man belonged,
for in the imperfect light I thought he had dark facings. On my arrival
in the battery there was a scene of sad confusion. Sir Gordon Drummond
was with great coolness forming the men as they came in, and I, with
others, set to work to assist him. Without regard to what corps they
belonged, we stuck them behind the breast-work, anticipating an attack.
Sir Gordon asked me what officers were killed; I told him all that I
knew of, and when I mentioned Colonel Drummond of Keltie, and Colonel
Scott, of Brotherton, (both like himself, Perthshire lairds, and
neighbors of his,) he seemed deeply affected.
I sent poor Drummond's sword, by his servant, to his family, and
reserved for a memorial, a string of wampum beads which he had got from
the Indians, with whom he was an especial favourite. This I wore round
my neck six years afterwards in 1820, at the Cape of Good Hope, when his
brother, being Field Officer of the day, riding past me observed it, and
asked a gentleman who had come from India in the same ship with me the
cause of my wearing so extraordinary an ornament. On being told, he
waited on me, and as I was the first person he had met with who had been
present when his brother fell, he heard from me the circumstances I have
here related.
After this it was quite clear that we could get no good by remaining, as
we had failed in the main object of the campaign. But remain we did for
some time, having an occasional skirmish with the enemy, but nothing
decisive. At last it was determined that we should retire behind the
Chippawa; this we accordingly did, unfollowed by the enemy, who, when
they saw us fairly gone, took themselves across the river, abandoning
the fort they had defended so obstinately for three months; in fact it
had served all their purposes, which evidently were to keep us busy as
long as we could keep the field, preventing us doing mischief on their
side by amusing us on our own.
After the blow up, our little corps was broken up, and the companies
composing it joined their respective battalions. My own regiment was
wretchedly reduced; little more than three months before it had gone
into the Battle of the Falls, five hundred strong, with a full
complement of officers. Now we retired about sixty rank and file,
commanded by a Captain, two of the senior Lieutenants carrying the
colours, and myself marching in rear--_voilá_, His Majesty's 89th
Regiment of Foot!
[Illustration]
CHAPTER IV.
We took up our ground on the left bank of the Chippawa, in the hope that
we would be attacked in that strong position; but nothing was further
from the intention of the enemy than such a flagrant absurdity. They,
from time to time, sent small parties to look at us; and there was some
very distant skirmishing, which proved very harmless amusement; but they
withdrew at last, and we were ordered into winter quarters.
Our regiment, with the 100th, took up their quarters at Queenston, where
we were soon strengthened by the recovered wounded and sick from the
different hospitals. We were particularly happy in a commanding officer.
The then young and handsome Marquis of Tweeddale, who was Lieutenant
Colonel of the 100th, commanded our brigade: he had been educated in a
good school, under the "Great Duke;" and, like his master, with an
unceasing regard to the essentials of the service, he had a most
sovereign contempt for those adventitious parts of it, which weaker
minds are apt to consider as of the highest importance. Should his
lordship, in the present high and responsible situation which he
occupies, have an opportunity of displaying his talents, I am much
deceived if he will not add one more to the numerous band of soldiers
who have raised their own and their country's name in the fields of
Hindostan; therefore, God send him a good _war_! I have no great faith
in him as a politician: he is too honest a man!
But whatever he may be, as a soldier or a statesman, he was a wretched
bad patient; for he was wounded, in a way that I had every fear would
result in a permanent lameness; and nothing could save him but rest. I
recommended him, therefore, to spend most of his time on a bed--for
sofas were rather scarce in Queenston at that time;--but he persisted in
riding a pony, with a crutch over his shoulder. Whether his mode of
management has induced lameness or not, I do not know, for I have never
seen him since; but if he is lame, it is no fault of mine.
Queenston, though in ruins, having, like all the rest of the frontier,
been wantonly destroyed by the enemy, was then, as it is now, a very
prettily-situated village; and the rest our men obtained, after their
severe fatigues, began to have a most salutary effect upon them, so, as
my senior colleague had recovered to such an extent as to attend to the
diminished duties of the regimental hospital there, I was despatched to
York--now Toronto--to take charge of about thirty of my own men, who
were in general hospital in that garrison.
Toronto was then a dirty straggling village, containing about sixty
houses. The church--the only one--was converted into a general hospital,
and I formed my lodge in the wing of the Parliament buildings, which had
escaped, when the Americans had burnt the rest of that fabric.
Our accommodations were comfortable, by comparison with what we had
lately been obliged to put up with. At all events, we had a tight roof
over our heads, a clean floor under our feet, and the means of fire
enough to keep us warm; and a soldier who is not content with this, on a
campaign, deserves to want. My own regiment soon came down to form a
part of the garrison of Toronto; and there I remained till the month of
December, 1814.
At this time, it was proposed to build a large ship on Lake Huron--we
having then so many on Lake Erie--that would be able, from her size, and
the weight of her metal, to cope with the small vessels that composed
the American flotilla on Lake Erie. As there is a channel through Lake
Saint Clair, and the Rivers Detroit and Saint Clair, by which she could
pass from the one lake into the other, an inlet, called Penetanguishene,
was selected as the proper site of a new dock-yard, and a better sight
could hardly have been selected, in this, or any other, part of the
world. It was a narrow-mouthed, deep bay, with plenty of water for any
size of craft, and a fine bold shore, easily defensible against any
ships that could approach; but unluckily, at this time, Penetanguishene
was in the woods, thirty miles from Lake Simcoe; and before a ship of
the line could be built, a road must be cut, and stones broke along it.
This, at mid-winter, in one of the northernmost points of Canada, was no
easy matter. But when Government, in the time of war, determine on a
measure, the word impossible, as we used to say in the army, is not to
be found in Dundas--and done it must be.
Accordingly, in the early part of December, I volunteered my services,
and, as nobody else envied the job, they were accepted; and a company of
the Canadian Fencibles, with about the same number of militia, under the
direction of Colonel Cockburn, of the Quarter Master General's
Department, was despatched up to the north, with instructions to have
the road cut at all hazards.
When we arrived on the banks of Lake Simcoe, we found it just in such a
state that it could not possibly be crossed; for the ice was formed, so
that a boat could not get through it, but not strong enough to bear a
man's weight. But, as there was a keen frost, we knew that this obstacle
would soon be overcome; so we took up our quarters in farm-houses along
the margin of the lake.
In two days it was considered practicable to cross, and I volunteered to
try it. I equipped myself with a long pole, with a chisel at the end of
it, to try the ice with, and an axe slung across my shoulder, and skated
across, about twelve miles.
The ice, though not very thick, was good, and quite sufficient to bear
men at extended order; so, on my return, I reported it practicable. Next
morning the men were drawn out at the point at which it was considered
the most eligible for getting on the ice; but the moment we were ready
to start, a noise, like that of very loud thunder, was heard, which ran
round the lake, and across it; and, in an inconceivably short time, the
whole ice was broken into fragments, some of some acres in extent,
others of only a few yards. What the cause of this phenomenon could be,
I never could form even a probable conjecture of, for there was no
visible rise or fall of the water; but I was told, by the inhabitants of
the neighborhood, that they had more than once seen the same thing
before.
The question now arose what was to be done next? The country people
recommended that we should wait till next day, when not only would the
broken ice be re-united, but the water which had risen upon it would be
frozen into one solid mass, rendering the whole twice as strong as on
the day previous, when I had passed it.
All this was undeniable, but the season was so far advanced, and heavy
snow storms might be expected, so that even one day was of consequence.
After due deliberation, it was resolved, that having a coil of rope with
us, it should be stretched along, and each take hold of it, and drag his
hand sleigh, on which was his knapsack and provisions, as well as divers
tools, implements, and stores, requisite for the expedition. In this
guise we proceeded across the lake; the disasters were numerous but none
of them serious. A fellow in stepping on a fracture of ice in the shape
of the letter V, would plump in and then be dragged out again by his
comrades, amidst shouts of laughter. In this mode we progressed for
upwards of six hours, until we reached the opposite side, where a huge
pile of logs was kindled; a space swept clear of snow, and we sat down
to a late dinner. As the night appeared clear, we scattered some hemlock
boughs, and raised a few of them to keep us from the wind, but upon
learning that the militia, who, being from the neighborhood, had got
over three weeks before us, had left a regular shanty, within a mile, we
broke up our camp, and, deep as the snow was, and late the hour, we
proceeded till we arrived at the spot, where trees were cut down, a fire
lighted, and we betook ourselves to rest; our previous fatigue securing
us from any apprehension of a sleepless night.
Next day we started along the road the militia had cut, and in two hours
came up with them. As they were sufficiently numerous for one party, it
was resolved that we should get on some miles in advance of them, and
commence further up the line. The snow was about three feet deep, and
made the marching, heavy-laden as we were, toilsome; but like Columbus'
egg, everything is comparatively easy when people know how to go about
it. One mode of proceeding was this: six or seven men led on snow shoes
in Indian file, taking care to tread down the snow equally; then
followed the column, also in Indian file. At about every thirty yards,
the leader of the column stepped aside, and letting the rest pass him,
fell into the rear. By this means, after the fatigue of first breaking
the snow, he could march on a beaten path, and thus, alternating labor
and rest, the thing was comparatively easy. By sun-set we had made about
five miles beyond the militia camp, and it was counted, considering the
road, a very fair day's journey.
It would be tiresome to detail (even if at this distance of time I was
able to do so), the journal of a three months' residence in the woods,
one day being an exact counterpart of another. I shall, therefore, only
mention the mode in which we got on.
Our first care, on coming to our ground, was to shovel away the snow,
which latterly was six feet deep; we then cut down as many bass-wood
trees (a species of the pine), as we required, and then proceeded to
erect our shanty, (_chantié_). This was done by fixing four forked
sticks in the ground, the higher in front, from which we constructed our
roof. The bass-wood bark was peeled and placed upon the roof, one layer
lying in the trough of the other, after the manner of a tile. The trees
were then split into rough boards, which formed the back and sides of
the mansion, the front being open. The snow was then shovelled up so as
to render all secure. Hemlock boughs were then strewed on the frozen
ground, and blankets and buffalo skins over that. In front was a long
fire, composed of six large logs, three at the bottom, two upon these,
and one on the top, on the principle on which shot is piled in a
battery; in front, and within a yard of the fire, was placed a log to
prevent our feet being scorched by the intense heat, and if, during the
night, our feet got cold, we had only to place our heels on the top of
the log, and in a few seconds they were often more than comfortably
warm.
Two shanties were always placed opposite each other, and this had a
double advantage; they sheltered the wind from each other, and one fire
did for both. In the case of the officers of the party, their servants
occupied the opposite one, so they were always within call.
The labor of cutting the road in deep snow was great, and the expense
proportionately enormous. Our provisions had to be carried in on men's
backs, for the snow had not been broken in time enough to admit of
horses or even oxen, so that one half of our men were employed in
carrying, or, as it is technically termed, _packing_ provisions for the
other. The want of oxen produced another enormous source of expenditure;
when a log was cut it had to be drawn by drag ropes out of the way, and
thirty men could not perform, in the deep snow, what a yoke of oxen
could easily have performed in light snow or none at all. When the snow
got very deep, too, we had, before felling a tree, to dig a pit round it
of sufficient diameter to allow a man to stand in it and swing his axe.
The expense of a war surprises John Bull, and he only grumbles; were he
to enquire into the causes, it is to be hoped he would be shy of so
expensive an amusement, where after all he does not get his fun for his
money. I would undertake to-morrow to cut a better road than we could
possibly do, for forty pounds a mile, and make money by it,--give me
timely warning and a proper season of the year, whereas I am convinced
that £2,500 to £3,000 did not pay for the one we cut.
Our amusements consisted in shooting partridges and snaring the Canadian
hare, which, as it comes out of its hiding place chiefly at night, can
only be apprehended, as the game laws style it, in that manner. The mode
of so doing, being caused by the necessities of the country, is worthy
of remark. These animals inhabit the swamps, and make roads through the
snow for the purpose of coming out to where they can browse. In these
roads a spring is set, by bending down a young sapling, and two pegs are
driven into the ground on each side of the path, and notches are cut, in
which a yoke is neatly set, from which the noose hangs down, much on the
principle of a mole trap. The hare jerking the wire, relieves the yoke,
and the sapling resumes its erect position, carrying the hare eight or
ten feet above the surface of the snow, and this secures him from
becoming the prey of the wolf or the fox, who, if he was within their
reach, would inevitably secure him before his legitimate captor arrived
in the morning.
In this manner passed the winter, monotonously enough it must be owned,
but as we had full employment we had no time to weary. When we were
about six or seven miles from the end of our task, I started along the
line to view the harbour. In Canada, the line is marked through the
forest by what is termed a Surveyor's _blaze_, (a corruption of the
French _balise_,) seeing that boughs are stuck in the snow to guide
travellers. The blaze consists in marking the trees on the line of the
road with an axe, and except to a practised eye, it is easily lost. I
had proceeded along it some miles, when a covey of partridges crossed my
path; I immediately followed them, and after shooting several and losing
sight of the rest, I took off in the direction in which I thought I
should again cross the blaze. All my efforts to find it, however, were
unavailing, and as the sun was fast declining, I had no other shift than
to go back on my own steps in the snow. I had every motive to exertion,
and about sun-set I found myself about a mile and a quarter from the
camp; but it soon grew so dark that I could trace my way no further. I
therefore halted, and having beat a path of about twenty yards in length
in the snow, I walked backward and forward, determined to keep moving
all night. This resolution I kept for some hours, I believe, but at last
I got so sleepy that I could persevere no longer, besides I felt that
stupor coming over me which makes men indifferent as to their fate. I
therefore determined to use my remaining energies in giving myself every
chance of life that circumstances would admit of.
I took off my snow shoes, and poured a quantity of rum into my
moccasins; I buttoned my jacket, secured my fur cap about my ears, drew
on my fur gloves, and calling a little dog I had with me, and laying my
hands over my face, I made him lie on the top of all.
I slept most intensely sound, nor did I awake till the morning sun was
at least an hour high. After two or three attempts I managed to rise; my
feet were frozen, and one of my hands slightly so, but both were so
benumbed that I could not fasten on my snow shoes; I therefore had to
stick my toes in the holes of them, and shuffle along as best I could.
It had snowed about four inches during the night, which was all in my
favor. I managed to scramble on towards the camp, but could not manage
more than quarter of a mile an hour. On my arrival there, some old
French Canadians undertook the medical treatment of my case. They
stripped off my moccasins and stockings, and commenced rubbing my feet
with snow. If there was any pain in being frozen I was insensible to it,
but of all the tortures this world can devise, the resuscitation was the
worst I ever experienced. It was that abominable sensation called
tingling, in an extreme degree, to such an extent, indeed, that it more
than once produced fainting, which unpleasant symptom they combated by
pouring down my throat a tin cup full of rum. When the pain abated, they
enveloped my feet in poultices of boiled beech leaves, which they
conceive "the sovereignest thing in life" in such cases.
I was confined to my bed for three weeks, and then was only able to go
abroad by swathing my feet in numerous folds of blanket. In a few weeks
more I was as well as ever. The poor little dog, Moses, the companion of
my sufferings, was not so fortunate. He reached the camp with
difficulty, and died the next day.
I thought at the time and since, that this was the only instance of a
white man sleeping out in a Canadian winter night, without fire or
covering of any kind, but whatever it might have been then, we have had
an instance here of a Canadian French woman, who slept out under similar
circumstances two consecutive nights this winter. She, however, did not
get off so cheap as I did, for she has been confined to bed for four
months and lost both her feet, and from the extent of the injury it is
probable she will be some months yet before she is out of the doctor's
hands.
It might be supposed that this kind of life would generate disease, but
the very reverse was the case. In this, as well as all my other doings
in the woods, I have always found that where it is possible to take
proper care of the man, and not expose them to wet, they are more
healthy than in quarters. It is only on military duty, or with men who
cannot or will not take care of themselves, that disease takes place. I
have slept in the woods more than a year, at one time and another, in
the course of my life, and with the foregoing provisos, never was better
in health or spirits under any circumstances. Except casualties such as
cutting feet, (a very common accident, even among experienced choppers,)
and bruises from falling trees, I had not a single case worth noticing
on this expedition. I ascribe this mainly to the beneficial effects of
the open air on the constitution, a cause which, however much has been
said about it, seems yet not to be practically understood by the
generality of mankind. Things went on pretty much the same till we had
nearly completed our business; no labour had been spared in perfecting
our work. Bridges had been thrown across streams in the depth of winter,
when officers and men had to stand for hours up the middle in ice-cold
water: ravines had to be bridged when the logs had to be dragged out of
swamps through four feet of snow. The month of March was far advanced
when we promised ourselves a pleasant summer in the comfortable quarters
that we meant to build for ourselves at Penetanguishene, when all our
anticipations were set aside by the arrival of the appalling
intelligence that peace had been concluded between His Majesty and the
United States. This showed us half pay staring us in the face; however,
soldiers have nothing to do but obey--we were withdrawn--all the
expenditure incurred went for nothing; we were marched to Toronto, (then
York,) and sent to join our respective regiments.
My regiment had marched down the country on its way to embark for
England; I followed it, and after remaining for two months at Sorel,
embarked in June, 1815, to go to Waterloo, but so many unnecessary
delays had taken place, that though we did not sail till the sixth of
June, we might quite as well have left Quebec on the sixth May, in which
case we should unquestionably have figured in the greatest action of
modern times, and his grace, the great Duke, would have been none the
worse of from 15,000 to 20,000 of his veteran troops on whom he could
depend. It was fated otherwise, however; thank God he managed to do
without us. We heard of his victory at sea, and a frigate was sent out
to order us to Portsmouth instead of Antwerp. We were some of us sent to
augment the Army of Occupation in France, others to various quarters at
home, where, after spending eighteen months to my own great
satisfaction, but of which a narration might not interest my readers, I
was placed on half-pay, and as I only propose to treat of Canada, I
shall leave in oblivion the memorabilia of the next eleven and a half
years, and in my next chapter take up Canada as I found it in 1826.
INDEX
INDEX
Alexander, Sir J. E., 62.
America, 6, 8, 21.
American, 6, 15, 32, 36, 54, 67, 75, 90.
American Army, 9, 18, 41, 51.
American Commander, 18.
American Engineers, 79.
American Newspapers, 17.
American Officer, 78.
American Piquet, 73.
American Regulars, 17.
American Revolution, 8.
American Rifleman, 70.
American Sentries, 69.
American Teutonic Race, 21.
American U. E. Loyalists, 70.
Americans, 18, 19, 22, 23, 71, 90.
Antwerp, 101.
Army of Occupation in France, 101.
Asiatic, 78.
Atlantic, 32.
Bardolph, 29.
Baron of Bradwardine, 8.
Batavian, 21, 24.
Battle of the Falls, 81, 87.
Bay of Bengal, 6.
Bay of Biscay, 6.
Bengal, 31.
Blackwood's Magazine, 3.
British, 22, 36.
British Army, 9, 59, 70.
British Crown, 21.
British North America, 47.
British Subject, 23.
Britishers, 35.
Brockville, 28.
Brotherton, 86.
Buffalo, 58.
Butler's Barracks, 53, 55.
Butler's Rangers, 53.
Byron, 3, 27.
Caesar-like, 5.
Canada, 1, 4, 9, 10, 14, 19, 21, 35, 44, 53, 62, 63, 72, 91, 97, 101.
Canadas, 10, 15.
Canadian, 10, 63, 96, 99.
Canadian Fencibles, 42, 91.
Canadian French Woman, 99.
Canadian Militia, 61.
Cape of Good Hope, 6, 9, 21, 86.
Catharine, 47.
Catholic, 32.
Catholics, 32.
Cavalry of Tarlton's Legion, 9.
Celtic Moonshee, 31.
Chelsea Pension, 26.
Chinsurhae, 21.
Chippawa, 56, 58, 87, 88.
Chrysler's Farm, 18, 21.
Clyde, 56.
Cobus, 24.
Cockburn, Colonel, 91.
Cockneys of London, 27.
Convan, Major General, 53.
Corbett, Mrs. Boyle, 58.
Cork, 35.
Cornwall, 19, 30, 36, 41.
Court of St. James, 47.
Court of St. Petersburg, 47.
Court of the Chateau, St. Louis, 47.
Covington, General, 18.
Drummond, Lieutenant Colonel, 62, 63, 82, 83, 86.
Drummond, Sir Gordon, 45, 49, 63, 86.
Dugald Dalgetty, 9.
Dundas, 91.
Dundas, Sir David, 69.
Dunkirk, 7, 9, 264.
Dutch, 22, 23, 24.
Dutchman, 21.
Edgar, 57.
Edinburgh, 32.
England, 26, 35, 60, 100.
English, 42.
Ettrick Shepherd, 2.
Europe, 61.
European, 78.
Falls of Niagara, 56, 57, 58.
Falstaff, 71.
Ferrara, 83.
Fort Erie, 53, 58, 61, 62, 64, 65, 67, 71, 76, 81, 83, 86.
Fort Niagara, 62.
Fort Wellington, 20, 27, 28.
France, 7, 8.
Frazer Highlanders, 8.
French, 9, 12, 14, 97.
French Canadians, 98.
French King, 7.
French Service, 8.
Frenchmen, 10, 11, 28.
Gaelic, 42.
Gaelic Bible, 31.
Galt, Mr., 48, 49.
Gananoque, 28.
Ganges, 21.
Garlic Hill, 6.
Garrison of Quebec, 6.
George II., 64.
George the Third, 78.
German Contingent, 68.
Glengarries, 65, 70, 73.
Glengarry, 19, 41.
Glengarry Militia, 41.
Glengarry Regiment, 69.
Great Britain, 1, 8.
Greenock, 8.
Grenadier Island, 18.
Gulph of St. Lawrence, 6.
Hampshire, 3.
Highland, 31.
Highland Militia, 19.
Highlands, 7.
Holland, 21.
Hollander, 21.
Hindostan, 89.
Homer, 2.
Horace, 2, 27.
Hospital Mate, 26.
Hudson, 21.
Incorporated Militia, 72.
India, 9, 86.
Indian, 14, 57, 76, 93.
Indians, 28, 29, 76, 77, 78, 86.
Indian Tribes, 78.
Invernesshire, 6.
Irish, 37.
Irish Brigade, 8.
Irish Subaltern, 25.
Irishman, 71.
Irishmen, 27.
Isle of Wight, 3, 4, 72.
Jacobite, 6.
Java, 9, 21.
John Bull, 11, 95.
Johnson, Sir William, 62.
Johnston, Dr., 30.
Keltic, 62, 63, 86.
King George, 71.
Kingston, 18, 20, 28, 36, 42, 43, 44, 48, 49.
Lachine, 14, 17, 20.
Lake Erie, 90.
Lake Huron, 90.
Lake of the Thousand Islands, 28.
Lake Ontario, 10, 43.
Lake Saint Clair, 90.
Lake Simcoe, 90, 91.
London, U. C., 62.
Lordship of Craigcrook, 21.
Lower Canada, 10, 12.
Lower Province, 36.
Machiavel, 21.
Malone, 19.
Mautass, 76, 77, 78.
Meg Dodds, 37.
Mohawk Indians, 22.
Mohawk River, 62.
Montreal, 10, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 36.
Montreal General Hospital, 26.
Morrison, Colonel, 18.
Moses, 99.
Mother-bank, 4.
Muggridge, Major Spencer, 3.
Muscadines of Paris, 27.
McDonald, John, 41.
Napoleon, 8, 61, 74.
Newport, 3.
New World, 21.
Niagara, 22, 51, 56, 79.
Niagara District, 23.
Niagara Frontier, 31, 35, 42.
Niagara River, 51.
North America, 9, 23.
North American, 23.
North American Continent, 12.
Oeolus, 264.
Ogdensburg, 31.
Old Guard, 28.
Ontario, 36.
Parkhurst, 3.
Pattison, Captain, 75.
Peggy Bruce, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42.
Penetanguishene, 90, 100.
Peninsula, 63.
Perthshire, 86.
Plattsburg, 48.
Polar, 42.
Portsmouth, 85, 101.
Portuguese, 77.
Prescott, 20.
Prevost, Sir George, 47, 48, 49.
Prince Charles Edward, 6.
Province, 47, 49.
Province of Canada, 47.
Provincial Parliament, 30.
Prussian School, 68.
Quebec, 4, 6, 10, 13, 53, 100,
Queenston, 58, 79, 88, 89.
Queenston Heights, 51.
Regiment, 32nd, 62, 69.
Regiment, 82nd, 75, 76.
Regiment, 89th, 18, 87.
Regiment, 100th, 42, 88.
Regiment, 103rd, 84, 85.
Regiment, 104th, 62.
Regiment de Dillon, 8.
Revolutionary War, 21.
River Detroit, 90.
River Saint Clair, 90.
River St. Lawrence, 11.
Ross, Sir John, 42.
Rotenburg, General de, 18.
Sackett's Harbour, 48.
Sacs, 78.
Salmon River, 18.
Scotch, 37.
Scotch Regiment of Guards, 7.
Scotland, 8, 53.
Scott, Colonel, 86.
Scott, Major General, 51.
Scott, Sir Walter, 3.
Sheridan, Tom, 16.
Snake Hill, 81.
Snow Hill, 6.
Soc Chief, 76.
Socs, 78.
Sorel, 100.
South America, 9.
Spain, 45.
Spithead, 4.
St. Andrew, 37.
State of New York, 19.
St. Helens, 3.
St. Lawrence, 10, 28, 36, 41.
St. Patrick, 37.
St. Regis, 33, 34.
Table Rock, 56.
Three Rivers, 11.
Toronto, 44, 48, 50, 51, 89, 90, 100.
Tweeddale, Marquis of, 88.
United States, 100.
Upper Canada, 36.
Utica, 22.
Vermont State, 33.
Washington Irving, 21.
Waterloo, 27.
Watteville, De, 42, 61, 74, 80.
Wellington, Duke of, 45, 63, 88, 101.
West Indies, 9, 21.
Wilkinson, General, 9, 17, 41.
Williamsburg, 23.
Wood, Colonel, 79.
Woolwich, 66.
Yankee, 11, 33, 71.
York, 50, 56, 89, 100.
Transcriber Notes:
Passages in italics were indicated by _underscores_.
Throughout the dialogues, there were words used to mimic accents of
the speakers. Those words were retained as-is.
Errors in punctuation and inconsistent hyphenation were not corrected
unless otherwise noted.
On page 9, a comma was added after "the American Army".
On page 13, "déscgréments" was replaced with "désagréments?".
On page 18, a comma was removed after "the first volley we fired".
On page 24, "then" was replaced with "than".
On page 35, "that that" was replaced with "that".
On page 44, "Colonal" was replaced with "Colonel".
On page 60, a period was added after "leave undone".
On page 62, "32d" was replaced with "32nd".
On page 75, "82d" was replaced with "82nd".
On page 108, the comma after "French Service, 8" was replaced with a
period.
In the index are two references to page 264. No such page existed.
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