Notes and Queries, Number 200, August 27, 1853

By Various

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Title: Notes and Queries, Number 200, August 27, 1853
A Medium of Inter-communication for Literary Men, Artists,
Antiquaries, Geneologists, etc

Author: Various

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Language: English

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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES, NUMBER 200,
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{189}

NOTES AND QUERIES:

A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES,
GENEALOGISTS, ETC.

* * * * *

="When found, make a note of."=--CAPTAIN CUTTLE.

* * * * *

No. 200.]
SATURDAY, AUGUST 27. 1853.
[Price Fourpence. Stamped Edition, 5_d._

CONTENTS.

NOTES:-- Page

The English, Irish, and Scotch Knights of the Order of St. John
of Jerusalem, by William Winthrop 189

Duport's Lines to Izaak Walton 193

Shakspeare Correspondence, by C. Mansfield Ingleby, James
Cornish, &c. 193

MINOR NOTES:--Sir Francis Drake--Similarity of Idea in St.
Luke and Juvenal--Sincere--Epitaph in Appleby Churchyard,
Leicestershire 195

QUERIES:--

The Crescent, by W. Robson 196

MINOR QUERIES:--The Hebrew Testament--Dr. Franklin--Flemish
Refugees--"Sad are the rose leaves"--References
wanted--Tea-marks--William the Conqueror's
Surname--Old Saying--To pluck a Crow with One--"Well's
a fret"--Pay the Piper--Greek Inscription upon a Font,
mentioned by Jeremy Taylor--Acharis--Attainment of
Majority--Hartman's Account of Waterloo--Henry Chicheley,
Archbishop of Canterbury--Translation of Athenæus--Passages
from Euripides--Anderson's Royal Genealogies 196

MINOR QUERIES WITH ANSWERS:--Louis le Hutin 199

REPLIES:--

Bee-Park--Bee-Hall 199

Milton's Widow, by J. F. Marsh and T. Hughes 200

Peculiar Ornament in Crosthwaite Church 200

Curious Mistranslations, by Henry H. Breen 201

"To speak in lutestring" by the Rev. W. Fraser 202

Burial in Unconsecrated Places, by Wm. T. Hesleden and R. W.
Elliot 202

PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE:--Mr. Muller's Process--Detail
on Negative Paper--Ammonio-nitrate of Silver 203

REPLIES TO MINOR QUERIES:--"Up, guards, and at them!"--German
Heraldry--The Eye--Canute's Point, Southampton--Symon
Patrick, Bishop of Ely: Durham: Weston--Battle of Villers
en Couché--Curious Posthumous Occurrence--Passage in Job--St.
Paul and Seneca--Haulf-naked--Books chained to Desks in
Churches--Scheltrum--Quarrel--Wild Plants, and their
Names--Jeremy Taylor and Christopher Lord Hatton--Burial
on the North Side of Churches--Rubrical Query--Stone
Pillar Worship--Bad--Porc-pisee--Lowbell--Praying to the
West--Old Dog--Contested Elections--"Rathe" in the Sense
of "early"--Chip in Porridge--"A saint in crape is twice
a saint in lawn"--Gibbon's Library: West's Portrait of
Franklin--Derivation of "Island"--Spur--On the Use of the
Hour-glass in Pulpits--Selling a Wife--Impossibilities of
History--Lad and Lass--Enough 204

MISCELLANEOUS:--

Books and Odd Volumes wanted 210

Notices to Correspondents 210

Advertisements 210

* * * * *

Notes.

THE ENGLISH, IRISH, AND SCOTCH KNIGHTS OF THE ORDER OF ST. JOHN OF
JERUSALEM.

For the following list of the English, Irish, and Scotch knights of the
Order of St. John, who are mentioned in the records of this island when
under its rule, I am in a great measure indebted to Dr. Vella, who, after
having made at my request a diligent search through very many old volumes
and manuscripts, has kindly favoured me with the result of his labours.
The names of the knights and places mentioned in this Note are written,
in every instance, as Dr. Vella and myself have seen them recorded.
Before commencing with the list, I have a few remarks to offer, that the
terms peculiar to the Order which I shall make use of may be understood
by those of your readers who are unacquainted with its history.

The English tongue comprised the priories of England, Ireland, and
Scotland, and thirty-two different commanderies. Its property, which was
seized by Henry VIII. in 1534, was afterwards restored by Queen Mary, and
finally and effectually confiscated by Elizabeth in the first year of her
reign. Her Majesty's order for the seizure of the Irish estates was dated
on the 3rd of June, 1559, and addressed to William Fitzwilliam. Vide the
"Diplomatic Code of the Order," and Rymer, vol. xv. p. 527.

Although Dr. Vella and myself had every wish to classify the knights
of the English tongue under their different languages, still we have
failed in our first attempt, and to enable us to succeed we must ask
for assistance from your correspondents in England. They must be known
by their names; thus, for instance, the Dundas's of 1524 and 1538 were
as evidently of Scotch, as the Russells of 1536, 1537, and 1554 were of
English descent. We might apply the same remark to many other knights
whose names will be found recorded in the following list.

Whenever a vacancy occurred by the death of a grand master, who was
always a sovereign prince, the election for his successor could only take
place in the convent. It was not necessary that the person elected should
be present. Villiers De {190} L'Isle Adam was residing in France in
1521, when his brethren at Rhodes made him their chief. The grand priors,
commanders, and knights, who were absent from Malta, whether employed
in the service of the Order or not, had neither voice nor ballot in the
election; and the more effectually to prevent their interference, as also
that of the Roman pontiff, only three days were allowed to transpire
before a successor was chosen, and proclaimed as the head of the convent.

Henry VIII. addressed L'Isle Adam as follows: "Reverendissimo in Christo
Patri Domini, F. de Villers L. Isleadam, Magno Hierosolymitani Ordinis
Magistro, et consanguineo, et amico nostro carissimo." George II., as the
king of a Protestant country, sent a letter to Emmanuel Pinto, bearing
the following superscription: "Eminentissimo Principi Domino Emanueli
Pinto, Magno Ordinis Melitensis Magistro, Consanguineo, et Amico Nostro
Carissimo."

Boisgelin has stated in the first volume of his _History of Malta_, p.
194., that the--

"King of England addressed the grand master by the following
titles: 'Eminentissime princeps consanguinea et amice noster
carissime.' The King of France gave the Order the title of
'Très chers et bons amis;' and the grand master that of 'Très
cher et très aimé cousin," in the same style as he addressed
the Dukes of Tuscany."

That this note may not occupy too much space in your interesting,
publication, I would now merely remark that the "convent" was known as
the place where the grand master, or his lieutenant, resided, and the
"tongue," according to the code of the Order, was the term applied to a
nation. A grand prior was the chief of his language, who resided in his
native country. A "Turcopolier" was the title of the conventual bailiff
of the venerable language of England, "and it took its name from the
Turcopoles, a sort of light horse mentioned in the history of the wars
carried on by the Christians in Palestine." The English knights won for
themselves this high honour by their gallantry in the Holy Land, and in
remembrance it ever after remained with their tongue. A Turcopolier was
the third dignity in the convent, and the last knight who enjoyed it was
Sir Richard Shelley, Prior of England. At his decease the grand master
assumed the title for himself. The two interesting letters addressed
by Sir Richard Shelley to Henry VIII., in which he complained of his
majesty's treatment to the Order of St. John, and pleaded in its favour,
were published in the English language, and five years ago were to be
seen in the government library of this island. But, on my asking a
short time ago to refer to them, I regretted to find that they had been
taken from the library by a _gentleman_ who was well introduced to the
librarian, and whose conduct in this, and some other transactions where
valuable books are concerned, cannot be too strongly condemned. Before
returning from this brief digression to the subject of my Note, might I
ask if these letters are known in England, and whether copies could be
easily procured for a friend who is desirous of having them inserted in a
forthcoming publication?

The Knights of St. John being members of a masonic institution, termed
each other brothers, is customary with members of the craft at the
present time. And it may not be out of place to remark that several of
the chapels, churches, and fortifications of Malta are ornamented with
masonic signs and emblems, which have been several times referred to,
and cleverly explained within the last three years in different numbers
of the _Masonic Quarterly Review_. Those of your readers who take an
interest in masonry may peruse these papers of a distinguished mason, now
stationed in the West Indies, with instruction and pleasure.

Boisgelin has recorded in the first volume of his _History of Malta_, p.
182., that the Order of St. John of Jerusalem "might with propriety be
considered as being at the same time hospitaller, religious, military,
republican, aristocratical, monarchical," and lastly, as if these
different terms, which, without his explanation, would appear to be
incorrect as applying to one institution, were not sufficient, he has
added in a note, that in the last days of its existence it might also
have been called democratical. He has stated that it was--

"Hospitaller, from having hospitals constantly open for the
reception of the sick of all countries and religions, whom the
knights attended in person. Religious, because the members
took the three vows of chastity, obedience, and poverty, which
last consisted in having no property independent of the Order
at large, and on that account the Pope was their superior.
Military, from being constantly armed, and always at war with
the infidels. Republican, as their chief was chosen from
among themselves, and could not enact laws, or carry them
into execution, without their consent. Aristocratical, since
none but the knights and grand master had any share in the
legislative and executive power. Monarchical, from having a
superior who could not be dispossessed of his dignity, and was
invested with the right of sovereignty over the subjects of the
order, together with those of Malta and its dependencies. And
lastly, Democratical, from the introduction of a language which
did not require any proofs of nobility."[1]

Before taking leave of Boisgelin, it should be recorded that he was a
Knight of Malta; and his history, one of the best now extant, appeared
in {191} those troubled times, when he hoped by conciliating all
governments, to see his Order again restored. Influenced in all things by
this hope, vain as it was, his statements should be received with some
grains of allowance.

Before calling attention to the following list, I have to state that a
knight could not become commander before he had made four cruises in the
galleys, or served five years in the convent. He had also to remain three
years a commander before he could claim a pension. Those knights who are
known to have been at Malta will be distinguished by a †.

†Aylmer, Sir George 1521
Commander of Holstone.

Adfil, George 1524

Albrit, Oliver 1527

Bouth, John 1522
Turcopolier, killed at the siege of Rhodes.

Blasly, Robert 1526

Boydel, Edward 1529

†Babington, John 1531
Bailiff of Aguila, Commander of Dalby.

†Babington, Philip 1531

†Belingham, Edward 1531
Commander of Dynmore.

†Balfard, Richard 1531

†Brown, Edward 1531

†Broke, Richard 1531
Commander of Mount St. John.

Boydel, George 1532

Boydel, Roger 1533
Turcopolier.

†Bentham, Anthony 1536

Boyse, Andrew 1588

Corbet, William 1522
Commander of Templebruer.

Cane, Sir Ambrose 1525

Chanure, John 1525

Campledik, Thomas 1529
Commander of Corbroke.

Chambers, Sir James 1533

Deston, Claude 1522

Docray, Thomas 1523
Prior of the English tongue.

Dundas, George 1524
Commander of Turfichin in Scotland.

†Dingley, Thomas 1531

†Dundas, Alexander 1538

†Dudley, George 1545
Received in the Order at Malta in 1545.

Edward, George 1525

†Eluyn, Edmund 1545
Received in the Order at Malta in 1545.

Fairfax, Nicholas 1522
Commander of Temple Combe.

Fitzmorth, Robert 1527

Fortescue, Adrian 1532
This brave knight perished on the scaffold in
England at the time of the Reformation (vide
"N. & Q.," Vol. vii., p. 628.); was enrolled among
the Saints; and his portrait, with a sprig of palm
in the hand, as an emblem of his martyrdom, is
now to be seen in one of the chapels of St. John's
Church at this island. The 8th of July is the
day now observed in commemoration of his sufferings,
and of those who suffered with him.

Fortescue, Nicholas 1638
This nobleman, of the same family as the preceding,
was received in the Order on his own urgent
application; and with the hope that, by his
assistance, the English language would be restored.

Golings, Thomas 1520
Commander of Bodisford.

†Gonson, Sir David 1533
The last lieutenant of the Turcopolier at Malta.

†Gerard, Sir Henry 1541

Glene, Lewis 1555

Hyerton, George 1523

Hall, Thomas 1526

†Halison, James 1526

Hussey, Edmund 1528

Hussey, Nicholas 1531

Hill, Edward 1531

†Hornebill, Thomas 1536

Irving, James 1569
Solely by the strenuous exertions of this knight it
was decided, in a general chapter held in 1569,
that the Scotch should enjoy the same dignities
and emoluments which had been previously
granted to the English and Irish knights.

Jones, William 1522

Layton, Ambrose 1527
Commander of Beverly.

{192}

Layton, Cuthbert 1528

Lyndesey, Walter 1532

Lambert, Nicholas 1538

Mobysteyn, John 1526
Capellano, and Chancellor, of the Provincial
Chapter of the English Language.

Massinbert, Oswaldus 1527

Newport, Thomas 1528
Bailiff of Aquila, and Commander of Newland.

Nevil, Richard 1528
Commander of Willington.

Newton, Thomas 1529

Newdegatt, Donston 1536

Ozis, John.
On the 16th of March, 1533, this knight obtained
permission to return to England. Vide fol. 168.

Pole, Alban 1520
Commander of Mount St. John.

Philip, Thomas 1521

Plunket, Nicholas 1527

Pool, George 1531

Pool, Henry 1531

Pemperton, Thomas 1533
Commander of Mount St. John.

Ransom, John (Senior) 1521
Prior of Ireland.

Roberts, Nicholas 1522

Roche, Edward 1527

Ransom, William 1527

†Roger, Anthony 1533

†Ransom, John (Junior) 1533
Turcopolier.

†Russell, Philip 1536

†Russell, Anthony 1537

†Russell, Egidius 1554
Governor of the city, and Captain of the forces.

Sheffield, Thomas 1521
Commander of Beverly.

Sand, George 1528

†Sandiland, James 1530

Sutton, John 1530

Salisbury, William 1537

†Starkey, Oliver 1555
Confidential secretary of La Valetta, and buried
in St. John's Church, at the foot of his tomb.

†Shelley, Sir Richard 1566
Prior of England, and last Turcopolier of his
language. On the 25th of June, 1567, Sir Richard
obtained permission to dispose of his property as
he wished.

†Shelley, James 1566

†Shelley, John 1582

†Stuart, Fitzjames 1689
A natural son of James II. A letter is now
existing in which this monarch requested the
Grand Master to receive his son as Grand Prior
of the English language, if it should be agreeable
to the will of the Pope. It may be noted that the
Germans were the only knights in the Convent
who would never admit a natural son of a noble
or monarch among them.

Theril, William 1533

Tyrell, William 1535

Urton, George 1523

Upton, Nicholas 1536
Turcopolier, and greatly distinguished in July,
1551, when, at the head of thirty knights and
four hundred mounted volunteers, he very gallantly
repulsed Dragut's attack on the island.
Returning to the convent he died of his wounds.
On the 20th of June, 1565, Dragut fell mortally
wounded in the famous siege of Malta, and the
point where he was killed still bears his name.
His scimetar is now to be seen in the Maltese
armoury.

Wagor, John 1523

Weston, Sir William 1525
A brief historical description of Sir William
Weston's sufferings, decease, and burial will
be found in the second volume of Sutherland's
Knights of Malta, p. 115., which appears to be a
correct translation from Vertot's History of the
Order.--Vide "N. & Q.," Vol. vii., p. 629.; and
Vertot, lib. 10.

Wyhtt, Sir Rowland 1528

West, Clement 1532
This knight was a Turcopolier, and never placed
his signature to a document without writing
immediately above it "As God wills."

Wise, Andrew 1593
Nominally Prior of England in 1598. Being reduced
to the greatest extremity, the Roman Pontiff
decreed that the language of Castile and Leon
should allow him out of its revenue a thousand
ducats a-year. The Spanish knights objecting to
pay this sum, there was a trial before the Grand
Master to enforce it; a report of which is now in
the Record Office. The Pope's decree was confirmed.

{193}

In looking through the records of the "English tongue," I have met with
the name of only one lady, Catherine Burchier, who was prioress of
Buckland in 1524. Any information respecting her history, or that of
the knights whose names are recorded in the above list, will be most
acceptable.

WILLIAM WINTHROP.

La Valetta, Malta.

[Footnote 1: The language to which Boisgelin refers, was that
of England. A few years after the Reformation, and in 1545, the
council decreed that it was no longer required for those who
joined the English tongue to be noblemen. Vide fol. 35.]

* * * * *

DUPORT'S LINES TO IZAAK WALTON.

Sometime since I met with the following epigrams of the learned scholar,
divine, and loyalist James Duport, written on the fly-leaf of a copy of
his _Musæ Subsecivæ, seu Poetica Stromata_, presented by him to Izaak
Walton. I presume that they have never been printed, and that they were
written in Duport's own hand. If so, they may be thought worthy of a
place in the columns of "N. & Q." They will be read with some interest by
those who respect Duport, and love the memory of good old Izaak Walton. I
may add, that the autograph of I. W. is in the book, thus:

"IZAAK WALTON,
Given by the Author,
3ᴰ May, 1679."

W. H. G.

Winchester.

"Ad virum optimum mihique amicissimum Isaacum Waltonum, de libris a
se editis, mihique dono missis, nec non de vita Hookeri, Herberti, et
aliorum:

Munera magna mihi mittis; nec mittis in hamo
Rex Piscatorum sis licet, atque Pater.
Mutus ego ut piscis semper! nunquamne reponam?
Piscibus immo tuis et tibi mitto Sales:
Sed quid pro vitis Sanctorum? mitto Salutem;
Vita etenim non est vita, Salutis inops.

Tuissimus,

J. D."

"Ad eundem de suâ Episcopi Sandersoni Vitâ.

Quem Juvenis quondam didici, Tutore magistro,
Nunc Sandersonum, te duce, disco Senex.
Macte nove o Plutarche Biographe; dans aliorum
Qui vitas, vitam das simul ipse tibi:
Nempe eris æternum in Scriptis, Waltone, superstes,
Non etenim nôrunt hæc monumenta mori.

J. DUPORT."

* * * * *

SHAKSPEARE CORRESPONDENCE.

_Zachariah Jackson._--"N. & Q." will not, I am sure, refuse to give his
due to Zachariah Jackson, the author of _Shakspeare's Genius Justified_,
by showing to how great an extent the conjectures of Jackson had, by
_thirty-four_ years, anticipated the _Notes and Emendations_. I subjoin
a list of the old corrector's emendations, which are also found in
Jackson's work:

Besides these nine verbatim coincidences, the following four are very
approximate.

_Taming of the Shrew_, Induction, Sc. 2:

Folios.--"And when he says he is, say that he dreams."

Collier MS.--"When he says _what_ he is, say that he
dreams."--_Notes and Emendations_, p. 142.

Jackson.--"And what he says he is, say that he
dreams."--_Restorations and Illustrations_, p. 114.

_Taming of the Shrew_, Act II. Sc. 1.:

Folios.--"No such jade, _Sir_, as you, if me you mean."

Collier MS.--"No such jade _to bear_ you, if me you
mean."--_Notes and Emendations_, p. 147.

Jackson.--"No such jade as you,--_bear!_ if me you
mean."--_Restorations and Illustrations_, p. 119.

_1 Henry VI._, Act V. Sc. 3.:

Folios.--"Confounds the tongue, and makes the senses _rough_."

Collier MS.--"Confounds the tongue, and _mocks_ the _sense of
touch_."--_Notes and Emendations_, p. 276.

Jackson.--"Confounds the tongue, and makes the senses
_touch_."--_Restorations and Illustrations_, p. 233.

_Cymbeline_, Act III. Sc. 4.:

Folios.-- ... "Some jay of Italy, _Whose mother was her_
painting, hath betray'd him."

Collier MS.--"Who _smothers her with painting_, hath betray'd
him."--_Notes and Emendations_, p. 495.

Jackson.--"Who _smoother_ was: her painting hath betray'd
him."--_Restorations and Illustrations_, p. 375.

Besides these four emendations, which at any rate are very suggestive
of those in Mr. Collier's folio, I beg to call attention to Jackson's
defence of Theobald's (and his own) proposition to read _untread_ for
_unthread_, in _King John_, Act V. Sc. 4., which is strikingly like
Mr. Collier's defence of the same reading in the margin of the Folio
1632. {194} The whole of Jackson's notes on _King John_ are well worth
reading. I beg to mention two of these, as illustrations of old Jackson's
acuteness, when not under the warping influence of the _cacoëthes
emendandi_. His defence of _untrimmed bride_, in Act II. Sc. 1., is most
convincing. He says,--

"Constance stimulates [Lewis] to stand fast to his purpose,
and not to let the devil tempt him, in the likeness of an
_untrimmed_ bride, to waver in his determination; for that the
influence of the Holy See would strip King John of his present
royalty. Where then would be the great dowry Lewis was to
receive with his wife? At present he has only the _promise_ of
five provinces, and 30,000 marks of English coin; therefore as
the dowry has not been paid, Blanche is still an _untrimmed_
bride."--_Recollections and Illustrations_, p. 179.

His note on the use of _invisible_, in Act V. Sc. 7., is also excellent:

"Death having prayed upon the reduced body of the king, quits
it, and now _invisible_, has laid siege to the mind."

I have elsewhere stated my opinion that "all Jackson's emendations are
bad." I should have added that some few are very plausible and specious,
and worthy of consideration. I will mention one in _King John_, Act IV.
Sc. 2. Pembroke says,--

"If, what _in rest_ you have, in right you hold," &c.

Now, _rest_ and _right_ are no antithesis, nor are they allied in
meaning. Jackson inserts a _t'_ between _in_ and _rest_--

"If, what _int'rest_ you have in right you hold," &c.--

which he supports by admirable parallels from the same play. I will cite
one more example of Jackson's sagacity, from his notes on _1 Henry IV._,
Act I. Sc. 3. Hotspur says,--

"Never did _bare and_ rotten policy," &c.

Jackson reads,--

"Never did _barren_ rotten policy," &c.

Mr. Collier never once refers to Jackson. Mr. Singer, however, talks
familiarly about Jackson, in his _Shakspeare Vindicated_, as if he had
him at his fingers' ends; and yet, at page 239., he favours the world
with an _original_ emendation (viz. "He did _behood_ his anger," _Timon_,
Act III. Sc. 1.), which, however, will be found at page 389. of Jackson's
book. I may be in error, but I cannot but think such ignorance, on the
part of professional Shakspearians, very culpable.

C. MANSFIELD INGLEBY.

Birmingham.

_On Three Passages in "Measure for Measure."_--I have to crave a small
space in your columns, which have already done much good service for
the text of Shakspeare, to make a very few remarks on three passages in
the play of _Measure for Measure_. It is no sweeping change of reading
that I am about to advocate, nor, as I think, anything over ingenious;
inasmuch as, in two of the passages in question, I propose to defend the
reading of the first folio, which, I contend, has been departed from
unnecessarily; while, in the third, I suggest the simple change of an _f_
into an _s_.

In Act II. Sc. 4., these lines occur in Angelo's soliloquy, in my folio
of 1623:

"The state whereon I studied
Is like a good thing, being often read,
Growne feard and tedious."

Mr. Knight, and other editors, read _feard_, as in the original, but give
no explanation; though such a strange epithet would seem to require one.
I propose to read _seared_, _i.e._ dry, the opposite of fresh. This,
as the saying is, "requires," I think, "only to be pointed out to be
admitted."

Lower down in the same scene we find the following passage, in one of
Angelo's addresses to Isabel:

"Such a person,
Whose creadit with the judge, or owne great place,
Could fetch your brother from the manacles
Of the all-building law."

The word _building_ has always been a stumbling-block to editors. Johnson
first proposed to read _binding_, and his successors have adopted it, and
such is now the generally received reading. Mr. Collier's old corrector
is also in favour of the same change. I have always felt convinced,
however, that _building_ was the word which Shakspeare wrote. That
which answers to it in the A.-S. is _bytling_, _bytleing_, a building;
_bytlian_, to build; which are inflected from _byth_, _biotul_, a hammer
or mallet (whence our _beetle_); so that the strict meaning of the verb
is _firmare_, _confirmare_, to fasten, close, or bind together. This will
give much the same meaning to _building_ as that implied in the proposed
substitute _binding_.

Not having met with the word used in this peculiar sense by any old
writer, I could not venture to maintain the reading of the folio on
these grounds, which I have just mentioned, alone. At length, however, I
have been successful, and I am now able to quote a passage from a work
published very shortly before this play, entitled:

"The Jewel House of Art and Nature", &c., "faithfully and
familiarly set downe according to the Author's owne experience,
by Hugh Platte, of Lincoln's Inne, gentleman. London, 1594."

in which this word _building_ is used in precisely the same sense as that
which I defend. In "the Preface of the Author," the following passage
occurs:

"I made a condicionall promise of some farther discouerie in
arteficiall conceipts, then either my health {195} or leisure
would then permit: I am now resolued (notwithstanding the
vnkind acceptation of my first fruits, which then I feared and
hath since falne out, is a sufficient release in law of the
condition) to make the same in some sort absolute (though not
altogether according to the fulnesse of my first purpose), and
to become a _building_ word unto me."

I apprehend that this parallel instance is all that is wanting to
preserve, for the future, the reading of the first folio unimpaired.

The third passage on which I have a remark to offer, is that much
tormented one in Act III. Sc. 1., which stands in my first folio thus:

"_Cla._ The prenzie, Angelo?

_Isa._ Oh, 'tis the cunning liuerie of hell,
The damnest bodie to inuest, and couer
In prenzie gardes."

I need not say a word about the various suggestions of _primzie_,
_priestly_, _princely_, _precise_, &c., which have appeared from time to
time; my business is solely with the original word in the first folio. I
have always felt sure that this is none other than the poet's own word,
and no error of the printer; for how could it be possible to make a
gross mistake in a word which occurs twice within four lines, and one,
moreover, so unusual; the printer must surely have been able to decipher
the letters from _one_ of the two written specimens. It will be observed
that there is a comma after _prenzie_ in the original, indicating that
the word is a substantive, not an adjective. Now what is the Italian for
a prince? Not only _principe_, but also _prenze_; and in like manner we
find _principessa_ and _prenzessa_. I have no doubt that what Shakspeare
_did_ write was--

"The prenzie, Angelo?"

while a little lower down he converted the word into an adjective:

"To inuest and couer
In prenzie gardes."

It is obvious to remark that this meaning of _prenzie_ exactly fits the
sense: Angelo was a prince, and he was clad in robes of office, adorned
with princely "gardes," or trappings. Shakspeare, no doubt, was very well
acquainted with Italian tales and poems; the word may have become quite
familiar to him. His intention here, in putting the term in question
into Claudio's mouth, may have been to give an Italian character to the
scene, introducing thus the _local term of dignity_ of the deputy; thus
recalling the audience, by the occurrence of a single word, to the scene
of the plot; for though this is said to be in Vienna, yet it is to be
observed that not a name throughout the play is German, _everything is
Italian_. And let it not be objected that the use of this word involves
an obscurity which Shakspeare would have avoided; we are hardly able to
judge, now-a-days, whether a particular word was obscure or not in his
time: at all events, there would be no difficulty in adducing instances
of what we should call more obscure allusions, and I think there can be
little doubt that the well-educated in those days well understood the
Italian _prenze_ to mean a prince.

H. C. K.

---- Rectory, Hereford.

_"Hamlet" and G. Steevens._--In Act I. Sc. 4., Horatio asks Hamlet "_What
does this_ mean, my Lord?" (The noise of music within). Hamlet replies:

"The king doth wake to-night, and takes his rouse,
Keeps wassel, and _the swaggering up-spring reels_."

G. Steevens, in a note of this passage, says: "The _swaggering up-spring_
was _a German dance_." Is not the allusion directed to the king, whom
Hamlet describes as "a swaggering _up-spring_," or "_upstart_?" Should
not the line--

_"O horrible, O horrible, most horrible!"_

in the Ghost's narrative in the _fifth scene_, be given to Hamlet?

JAMES CORNISH.

Falmouth.

* * * * *

Minor Notes.

_Sir Francis Drake._--Having traversed the globe within three years, his
travels were thus noticed by a poet of his day:

"Drake, pererrati novit quem terminus orbis,
Quemque semel mundi vidit uterque Polus.
Si taceant homines, faciant te sidera notum,
Sol nescit comitis non memor esse sui."

CLERICUS (D.)

_Similarity of Idea in St. Luke and Juvenal._--Examples of identity of
expression existing between the Scriptures and ancient heathen writers
have already appeared in "N. & Q." Permit me to add the following
passages, which appear to me to afford an instance of similarity of idea:

"Λέγω ὑμῖν, ὅτι ἐὰν οὗτοι σιωπήσωσῖν, οἱ λίθοι
κεκρὰξονται."--_Luc._ cap xix. v. 40.

"Audis,
Jupiter, hæc, nec labra moves, quum mittere vocem
Debueras, vel marmoreus, vel aëneus?"

Juven. _Sat._ xiii. v. 113.

The satirist would seem to say (taking the sceptic's view), that even if
Jupiter existed only in brass and marble, the very statues would "cry
out" against the impious perjury.

I drop my initials, and beg to subscribe myself

ARCH. WEIR.

_Sincere._--Trench, _On the Study of Words_, 4th ed., p. 197., says:

"They would be pleased to learn that 'sincere' may be, I will
not say that it is, without wax (sine cerâ), as the best and
finest honey should be."

{196}

Is not this derivation erroneous? _Sincere_ does not mean "pure, like
virgin-honey;" but it expresses the absence of deception. I doubt not
that it is derived from--

"The practice of Roman potters to rub wax into the flaws of
their unsound vessels when they sent them to market. A sincere
[without wax] vessel was the same as a sound vessel, one that
had no disguised flaw."

So says Bushnell (_God in Christ_, p. 17.). The derivation is no novelty.
I reproduce it merely to correct an error which is obtaining currency
under the name of Mr. French. I should be obliged to any of your
correspondents who would refer me to, or still better cite, any passages
in the Latin classics relating to the practice I have mentioned.

C. MANSFIELD INGLEBY.

Birmingham.

_Epitaph in Appleby Church-yard, Leicestershire._--

"I was a fine young man,
As you would see in ten.
And when I thought of this,
I took in hand my pen,
And wrote it down so plain
That every one might see;
How I was cut down,
Like blossoms from a tree."

J. G. L.

* * * * *

Queries.

THE CRESCENT.

I shall be obliged to any correspondent of "N. & Q." who will point out
the period at which the crescent became the standard of Mahometanism.
Poets and romancers freely bestow it upon any time or scene in which
Mussulmans are introduced; Sir Walter Scott mentions it in the
_Talisman_, but after the strange liberties he has taken with Saladin
and Richard, he becomes, on such a question, no higher authority than
writers of meaner name. I cannot find it in the history of Mahomet, or
in that of his immediate successors. The first time Michaud, in his fine
_Histoire des Croisades_, speaks of it is in the reign of Mahomet II.,
which is many centuries after periods at which modern poets, and even
historians, have named it as the antagonistic standard to the cross. The
crescent is common upon the reverses of coins of the Eastern empire long
before the Turkish conquest, and was, I have reason to believe, in some
degree peculiar to the Sclave nations. Was it the standard of the Turks,
as contradistinguished from other Saracens? or, was it adopted by Mahomet
II. after his conquests of Constantinople and the eastern countries of
Europe? I am aware that if this last idea be substantiated, it will make
it much more modern than it is generally supposed to be, but our ideas of
everything, Turkish were for so long a time mixed with the wonderful and
the romantic, that we must not expect much correctness on such points.
The Turks came into fearful contiguity with the West in the fifteenth
century; Europe had as much to dread from them then as from the Russians
now. This event and the art of printing were almost cotemporary, and the
crescent has been presented to us as the symbol of Mahometanism ever
since; but I much doubt it can be proved to have been so at a far remoter
period.

W. ROBSON.

Stockwell.

* * * * *

Minor Queries.

_The Hebrew Testament._--Having lately completed the above work, so as
to be "ready for the press" without much delay, I should be glad before
I resign the MS. to the hands of the printer, to have the advantage of
the suggestions of those of your erudite readers who have made sacred
criticism their study.

MOSES MARGOLIOUTH.

_Dr. Franklin._--I possess the following lines in the handwriting of Dr.
Franklin, written in the year 1780. Can any of your readers tell me who
was the author of them, and when and where they were first printed?

"When Orpheus went down to the Regions below,
Which men are forbidden to see;
He tun'd up his Lyre, as historians show,
To set his Euridice free.
All Hell was astonish'd, a person so wise
Should so rashly endanger his life,
And venture so far! But how vast their surprise
When they heard that he came for his wife.

"To find out a punishment due to the fault
Old Pluto had puzzled his brain;
But Hell had not torments sufficient he thought,
So he gave him his _wife_ back again.
But pity succeeding, soon mov'd his hard heart,
And, pleas'd with his playing so well,
_He took her again_, in reward of his Art;
Such power had Music in Hell!"

G. M. B.

_Flemish Refugees._--In the troubled times of the Reformation, England
was not seldom the refuge for Flemings who, for the sake of religion,
abandoned their country. Among these was Mr. Joos Tuck, who, according
to a consistorial decision of Dec. 14, 1582, was proposed by G. Van Den
Haute, then pastor at Sluis, to the brethren of the Flemish Class, since
"they had taken knowledge of the sound and good gifts of their brother."
He left Sluis soon after, probably in July, 1583, and withdrew to
England. I should be glad to learn what befell him there.

Peter Lambert was a student of the University of Ghent: though, as far
as I am aware, he is not {197} mentioned in Te Water's _History of the
Reformed Church and University in Ghent_. On July 21, 1583, a student
made known his wish to propose himself as candidate for the ministry;
and on August 4 appeared Peter Lambert, student of the University of
Ghent, before the consistory, requesting the brethren to grant him the
twenty-five guilders which had been promised; because, on account of
the troubled state of the country, he wished to flee to England, on
which request was decided: "Since a well-known and pious brother, who is
compelled to flee, is in need of help, let the deacons and _pensionary_
of the town be addressed thereon." Very probably, therefore, he also took
refuge in England. Can any one give me farther information?--From the
_Navorscher_.

J. H. VAN DALE.

_"Sad are the rose leaves," &c._--Can you or any of your correspondents
tell me whence come the following lines?--

"Sad are the rose leaves which betoken
That there the dead lie buried low;
But sadder, when the heart is broken,
Are smiles upon the lips of woe."

They are quoted from memory from the album of a lady friend.

ISELDUNENSIS.

_Wanted, the original_ habitat _of the following Sentences_:

1. "Ministeriun circa, non magisterium supra, Scriptures."

2. "Virtus rectorem ducemque desiderat, vitia sine magistro discuntur."

3. "In necessariis unitas, in non-necessariis libertas, in omnibus
charitas."

4. "Exiguum est ad legem bonum esse." Wetstein assigns this last to
Seneca, _Epist._ 17.; but there is some error. It very likely is in
Seneca.

5. "Verbum audimus, motum sentimus, præsentiam credimus, modum nescimus."
Durandus is the author.

6. "En rem indignam! nos qui jam tot annos sumus doctores S. Theologiæ,
denuo cogimur adire ludos literarios." Spoken by the adversaries of
Erasmus.

What is the earliest authority for the story of St. John and his
partridge?

Will MR. BOLTON CORNEY be kind enough to explain the occasion of Porson's
notable speech recorded on the last page of his _Curiosities Illustrated_?

His sagacity was not at fault in suspecting a French origin for
D'Israeli's story, p. 89. See Bassompière, in _Retrospective Review_,
xiii. 346.

S. Z. Z. S.

_Tea-marks._--Accident threw in my way lately a catalogue of a large
sale of teas in Mincing Lane; and my attention was drawn to certain
marks against the several lots, which appeared to indicate particular
qualities, but to me, as uninitiated, perfectly incomprehensible. In this
dilemma I asked one of our principal brokers the meaning of all this,
and I was informed that teas are sampled and tasted by the brokers, and
divided in the main into seven classes, distinguished as follows:

[Illustration]

Can any of your correspondents tell us when this classification was
first introduced, or the origin of the first two characters? Can they
be Chinese, and the names given from some fancied resemblance to the
gallows, or the letter _T_ turned sideways? My friend the broker, though
a very intelligent man, could give me no information whatever on these
points.

W. T.

42. Lowndes Square.

_William the Conqueror's Surname._--Had William a surname? If so, what
was it? By surname I mean such as is transmitted from father to son, not
the epithets he used to bestow on himself in documents, as "I, William
the Bastard," "I, William the Conqueror," &c.

TEE BEE.

_Old Saying._--

"Merry be the first
And merry be the last,
And merry be the first of August."

Having frequently heard this old saying, I take the liberty of asking,
through your much valued paper, it any of your readers are able to tell
me its origin?

EDM. L. BAGSHAWE.

Bath Literary Institution.

_To pluck a Crow with One._--It is a common expression in all ranks, I
believe, of this country, to speak of "plucking a crow" with such a one;
meaning to call him to account for some delinquency. Can any of your
correspondents inform me of the origin of the phrase?

W. W.

_"Well's a fret."_--When, after a short pause in conversation, any
one utters the interjection, "Well!" it is a very common practice in
Nottingham to say:

"... and _well's a fret_,
He that dies for love will not be hang'd for debt."

I have asked a great number of persons for an explanation, but they all
use the phrase without any meaning. Can you, or any of your readers, tell
me if it have any; or if it be only nonsensical doggrel?

DEVONIENSIS.

{198}

_Pay the Piper._--This expression surely has a firm foundation. Can any
of your correspondents trace it?

W. T. M.

Hong Kong.

_Greek Inscription upon a Font, mentioned by Jeremy Taylor._--

"This was ingeniously signified by that Greek inscription upon
a font, which is so prettily contrived, that the words may be
read after the Greek or after the Hebrew manner, and be exactly
the same:

'Νίψον ἀνόμημα, μὴ μόναν ὄψιν,'

'Lord, wash my sin, and not my face only.'"--_Life of Christ_,
part i. sect. 9. disc. 6., "On Baptism," vol. ii. p. 235.,
Eden's edition.

Can any reader of "N. & Q." state the bishop's authority for this
ingenious device?

A. TAYLOR.

_Acharis._--The following is extracted from Dugdale's _Monasticon_:

"Radulphus Wicliff armiger tenet in Wicliff duas partes
decimarum de dominicis quondam _Acharis_, quondam ad 5. s.
modò nihil quia ut dicit sunt inclusæ in parco suo, ideo ad
consilium."

What is the meaning of the term _Acharis_, and of the passage? It is an
extract from the _Rentale spiritualium Possessionum atque temporalium
Prioratus Sancti Martini juxta Richmund in agro Eboracensi_.

A. W. H.

_Attainment of Majority._--Professor DE MORGAN will, I am sure, permit me
to put this question to him:

In a short treatise "On Ancient and Modern Usage in Reckoning," written
by him for the _Companion to the Almanac_ of 1850, he explains, at page
9., the usage of attainment of majority in these words:

"Nevertheless in the law, which here preserves _the old
reckoning_, he is of full age on the 9th: though he were born
on the 10th, he is of age to execute a settlement _a minute
after midnight_ on the morning of the 9th."

I want to have this statement reconciled with the opening scene of Ben
Jonson's _Staple of News_, where Pennyboy jun. counts, as his watch
strikes--"one, two, three, four, five, six!"--

"Enough, enough, dear watch,
Thy pulse hath beat enough
--The hour is come so long expected," &c.

Then "the fashioner" comes in to fit on the heir's new clothes; he had
"waited below 'till the clock struck," and gives, as an excuse, "your
worship might have pleaded _nonage_, if you had got 'em on ere I could
make just affidavit of the time."

All these particulars are too _verbatim_ to admit of doubt as to the
peculiar usage of that time; and from other sources I know that Ben
Jonson was right: but it is not alluded to in the treatise first
mentioned, nor is it stated when the usage was altered to "a minute after
midnight."

A. E. B.

Leeds.

_Hartman's Account of Waterloo._--In the note to the 3rd Canto of _Childe
Harold_, Stanza 29, Lord Byron says:

"The place where Major Howard fell was not far from two tall
and solitary trees, which stand a few yards from each other at
a pathway's side. Beneath these he died and was buried. The
body has since been removed to England."

I have a copy on which one has written--

"Hartman's account is full and interesting. He was in
conversation with Major Howard when he was killed; and
afterwards gave directions for his burial. Though no poet, he
could describe graphically what he saw and did."

The position of Hartman, and his apparent familiarity with Major Howard,
seem to take him out of the herd of writers on Waterloo; but I cannot
learn who he was, or what he wrote. Can any of your readers tell me? The
note may have been made in mere wantonness, but it looks genuine.

G. D.

_Henry Chicheley, Archbishop of Canterbury._--When was Henry Chicheley,
Archbishop of Canterbury, born; who, Camden tells us, was the "greatest
ornament" of Higham Ferrers? I have seen his birth somewhere stated to
have taken place in the year 1360; but no day or month was given. I
should also be glad to know to what extent he was a contributor towards
the restoration of Croydon Church, the tower and porch of which bear his
arms?

R. W. ELLIOT.

_Translation of Athenæus._--I find, in the _Classical Journal_, xxxviii.
11., published in 1828, that an English translation of Athenæus had been
completed before his death by R. Fenton, Esq., F.R.S., author of the
_History of Pembrokeshire_. The writer farther says: "We have reason to
believe that the MS. is now in possession of his son, the Rev. S. Fenton,
Vicar of Fishguard in Pembrokeshire." Has this version, or any part of
it, ever been published?

P. J. F. GANTILLON, B.A.

_Passages from Euripides._--Rogers translates two fine passages from
Euripides:

"There is a streamlet issuing from a rock," &c.

and

"Dear is that valley to the murmuring bees," &c.

Where is the original Greek to be found?

_Anderson's Royal Genealogies._--Is there any memoir or biographical
account extant of James Anderson, D.D., the learned compiler of that most
excellent and valuable work bearing the above title, and published in
London, 1732, fol.?

{199}

Minor Queries with Answers.

_Louis le Hutin._--When or for what reason was the _sobriquet_ "Hutin"
attached to Louis X. of France? And what is the meaning of "Hutin?"

F. S. A.

[_Hutin_ is defined by Roquefort, _brusque_, _emporté_, _querelleur_,
from the Low Latin _Hutinus_; and in illustrating the word he furnishes
the following reply to our correspondent's Query: "Mezerai rapporte que
Louis X. fut surnommé _Hutin_, parceque, dès son enfance, il aimait à
quereller et à se battre, et que ce surnom fut lui donné par allusion
à un petit maillet dont se servent les tonneliers, appelé _hutinet_,
parce-qu'il fait beaucoup de bruit."]

* * * * *

Replies.

BEE-PARK--BEE-HALL.

(Vol. v., pp. 322. 498.)

Enjoying as we do the advantages of the extension of scientific
knowledge, and its application to our routine of daily wants, we are
apt to forget that our forefathers were without many things we deem
essentials. Your correspondents C. W. G. and B. B. have touched upon a
curious feature of antiquity, which science and commerce have rendered
obsolete. Yet, before the introduction of sugar, bees were important
ministers to the luxuries of the great, as mentioned at the above-cited
pages. I was struck with the following passage in the first forest
charter of King Henry III.:

"Every freeman ... shall likewise have the honey which shall be
found in his woods."

This, in a charter second only in importance, perhaps, to Magna Charta
itself, sounds strange to our ideas; moderns would not think it a very
royal boon. But the note with which Mr. R. Thomson (_Historical Essay
on the Magna Charta of King John_, p. 352.) illustrates this passage is
interesting, and, though rather long, may be worth insertion in your
columns:

"The second part of this chapter secures to the woodland
proprietor all the honey found in his woods; which was
certainly a much more important gift than it would at first
appear, since the Hon. Daines Barrington remarks, that perhaps
there has been no lawsuit or question concerning it for the
last three hundred years. In the middle ages, however, the
use of honey was very extensive in England, as sugar was not
brought hither until the fifteenth century; and it was not
only a general substitute for it in preserving, but many of
the more luxurious beverages were principally composed of it,
as mead, metheglin, pigment, and morat, and these were famous
from the Saxon days, down even to the time of the present
charter (1217). In the old Danish and Swedish laws bees form a
principal subject; and honey was a considerable article of rent
in Poland, in which it was a custom to bind any one who stole
it to the tree whence it was taken. The Baron de Mayerberg also
relates, that when he travelled in Muscovy in 1661, he saw
trees there expressly adapted to receive bees, which even those
who felled their own wood were enjoined to take down in such a
manner that they who prepared them should have the benefit of
the honey. Nor was the wax of less importance to the woodland
proprietors of England, since candles of tallow are said to
have been first used only in 1290, and those of wax were so
great a luxury, that in some places they were unknown: but a
statute concerning wax-chandlers, passed in 1433 (the 11th of
Henry VI. chap. 12.), states that wax was then used in great
quantities for the images of saints. Only referring, however,
to the well-known use of large wax tapers by King Alfred in
the close of the ninth century, it may be observed that in the
laws of Hoel Dha, king of South Wales, which are acknowledged
as authentic historical documents, made about A.D. 940, of
much older materials, is mentioned the right of the king's
chamberlain to as much wax as he could bite from the end of
a taper."--_Coke_; _Manwood_; _Barrington_; _Statutes of the
Realm_.

Perhaps you will allow a few words more in illustration of B. B.'s Query
(Vol. v., p. 498.). A recent correspondent, writing of some modern
experiments on the venom of toads, suggests the propriety of contributing
to a list of "vulgar errors" which have proved to be "vulgar truths." It
would not much surprise me to learn that, after all, the popular belief
in the efficacy of the rough music of the key and warming-pan might be
added to his list. At all events the reason stated by B. B. to prove its
uselessness, viz. that bees have no sense of hearing, must, I think, be
abandoned, as a Query of MR. SYDNEY SMIRKE (Vol. vii., p. 499.), and an
answer (Vol. vii., p. 633.), will show. That all insects are possessed
of hearing, naturalists seem now as well convinced of as that they have
eyes; though some naturalists formerly considered they were not, as
Linnæus and Bonnet; while Huber (his interesting observations on bees
notwithstanding) seems to have been quite undecided on the point. Bees,
as well as all other insects, hear through the medium of their antennæ,
which in a subordinate degree are used as feelers; observing which,
perhaps, Huber and others were indisposed to ascribe to them the sense in
question.

In reference to MR. SYDNEY SMIRKE'S Query, so far from other naturalists
confirming Huber's observations as to the effect produced by the sound
emitted by the _Sphynx atropos_ on the bees, besides Dr. Bevan (quoted
Vol. vii., p. 633.), the intelligent entomologist, Mr. Duncan, author
of the entomological portion of _The Naturalist's Library_ (vol. xxxiv.
pp. 53-55.), completely disproves them. He tells us that he has closely
watched bees, and has seen the queen attack the larva cells; but the
sentinels, notwithstanding the reiteration of the queenly sound, so far
from remaining motionless, {200} held their sovereign in check, and
stubbornly persisted in the defence of their charge against the attacks
of their queen and mother. Besides this disproval of the incapacitation
of bees by the emission of a sound, another from the experiments of Huber
himself may be mentioned. He introduced a _Sphynx atropos_ into a hive in
the daytime, and it was immediately attacked and killed by the workers.
Query, Might not the explanation of the robbery of hives by this moth be,
that the darkness of night incapacitates the bees, while it is the time
nature has provided for the wanderings of the _Sphynx_?

TEE BEE.

* * * * *

MILTON'S WIDOW.

(Vol. vii., p. 596.; Vol. viii., pp. 12. 134.)

A contribution of mine to the miscellaneous vol. of the Chetham Society's
publications having been introduced to your readers by the handsome
notice of MR. HUGHES, I feel bound to notice the objection raised by
your correspondent GARLICHITHE (Vol. viii., p. 134.), who has confounded
Randle the _grandfather_ and Randle the _son_ of the writer of these
letters quoted by Mr. Hunter. Richard Minshull, who was the writer of
these letters in 1656, and died in the following year, had several sons,
of whom the eldest, Randle, correctly described by MR. HUGHES as the
great-great-grandson of the Minshull who first settled at Wistaston,
had seven children, of whom Elizabeth, the widow of Milton, was one.
She was baptized at Wistaston on the 30th Dec. 1638. In 1680 (about six
years after her husband's death), by means of a family arrangement with
Richard Minshull of Wistaston, frame-work knitter, who, there can be
little doubt, was her brother, evidenced by a bond in my possession, she
acquired a leasehold interest in a farm at Brindley, near Nantwich. On
the 20th July, 1720, by her name and description of Elizabeth Milton, of
Nantwich, widow, she administered to the effects of her brother, John
Minshull, in the Consistory Court of Chester; and her will, the probate
of which is also in my possession, is dated 22nd August, and proved 10th
October, 1727. MR. HUGHES having given a reference to the volume where
this information will be found in detail, a reference to it might have
saved GARLICHITHE the trouble of starting an objection, and shown him
that, so far from the facts stated being irreconcilable with Mr. Hunter's
tract, that gentleman's reference to Randle Holme's _Correspondence_
was suggested by a communication of my own to _The Athenæum_, and in
its turn furnished me with the clue from which I eventually ascertained
the particulars of Mrs. Milton's birth and parentage. I am sorry to say
that I have wholly failed in finding the register of her marriage: it is
not in the register-book of her native place. It might be worth while
to search the register of the parishes in which Milton's residence in
Jewin Street, and Dr. Paget's in Coleman Street, are situate. There is
no uncertainty as to the date, which Aubrey tells us was in "the yeare
before the sicknesse."

Though CRANMORE (Vol. v., p. 327.) is said to be a deserter from the
ranks of "N. & Q.," I hope he is known to some of your readers, and that
they will convey to him a hint that he is under something like a promise
to furnish information, which, as regards Dr. Paget's connexion with the
poet's widow, will still be welcome.

J. F. MARSH.

Despite his acknowledged infidelity, I must tender my thanks to
GARLICHITHE for his obliging reference to Mr. Hunter's tract; albeit
there is, I may be permitted to suggest, no position assumed in any note
upon Milton's widow which that tract in any way contravenes or sets
aside. The fact is, GARLICHITHE, in the outset, entirely misapprehends
the nature of my argument; and so leads himself, by a sort of literary
"Will-o-the-wisp," unconsciously astray.

It was not Randle the _grandfather_ of Richard Minshull, writer of the
two letters transcribed by Mr. Hunter, but Randle the eldest _son_ of
this Richard Minshull to whom I referred as the father of Elizabeth
Milton. Nor is it _possible_ that this Elizabeth could have "died in
infancy," seeing that I possess a copy of a bond (the original is also
extant) from her brother Richard, then of Wistaston, where he was
baptized April 7, 1641, secured to her as Elizabeth _Milton_, dated June
4, 1680.

As to the marriage itself, it may have taken place in London, where the
poet resided; or, which is more probable, at or near the residence of
their mutual friend, Dr. Paget. Milton was certainly not over-careful
about ritual observances, and it is not therefore unlikely that the rigid
Puritan preferred a private, or what is termed a civil marriage, to one
religiously and properly conducted in the church of his forefathers.

T. HUGHES.

* * * * *

PECULIAR ORNAMENT IN CROSTHWAITE CHURCH.

(Vol. viii., p. 55.)

It is probable that these circles with eight radiations are the original
dedication-crosses of the church. Such crosses are still to be seen
painted on the piers of the nave in Roman Catholic churches. Durandus,
describing the consecration of a church, says:

"In the meanwhile within the building twelve lamps be burning
before twelve crosses, which be depicted on the walls of the
church.... Lastly, he [the bishop] anointeth with chrism the
twelve crosses {201} depicted on the wall."--Durandus _On
Symbolism_, ed. Neale and Webb, p. 115.

In the Pontifical, _De Ecclesiæ Dedicatione_, the rubric directs,--

"Item, depingantur in parietibus Ecclesiæ intrinsecùs per
circuitum duodecim cruces, circa decem palmos super terram,
videlicet tres pro quolibet, ex quatuor parietibus. Et ad
caput cujuslibet crucis figatur unus clavus, cui affigatur una
candela unius unciæ."

Dedication-crosses occur at Salisbury Cathedral, and at Uffington Church,
Berks, and in both cases on the exterior of the buildings.

The crosses at Salisbury are seven in number, viz. one over each
side-door at the west end, two on the buttresses of the north and south
transepts, two on the buttresses of the east end, and one in the centre
of the east wall. The number at Uffington is twelve, disposed as follows:
Three under the east window, three under the west window, one under the
south window of the south transept, one under the north window of the
north transept, one on the south wall of the nave, one on the north wall
of the nave, one on the south wall of the chancel, and one in the east
wall of the south transept. In each case the crosses have been of brass
inlaid in the wall, with the exception of one, which is of stone, and of
more elaborate design. The _rationale_ of dedication-crosses, according
to Durandus, is,--

"First, as a terror to evil spirits, that they, having been
driven forth thence, may be terrified when they see the sign
of the cross, and may not presume to enter therein again.
Secondly, as a mark of triumph; for crosses be the banners of
CHRIST, and the signs of his triumph.... Thirdly, that such
as look on them may call to mind the passion of CHRIST, by
which he hath consecrated his Church, and their belief in his
passion," &c.--Page 125.

Under these aspects the exterior would seem the more fitting, and may
have been the original position of them. Perhaps MR. ELLIOT will inform
us what is the number of crosses at Crosthwaite?

CHEVERELLS.

* * * * *

CURIOUS MISTRANSLATIONS.

(Vol. vi., p. 321.)

I have found, in _D'Israeli's Curiosities of Literature_, two or three
instances in which he mistranslates from the French. The first occurs in
the following passage in the article headed "Inquisition:"

"Once all were Turks when they were not Romanists. Raymond,
Count of Toulouse, was constrained to submit. _The inhabitants
were passed on the edge of the sword_, without distinction of
age or sex."

From the words which I have marked for Italics, it is clear that
D'Israeli translated the passage from some French author; but not being
aware of the idiomatic expression "passer au fil de l'épée," and that it
means "to put to the sword," he translated the words in their literal
sense, which in English is no sense at all.

The second example will be found in the article headed "Mysteries,
Moralities," &c. D'Israeli quotes some extracts from the _Mystery of St.
Dennis_, and concludes with the following on the subject of baptism:

"Sire, oyez que fait ce fol prestre:
Il prend de l'yaue _en_ une escuelle,
Et gete aux gens sur le cervele,
Et dit que _partants_ sont sauvés."

which he translates thus:

"Sir, hear what this mad priest does:
He takes water _out of_ a ladle,
And, throwing it at people's heads,
He says that _when they depart_ they are saved!"

The error of "out of" for "into" is unimportant; but not so where
he renders "partants" by "when they depart." The word "partant," in
the original, is an adverb, and means "thereupon," "forthwith." This
D'Israeli has mistaken for "partant," the participle of "partir:" and
hence the erroneous construction given to the passage.

A third sample occurs in the same article, where the author quotes from
one of the dramas called _Sotties_, a passage in which are these lines:

"Tuer les gens pour leurs plaisirs,
_Jouer le leur_, l'autrui saisir."

These he translates as follows:

"Killing people for their pleasures,
_Minding their own interests_, and seizing on what belongs to another."

Here we have "jouer le leur," to gamble, rendered by "to mind their
own interests;" a rather equivocal method, it must be confessed, of
accomplishing that object.

These are among the very few instances in which D'Israeli, by quoting
from the original authorities, enables us to form an opinion as to
the correctness of his anecdotes; and when we consider that by far
the greater proportion of these are drawn from French sources, there
is reason to apprehend that they may not have always been given with
sufficient fidelity. I am confirmed in this view by another quotation
which D'Israeli seems to have misunderstood. He is speaking of the feudal
custom of the French barons, according to which they were allowed to
cohabit with the new bride during the first three nights after marriage.
Upon this he remarks:

"Montesquieu is infinitely French when he could turn this
shameful species of tyranny into a bon mot; for he boldly
observes on this: 'C'était bien ces trois nuits là qu'il
fallait choisir; car pour les autres on {202} n'aurait pas
donné beaucoup d'argent.' The legislator, in the wit, forgot
the feelings of his heart."

I have never been able to conceive what meaning D'Israeli could have
attached to this quotation from Montesquieu, so as to torture it into a
_bon mot_. Not only is there nothing of the kind in the words he quotes,
but there is not even an attempt at it. The writer merely suggests a
reason for the preference given to the first three nights; and in doing
so he expresses the sentiments of the barons, and not his own. And yet,
it is upon this strange misapprehension of Montesquieu's meaning, that
D'Israeli lays at the door of that illustrious man the imputation of
being "infinitely French," and of forgetting, for the sake of a _bon
mot_, the feelings of his heart!

HENRY H. BREEN.

St. Lucia.

* * * * *

"TO SPEAK IN LUTESTRING."

(Vol. iii., p. 188.)

The Query on the meaning of the phrase "to speak in lutestring," used by
Philo-Junius, has remained so long without an answer, that to attempt to
give one now seems almost to require an apology. I will however do so. In
Letter XLVII., dated May 28, 1771, Philo-Junius says:

"I was led to trouble you with these observations by a passage,
which, _to speak in lutestring_, 'I met with this morning in
the course of my reading,' and upon which I mean to put a
question to the advocates for privilege."

Now we know, that if two lutes, or other stringed instruments, be placed
near each other, when a chord of one of them is struck, the corresponding
chord of the other will vibrate in unison, and give a similar note; one
lutestring will echo the other. The story of the maiden who believed
that the spirit of her dead lover was near her, because his harp sounded
responsive notes to hers, and who died heart-broken when she was
undeceived, is sufficiently well known. "To speak in lutestring" is then
to speak as another man's echo; and Philo-Junius here was the echo of the
Duke of Grafton, and used this affected phrase derisively, as being a
favourite, or at least well-known expression of his. In a letter which is
appended as a note to Letter XX., and which is dated six days previous to
the one just quoted, viz. May 22, 1771, he says:

"But Junius has a great authority to support him, which, _to
speak with the Duke of Grafton_, 'I accidentally met with this
morning in the course of my reading.' It contains an admonition
which cannot be repeated too often," &c.

I have not found the phrase "to speak in lutestring" anywhere else; but
I think, from a comparison of these two quotations, that it must mean
what I have supposed it to mean--to speak as the echo or exact repeater
of another man's words. Where can instances be found of the Duke of
Grafton's using this expression, which Philo-Junius ridicules?

W. FRASER.

Tor-Mohun.

* * * * *

BURIAL IN UNCONSECRATED PLACES.

(Vol. vi. _passim._)

So many interesting notices have been made by your correspondents on the
subject of peculiar interments,--skipping about from one part of the
country to another, and dropping down from the south into Lincolnshire,
as if in search of farther instances,--that I am induced to add to the
number of records, by stating the fact as to the late Mr. Dent, of
Winterton, whose body, at his particular request, was deposited after his
death in his own garden, on the south of the house in Winterton, where he
not only lived but died.

Friend Jonathan, as he was familiarly called, was a man of shrewd
understanding, and possessing strong common sense; yet, like others,
he had his failings, and amongst them the _amor nummi_ was not the
least obtrusive. As a very wealthy man he was looked up to by a little
aspiring community of Quakers in the neighbourhood; and his own dress,
when in a better suit, exhibited an appearance of his connexion with that
fraternity.

The Quakers had a small burial-ground at Thealby, in the parish of
Burton-upon-Stother, which I some years ago had the curiosity to inspect,
but such a forlorn lost place for such a sober and serious purpose I
never in my life before looked upon; it is posited at a little distance
from the public road entering Thealby from Winterton, where no doubt at
one time stood a lot of cottages and crofts, surrounded by common stone
walls, made from the flat stone of the neighbourhood. But so small and
so neglected was this burial place, that I could compare it to nothing
better than an old parish pinfold; it had been so little attended to
when I visited it, that the whole area was under a most luxuriant crop
of flourishing nettles, six or seven feet high. And as to graves, or the
purport of its occupation, we could see nothing; and yet its position was
such that with ordinary attention it might have been even a picturesque
spot, having three or four large trees overlooking it.

Upon an after inquiry I was told that a funeral had lately taken
place here, at which Friend Jonathan was the presiding attendant. But
in preparation for this ceremony they had found so much difficulty
in stubbing up the strong nettles, and digging the roots to form a
decent grave; and it was after all so difficult to find comfortable
standing-room about the grave, that I have ever {203} since concluded
that Mr. Dent must have been disgusted with it, as, upon depositing their
lost friend in the earth, he, as spokesman, thought it unnecessary to
make any observations, and he recommended that they should at once cover
the body up; and so it was done.

That Mr. Dent had any antipathy to the church I do not know, but that he
had a great dislike to paying unnecessary fees I have a good recollection
of. Before his death he requested that his body should be deposited in
his own garden; and his request was attended to by his nephew.

After the old gentleman's death, the present Mr. Dent, with a
praiseworthy attention, repaired and restored in the Elizabethan style
the old dilapidated dwelling-house and homestead where his uncle lived.
And I one day paid a visit to the grave, which is an unpretending ridge
on a well-mown grass-plat, and which, with the house and ground, appeared
to be properly attended to; and so, I presume, it continues to be.

WM. T. HESLEDEN.

J. H. M., in bringing forward Baskerville as an example of this unusual
occurrence, says, that "he directed he should be buried under a
_windmill_ near his garden." In a volume of Epitaphs, printed at Ipswich
in 1806, once the property of Archdeacon Nares, and containing several
MS. notes by him, Baskerville's is given, with a note by the editor, in
which he is stated to have been "inurned according to his own desire in a
_conical building_ near his late widow's house." The epitaph, written by
Baskerville himself, commences with these lines--

"Stranger,
Beneath this _cone_, in _unconsecrated_ ground,
A friend to the liberties of mankind directed
His body to be inurned."

The expression in each case, respecting the place of his interment, seems
scarcely strong enough for us to conclude it was a _windmill_. Perhaps J.
H. M. will kindly favour me with the authority for his statement. Nares
has made the following note on the epitaph at the bottom of the page:

"I heard John Wilkes, after praising Baskerville, add, 'But he
was a terrible infidel; he used to shock me!'"

R. W. ELLIOT.

Clifton.

* * * * *

PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE.

[At the suggestion of several correspondents we have reprinted
from _The Athenæum_ of the 22nd Nov. 1851, the article
detailing the new process by Mr. Muller referred to by the Rev.
MR. SISSON in our last Number.]

_Mr. Muller's Process._--"The following photographic process has been
communicated to us by Mr. C. J. Muller, from Patna in the East Indies.
We have submitted it to an experienced photographer; and he informs us
that it offers many advantages over the Talbotype or the Catalissotype
of Dr. Woods, which it somewhat resembles; that it is easy in all its
manipulatory details, and certain in its results. We give Mr. Muller's
own words--

"'A solution of hydriodate of iron is made in the proportion of eight
or ten grains of iodide of iron to one ounce of water. This solution I
prepare in the ordinary way with iodine, iron-turnings, and water.--The
ordinary paper employed in photography is dressed on one side with a
solution of nitrate of lead (fifteen grains of the salt to an ounce
of water). When dry, this paper is iodized either by immersing it
completely in the solution of the hydriodate of iron, or by floating
the leaded surface on the solution. It is removed after the lapse of a
minute or two, and lightly dried with blotting-paper. This paper now
contains iodide of lead and protonitrate of iron. While still moist, it
is rendered sensitive by a solution of nitrate of silver (one hundred
grains to the ounce) and placed in the camera. After an exposure of the
duration generally required for Talbot's paper, it may be removed to a
dark room. If the image is not already out, it will be found speedily
to appear in great strength and with beautiful sharpness _without any
farther application_. The yellow tinge of the lights may be removed by a
little hyposulphite of soda, though simple washing in water seems to be
sufficient to fix the picture. The nitrate of lead nay be omitted; and
plain paper only, treated with the solution of the hydriodate of iron,
and acetic acid may be used with the nitrate of silver, which renders it
more sensitive. The lead, however, imparts a peculiar colorific effect.
The red tinge brought about by the lead may be changed to a black one by
the use of a dilute solution of sulphate of iron:--by which, indeed, the
latent image may be very quickly developed. The papers however will not
keep after being iodized.'

"Mr. Muller suggests, that as iodide of lead is completely soluble in
nitrate of silver, it might furnish a valuable photographic fluid, which
could be applied at any moment when required.

"No small degree of interest attaches to this process, originating in
experiments carried on in Central India. It appears perfectly applicable
to the albumenized glass and collodion processes."

_Detail on Negative Paper._--I have not observed before this, that any
photographic operator has "noted" the burnishing of the iodised paper
previous to adding the exciting solution, though I know it is usual to
burnish before taking a proof. This is a very useful adjunct to obtaining
minuteness, and it is a plan I have sometimes adopted. I at first thought
it would injure or knock off the iodized surface, but no injury whatever
arises from the rubbing. I use a small piece of glass rod, polished flat
at one end, so that it may present {204} a facet about half an inch
square; but I should imagine a better instrument might be manufactured
with a proper handle, and some mode of obtaining pressure; not obtaining
sufficient is the cause of a little after-disarrangement if the nitrate
of silver is laid on with a brush, but if floated the polish remains.

It cannot be doubted but paper is adequate to any detail; and when a
paper shall be manufactured of a perfect kind, there is no reason to
suppose but paper generally will rival collodion for most purposes.

Nothing prevents it at present but the uneven surface of paper. It is
very nearly perfect in the French negative paper; but that has so many
other drawbacks to its use that it cannot be safely depended upon. Our
manufacturers have still some improvements to make; for if Canson Frères
had left out the blackening chemical in the paper, it would have been
better than any of ours in my estimation.

WELD TAYLOR.

_Ammonio-nitrate of Silver._--Will any of your scientific correspondents
explain the chemical cause of my inability to form the ammonio-nitrate
of silver from a solution of nitrate of silver upon which albumenized
paper has been previously floated? Having excited some albumenized paper
on a forty-grain solution of nitrate of silver, I kept the solution
which had not been consumed for the purpose of converting it into
the ammonio-nitrate. But on dropping in the ammonia, not only did no
precipitate take place, but the ammoniacal smell which usually gives
place to the tarry odour remained. No albumen appeared to be dissolved
from the paper, and the solution had lost none of its silver, which
I subsequently collected by means of having formed a chloride. This
has occurred to me more than once, and I call attention to it, as the
investigation of it may lead to some new results.

PHILO-PHO.

* * * * *

Replies to Minor Queries.

"_Up, Guards, and at them!_" (Vol. v., p. 426.; Vol. viii., pp. 111.
184.).--It will, I hope, close all debate on this anecdote, to state that
the account I gave of it in Vol. v., p. 426., was from the Duke himself.
I thought it very unlike him to have given his order in such a phrase,
and I asked him how the fact was, and he answered me to the effect I have
already stated.

_German Heraldry_ (Vol. viii., p. 150.).--Your Querist will probably find
what he inquires for in Fursten's _German Arms_, published at Nurenberg
in folio, 1696. The plates are sometimes divided and bound in three
or four oblong volumes. The work known as Fursten's _German Arms_ was
commenced by Siebmacker, continued by Furst and Helman, and, in 1714, by
Weigel. It is often quoted under these respective names; but of later
years, more frequently under that of Weigel's _Book of German Arms_
(Weigel Wapenbuch). It consists of six Parts, and professes to give the
arms of the principal nobility of the Roman kingdom: dukes, princes,
princely counts; lords and persons of position, foregone and existing, in
all the provinces and states of the German empire. The Preface is by John
David Köhler.

In the year 1698 a book was published by J. A. Rudolphi, at Nurenberg,
entitled _Heraldica Curiosa_. It is in German, a thin folio, with an
innumerable quantity of engravings of the arms of German families.

J. B.

_The Eye_ (Vol. viii., p. 25.).--I hope that interesting question raised
by your correspondent H. C. K., respecting the term "apple of the eye,"
will meet with attention from some philologist. It might help to solve
it, if it could be discovered when the phrase first came into use in our
language. Is it possible that the word "apple" is a corruption of the
Latin "pupilla?" or is it, according to H. C. K.'s suggestion, that the
iris, and not the pupil, is taken to represent an apple? Doubtless your
learned correspondent is aware that in Zech. ii. 12. the Hebrew phrase
is varied, the word‎ ‏בָּבָה‎‏ being used, and occurring only in this
passage. If Gesenius's derivation of this word be correct, which makes
it to signify "the gate of the eye," we have this idea put into a fresh
shape. Have not the Arabs a phrase, "He is dearer to me than the _pupil_
of mine eye," as well as the other one, "The man of the eye?" Curiously
enough, the Greeks express this idea by another word than κόρη, viz.
γλήνη (_i. e._ κόρης αὐγή, the splendour of the pupil (kin. αἴγλη), or
the pupil itself, οφθαλμου κόρη), in which the change of signification
is exactly the converse of what it is in κόρη; viz., 1st, pupil; 2nd, a
little girl; whence, as a term of reproach, ἔῤῥε κακὴ γλήνη.

QUÆSTOR.

_Canute's Point, Southampton_ (Vol. vii., p. 380.).--A correspondent
having noticed the inscription on the Canute Castle Inn, Southampton,
inquires for proof to authenticate the locality of the tradition referred
to. I submit the following extract from a local history:

"Canute's Point was a projection of the shore near the mouth
of the Itchen, where it is supposed the celebrated but
much-embellished reproof to his courtiers was administered;
and it was preserved by a line of piles driven into the beach,
until the construction of the docks, which effaced the old
beach line. Of Canute's Palace there are still a few remains,
and the position fully justifies the presumption of its
identity."

These piles were, I believe, in existence in the year 1836, when the act
for the construction of the docks was obtained.

WILLIAM SPOOR.

{205}

_Symon Patrick, Bishop of Ely--Durham--Weston_ (Vol. viii., p. 103.).--

"Edward Weston, A. B. 1723, A. M. 1727, born at Eton, son of
Steven Weston of 1682, Bishop of Exeter. He was secretary to
Lord Townsend at Hanover, during the king's residence there
in 1729. He continued several years in the office of Lord
Harrington as secretary. He was also _transmitter_ (query,
_translator_?) of the State Papers, and one of the clerks
to the Signet. In 1741 he was appointed gazetteer, a place
of considerable emolument. In 1746 he was secretary to Lord
Harrington, Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, and became a privy
councillor of that kingdom. He published, though a layman, a
volume of sermons. His son is now [viz. 1797] a prebendary
of Durham and St. Paul's, and rector of Therfield near
Royston."--Harwood's _Alumni Etonenses_, p. 300., under 1719.

Corkenhatch must be Cockenhatch, near Barkway.

J. H. L.

_Battle of Villers en Couché_ (Vol. viii., pp. 8. 127.).--An
authoritative record of this action may be found in--

"An Historical Journal of the British Campaign on the
Continent, in the year 1794; with the Retreat through Holland,
in the year 1795. By Captain L. T. Jones, of the 14th regiment.
Dedicated, by permission, to his Royal Highness Field Marshal
the Duke of York. Printed for the Author. Birmingham, 1797."

The list of subscribers contains about a hundred names. There is a copy
of it in the British Museum. The one now before me is rendered more
valuable by copious marginal notes, evidently written by the author,
which are at the service of your correspondents. They furnish the
following extraordinary instance of personal bravery:

"The same officer of this corps (3rd dragoon guards), who bore
off the corpse of General Mansell, relates some particulars
in the action of the 24th, under Gen. Otto:--that a man of
the name of Barnes, who had been unfortunately reduced from a
serjeant to the ranks, had bravely advanced, doing execution
on the enemy, till his retreat was foreclosed, and he was seen
engaged with five French dragoons at once; all of these he
fairly cut down, when nine more came upon him, whom he faced
and fairly kept at bay, till one of them got behind him, and
shot the brave fellow in the head."

In reference to the action of the 26th, Captain Jones observes:

"It is not possible to describe the bravery of the army on that
day, nearly the whole of the British cavalry were engaged, and
gained immortal honour."

The Duke of York's address to the army, published on the 28th of April,
thus concludes:

"His Royal Highness has, at all times, had the highest
confidence in the courage of the British troops in general, and
he trusts that the cavalry will now be convinced that whenever
they attack with the firmness, velocity, and order which they
showed on this occasion, no number of the enemy (we have to
deal with) can resist them."

BIBLIOTHECAR. CHETHAM.

_Curious Posthumous Occurrence_ (Vol. viii., p. 5.).--Though the worthy
grave-digger's account, reported by A. B. C., may be chargeable with
some exaggeration as to the _generality_ of body-turning, and though
the decomposing reason assigned may not be true, yet, that many dead
human bodies are found with their faces downwards, is nevertheless quite
correct.

Works are now in progress, at the east end of this metropolis, under
my own immediate observation, where this fact has been incontestably
verified. How long since, or on what occasion, these remains of mortality
were placed there, I know not; but, in the course of excavation required
for the foundations, they are frequently met with, and, in many
instances, in this strange position.

I had come to the conclusion, that, during some raging pestilence (and
which may indeed again occur, unless an acceleration takes place in our
wounded-snake-like motion in the way of sanitary improvement), I say, it
had been my impression, that during some such awful calamity, the anxiety
of the uncontaminated to avoid infection had induced them to remove their
less fortunate fellow-creatures out of the way with so much haste as
actually to bury them alive! and in some convulsive struggle between life
and death, they had turned themselves over!

R. M.

In reply to this Note, I would remark that I have consulted a
grave-digger "grown old in the service" here, and he tells me he never
remembers a case where, after interment, in process of time the occiput
takes the place of the facial bones; but, he says, very frequently the
head drops either on one side or the other--a circumstance which any one
conversant with the human skeleton and the connexion of the cranium with
the vertebræ would deem most natural.

BRISTOLIENSIS.

_Passage in Job_ (Vol. vii., p. 14.).--This question is answered, as
far as it seems possible, by Barnes, in his _Notes on Job_, which MR.
EDWIN JONES may easily consult. The fact appears to be that we have no
information respecting the passage in question beyond what is furnished
by itself.

B. H. C.

_St. Paul and Seneca_ (Vol. viii., p. 88.).--There is an account of
the work referred to in the July number of the _Journal of Sacred
Literature_, edited by Dr. Kitto. It will be found among the "Foreign
Intelligence."

B. H. C.

_Haulf-naked_ (Vol. vii., pp. 432. 558.).--As my Query in reference to
this place has drawn forth a {206} Note or two from some correspondents
of yours, allow me to thank them, and at the same time to inform them
that "A general Collection of all the Offices of England, with the Fees,
in the Queene's guifte," a manuscript temp. Elizabeth, contains the
following reference. Under the head "Castles," &c. occurs,--

"_Com. Sussex._

{ Keeper of the Manor of _£_ _s._ _d._
Walberton and { Half-naked and Goodwood 20 0 0
Haulf-naked. { Keeper of the Wood and
{ Chace of Walberton 3 0 10."

CHARLES REED.

_Books chained to Desks in Churches_ (Vol. viii. p. 94.).--An engraving
of a very fine perpendicular lettern, having a book fastened to it by
a chain, is given in the _Proceedings of the Arch. Inst._ for 1846, as
existing at that time in the church of St. Crux, York. In 1851 I noticed
the upper part of one in Chesterton Church near Cambridge, placed on the
sill of the east window of the south aisle with a book lying upon it,
very much torn and wanting the title-page. I ascertained the subject of
it at the time; but omitted to make a note of it, and I am sorry to say
it has now slipped my memory.

Rutter, in his _Somersetshire_, speaks of some old reading desks, which
were still remaining in 1829 in Wrington Church, fastened to the walls of
the chancel, on which were several books, "especially Fox's _Martyrs_,
and the _Clavis Bibliorum_ of F. Roberts, who was rector of the parish
in 1675." There was one also about the same time at Chew Magna Church,
Somersetshire; with a copy of Bishop Jewel's _Defence of the Church_
chained to it. In Redcliff Church, Bristol, there is a small mahogany
one supported by a bracket, with a brass chain attached, near the vestry
on the north side of the choir. Until within a very few years, a desk,
with Fox's _Martyrs_ lying upon it, was in the Holy Trinity Church, Hull,
affixed to one of the pillars in the nave.

A fine old Bible and chain is shown amongst the relics at Trinity Church,
Stratford-upon-Avon.

It would appear that theological works were not the only ones secured
in this manner; for I find (Rutter's _Somersetshire_, p. 258.) that one
Captain S. Sturmy of Easton in Gordano published a folio, entitled _The
Mariner's or Artisan's Magazine_, a copy of which he gave to the parish
to be chained and locked in the desk, until any ingenious person should
borrow it, leaving 3_l._ as a security in the hands of the trustees
against damage, &c.

R. W. ELLIOTT.

It is somewhat strange that I should have omitted the following passage
whilst writing on this subject in a recent Number, as the work to which
it refers, Bishop Jewel's _Defence of his Apology for the Church of
England_, is so well known:

"At the desire of Archbishop Parker, a copy of the _Defence_
was set up soon after Jewel's death, in almost every parish
church in England; and fragments of it are still to be seen in
some churches, together with the chain by which it was attached
to the reading-desk provided for it."

This extract is taken from the _Life of Bishop Jewel_, prefixed to the
English translation of the _Apology_, edited by Dr. Jelf for the Society
for promoting Christian Knowledge (8vo. Lond. 1849), p. xx.

An order for the setting up of "the _Paraphrases_ of Erasmus in English
upon the gospels" in some convenient place within all churches and
chapels in the province of York, will be found in Archbishop Grindal's
_Injunctions for the Laity_, § 4. (_Remains, &c._, Parker Society, p.
134.) See also the _Articles to be enquired of within the Province of
Canterburie_, § 2. (Ibid. p. 158.)

W. SPARROW SIMPSON.

In Malvern Abbey Church is a stand to which two books are chained. The
one is a commentary on the Book of Common Prayer; the other is a treatise
on Church Unity. In Kinver Church (Worcestershire) are three books placed
in a desk (_not_ chained) in the south aisle: being _The Whole Duty of
Man_ (1703); _A Sermon made in Latine in the Reigne of Edward the Sixte_,
by John Jevvel, Bishop of Sarisburie; and _The Actes and Monumentes of
Christian Martyrs_ (1583).

CUTHBERT BEDE, B.A.

At Bowness Church, on Windermere Lake, there is (or at least was, in
1842) a copy of Erasmus's _Paraphrase_ chained. If I am not mistaken,
some of Jewel's works will also be found there.

E. H. A.

_Scheltrum_ (Vol. vi., p. 364.).--KARL will find _scheltrum_, variously
written "scheltrun, sheltrun, shiltroun, schetrome," of very common
occurrence in the translation of the Old Testament by Wicliff and his
followers; it is there rendered from the Lat. _aeies_. The instances
quoted by Jamieson, from the Latin _testudo_, come nearer to the origin,
_shield_.

Bloomsbury.

_Quarrel_ (Vol. vi., p. 172.).--BALLIOLENSIS will be pleased with Mr.
Trench's ingenious account of our conversion of a _complaint_ into a
_quarrel_.

"The Latin word (_querela_) means properly 'complaint,' and we
have in 'querulous' this its proper meaning coming distinctly
out. Not so, however, in 'quarrel,' for Englishmen, being wont
not merely to 'complain,' but to set vigorously about righting
and redressing themselves, their griefs being also grievances,
out of this word, which might have given them only {207}
'querulous' and 'querulousness,' have gotten 'quarrel' as
well."--_On the Study of Words_, p. 57.

"We might safely conclude," Mr. Trench premises, "that a nation
would not be likely tamely to submit to tyranny and wrong,
which made 'quarrel' out of 'querela.'"

This, I say, is very ingenious, but did _this_ nation make _quarrel_ out
of _querela_? Did they not take it ready made from their neighbours,
the French, Italian, Spanish, who have all performed, and, I presume,
led the way in performing, the same exploit; showing that they must all
have had the same disposition inhering in them to set about righting and
redressing themselves, though not always, perhaps, with so prompt and
active a vigour as that ascribed to the English by Mr. Trench.

Bloomsbury.

_Wild Plants, and their Names_ (Vol. vii., p. 233.).--A preparation from
St. John's Wort, called red oil, is used in the United States for the
cure of bruises and cuts. It may have been formerly used in England. St.
John's Wort is one of the commonest weeds in the Middle States.

UNEDA.

Philadelphia.

_Jeremy Taylor and Christopher Lord Hatton_ (Vol. vii., p. 305.).--Bishop
Taylor uses the word _relative_ in the sense of a dependent or humble
friend in several places in his works; a fact which his editor, Bishop
Heber, missed observing, as appears from a passage in the Preface to
Taylor's _Works_.

M. E.

Philadelphia.

_Burial on the North Side of Churches_ (Vol. vi., p. 112. &c.).--The
opinion of your correspondent SELEUCUS, that the avoidance of burial on
the north side of a churchyard is to be attributed to its being generally
the unfrequented side of the church, is borne out by the fact, that in
the rare cases where the entrance to the church is _only_ on the north
side, the graves are also to be found there in preference to being on
the south, which in such a case would of course be "the back of the
church." SELEUCUS mentions one instance of a church entered only from the
north. To this example may be added the little village church of Martin
Hussingtree, between Worcester and Droitwich, where the sole entrance is
on the north, and where _all_ the burials are on the same side of the
church.

CUTHBERT BEDE, B. A.

_Rubrical Query_ (Vol. vii., p. 247.).--The contradiction of the two
rubrics is purely imaginary. Both are to be closely construed. The
_first_ enjoins notice to be given of Communion as of any other festival;
the _second_ provides that in the same service (notice having been so
given) the Exhortation shall be the last impression on the thoughts of
the congregation.

S. Z. Z. S.

_Stone Pillar Worship_ (Vol. vii., p. 383.).--The Rowley Hills near
Dudley, twelve in number, and each bearing a distinctive name, make up
what may be called a mountain of basaltic rock, which extends for several
miles in the direction of Hales Owen. From the face of a precipitous
termination of the southern extremity of these hills rises a pillar of
rock, known as the "The Hail Stone." I conjecture that the word _hail_
may be a corruption of the archaic word _haly_, holy; and that this
pillar of rock may have been the object of religious worship in ancient
times. The name may have been derived directly front the Anglo-Saxon
_Haleg stan_, holy stone. It is about three quarters of a mile distant
from an ancient highway called "The Portway," which is supposed to be of
British origin, and to have led to the salt springs at Droitwich. I have
no knowledge of any other place bearing the name of Hail Stone, except
a farm in the parish of West Fetton in Shropshire, which is called "The
Hail Stones." No stone pillars are now to be found upon it: there is a
quarry in it which shows that the sand rock lies there very near the
surface. Dr. Plot, in his _History of Staffordshire_ (p. 170.), describes
the rock on the Rowley Hills as being "as big and as high on one side
as many church steeples are." He relates that he visited the spot in
the year 1680, accompanied by a land-surveyor, who, ten years before
that time, had noticed that at this place the needle of the compass was
turned six degrees from its due position. The influence which the iron in
basaltic rocks has on the needle was not known at that period, and the
Doctor makes two conjectures in explanation of the phenomenon observed.
First, he says, "there must be in these lands that miracle of Nature
we call a loadstone;" and he adds, "unless it come to pass by some old
armour buried hereabout in the late civil war." The sonorous property of
the rock led him to conjecture "that there might be here a vault in which
some great person of ancient times might be buried under this natural
monument; but digging down by it as near as I could where the sound
directed, I could find no such matter."

Plot does not mention the name by which this rock was known. It is not
mentioned at all by either Erdeswick, Shaw, or Pitt, in their Histories
of Staffordshire.

N. W. S.

_Bad_ (Vol. vi. p. 509.).--Horne Tooke's etymology may, perhaps, satisfy
B. H. COWPER'S inquiry, or at least gratify his curiosity. He assumes
the _bay_ or bark of a dog to be excited by what it _abhors_, _hates_,
_defies_; and farther, that our epithet of _bad_ is applied by us to
that, which, for reasons which we may call moral (_æsthetic_, I believe
{208} I ought to say) reasons or feelings, we _hate_, or _abhor_. And he
forms it thus, _bay-ed_, bay'd, ba'd, _bad_.

Bloomsbury.

_Porc-pisee_ (Vol. vi., p. 579.).--MR. WARDE will find that this is
the old English way of writing _porpoise_, more nearly to the French
and Italian. Spenser writes _porcpisces_, and Ray _porpesse_, i.e.
_porc-pesee_. Both are quoted in Richardson.

"_Wheal_ instead of milk," is _whey_ or _whig_. "To _flesh_ in sin," is
to indulge in, to accustom to, to inure to, the gratification of the
sinful lusts of the _flesh_. Johnson has from Hales the same expression
"fleshed in sin" which he interprets "hardened."

Bloomsbury.

_Lowbell_ (Vol. vii., pp. 181. 272.).--Your correspondents H. T. W. and
M. H. will find sufficient reasons from Nares' quotations to convince
them that _lowbell_ is so called from its sound; and the usage by Hammond
(in Johnson) that the verb, to _lowbell_, was used consequentially to
signify to frighten into a snare, and thus, to ensnare. And the noun, a
snare, allurement, temptation.

"Now commonly he who desires to be a minister looks not at the
work, but at the wages; and by that _lure_ or _lowbell_ may
be toll'd from parish to parish all the town over."--Milton,
"Hirelings," &c., _Works_, vol. i. p. 529.

Bloomsbury.

_Praying to the West_ (Vol. viii., p. 102.).--_The isles of the West_, by
which is understood what we term the British Isles, in the ancient Hindoo
writings are described as _the Sacred Isles_, or the abode of religion.
The Celtic tribes used the practice of turning to the West in their
religious rites, having adopted it in a very early age from a reason
similar to that which led the _Turks_ in a later age to turn towards
Mecca, and _other nations_ towards the East; that is, the superior
sanctity attached by each to these several points. This practice the
Celtic tribes brought with them in their migration from the East to those
parts in which we now find it in the West; where it has been retained by
their descendants after the circumstances which gave rise to it had been
long forgotten.

G. W.

Stansted, Montfichet.

_Old Dog_ (Vol. iv., p. 21.).--See _The Observer_ (Cumberland's), No.
131.:--"Uncle Antony was _an old dog_ at a dispute."

P. J. F. GANTILLON, B.A.

_Contested Elections_ (Vol. vii., p. 208.).--An account of many of the
English contested elections may be found in Oldfield's _Representative
History of Great Britain and Ireland_, 6 vols.: London, 1816. I hope that
X. Y. Z. does not rank this among the "wretched compilations." Oldfield
was a man of much experience as a parliamentary agent, and his book is
entertaining--at least, to us Americans.

M. E.

Philadelphia.

_"Rathe" in the Sense of "early"_ (Vol. vii., p. 634. _et alibi._).--See
_The Antiquary_, cap. xxxix. (vol. i. p. 468. People's Edition), where
Maggie Mucklebacket says:

"I havena had the grace yet to come down to thank your honour
for the credit ye did puir Steenie, wi' laying his head in a
_rath_ grave."

The Glossary explains the word as _ready_, _quick_, _early_.

P. J. F. GANTILLON, B.A.

_Chip in Porridge_ (Vol. i., p. 382).--Though a long time has elapsed, I
see nothing more on the subject of this phrase than Q. D.'s application
for information regarding it.

I take it to mean a nonentity, a thing of no importance, and to have no
more distinctive origin than the innumerable other cant sayings in daily
use.

In a book recently published, _Personal Adventures of our own
Correspondent_, by M. B. Honan, vol. i. p. 151., occurs this passage:

"It is very easy to stand well with all by being, what is
vulgarly called, 'a chip in porridge.'"

W. T. M.

Hong Kong.

_"A saint in crape is twice a saint in lawn"_ (Vol. viii., p. 102.).--See
Pope's _Moral Essays_, Ep. 1. l. 136.

F. B--W.

_Gibbon's Library_ (Vol. vii., p. 407.)--_West's Portrait of Franklin_
(Vol. vii., p. 409.).--Gibbon's library was sold at Lausanne in 1833. I
have a copy of _Le Théâtre de Marivaux_, four volumes 12mo. (Amst. et à
Leipzig, 1756), which contains the following MS. note on the fly-leaf
of the first volume: "Gibbon's copy, bought at the sale of his library
at Lausanne, Sept. 1833.--JOHN WORDSWORTH." You will find a reference
to this gentleman, "N. & Q.," Vol. v., p. 604. About four hundred of
Gibbon's books were in the library of the late Rev. Samuel Farmar Jarvis,
of Connecticut, who bought them at Lausanne. Among them was Casiri,
_Bibliotheca Arabico-Hispania_. Some of these books had his name, E.
GIBBON, printed in them in Roman letters; others had his coat of arms.
Dr. Jarvis's library was sold by Lyman and Rawdon in New York on the
14th of October, 1851, for very good prices. I possess Gibbon's copy of
Herrera's _America_, in English, 6 vols. 8vo.

I think there must be some mistake about the portrait of Dr. Franklin by
West, mentioned by {209} your correspondent H. G. D. I have never heard
of but _one_ portrait by West of Dr. Franklin, and that was painted for
my grandfather, Mr. Edward Duffield, one of the executors of the Doctor's
will, and sent to him by the Doctor himself. It is now in my possession,
in excellent preservation. A short notice of it will be found in the
ninth volume of Franklin's _Writings_ (Sparks's ed.), p. 493.

EDWARD D. INGRAHAM.

Walnut Street, Philadelphia.

_Derivation of "Island"_ (Vol. viii., p. 49.).--H. C. K.'s derivation
of _island_ from _eye_, the visual orb, because each are surrounded by
water, seems to me so like a banter on etymologists, that I am doubtful
whether I ought to notice it; but as our Editor seems, by the space he
has given it, to take it as serious, I shall venture to say two or three
words upon it. H. C. K. begins by begging the question: he says that "the
etymon from the Fr. _isle_, It. _isola_, Lat. _insula_, is _manifestly
erroneous_." Now I think I can prove--and that by a single word--that
it is "manifestly" the true one. I only reverse his order of placing
these words; they should stand, the mother first, the children after;
_insula_ Lat., _isola_ It., _isle_ Fr., and to them I add my _single
word_, which H. C. K. has chosen to ignore altogether, _isle_ English;
as, _Isle_ of Wight, _Isle_ of Man, _Isle_ of Thanet, _Isles_ of Arran,
&c. This single word, thus supplied, is to my mind a sufficient answer
to H. C. K.'s theory, but I may add, as a corroboration, the peculiarity
of retaining in _spelling_, and dropping in _pronunciation_, the _s_ in
the English _isle_ and _island_, just as it is in the French _isle_ and
_islot_. Indeed the relation between the French and English words is,
in this case, not _derivation_ but _identity_. I may also observe that
the Scotch and Irish names for an island, _inch_, _innis_, _ennis_--as,
_Inch_-keith, _Innis_-fallen, _Ennis_-killen--are "manifestly" derived
from _insula_, the common parent of all. I half suspect that H. C. K. is
a wag, and meant to try whether we should take seriously what he meant as
_all my eye_!

_Spur_ (Vol. vi., pp. 242. 329.).--To _spur_ is to _spere_, by
Gower written _sper_, to search or seek, to inquire into; and your
correspondents might have found the word fully treated and illustrated by
Jamieson, and more briefly by Richardson. To _ask_ at church is a common
expression, and _Spur_ Sunday is merely _Asking_ Sunday.

Bloomsbury.

_On the Use of the Hour-glass in Pulpits_ (Vol. vii., p. 489. Vol. viii.,
p. 82.).--The complete iron framework of an hour-glass remained affixed
to the pulpit of Shelsley Beauchamp Church, Worcestershire, until the
restoration of the church, about eight years ago, by the present rector,
the Rev. D. Melville, who carefully preserved the hour-glass relic. In
order to show how much had been done for the church, I drew interior
and exterior views of the old building, with its great dilapidations
and unusually monstrous disfigurements, which drawings were hung in
the vestry, at the suggestion of the rector, as parish memorials; a
proceeding which I think might be copied with advantage in all cases of
church restoration. In the one drawing mentioned the hour-glass stand is
a conspicuous object.

CUTHBERT BEDE, B.A.

The following extract is from a tract published by the Cambridge Camden
Society, entitled _A few hints on the Practical Study of Ecclesiastical
Antiquities_:

"_Hour-glass Stand._ A relick of Puritanick times. They are
not very uncommon; they generally stand on the right-hand of
the pulpit, and are made of iron. Examples Coton, Shepreth. A
curious revolving one occurs at Stoke D'Abernon, Surrey, and in
St. John Baptist, Bristol, where the hour-glass itself remains.
Though a Puritanick innovation, it long kept its place: for Gay
in his _Pastorals_ writes:

'He said that Heaven would take her soul no doubt,
And spoke the _hour-glass_ in her praise quite out:'

and it is depicted by the side of a pulpit in one of Hogarth's
paintings."

I saw, a few weeks ago, an iron hour-glass stand affixed to the pulpit in
Odell Church, Beds.

W. P. STORER.

Olney, Bucks.

"The inventorie of all such church goods, etc. ... which the
church-wardens [of Great Staughton, co. Hunt.] are and stand
charged with. May 31, 1640.

[_Inter alia._]

"Itm. A pulpit standinge in the church, having a cover over the
same, and an houre-glasse adjoininge."

JOSEPH RIX.

St. Neots.

_Selling a Wife_ (Vol. vii., pp. 429. 602.).--There can be no question
that this offence is an indictable misdemeanor. I made, at the time, a
memorandum of the following case:

"West Riding Yorkshire Sessions, June 28, 1837. Joshua Jackson,
convicted of selling his wife, imprisoned for one month with
hard labour."

S. R.

Chiswick.

_Impossibilities of History_ (Vol. viii., p. 72.).--St. Bernard,
according to Gibbon, lived from 1091 to 1153. Henry I., who did rebel
against his father, was twelve years older than the Saint, and ascended
the throne at the age of twenty-one in the year 1100, when the Saint
was nine years old. The descent from the devil alludes, I should think,
to Robert le Diable, the father of the Conqueror. The historian of _The
Tablet_ found the authority most probably in some theatrical review or
fly-leaf of the libretto.

J. H. L.

{210}

_Lad and Lass_ (Vol. vii., p. 56.).--_Lass_, Hickes (quoted by Lye in
Junius) says, was originally written, and is a corruption of _laddess_;
thus, we may suppose _laddess_, _ladse_, _lass_: and _lad_ may correlate
with the Gr. ἀγωγὸς, a leader, so familiar to us in the sneered at
pæd-_agogue_, _i. e._ the boy-_leader_. The _lad_, from the Anglo-Saxon
_lædian_, to lead (says Junius), is the _leăd_--"One who, on account of
his tender years, is under a _leader_, a guide, a director."

We apply the common expression "He is yet in _leading_ strings" to him
who has not strength or courage to go alone, to act independently for
himself.

Bloomsbury.

_Enough_ (Vol. vii., p. 455.).--Enough was not, and is not always, nor
was it originally, pronounced _enuf_. The old way of writing was "ynou,
inouh, ynowgh;" and in Gower, _enough_ is made to rhyme with _slough_,
i. e. _slow_ or _slew_, the past tense of _slay_. MR. WRIGHT will find
this to be so by looking into Richardson's quotations. The word, he will
see also, was from very early times written, as still not unfrequently
pronounced, _enew_ or _enow_.

Bloomsbury.

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F. A._'s Query respecting A. E. I. O. U. in an epitaph was anticipated
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London: JOHN W. PARKER & SON, West Strand.

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CATALOGUE OF CHEAP BOOKS.--Just ready. No. 40. of REEVES & TURNER'S, sent
Post Free on Application to

114. CHANCERY LANE, LONDON.

N. B.--Books bought in any Quantity.

* * * * *

{211}

INDIGESTION, CONSTIPATION, NERVOUSNESS, &c.--BARRY, DU BARRY & CO.'S
HEALTH-RESTORING FOOD for INVALIDS and INFANTS.

THE REVALENTA ARABICA FOOD, the only natural, pleasant, and effectual
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heartburn, flatulency, oppression, distension, palpitation, eruption
of the skin, rheumatism, gout, dropsy, sickness at the stomach during
pregnancy, at sea, and under all other circumstances, debility in the
aged as well as infants, fits, spasms, cramps, paralysis, &c.

_A few out of 50,000 Cures_:-

Cure, No. 71. of dyspepsia; from the Right Hon. the Lord Stuart
de Decies:--"I have derived considerable benefit from your
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the public to authorise the publication of these lines.--STUART
DE DECIES."

Cure, No. 49,832:--"Fifty years' indescribable agony from
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flatulency, spasms, sickness at the stomach, and vomitings
have been removed by Du Barry's excellent food.--MARIA JOLLY,
Wortham Ling, near Diss, Norfolk."

Cure, No. 180:--"Twenty-five years' nervousness, constipation,
indigestion, and debility, from which I had suffered great
misery, and which no medicine could remove or relieve, have
been effectually cured by Du Barry's food in a very short
time.--W. R. REEVES, Pool Anthony, Tiverton."

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by Du Barry's delicious food in a very short time. I shall
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Ridlington Rectory, Norfolk."

_Dr. Wurzer's Testimonial._

"Bonn, July 19. 1852.

"This light and pleasant Farina is one of the most excellent,
nourishing, and restorative remedies, and supersedes, in many
cases, all kinds of medicines. It is particularly useful in
confined habit of body, as also diarrhœa, bowel complaints,
affections of the kidneys and bladder, such as stone or gravel;
inflammatory irritation and cramp of the urethra, cramp of
the kidneys and bladder, strictures, and hemorrhoids. This
really invaluable remedy is employed with the most satisfactory
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and bronchial consumption, in which it counteracts effectually
the troublesome cough; and I am enabled with perfect truth
to express the conviction that Du Barry's Revalenta Arabica
is adapted to the cure of incipient hectic complaints and
consumption.

"DR. RUD WURZER.
"Counsel of Medicine, and practical M.D. in Bonn."

London Agents:--Fortnum, Mason & Co. 182. Piccadilly, purveyors to Her
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9_d._; 2lb. 4_s._ 6_d._; 5lb. 11_s._; 12lb. 22_s._; super-refined, 5lb.
22_s._; 10lb. 33_s._ The 10lb. and 12lb. carriage free on receipt of
Post-office order.--Barry, Du Barry & Co., 77. Regent Street, London.

IMPORTANT CAUTION.--Many invalids having been seriously injured by
spurious imitations under closely similar names, such as Ervalenta,
Arabaca, and others, the public will do well to see that each canister
bears the name BARRY, DU BARRY & CO., 77. Regent Street, London, in full,
_without which none is genuine_.

* * * * *

WESTERN LIFE ASSURANCE AND ANNUITY SOCIETY,

3. PARLIAMENT STREET, LONDON.

Founded A.D. 1842.

_Directors._

H. E. Bicknell, Esq.
T. S. Cocks, Jun. Esq., M. P.
G. H. Drew, Esq.
W. Evans, Esq.
W. Freeman, Esq.
F. Fuller, Esq.
J. H. Goodhart, Esq.
T. Grissell, Esq.
J. Hunt, Esq.
J. A. Lethbridge, Esq.
E. Lucas, Esq.
J. Lys Seager, Esq.
J. B. White, Esq.
J. Carter Wood, Esq.

_Trustees._--W. Whateley, Esq., Q.C.; George Drew, Esq.; T. Grissell, Esq.

_Physician._--William Rich. Basham, M.D.

_Bankers._--Messrs. Cocks. Biddulph, and Co., Charing Cross.

VALUABLE PRIVILEGE.

POLICIES effected in this Office do not become void through temporary
difficulty in paying a Premium, as permission is given upon application
to suspend the payment at interest, according to the conditions detailed
in the Prospectus.

Specimens of Rates of Premium for Assuring 100_l._, with a Share in
three-fourths of the Profits:--

Age _£_ _s._ _d._
17 1 14 4
22 1 18 8
27 2 4 5
32 2 10 8
37 2 18 6
42 3 8 2

ARTHUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A., F.R.A.S., Actuary.

Now ready price 10_s._ 6_d._, Second Edition with material additions,
INDUSTRIAL INVESTMENT and EMIGRATION: being a TREATISE on BENEFIT
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By ARTHUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A., Actuary to the Western Life Assurance
Society, 3. Parliament Street, London.

* * * * *

PHOTOGRAPHIC PICTURES.--A Selection of the above beautiful Productions
(comprising Views in VENICE, PARIS, RUSSIA, NUBIA, &c.) may be seen at
BLAND & LONG'S, 153. Fleet Street, where may also be procured Apparatus
of every Description, and pure Chemicals for the practice of Photography
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Calotype, Daguerreotype, and Glass Pictures for the Stereoscope.

⁂ Catalogues may be had on application.

BLAND & LONG, Opticians, Philosophical and Photographical Instrument
Makers, and Operative Chemists, 153. Fleet Street.

* * * * *

PHOTOGRAPHIC CAMERAS.

OTTEWILL'S REGISTERED DOUBLE-BODIED FOLDING CAMERA, is superior to every
other form of Camera, for the Photographic Tourist, from its capability
of Elongation or Contraction to any Focal Adjustment, its extreme
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Every Description of Camera, or Slides, Tripod Stands, Printing Frames,
&c. may be obtained at his MANUFACTORY, Charlotte Terrace, Barnsbury
Road, Islington.

New Inventions, Models, &c., made to order or from Drawings.

* * * * *

IMPROVEMENT IN COLLODION.--J. B. HOCKIN & CO., Chemists, 289. Strand,
have, by an improved mode of Iodizing, succeeded in producing a Collodion
equal, they may say superior, in sensitiveness and density of Negative,
to any other hitherto published; without diminishing the keeping
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Apparatus, pure Chemicals, and all the requirements for the practice of
Photography. Instruction in the Art.

* * * * *

ESTABLISHED 1841.

MEDICAL, INVALID AND GENERAL LIFE OFFICE,

25. PALL MALL.

During the last Ten Years, this Society has issued more than _Four
Thousand One Hundred and Fifty Policies_--

Covering Assurances to the extent of _One Million Six Hundred and
Eighty-seven Thousand Pounds, and upwards_--

Yielding Annual Premiums Amounting to _Seventy-three Thousand Pounds_.

This Society is the only one possessing Tables for the Assurance of
Diseased Lives.

Healthy Lives Assured at Home and Abroad at lower rates than at most
other Offices.

A Bonus of 50 per cent. on the premiums paid was added to the policies at
last Division of Profits.

Next Division in 1853--in which all Policies effected before 30th Junes,
1853, will participate.

Agents wanted for vacant places.

Prospectuses. Forms of Proposal, and every other information, may be
obtained of the Secretary at the Chief Office, or on application to any
of the Society's Agents in the country.

F. G. P. NELSON, Actuary
C. DOUGLAS SINGER, Secretary.

* * * * *

PHOTOGRAPHY.--HORNE & CO.'S Iodized Collodion, for obtaining
Instantaneous Views, and Portraits in from three to thirty seconds,
according to light.

Portraits obtained by the above, for delicacy of detail rival the
choicest Daguerreotypes, specimens of which may be seen at their
Establishment.

Also every description of Apparatus, Chemicals, &c. &c. used in this
beautiful Art.--123. and 121. Newgate Street.

* * * * *

PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPER.--Negative and Positive Papers of Whatman's, Turner's,
Sanford's, and Canson Frères' make. Waxed-Paper for Le Gray's Process.
Iodized and Sensitive Paper for every kind of Photography.

Sold by JOHN SANFORD, Photographic Stationer, Aldine Chambers, 13,
Paternoster Row, London.

* * * * *

PHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS, MATERIALS, and PURE CHEMICAL PREPARATIONS.

KNIGHT & SONS' illustrated Catalogue, containing Description and Price
of the best forms of Cameras and other Apparatus. Voightlander and Son's
Lenses for Portraits and Views, together with the various Materials and
pure Chemical Preparations required in practising the Photographic Art.
Forwarded free on receipt of Six Postage Stamps.

Instructions given in every branch of the Art.

An extensive Collection of Stereoscopic and other Photographic Specimens.

GEORGE KNIGHT & SONS, Foster Lane, London.

* * * * *

BENNETT'S MODEL WATCH, as shown at the GREAT EXHIBITION. No. 1. Class
X. in Gold and Silver Cases, in five qualities, and adapted to all
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Cases, 8, 6, and 4 guineas. First-rate Geneva Levers, in Gold Cases, 12,
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BENNETT, Watch, Clock and Instrument Maker to the Royal Observatory, the
Board of Ordnance, the Admiralty, and the Queen, 65. CHEAPSIDE.

* * * * *

{212}

8vo., price 21_s._

SOME ACCOUNT of DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE in ENGLAND, from the Conquest
to the end of the thirteenth Century, with numerous Illustrations of
Existing Remains from Original Drawings. By T. HUDSON TURNER.

"What Horace Walpole attempted, and what Sir Charles Lock Eastlake has
done for oil-painting--elucidated its history and traced its progress
in England by means of the records of expenses and mandates of the
successive Sovereigns of the realm--Mr. Hudson Turner has now achieved
for Domestic Architecture in this country during the twelfth and
thirteenth centuries."--_Architect._

"The writer of the present volume ranks among the most intelligent of the
craft, and a careful perusal of its contents will convince the reader
of the enormous amount of labour bestowed on its minutest details,
as well as the discriminating judgment presiding over the general
arrangement."--_Morning Chronicle._

"The book of which the title is given above is one of the very few
attempts that have been made in this country to treat this interesting
subject in anything more than a superficial manner.

"Mr. Turner exhibits much learning and research, and he has consequently
laid before the reader much interesting information. It is a book that
was wanted, and that affords us some relief from the mass of works on
Ecclesiastical Architecture with which of late years we have been deluged.

"The work is well illustrated throughout with wood-engravings of the
more interesting remains, and will prove a valuable addition to the
antiquary's library."--_Literary Gazette._

"It is as a text-book on the social comforts and condition of the Squires
and Gentry of England during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, that
the leading value of Mr. Turner's present publication will be found to
consist.

"Turner's handsomely-printed volume is profusely illustrated with careful
woodcuts of all important existing remains, made from drawings by Mr.
Blore and Mr. Twopeny."--_Athenæum._

JOHN HENRY PARKER, Oxford; and 377. Strand, London.

* * * * *

Now ready, price 21_s._ uniform with the above,

THE DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE OF THE MIDDLE AGES. Vol. II.--THE FOURTEENTH
CENTURY. By the Editor of "The Glossary of Architecture."

This volume is issued on the plan adopted by the late Mr. Hudson Turner
in the previous volume: viz., collecting matter relating to Domestic
buildings of the Period, from contemporary records, and applying the
information so acquired to the existing remains.

Not only does the volume contain much curious information both as to the
buildings and manners and customs of the time, but it is also hoped that
the large collection of careful Engravings of the finest examples will
prove as serviceable to the profession and their employers in building
mansions, as the Glossary was found to be in building churches.

The Text is interspersed throughout with numerous woodcuts.

JOHN HENRY PARKER, Oxford, and 377. Strand, London.

* * * * *

BANK OF DEPOSIT.

7. St. Martin's Place, Trafalgar Square, London.

PARTIES desirous Of INVESTING MONEY are requested to examine the Plan of
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Interest payable in January and July.

PETER MORRISON,
Managing Director.

Prospectuses free on application.

* * * * *

PUBLISHED BY MR. JOHN HENRY PARKER.

AN ARCHITECTURAL ACCOUNT OF EVERY CHURCH IN ENGLAND, its Dedication,
supposed Date of Erection or Alteration, Objects of Interest in or near,
Notices of Fonts, Glass, Furniture, and other details. Also Lists of
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Already published.

BEDFORDSHIRE, 2_s._ 6_d._
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N.B.--Each Church has been personally surveyed for the occasion by some
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THE SCULPTURES OF WELLS CATHEDRAL, with an Appendix on the Sculptures of
other Mediæval Churches in England. By C. R. COCKERELL, ESQ., Professor
R.A., 4to. with numerous Illustrations. 21_s._

JOHN HENRY PARKER. Oxford; and 377. Strand, London.

* * * * *

THE GRIMALDI SHAKESPEARE.

Now ready in 8vo., with fac-similes, 1_s._

NOTES and EMENDATIONS on the PLAYS of SHAKESPEARE, from a recently
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J. RUSSELL SMITH, 36. Soho Square.

* * * * *

Just published, price 10_s._ 6_d._

THE PHOTOGRAPHIC ALBUM. Part IV.

Containing Four Pictures:--

UMBERSLEY PARK. By Alfred Rosling.
PENSHURST CASTLE. By Philip Delamotte.
THE RUINED FARM. By Hugh Owen.
THE VILLAGE ELM. By Joseph Cundall.

Parts I. II. and III. are now reprinted. Part V. will shortly be ready.

Just published, price 16_s._

PHOTOGRAPHIC STUDIES. Part II. By GEORGE SHAW, ESQ., of Queens College.
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⁂ This Manual contains much practical information.

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PHOTOGRAPHIC PICTURES. By HUGH OWEN, ESQ.

IVY BRIDGE, DEVON.
THE HARVEST FIELD.
A RIVER BANK.
WOODS IN SPRING.

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