The Project Gutenberg EBook of Journal of Entomology and Zoology, by Various
This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or
re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
Title: Journal of Entomology and Zoology
Volume Eleven, Number Two, June 1919
Author: Various
Release Date: October 18, 2010 [EBook #34094]
Language: English
*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY ***
Produced by Larry B. Harrison and the Online Distributed
Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
VOLUME ELEVEN NUMBER TWO
JOURNAL
OF
ENTOMOLOGY
AND
ZOOLOGY
JUNE, 1919
PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY
POMONA COLLEGE DEPARTMENT _of_ ZOOLOGY
CLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA, U. S. A.
CONTENTS
Page
ANNELIDS FROM LAGUNA BEACH 27
STRUCTURE OF DOLICHGLOSSUS PUSILLUS--_Alma Evans_ 28
OPISTHOBRANCHS FROM LAGUNA BEACH 34
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM OF THE SAND DOLLAR DENDRASTER
EXCENTRICUS ESH.--_W. A. Hilton_ 35
ANTS FROM THE CLAREMONT-LAGUNA REGION 38
Entered Claremont, Cal., Post-Office Oct. 1, 1910, as second-class
matter, under Act of Congress of March 3, 1879
Journal of Entomology and Zoology
EDITED BY POMONA COLLEGE, DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY
_Subscription_ $1.00 to domestic, $1.25 to foreign countries.
This journal is especially offered in exchange for zoological and
entomological journals, proceedings, transactions, reports of
societies, museums, laboratories and expeditions.
The pages of the journal are especially open to western entomologists
and zoologists. Notes and papers relating to western and Californian
forms and conditions are particularly desired, but short
morphological, systematic or economic studies from any locality will
be considered for publication.
Manuscripts submitted should be typewritten on one side of paper about
8 by 11 inches. Foot notes, tables, explanations of figures, etc.,
should be written on separate sheets. Foot notes and figures should be
numbered consecutively throughout. The desired position of foot notes
and figures should be clearly indicated in the manuscript.
Figures should be drawn so that they may be reproduced as line cuts so
far as possible. An unusually large number of half tones must be paid
for in part by the author. Other more expensive illustrations will be
furnished at cost. Figures for cuts should be made to conform to the
size of the page when reduced, that is, 5 by 7-1/2 inches or less. The
lettering should be by means of printed numbers and letters pasted on
the drawings, in most cases.
Authors of articles longer than a thousand words will receive fifty
reprints of their publications free of cost. If more than this are
desired, the order should be given with the return of the proof
sheets. Extra copies and special covers or special paper will be
furnished at cost. Authors of short contributions will receive a few
extra copies of the number containing their articles.
Manuscripts should be sent by express or registered mail.
Address all communications to
THE JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY
William A. Hilton, Editor
Claremont, California, U. S. A.
Annelids from Laguna Beach
This list includes specimens recently determined by Dr. R. V.
Chamberlin, but does not include new species reported on at that time.
_Glycera rugosa_ Johnson. _Euphrosyne aurantiaca_ John. _Eudistylia
polymorpha_ Johnson. From holdfast. _Chrysopetalum
occidentalis_ John.
_Diopatra californica_ Moore. _Podarke pugettensis_ Johnson.
_Syllis alterniata_ Moore. _Pionosyllis elongata_ Johnson.
_Halosydna pulchra_ Johnson.
_H. californica_ Johnson. Dredged. _Scoloplos sp._ San. Balboa.
_Naineris longa_ Moore? Under stones. _Cirratulus luxuriosus_ Moore,
all bright red from eel grass. _Polycirrus californicus_ Moore.
_Nereis agassizi_ Ehlers. _Anaitides sp. Lumbrineries zonata_ John.?
_Syllis alternata_ Moore. _Nepthys caeca_ Fabr.?
_Sthenelais verruculosa_ Johnson.
W. A. H.
(_Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College_)
Structure of Dolichoglossus Pusillus
ALMA EVANS
The animals were studied from serial sections cut in several planes. The
stains used were carmine, hematoxylin and eosin. The hematoxylin seemed
to show the tissues more clearly. A graphic reconstruction was
attempted, but did not prove satisfactory because of the individual
artificial foldings and contractions. The drawings were obtained by the
use of a camera lucida. The general drawings, Figs. 1-9 inclusive, are
not filled in in great detail. The special drawings are shown at greater
magnification with more of an attempt to show the actual condition.
Dolichoglossus is a soft worm-like animal with ciliated surface. It is
divided into three distinct regions: the proboscis, a long club-shaped
organ; the collar, a fold in the surface just behind the proboscis,
and the trunk, a long cylindrical portion posterior to the collar.
Dolichoglossus is a marine form living in sandy bays or sheltered
places. Mucous glands in the surface epithelium secrete a sticky fluid
which covers the body and to which tiny sand grains stick. The sand
clinging to the mucous coated surface forms a fragile temporary tube
in which the animal is usually secluded. The animals in the living
condition are bright orange or red but lose their color very soon
after preservation in alcohol or formalin.
The proboscis cavity extending the entire length of the organ is
surrounded by a network of connective tissue supported by longitudinal
bands of plain muscle. This cavity is supposed to communicate with the
exterior by a very small opening, the proboscis pore, but this did not
show in the specimens examined. The heart, proboscis gland and
notochord are located in the posterior part of the proboscis.
The collar contains the central nervous system, part of the notochord,
the dorsal blood vessel, ventral and dorsal mesenteries, mouth opening
and anterior part of the alimentary canal.
The trunk contains the alimentary canal, dorsal and ventral blood
vessels, dorsal and ventral nerves, the gill-slits, the reproductive
bodies, dorsal and ventral mesenteries and muscle bands.
The nervous system consists of three parts: the central, located in
the collar region, Fig. 5; the sub-epidermic network extending over
the entire body just under the surface epithelium, Figs. 1-7; and the
dorsal and ventral strands which are thickenings of the sub-epidermic
network extending throughout the trunk, Figs. 1 and 7. There is also
quite a decided thickening of the sub-epidermic network at the base of
the proboscis, Figs. 5, 6.
The vascular system consists of two parts, the central and the
peripheral. The central is made up of the heart, a thin-walled vesicle
at the base of the proboscis just dorsal to the notochord, and
connected with it the proboscis gland, a plexus of capillaries just
anterior to the notochord. Fig. 5. The peripheral system is composed
of a ventral and a dorsal vessel. The dorsal starts at the heart and
continues just ventral of the dorsal nerve throughout the length of
the body. Figs. 1, 5, 7. The ventral vessel extends from the posterior
border of the collar to the anal end. It is connected with the dorsal
vessel by a circular vessel in the posterior edge of the collar.
The mouth is situated ventrally at the base of the proboscis, within
the collar, and opens directly into the straight alimentary canal.
The latter is a straight tube extending from the mouth opening to the
anus. Figs. 5, 1, 7, 9.
The alimentary canal in the anterior part of the collar gives off a
diverticulum, which grows forward and supports the proboscis. Because
this diverticulum has the vacuolated appearance of the notochordal
tissue of higher animals, it has been regarded as a notochord. It is
largest at the base of the proboscis immediately anterior to the
heart. Figs. 5, 6.
The paired gill-slits occupy the region just posterior to the collar.
They are arranged in two longitudinal grooves in the dorsal wall. The
number increases throughout life, new slits appearing just behind
those already in place. I found about twenty-five to be the average
number, while particular individuals had as low as eighteen and twenty
and as high as thirty and thirty-one. The gills are formed in the
shape of a U. A skeletal rod or gill bar separates the gills from each
other. The gills are supplied with blood from the dorsal vessel. Figs.
3, 7, 8.
The sexes are distinct. The ovaries and testes are saccular organs
arranged in a row along the gill and succeeding region. The sacs in
other genera, for example Balanoglossus as described by Shipley, open
directly on to the epidermis. I have been unable to see these openings
in my preparations. Fig. 8 shows the position of the ovaries in the
female; the testes in the male are in a similar location.
The surface epithelium is modified ciliated columnar, varying slightly
in thickness, size of nuclei and size and shape of cell according to
location. Figs. 13, 14, 15.
The epithelium forming the gills and intestine is also modified
ciliated columnar. That of the gills having short narrow cells and
small nuclei, and that of the intestine having longer thicker cells
and large nuclei. Figs. 11, 10.
The connective tissue surrounding the proboscis cavity is of a
peculiar arrangement. The connective tissue itself consists of fine
strands loosely interwoven, but arranged in a definite manner. The
strands form a fine network which gives a beautiful lacy appearance.
Small round nuclei are quite numerous in connection with the strands.
Longitudinal bands of plain muscle are very conspicuous in the
connective tissue. These muscle bands are probably used in altering
the size and shape of the proboscis. Figs. 4, 20, 21.
The nervous tissue consists of many fibers thickly interwoven. There
are a few small nuclei scattered about among the fibers. Figs. 12, 13.
The muscle is unstriated. The fibers are very long in some places,
shorter in others and always quite distinct.
(_Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College_)
REFERENCES
_Assheton, Richard_ 1918
A new species of Dolichoglossus. Zool. Anz. Bd. 33, p.
517-520.
_Delage and Herouard_ 1898
Traité De Zoologie concrète Vol. 8. Les Procordés.
Balanoglossus.
Encyclopedia Britainica Balanoglossus.
_Shipley, Arthur E._ 1893
Zoology of the Invertebrata. Balanoglossus.
EXPLANATION OF FIGURES
Fig. 1. Cross section through the gill region showing gill opening. D.
N., dorsal nerve. D. V., Dorsal vessel. G. O., gill openings. A,
alimentary corps. G., gill. V. N., ventral nerve. V. V. ventral
vessel. N., nervous tissue. ×40.
Fig. 2. Cross section through the base of the proboscis showing
diverticulum wall and proboscis gland. D., diverticulum. N., nervous
tissue. P. G., proboscis gland. ×40.
Fig. 3. Longitudinal section through a gill opening. N., nervous
tissue. G., gill. G. O., gill opening. ×40.
Fig. 4. Cross section through the center of the proboscis. N., nervous
tissue. M. C., muscle in the connective tissue. T., connective tissue.
×90.
Fig. 5. Longitudinal section through the base of the proboscis and
collar. M., mouth. C. N., central nervous system. H., heart. No.,
notochord. P. G., proboscis gland. N., nervous network. A., alimentary
canal. D. V., dorsal ventral. ×40.
Fig. 6. Cross section through the base of the proboscis showing
thickened nerve network. N., nerve network. D., diverticulum wall. H.,
heart. ×40.
Fig. 7. Cross section through gill region. D. N., dorsal nerve. D. B.
V., dorsal blood vessel. G. B., gill vessel. V. N., ventral nerve. V.
V., ventral vessel. ×40.
Fig. 8. Longitudinal section through the gill region. G., gills. B.,
blood. O., ovary. N., nervous network. ×40.
Fig. 9. Cross section of alimentary canal. A., wall of alimentary
canal. ×40.
Fig. 10. Intestinal epithelium, modified ciliated columnar. ×400.
Fig. 11. Epithelium of the gill, modified ciliated columnar. ×400.
Fig. 12. Nervous tissue. ×400.
Fig. 13. Surface epithelium of proboscis, modified ciliated columnar.
×400.
Fig. 14. Surface epithelium of collar, modified ciliated columnar.
×400.
Fig. 15. Surface epithelium of trunk, modified ciliated columnar.
×400.
Fig. 16. Cells of testis. ×400.
Fig. 17. Ovary. ×400.
Fig. 18. Plain muscle. ×400.
Fig. 19. Epithelium of diverticulum. ×400.
Fig. 20. Connective tissue of proboscis. ×400.
Fig. 21. Muscle bands in proboscis connective tissue. ×400.
[Illustration]
[Illustration]
[Illustration]
Opisthobranchs from Laguna Beach
The determinations are by Dr. F. M. MacFarland
TECTIBRANCHS
_Pleurobranchæa californica_ MacF. Only one specimen has been
obtained at Laguna Beach, from a depth of from 15 to 20 fathoms.
The specimen was mottled dark above and about 5 inches long. Dr.
MacFarland informs me that this species is quite common in Monterey
Bay and ranges much larger, almost up to 10 inches in length.
_Navanax inermis_ Cooper. Black, yellow lines, blue spots, yellow
edges. About two inches in length. Another specimen possibly may be
the same species, black with yellow spots. Apparently the same form
occurs at Balboa.
_Aglaja (Doridium) purpureum_ Berg.? Brown, dredged 10 to 15 f.
NUDIBRANCHS
_Triopha sp._ Large, brown. Holdfast.
_Flabellina iodinea_ Cooper. Narrow blue body, red appendages.
Swims by lateral movements of the body. This beautiful nudibranch
was first found near Laguna by Miss M. Cate, not far from Dana's
point in 1916. In Jan. 15, '18, Mrs. May found a number near
Laguna Beach.
_Dirona picta_ MacF. Light brown, long thick appendages.
Holdfasts and tidepools common in 1915.
_Aegires_ sp. Knobs. Brick red, body clear.
_Chromodoris universitatis_ Cock. Blue, yellow spots.
_Polycera atra_ MacF. Red-brown, black stripes, brown spots. July
10, 1915.
_Facelina_ sp. Body clear, appendages dark.
_Ancula pacifica_ MacF.? Clear white, two yellow lines in front,
one behind. Front appendages and two lateral tipped with yellow.
_Cadlina_ Sp.? Dark brown, flattened.
_Aeolidia_ sp. White to pink, appendages brown.
W. A. H.
Central Nervous System of the Sand Dollar Dendraster Excentricus Esh
WILLIAM A. HILTON
There seems to be little or no literature on the central nervous
system of this form of echinoderm. As might be expected, the general
arrangement of radial and circumoral bands are much as in sea-urchins,
such as shown especially by Delage and Herouard 1903. There are
however some interesting features which make the study of this type of
special value.
In this paper only the chief mass of the central nervous system is
considered. The more evident parts of the central nervous system are
arranged in general as in other forms. The circumoral nerves issue
from under the lantern and run along the oral, cross over at the edge
of the shell and then run along the aboral side. The five radial
nerves converge at the five ocular areas near the center of the aboral
region. The circumoral nerve ring is looped over and under parts of
the lantern. Fig. 1 shows a part of the lantern and parts of three
loops of the circumoral nerve trunk. In the center of the figure one
fifth of the lantern is drawn in and from under it a radial nerve is
shown in the lower part of the figure. To the left and to the right of
the central bony part of the lantern the union of a radial with a
circumoral nerve is shown. At the junction of each radial nerve with
the circumoral, is a little thickening which seems to be a special
cellular mass such as I have not found in other forms. Fig. 7 is a
section through a part of a circumoral strand, much enlarged. There
are only a few nerve cells, from one to two layers.
As the radial nerves leave the lantern they are quite evident in
dissected specimens as they are close to the bony skeleton with very
little connective or other tissues to obscure them. The use of aqueous
methylene blue aids in following the smaller branches. Near the
lantern the branches are small as shown in fig. 2. When the region is
reached where the upper and lower surfaces of the shell begin to fuse,
the branches become larger and more irregularly arranged, as shown in
the lower part of fig. 1 and fig. 2. After the nerve turns to run on
the aboral side there is no change in arrangement until the region of
the tube feet is reached. In the region of the tube feet the nerves
become more numerous, smaller and more regular. The general
distribution of the nerves and the arrangement of the tube feet nerves
are shown in fig. 4 which is from part of the upper end of the aboral
nerve. The holes in the skeleton for the tube feet are shown as
circles on each side of the diagram.
The general structure of the chief central nerve trunks is quite
similar as shown in sections. Figs. 6, 7 and 8. The nerve trunks have
about one to two layers of cells, the main part of the nerves are
composed of longitudinal fibers. There are not so many evident
vertical fibers from cells as found in starfish and some other forms.
This change in position of the fibers may be in part due to the
general modification of structure. Whether this arrangement leads to
other types of nerve association is a question.
When the nerve trunks are removed, stained in methylene blue and
examined with the microscope something of the arrangement of the cells
may be seen. In the circumoral and oral radial nerves the nerve cells
are thickly massed from side to side, but in the upper part of the
aboral nerve there is an evident arrangement of nerve cells in zones.
There is usually a central more or less clear zone, next on each side
a rather dense cell area and next on each side a very dense cell area,
then a narrow nearly clear zone on each side again.
As a rule slightly larger cells are found near the nerve trunks and as
some of these seem to send long branches out into the lateral trunks,
they may be motor or sensory, the association neurones are probably
the smaller cells in farther. The cells seem multipolar in most cases
and in fact much more modified than the cells of starfish or
sea-urchin. Figs. 9 and 10.
REFERENCES
_Delage and Herouard_ 1903 Traité de zoologie concrète. T. iii.
Les Echinoderms.
_Hamann, O._ 1887 Beitrage zur Histologie der Echinodermen. Jenna
Zeit. Nat. W. xxi.
_Hilton, W. A._ 1917 Some remarks on the nervous system of two
sea-urchins. Jour. ent. and zoo. vol. ix, no. 4.
(_Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College_)
Explanation of Figures
Fig. 1. Diagram of one fifth of Aristotle's lantern of _Dendraster_
showing three loops of the circumoral nerve ring, and parts of three
radial nerves, the central one partly hidden at its origin by the
lantern. The nerves are in black. ×9.
Fig. 2. Drawing of part of the first part of an oral radial nerve. ×9.
Fig. 3. Drawing of the lower end of an oral radial nerve. ×9.
Fig. 4. Drawing of the upper part of an aboral radial nerve. The eye
spot region is up in the figure. ×9.
Fig. 5. Camera lucida drawing of a part of an aboral nerve showing
position of cell areas. ×70.
Fig. 6. Drawing of a section of an oral radial nerve. ×300.
Fig. 7. Drawing of a section of circumoral nerve. ×300.
Fig. 8. Drawing of a section of aboral nerve. ×300.
Fig. 9. Nerve cells from central regions of a radial nerve. The
arrangement is as shown in the drawing, cells of various levels shown
as one layer. Some of the processes possibly relate nearby cells, but
most fibers run into the general fibrous mass. All fibers or fibrils
are small. There is some indication of tigroid substance in some of
the cells. ×450.
Fig. 10. Nerve cells from near a lateral branch from the radial band.
×450.
[Illustration]
Ants from the Claremont Laguna Region
This list includes ants collected chiefly in 1917. All determinations
are by Dr. W. M. Wheeler.
_Novomessor andrei_ Mayr. red var. Also some dark. Claremont.
_N. pergandei_ Mayr. Medium, dark colored. Claremont.
_Pogonomyrmex californicus_ Buckley Claremont.
_Pheidole longipes_ Pergande Claremont.
_Pediole_ sp. Claremont.
_Crematogaster lineolata_ Say. Subsp. _californica_ Emery.
Claremont.
_C. l._ Say. subsp. _corctata_ Emery. Claremont.
_Solenopsis molesta_ Say. var. _validiuscula_ Emery. Claremont.
_S. geminata_ Fab. var. Claremont.
_Liometopum occidentale_ Emery. Mts. and Claremont.
_Iridomyrex pruinosus_ Roger var. _analis_ Ern. André.
_I. humilis_ Mayr (Argentine ant) Claremont.
_Dorymyrmex pyramicus_ Roger _var._ Claremont.
_Prenolepis imparis_ Say. Below Aliso canon, Laguna Beach and
Claremont.
_Tapinoma sessile_ Say. Laguna Beach.
_Myrmecocystus melliger_ Forel var. (Honey ant) Claremont.
_M. mexicanus_ Wesm. sub sp. _mojave_ Wheeler (Honey ant)
Claremont.
_Formica rufibarbis_ Fb. var _occidua_ Wheeler. Claremont.
_F. cinerea_ Mayr. subsp. _pilicornis_ Emery. Claremont.
_Camponotus (Myrmoturba) maculatus_ Fb. subsp. _vicinus_ Mayr.
_var. luteangulus_ Wheeler. Claremont.
W. A. H.
(_Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of Pomona College_)
JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY--_Advertising Section_
_The_ Journal _of_
Zoological Research
_Edited by
WALTER E. COLLINGE, M. Sc., F. L. S., F. E. S.
The Gatty Marine Laboratory
The University, St. Andrews, Scotland_
The subject matter is strictly confined to original zoological
research--systematic and anatomical. Fully illustrated by
lithographic plates and text figures.
Each volume will consist of 4 parts, price $5.
_All subscriptions should be forwarded to_
Messrs. Dulau & Co., Ltd.
37 Soho Square, London, W., England
GRIFFITH Incubators
[Illustration: A simple, well constructed bacteriological incubator]
GAGE--The Microscope
=An Introduction to Microscopic Methods and to Histology=
By SIMON H. GAGE.
Twelfth Edition. Entirely rewritten, and with many new
illustrations. Price, postpaid, $3.00.
This work aims to give help to everyone who uses the microscope,
whether he is a beginner or an advanced worker.
COMSTOCK--A Manual for the Study of Insects
By JOHN HENRY COMSTOCK, Professor of Entomology in Cornell
University, and ANNA BOTSFORD COMSTOCK, member of the Society of
American Wood-Engravers. 8vo. cloth, IX. +701 pages, 797 figures in
the text, and six full page plates. Nearly all of the figures were
engraved especially for this work. Postpaid $4.07; net $3.75.
This hand-book is designed to meet the needs of teachers in the public
schools and of students in high schools and colleges.
NEEDHAM--General Biology
=A book of outlines and practical studies for the general student=
By JAMES G. NEEDHAM, Professor of Limnology and General Biology
in Cornell University. Cloth 8vo. XIV. +542 pages; 288 figures,
mostly original. Postpaid $2.00.
This book is expressly designed to help the general student obtain a
comprehensive grasp of the principles of biology.
NEEDHAM & LLOYD--The Life of Inland Waters
A Text-Book of Freshwater Biology
By JAMES G. NEEDHAM, Ph.D., Professor of Limnology and General
Biology in Cornell University, and JOHN T. LLOYD, A.B., Assistant
in Limnology in Cornell University.
This book is a broad presentation of the field of fresh-water biology,
primarily in its scientific aspects, also in its relation to
commercial, civic, aesthetic and public health interests of man. There
is no book in the English language covering the field. Copiously
illustrated with photographs from Nature. 438 pages; 244 figures.
Price $3.00.
GAGE--Optic Projection
By SIMON HENRY GAGE, Professor Emeritus of Histology and
Embryology in Cornell University, and Henry Phelps Gage, Ph. D.
This work of over 700 pages and with over 400 figures is of especial
interest to workers in all fields of Biology in that it deals
especially with the use of the Projection Microscope for
demonstrations and for drawing. It also gives the fundamental
principles of all the forms of projection. A 16-page circular will be
sent on request. Postpaid, $3.00.
RILEY--Handbook of Medical Entomology
By WM. A. RILEY, Ph. D., Professor of Insect Morphology and
Parasitology in Cornell University and O. A. JOHANNSEN, Ph. D.,
Professor of Biology in Cornell University.
A concise account of poisonous, and disease-carrying insects and their
allies, including descriptions and illustrations of the principal
species, with keys for their determination, and method of control.
Bound Library Buckram, medium 8vo. Nearly 375 pages. Price $2.00 net.
_Send for Descriptive Circular_
=The Comstock Publishing Company=
=Cornell Heights, Ithaca, N. Y.=
THE "ALL GLASS MOUNT"
for _Lepidoptera_ and other insects
[Illustration: _Odontolabis wollastoni, Java_]
We are able at last to offer our customers an all glass mount that we
believe comes nearer to meeting the requirements of museums and
private collectors than any previously put on the market.
No cut can properly show this mount, which must be seen to be
appreciated. Write for Circular 192, which describes fully what we are
offering.
When in need of Entomological supplies remember that we have the best
insect pins on the market and that our hand made Schmitt insect boxes
with three ply tops and bottoms are unsurpassed. Catalogue No. 33 free
on application.
Prompt shipments can be made from our large stock of United States and
exotic insects of all orders. We also prepare 150 different
metamorphoses of beneficial and injurious insects. Pupae now on hand
are listed in circular No. 198. Other circulars and price lists free
upon request.
=Ward's Natural Science Establishment=
=84-102 College Ave. Rochester, N. Y.=
Entomological News
A forty-eight page illustrated magazine, published monthly except
August and September, devoted to the study of INSECT LIFE. It
contains a list of the titles of the current Entomological
Literature, and also articles by the leading Entomologists in the
United States and Canada. Valuable information for the beginner, the
economic entomologist and the systematist.
To new subscribers, $1.90; Renewals, $2.00; payable in advance.
Single copies 25 cents. Address
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
1900 Race Street, Philadelphia, Pa.
CLASS WORK MATERIAL
CAN BE PROCURED AT ANY TIME OF
THE YEAR FROM
C. S. BRIMLEY, Zoologist
1135 Newberne Avenue
RALEIGH, N. C., U. S. A.
Twenty-one years' experience Price List on Application
The Journal of Parasitology
A Quarterly Devoted to Medical Zoology
This journal will be a medium for the prompt publication of briefer
papers and research notes on animal parasites. Emphasis laid on the
morphology, life history and biology of zooparasites and the relations
of animals to disease.
Subscription, $2.00 a Volume
Managing Editor, HENRY B. WARD;
Univ. Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
Do Business by Mail
It's profitable, with accurate lists of prospects. Our catalogue
contains vital information on Mail Advertising. Also prices and
quantity on 6,000 national mailing lists, 99% guaranteed. Such as:
War Material Mfrs. Wealthy Men Fly Paper Mfrs.
Cheese Box Mfrs. Ice Mfrs. Foundries
Shoe Retailers Doctors Farmers
Tin Can Mfrs. Axle Grease Mfrs. Fish Hook Mfrs.
Druggists Railroad Employees Feather Duster Mfrs.
Auto Owners Contractors Hotels
Write for this valuable reference book.
Ross-Gould, 1027H Olive Street, St. Louis.
Ross-Gould
Mailing
Lists St. Louis
Pomona College
Located in one of the most healthful and beautiful parts of the west
coast. The mountains reach an elevation of ten thousand feet within a
few miles of the college and these with the nearby ocean afford many
special advantages for the study of things not in books. Special
advantages are afforded by the fact that the college limits its
attendance, the freshman class being restricted to two hundred
applicants. The success of the college is particularly indicated by
the large proportion of the graduates who proceed to advanced work in
the large universities. In addition, well-manned departments of music
and art afford exceptional advantages.
For further information, address
SECRETARY OF POMONA COLLEGE
Claremont, California
Transcriber's Note:
* Text enclosed between equal signs was in bold face in the
original (=bold=).
* Pg 29 Corrected spelling of "losely" to "loosely" in "... of fine
strands losely ..."
* Pg 34 Corrected spelling of "lilnes" to "lines" in "... two yellow
lilnes in front ..."
* Pg 36 Accent corrections on reference for "Traité de zoologie
concrète"
* Pg 38 Corrected spelling of "say." to "Say." in "... say. subsp. ..."
End of Project Gutenberg's Journal of Entomology and Zoology, by Various
*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY ***
***** This file should be named 34094-8.txt or 34094-8.zip *****
This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
https://www.gutenberg.org/3/4/0/9/34094/
Produced by Larry B. Harrison and the Online Distributed
Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
will be renamed.
Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules,
set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project
Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you
do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is
subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
redistribution.
*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
https://gutenberg.org/license).
Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic works
1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be
used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few
things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See
paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works. See paragraph 1.E below.
1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the
collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an
individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in
a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check
the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning
the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
States.
1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
copied or distributed:
This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or
re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
1.E.9.
1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked
to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg-tm License.
1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or
distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
that
- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is
owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments
must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License. You must require such a user to return or
destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
Project Gutenberg-tm works.
- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
of receipt of the work.
- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the
Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
1.F.
1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
your equipment.
1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
DAMAGE.
1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you
received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with
the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy
is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
opportunities to fix the problem.
1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any
provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists
because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
people in all walks of life.
Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org.
Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation
The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
https://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at
809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
[email protected]. Email contact links and up to date contact
information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
page at https://pglaf.org
For additional contact information:
Dr. Gregory B. Newby
Chief Executive and Director
[email protected]
Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation
Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations
($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
status with the IRS.
The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations
where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To
SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
particular state visit https://pglaf.org
While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
approach us with offers to donate.
International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other
ways including including checks, online payments and credit card
donations. To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate
Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works.
Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily
keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
https://www.gutenberg.org
This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
