The Project Gutenberg eBook of Alpine flora of the Canadian Rocky Mountains
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online
at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States,
you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located
before using this eBook.
Title: Alpine flora of the Canadian Rocky Mountains
Author: Stewardson Brown
Illustrator: Mary Schäffer Warren
Release date: August 2, 2025 [eBook #76618]
Language: English
Original publication: New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1907
Credits: Steve Mattern and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive)
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ALPINE FLORA OF THE CANADIAN ROCKY MOUNTAINS ***
Transcriber’s Notes:
Underscores “_” before and after a word or phrase indicate _italics_
in the original text.
Equal signs “=” before and after a word or phrase indicate =bold=
in the original text.
Small capitals have been converted to SOLID capitals.
Illustrations have been moved so they do not break up paragraphs.
Typographical and punctuation errors have been silently corrected.
The scale factor for the illustrations has been included in file,
however this will be meaningless in an ebook since we have no
control over how big the displayed image will be.
[Illustration: Mimulus Lewisii Pursh. (⅔ Nat.) Red Monkey-Flower.]
Alpine Flora
of the
Canadian Rocky Mountains
By
Stewardson Brown
Curator of Herbarium Academy of Natural Sciences
Philadelphia
Illustrated with Water-Colour Drawings and Photographs
By
Mrs. Charles Schäffer
G. P. Putnam’s Sons
New York and London
The Knickerbocker Press
1907
COPYRIGHT, 1907
BY
G. P. PUTNAM’S SONS
OFFERED TO THE LOVERS OF ALPINE
FLORÆ IN THE MEMORY OF DR. CHARLES
SCHÄFFER OF PHILADELPHIA, WHO WAS
AMONG THE PIONEER BOTANISTS OF THE
CANADIAN ROCKIES, AND WHO EARLY
RECOGNISED THIS REGION AS A NEW
AND INTERESTING FIELD FOR STUDY
PREFACE
The present volume, though prepared in manual form, is meant only as
a guide to the rich and interesting flora of the Canadian Rockies and
Selkirks or those portions traversed by the Canadian Pacific Railway
between Banff and Glacier. While many of the plants herein described
are found throughout the entire region, yet the species characteristic
of the two mountain ranges are vastly different. For the most part
those of the Rockies might be characterised as plants adapted to
the withstanding of severe conditions of drouth and cold, being
mostly low and tufted, with small surfaces of leaf exposure, either
thick and leathery or in many instances with an ample covering of
protecting hairs; while those of the Selkirks, owing to the more humid
atmospheric conditions, are essentially moisture-loving forms, with a
luxuriant growth of stems and leaves; it is only where the conditions
are similar in the two regions that we find the same or similar forms
existing. Few of the more characteristic Rocky Mountain species extend
west of the divide, while of those of the Selkirks, few extend east
of it, except where there is a luxuriant forest growth, with the
consequent retention of moisture, and then only at altitudes of from
2000 to 3000 feet greater.
Contrasting the plants of this region with those of the European Alps
it is interesting to note, that while the species are for the most
part vastly different, yet there is a certain close resemblance in the
families and genera which are represented; the Anemones are here, but
not in the scarlets and crimsons, running more to whites and purples,
and so are the Buttercups, dwarf many of them, but with large, showy
flowers; the Saxifrages and Drabas are innumerable as are the Vetches
and also the Heaths, but the latter with fewer and very different
species. Some plants, however, like the White Mountain Avens (_Dryas
octopetala_), the Butterwort (_Pinguicula vulgaris_), the Moss Campion
(_Silene acaulis_), the Mountain Cranberry (_Vitis-idæa_) and the
Low Cranberry (_Oxycoccus_), the One-flowered Wintergreen (_Moneses
uniflora_), the Forget-me-not (_Myosotis alpestris_) and others are
found on both sides of the Atlantic, yet we have no such array of
Primroses or Gentians as our European brothers, though both genera are
represented with us, while on the other hand they can boast of nothing
comparable to our Indian Paint-Brush, found throughout the region on
the river shores and bars during late June and early July and later
through the summer in its innumerable forms and colours in the moist
alpine meadows and slopes.
The ferns and their allies with the more striking of the trees and
shrubs have been included in the present work, together with the
majority of the herbaceous flowering plants, though some of the largely
represented but less striking groups such as the Grasses, Sedges,
and Willows have been entirely omitted, not seeming of sufficient
general interest to warrant the space required for their intelligent
treatment. The species are arranged in accordance with their scientific
relationships, with keys to the genera and a general key to the
families. Among the illustrations herein contained, many of the plants
of the Northwest are figured for the first time.
Acknowledgment is here made to Messrs. David McNicoll, Robert Kerr, and
other officials and employees of the Canadian Pacific Railway Company
through whose courtesy was made possible the gathering of the data for
the basis of this work.
S. B.
ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES,
PHILADELPHIA, October 28, 1907.
CONTENTS
PAGE
PREFACE v
GLOSSARY xxv
GENERAL KEY TO THE FAMILIES xxxiii
ADDER’S-TONGUE FAMILY 1
FERN FAMILY 3
HORSETAIL FAMILY 14
CLUB-MOSS FAMILY 18
SELAGINELLA FAMILY 22
PINE FAMILY 23
YEW FAMILY 34
ARUM FAMILY 35
BUNCH-FLOWER FAMILY 36
LILY FAMILY 41
LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY FAMILY 45
IRIS FAMILY 52
ORCHID FAMILY 53
WILLOW FAMILY 68
BIRCH FAMILY 70
MISTLETOE FAMILY 72
SANDALWOOD FAMILY 73
BUCKWHEAT FAMILY 75
PURSLANE FAMILY 80
PINK FAMILY 81
CROWFOOT FAMILY 90
BARBERRY FAMILY 109
POPPY FAMILY 110
MUSTARD FAMILY 111
STONE-CROP FAMILY 125
GRASS-OF-PARNASSUS FAMILY 126
SAXIFRAGE FAMILY 128
GOOSEBERRY FAMILY 146
ROSE FAMILY 150
APPLE FAMILY 165
PLUM FAMILY 167
PEA FAMILY 168
FLAX FAMILY 182
CROWBERRY FAMILY 183
STAFF-TREE FAMILY 184
MAPLE FAMILY 185
ST. JOHN’S-WORT FAMILY 186
VIOLET FAMILY 187
OLEASTER FAMILY 191
EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY 193
GINSENG FAMILY 199
CELERY FAMILY 201
DOGWOOD FAMILY 205
WINTERGREEN FAMILY 207
HEATH FAMILY 211
HUCKLEBERRY FAMILY 220
PRIMROSE FAMILY 226
GENTIAN FAMILY 231
BUCKBEAN FAMILY 236
DOGBANE FAMILY 237
WATER-LEAF FAMILY 238
BORAGE FAMILY 240
MINT FAMILY 244
FIGWORT FAMILY 248
BUTTERWORT FAMILY 262
MADDER FAMILY 263
HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY 264
VALERIAN FAMILY 271
BELLFLOWER FAMILY 273
CHICORY FAMILY 275
THISTLE FAMILY 283
INDEX 323
ILLUSTRATIONS
PLATE FACING PAGE
Mimulus Lewisii Pursh. _Red Monkey-Flower_ _Frontispiece_
1 Pinus albicaulis Engelm. _White Pine_ 24
1 Pinus Murrayana Oreg. Com. _Jack Pine_ 24
2 Larix Lyallii Parl. _Lyall’s Larch_ 26
2 Thuja plicata Don. _Giant Cedar_ 26
3 Abies lasiocarpa (Hook) Nutt. _Balsam Fir_ 28
3 Pseudotsuga mucronata (Raf.) Sudw. _Douglas Fir_ 28
4 Tsuga Mertensiana (Bong.) Carr. _Mountain Hemlock_ 30
4 Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. _Hemlock_ 30
5 Picea albertiana. S. Brown. _Alberta Spruce_ 32
5 Picea albertiana. S. Brown. _Alberta Spruce_ 32
6 Zygadenus elegans Pursh. _Tall Zygadenus_ 38
6 Zygadenus gramineus Rydb. _Zygadenus_ 38
7 Stenanthella occidentalis (A. Gray). Rydb. _Stenanthium_ 40
7 Clintonia uniflora Kunth. _Clintonia_ 40
8 Tofieldia intermedia Rydb. _False Asphodel_ 42
8 Vagnera stellata (L) Morong. _Star-Flowered Solomon’s Seal_ 42
9 Erythronium grandiflorum. Pursh. _Snow Lily_ 44
10 Lilium montanum A. Nels. _Red Mountain-Lily_ 46
10 Kruhsea streptopoides (Ledeb) Kearney. _Kruhsea_ 46
11 Cypripedium passerinum Rich. _Small White Lady’s Slipper_ 54
11 Cypripedium parviflorum Salisb. _Small Yellow Lady’s Slipper_ 54
12 Corallorhiza Corallorhiza (L). Karst. _Coral-Root_ 56
12 Lyschiton kamtschatcense (L.) Schott. _Western Skunk-Cabbage_ 56
13 Cytherea bulbosa (L.) House. _Calypso_ 58
13 Orchis rotundifolia Pursh. _Small Round-Leaved Orchid_ 58
14 Limnorchis dilatatiformis Rydb. _Purplish-Green Bog-Orchid_ 62
14 Peramium Menziesii (Lindl.) Morong. _Menzies’ Rattlesnake
Plantain_ 62
15 Ophrys borealis (Morong). _Northern Twayblade_ 64
15 Ophrys nephrophylla Rydb. _Heart-Shaped Twayblade_ 64
15 Cœloglossum bracteatum (Willd) Parl. _Long-Bracted Orchid_ 64
15 Limnorchis fragrans Rydb. _Fragrant White Bog-Orchid_ 64
15 Lysiella obtusata (Pursh) Rydb. _Small Northern Bog-Orchid_ 64
16 Comandra pallida DC. _White Comandra_ 74
16 Eriogonum subalpinum Greene. _Tall White Eriogonum_ 74
17 Claytonia lanceolata Pursh. _Spring Beauty_ 80
17 Claytonia parvifolia Moc. _Small-Leaved Spring Beauty_ 80
18 Silene acaulis L. _Moss Campion_ 82
18 Lychnis apetala L. _Nodding Lychnis_ 82
19 Alsine borealis (Bigel.) Britton. _Northern Stitchwort_ 86
19 Mœhringia lateriflora (L.) _Blunt-Leaved Sandwort_ 86
19 Arenaria capillaris nardifolia (Ledeb.) Regel.
_Rock Sandwort_ 86
20 Caltha leptosepala Hook. _Caltha leptosepala_ 104
20 Trollius albiflorus (A. Gray) Rydb. _Western Globe-Flower_ 104
21 Aquilegia brevistyla Hook. _Small Blue Columbine_ 102
22 Aquilegia flavescens S. Wats. _Yellow Columbine_ 106
22 Aquilegia formosa Fisch. _Western Columbine_ 106
23 Delphinium Brownii Rydb. _Mountain Larkspur_ 108
23 Anemone globosa Nutt. _Wind-Flower_ 108
24 Anemone Drummondii S. Wats. _Alpine Anemone_ 92
24 Anemone parviflora Michx. _Northern Anemone_ 92
25 Pulsatilla hirsutissima (Pursh) Britton _Pasque-Flower_ 94
25 Pulsatilla occidentalis (S. Wats.) Freyn. _Western Anemone_ 94
26 Atragene columbiana Nutt. _Purple Virgin’s-Bower_ 90
27 Ranunculus saxicola Rydb. _Ranunculus saxicola_ 100
27 Ranunculus alpeophilus. A Nels. _Ranunculus alpeophilus_ 100
27 Ranunculus Eschscholtzii Schl. _Snow Buttercup_ 100
28 Ranunculus eremogenes Greene. _Ditch Crowfoot_ 98
28 Ranunculus Purshii Richards. _Pursh’s Buttercup_ 98
28 Ranunculus inamœnus Greene _Ranunculus inamœnus_ 98
29 Thalictrum megacarpum Torr. _Thalictrum megacarpum_ 96
29 Thalictrum occidentale A. Gray. _Western Meadow Rue_ 96
30 Delphinium Menziesii DC. _Blue Larkspur_ 110
30 Lithophragma parviflora (Hook.) Nutt. _Lithophragma_ 110
31 Physaria didymocarpa (Hook.) A. Gray. _Bladder-Pod_ 116
31 Smelowskia calycina (Desv.) C. A. Meyer. _Smelowskia_ 116
32 Draba oligosperma Hook. _Whitlow-Grass_ 112
32 Draba andina (Nutt.) A. Nels. _Mountain Whitlow-Grass_ 112
33 Draba glacialis Adams _Whitlow-Grass_ 114
33 Draba aurea Vahl. _Golden Whitlow-Grass_ 114
34 Parnassia montanensis Rydb. & Fern.
_Marsh Grass-of-Parnassus_ 126
34 Ribes lacustre (Pers.) Poir. _Swamp Gooseberry_ 126
35 Mitella nuda L. _Naked Bishop’s-Cap_ 132
35 Pectiantia pentandra (Hook.) Rydb. _Mitrewort_ 132
36 Saxifraga cernua L. _Nodding Saxifrage_ 136
36 Saxifraga rivularis L. _Alpine Brook Saxifrage_ 136
37 Micranthes Nelsoniana (D. Don.) Small. _Nelson’s Saxifrage_ 140
37 Micranthes Lyallii (Engler) Small. _Lyall’s Saxifrage_ 140
38 Muscaria cæspitosa (L.) Haw. _Tufted Saxifrage_ 138
38 Micranthes rhomboidea (Greene) Small. _Mountain Saxifrage_ 138
39 Spatularia Brunoniana (Bong.) Small. _Tall Saxifrage_ 142
39 Leptasea austromontana (Wiegand), Small. _Common Saxifrage_ 142
40 Tiarella unifoliata Hook. _Western Foam-Flower_ 150
40 Lutkea pectinata (Pursh) Kuntze. _Cut-Leaved Lutkea_ 150
41 Rubus pedatus Smith. _Creeping Raspberry_ 152
42 Rubus parviflorus. Nutt. _Salmon-Berry_ 156
43 Fragaria glauca (S. Wats.) Rydb. _Wild Strawberry_ 158
43 Amelanchier florida Lindl. _Service-Berry_ 158
44 Dryas octopetala L. _White Mountain Avens_ 164
44 Dryas Drummondii Rich. _Drummond’s Mountain Avens_ 164
45 Geum strictum Ait. _Yellow Avens_ 162
45 Sieversia ciliata (Pursh) Don. _Long-Plumed Purple Avens_ 162
46 Phaca americana (Hook.) Rydb. _Arctic Vetch_ 172
46 Homalobus aboriginorum (Rich) Rydb. _Indian Vetch_ 172
47 Aragallus deflexus. (Pall.) Heller. _Drooping Vetch_ 176
47 Aragallus viscidulus Rydb. _Sticky Oxytrope_ 176
48 Aragallus Lamberti (Pursh) Greene. _Loco Weed_ 180
48 Lathyrus ochroleucus Hook. _White Vetch_ 180
49 Empetrum nigrum L. _Black Crowberry_ 182
49 Linum Lewisii Pursh. _Wild Blue-Flax_ 182
50 Pachystima myrsinites (Pursh) Raf. _Mountain Lover_ 184
50 Viola adunca longipes (Nutt.) Rydb. _Dog Violet_ 184
51 Elæagnus argentea Pursh. _Silver-Berry_ 190
51 Lepargyræa canadensis (L.) Greene _Buffalo-Berry_ 190
52 Epilobium luteum Pursh. _Yellow Willow-Herb_ 194
52 Chamænerion latifolium (L.) Sweet. _Broad-Leaved Willow-Herb_194
53 Chamænerion angustifolium (L.) Scop. _Fire-Weed_ 196
53 Berberis aquifolium Pursh. _Trailing Mahonia_ 196
54 Echinopanax horridum. (Smith) Dec. & Planch. _Devil’s Club_ 200
55 Cornus canadensis intermedia Farr. _Bunch-Berry_ 204
56 Pyrola asarifolia Michx. _Liver-Leaf Wintergreen_ 208
56 Pyrola uliginosa Torr. _Bog Wintergreen_ 208
56 Moneses uniflora (L.) A. Gray. _One-Flowered Wintergreen_ 208
57 Chimaphila umbellata (L.) Nutt. _Prince’s Pine_ 210
57 Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. _Bear-Berry_ 210
58 Oxycoccus oxycoccus (L.) MacM. _Small Cranberry_ 212
58 Gaultheria ovatifolia A. Gray. _Ovate-Leaved Wintergreen_ 212
58 Vitis-idæa Vitis-idæa (L.) Britton. _Mountain Cranberry_ 212
59 Cassiope Mertensiana (Bong.) Don. _White Heath_ 216
59 Phyllodoce empetriformis (Smith) Don. _Red False-Heather_ 216
59 Phyllodoce glanduliflora (Hook.) Rydb. _White False-Heather_ 216
60 Ledum grœnlandicum Œder. _Labrador Tea_ 218
60 Azaleastrum albiflorum (Hook.) Rydb.
_White Mountain Rhododendron_ 218
61 Menziesia ferruginea Smith. _Smooth Menziesea_ 220
61 Kalmia microphylla (Hook.) Heller. _Dwarf Swamp-Laurel_ 220
62 Vaccinium erythrococcum Rydb. _Alpine Bilberry_ 222
62 Vaccinium globulare Rydb. _Thin-Leaved Bilberry_ 222
62 Vaccinium ovalifolium Smith. _Blueberry_ 222
63 Primula Maccalliana Wiegand. _Maccalla’s Primrose_ 228
63 Androsace carinata Torr. _Sweet Androsace_ 228
64 Trientalis arctica Fisch. _Arctic Star-Flower_ 230
64 Dodecatheon conjugens Greene. _Shooting-Star_ 230
65 Gentiana affinis Griseb. _Large Gentian_ 234
65 Romanzoffia sitchensis Bong. _Romanzoffia_ 234
66 Phacelia sericea (Graham) A. Gray. _Mountain Phacelia_ 238
66 Phacelia heterophylla Pursh _Phacelia heterophylla_ 238
67 Lappula floribunda (Lehm.) Greene. _False Forget-me-not_ 242
67 Lithospermum linearifolium Goldie. _Narrow-Leaved Puccoon_ 242
68 Collinsia parviflora Dougl. _Small-Flowered Collinsia_ 248
68 Elephantella grœnlandica (Retz.) Rydb.
_Long-Beaked Elephantella_ 248
69 Pentstemon confertus Dougl. _Yellow Beard-Tongue_ 250
69 Pentstemon pseudohumilis Rydb. _Pentstemon pseudohumilis_ 250
70 Pentstemon fruticosus (Pursh) Greene.
_Large Purple Beard-Tongue_ 262
70 Pinguicula vulgaris L. _Butterwort_ 262
71 Linnæa americana Forbes. _American Twin-Flower_ 266
71 Lonicera ebractulata Rydb. _Fly Honeysuckle_ 266
72 Lonicera involucrata (Rich.) Banks.
_Involucred Fly Honeysuckle_ 270
73 Valeriana sitchensis Bong. _Wild Heliotrope_ 272
73 Lobelia Kalmii strictiflora Rydb. _Brook Lobelia_ 272
74 Hieracium umbellatum L. _Narrow-Leaved Hawk-weed_ 276
74 Agoseris aurantiaca (Hook.) Greene. _Agoseris aurantiaca_ 276
75 Erigeron acris L. _Blue Fleabane_ 288
75 Erigeron salsuginosus (Rich.) A. Gray.
_Large Purple Fleabane_ 288
75 Saussurea densa Hook. _Saussurea_ 288
76 Erigeron discoideus Rydb. _Cut-Leaved Fleabane_ 292
76 Erigeron melanocephalus A. Nelson. _Black-Headed Fleabane_ 292
76 Erigeron multifidus Rydb. _Cut-Leaved Fleabane_ 292
77 Aster Lindleyanus T. & G. _Aster Lindleyanus 298
78 Erigeron aureus Greene. _Golden Fleabane_ 302
78 Gaillardia aristata Pursh. _Great-Flowered Gaillardia_ 302
79 Arnica cordifolia Hook. _Heart-Leaved Arnica_ 304
79 Arnica louiseana Farr. _Pale-Flowered Arnica_ 304
GLOSSARY
ACAULESCENT: with stem so short that leaves appear to arise
directly from root.
ACHENE: a small, dry, one-seeded indehiscent, seed-like fruit.
ACUMINATE: tapering gradually to a point.
ACUTE: with an abrupt point.
ADNATE: growing together as the stamens with the petals, or the
anthers with the filament.
ALTERNATE: (leaves) not opposite but arising at different points
on the stem. Stamens are alternate with petals when they are
situated in the intervals.
ANTHER: the part of the stamen which contains the pollen.
APICAL: pertaining to the top or apex.
AURICULATE: with ear-like appendages at base.
AXIAL: pertaining to an axis.
BILABIATE: two-lipped.
BLADE: the expanded portion of a leaf.
BRACT: a modified and usually small leaf at the base of a flower
or flower-cluster. In the latter case it is usually
associated with others.
BRACTEOLATE: furnished with small bracts.
CÆSPITOSE: growing in tufts.
CALYX: the outer whorl of floral leaves forming usually a green cup.
CAMPANULATE: bell-shaped.
CANESCENT: greyish-white, due usually to fine hairs.
CAPILLARY: hair-like.
CAPITATE: arranged in a head; knob-like.
CAPSULE: a dry, dehiscent seed-vessel.
CARPEL: a pistil-leaf. The pistil is regarded as being composed of
one or more such carpels.
CATKIN: the scaly, cylindrical flower-cluster of Willow, Birch, etc.
CAUDATE: with a tail-like appendage.
CAUDEX: the perennial rootstock of an otherwise annual plant.
CHARTACEOUS: papery or parchment-like.
CILIATE: fringed with marginal hairs.
CINEREOUS: ashen or greyish.
CLEISTOGAMIC: (flowers) never opening as the late flowers of
violets, etc.
CONNATE: united.
CORDATE: heart-shaped.
CORIACEOUS: leathery.
CORM: a solid bulb.
CORYMBOSE: with a flat-topped or convex flower-cluster, the
flower-stalks of which arise at different points on the axis,
and of which the outermost flowers are the oldest.
CRENATE: with rounded teeth.
CRENULATE: with small rounded teeth.
CUNEATE: wedge-shaped.
CUSPIDATE: ending in a sharp, hard point.
CYME: a flat-topped or convex flower-cluster, the flower-stalks of
which arise at different points on the axis, and of which the
innermost flowers are the oldest.
DECIDUOUS: subject to fall, as leaves of most trees and calyx and
corolla of most flowers before the fruit forms.
DECUMBENT: (stems) reclining on the ground with summit tending
to rise.
DECURRENT: (leaves) with base prolonged below insertion and forming
a sort of wing.
DELTOID: broadly triangular.
DENTATE: toothed, usually with teeth projecting outwards.
DENTICULATE: with little, outwardly projecting teeth.
DIŒCIOUS: having staminate and pistillate flowers on separate
plants.
DISC: the central part of a head as opposed to the ray,
_e. g._, in the sun-flower. Also a fleshy expansion
of the receptacle of the flower.
DRUPE: a stone-fruit.
DRUPELET: a small stone-fruit.
ELLIPTIC: with the outline of an ellipse.
ENTIRE: with the margin even and not toothed, lobed, or divided.
EROSE: irregularly margined.
FIMBRIATE: fringed.
FLOCCOSE: with loose tufts of wool-like hairs.
FOLIACEOUS: leaf-like.
FOLLICLE: a fruit of one carpel (pistil-leaf) which splits only
by one suture.
FUSIFORM: spindle-shaped.
GALEA: a helmet-shaped body.
GLANDULAR: with small prominences which appear to have a secreting
function.
GLAUCOUS: covered with a bluish or white bloom.
GLOBOSE: spherical.
INCISED: sharply and irregularly cut into.
INDUSIUM: the membrane covering the fruit-dots of ferns.
INFERIOR: (side of flower) the one away from the axis of the
flower-cluster; (ovary) united with the calyx tube, the
other floral parts apparently growing from its summit.
INFLORESCENCE: the mode of arrangement of flowers on the stem;
the flower-cluster.
INTERNODE: the portion of the stem between the places where the
leaves arise.
INVOLUCRE: a whorl of small leaves at the base of a flower
or flower-cluster.
KEEL: the lower petals of the peculiar corolla of the pea, etc.,
which are united in the form of the keel of a boat.
LACINIATE: with deep, triangular, narrow lobes.
LANATE: woolly.
LANCEOLATE: narrow and tapering at each end.
LATERAL: pertaining to the side.
LEAFLET: one of the divisions of the blade of a compound leaf.
LINEAR: narrow and flat with the margins parallel.
LYRATE: lyre-shaped.
MONŒCIOUS: having the separate staminate and pistillate flowers
on the same plant.
MUCRONATE: with a short, abrupt point.
NODE: the point of the stem from which one or more leaves arise.
OBLANCEOLATE: lance-shaped with the base tapering downwards.
OBTUSE: blunt.
ORBICULAR: circular.
OVATE: egg-shaped (applied to flat bodies).
OVOID: egg-shaped (applied to solids).
PALMATE: (compound leaf) with the divisions so arranged that they
radiate from the petiole-like the fingers of the hand.
PANICLE: a branched, flower-cluster with the older flowers
outermost.
PANICULATE: with much branched open flower clusters.
PAPILLÆ: minute, blunt projections.
PAPPUS: the bristles, awns, or hairs which crown the fruit of
the Composites.
PARIETAL: (placentæ) attached to the wall of the ovary.
PEDUNCLE: a flower-stalk.
PERENNIAL: lasting from year to year.
PERFOLIATE: (leaves) having the basal part so extended and united
as to make it appear as though the stem grew through them.
PERIANTH: the calyx and corolla collectively.
PETAL: a corolla-leaf.
PETALOID: petal-like.
PETIOLE: the leaf-stalk.
PINNÆ: the primary divisions of a compound leaf.
PINNATE: compound with leaflets arranged along a common axis.
PINNATIFID: pinnately cleft.
PINNULES: secondary pinnæ.
PLACENTÆ: the parts of the ovary to which the seeds are attached.
PLUMOSE: feathery.
POLLEN: the fertilising powder of the anther.
POLYGAMOUS: having both perfect and imperfect flowers.
PROSTRATE: lying flat on the ground.
PUBERULENT: covered with tiny almost imperceptible hairs.
PULVINI: cushions or pads.
RACEME: a flower-cluster in which the stalked flowers are arranged
along an elongated axis.
RACEMOSE: raceme-like.
RACHIS: the axis.
RADICAL: arising from the root, or portion of the stem resembling
the root.
RECEPTACLE: the usually somewhat enlarged portion of the stem on
which parts of a flower or of a flower-cluster are borne.
RENIFORM: kidney-shaped.
REPAND: wavy-margined.
RETICULATE: arranged like a network.
REVOLUTE: rolled backward.
RHIZOME: an underground stem; a rootstock.
RHOMBIC: having the shape of a four-sided figure with parallel and
equal sides which may be either perpendicular or oblique to
each other.
RHOMBOID: of a somewhat rhombic shape.
ROTATE: wheel-shaped.
RUNCINATE: coarsely cut into with the segments turned backward.
SAGITTATE: shaped like an arrow-head with the lobes turned downward.
SAMARA: a simple, indehiscent, winged fruit.
SAPROPHYTE: a plant which grows on dead organic matter.
SCALE: a minute, rudimentary leaf.
SCAPE: a leafless or nearly leafless flower-stalk arising from near
the ground.
SCARIOUS: dry, thin, membranous.
SCURF: minute scales on the epidermis (skin).
SEPALS: the divisions of the calyx.
SERRATE: with teeth pointing forwards.
SERRULATE: with minute forward pointing teeth.
SESSILE: (leaf) without any stalk.
SHEATH: a tubular structure such as is formed by the lower part of
the leaves of grasses, etc.
SILICLE: a short and broad silique.
SILIQUE: the elongated two-valved and usually dehiscent fruit of the
Cress family. It is divided by a partition and the placentæ are
parietal.
SINUATE: with a strongly wavy margin.
SINUS: the recess between the lobes of a leaf.
SORI: the fruit-dots of ferns.
SPADIX: a fleshy spike as in the Araceæ.
SPATHE: a large bract or pair of bracts enclosing a flower or an
inflorescence.
SPATULATE: spoon-shaped.
SPIKE: a flower-cluster in which the flowers are stalkless on an
elongated axis.
SPORANGES: the sacs containing the spores.
SPORE: the reproductive body of ferns.
SPOROPHYLL: leaf-like organ or receptacle containing spores.
STAMEN: the organ of the flower which produces the pollen.
STAMINODIA: sterile stamens or structures which are developed
in the place of stamens.
STELLATE: star-shaped.
STIPE: the leaf-stalk of a fern.
STIPULE: an appendage such as is found at the base of many
leaf-stalks.
STOLON: a trailing and rooting shoot.
STRIATE: marked with slender, longitudinal stripes.
STRICT: straight and upright.
STYLE: (of pistil) the elongated portion at top of ovary.
SUBULATE: awl-shaped.
SUPERIOR: (side of flower) the one next the axis of a
flower-cluster; (ovary) free from calyx tube.
TERETE: cylindrical, circular in cross-section.
TERNATE: in threes.
TOMENTOSE: clothed with matted wool-like hairs.
TORULOSE: knobby; swollen at intervals.
TRUNCATE: as if cut off at the top.
TUBERCLE: a small knob-like outgrowth.
TURBINATE: top-shaped.
UMBEL: an umbrella-like flower-cluster.
UNDULATE: wavy.
VALVATE: (leaves in bud) meeting by the margins, not overlapping.
VERTICILLATE: whorled.
VEXILLUM: the standard of the peculiar flower of pea, etc.
VILLOUS: with long soft hairs.
GENERAL KEY TO THE FAMILIES
PLANTS WITHOUT FLOWERS
FERNS AND THEIR ALLIES
Leaves large, fern-like.
Sporanges in a spike or panicle above the sterile leaf.
=Ophioglossaceæ.=
Sporanges borne in sori, on the backs or margins of the leaves.
=Polypodiaceæ.=
Leaves small, reduced to scales.
Stems erect, hollow, jointed, rush-like; leaves reduced to
sheaths at the joints; sporanges in the terminal, cone-like
spike. =Equisetaceæ.=
Stems not hollow, creeping; leaves numerous, scale-like;
sporanges of one kind, solitary in the axils of the leaves.
=Lycopodiaceæ.=
Stems creeping, moss-like; leaves numerous; sporanges of two
kinds in the axils of the upper leaves, which are formed into
a quadrangular spike. =Selaginellaceæ.=
PLANTS WITH FLOWERS
WOODY STEMMED PLANTS; TREES, SHRUBS, AND VINES
TREES OR SHRUBS WITH RESINOUS JUICE; LEAVES USUALLY EVERGREEN.
Fruit a cone, either dry or berry-like. =Pinaceæ.=
Fruit a fleshy crimson berry. =Taxaceæ.=
TREES, SHRUBS, OR VINES WITH WATERY JUICE.
Leaves deciduous.
_Flowers in catkins._
Staminate and pistillate catkins on different
plants; seed with white, silky hairs. =Salicaceæ.=
Staminate and pistillate catkins on the same
plant; fruit cone-like. =Betulaceæ.=
_Flowers not in catkins._
(A) Trees.
Leaves simple, not lobed; flowers white. =Drupaceæ.=
Leaves lobed; flowers greenish-yellow. =Aceraceæ.=
Leaves pinnate; flowers white. =Pomaceæ.=
(B) Shrubs or vines.
*Stems spiny erect or trailing.
(_a_) Leaves simple or lobed.
Flowers small in dense terminal racemes.
=Araliaceæ.=
Flowers few in axillary clusters or racemes.
=Grossulariaceæ.=
(_b_) Leaves pinnate or palmate. =Rosaceæ.=
**Stems not spiny but with minute scales;
fruit silver, scarlet or orange berries.
=Elæagnaceæ.=
***Stems erect, smooth.
(_a_) Petals distinct.
†Leaves simple.
Flowers small, in flat heads or clusters.
Petals 4; stamens 4. =Cornaceæ.=
Petals 5; stamens numerous. =Rosaceæ.=
Flowers in axillary clusters or racemes;
petals 5; stamens numerous.
Fruit a berry. =Drupaceæ.=
Fruit a pome. =Pomaceæ.=
††Leaves pinnate; flowers yellow. =Rosaceæ.=
(_b_) Petals united.
Flowers small, short-campanulate in
axillary or terminal heads.
=Caprifoliaceæ.=
Flowers large, funnel-form, in terminal
or axillary clusters. (_Azaleastrum_)
=Ericaceæ.=
Flowers bell or urn-shaped, few, axillary.
=Vacciniaceæ.=
****Stems creeping or twining, smooth or hairy.
Flowers with distinct petals, blue or
purple. (_Atragene_). =Ranunculaceæ.=
Flowers with united petals.
Corolla tubular. =Caprifoliaceæ.=
Corolla bell-shaped. =Ericaceæ.=
Leaves evergreen; shrubs or vines.
Leaves pinnate; flowers yellow. =Berberidaceæ.=
Leaves simple.
Flowers inconspicuous; fruit a black berry. =Empetraceæ.=
Flowers showy, open, campanulate or urn-shaped,
white or pink. =Ericaceæ.=
HERBACEOUS PLANTS
Plants without leaves.
Parasitic on branches or stems of evergreens. =Loranthaceæ.=
Not parasitic on trees; roots coral-like. (_Corallorhiza_)
=Orchidaceæ.=
Plants with leaves.
_Leaves parallel-veined._
(A) Flowers small, collected on a spadix. =Araceæ.=
(B) Flowers not collected on a spadix.
*Flowers regular; corolla lobes 6; stamens 6.
(_a_) Leaves grass-like, mostly at the base.
Flowers white or greenish. =Melanthaceæ.=
Flowers pink. (_Allium_). =Liliaceæ.=
Flowers blue. (_Sisyrinchium_). =Iridaceæ.=
(_b_) Leaves not grass-like, mostly on the stem.
Flowers white or pink. =Convallariaceæ.=
Flowers green. =Melanthaceæ.=
Flowers yellow or orange. =Liliaceæ.=
Flowers red or wine-color. (_Kruhsea_.)
=Convallariaceæ.=
**Flowers irregular, frequently with broad or
inflated lip and spur. =Orchidaceæ.=
_Leaves not parallel-veined._
(A) Flowers small, in close heads surrounded by an involucre.
Flowers all alike, florets ligulate. =Cichoriaceæ.=
Flowers not alike, central ones tubular, marginal
usually with rays. =Carduaceæ.=
(B) Flowers in umbels at the ends of the stems or branches.
Umbels broad, flat or nearly so, flowers white, yellow,
or purple. =Apiaceæ.=
Umbels round.
Flowers greenish; leaves compound. =Araliaceæ.=
Flowers white or pink; leaves simple.
(_Eriogonum_.) =Polygonaceæ.=
(C) Flowers not in umbels.
*Flowers regular.
(_a_) Flowers with 2 sepals and 5 petals;
corolla pink. =Portulacaceæ.=
(_b_) Flowers with 3 sepals and 3 petals;
seeds triangular. =Polygonaceæ.=
(_c_) Flowers with 4 sepals and 4 petals.
Stem angular; leaves in whorls. =Rubiaceæ.=
Stem round; leaves not in whorls.
Stamens 6, erect. =Brassicaceæ.=
Stamens 8, spreading. =Onagraceæ.=
(_d_) Flowers with 5 sepals or petals, distinct.
†Stamens as many or twice as many as the
corolla lobes.
Stems swollen at the nodes. =Caryophyllaceæ.=
Stems not swollen at the nodes.
Stem leaves numerous, entire, thin;
flowers in terminal or axillary
clusters, white or greenish. =Santalaceæ.=
Leaves basal, entire; flowers solitary
on a 1-leaved scape. =Parnassiaceæ.=
Leaves mostly basal, lobed or cut;
flowers in a close spike or head. =Saxifragaceæ.=
Leaves and stems fleshy.
Follicles 2. =Saxifragaceæ.=
Follicles 4. =Crassulaceæ.=
Leaves numerous, stiff, awl-shaped;
stems low, tufted. =Saxifragaceæ.=
††Stamens more than twice as many as the corolla lobes.
§Leaves basal or mostly so.
Leaves evergreen, simple or lobed, flowers yellow
or white, solitary on naked scapes.
(_Dryas._) =Rosaceæ.=
Leaves not evergreen, simple, lobed, or much divided.
Smooth.
Stems erect or floating. =Ranunculaceæ.=
Stems creeping.
Flowers white or pink. =Rosaceæ.=
Flowers yellow. =Ranunculaceæ.=
Rough-hairy.
Flowers yellow or pink. =Rosaceæ.=
Flowers white, blue or purple.
=Ranunculaceæ.=
§§Leaves mostly on the stem.
Leaves finely cut; stems creeping; flowers
white. =Rosaceæ.=
Leaves entire.
Leaves bright green, black-dotted;
flowers yellow. =Hypericaceæ.=
Leaves glaucous, without black dots;
flowers blue. =Linaceæ.=
(_e_) Flowers with 5 sepals and 5 united petals
or lobes.
†Stamens 3; flowers small, in terminal
clusters. =Valerianaceæ.=
††Stamens 5.
Opposite to the corolla lobes.
=Primulaceæ.=
Alternate with the corolla lobes.
Stems smooth, leafy; corolla
campanulate.
Stem leaves broad; flowers pink.
=Apocynaceæ.=
Stem leaves narrow; flowers blue.
=Campanulaceæ.=
Stems rough-hairy.
Corolla salver-form; stamens included.
=Boraginaceæ.=
Corolla tubular; stamens exserted.
=Hydrophyllacæ.=
†††Stamens 10; flowers mostly in terminal
heads or singly. =Pyrolaceæ.=
**Flowers irregular.
(_a_) Leaves all entire and basal, forming rosettes;
flowers blue. =Lentibulariaceæ.=
(_b_) Leaves all heart-shaped; flowers blue, white
or yellow. =Violaceæ.=
(_c_) Leaves not heart-shaped, simple or much cut,
not pinnate.
Stems square; flowers in close verticels in
the axils of the leaves or in terminal
heads. =Menthaceæ.=
Stems round; flowers numerous in elongated
terminal leafy heads or few on slender
stems in the axils of the upper leaves.
=Scrophulariaceæ.=
(_d_) Leaves palmate; flowers blue in elongated spikes.
=Ranunculaceæ.=
(_e_) Leaves pinnately divided; flowers pea-like.
=Papilionaceæ.=
(_f_) Leaves compoundly lobed, not pinnate.
Stems low, spreading, flowers small in
dense terminal or axillary spikes.
=Papaveraceæ.=
Stems erect; flowers drooping in open
terminal heads, either showy and spurred
or not showy and without spurs; leaves
maiden-hair fern-like. =Ranunculaceæ.=
Alpine Flora of the Canadian Rocky Mountains
OPHIOGLOSSACEÆ
_Adder’s-Tongue Family_
More or less succulent fern-like plants, consisting of a stem and
leaf growing from a fleshy root. Sporophyll in the form of a spike or
panicle.
[Sidenote: =Botrychium lunaria= (L.) Sw. _Moon-wort._]
Very fleshy, 2—12 inches high. Leaf usually sessile, borne at or
above the middle of the stem, pinnate with 2—8 pairs of moon-like or
fan-shaped lobes which vary from crenate to entire and either close
and folded together or distant; spore-bearing portion 2—3 pinnate,
often dense, 1—2 inches long, about as high as the leaf.
In open or exposed situations, frequently on the tops of the highest
mountains, rather rare; occurring in midsummer.
[Sidenote: =Botrychium simplex= E. Hitchcock. _Small Moon-wort._]
Plant 2—6 inches high, slender and very variable. Leaf ovate, obovate
or oblong, entire, lobed or pinnately parted, borne near the base of
the stem; spore-bearing portion a simple or slightly compound spike,
sometimes reduced to only a few sporanges; apex of the leaf and
spore-bearing portion erect in fruit.
In alpine meadows or grassy slopes, frequently through the Rockies but
very inconspicuous; during summer.
[Sidenote: =Botrychium virginianum= (L.) Sw. _Virginia Grape Fern._]
Stem slender, 4 inches to 2 feet high. Leaf thin, ternately divided
and spreading 3—12 inches across, pinnately much divided into
oblong-toothed segments; spore-bearing portion long-stalked, much
above the leaf 2—3 pinnate, cinnamon brown, when ripe.
In rich moist woods, sparingly throughout the region during the summer.
POLYPODIACEÆ
_Fern Family_
Ferns of various habits, the rootstocks horizontal, often elongated or
short and erect; the leaves simple, pinnate, pinnatifid or decompound,
coiled at the ends when young. Sporanges borne in clusters (_sori_)
on the lower side or margins of the leaves or their segments, with or
without a membranous covering (_indusium_).
Represented in the region by the following 10 genera.
Sori without indusia, leaves 2—3 pinnate or ternate. =Phegopteris.=
Sori with marginal indusia formed by the more or less altered edge
of the leaf.
Sporanges at the ends of the veins, borne on a reflexed
portion of the leaf. =Adiantum.=
Sporanges on a continuous vein-like receptacle
which connects the apices of the veins. =Pteridium.=
Sporanges at or near the ends of the unconnected veins.
Leaves of two kinds, the spore-bearing ones contracted
and more or less pod-like. =Cryptogramma.=
Leaves uniform; sori minute, indusium usually interrupted.
=Cheilanthes.=
Sori not marginal, provided with spinal indusia.
Sori oblong on oblique veins; leaves pinnate. =Asplenium.=
Sori round.
Indusium conspicuous.
Leaves firm; indusium peltate. =Polystichum.=
Leaves membranous; indusium reniform. =Dryopteris.=
Indusium inconspicuous.
Indusium under the sorus, stellately divided. =Woodsia.=
Indusium hooded, fixed by a broad base. =Filix.=
[Sidenote: =Phegopteris alpestris= (Hoppe) Mett. _Western Beech Fern._]
Rootstock short, thick, erect or oblique; stems 4—10 inches long with
a few brown spreading scales near the base; leaves 1—2 feet long,
oblong-lanceolate, thrice pinnate, the pinnæ deltoid-lanceolate, the
lower ones distant and smaller, pinnules oblong-lanceolate, finely
cut-toothed; sori small, rounded and nearly marginal.
On moist banks in the Selkirks, frequent especially in the vicinity of
Glacier, where it forms clumps of considerable diameter, up to 7000
feet elevation.
[Sidenote: =Phegopteris Phegopteris= (L.) Underw. _Long Beech Fern._]
Rootstock slender and creeping; stems 6—9 inches long; leaves
triangular, thin, usually longer than broad, 6—9 inches long,
4—6 inches broad, hairy on the veins, especially beneath; pinnæ
linear-lanceolate, the lowest pair deflexed and standing forward,
segments oblong, obtuse, entire, the basal ones joined to the main
rachis; sori small, near the margin.
In moist woods in the Selkirks at the lower elevations, not common.
[Sidenote: =Phegopteris Dryopteris= (L.) Fée. _Oak Fern._]
Rootstock slender, extensively creeping; leaves or short black stipes,
broadly triangular 4—8 inches wide, the three primary divisions 1—2
pinnate, segments oblong, obtuse, entire or toothed; sori near the
margin.
In moist woods and thickets throughout the region at the lower
altitudes, frequently forming beds of considerable size.
[Sidenote: =Adiantum pedatum= L. _Maidenhair Fern._]
Rootstock slender, creeping; stems 9—18 inches long, dark chestnut
brown or nearly black, shining, forked into nearly equal branches
at the summit; leaves obliquely orbicular in outline, 8—18 inches
broad, thin, the pinnæ arising from the branches of the stem, somewhat
radiately arranged, the larger ones 6—10 inches long, 1—2 inches
broad, pinnules triangular-oblong, or the terminal one fan-shaped, the
lower margin entire and slightly curved, the upper cut, bearing the
linear-oblong sori.
Sparingly throughout the region in woods or moist shaded situations,
among rocks.
[Sidenote: =Pteridium aquilinum pubescens= Underw. _Bracken._]
Rootstock stout, widely creeping, subterranean; stems hairy, 1—2 feet
high, erect, straw-colored or brownish, leaves soft-hairy, especially
on the under surface, 2—4 feet long, 1—3 feet wide, ternate, the three
branches each bipinnate, the upper pinnules undivided, the lower more
or less pinnatifid.
In dry woods, thickets, and open hillsides, throughout the region.
[Sidenote: =Cryptogramma acrostichoides= R. Br. _American Rock-brake._]
Rootstock stout, short, and chaffy; stems densely tufted,
straw-colored, 2—6 inches long, very slender, chaffy below; leaves
ovate or ovate-lanceolate in outline, thin, smooth, 2—3 pinnate, the
sterile shorter than the fertile, their segments and pinnules crowded,
ovate-oblong or obovate, crenate or slightly sharply cut; fertile
leaves with linear or linear-oblong segments half an inch long, the
margins at first rolled back to the midrib, at maturity expanded and
exposing the light brown sporanges.
Forming tufts among rocks throughout the region but most frequent in
the Selkirks.
[Sidenote: =Cryptogramma Stelleri= (S. G. Gmel.) Prantl. _Slender
Cliff-brake_.]
Rootstock slender, creeping, thread-like; stems slender, scattered 2—3
inches long, dark brown; leaves thin, ovate in outline 2—5 inches long,
1—2 inches wide, 2—3 pinnate or pinnatifid above, the fertile taller,
with narrower pinnules and segments, pinnæ lanceolate-deltoid, cut to
the rachis, in few lobed or entire segments; indusium broad; veins
conspicuous.
In crevices of damp or dripping rocks, preferably limestone, in the
Rockies up to 7000 feet elevation; not common.
[Sidenote: =Cheilanthes Féei= Moore. _Hairy Lip Fern._]
Rootstock creeping, covered with pale rusty-brown scales; stems tufted,
wiry, chestnut brown, 2—4 inches long, hairy; leaves oblong-lanceolate
in outline 4—9 inches long, gradually attenuate to the apex, twice
pinnate; pinnules somewhat distant, lanceolate-deltoid, acute, deeply
pinnatifid or incised, more or less covered with stiff hairs and
usually somewhat glandular; sori numerous, covered by the infolded ends
of the rounded oblong lobes.
On rocks and among broken stones at the lower altitudes of the eastern
Rockies; growing in matted masses.
[Sidenote: =Asplenium viride= Huds. _Green Spleenwort._]
Rootstock stout, creeping, chaffy with brown scales; stems numerous,
densely tufted, brownish below, green above; leaves linear-lanceolate,
2—8 inches long, once pinnate, pale green, with 12—20 pairs of ovate
or rhomboid, crenate; obtuse, unequal-sided pinnules; sori oblong,
numerous, or scattered.
On dry rocks and slides, frequent through the Rockies.
[Sidenote: =Asplenium Filix-fœmina= (L.) Bernh. _Lady Fern._]
Rootstock creeping, rather slender for the size of the plant; stems
tufted, 6—10 inches long; straw-colored, brownish or reddish, with
scattered brown scales which are large and numerous at the broadened
base; leaves broadly oblong-lanceolate, pinnæ lanceolate, acuminate,
4—8 inches long; pinnules lanceolate, incised or serrate, sori short,
the indusia straight or variously curved.
In moist woods and thickets throughout the region but especially in the
Selkirks, being a common fern in the woods in the vicinity of Glacier.
[Sidenote: =Polystichum Lonchitis= (L.) Roth. _Holly Fern._]
Rootstock short, stout, and densely chaffy; stems 1—5 inches long,
bearing large dark brown scales, with some smaller ones; leaves rigid,
leathery, and evergreen, narrowly lanceolate in outline, once pinnate;
pinnæ broadly lanceolate, scythe-shaped, 1—2 inches long, acute or
acuminate at the apex, with an ear-like projection on the upper side
at the base, and with a nearly straight edge on the lower, densely
spiny-toothed; sori large, nearer the margin than the midrib.
In large tufts among rocks throughout the region.
[Sidenote: =Dryopteris Filix-mas= (L.) Schott. _Male Fern._]
Rootstock stout, ascending, or erect, chaffy; stems 4—6 inches long,
very chaffy below; leaves broadly lanceolate, acute or acuminate at
the apex, slightly narrowed at the base, 1—3 feet long, rather firm,
half evergreen, pinnate or partly 2-pinnate; pinnæ lanceolate, broadest
at the base, gradually acuminate, 3—6 inches long, pinnatifid almost
to the rachis, or pinnately divided into oblong, smooth lobes; sori
large, borne near the margin, more numerous on the lower halves of the
segments.
In rocky woods in the Selkirks on the lower slopes of Mt. Macdonald.
[Sidenote: =Dryopteris spinulosa dilatata= (Hoffm.) Underw. _Spinulose
Shield Fern._]
Rootstock stout, chaffy; stems 6—18 inches long, bearing large brown
scales with dark centres; leaves broadly ovate or triangular-ovate,
commonly 3-pinnate; pinnules lanceolate oblong, the lowest often much
elongated; sori medium size; indusium smooth.
In moist woods through the Selkirks, probably the most abundant fern in
the vicinity of Glacier.
[Sidenote: =Dryopteris oreopteris= (Sw.) Maxon.]
Rootstock short, erect or decumbent, scaly; stems light straw-colored,
2—6 inches long, tufted, copiously scaly throughout, with light brown
scales; leaves 1½—2 feet long, rather firm, broadly lanceolate,
gradually tapering from near the middle to both ends; pinnæ 2—3 inches
long, deeply pinnatifid, gradually shorter to the lowest which are more
distant, broadly triangular, and less than an inch long; segments flat,
oblong, and nearly entire; rachis straw-colored, densely scaly with
light brown scales, nearly to the apex.
In the Selkirks on the moist mountain slopes and rocky ravines at
Glacier.
[Sidenote: =Woodsia scopulina= D. C. Eaton. _Rocky Mountain Woodsia._]
Rootstock short, creeping, and densely chaffy; stems brown, darker
at the base, 2—4 inches long, glandular-hairy; leaves mostly
glandular-hairy throughout, lanceolate, 6—12 inches long, tapering from
about the middle to both ends; pinnæ numerous, oblong-ovate, pinnatifid
into oblong-toothed segments; sori nearly marginal.
In crevices in the rocks and among broken stones on slides, throughout
the Rockies, up to an elevation of 7000 feet; frequent.
[Sidenote: =Woodsia oregana= D. C. Eaton. _Oregon Woodsia._]
Rootstock short; stems smooth, brownish below. Leaves smooth, 2—10
inches long, lanceolate; pinnæ triangular, oblong, obtuse, pinnatifid,
lower ones rounded and somewhat remote from the others; rachis
straw-colored; pinnules oblong-ovate, dentate or crenate, the teeth
often turned back and covering the submarginal sori.
Among broken stones on the slides near the base of Mt. Stephen in the
Rockies.
[Sidenote: =Filix fragilis= (L.) Underw. _Brittle Fern._]
Rootstock short; stems 4—8 inches long, leaves thin, smooth throughout,
oblong-lanceolate, only slightly tapering below, 4—10 inches long;
pinnate or 2—3 pinnatifid; pinnæ lanceolate-ovate, irregularly
pinnatifid with a broad central space, and bluntly or sharply toothed
segments, decurrent along the margined or winged rachis; sori small,
half way between the margin and the midrib; indusium narrow, soon
withering.
In crevices in rocks and among broken stones throughout the Rockies.
[Sidenote: =Filix montana= (Lam.) Underw.]
Rootstock slender, widely creeping; stipes 6—9 inches long, slender;
leaves deltoid-ovate, 3—4 pinnate, 3—6 inches broad, the lowest pinnæ
triangular-lanceolate and much larger, their inferior pinnules 1—1½
inches long, deeply divided into oblong lobes, deeply toothed; sori
numerous; indusium acute, soon withering.
On damp mossy banks and rocks throughout the Rockies; not common.
EQUISETACEÆ
_Horsetail Family_
Green, rush-like plants with usually hollow, jointed, simple or often
much branched stems, rising from subterranean rootstocks; the branches
verticillate.
Leaves reduced to toothed sheaths; sporanges clustered beneath the
scales of terminal, cone-like spikes.
[Sidenote: =Equisetum arvense= L. _Field Horsetail._]
Stems annual, the fertile appearing in early spring before the sterile;
fertile stems 4—10 inches high, soon withering, light brown, their
loose sheaths mostly distant, whitish, ending in about 12 brown
acuminate teeth; sterile stems green, much branched and slender, 2
inches to 2 feet high with numerous, mostly simple, 4-angled solid
branches with 4-toothed sheaths.
In moist sandy soil throughout the region, frequent in wet woods and
swampy places.
[Sidenote: =Equisetum sylvaticum= L. _Wood Horsetail._]
Stems annual, the fertile appearing in early spring before the sterile,
at first simple, at length much branched, resembling the sterile
except in the withered apex; stems 8—20 inches high, producing
verticillate compound branches which are curved downward; sheaths loose
and cylindric, those of the stem whitish, with 8—14 rather blunt brown
teeth.
In moist sandy woods and thickets in the Selkirks, not common.
[Sidenote: =Equisetum fluviatile= L. _Swamp Horsetail._]
Stems annual, all alike, 2—4 feet high, bluish-green, smooth, usually
producing upright branches after the spores are formed; sheaths
appressed with about 18 dark brown or nearly black, short acute teeth.
In sloughs and shallow ponds throughout the region, frequent.
[Sidenote: =Equisetum hyemale= L. _Common Scouring rush._]
Stems stiff, evergreen, 2—4 feet high, rough, 8—34-furrowed, the ridges
with two distinct lines of tubercles; sheaths rather long, cylindric,
marked with one or two black girdles, teeth dark brown or nearly black
and membranous, soon deciduous; spikes tipped with a rigid point.
In wet places and on banks and slides in the valley of the Kicking
Horse River.
[Sidenote: =Equisetum variegatum= Schl. _Variegated Equisetum._]
Stems perennial, slender, evergreen, 6—18 inches long, rough, usually
simple from a branched base, commonly tufted, 5—10 furrowed; sheaths
companulate, distinctly 4-keeled, green variegated with black above;
the teeth 5—10, each tipped with a deciduous bristle.
In moist, sandy soil throughout the region up to an elevation of 7000
feet, sometimes forming large patches.
[Sidenote: =Equisetum scirpoides= Michx.]
Stems perennial, evergreen, very slender, 3—6 inches long, rough,
flexuous and curving, growing in tufts closely matted to the ground,
mostly 6-furrowed with acute ridges, simple or branching from near
the base; sheaths black, with three membranous rather persistent
bristle-tipped teeth.
On moist sandy shaded banks throughout the Rockies.
LYCOPODIACEÆ
_Club-moss Family_
Branching, moss-like plants with small lanceolate or subulate,
sometimes oblong or roundish simple leaves, arranged in two or many
ranks on trailing or sometimes erect, usually branched stems.
Sporanges solitary in the axils of the leaves or on their upper
surfaces.
[Sidenote: =Lycopodium Selago= L. _Fir Club-moss._]
Stems usually yellowish throughout, 3—6 inches high, thick, rigid,
erect, 2—5 times forked, the branches forming a level topped cluster;
leaves crowded, uniform, ascending, elongated, lanceolate with a spiny
tip, the upper mostly 8-ranked and sterile, those below bearing small
sporanges in their axils, leaves of the lower half of the stems again
sterile; plant propagated also by enlarged bud-like organs.
Throughout the region in alpine meadows and slopes above 6000 feet
elevation.
[Sidenote: =Lycopodium annotinum= L. _Stiff Club-moss._]
Stems much branched, slender, prostrate and creeping, rather stiff, 1—4
feet long, the branches similar, ascending 5—8 inches high, sparingly
forked; leaves uniform, spreading, 5-ranked, rigid, linear-lanceolate,
minutely serrulate, nerved below, spikes solitary or several at the
ends of the branches, oblong, cylindric 1—1½ inches long, composed of
ovate or ovate-cordate, short-acuminate and denticulate bracts, each
with a sporange in its axil.
In woods throughout the region, frequent.
[Sidenote: =Lycopodium clavatum= L. _Running Pine._]
Stems extensively creeping, 1—4 feet long with similar short, irregular
ascending or decumbent, densely leafy branches; leaves much crowded,
many-ranked, incurved, linear-subulate, bristle-tipped, the lower
denticulate, the upper nearly entire or slightly decurrent on either
side; spikes 1—4 on long peduncles; bracts membranous, roundish, and
irregularly denticulate below.
In dry woods and open grounds, rather rare in the region, observed only
in the Selkirks around Glacier and Roger’s Pass.
[Sidenote: =Lycopodium sitchensis= Rupr. _Arctic Club-moss._]
Stems prostrate, 8—12 inches long, on or a little beneath the
surface; sending up frequent branched stems which form compact masses
of vertical, compressed branches 2—3 inches high, with occasional
stronger, spike-bearing branches; leaves lanceolate with a broad base,
spreading and curving upwards, thick, entire, acute, in five rows on
the branchlets; the spikes nearly sessile.
On grassy alpine slopes 6000 feet and upwards in the Selkirks,
especially in the region about Glacier.
[Sidenote: =Lycopodium complanatum= L. _Trailing Christmas-green._]
Stems extensively creeping, with erect or ascending reinform or
fan-shaped branches, several times forked above with crowded flattened
branchlets; leaves minute, overlapping, flattened, 4-ranked, the
lateral row with somewhat spreading tips; peduncle slender, 2—6 inches
high, forked, bearing 2—4 linear-cylindric spikes, bracts broadly
ovate, acuminate, with pale irregularly cut margins.
In mossy woods at the lower altitudes, more or less frequent throughout
the region, especially in the Rockies.
[Sidenote: =Lycopodium alpinum= L. _Alpine Club-moss._]
Stems prostrate, 8—20 inches long on or near the surface of the ground,
forming numerous, several times branched clusters 2—3 inches high with
glaucous leaves, and occasional stouter, compressed spike-bearing
stems, extending above the others; leaves 4-ranked, erect, flattened,
those of the lateral rows two to three times larger than those
intermediate; spikes sessile, few, ½—¾ of an inch long.
In alpine meadows, on slopes, and in open woods throughout the region
from 6000 feet upwards.
SELAGINELLACEÆ
_Selaginella Family_
Moss-like plants with branching stems and scale-like leaves which are
many ranked and uniform, or 4-ranked and of two types spreading in two
planes. Sporanges solitary in the axils of the leaves which are so
arranged as to form more or less quadrangular spikes.
[Sidenote: =Selaginella selaginoides= (L.) Link. _Low Selaginella._]
Sterile stems, prostrate and creeping, small and slender; fertile
stems thicker, ascending, simple 1—3 inches high; leaves lanceolate,
acute, spreading, sparsely spinulose-ciliate; spikes solitary at the
ends of the fertile branches, bracts lax, ascending lanceolate or
ovate-lanceolate, strongly fringed.
A light green moss-like plant growing in wet sandy grounds in the
Rockies; not infrequent.
[Sidenote: =Selaginella densa= Rydb.]
Densely tufted sterile branches very short and crowded; leaves, densely
crowded, many-ranked linear or needle-shaped in age, slightly flattened
and grooved on the upper side, the margin fringed, tipped with a white
bristle; fertile branches erect, the spikes quadrangular ½—¾ of an
inch long, bracts folded together, thick, triangular-ovate, fringed on
the margin and tipped with a white bristle half as long as that of the
leaves.
In sterile dry ground and on exposed rocks throughout the region from
the bases to the tops of the highest mountains, forming grayish-green
mats on the ground.
PINACEÆ.
_Pine Family_
Resinous trees and shrubs mostly with evergreen, narrow, entire or
scale-like leaves; the pollen sacks and ovules borne in separate
spikes; fruit a cone with numerous, several or few, woody, papery or
fleshy scales, sometimes berry-like; seed wingless or winged.
Scales of the fruit numerous, alternate; leaf-buds scaly.
Leaves in clusters.
Clusters ensheathed at the base, containing 2, 3, or 5 leaves.
=Pinus.=
Clusters not ensheathed at the base containing many leaves. =Larix.=
Leaves solitary.
Cones erect; scales deciduous. =Abies.=
Cones pendent; scales persistent.
Branchlets smooth; bracts 3-toothed. =Pseudotsuga.=
Branchlets roughened by the persistent leaf bases.
Leaves petioled, not pungent. =Tsuga.=
Leaves sessile, pungent. =Picea.=
Scales of the fruit few, opposite; leaf-buds naked.
Fruit fleshy and berry-like. =Juniperus.=
Fruit a dry cone. =Thuja.=
[Sidenote: =Pinus albicaulis= Engelm. _White-bark Pine._]
A tree 20 or 30 feet high generally with a short trunk 2—4 feet in
diameter, stout, very flexible branches, often standing nearly erect
and forming an open irregular broad head; often a low shrub and nearly
prostrate at high altitudes; bark thin with creamy-white plate-like
scales; leaves stout, rigid, slightly incurved, clustered at the ends
of the branches 1½—2½ inches long; cones oval or subglobose horizontal,
sessile, dark purple, 1½—3 inches long with thickened acute scales.
[Illustration: Pinus albicaulis Engelm. (¼ Nat.) White Pine.]
[Illustration: Pinus Murrayana Oreg. Com. (¼ Nat.) Jack Pine.]
On alpine slopes and exposed ridges from 5000 feet elevation upward,
occurring occasionally in the Rockies, but frequent throughout the
Selkirks at or near the timber line.
[Sidenote: =Pinus Murrayana= Oreg. Com. _Black Pine, Jack Pine._]
A tree 40—80 feet high with a trunk 1—3 feet in diameter, slender,
strict; branches frequently persistent nearly to the base of the stem,
somewhat pendulous below, ascending near the top of the tree, forming a
pyramidal spire-topped head; bark thin, close, light orange-brown with
appressed scales; leaves 2 in a bundle, yellowish-green, 1—3 inches
long, stout; cones yellowish-brown and shining oval to sub-cylindric
oblique at the base, often clustered ¾—2 inches long, with slightly
concave scales with slender deciduous prickles.
The most abundant tree at the lower altitudes throughout the Rockies,
frequently covering vast tracts, and rising on the mountain sides to
6000 feet or occasionally higher.
[Sidenote: =Larix Lyallii= Parl. _Lyall’s Larch._]
A tree usually 40—50 feet high with a diameter of 18—20 inches and
remote, elongated, tough, persistent, nearly black branches, with
prominent winter buds with conspicuous long white matted hairs fringing
the margins of their scales and often nearly concealing the buds;
bark on the old trunks ½ to ¾ of an inch thick, pale gray, divided
into shallow irregular plates; leaves many in a cluster, 4-angled,
slender, blue-green 1—1½ inches long; young cones showy with dark red
or yellow-green scales and dark purple bracts; when mature, ovate 1½—2
inches long with reddish-purple scales and long tipped dark purple
bracts.
[Illustration: Larix Lyallii Parl. (⅓ Nat.) Lyall’s Larch.]
[Illustration: Thuja plicata Don. (⅓ Nat.) Giant Cedar.]
An alpine tree occurring with more or less frequency throughout the
Rockies from Banff to Field, from 6000 to 8000 feet elevation, at or
near the tree limit, often much stunted and almost shrub-like; very
abundant on the mountains in the region about Lake Louise.
[Sidenote: =Abies lasiocarpa= (Hook) Nutt. _Sub-alpine Fir, Balsam
Fir._]
A tree usually 40—100 feet high with a trunk 1—5 feet in diameter,
short crowded tough branches, usually slightly pendulous near the
base and forming dense spire-like slender heads; bark rough on the
older trees, with thick, appressed, cinnamon-red scales; leaves pale
blue-green flat, 1—1¾ inches long on the lower branches, rounded or
notched at the apex; on the upper branches thickened, not more than ½
an inch long, flattened and closely appressed with long rigid points;
cones, oblong-cylindric, rounded, truncate or depressed at the narrowed
apex, dark purple and soft-hairy, 1½—4 inches long with scales
gradually narrowed from the broad rounded apex to the base, about 3
times as long as the bracts.
This tree the Balsam of the region is found throughout on the higher
mountain slopes and summits, frequently forming the timber line in
which case it is shrub-like and stunted.
[Sidenote: =Pseudotsuga mucronata= (Raf.) Sudw. _Douglas Spruce, Red
Fir._]
A magnificent tree 80—100 feet high, with a trunk 2—3 feet in diameter,
or frequently larger, with slender crowded branches and long pendulous
lateral ones forming, while the tree is young, an open pyramid, soon
deciduous from the trees crowded in the forest and leaving the bare
trunk naked for ⅔ of its height and surmounted by a comparatively
small, narrow head; bark on the young trees, smooth, dark gray-brown
and lustrous, on the old trunks several inches thick, divided into
oblong plates broken into irregularly connected ridges; leaves crowded,
yellowish-green, straight or slightly curved, narrow, ¾—1¼ inches long,
obtuse or acute at the apex; cones pendent on long stout stems, 2—4¼
inches long, with thin slightly concave scales; bracts often extending
half an inch beyond the scales.
[Illustration: Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. (⅓ Nat.) Balsam Fir.]
[Illustration: Pseudotsuga mucronata (Raf.) Sudw. (¼ Nat.) Douglas
Fir.]
Throughout the Rockies in the lower wooded valleys, the handsomest tree
of this section especially when young, now rather rare in the mature
state along the line of the railway, but may be so seen to perfection
in the Yoho and some of the other outlying valleys.
[Sidenote: =Tsuga heterophylla= (Raf.) Sarg. _Western Hemlock._]
A tree frequently 200 feet high, with a trunk 6—10 feet in diameter,
with short slender usually pendulous branches forming a narrow
pyramidal head; bark orange-brown, thin when young, an inch or more
thick on mature trees and divided into broad flat ridges; leaves flat,
dark green and lustrous on the upper surface, marked below by broad
white bands; cones sessile, oblong or oval, ¾—1 inch long with few
yellowish-brown oblong scales abruptly contracted at the middle and
purplish toward the base.
Abundant throughout the Selkirks.
[Sidenote: =Tsuga Mertensiana= (Bong.) Carr. _Mountain Hemlock._]
Tree usually 70—100 feet high with a tapering trunk 2—5 feet in
diameter and gracefully pendent slender branches and drooping lateral
ones; bark grayish and scaly, on mature trees 1—1½ inches thick divided
into rounded ridges with closely appressed cinnamon scales; leaves more
or less in clusters, standing out all over the sides of the branches,
rounded, light bluish-green or in some pale blue ½—1 inch long;
cones sessile, cylindric, oblong, narrowed toward the blunt apex and
somewhat toward the base, pendulous, 1—3 inches long, with thin scales
usually as broad as long, with slightly thickened or erose margins,
purplish-brown, 4 times as long as the sharp, purple bract.
On the slopes and exposed ridges through the Selkirks, a most
attractive tree.
[Illustration: Tsuga Mertensiana (Bong.) Carr. (⅔ Nat.) Mountain
Hemlock.]
[Illustration: Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. (⅙ Nat.) Hemlock.]
[Sidenote: =Picea Albertiana= S. Brown. _Alberta Spruce._]
A tree 30—60 feet high, slender, strict; twigs smooth and shining or
occasionally glandular, hairy, but never glaucous, yellowish-brown when
young becoming darker with age, leaf bases long and standing out at
right angles from the stem; leaves pale blue or blue-green, ½—1 inch
long, nearly straight or curved, acute or with a rigid tip, 4-sided;
cones ovate or oblong, bright crimson when young, at maturity 1—1½
inches long and nearly as broad when expanded, scales stiff and rigid,
broadly rounded at the apex, entire, broader than long, cinnamon brown
with a chestnut edging; bract very small with a sharply angular tip.
The common spruce in the lower valleys and river bottoms throughout the
Rockies.
[Sidenote: =Picea Engelmanni= (Parry) Engelm. _Engelmann’s Spruce._]
A tree often 150 feet high but usually much lower, with a trunk
reaching 4—5 feet in diameter; spreading branches, produced in regular
whorls and forming a narrow compact pyramidal head, and gracefully
hanging short lateral branches; bark when mature reddish-brown and
broken into thin scales; leaves soft and flexible, slender or slightly
incurved, stouter on the fertile branches, ½—1⅛ inches long, glaucous
when young, becoming dark blue-green; cones oblong-cylindric, 1—2
inches long, lustrous, light chestnut brown with thin flexible
wedge-shaped scales, with erosedentate margins.
On the higher mountain slopes in the Rockies, but much lower in the
valleys of the Selkirks, where it grows to a great size.
[Sidenote: =Juniperus Siberica= Burgs. _Alpine Juniper._]
A depressed rigid shrub, with many slender, decumbent stems, curving
upward and forming a circular mass frequently 10 feet in diameter and
18 inches high; bark reddish-brown; leaves numerous ⅓—½ an inch long,
awl-shaped, rigid, spreading nearly at right angles to the branches,
linear-lanceolate, acute, and tipped with sharp, slender points;
channelled and whitened above, lustrous green beneath; berry-like
cones, blue and glaucous, subglobose or oblong about ¼ of an inch in
diameter.
On dry hills and stony slopes throughout the region.
[Illustration: Picea albertiana S. Brown. (½ Nat.) Alberta Spruce.]
[Illustration: Picea albertiana S. Brown. (½ Nat.) Alberta Spruce.]
[Sidenote: =Juniperus prostrata= Pers. _Shrubby Red Cedar._]
A depressed, creeping shrub seldom more than a foot high, with
spreading branches; bark grayish-brown; leaves scale-like, appressed,
4-ranked, acute, with a short spiny point; berry-like cones, light blue
and glaucous, a third of an inch in diameter.
On dry stony ground and slopes throughout the Rockies.
[Sidenote: =Thuja plicata= Don. _Giant Cedar._]
A tree frequently 200 feet high with a broad, gradually tapering
buttressed base sometimes 15 feet in diameter; branches short,
horizontal, usually pendulous at the ends, bright yellow-green
during the first year, becoming reddish-brown and lustrous; bark
thin, cinnamon-red, divided into broad rounded ridges by shallow
fissures; leaves ovate, long pointed, ¼ of an inch long or less;
cones purplish-brown, much reflexed, clustered at the ends of the
branches, ½ inch long with 6 oblong thin leathery scales with thickened
spine-bearing tips.
Occasionally met with in the lower valleys on the western slope of the
Rockies; becoming an immense forest tree in the moist valleys of the
Selkirks where it forms a striking feature of the landscape.
TAXACEÆ
_Yew Family_
Trees or shrubs with narrow flat evergreen or deciduous leaves and a
drupe-like fruit.
[Sidenote: =Taxus brevifolia= Nutt. _Western Yew._]
A small straggling tree or shrub seldom over 20 feet high and up
to 12 inches in diameter; bark thin, covered with greenish-purple
scales; leaves about ½ an inch long, linear-lanceolate, flat, dark
yellowish-green above, paler below with stout midribs and rigid points;
fruit a fleshy crimson disc ⅓ of an inch long and as broad, surrounding
the hard, nearly black, depressed seed.
Occurs locally in the Selkirks, forming much of the underwood on Beaver
Creek.
ARACEÆ
_Arum Family_
Smooth perennial herbs with tuberous or corn-like rootstocks and mostly
basal, large showy leaves; flowers small and numerously crowded on a
spadix which is generally surrounded or subtended by a simple showy
leaf-like organ called a spathe.
A very numerous family found mostly in the tropics and represented in
our region by but a single species.
[Sidenote: =Lysichiton kamtschatcense= (L.) Schott. _Western Skunk
Cabbage._]
A stemless marsh plant with large leaves 1—4 feet long, 3—18 inches
wide, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acute, narrowed below into a short
petiole. Flowers appearing before the leaves; spathe yellow with a
broad acute blade 2—6 inches long, narrowed below to a sheathing
petiole 3—10 inches long; spadix 2—4 inches long, densely flowered, on
a stout peduncle 8 inches or more long.
In wet and marshy spots through the Selkirks. Very abundant near Bear
Creek Station on the railway, flowering in early spring.
MELANTHACEÆ
_Bunch-Flower Family_
Lily-like plants with leafy stems, usually with tufts of grass-like
leaves at the base and rootstocks or occasionally bulbs.
The flowers small and distinctly 6-parted, with the same number of
stamens and three styles; the flowers grow in close heads at the top of
the stems.
Anthers, 1-celled.
Leaves broad, petioles sheathing. =Veratrum.=
Leaves grass-like.
Flowers erect with a gland at the base of each petal.
=Zygadenus.=
Flowers nodding, petals without glands. =Stenanthella.=
Anthers, 2-celled. =Tofieldia.=
[Sidenote: =Veratrum viride= Ait. _American White Hellebore._]
Stem 2—8 feet high, very leafy, softly hairy especially above. Leaves
dark green above, paler and hairy beneath, prominently veiny and
sheathing at the base, oval or elliptic, acute, 6—12 inches long,
3—6 inches broad, the upper becoming successively narrower. Flowers
yellowish-green, numerous in a spreading head often 2 feet long, with
drooping branches; perianth segments oblong or oblanceolate, acute, ¼—½
an inch long, twice as long as the stamens.
In swamps and on moist slopes and stream borders throughout the region,
frequently growing in great masses. In the Rockies it seldom grows
below 6000 feet elevation, but is found much lower in the moist valley
of the Selkirks.
[Sidenote: =Zygadenus elegans= Pursh. _Tall Zygadenus._]
Very glaucous throughout, with a cluster of narrow, grass-like leaves
5—10 inches long and ¼ inch broad, from a chaffy bulbous root; stem
whitish-green or purplish, 1—2 feet high, with scattered, purple,
leaf-like bracts and an open head of flowers 4—12 inches long; flowers
greenish-white, open, ½ an inch or more across the six petals and
sepals with a large, bright green gland at the base; stamens 6, erect,
forming a central column, anthers scarlet on the opening of the bud,
changing to yellow; styles 3.
Throughout the Rockies up to 6000 or 7000 feet elevation, in all kinds
of situations and soils, a most attractive plant worthy, of a place in
the flower-garden, blossoming during midsummer.
[Illustration: Zygadenus elegans Pursh. (½ Nat.) Tall Zygadenus.]
[Illustration: Zygadenus gramineus Rydb. (½ Nat.) Zygadenus.]
[Sidenote: =Zygadenus gramineus= Rydb. _Grass-like Zygadenus._]
A slender, yellowish-green plant 8—12 inches high, from an elongated
ovoid bulb. Leaves narrow and grass-like, rough on the margins and
midribs, all with sheaths around the stem. Flowers light yellow, ¼ of
an inch broad in a compact head 2—3 inches long; stamens exserted,
anthers yellow.
On open grassy hillsides in the Rockies from Banff to Castle Mountain,
flowering in June.
[Sidenote: =Stenanthella occidentalis= (A. Gray) Rydb. _Stenthium._]
Smooth 12—18 inches high from a bulbous base. Leaves 2—3 from the same
root, 8—10 inches long, ½ an inch broad, spreading. Flowers 6—20,
greenish-purple, ½ an inch long, open, drooping, in a simple slender
head; sepals and petals 3 each, with recurved tips; stamens 6, included.
In moist woods throughout the Rockies, growing in moss; the dark green,
widely spreading leaves and wand-like stem of drooping bell-like
flowers, making a graceful and attractive plant during early summer.
[Sidenote: =Tofieldia palustris= Huds. _Scottish Asphodel._]
Low with numerous tufted grass-like leaves 1—2 inches long. Flowers
6-parted, minute, greenish-white in a compact oblong head ¼ of an inch
long, elongated in fruiting; stamens 6; anthers yellow not exceeding
the perianth; head of flowers borne on a slender, smooth stem 3—7
inches high.
Abundant throughout the Rockies in damp sandy or gravelly ground, on
the flood-plains and banks of rivers and streams and on the gravelly
shores of lakes and ponds; flowering in June.
[Sidenote: =Tofieldia intermedia= Rydb. _False Asphodel._]
Plant with a cluster of grass-like leaves, 3—8 inches long and about
¼ of an inch broad, yellowish-green, from an oblique and chaffy
rootstock. Flowers few, less than ¼ of an inch long, pale yellow,
6-parted, on very short pedicels; stamens 6, slightly exserted, with
purple anthers; the whole in a compact head about ½ an inch long, on a
stem 8—10 inches high, with sticky hairs near the top.
[Illustration: _a_ Stenanthella occidentalis (A. Gray) Rydb.
Stenanthium.
_b_ Clintonia uniflora Kunth. Clintonia. (⅔ Nat.)]
Frequent throughout the region at an altitude of 4000 to 5000 feet, in
wet open situations with shallow soil; flowering in June.
[Sidenote: =Tofieldia occidentalis= S. Wats. _Western False Asphodel._]
Similar to the preceding but readily distinguished by its taller stem
and more open head of flowers, with longer sepals and pedicels, which
are twice as long in each case.
In the Selkirks only, but frequent there in the bogs around Roger’s
Pass.
LILIACEÆ
_Lily Family_
Plants with bulbs or corms but never rootstocks; leaves either at the
base or in whorls or pairs on the stem; the flowers brightly coloured,
frequently large, borne singly or in clusters at the summit of the
frequently naked stem, the six parts though usually distinct, sometimes
more or less united into a tube; stamens 6; stigma 3-lobed.
Bracts of the inflorescence thin and translucent. =Allium.=
Bracts of the inflorescence leaf-like or none.
Bulbs scaly. =Lilium.=
Bulbs corm-like. =Erythronium.=
[Sidenote: =Allium recurvatum= Rydb. _Wild Onion, Garlic._]
Plant 12—15 inches high with an oblique base from an oblong-ovoid bulb.
Leaves narrow and grass-like, 6—8 inches long, thick and half rounded
on the back, the old ones persistent and forming a mat at the surface
of the ground. Flowers numerous, on slender pedicels, in a nodding
terminal head; sepals and petals ¼ of an inch long, elliptic-ovate and
obtuse, rosy pink with a darker mid-vein; stamens and styles exserted,
anthers pale yellow.
Frequent throughout the Rockies on dry grassy or stony slopes and
slides; flowering in June.
[Illustration: Tofieldia intermedia Rydb. (⅔ Nat.) False Asphodel.]
[Illustration: Vagnera stellata (L.) Morong. (¼ Nat.)
Star-Flowered Solomon’s Seal.]
[Sidenote: =Allium sibericum= L. _Northern Garlic._]
Stem 1—2 feet high from a narrowly ovoid bulb, with a single,
elongated, round, hollow, basal leaf and 1 or 2 similar leaves on the
stem. Flowers numerous in a compact round head; the sepals and petals
about ½ an inch long, slender, with a tapering tip, bright rose-purple
with a darker mid-vein; stamens much shorter than the perianth segments.
Not infrequent in moist open places throughout the Rockies; flowering
in July.
[Sidenote: =Lilium montanum.= A. Nelson. _Mountain-Lily._]
Stem 12—18 inches high, rather stout, from a depressed globose bulb an
inch in diameter. Leaves alternate except the uppermost which are in a
whorl of 5—7, dark green above, paler beneath, minutely roughened on
the edges, lanceolate, tapering but slightly toward the sessile base.
Flowers erect usually one, but sometimes several, on a stem; sepals and
petals 2½ inches long, somewhat spreading, elliptic-oblong, tapering
gradually toward both ends, the base contracted into a claw, which is
less than ⅓ the length of the blade; blade reddish-orange on the inner
face, paler near the base, which is dotted with numerous purplish-black
spots; outer face less brilliant, largely suffused with green; stamens
and stigma purplish.
Frequent throughout the Rockies on the edges of woods and in the lower
river valleys; very abundant in early July in the valley of the Lower
Kicking Horse and Columbia rivers from Golden to Donald.
[Sidenote: =Erythronium grandiflorum= Pursh. _Snow Lily._]
A foot or more high from a deep-rooted, slender, membranous-coated
corm. Leaves 2 or occasionally 3, opposite or in a whorl, broadly
lanceolate, obtuse, 6—8 inches long, 2—3 inches wide, unequal, dull and
glaucous green. Flowers 1—6, nodding, bright yellow, sepals and petals
lanceolate 2 inches long, tapering to a slender, strongly reflexed tip;
stamens exserted, anthers yellow or purplish-brown.
[Illustration: Erythronium grandiflorum Pursh. (½ Nat.) Snow Lily.]
This beautiful lily is frequent on the slides and mountain slopes
throughout the region at an elevation of 5000 feet or higher, appearing
immediately after the snows have melted, and lasting but a short time.
It may be found flowering according to the elevation and condition of
the snow, from May throughout the summer. The plant has derived its
common name no doubt from its habit of blooming so close to the melting
snows. Where the plant occurs it is usually found in great numbers
during the brief flowering period.
CONVALLARIACEÆ
_Lily-of-the-Valley Family_
Resembling the lilies, sometimes with naked but usually leafy stems,
and simple or branched, frequently creeping rootstocks, flowers usually
small and variously disposed on the stem, either scattered in the
axils of the leaves or in terminal clusters, or occasionally solitary
on a naked stem; either 4- or 6-parted, regular, perfect; stamens 6.
Plant producing but one flower. =Clintonia.=
Plant producing several flowers.
Flowers in a raceme or panicle. =Vagnera.=
Flowers in an umbel or solitary.
Flowers terminal on the branches. =Disporum.=
Flowers axillary.
Perianth narrowly campanulate. =Streptopus.=
Perianth rotate. =Kruhsea.=
[Sidenote: =Clintonia uniflora= (Schult.) Kunth. _Clintonia._]
More or less hairy throughout, with 1 to 3 or 4 dark green leaves,
4—8 inches long and 1—2 inches wide, oblong-lanceolate with an abrupt
tip, and tapering at the base to sheathing petioles, from a creeping
underground stem 2—3 inches long. Flower-stem shorter than the leaves
with one or rarely two blossoms which are pure white, very open,
6-parted; sepals and petals ¾—1 inch long, oblanceolate, obtuse;
stamens 6, shorter than the petals, anthers yellow.
In rich, moist woods throughout the region.
[Illustration: Lilium montanum A. Nelson. (½ Nat.) Red Mountain-Lily.]
[Illustration: Kruhsea streptopoides (Ledeb.) Kearney. (½ Nat.)
Kruhsea.]
[Sidenote: =Vagnera stellata= (L.) Morong. _Star-flowered Solomon’s
Seal._]
Glaucous throughout, 8—20 inches high, smooth or with a few short
hairs, leafy from a stout fleshy root; leaves alternate, 2—5 inches
long, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, with a clasping base,
smooth and bright green above, glaucous and minutely hairy beneath.
Flowers white, several forming a rather open terminal head. 1—2 inches
long; petals and sepals narrow, ¼ to ⅜ of an inch long; stamens 6,
about half their length, anthers nearly white.
Common throughout the region in moist words and thickets; flowering
through June and July.
[Sidenote: =Vagnera amplexicaulis= (Nutt.) Greene. _False Solomon’s
Seal._]
Tall, stout, and leafy, 18—30 inches high, from a fleshy rootstock;
stem striate and slightly hairy especially near the top; leaves
alternate, sessile or short-petioled, ovate or oblong, 3—7 inches
long, 1½—3 inches broad, short, acuminate, often with a twisted tip.
Flowers small, yellowish-white in a close terminal head 1½—3½ inches
long; petals and sepals minute, about ¹/₁₆ of an inch long; stamens 6,
the filaments petaloid and about ⅛ of an inch long, anthers yellowish
white.
Common throughout the region in the moist rich woods; flowering during
June.
[Sidenote: =Streptopus amplexifolius= (L.) DC. _Tall Twisted-stalk._]
Plant 1—3 feet high, from a short, stout rootstock, covered with
numerous fibrous roots; stem glaucous, usually branching below the
middle, smooth above and covered with stiff hairs below. Leaves
alternate, ovate-lanceolate, 2—5 inches long, 1—2 inches wide,
acuminate, smooth, bright green above, glaucous beneath, heart-shaped
and clasping at the base. Flowers numerous, 1 or 2 on a stem at the
back of each of the upper leaves, stem bent or twisted about the
middle; sepals and petals greenish-white or yellowish, narrowly
lanceolate about ½ an inch long, spreading and turned back at the tips;
berry ½—¾ of an inch in diameter, globose, yellow or bright scarlet.
A rather striking plant throughout the region in the moist rich woods
among rocks; flowering in June.
[Sidenote: =Streptopus curvipes= A. M. Vail. _Smaller Twisted-stalk._]
Plant 6—24 inches high, smooth except the flower-stalks and
margins of the leaves, simple or slightly branched from a slender
creeping rhizome, with a few fibrous rootlets at the nodes. Leaves
yellowish-green, sessile, oval or oblong-lanceolate, 1—3 inches long,
acuminate at the tip and rounded or more or less clasping at the
base, the margins more or less scatteringly glandular-hairy. Flowers
few at the backs of the upper leaves, solitary on glandular-hairy,
curved stalks ¼—¾ of an inch long; sepals and petals pale purple or
rose colour, darker spotted on the inner surface, slender, slightly
more than ¼ of an inch long; anthers beaked, the beaks slender; berry
globose, about ⅜ of an inch in diameter, bright red.
In the damp woods in the Selkirks, frequent, growing in colonies and
spreading largely by the creeping rhizomes.
[Sidenote: =Kruhsea streptopoides= (Ledeb.) Kearney. _Kruhsea._]
Smooth and simple, 3—6 inches high, from an extensively creeping
rhizome, with a few fibrous roots at each node. Leaves 4—8, bright
green and shining on both surfaces, ovate-lanceolate, acute, 1—2
inches long, the upper merely sessile, the lower clasping at the base.
Flowers few, about ¼ of an inch in width, stellate and solitary on very
slender, curved stalks about ⅜ of an inch long in the axils, at the
backs of the upper leaves; sepals and petals deep wine-colour at the
base, with yellowish-green reflexed tips; stamens 6, anthers ovoid,
2-lobed, yellow and prominent, slightly below the centre of the sepals
and petals; ovary broadly urn-shaped; style none; berry nearly globose
at maturity and bright red.
Known only in the Selkirks where it occurs in colonies of considerable
size in the rich woods at Glacier; flowering in the middle of June.
[Sidenote: =Disporum Oreganum= (S. Wats.) B. and H. _Disporum._]
Stem 1—3 feet high, much branched and finely hairy above. Leaves
yellowish-green when young, becoming darker with age, ovate or oblong,
acuminate, distinctly heart-shaped at the base, 2—4 inches long,
hairy, especially beneath. Flowers appearing as the leaves unfold
greenish-yellow or nearly white, drooping 1 or 2 together at the ends
of the branches; sepals and petals spreading half an inch or more in
length, lanceolate and narrowed at the base into a broad claw; stamens
exserted, anthers yellow; style simple, larger than the stamens; berry
ovate, half an inch in diameter, smooth or nearly so when ripe, bright
red and few-seeded.
In moist rich woods throughout the region, most abundant on the
western slope of the Rockies and in the Selkirks; flowering in June.
[Sidenote: =Disporum majus= (Hook). Britton. _Large Flowered Disporum._]
Plant 1—2 feet high with few branches, hairy when young. Leaves ovate
or oblong-lanceolate, acute or short, acuminate, rounded at the base.
Flowers greenish-yellow or nearly white, 1—3 together at the ends of
the branches; sepals and petals not spreading, half an inch or less in
length, narrowly oblong or oblanceolate, stamens about equalling the
sepals and petals; style slightly longer than the stamens, 3-cleft;
berry a little less than half an inch in diameter, depressed, globose,
and roughened with short papillæ.
In rich woods, most abundant on the eastern slopes of the Rockies;
flowering early in June.
IRIDACEÆ
_Iris Family_
Perennial herbs with narrow 2-ranked, grass-like leaves and mostly
clustered, perfect flowers, subtended by bracts; perianth of 6
segments, rolled together in the bud, stamens 3, inserted on the
perianth opposite its outer series of lobes; filaments slender, distant
or united; anthers facing upward.
[Sidenote: =Sisyrinchium septentrionale= Bicknell. _Blue-eyed Grass._]
Growing in small tufts, 4—10 inches high, pale, glaucous. Leaves stiff
and very slender about half the length of the taller scapes, equalling
the shorter ones. Spathe small purplish or green, often partly double
and enclosing 3 or 4 small bright violet-blue flowers, less than half
an inch broad, on erect pedicels.
Throughout the Rockies in open moist ground at the lower elevations;
flowering in June.
ORCHIDACEÆ
_Orchid Family_
Perennial herbs, with corms, bulbs, or tuberous roots, sheathing entire
leaves, sometimes reduced to scales, the flowers perfect, irregular,
bracted, solitary, spiked or racemed. Perianth superior of 6 segments,
the 3 outer (sepals) similar or nearly so, 2 of the inner ones (petals)
lateral, alike; the third inner one (lip) dissimilar, often markedly
so, usually larger and often spurred; stamens and style variously
arranged. An extensive family with great diversity of flower form,
and habit of growth. Most abundant in the tropics, represented in the
region as follows:
Perfect anthers 2; lip large, sac-like. =Cypripedium.=
Perfect anther 1.
Plants saprophytic, without green herbage. =Corallorhiza.=
Plants with ordinary green herbage.
Flower and leaf solitary; root bulbous. =Cytherea.=
Flowers several to many in racemes.
Leaf only 1.
Flowers white with purple spots. =Orchis.=
Flowers greenish. =Lysiella.=
Leaves only 2, cauline. =Ophrys.=
Leaves more than 2.
Stem leaves reduced to bracts.
Basal leaves white veined. =Peramium.=
Stem leaves not reduced to bracts.
Flowers not spirally arranged.
Glands surrounded by a thin membrane.
=Cœloglossum.=
Glands naked. =Limnorchis.=
Flowers spirally arranged. =Ibidium.=
[Illustration: _a_ Cypripedium passerinum Rich. Small White Lady’s
Slipper.]
[Illustration: _b_ Cypripedium parviflorum Salisb. Small Yellow Lady’s
Slipper.
(⅔Nat.)]
[Sidenote: =Cypripedium passerinum= Rich. _Small White Lady’s Slipper._]
Stem 8—10 inches high from a decumbent base, leafy, hairy throughout.
Leaves 4 or 5, lanceolate, acuminate, veiny, 3—4 inches long,
yellowish-green, and clasping at the base. Flowers solitary, small;
lip obovate, inflated half an inch long, white, spotted with purple
inside, particularly near the base; sepals greenish, shorter than
the lip, the upper forming a sort of hood; the lateral petals white,
oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, half an inch long, spreading.
In damp shaded situations, frequent in the Rockies; flowers in July.
[Sidenote: =Cypripedium parviflorum= Salisb. _Small Yellow Lady’s
Slipper._]
Stem 1—2 feet high, slender, and leafy. Leaves elliptic or lanceolate,
2—6 inches long, 1—2¼ inches wide, yellowish-green, veiny,
scatteringly hairy. Flowers usually solitary, bright yellow; lip
inflated, curved, an inch or more long, spotted and blotched inside
with purple; sepals and petals longer than the lip, laterals twisted,
1½—2 inches long, lanceolate with an attenuate tip, yellowish-green or
sometimes purplish.
Not uncommon in the Rockies in moist ground, very abundant on the
torrent fan among loose stones at the head of Emerald Lake; flowering
in June.
[Sidenote: =Corallorhiza Corallorhiza= (L.) Karst. _Early Coral-root._]
Stem smooth, greenish-yellow or purplish; 4—12 inches high from a mass
of coral-like roots. Leaves absent but represented by 2—5 closely
sheathing scales. Flowers 3—12 in a head 1—3 inches long; sepals and
petals slender, ¼ of an inch long, yellowish or dull purplish; lip not
quite as long as the petals, white or whitish, oblong, nearly entire or
slightly notched at the apex, 2-toothed at the base, occasionally with
purple spots.
[Illustration: Corallorhiza Corallorhiza (L.) Karst. (½ Nat.)
Coral-Root.]
[Illustration: Lyschiton kamtschatcense (L.) Schott. (¼ Nat.) Western
Skunk-Cabbage.]
Frequent in woods in the Rockies especially those of the “Jack Pine,”
flowering in May and early June.
[Sidenote: =Corallorhiza multiflora= Nutt. _Large Coral-root._]
Stems 8—20 inches high, purplish, with several appressed scales.
Flowers 10—30 in a head 2—8 inches long, brownish-purple ½—¾ of an inch
long; sepals and petals linear-lanceolate, about ⅓ of an inch long; lip
white, spotted and lined with purple, oval in outline, deeply 3-lobed,
the middle lobe broadest; spur manifest and yellowish.
Not infrequent in the rich woods in the Selkirks; flowering in late
summer.
[Sidenote: =Cytherea bulbosa= (L.) House. _Calypso._]
Stem 3—6 inches high, purplish, from a bulb nearly half an inch in
diameter. Leaf solitary, dark, lustrous green, 1—1½ inches long, round,
ovate, obtusely pointed at the apex, rounded or somewhat heart-shaped
at the base, deeply veined. Flower solitary, nodding, an inch long,
rosy purple variegated with pink and yellow; petals and sepals linear,
erect or spreading, half an inch or more long with longitudinal purple
lines; lip ¾ of an inch long, sac-like and spreading, divided into
two below, with a prominent patch of yellow hairs near the point of
division.
This charming little orchid, by far the most dainty of any found in the
region, is frequent, growing in deep moss on the shaded slopes of the
Rockies; very fragrant, flowering in early June.
[Sidenote: =Orchis rotundifolia= Pursh. _Round-leaved Orchid._]
Plant slender, 8—10 inches high with one leaf near the base, varying
from nearly orbicular to oval, 1½—3 inches long, 1—2 inches wide,
sheathing at the base. Spike 2—8 flowered; flowers half an inch or more
long; lateral sepals spreading, somewhat longer than the petals, petals
and sepals oval, rose-colour; lip white, purple-spotted, longer than
the petals, three-lobed, the middle longest, dilated and two-lobed or
notched at the tip; spur slender, shorter than the lip.
This beautiful little orchid is abundant throughout the Rockies in cool
mossy spots and rich woods; flowering in June.
[Illustration: _a_ Cytherea bulbosa (L.) House. (¾ Nat.)
Calypso.
_b_ Orchis rotundifolia Pursh. Small Round-Leaved Orchid.]
[Sidenote: =Lysiella obtusata= (Pursh.) Rydb. _Small Northern
Bog-orchid._]
Plant 6—8 inches high from a short thick rootstock; stem naked with
a single obovate or oblong leaf at the base 1½—2½ inches long, ½—1½
inches wide, obtuse. Flowers few in a slender spike, yellowish-green;
upper sepal round, ovate, erect, surrounding the broad column; lateral
sepals reflexed and spreading; petals lanceolate, smaller; lip entire,
linear-lanceolate, and deflexed; spur slightly curved especially at the
tip, shorter than the ovary.
Frequent throughout the Rockies in the lower valleys, in cool shaded
spots growing in moss, on the borders of streams, ponds, or lakes;
flowering in June.
[Sidenote: =Ophrys nephrophylla= Rydb. _Heart-shaped Twayblade._]
Stem slender and smooth, 3—8 inches high. Leaves sessile, cordate or
broadly ovate, ½—1 inch long; head of flowers rather loose, ½—2 inches
long, 4—20-flowered; flowers very minute, purplish or greenish; sepals
ovate; petals oblong, about ¹/₁₆ of an inch long; lip two-cleft, twice
as long as the petals, the segments linear or hair-like.
This diminutive orchid is one of the commonest species throughout the
region in early summer, growing abundantly in mossy places in the moist
woods, frequently not rising more than an inch or two above the surface
of the ground; the flowers varying greatly in color from yellowish
green to purple.
[Sidenote: =Ophrys convallarioides= (Sw.) Wight. _Broad-lipped
Twayblade._]
Stem rather stout, 4—10 inches high, glandular-hairy above the leaves.
Leaves smooth, round, oval or ovate, obtuse, 3—9 nerved, 1—2½ inches
long, ½—1½ inches wide. Flowers 3—12 in a loose head, yellowish-green,
½ an inch long; bracts nearly ¼ of an inch long; sepals and petals
narrow and strongly reflexed in flower, much shorter than the lip;
lip nearly half an inch long, broadly wedge-shaped with two obtuse
lobes at the apex and with a tooth at each side of the narrow base;
column elongated but shorter than the lip, and incurved with two short
projecting wings above the anther.
In hemlock woods throughout the Selkirks; flowering in July.
[Sidenote: =Ophrys borealis= (Morong). _Northern Twayblade._]
Stems 3—5 inches high, smooth below, glandular and with long silky
scattered hairs among the flowers. Leaves oval, slightly sheathing,
obtuse, an inch or more long, half as broad, generally smooth. Flowers
few in a raceme; sepals and petals nearly equal, linear, obtuse, about
¼ of an inch long; lip half an inch long, obtuse at the apex with very
obtuse lobes. Yellowish-green with a purplish middle and purple nerves
radiating into the apical lobes, column slightly incurved, ⅛ of an inch
long.
Generally distributed throughout the Rockies but never abundant, seldom
more than 3 or 4 plants being found together; flowering in July.
[Sidenote: =Peramium Menziesi= (Lindl.) Morong. _Rattlesnake Plantain._]
Plant 8—15 inches high from a hairy, creeping rootstock. Leaves basal,
1½—2½ inches long and a third as broad, tapering to both ends, dark
green and veiny, sometimes blotched with white. Flowers ¼ to nearly ½
an inch long, yellowish- or greenish-white, in a slender spike; sepals
and petals lanceolate, erect or nearly so about half the length of the
lip, lip swollen at the base and with a long narrow recurved tip.
Frequent in rich woods throughout the region, growing in moss, the
evergreen leaves forming a rosette at the base of the stalk of flowers,
which blossom in August.
[Illustration: Limnorchis dilatatiformis Rydb. (⅙ Nat.)
Purplish-Green Bog-Orchid.]
[Illustration: Peramium Menziesii (Lindl.) Morong. (⅔ Nat.)
Menzies’ Rattlesnake Plantain.]
[Sidenote: =Peramium repens= (L.) Salisb. _Northern Rattlesnake
Plantain._]
Plant 6—10 inches high, glandular-hairy in the upper part of the stem.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, an inch or more long and a third as wide,
tapering to both ends, green and usually blotched with white along the
veins. Flowers small in a one-sided spike, greenish-white, about ¼ of
an inch long, densely glandular-hairy on the outer surface; sepals and
petals erect, ovate; lip sac-like with a narrow recurved tip.
Frequent in the woods throughout the Rockies, flowering in July.
[Sidenote: =Cœloglossum bracteatum= (Willd.) Parl. _Long-bracted
Orchid._]
Stem stout and leafy, 6—18 inches high, from a root of numerous
fusiform tubers. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 2—4 inches
long. Flowers in a loose spike 2—3 inches long with bracts an inch
long; flowers yellowish-green, sepals ovate-lanceolate, dilated at the
base, ¼ of an inch long; petals very narrow or sometimes thread-like;
lip nearly half an inch long, oblong-spatulate, 2—3-toothed or lobed at
the tip, more than twice as long as the white sac-like spur.
Frequent in open grassy woods and meadows throughout the Rockies;
flowering in June.
[Sidenote: =Limnorchis dilatatiformis= Rydb. _Purplish-Green
Bog-orchid._]
Stem 1, 2, or 3 feet tall, from a root of 2 or 3 fusiform, hairy
tubers; leafy. Lowest leaves oblanceolate, obtuse, 2—5 inches long,
upper ones lanceolate, acute, much longer. Spike of flowers 4—12 inches
long, loosely flowered, the bracts linear-lanceolate, the lowest much
longer than the flowers, 1—1½ inches long. Flowers about ½ an inch
long; sepals yellowish-green and thin, the upper one ovate, erect,
about ⅛ of an inch long, the lateral ones obtuse and spreading, ¼ of
an inch long, petals lanceolate, acute, greenish-purple or green; lip
purple or greenish, linear, obtuse, thick, over ¼ of an inch long; spur
about ½ as long as the lip, sack-like.
Frequent through the region in open swamps, wet meadows and sloughs,
varying greatly in size; flowering during June and early July.
[Illustration: _a_ Ophrys borealis (Morong). Northern Twayblade.
_b_ Cœloglossum bracteatum (Willo) Parl. Long-Bracted Orchid.
_c_ Limnorchis fragrans Rydb. Fragrant White Bog-Orchid.
_d_ Lysiella obtusata (Pursh) Rydb. Small Northern Bog-Orchid.
_e_ Ophrys nephrophylla Rydb. Heart-Shaped Twayblade.
(⅔ Nat.)]
[Sidenote: =Limnorchis viridiflora= (Cham.) Rydb. _Small Green
Bog-orchid._]
Stem 8—18 inches high, strict and leafy. Lower leaves oblanceolate,
obtuse, 2—4 inches long, upper lanceolate and acute; spike of flowers
short and dense, the bracts linear-lanceolate, the lower slightly
exceeding the flowers. Flowers ½ an inch long or less, yellowish-green;
upper sepals broadly ovate, erect; lateral ones ¼ of an inch long,
acute, spreading; petals erect, lanceolate, acute; lip lanceolate,
obtuse, less than ¼ of an inch long; spur club-shaped, curved, about
as long as the lip. Differs from the last species in the bright green
colour, slightly smaller flowers with broader based lip and the longer,
club-shaped curved spur.
In bogs throughout the region; flowering in June.
[Sidenote: =Limnorchis borealis= (Cham.) Rydb. _Small White
Bog-orchid._]
Stem 18 inches to 2 feet high, slender and leafy. Leaves, the lower
oblanceolate and obtuse, the upper lanceolate, acute. Spike of flowers
often rather dense, 4—8 inches long; bracts lanceolate, the lower often
much exceeding the flowers; flowers ½ an inch or more long, white or
sometimes yellowish or greenish-white; upper sepals ovate, obtuse, ¼
of an inch long, lateral ones oblong-lanceolate, spreading; petals
lanceolate, slightly shorter than the sepals; lip rhombic-lanceolate,
obtuse, about ¼ of an inch long; spur club-shaped about the length of
or shorter than the lip.
Throughout the region in open boggy places and wet meadows; flowering
in June.
[Sidenote: =Limnorchis fragrans= Rydb. _Fragrant Orchid._]
Stem slender, 8—12 inches high, from a narrow fusiform tuberous
root. Leaves linear, acute, 2—4 inches long, about ½ an inch wide.
Spike of flowers slender, lax; bracts, lanceolate, acuminate, the
lower slightly longer than the flowers; flowers pure white with a
spicy fragrance; upper sepal ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, the lateral
ones linear-lanceolate, acute, and strongly veined; petals narrowly
linear-lanceolate equalling the sepals; lip lanceolate with an ovate
rhomboid base about ¼ of an inch long; spur slender and curved,
slightly exceeding the lip.
In more or less shaded bogs through the Rockies, flowering during July.
[Sidenote: =Ibidium romanzoffianum= (Cham.) House. _Lady’s Tresses._]
Stem smooth, 6—18 inches high, leafy below, bracted above; the lower
leaves 3—8 inches long, linear or linear-oblanceolate. Head of flowers
more or less glandular, hairy, 2—4 inches long, half an inch or more
thick, bracts shorter than the flowers; flowers waxy white or greenish,
nearly half an inch long with an open mouth, spreading horizontally and
very fragrant; upper sepals broad and obtuse; lip oblong, broad at the
base, and contracted below to the crisped apex, thin, transparent, and
veined, callosities merely thickenings of the basal margins of the lip.
Throughout the region in springy places and wet alpine meadows;
flowering toward the end of July.
SALICACEÆ
_Willow Family_
Trees or shrubs with light wood, brittle twigs, and simple alternate
leaves; flowers borne in catkins; the staminate and pistillate on
separate plants, the seed provided with a covering of long, white,
silky, hairs.
[Sidenote: =Populus balsamifera= L. _Balsam Poplar._]
A large tree with nearly smooth gray bark, reaching a maximum height
of 80 feet; branches stout, ascending, the larger buds very resinous.
Leaves smooth, broadly ovate or ovate-lanceolate, entire, dark green
and shining above, pale beneath, acute or acuminate at the apex,
rounded or acute at the base, petioles round. Flowers in slender
catkins, the staminate and pistillate on separate trees.
Throughout the region in the river valleys and on the surrounding
slopes, usually a tree not over 20—30 feet high but sometimes attaining
an immense size.
[Sidenote: =Populus tremuloides= Michx. _American Aspen._]
A slender tree with smooth, light green bark, seldom more than 40—50
feet high, and less than half that in our region. Leaves smooth when
young except on the margins, ovate, short-acuminate at the apex,
rounded at the base, finely crenulate all around; petioles flattened
laterally, very slender, causing the leaves to quiver with the
slightest breeze. Flowers in rather stout catkins.
Frequent in the low valleys and slopes through the Rockies, forming
groves, or singly.
The willows which are very largely represented throughout the region,
in the low or moist ground and banks of streams, as shrubs or small
trees; or on the drier slopes, and in alpine meadows and summits,
frequently as very diminutive shrubs with stems less than an inch
high, have been omitted entirely, owing to the extreme difficulty of
distinguishing between them in a work of this kind.
BETULACEÆ
_Birch Family_
Trees or shrubs with alternate simple leaves; staminate and pistillate
flowers borne in separate catkins on the same plant; the staminate
usually long, slender, and drooping; the pistillate short and erect;
fruit cone-like.
[Sidenote: =Betula papyrifera= Marsh. _Paper Birch, Canoe Birch._]
Becoming a large forest tree; bark chalky white, peeling in
thin layers. Leaves ovate, acute, or acuminate, dentate and
denticulate, smooth above, glandular and hairy on the veins beneath,
slender-petioled 1½—4 inches long. Staminate catkins 2—4 inches long;
pistillate catkins ¾ of an inch or more long.
Sparingly on the slopes in the vicinity of Field, British Columbia; not
a common tree.
[Sidenote: =Betula occidentalis= Hook. _Western Red Birch._]
A tree sometimes 100 feet high but much smaller in our region; the bark
smooth dark bronze; twigs gray-brown, warty. Leaves broadly ovate or
nearly orbicular, sharply serrate, short-petioled, smooth on both sides
or sparingly hairy beneath ¾—2 inches long.
On river shores throughout the region, sparingly from Field west.
[Sidenote: =Betula glandulosa= Michx. _Glandular Birch, Scrub Birch._]
A shrub 1—8 feet with brown, glandular, warty twigs. Leaves orbicular,
oval or ovate, smooth, rounded at the apex, crenate-dentate, bright
green above, pale and sticky, glandular-dotted beneath, short
petioled, ¼—1 inch long. Staminate catkins, commonly solitary, about ½
an inch long; cones when ripe ½—1 inch long.
In moist ground and thickets in the lower valleys through the Rockies,
frequent.
[Sidenote: =Alnus tenuifolia= Nutt. _Slender-leaved Alder._]
A shrub 4—20 feet high with brown bark. Leaves more or less broadly
ovate, 2—3 inches long, acute, rounded or slightly heart-shaped at the
base, acutely doubly toothed, light green and smooth on both sides or
slightly hairy. Staminate catkins slender, drooping, 1—2 inches long;
fruiting cones erect, ½ an inch or less long.
In moist places and thickets and stream banks at the higher elevations
throughout the region, very abundant in the Selkirks.
LORANTHACEÆ
_Mistletoe Family_
Parasitic herbs growing on woody plants and absorbing their food from
the host plant through specialised roots; leaves opposite, frequently
reduced to scales; flowers diœcious or monœcious, regular; in terminal
or axillary clusters.
[Sidenote: =Razoumofskya americana= (Nutt.) Kuntze. _Dwarf Mistletoe._]
Greenish-yellow or brownish, smooth, fleshy; stems rather slender,
numerous, and tufted, forked or branched into 4-angled jointed
branches. Leaves reduced to opposite scales at the joints. Flowers
very small, the staminate and pistillate on separate plants; staminate
plants 2—4 inches long, with the flowers on terminal peduncle-like
joints; pistillate plants much smaller and darker coloured; berries
ovate, purplish-brown, ⅙ of an inch long.
Throughout the Rockies, parasitic on Pinus Murrayana; locally abundant,
appearing in midsummer.
SANTALACEÆ
_Sandalwood Family_
Low herbs parasitic on the roots of other plants, with entire leaves
and perfect, greenish flowers, either terminal or axillary; calyx
3—6-lobed; petals wanting; stamens as many as the calyx lobes and
inserted near their bases or opposite them upon the disc; fruit in
the only genus represented in the region, drupe-like, crowned by the
persistent style.
[Sidenote: =Comandra pallida= DC. _Pale Comandra._]
Stem slender and leafy, 6—12 inches tall, pale and glaucous. Leaves
linear or linear-lanceolate, acute or the lowest of those of the stem,
oblong-elliptic. Flowers small, less than ¼ of an inch high with short
pedicels, clustered at the summit of the stems, calyx purplish or
sometimes nearly white; fruit ovoid-oblong, nearly half an inch high
and crowned by the very short upper portion of the calyx tube.
On dry hillsides throughout the Rockies; flowering during June.
[Illustration: Comandra pallida DC. (⅔ Nat.) White Comandra.]
[Illustration: Eriogonum subalpinum Greene. (½ Nat.) Tall Eriogonum.]
[Sidenote: =Comandra livida= Rich. _Northern Comandra._]
Stem slender, usually quite simple, 4—12 inches high. Leaves
thin, oval, obtuse or rounded at the apex, narrowed at the base,
short-petioled ½—1½ inches long, nearly half as broad, yellowish or
purplish-green when young, becoming bright green or often variegated
with age. Flowers small, less than ¼ of an inch broad; purplish-green,
in axillary clusters of 1—5 flowers; drupe globose-oblong, ¼ of an inch
in diameter, bright red when ripe.
Throughout the Rockies in moist ground and shaded mossy places and
borders of woods, flowering in June. While inconspicuous early in the
season, in midsummer it is apt to be quite showy on account of the
striking, golden yellow veining of the otherwise green leaves; this
condition is due to a fungoid or other disease of the plant.
POLYGONACEÆ
_Buckwheat Family_
Herbs and twining vines with alternate or sometimes opposite or
whorled leaves, jointed stems and usually sheathing united stipules;
flowers small, regular, perfect, monœcious, diœcious or polygamous;
petals none, calyx 2—6-parted, the segments more or less folded over
each other, sometimes petal-like; stamens 2—9 dilated at the base and
distinct or united into a ring; ovary superior, one-celled with a
solitary ovule.
Flowers not involucrate; stipules sheathing.
Leaves reniform, sepals 4. =Oxyria.=
Leaves not reniform; sepals 6.
Sepals unequal; stigmas tufted. =Rumex.=
Sepals equal; stigmas capitate. =Polygonum.=
Flowers involucrate, many; stipules wanting. =Eriogonum.=
[Sidenote: =Oxyria digyna= (L.) Hill. _Mountain Sorrel._]
Stems 2 inches to a foot high, scape-like and leafless, from a large
chaffy rootstock. Leaves basal on long petioles, reniform or orbicular
½—2 inches wide with a wavy margin, sometimes notched at the apex.
Racemes 2—3 inches or more long, of many small flowers on slender
pedicels; crimson or pinkish and showy in fruit.
Frequent at the higher altitudes throughout the region in moist grounds
and beside streams, flowering in June.
[Sidenote: =Rumex acetosa= _Sour._]
Stems a foot or more high, smooth. Leaves oblong, hastate or
ovate-sagittate, 1—4 inches long, acute, the basal few and long
petioled, stem leaves sessile, the acute auricles entire. Flowers,
diœcious, minute, crowded in a slender head 3—6 inches long,
yellowish-green tinged with red.
In moist open ground at the higher elevations, more or less frequent
throughout the Rockies, flowering in midsummer.
[Sidenote: =Rumex salicifiolus= Weinm. _Pale-leaved Dock._]
Smooth, pale green, erect, and spreading, 1—3 feet high. Leaves
lanceolate, acute or acuminate at both ends, petioled. Flowers
small greenish-white in erect or reflexed racemes, dense in fruit,
interrupted below; wings of the fruit triangular-ovate, with a large
ovoid tubercle.
Frequent throughout the Rockies at the lower altitudes; flowering in
summer.
[Sidenote: =Polygonum viviparum= L. _Alpine Bistort._]
Smooth, with a corm-like rootstock; stems solitary or clustered, 2—10
inches high. Basal leaves lanceolate or oblong. 1—8 inches long, rather
acute, cordate at the base on long petioles; stem leaves narrowly
lanceolate or linear, upper sessile with revolute margins. Flowers
in a dense terminal raceme several inches long; rose-coloured or
white; stamens exserted; small bulblets frequently developed among the
flowers, which later produce leaves and young plants.
Frequent in moist sandy soil and river banks throughout the Rockies,
flowering in June and July.
Several small weedy species of the genus are also found through the
region but are not sufficiently striking to be here described.
[Sidenote: =Eriogonum subalpinum= Greene. _Tall White Eriogonum._]
Stems depressed, much branched, prostrate and matted at the base.
Leaves oblong to ovate-spatulate, 1—2 inches long, on slender
petioles, smooth and green above, white-woolly beneath. Scape-like
peduncles, erect, 8—14 inches high, with a simple, large umbel of
8—12 rays subtended by a whorl of leaves. Flowers ⅛—¼ of an inch
high, cream-coloured or nearly pure white, and tinged with rosy pink
especially in age.
A striking plant growing in stony places and on rocky slopes,
throughout the Rockies, flowering in June and July.
[Sidenote: =Eriogonum ochroleucum= Small. _Yellowish-white Eriogonum._]
Tufted from a large rootstock. Leaves white and woolly throughout,
densely crowded on the very short stems, elliptic to obovate-spatulate,
half an inch or more long, narrowed at the base into slender,
frequently spirally-twisted petioles; scapes slender, several, six
inches or more high bearing a globular head of pale yellowish-white
flowers ³/₁₆ of an inch high.
On a moist rocky slope at an elevation of 4500 feet near Glacier,
abundant, the plant may occur elsewhere in the region but has not been
observed; flowers in June.
PORTULACACEÆ
_Purslane Family_
Fleshy herbaceous plants, with regular perfect, unsymmetrical flowers;
sepals commonly 2; petals 4 or 5, folded together, stamens equal in
number to the petals or fewer.
[Sidenote: =Claytonia lanceolata= Pursh. _Spring Beauty._]
Stem 3—8 inches high from a round corm. Leaves oblong or lanceolate,
½—1½ inches long. Flowers nearly half an inch broad, few to several in
a loose head, on slender pedicels; petals notched at the end or almost
obcordate, white with pink veins.
One of the first plants to appear in spring on the edges of the snow
banks, throughout the region, from the lower altitudes up to the alpine
summits, flowering throughout the summer according to elevation and
condition of the snow.
[Illustration: Claytonia lanceolata Pursh. (½ Nat.) Spring Beauty.]
[Illustration: Claytonia parvifolia Moc. (½ Nat.) Small-Leaved Spring
Beauty.]
[Sidenote: =Claytonia parvifolia= Moc. _Small-leaved Spring Beauty._]
Stems 6—12 inches high, diffuse, ascending or somewhat reclined or
creeping, sometimes reduced to slender naked runners. Leaves fleshy,
rhombic-ovate, acute, about half an inch long, contracted at the base,
the upper a quarter of an inch long or less. Flowers few and racemose;
petals somewhat obcordate ¼ of an inch long, much surpassing the
rounded sepals, rose-colour varying to white; propagating freely by
bulblet-like offshoots in the axils of the stem leaves, as well as by
the usual method.
In wet stony places and in the gravelly beds of Alpine brooks, frequent
in the Selkirks, flowering in July.
CARYOPHYLLACEÆ
_Pink Family_
Herbaceous plants, often swollen at the nodes, with opposite entire
leaves and perfect or rarely diœcious regular flowers; sepals 4 or 5
persistent, separated or united into a calyx tube; petals equal in
number to the sepals or none; stamens twice as many as the sepals or
fewer.
Sepals united; petals long clawed.
Calyx 10-many nerved.
Styles 3; capsule with 3 or 6 teeth. =Silene.=
Styles 5; capsule with 5 or 10 teeth. =Lychnis.=
Sepals free to the base or nearly so.
Petals two-cleft or rarely none.
Capsule cylindric, usually curved. =Cerastium.=
Capsule ovate or oblong, not curved. =Alsine.=
Petals entire or notched, rarely none.
Styles as many as the sepals and alternate with them. =Sagina.=
Styles fewer than the sepals.
Seeds appendaged. =Mœhringia.=
Seeds not appendaged. =Arenaria.=
[Illustration: Silene acaulis L. (⅔ Nat.) Moss Campion.]
[Illustration: Lychnis apetala L. (⅔ Nat.) Nodding Lychnis.]
[Sidenote: =Silene acaulis= L. _Moss Campion._]
Closely tufted, an inch or two high, forming cushion-like beds, often 2
feet or more across. Leaves sessile, crowded, linear, ½ an inch or less
long, the margins ciliate. Flowers ¼ of an inch or more across, nearly
sessile or raised on naked curved peduncles, often ½ an inch long;
calyx narrowly campanulate, ¼ of an inch long, smooth, the teeth short,
rounded; petals rose-purple or rarely white, entire or notched.
In alpine meadows, in stony ground, on the moraines and tops of the
mountains throughout the region, flowering in June and July.
[Sidenote: =Silene Lyallii= S. Wats. _Lyall’s Catchfly._]
Stems slender, decumbent at the base, 12—18 inches high, minutely hairy
throughout, glandular above. Leaves, the basal spatulate, obtuse 1—2
inches long on long petioles, those of the stem linear 1—2 inches long,
sessile. Flowers on short peduncles in rather loose terminal heads;
calyx oblong, inflated, about ½ an inch long, narrow, glandular, teeth
purple-tipped; petals white, nearly half an inch long, spreading,
two-lobed.
On grassy alpine slopes throughout the region, flowering in June and
July.
[Sidenote: =Lychnis apetala= L. _Nodding Lychnis._]
More or less glandular-hairy, 2—6 inches high. Leaves linear or
oblanceolate, ½-2½ inches long. Flower solitary, ½—¾ of an inch
long, nodding; calyx inflated, strongly purple veined, its teeth
triangular-ovate, acute; petals purple, as long as or shorter than the
calyx, narrow, 2-cleft.
Among loose boulders on the moraines and alpine summits throughout the
region, flowering in July.
[Sidenote: =Cerastium arvense strictum= (L.) Rydb. _Field Chickweed._]
Stems tufted, ascending from a decumbent base, 3—6 inches high, hairy
throughout, roughly so at the base; glandular at the summit. Leaves
numerous, ½—¾ of an inch long, narrowly lanceolate, acute, with a broad
sessile base. Flowers several in a more or less close head, nearly half
an inch broad, white; petals deeply notched.
In dry stony ground in the lower valleys of the Rockies, flowering in
June.
[Sidenote: =Cerastium behringianum= Cham. and Schl. _Alpine Chickweed._]
Thick, silky-hairy below, with sticky hairs above; stems matted 1—3
inches high. Leaves small, oblong, ¼ of an inch long or less, rather
thick, obtuse. Flowers ¼ of an inch or more broad; petals white,
notched at the apex, sometimes little longer than the lanceolate sepals.
In stony ground, alpine slopes and summits throughout the Rockies,
flowering during summer.
[Sidenote: =Alsine longipes= (Goldie) Coville. _Long-stalked
Stitchwort._]
Erect or ascending, tufted, simple or rarely sparingly branched, 3—12
inches high, smooth and shining. Leaves light green, lanceolate or
linear-lanceolate, ½—1½ inches long, broad at the base. Flowers few,
¼—⅓ of an inch broad, terminal, on long, slender, erect pedicels;
sepals ovate or lanceolate, acute; petals 2-cleft, exceeding the calyx.
In moist open places throughout the Rockies, flowering in June.
[Sidenote: =Alsine læta= (Richards.) Rydb. _Glaucous Stitchwort._]
Low, smooth, or somewhat hairy, 1—4 inches high, very glaucous
throughout, densely leafy at the base. Leaves keeled, lanceolate,
awl-shaped to linear, rather stiff, ¼—½ an inch long. Flowers ¼ of
an inch or more across; sepals lanceolate, acute, ⅛ of an inch long;
petals notched, longer than the sepals; stamens showy, with scarlet
anthers.
In alpine meadows and moist grounds at high altitudes, throughout the
region; flowering in July.
[Sidenote: =Alsine borealis= (Bigel.) Britton. _Northern Stitchwort._]
Erect or ascending, weak, much branched, smooth, or hairy above, 6—18
inches long. Leaves thin, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, ½—1½ inches
long, acute, sessile, thin, margins slightly hairy or naked. Flowers
small and inconspicuous in a leafy terminal compound head, ascending or
spreading on slender pedicels; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute; petals
shorter than the sepals or none.
In wet places at the lower altitudes throughout the Rockies; flowering
throughout the summer from early June.
[Illustration: _a_ Alsine borealis (Bigel.) Britton. Northern
Stitchwort.
_b_ Mœhringia lateriflora (L.) Fenzl. Blunt-Leaved Sandwort. (½ Nat.)]
[Illustration: Arenaria capillaris nardifolia (Ledeb.) Regel. (⅔ Nat.)
Rock Sandwort.]
[Sidenote: =Sagina saginoides= (L.) Britton. _Arctic Pearl-wort._]
Smooth, stems very slender and tufted, 1—4 inches high. Leaves 1⅛ to
nearly ½ an inch long with a spiny tip. Flowers small, solitary or few
together, at the end of the slender stem, about ⅛ of an inch broad;
petals white minute, hardly exceeding the calyx.
On rocks and moist sandy ground throughout the region; flowering in
June.
[Sidenote: =Mœhringia lateriflora= (L.) Fenzl. _Blunt-leaved Sandwort._]
Stems erect or ascending, simple or at length, sparingly branched,
finely hairy throughout, 4—12 inches high. Leaves thin, oval, or
oblong, ½—1 inch long, obtuse, spreading, the margins and nerves
fringed with hairs. Flowers few in lateral and terminal clusters or
sometimes solitary; ¼ of an inch or more broad, their parts in 4’s or
5’s; sepals oblong, obtuse or acute, half as long as the nearly entire
white petals.
In moist places growing among grass, throughout the Rockies; flowering
in June.
[Sidenote: =Arenaria capillaris nardifolia= (Ledeb.) Regel. _Rock
Sandwort._]
Smooth throughout except the tops of the stems and sepals, which are
glandular; stems slender, 4—8 inches high, numerous from a tufted,
leafy base. Leaves mostly in bundles ½—1½ inches long, smooth, very
slender and curved, with a spiny tip, those of the stem few and much
reduced. Flowers white, ½ an inch broad in a loose branching head.
A rather striking plant on grassy slopes throughout the region;
flowering in June.
[Sidenote: =Arenaria verna equicaulis= A. Nelson. _Vernal Sandwort._]
Very slender, much branched and finely, sticky-hairy throughout;
stems thread-like, numerous, nearly of a uniform length in the same
plant, 2—3 inches long. Leaves crowded at the base, few and much
reduced above, linear, awl-shaped, thick, semi-cylindric, nearly
smooth. Flowers small, little more than ⅛ of an inch across; sepals
ovate-oblong, acute, strongly 3-nerved; petals white, acute, not
exceeding the sepals.
A small tufted plant with wiry stems and minute white star-like
flowers, in moist or dry, sandy places throughout the region from the
low valleys to the alpine summits; flowering in May and June.
[Sidenote: =Arenaria sajanensis= Willd. _Alpine Sandwort._]
Closely tufted, stems densely glandular-hairy, decumbent, very leafy
below, ½—2½ inches long with 2 or 3 pairs of short, rather distant
leaves and terminating in 1—3 flowers. Lower leaves, linear-obtuse,
stiff, ⅛ of an inch or more long, smooth or slightly hairy; calyx lobes
linear-oblong, 1—3 ribbed, glandular, hairy, ⅛ of an inch long; petals
white, broad, equalling or exceeding the sepals.
On high alpine slopes and summits, throughout the Rockies; flowering in
June and July.
RANUNCULACEÆ
_Crowfoot Family_
Herbs or rarely climbing shrubs with acrid sap; leaves usually
alternate without stipules; flowers usually showy, blue, white, yellow,
or scarlet; sepals 3—15, generally soon falling away, often petal-like;
petals about the same number or occasionally wanting; stamens many;
carpels many or rarely solitary.
[Illustration: Atragene columbiana Nutt. (⅔ Nat.) Purple
Virgin’s-Bower.]
Carpels with solitary ovules; fruit an achene.
Sepals valvate in the bud; leaves opposite. =Atragene.=
Sepals folded on each other in the bud; leaves not opposite.
Stem leaves three in a whorl.
Styles short, smooth or hairy. =Anemone.=
Styles long, plumose. =Pulsatilla.=
Stem leaves alternate or basal.
Petals none, flowers small; leaves compound. =Thalictrum.=
Petals present.
Flowers white. =Batrachium.=
Flowers yellow.
Achenes papillose or spiny. =Ranunculus.=
Achenes longitudinally nerved. =Halerpestes.=
Carpels with several ovules; fruit, follicles or berries.
Flowers regular.
Leaves simple.
Petals none; leaves cordate-orbicular. =Caltha.=
Petals linear-spatulate; leaves palmately parted.
=Trollius.=
Leaves compound.
Sepals spurred; carpels becoming follicles. =Aquilegia.=
Sepals not spurred; carpels becoming berries. =Actæa.=
Flowers irregular; upper sepals spurred. =Delphinium.=
[Sidenote: =Atragene columbiana= Nutt. _Purple Virgin’s-bower._]
A climbing or trailing vine with somewhat woody stems. Leaves
trifoliate, the leaflets thin, on slender petioles, ovate, attenuate,
acute, and entire, 2—3 inches long. Flowers purple, 1½—2 inches
broad, on long peduncles, solitary in the axils of the leaves; sepals
4—6, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, more than twice the length of the
stamens; styles persistent, forming a plumose head of fruit.
In rocky woods and on shaded mountain sides up to 6000 feet elevation,
throughout the Rockies, trailing over the ground, or festooning the
shrubs or lower branches of the trees; flowering in early June.
[Sidenote: =Anemone parviflora= Michx. _Northern Anemone._]
Stem simple, sparingly hairy, 4—8 inches high. Basal leaves
long-petioled, 3-parted, the broadly wedge-shaped divisions
obtusely-lobed or crenate, those of the involucre nearly sessile,
similarly lobed. Flower an inch or less in diameter, sepals, oblong,
very obtuse, white, blue on the outside near the base; stamens
numerous; head of fruit globose.
Common throughout the Rockies in moist ground and rich woods; flowering
early in June.
[Illustration: _a_ Anemone Drummondii S. Wats. Alpine Anemone.
_b_ Anemone parviflora Michx. Northern Anemone. (⅔ Nat.)]
[Sidenote: =Anemone Drummondii= S. Wats. _Alpine Anemone._]
Sparingly pubescent, with long whitish hairs, especially at the
involucre, 4—6 inches high. Root leaves, slender-petioled, 3-parted,
the divisions cut into linear, oblong obtuse lobes; leaves of the
involucre similar on short petioles, their lobes slightly broader.
Flowers usually solitary, half an inch or more broad on long peduncles;
sepals 5, ovate or oval, obtuse, white, finely appressed-hairy and blue
outside.
Throughout the region in alpine meadows and slopes near the snow,
flowering in June and July as the snows disappear.
[Sidenote: =Anemone globosa= Nutt. _Wind-flower._]
Stems 3—15 inches high, close, silky-hairy. Root leaves long-petioled,
nearly semicircular in outline, 3-parted, the sessile divisions deeply
lobed, with cleft, linear segments, involucral leaves similar, short
petioled. Sepals 5—8, red, bluish or nearly pure white, half an inch
or less long, soft, hairy outside, receptacle oblong, in fruit densely
woolly.
The most abundant anemone through the Rockies in the low open valleys,
and, occasionally on the slopes, presenting the greatest variety of
colouring from deep rosy pink to pure white and occasionally blue;
flowering in early June.
[Sidenote: =Pulsatilla hirsutissima= (Pursh.) Britton. _Pasque-Flower._]
Villous, 6—18 inches high. Leaves much divided into narrow, linear,
acute lobes, the basal on slender petioles, those of the involucre
sessile and erect or ascending. Flowers bluish-purple, sometimes nearly
white inside; sepals 5—7 ovate-oblong 1—1½ inches long, forming a cup;
fruit a head of long silky achenes 2 inches or more in diameter.
This is one of the earliest and most beautiful of all the spring
flowers, in the open meadows and mountain sides, blossoming through May
and June according to the situation. Probably its most common local
name, in the Rockies where it is very abundant, is that of crocus, to
which flower it does bear a superficial resemblance, in size, shape,
and colour, and in the habit of the flower appearing as soon as the
snow has left the ground, and before the leaves.
[Illustration: _a_ Pulsatilla hirsutissima (Pursh Britton). Pasque
Flower.
_b_ Pulsatilla occidentalis (S. Wats.) Freyn. (⅔ Nat.) Western
Anemone.]
[Sidenote: =Pulsatilla occidentalis= (S. Wats.) Freyn. _Western
Anemone._]
Stem rather stout, silky-hairy, 6—18 inches high, simple. Leaves
biternate, the lower on long petioles, the divisions deeply pinnatifid
into deeply cut linear, acute lobes; those of the involucre similar but
short-petioled. Flowers 1½—2 inches broad, peduncled, the peduncles
much elongated in fruit; sepals spreading, 6—7, oval-obtuse, white, the
outside usually blue at the base; fruit of long plumose tailed achenes
in a globular fluffy head.
Frequent throughout the Rockies at an elevation of 6000 to 10,000 feet,
blossoming on the edges of the snow banks as they recede, a conspicuous
feature of many an alpine meadow during early June.
[Sidenote: =Thalictrum megacarpum= Torr. _Veiny Meadow Rue._]
Smooth, pale green, and glaucous; stem purplish, erect, 6—18 inches
tall. Leaves 3—4, ternate, long-petioled, leaflets firm, obovate,
rounded at the apex, wedge-shaped or subcordate at the base, ¼—½ an
inch long, 3—5-lobed, the lower surface prominently veined. Flowers
diœcious, with 4 or 5 small, purplish-green sepals and large, linear,
wedge-shaped anthers or slender styles; the achenes wedge-shaped and
tapering into a short beak.
A frequent plant in the dry open valleys in the Rockies at the lower
altitudes; flowering in June.
[Sidenote: =Thalictrum occidentale= A. Gray. _Western Meadow Rue._]
Stems slender, 1—3 feet high. Leaves 2—4, ternate, the lowest petioled;
leaflets thin, ¼ to nearly an inch long, 3—9 lobed at the summit,
sparingly glandular-hairy beneath. Flowers diœcious, nodding on very
slender pedicels in an ample open panicle; calyx of 4—8 sepals which
soon fall, filaments purplish and slender; anthers linear and pointed;
achenes lanceolate or somewhat sickle-shaped, nearly half an inch long.
Frequent in rich woods and moist shady places at the lower altitudes
throughout the Rockies; flowering in June, like the previous species
striking for its leaves, resembling a robust maiden-hair fern, and the
large loose heads of delicate tasselled flowers.
[Illustration: Thalictrum megacarpum Torr. (⅓ Nat.)]
[Illustration: Thalictrum occidentale A. Gray. (⅓ Nat.) Western Meadow
Rue.]
[Sidenote: =Batrachium trichophyllum= (Chaix.) Bossch. _White Water
Crowfoot._]
Aquatic herb with submerged stems, a foot long or more. Leaves
petioled, 1—2 inches long, finely dissected. Flowers white with yellow
centre, ½—¾ of an inch broad, blooming on the surface of the water on
stout pedicels 1—2 inches or more long.
Frequent throughout the Rockies at the lower altitudes in shallow ponds
and ditches; flowering in June and July.
[Sidenote: =Ranunculus Purshii= Richards. _Pursh’s Buttercup._]
Aquatic or creeping, hairy, at least on the younger parts. Leaves
slender-petioled, ¼—1 inch, wide, palmately divided nearly to the base,
into obtuse lobes. Flowers less than ½ an inch broad, bright yellow;
petals 5; head of fruit globose, a little less than ¼ of an inch broad.
Frequent in shallow pools throughout the Rockies; flowering throughout
the summer.
[Sidenote: =Ranunculus reptans= L. _Creeping Spearwort._]
Stems creeping, rooting at the joints; flowering stems and peduncles
ascending. Leaves linear-lanceolate or spatulate ½—2 inches long,
entire, gradually narrowed into the petiole. Flowers nearly half an
inch broad, solitary, on peduncles ¾—2 inches long; petals 4—7, much
exceeding the calyx; stamens numerous; achenes flat.
On muddy shores of ponds and streams throughout the Rockies, flowering
in midsummer, the creeping stems frequently interlaced and forming
dense mats.
[Illustration: _a_ Ranunculus eremogenes Greene. Ditch Crowfoot.
_b_ Ranunculus Purshii Richards. (⅓ Nat.) Pursh’s Buttercup.]
[Illustration: Ranunculus inamœnus Greene. (⅓ Nat.)]
[Sidenote: =Ranunculus pedatifidus= J. E. Smith. _Northern Buttercup._]
Erect 4—12 inches high, branching. Basal leaves petioled, broadly ovate
or nearly orbicular, about ¾ of an inch broad, crenate or often lobed,
those of the stem deeply and narrowly lobed, nearly sessile. Flowers
about ⅓ of an inch in diameter, petals little surpassing the spreading
sepals.
In moist shaded situations near Banff; flowering in June.
[Sidenote: =Ranunculus eremogenes= Greene. _Ditch Crowfoot._]
Stem branching, more or less hairy, 6—18 inches high, sparingly leafy.
Leaves rounded in outline, mostly 5-parted, the segments cut into about
3-toothed lobes. Flowers of ¼ an inch or more broad, the light yellow
petals surpassing the sepals; fruit in an obtusely ovoid head.
In wet springy places, ditches and the margins of pools, frequent
through the Rockies at the lower altitudes; flowering in June and July.
[Sidenote: =Ranunculus Eschscholtzii= Schl. _Snow Buttercup._]
Smooth, 3—12 inches high, 1—3-flowered. Leaves round in outline,
those at the root all 3—5-parted and deeply cut; their obovate or
wedge-shaped divisions mostly lobed or narrowly cut, stem-leaves
similar with oblong to spatulate or lanceolate, often entire divisions.
Flowers bright yellow; petals 5, a third of an inch or more long.
Frequent at the higher altitudes, blooming close to the melting snow,
throughout the region; flowering in June and July.
[Sidenote: =Ranunculus alpeophilus= A. Nelson.]
Similar in habit to the previous species though usually larger, bright
green and nearly smooth throughout. Leaves sparingly hairy on the
margins, the basal broader and less divided. Flowers pale yellow, ¼ of
an inch or more broad; petals little longer than the calyx.
Along streams and in moist grounds, an alpine species frequent
throughout the Rockies; flowering in June and July.
[Illustration: _a_ Ranunculus saxicola Rydb.
_b_ Ranunculus alpeophilus A. Nelson. (½ Nat.)]
[Illustration: Ranunculus Eschscholtzii Schl. (⅔ Nat.) Snow Buttercup.]
[Sidenote: =Ranunculus saxicola.= Rydb.]
Stems about 4 inches long, decumbent or ascending, smooth. Basal leaves
on petioles 2 inches long, rounded, somewhat hairy when young, 3-lobed,
lobes spreading and toothed, stem-leaves 1—3, nearly sessile, cleft
into 3—7 linear lobes. Flowers about ½ an inch broad, sepals tinged
with brown, half the length of the petals, broad, obovate, obtuse,
slightly hairy; petals broadly obovate, bright yellow; achenes more or
less hairy, with a straight style.
Throughout the Rockies in stony ground at the higher altitudes;
flowering in July.
[Sidenote: =Ranunculus inamœnus.= Greene.]
Stems rather stout, 6—12 inches high, slightly hairy. Root leaves
on short petioles, rounded, crenate-toothed or 3-lobed, stem leaves
sessile and cut into 3—6 oblong-lanceolate segments. Flowers ¼ of
an inch or more broad, usually several together on short slender
peduncles; petals obovate-oblong, light yellow; achenes small, hairy.
In open ground sparingly throughout the Rockies at the lower
elevations; flowering in June.
[Sidenote: =Ranunculus Suksdorfii= A. Gray.]
Stem 3—6 inches high, smooth, slender, 1—3-flowered. Leaves ½ an inch
or more long, sub-reniform or broadly fan-shaped with wedge-shaped
base, deeply 3—5-cleft or parted, the radical into cuneate 3—5-cleft
or incised divisions, those of the stem linear. Flowers bright yellow;
petals round-obovate, ⅓—½ an inch long.
In moist ground on slopes, throughout the Rockies; flowering in June.
[Sidenote: =Ranunculus eximius= Greene. _Low Buttercup._]
Stems hairy, 6—10 inches high, branching. Leaves few, basal, rounded
in outline, ternately lobed, sometimes deeply so, on slender petioles;
stem leaves sessile or nearly so, cut into narrowly linear or
linear-lanceolate lobes. Flowers ¾ of an inch or more broad, petals
spreading, bright yellow and shining on the upper surface; sepals not
reflexed.
A showy low buttercup in the dry open valleys in the Rockies; flowering
in June.
[Illustration: Aquilegia brevistyla Hook. (¾ Nat.) Small Blue
Columbine.]
[Sidenote: =Ranunculus montanensis= Rydb. _Meadow Buttercup._]
Stem stout, 1—2 feet high, branching with long rough hairs. Basal
leaves long, hairy all over, 3-parted, the divisions again divided or
cut into linear or lanceolate segments; petioles 3 or 4 inches long;
stem-leaves similar but short petioled. Flowers few, large; sepals
broadly ovate with silky hairs; petals broadly ovate, nearly half
an inch long, bright yellow; head of achenes, globose; style long,
slender, and much curved.
Frequent in the Rockies at the lower altitudes in more or less shaded
grassy situations; flowering in June and July.
[Sidenote: =Halerpestes Cymbalaria= (Pursh.) Green. _Creeping
Crowfoot._]
Stems creeping and rooting at the joints, 1—7-flowered. Leaves broadly
ovate, coarsely crenate, clustered at the base and joints of the long
slender runners. Flowers ¼ of an inch across; petals light yellow,
longer than the sepals; fruit in oblong heads.
A common species throughout the Rockies in damp ground, frequently
forming mats several feet across; flowering continuously throughout the
summer.
[Sidenote: =Caltha leptosepala= Hook. _White Marsh Marigold._]
Stems erect, 2—12 inches high, 1—2-flowered. Leaves roundish or
oblong-cordate, longer than broad, irregularly crenate-toothed; sepals
6—8, lanceolate, ¾ of an inch long, white, strongly suffused with blue
on the outside; stamens numerous; pistils 5—15.
In springy ground and wet alpine meadows throughout the region, often
growing in such abundance as to make the meadows brilliant with the
blue and white flowers, which appear soon after the snow has left the
ground in June and July.
[Sidenote: =Trollius albiflorus= (A. Gray.) Rydb. _Western
Globe-flower._]
Stem erect, 6—12 inches high, more or less branching. Leaves palmately
divided, the segments many cleft. Flowers solitary, 1—1½ inches broad,
subtended by a whorl of leaves; sepals broadly obovate 5—6, pure white
tinged on the back with greenish rose; petals 15—20, less than ¼ of an
inch long, narrowly truncate, bright yellow, nearly concealed by the
numerous stamens.
One of the most abundant and conspicuous of the spring flowers of
the alpine meadows, and marshy borders of alpine streams and lakes,
commencing to flower when but a few inches high on the edges of the
melting snow in May and June.
[Illustration: _a_ Caltha leptosepala Hook.
_b_ Trollius albiflorus (A. Gray) Rydb. Western Globe-Flower. (⅔
Nat.)]
[Sidenote: =Aquilegia brevistyla= Hook. _Small Blue Columbine._]
One to two feet high, slender, sparingly branched. Leaves, the basal
long-petioled, biternate, lobed and crenate, the stem leaves few,
nearly sessile and lobed. Flowers ½ an inch or more long, nodding,
sepals blue, petals creamy-white with a short blue spur not more than ¼
of an inch long; styles and stamens hardly exceeding the petals.
In open rocky situations, rather local, common in the region around
Banff, flowering in May and June.
[Sidenote: =Aquilegia flavescens= S. Wats. _Yellow Columbine._]
Stems smooth, 1—3 feet high, branched. Leaves ternate, leaflets
round-cordate, 3-parted, the segments coarsely toothed, 2—3-cleft.
Flowers yellow, an inch or more long, nodding; sepals reflexed,
oblong-ovate, acute, longer than the spurs; petals spreading with a
spur half an inch long; styles and stamens nearly equal, much exserted.
The commonest columbine throughout the region, growing in woods and on
slopes up to 8000 feet, varying greatly in colour; flowering in June
and July according to the elevation.
[Sidenote: =Aquilegia formosa= Fisch. _Western Columbine._]
Stem 2—4 feet high, branching, sparingly pubescent with spreading
hairs. Leaves, the lower triternately parted on long petioles, the
upper sessile and ternate or reduced to simple bracts, leaflets broadly
wedge-shaped, 3-cleft. Flowers scarlet, drooping, more than an inch
long; sepals scarlet varying to orange, spreading or reflexed, an inch
long, lanceolate, acute; petals yellow, more or less spreading, with
a scarlet spur about the length of the sepals; styles and stamens
exserted.
Throughout the Selkirks, in moist ground, on slopes and borders of
rocky alpine streams, flowering during July and late June.
[Illustration: _a_ Aquilegia flavescens S. Wats. Yellow Columbine.
_b_ Aquilegia formosa Fisch. Western Columbine. (⅔ Nat.)]
[Sidenote: =Delphinium Brownii= Rydb. _Western Larkspur._]
Stem tall, 2—5 feet high, leafy. Leaves mostly orbicular in outline,
5—7-parted, the upper into narrow-cleft, laciniate divisions, petioled.
Flowers nodding, less than an inch long, dull purple, bluish or
occasionally white, numerous in an elongated spike; sepals 5, blue, ⅓
of an inch long, not spreading, the upper one prolonged into a spur,
half an inch long; petals white, nearly as long as the sepals.
Frequent in the region around Banff in open woods at the lower
altitudes, flowering in July.
[Sidenote: =Delphinium Menziesii= DC. _Blue Larkspur._]
Sparingly leafy, 10—18 inches tall, from a tuberous rootstock. Leaves,
the lowest round reniform, cut into irregular, oblong, obtuse lobes,
the upper with linear, acute lobes. Flowers few in a simple panicle,
sepals lanceolate, obtuse, ¾ of an inch or more long, spreading,
brilliant blue, about as long as the short curved spur; petals
exserted, white with purple veins.
Throughout the region in open ground and on grassy slopes; flowering in
early June or later according to the altitude.
[Sidenote: =Actæa arguta= Nutt. _Western Red Baneberry._]
Stems erect, 2—3 feet high, smooth except the inflorescence. Leaves
large, ternately compound, the basal leaf long-petioled, the divisions
long petioled and pinnate, leaflets ovate, 1½—5 inches long, cut with
sharp teeth. Raceme ovoid, 1—2 inches long; flowers small, white, with
petal-like sepals; petals, 4—10 spatulate and minute; stamens numerous;
berries in a spreading raceme, small, spherical, and purplish red.
Frequent in the rich woods throughout the region, at the lower
altitudes; flowering in late May and early June.
[Illustration: Delphinium Brownii Rydb. (½ Nat.) Mountain Larkspur.]
[Illustration: Anemone globosa Nutt. (⅓ Nat.) Wind-Flower.]
[Sidenote: =Actæa eburnea= Rydb. _Western White Baneberry._]
Similar to the preceding species and often growing with it and
difficult to distinguish from it when in flower: in fruit, however,
they are quite distinct. In A. eburnea the berries are fully twice as
large, nearly half an inch long and a quarter of an inch in diameter
and pure waxy white.
In rich moist woods throughout the Rockies; flowering with the other
species in May and early June; fruiting in late July.
BERBERIDACEÆ
_Barberry Family_
Shrubs or herbs with alternate or basal leaves, with or without
stipules, and solitary or racemed, mostly terminal flowers; sepals and
petals generally overlapping in several series; stamens as many as the
petals and opposite them; flowers perfect.
[Sidenote: =Berberis aquifolium= Pursh. _Trailing Mahonia._]
A smooth, trailing shrub. Leaves petioled, pinnate, leaflets 3—7,
ovate or oval, oblique, obtuse, truncate or slightly cordate at the
base, sessile thick, persistent, finely veiny, 1—2 inches long, with
spine-bearing teeth. Flowers yellow, in several erect, dense, terminal
racemes; berry globose, blue or purple.
A straggling shrub with spiny glossy dark green leaves, which change to
beautiful tints of scarlets and yellows during midsummer and autumn.
Frequent in the Rockies in woods; flowering in June.
PAPAVERACEÆ
_Poppy Family_
Herbs with milky or coloured sap and alternate leaves or the upper
rarely opposite, flowers perfect, regular or irregular; sepals 2,
rarely 3 or 4, soon falling off; petals 4—6 or rarely more, folded
together, often wrinkled; stamens numerous.
[Illustration: _a_ Delphinium Menziesii DC. Blue Larkspur.
_b_ Lithophragma parviflora (Hook.) Nutt. Lithophragma.
(¾ Nat.)]
[Sidenote: =Capnodes aureum= (Willd.) Kuntze. _Golden Corydalis._]
Smooth, 4—12 inches long, diffusely branching. Leaves all but the
uppermost petioled, finely cut into oblong-obovate or wedge-shaped
segments. Flowers numerous in an oblong head, bright golden yellow,
nearly half an inch long; spur ½ the length of the body of the corolla,
outer petals keeled, not crested; pods spreading or pendulose,
torulose; seeds obtuse, margined, shining, obscurely ridged.
Frequent throughout the Rockies in open ground at the lower altitudes
where it has been recently burned or cleared; flowering during most of
the summer.
BRASSICACEÆ
_Mustard Family_
Herbs, rarely somewhat woody, with watery acrid juice, alternate
leaves and racemose or corymbose white, yellow, or pink flowers;
sepals and petals 4; stamens 6, rarely fewer; pistil 1, consisting of 2
united carpels.
Pods short; silicles.
Pod compressed parallel to the partition. =Draba.=
Pod compressed contrary to the partition, ovate;
flowers white. =Thlaspi.=
Pod inflated, obcordate; flowers yellow. =Physaria.=
Pods elongated; siliques.
Pod compressed parallel to the partition.
Valves nerveless; flowers white. =Cardamine.=
Valves 1-nerved; flowers white or pink. =Arabis.=
Pods terete, not at all compressed.
Pods 1½ inches long or more.
Flowers yellow, stigma 2-lobed. =Erysimum.=
Pods less than 1½ inches long.
Leaves grey with fine hairs; flowers white. =Smelowskia.=
Leaves not grey-hairy; flowers yellow or white.
Pubescence of simple hairs. =Sisymbrium.=
Pubescence of forked hairs.
Leaves pinnate or pinnatifid; flowers yellow.
=Sophia.=
Leaves entire or nearly so; flowers white.
=Braya.=
Smooth throughout.
Leaves pinnate or pinnatifid; flowers white.
=Roripa.=
[Illustration: Draba oligosperma Hook. (Nat.) Whitlow-Grass.]
[Illustration: Draba andina (Nutt.) A. Nelson. (⅔ Nat.) Mountain
Whitlow-Grass.]
[Sidenote: =Draba glacialis= Adams.]
Caudex much branched, branches short and slender. Leaves strongly
keeled, ¼—¾ of an inch long, more or less loosely stellate-pubescent,
sometimes ciliate at the base. Scapes slender, ¼—6 inches high, hairy
or nearly smooth; racemes few-flowered; sepals with a few long hairs
or smooth petals ⅛ of an inch long, pale yellow, darker at the base;
pod ¼ of an inch or more long, narrowly oblong, acute at both ends, on
pedicels ¼ of an inch or more long; style distinct.
In dry, exposed stony places throughout the Rockies, flowering in early
spring.
[Sidenote: =Draba oligosperma= Hook.]
Stems much branched from the root, densely tufted at the base. Leaves
erect, linear, obtuse, tapering to the base, stiff, ciliate, with
stellate hairs on both sides, especially toward the apex. Scapes
naked; flowers racemose; calyx smooth or with scattered hairs, petals
white or pale yellow, obovate, ⅛ of an inch or more long, pods short,
nearly orbicular, acute at the apex, more or less rounded at the base,
sparingly short-hairy, ⅛ of an inch long; style ⅓ its length. Alpine
summits and dry ridges throughout the Rockies; flowering in May and
June.
[Sidenote: =Draba andina= (Nutt.) A. Nelson.]
Densely cæspitose. Leaves linear-oblong, obtuse, ⅛ of an inch long
or less, stiff and rigid, densely imbricated, forming numerous small
rosettes: stellate-pubescent on both sides. Scapes slender, 1—2 inches
high, few-flowered, petals pale yellow or white, ⅛ of an inch long;
twice as long as the hairy calyx; pods ⅛ of an inch or less long with
short stiff hairs.
On exposed rocks and alpine summits throughout the Rockies, frequent in
the vicinity of Banff, flowering in May and June.
[Sidenote: =Draba nivalis= Liljb. _Arctic Whitlow-grass._]
Caudex with numerous slender matted branches. Leaves in dense
tufts, oblanceolate, acutish with a rather stout mid-nerve, entire,
white-hairy, with dense stellate pubescence, not at all ciliate or
slightly so near the base, ¼ of an inch long or less. Scapes slender,
hairy, 1—3 inches high, calyx hairy; flowers ⅛ of an inch high, the
white petals slightly exceeding the calyx; pods few, usually smooth,
oblong, acute at each end, ½ of an inch or less long on short pedicels
and with a short stout style and 2-lobed stigma.
On alpine summits and exposed ledges throughout the Rockies; flowering
in June.
[Illustration: Draba glacialis Adams. (⅔ Nat.) Whitlow-Grass.]
[Illustration: Draba aurea Vahl. (½ Nat.) Golden Whitlow-Grass.]
[Sidenote: =Draba lonchocarpa= Rydb.]
Similar to the preceding species but with the leaves obtuse; pods ⅓—⅔
of an inch long, smooth, very narrow and usually more or less twisted,
on slender pedicels ¼—½ an inch long.
In moist or shaded ground, on alpine summits or on ledges, throughout
the Rockies; flowering in June.
[Sidenote: =Draba aurea= Vahl. _Golden Whitlow-grass._]
Pubescent throughout with short stellate hairs; stems rather stout,
erect, frequently several from the same root; leafy, 2—15 inches high.
Leaves entire or few-toothed, oblanceolate or lanceolate, stem leaves
usually narrowed and frequently ciliate at the base, ½—2 inches long.
Flowers bright yellow in an elongated leafy raceme; calyx smooth or
somewhat hairy; petals elliptic, less than ⅛ of an inch long; pods
lanceolate to linear, acute, hairy, often twisted, ¼—½ an inch long on
peduncles half their length.
Frequent in dry open ground at the lower altitudes throughout the
Rockies; flowering in June.
[Sidenote: =Draba incana= L. _Hoary Whitlow-grass._]
Erect, simple, or somewhat branched, leafy, stellate-pubescent
throughout, 6—12 inches high. Leaves lanceolate, oblanceolate or ovate,
¼—1 inch long, acute or obtuse, dentate or nearly entire; flowers
white, ⅛ of an inch or less broad; petals notched, twice as long as
the sepals; pod oblong or lanceolate, acute ⅓—½ an inch long on nearly
erect pedicels about ½ their length.
Throughout the region in moist ravines; flowering during June.
Other species of Draba occur in the region but being neither common nor
striking it is deemed out of place to describe them here.
[Illustration: Physaria didymocarpa (Hook.) A. Gray. (⅔ Nat.)
Bladder-Pod.]
[Illustration: Smelowskia calycina (Desv.) C. A. Meyer. (⅔ Nat.)
Smelowskia.]
[Sidenote: =Thlaspi arvense= L. _Penny-cress._]
Decumbent or erect, 6—12 inches high, simple or much branched above.
Leaves spatulate or oblong, obtuse, obtusely- or runcinately-toothed or
angled. Flowers small, white, in a compact head; pods large, ½ an inch
broad, orbicular or nearly so, strongly winged and compressed.
In moist low ground and waste places throughout the Rockies, flowering
in June.
[Sidenote: =Physaria didymocarpa= (Hook.) A. Gray. _Double
Bladder-pod._]
Densely stellate, canescent, pale green, root long and deep. Stems
decumbent or ascending, slender, simple, 3—12 inches long. Leaves
spatulate, the basal ones obtuse, entire or few lobed, narrowed into
margined petioles: stem leaves nearly sessile, acute, much smaller.
Flowers about ½ an inch broad, light yellow in a close raceme, 2—5
inches long in fruit; pods much inflated and variable, often ½ an inch
thick.
In dry clayey and stony soil and on slopes throughout the Rockies;
flowering in June.
[Sidenote: =Cardamine pennsylvanica= Muhl. _Pennsylvania Bitter-cress._]
Smooth or rarely with a few scattered hairs; stems erect, stout or
slender, 8 inches to 3 feet high, usually much branched, somewhat
succulent, leafy up to the racemes. Basal leaves 2—6 inches long, the
terminal leaflet obovate, ovate or obcordate, usually narrowed at
the base, ¼—¾ of an inch wide, the lateral 4—8 pairs oblong, oval or
obovate, all toothed or some of them entire. Flowers about ⅛ of an inch
broad, white; pods very narrowly linear, ½—1¼ inches long, erect when
mature on ascending pedicels.
In wet shaded places, sparingly throughout the region; flowering during
June and July.
[Sidenote: =Arabis hirsuta= (L.) Scop. _Hairy Rock-cress._]
Stem erect, nearly simple, 1—2 feet high, roughly hairy or nearly
smooth. Basal leaves on margined petioles forming a rosette, obovate or
spatulate, obtuse, denticulate, 1—2 inches long; stem leaves sessile,
clasping by an auriculate base, lanceolate or oblong. Flowers ¼ of an
inch or less long, white, in a strict, elongated raceme; pods narrowly
linear, erect or appressed, 1—2 inches long.
In open grounds throughout the Rockies at the lower altitudes;
flowering in June.
[Sidenote: =Arabis Holboldii= Hornem. _Stony Rock-cress._]
Finely stellately pubescent throughout; stems frequently
several, simple or branched, erect ½—2½ feet high. Root leaves
narrowly oblanceolate, entire, an inch or less long; stem leaves
linear-lanceolate to narrowly oblong, acute, sagittate. Flowers rosy
pink or rarely white, becoming more or less reflexed, ¼ of an inch
long; pods more or less abruptly reflexed, straight or somewhat curved
1½—2½ inches long, very narrowly linear.
On banks and stony slopes throughout the Rockies; flowering in June.
[Sidenote: =Arabis Drummondii= A. Gray. _Drummond’s Rock-cress._]
Slightly glaucous, stems erect; 1—2 feet high. Root leaves narrowly
oblanceolate more or less hairy; the stem leaves oblong or
linear-lanceolate, 1—2 inches long. Flowers white or pinkish, ¼ of
an inch long in a close panicle, elongated in fruit; pods erect when
mature, slender, 1½—3 inches long, obtuse.
In open ground and on slopes throughout the Rockies, flowering in June.
[Sidenote: =Arabis Lyallii= S. Wats. _Lyall’s Rock-cress._]
Low, smooth, throughout, or sometimes more or less stellate-pubescent
below; stem simple, several, or many from the same root. Lower leaves
spatulate or linear-oblanceolate, usually ½—1 inch long, sometimes
longer; stem leaves narrowly lanceolate or oblong, sometimes scarcely
auricled. Flowers rose-colour, ¼ of an inch long; pods erect or
ascending, very slender, straight or nearly so, 1—2 inches long.
Alpine meadows and slopes at the higher elevations throughout the
Rockies, flowering in June and July.
[Sidenote: =Erysimum inconspicuum= (S. Wats.) MacM. _Treacle Mustard._]
Erect, 10—18 inches high, cinereous and rough with 2-parted hairs.
Leaves narrowly linear-lanceolate or oblong-linear, mostly entire,
the root leaves crowded and sometimes repand dentate. Flowers sulphur
yellow in a compact head, elongated in fruit, calyx campanulate, ¼ inch
high, petals ⅓ longer, the blades spreading; pods slender, erect or
nearly so at maturity, 1—2 inches long.
In gravelly places, common on the eastern slopes of the Rockies at the
lower elevations, flowering in June.
[Sidenote: =Smelowskia calycina= (Desv.) C. A. Meyer. _Smelowskia._]
Very variable in foliage, finely stellate-pubescent and usually
cinereous-villous with larger single hairs; caudex stout, branched.
Leaves soft in texture, usually deeply pinnatifid with 2-several pairs
of linear to obovate, obtuse segments. Stems several, 1—6 inches high,
racemes at first dense and corymbose, becoming elongated in fruit.
Flowers white with exserted broad rounded petals ⅛ of an inch or more
long; pods usually lanceolate, tapering to each end.
On alpine summits through the Rockies; not common; flowering in June
and July.
[Sidenote: =Sisymbrium altissimum= L. Tall _Hedge Mustard._]
Erect, 2—4 feet high, freely branching, smooth or nearly so. Lower
leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, petioled, the lobes lanceolate, often
auriculate; upper leaves smaller, short petioled, or usually sessile,
very deeply pinnatifid, the lobes linear or lanceolate, dentate or
entire, the uppermost often reduced to linear, entire bracts. Flowers
pale yellow, ¼ of an inch broad on slender spreading pedicels, pods
very narrowly linear, divergent, 2—4 inches long.
At the lower elevations throughout the region as a weed, especially on
the line of the railway, flowering in July.
[Sidenote: =Sophia intermedia= Rydb. _Western Tansy-Mustard._]
Stems 1—2 feet high, sparingly greyish-puberulent, especially below,
or sometimes nearly smooth, often glandular above; hairs more or less
stellate. Leaves twice or thrice-pinnatifid, the primary divisions
oblanceolate or obovate, divided to near the midrib into linear or
linear-oblong segments, sparingly puberulent. Raceme rather long,
flowers small, less than ⅛ of an inch high; petals yellow; peduncles
diverging sometimes nearly at right angles; pod club-shaped.
Common throughout the Rockies in open places at the lower altitudes,
flowering in June and July.
[Sidenote: =Braya humilis= (Meyer) Robinson. _Northern Rock-cress._]
Erect 4—10 inches high, branching below, sparingly hairy. Leaves
spatulate or oblanceolate, the lower obtuse, 1—2 inches long, narrowed
into a petiole, sharply dentate or rarely entire, the upper smaller,
narrower, often acute. Flowers white or pink ⅛ of an inch or more
broad, pedicels erect, ¼ of an inch long in fruit; pods nearly terete,
narrowly linear, ½—¾ of an inch long, valves finely nerved.
In moist gravelly or stony ground throughout the Rockies at the lower
altitudes, flowering in June.
[Sidenote: =Roripa Nasturtium= (L.) Rusby. _Water-cress._]
Aquatic, smooth, branched, floating or creeping, rooting from the
joints. Leaves odd-pinnate of 3—9 segments, the terminal one larger
than the lateral, all obtuse, ovate or oval or the terminal one nearly
orbicular. Racemes elongated in fruit; flowers white, ⅛ of an inch
or more broad; pod ½—1¼ inches long, spreading and slightly curved
upwards, on pedicels of about their length.
In ditches and shallow pools through the Rockies, especially abundant
at Banff in the warm water at the outlet from the Basin; flowering
through June and July.
CRASSULACEÆ
_Stone-Crop Family_
Fleshy smooth herbs with alternate leaves, and perfect flowers in
terminal, oftentimes 1-sided cymes. Calyx 4—5-lobed; petals 4—5,
distinct, stamens twice as many as the petals; carpels 4—5, styles
short.
[Sidenote: =Sedum stenopetalum= Pursh. _Narrow Petaled Stone-crop._]
Perennial, tufted, smooth, flowering branches 3—7 inches long. Leaves
alternate, crowded, sessile, linear ¼—½ an inch long, entire. Flowers
bright yellow, nearly half an inch broad in a 5—7-forked, compact cyme,
petals narrowly lanceolate, very acute.
Common throughout the Rockies in moist, gravelly or sandy soil, on
river shores, and on rocky slopes, flowering in June and July.
PARNASSIACEÆ
_Grass-of-Parnassus Family_
Smooth bog-herbs with a rosette of basal leaves and generally one or
a few alternate stem leaves and solitary, terminal flowers. Flowers
perfect; calyx generally 5-lobed to near the base; petals 5; perfect
stamens 5; staminodia (imperfect stamens) in clusters at the base of
each petal; stigmas 4.
[Sidenote: =Parnassia fimbriata= Banks. _Fringed Grass-of-Parnassus._]
Leaves tufted at the base on petioles 2—6 inches long; blades reniform
or broadly cordate, ¾—½ an inch wide, thin, smooth, with about 7
principal veins. Flowers ¾ of an inch or more broad on a scape 8—12
inches high with a small cordate clasping bract about the middle;
sepals ¼ of an inch long, elliptic, obtuse; petals obovate, pure white,
fringed at the base, staminodia united into 5 fleshy obovate scales.
Common throughout the region in springy places and damp mossy banks at
the lower altitudes, flowering during July.
[Illustration: Parnassia montanensis Rydb. & Fernald. (½ Nat.) Marsh
Grass of Parnassus.]
[Illustration: Ribes lacustre (Pers.) Poir. (¼ Nat.) Swamp
Gooseberry.]
[Sidenote: =Parnassia montanensis= Rydb. and Fernald. _Marsh
Grass-of-Parnassus._]
Leaves tufted at the base on short petioles, blades ovate with a
cordate or rounded base ¾ of an inch long. Flowers solitary, on scapes
8 inches or more high with a large ovate bract below the middle; sepals
lanceolate, acute, ¼ of an inch or more long, petals oval to elliptic
only slightly larger than the sepals; staminodial scales with 7—9
gland-tipped filaments.
Throughout the Rockies in marshy ground and shaded river shores;
flowering in June and early July.
[Sidenote: =Parnassia parviflora= DC. _Small-flowered
Grass-of-Parnassus._]
Scapes slender, 4—12 inches high, usually bearing a clasping oval
leaf at the middle. Basal leaves on slender petioles, oval or ovate,
narrowed at the base, not cordate, ½—1 inch long. Flowers about ⅓ of
an inch broad, sepals equalling or somewhat shorter than the elliptic
sessile petals; staminodia 5—7 at the base of each petal.
In wet gravelly places at the lower altitudes throughout the Rockies;
flowering in July.
[Sidenote: =Parnassia Kotzebuei= Cham. and Schl. _Alpine
Grass-of-Parnassus._]
Much smaller than the preceding species. Basal leaves few on petioles
less than an inch long; blades broadly ovate, ½ an inch long. Flowers
on slender scapes 2—4 inches high, without any bract; sepals oblong,
about ¼ of an inch long, equalling or exceeding the elliptic or oval
3-veined petals; staminodia short with 3—5 slender filaments.
Throughout the Rockies at high altitudes on the gravelly borders of
alpine ponds or brooks, a very diminutive species, flowering in July.
SAXIFRAGACEÆ
_Saxifrage Family_
Stemmed or stemless herbs with alternate or sometimes opposite or
more frequently basal leaves; flowers perfect, racemose, cymose or
paniculate; calyx 5-lobed or parted; petals 4 or 5, white, yellow or
greenish or sometimes rose-coloured; stamens equal or twice the number
of the petals; carpels 1—several, distinct or united.
Placentæ parietal.
Flowers solitary and axillary; sepals 4; stamens 4—8.
=Chrysosplenium.=
Flowers in more or less elongated racemes.
Flowers with 2 or 3 equal carpels.
Flower-stalk axial from a bulbiferous rootstock.
=Lithophragma.=
Flower-stalk a lateral shoot from a stout scaly rootstock.
Inflorescence racemose.
Petals pinnately cut or pinnatifid.
Base of the calyx campanulate deeper than the
length of the sepals. =Tellima.=
Base of the calyx saucer-shaped, shallower
than the length of the sepals.
Ovary more than half superior;
disc inconspicuous. =Mitella.=
Ovary wholly inferior, covered with
the prominent disc. =Pectiantia.=
Inflorescence paniculate. =Heuchera.=
Flowers with 2 very unequal carpels. =Tiarella.=
Placentæ axial.
Base of the calyx well developed, at maturity longer than
the sepals.
Stamens 5, plant with short bulblet bearing rootstock. =Hemieva.=
Stamens 10.
Plants without caudices; only producing annual flowering
stems. =Saxifraga.=
Plants with perennial leafy caudices, often with offsets.
=Muscaria.=
Base of the calyx only slightly developed, unchanged at maturity.
Leaves alternate, sometimes all basal.
Plants stemless.
Corolla regular, petals about equal in shape and length.
=Micranthes.=
Corolla irregular petals of different shape and length.
=Spatularia.=
Plants with stems.
Carpels distinct; leaf-blades toothed. =Leptarrhena.=
Carpels partially united; leaf-blades entire. =Leptasea.=
Leaves opposite except sometimes on the flower-stalks.
=Antiphylla.=
[Sidenote: =Chrysosplenium tetrandrum= Th. Fries. _Golden Saxifrage._]
Perennial with a slender creeping rootstock; stems 1½—6 inches high,
branched above. Leaves alternate, the lower ones on petioles 1—2 inches
long; blades thick, reniform, ½ an inch or less wide, crenate with 3—5
broad teeth, shining above, paler beneath, upper ones larger and more
or less wedge-shaped. Flowers in small clusters in the axils of the
upper leaves; sepals 4; stamens 4 opposite the sepals.
In shaded damp ground in the wooded areas through the Rockies at an
elevation of 5000 to 6000 feet, where it often forms dense green
carpets, the inconspicuous little flowers coming into blossom in June.
[Sidenote: =Lithophragma parviflora= (Hook.) Nutt. _Lithophragma._]
Stems 4—12 inches high, slightly glandular-hairy, from a slender
creeping rootstock with rosy bulblets. Leaves palmately divided to the
base into 3—5 divisions, ½—1 inch long, twice ternately cleft into
oblong or linear divisions; lower ones on petioles 1—2 inches long;
stem leaves 1 or 2 similar, sessile. Flowers 3—8 in a slender raceme,
base of the calyx and sepals ⅛ of an inch long; petals pure white,
deeply 3—5 cut into narrowly oblong divisions.
On grassy slopes and gravelly places throughout the Rockies; flowering
in June.
[Sidenote: =Tellima grandiflora= (Pursh.) Dougl. _Tellima._]
Flowering branches 1—2 feet high, with long rough hairs, glandular
above. Leaves reniform or cordate, sparingly rough-hairy, round
lobed, and toothed with broadly ovate teeth; 1½—4 inches broad on
hairy petioles 4—8 inches long; stem leaves short-petioled with
well developed stipules. Flowers numerous in an elongated raceme;
sepals ovate ¼ of an inch long; petals white, purplish or pink with a
pinnately cut blade; claws broadly wedge-shaped, ⅛ of an inch long,
erect, blade spreading or reflexed with a rounded ovate body and
tapering thread-like lobes.
Moist woods and crevices in the rocks, abundant in the Selkirks;
flowering in June.
[Sidenote: =Mitella nuda= L. _Naked Bishop’s-Cap._]
Perennial, from a slender branched rootstock, producing long runners
in late summer; flowering branches scape-like, naked, or rarely with
a small leaf, 2—8 inches high, sparingly hairy. Leaves reniform ¾—2
inches in diameter, rounded, crenate or lobed, on petioles 1—3 inches
long. Flowers few, in a loose raceme, saucer-shaped; calyx about ¼ of
an inch broad, greenish-yellow; petals spreading about twice as long
as the sepals, greenish-yellow, pinnately divided into thread-like
divisions, resembling snow crystals in form.
Common in the cool woods and shaded mossy bogs throughout the Rockies;
flowering in June.
[Illustration: Mitella nuda L. (⅔ Nat.) Naked Bishop’s-Cap.]
[Illustration: Pectiantia pentandra (Hook.) Rydb. (¼ Nat.) Mitrewort.]
[Sidenote: =Pectiantia pentandra= (Hook.) Rydb. _Mitrewort._]
Flowering branches scape-like, 4—12 inches high, naked. Leaves broadly
crenate with 9—11 more or less distinct round lobes, thin, 1—2½ inches
broad on petioles, 2—4 inches long. Flowers ⅛ of an inch broad in a
slender loose raceme, green or often purplish inside; sepals broadly
triangular-ovate, obtuse, and recurved; petals yellowish, deeply cut
into slender thread-like divisions, twice as long as the calyx; stamens
5, opposite the petals.
Throughout the region in cool woods and shaded springy spots; flowering
in early June at the higher altitudes.
[Sidenote: =Pectiantia Breweri= (A. Gray.) Rydb. _Mitrewort._]
Flowering branches 4—8 inches high, leafless. Leaves thin, broadly
reniform with many shallow rounded lobes; petioles 2—4 inches long.
Flowers in a loose raceme, green, occasionally in pairs; calyx ⅛ of
an inch wide; sepals obtuse and reflexed; petals deeply cut into
thread-like divisions about twice as long as the sepals; stamens 5,
opposite the sepals.
In damp woods throughout the region, growing with the previous species;
flowering in early June.
[Sidenote: =Heuchera glabra= Willd. _Smooth Alum-root._]
Flowering stems slender, 4—20 inches high, smooth, 1—3-leaved. Basal
leaves on petioles, 2—8 inches long, cordate, deeply 5—7-lobed, thin,
shining, 1—4 inches broad and as long or slightly longer, lobes
triangular-ovate, acute, doubly and sharply serrate. Flowers in a
loose panicle 2—6 inches long; calyx with the turbinate base about ⅛
of an inch long, sparingly fringed with hairs; petals white, broadly
spatulate, acute, about twice as long as the sepals; stamens much
exserted, with scarlet and orange anthers.
On damp shaded rocks, especially abundant in the Selkirks in the
vicinity of Glacier.
[Sidenote: =Heuchera ovalifolia= Nutt. _Round-leaved Alum-root._]
Flowering branches naked, densely glandular-hairy, 1—2 feet high.
Leaves round-oval, ½—1½ inches broad, ¾—2 inches long, rounded,
slightly heart-shaped at the base, round-lobed and crenate with
bristle-tipped teeth. Flowers in a short dense raceme less than 4
inches long, the deeply campanulate, yellowish, densely hairy base of
the calyx, with the broadly oblong sepals ¼ of an inch long, petals
usually wanting.
On dry rocky banks and hillsides throughout the region, flowering in
midsummer.
[Sidenote: =Tiarella unifoliata= Hook. _Foam-Flower._]
Flowering branches 6—15 inches high, 1—4-leaved. Leaves broadly
cordate, coarsely 3—5-lobed with broadly ovate-acute lobes, doubly
crenate with mucronate teeth; stem leaves short-petioled, basal, on
petioles 2—6 inches long. Flowers in a narrow panicle; sepals whitish
ovate-oblong, ¹/₁₆ of an inch long, the linear-subulate, white petals
and stamens fully three times as long; carpels oblong acute, nearly
half an inch long in fruit.
Abundant in damp rich woods throughout the region oftentimes carpeting
the ground; flowering in June.
[Sidenote: =Hemieva ranunculifolia= (Hook.) Raf. _Hemieva._]
Light yellowish-green; stems 8—10 inches high from a rosy-bulbous
rootstock. Leaves ternately divided to the base, the middle division
broadly wedge-shaped, ½—1 inch long, rounded, 3-lobed, the lateral ones
oblique and 4-lobed; basal, on petioles 2—4 inches long, stem leaves
on short petioles dilated at the base, the uppermost sessile, merely
3-lobed at the apex. Flowers showy in a short dense corymb; the base of
the calyx and sepals yellowish-green about ⅛ of an inch long; petals
white or yellowish, broadly spatulate, ¼ of an inch long; stamens 5,
opposite the sepals, filaments and carpels more or less rosy in colour.
On wet rocky slopes in the Selkirks at Glacier, not common; flowering
in June.
[Illustration: Saxifraga cernua L. (⅔ Nat.) Nodding Saxifrage.]
[Illustration: Saxifraga rivularis L. (⅔ Nat.) Alpine Brook Saxifrage.]
[Sidenote: =Saxifraga rivularis= L. _Alpine Brook Saxifrage._]
Stems 1—3½ inches tall, tufted, smooth or finely glandular-hairy.
Leaves reniform in outline, ⅛—½ an inch broad, thick, mainly 3-lobed,
those of the stem sometimes entire, short petioled or sessile; basal
leaves on slender petioles an inch or more long. Flowers small, base
of the calyx and sepals ⅛ of an inch long; petals oblong, or broadly
wedge-shaped, white, slightly larger than the sepals.
An inconspicuous little plant growing on wet rocks and beside alpine
brooks at high altitudes throughout the region; flowering during
midsummer.
[Sidenote: =Saxifraga cernua= L. _Nodding Bulbous Saxifrage._]
Stems 3—8 inches tall, leafy, somewhat glandular-hairy, growing in
groups. Leaves reniform in outline ⅓—1 inch wide; the basal and lower
stem-leaves long-petioled prominently, 3—7 lobed, the lobes linear
to triangular-lanceolate; the upper stem leaves, 3—5-lobed. Flowers
represented by clusters of rosy bulblets, except a single terminal
one with the base of the calyx and sepals ¼ of an inch long, and
wedge-shaped, the clawless white petals nearly half an inch long.
A rather striking alpine plant growing on wet rocks at Lake Louise and
Moraine Lake; flowering in midsummer.
[Sidenote: =Muscaria adscendens= (L.) Small. _Muscaria._]
Somewhat glandular-hairy, 1—4 inches tall. Leaves ⅛—¼ of an inch long,
mainly wedge-shaped or spatulate, 3-toothed or those of the stem
entire. Flower-stalks sparingly branched above or throughout; sepals
ovate or oblong-ovate ¹/₁₆—⅛ of an inch long, acute or obtuse; petals
white, wedge-shaped to oblong wedge-shaped, a third longer than the
sepals, the claws slender or stout.
An alpine species with rosettes of basal leaves, not infrequent
throughout the Rockies, along streams, and on shaded rocks; flowering
in midsummer.
[Illustration: Muscaria cæspitosa (L.) Haw. (½ Nat.) Tufted Saxifrage.]
[Illustration: Micranthes rhomboidea (Greene) Small. (⅓ Nat.) Mountain
Saxifrage.]
[Sidenote: =Muscaria cæspitosa= (L.) Haw. _Tufted Saxifrage._]
Glandular-hairy, 2—6 inches tall. Leaves crowded at the base, sometimes
densely so; blades ¼—¾ of an inch long, 3-lobed at the apex, the lobes
lanceolate or linear. Flower-stalks stout, 3-few-flowered, each bearing
2—3 leaves, base of the calyx ⅛ to ³/₁₆ of an inch high, turbinate at
the base, sepals ovate to ovate-lanceolate, ¹/₁₆—⅛ of an inch long;
petals white, narrowly obovate or oblong-ovate, ¼ of an inch or more
long, rounded at the apex.
An alpine species growing on moist, shaded rocks throughout the
Rockies, frequent, often forming tufts of considerable size; flowering
in June.
[Sidenote: =Micranthes rhomboidea= (Greene) Small. _Alpine Saxifrage._]
Leaves forming a rosette, spreading or ascending ¾—2 inches long, ovoid
or rhombic-ovoid, obtuse, crenulate or dentate-serrate, nearly smooth
except the ciliate margins, mainly green, sometimes purplish beneath,
abruptly or gradually narrowed into petiole-like bases, which are
occasionally larger than the blades. Flowers in a compact terminal head
on a copiously glandular, naked scape 3—10 inches high; sepals ovate to
triangular ¹/₁₆—⅛ of an inch long barely if at all ciliate, 3-veined;
petals white, obovate or oblong-ovate, twice as long as the sepals,
notched at the apex, seed pods green or purplish, the points spreading.
A frequent alpine plant in the more or less moist, shaded situations
throughout the Rockies; flowering in July.
[Illustration: Micranthes Nelsoniana (D. Don.) Small. (½ Nat.) Nelson’s
Saxifrage.]
[Illustration: Micranthes Lyallii (Engler) Small. (⅔ Nat.) Lyall’s
Saxifrage.]
[Sidenote: =Micranthes Lyallii= (Engler) Small. _Lyall’s Saxifrage._]
Leaves erect or ascending ½—2½ inches long, fan-shaped varying to
suborbicular, typically wedge-shaped at the base, coarsely few-toothed
above with the teeth mainly directed forward, smooth or nearly so, the
petiole-like bases often longer than the blades. Flowering stems 3—24
inches tall, smooth or nearly so, sparingly branched above, commonly
purple, few-flowered; petals white with 2 yellow blotches below the
middle, broadly oblong or suborbicular, often slightly notched at
the apex, twice as long as the sepals, often tinged and streaked
with red on the outside; seed pods nearly ½ an inch high, purple or
purple-tinged, usually 3 or 4 together, with pointed beaks.
An alpine form frequent throughout the region in damp, shady, or open
places and along the borders of mountain streams; a rather striking
plant, flowering in July.
[Sidenote: =Micranthes Nelsoniana= (D. Don.) Small. _Nelson’s
Saxifrage._]
Leaves erect or ascending, 1—5 inches long, suborbicular or reniform,
¾—1¾ inches in diameter, deeply cordate at the base, usually sparingly
hairy on both sides, coarsely few-toothed with crenate, gland-tipped
teeth. Flower-stem erect, 1½—7 inches tall, glandular-villous,
especially above, terminating in a compact head usually with purple
or purplish bracts; sepals ovate or oblong-ovate ⅙—⅛ of an inch long,
ciliate; petals white, broadly oblong to ovate, twice as long as the
sepals.
A rather rare though very beautiful alpine flower found throughout the
region in moist places and along alpine brooks; flowering in June.
[Illustration: Spatularia Brunoniana (Bong.) Small. (¼ Nat.) Tall
Saxifrage.]
[Illustration: Leptasea austromontana (Wiegand) Small. (⅓ Nat.) Common
Saxifrage.]
[Sidenote: =Spatularia Brunoniana= Bong. _Tall Saxifrage._]
Copiously glandular-hairy, 4—15 inches tall. Leaves crowded on the
short rootstock, spatulate to oblanceolate-spatulate, 1—3 inches
long, sharply and sometimes broadly toothed, mostly above the middle.
Flower-stems solitary or several together, widely branching, bracts
much smaller than the leaves; flowers terminating the stem, branches,
and branchlets, but on many of the ultimate branchlets represented by
clusters of green bulblets; sepals oblong-ovate to triangular-ovate, ⅙
of an inch or less long, purple, reflexed; petals white, ¼ of an inch
long or less, the three upper with lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate
blades; two lower with elliptic or spatulate-elliptic blades; seed
pods ¼ of an inch long with diverging tips. The commonest form in the
Selkirks, everywhere along streams and banks.
[Sidenote: =Leptarrhena pyrolifolia= (D. Don.) R. Br. _Leptarrhena._]
Caudex horizontal or ascending, clothed with folded leaf bases. Leaves
leathery, oblong, or sometimes slightly broadest above or below
the middle, 1½—3½ inches long, obtuse, serrate or crenate-serrate,
deep green and lustrous above, paler beneath, narrowed into winged
petiole-like bases. Flower-stalks 4—18 inches high, bearing 1 or 2
clasping leaves; flowers small and inconspicuous, at first congested in
a compact head, becoming separated; sepals ovate, about as long as the
base of the calyx, each with a terminal gland and usually some lateral
glands; petals narrowly spatulate, white, ⅛ of an inch long; seed pods
¼ of an inch long with slightly spreading tips; purplish.
Along alpine streams and in damp shaded places, rather abundant
throughout the region at the higher altitudes; flowering in June.
[Sidenote: =Leptasea Van-Bruntiæ= Small. _Fleshy Saxifrage._]
Stems decumbent. Leaves ⅛—½ of an inch long, the blades very thick,
flattish, smooth, ciliate on the margins, spine-tipped. Flowers
1—several on stalks, 1½—3 inches tall, finely glandular-hairy, leafy,
bearing larger leaves than the decumbent stems; sepals ovate to
oblong-ovate, ⅛ of an inch long, smooth, more or less eroded at the
apex; petals deep yellow, oblong, much longer than the calyx; seed pods
¼ of an inch or more long.
A common species throughout the Rockies, forming mats on the wet gravel
and sand of the shores and flood-plains of the rivers and torrent fans
at the bases of the moraines; flowering throughout June and July.
[Sidenote: =Leptasea austromontana= (Wiegand) Small. _Common
Saxifrage._]
Leaves of the caudices ½ an inch or less long, stiff and crowded, but
more or less spreading, the blades narrowly lanceolate to subulate,
ciliate, slender, spine-tipped. Flower-stalks 1½—6 inches tall, nearly
smooth or finely glandular-hairy, bearing several leaves which are
smaller than those of the caudices; sepals ovate, sometimes rather
narrowly so, ⅛ of an inch long, smooth or sparingly ciliate, obtuse;
petals white, usually yellow-spotted, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, ¼ of
an inch or more long, filaments slender; seed pods often nearly ½ an
inch long.
Common everywhere throughout the Rockies at the lower altitudes on bare
rocks and stony slopes, frequently forming mats a foot or more across;
flowering in June.
[Sidenote: =Antiphylla oppositifolia= (L.) Fourr. _Purple Saxifrage._]
Plants in dense mats, leaves densely folded together except on the
flower-stalks and sometimes on the elongated stems, 4-ranked, the
blades obovate to spatulate, ¼ of an inch long, ciliate, keeled.
Flower-stalks ½—1 inch long or sometimes shorter when young, leafy;
sepals oblong to ovate, ⅛ of an inch long, ciliate all around; petals
lilac or purple, elliptic or oval, showy, ⅓ of an inch long, each
narrowed into a stout claw.
Usually a high alpine species and not infrequently forming mats of
considerable size; throughout the region, flowering in July.
GROSSULARIACEÆ
_Gooseberry Family_
Shrubs, usually with lobed, petioled leaves and racemose or
subsolitary axillary or lateral flowers, the pedicels bracteolate;
calyx tube attached to the ovary, the limb 4—5-lobed, often coloured;
petals, 4—5, inserted on the throat of the calyx, small, scale-like,
often included; stamens 4—5, inserted with the petals; berry globose or
ovoid, pulpy, the calyx persistent on its summit.
[Sidenote: =Ribes lacustre= (Pers.) Poir. _Swamp Gooseberry._]
Stems prostrate or ascending, 3—4 feet long, very prickly when young,
spines slender and weak, generally clustered. Leaves nearly orbicular,
thin, smooth or hairy along the veins beneath, deeply 5—7 lobed, 1—2
inches broad, the lobes acutish, incised-dentate. Flowers in racemes of
5—9; calyx rotate, ⅙ of an inch broad, spreading, green or purplish;
petals exceeding the calyx; ovary glandular-hispid; berry black.
A very abundant gooseberry throughout the region in cool damp woods and
bogs at the lower elevations; flowering in June.
[Sidenote: =Ribes setosum= Lindl. _Bristly Gooseberry._]
Stems erect, 3—4 feet high, with numerous stout bristles, especially
on the young wood; axillary spines 1—3 together, rather stout and
spreading. Leaves slender-petioled, more or less finely hairy, at least
when young, ½—1 inch wide, broadly ovate or orbicular, 3—5-lobed, the
lobes incised or coarsely toothed. Flowers 2—3, ¼—½ an inch long on
very short pedicels; calyx tube cylindric, greenish-white or pinkish;
petals white; berries small, purple or blue and very sour.
Frequent throughout the Rockies on lake shores and in thickets at the
lower altitudes; flowering in June.
[Sidenote: =Ribes oxyacanthoides= L. _Northern Gooseberry._]
Spines generally solitary, light-coloured, ¼—½ of an inch long;
prickles commonly wanting. Leaves petioled, roundish, subcordate and
5-lobed, hairy or nearly smooth, the lobes deeply toothed or crenate.
Flowers greenish-purple or white, little more than ¼ of an inch long;
berry half an inch in diameter, smooth, reddish-purple and sweet when
ripe.
Throughout the Rockies at the lower elevations, in open ground and on
stony hillsides; flowering in June; fruit ripening in July.
[Sidenote: =Ribes Howellii= Greene. _Howell’s Currant._]
Stems ascending, crowded, 2—5 feet high, without spines. Leaves
triangular, 2—3 inches in diameter, cordate at the base, deeply
5-lobed, the acute lobes doubly serrate, smooth above, often
resinous-dotted beneath, petiole as long as or longer than the
blade. Flowers ⅓ of an inch broad in a loose raceme, bracts linear,
about ¹/₁₆ of an inch long, much shorter than the slender, glandular
pedicels; calyx rotate with broad spatulate lobes; petals red, narrowly
spatulate, shorter than the calyx lobes; berries red.
A rather showy plant with a pungent, skunk-like odour when bruised,
growing on wet, shaded rocks and in springy places throughout the
region, at the lower altitudes; flowering in June.
ROSACEÆ
_Rose Family._
Herbs, shrubs, or trees with alternate leaves and perfect flowers;
calyx free or adnate to the ovary, 5—9-lobed; petals equal in number
to the calyx lobes, distinct or none; stamens usually numerous and
distinct; fruit mostly follicles or achenes.
Carpels few; in fruit becoming 2-several sided.
Stamens united at the base; flowers racemose. =Lutkea.=
Stamens not united at the base; flowers in panicles or corymbs.
Shrubs with simple leaves, flowers perfect. =Spiræa.=
Herbs with compound leaves; flowers diœcious. =Aruncus.=
Carpels few or many; in fruit becoming achenes or drupelets.
Fruit consisting of drupelets, usually united. =Rubus.=
Fruit consisting of achenes.
Achenes enclosed in a fleshy fruit; prickly shrubs. =Rosa.=
Achenes on a plane or concave receptacle; herbs.
Styles deciduous, naked.
Styles terminal. =Potentilla.=
Styles lateral.
Carpels hairy; shrubs. =Dasyphora.=
Carpels smooth; herbs.
Stamens 5; carpels 10—15. =Sibbaldia.=
Stamens 20; carpels numerous.
Leaves trifoliate; receptacle fleshy. =Fragaria.=
Leaves pinnate; receptacle not fleshy.
Flowers dark purple. =Comarum.=
Flowers yellow.
Plant with stolons; flowers solitary.
=Argentina.=
Styles persistent, mostly plumose.
Calyx lobes and petals 8 or 9. =Dryas.=
Calyx lobes and petals 5.
Style jointed, upper part deciduous. =Geum.=
Style not jointed, upper part plumose. =Sieversia.=
[Illustration: Tiarella unifoliata Hook. (¼ Nat.) Western Foam-Flower.]
[Illustration: Lutkea pectinata (Pursh) Kuntze. (⅔ Nat.) Cut-Leaved
Lutkea.]
[Sidenote: =Lutkea pectinata= (Pursh.) Kuntze. _Cut-leaved Lutkea._]
Smooth, stems cæspitose, very leafy. Leaves trifoliate, persistent,
leaflets deeply 2—4-lobed, the lateral ones decumbent, forming a broad
petiole. Flowering stems 2—6 inches high with a dense terminal raceme
of many white flowers, about ¼ of an inch broad; calyx lobes ovate,
acute; petals 5, obovate, exceeding the calyx; stamens numerous,
shorter than the petals.
Frequent throughout the Selkirks, on alpine slopes and beside streams
at the higher elevations; flowering in June.
[Sidenote: =Spiræa densiflora= Nutt. _Pink Spiræa._]
Stem 2—4 feet high, reddish. Leaves ovate or elliptical, serrulate at
the apex, entire below, narrowed at the base to a very short petiole or
the lowest sessile, dark green on both sides, ½—1 inch long. Flowers
small, deep rose-colour in dense, round, leafy, bracted corymbs,
terminating the numerous branches.
In moist, exposed, rocky places and on slopes at the lower altitudes,
frequent in the Selkirks; flowering in June.
[Sidenote: =Spiræa lucida= Dougl. _Birch-leaved Spiræa._]
Stems erect, mostly simple, 1—2 feet high, from horizontal running
rootstocks. Leaves, the lower ones small, obovate; upper, oval to
oblong, 1—2 inches long, often obscurely lobed and doubly serrate above
the middle, smooth throughout, dark green above, paler beneath. Flowers
white or tinged with pink in a large flat branching terminal corymb.
Abundant throughout the region on hillsides and dry banks; flowering
during July.
[Illustration: Rubus pedatus Smith. (⅔ Nat.) Creeping Raspberry.]
[Sidenote: =Aruncus Aruncus= (L.) Karst. _Goat’s-Beard._]
Smooth throughout, stem erect, somewhat branched, 2—4 feet high.
Leaves long-petioled, 2—3 pinnate, leaflets 1—3 inches long, ovate or
lanceolate, thin, acuminate or acute at the apex, rounded or slightly
heart-shaped at the base, doubly serrate or incised. Flowers small,
white, in an elongated spike.
Frequent along streams throughout the Selkirks; flowering during June
and July.
[Sidenote: =Rubus pedatus= Smith. _Creeping Raspberry._]
Stems slender, trailing, 1—3 feet long, unarmed, rooting at the
nodes, pubescent. Leaves trifoliate, leaflets obovate, cuneate at the
base, ¾—1 inch long incised, lateral leaflets often parted to the
base, smooth or sparingly hairy. Flowers usually solitary, on long
slender pedicels, white or rosy, ⅛ of an inch or more broad; sepals
ovate-lanceolate, entire or incised, exceeding the petals; berry of 1—6
large red, juicy drupelets.
Frequent throughout the region in cold damp woods, forming masses of
considerable size; flowering during June.
[Sidenote: =Rubus arcticus= L. _Arctic Raspberry._]
Stem low, herbaceous, unarmed, finely hairy, 3—10 inches high,
sometimes leafless below. Leaves 3-foliate, leaflets sessile or
short-stalked, rhombic-ovate or obovate, coarsely and unequally serrate
or slightly lobed, ¾—1 inch long. Flowers solitary or occasionally 2,
slender peduncled; petals obovate, pink, ½—1 inch long; sepals acute,
equalling or shorter than the petals, reflexed; berry light red,
fragrant and edible.
In cold mossy thickets and swamps throughout the region, the first
flowers appearing in May and early June when the stems are but a
few inches high, with the leaves hardly unfolded; in midsummer it
frequently flowers again from branched stems 8—10 inches high and
appearing like a different plant.
[Sidenote: =Rubus Americanus= (Pers.) Britton. _Dwarf Raspberry._]
Stems herbaceous, trailing or ascending, unarmed, 6—18 inches or more
long, somewhat hairy. Leaves petioled, 3-foliate or rarely 5-foliate
leaflets rhombic-ovate, smooth or nearly so, acute, the lateral ones
mostly rounded, terminal, wedge-shaped at the base, all sharply
serrate. Flowers 1—3 on a slender glandular-hairy peduncle, ½ an inch
or less broad; petals 5—7, white, spatulate-oblong, erect, rather
longer than the acuminate calyx lobes; fruit red-purple, half an inch
long.
In cold moist woods and swampy places throughout the region; flowering
in May and June.
[Sidenote: =Rubus parviflorus= Nutt. _Salmon-berry._]
Stems shrubby, 3—8 feet high, smooth or more or less glandular-hairy.
Leaves round-cordate in outline, palmately 3—5-lobed, the lobes acute
or acutish, rarely acuminate, coarsely and unequally serrate. Flowers
few, 1—2 inches broad, white, in corymbose, terminal heads, calyx lobes
tipped with a long slender appendage.
Borders of woods, and in thickets among rocks, throughout the region,
but most abundant in the Selkirks; flowering in June and July.
[Illustration: Rubus parviflorus Nutt. (⅔ Nat.) Salmon-Berry.]
[Sidenote: =Rubus strigosus= Michx. _Wild Red Raspberry._]
Stems shrubby, biennial, 18 inches to 4 feet high, usually densely
clothed with weak glandular bristles or the older stems with small
hooked prickles. Leaves pinnately 3—5-foliate, leaflets ovate or
ovate-oblong, acuminate, sharply and irregularly serrate or slightly
lobed, rounded at the base, 1—3 inches long. Flowers ½ an inch broad
in a loose raceme on slender pedicels, curved in fruit; petals white,
ascending, about equalling the spreading acuminate sepals; fruit dark
red, sweet and very juicy.
The common red raspberry throughout the region in dry and rocky places;
flowering in June.
[Sidenote: =Dasyphora fruticosa= (L.) Rydb. _Shrubby Cinquefoil._]
Shrubby, much branched; stems erect or ascending, very leafy, 6 inches
to 3 feet high, the bark shreddy. Leaves pinnate with 5—7 oblong,
entire, acute leaflets, with long silky hairs and revolute margins.
Flowers bright yellow, ¾—1½ inches broad, usually solitary at the ends
of the branches.
A very abundant plant throughout the region, in swampy grounds,
gravelly river shores, on dry slopes and alpine meadows, flowering
throughout the summer.
[Sidenote: =Sibbaldia procumbens= L. _Sibbaldia._]
Stems densely tufted, decumbent or creeping, 1—4 inches long.
Leaves 3-foliate, leaflets wedge-shaped, 3—5-toothed at the apex
with scattered hairs on both sides. Flowers ¼ of an inch broad,
greenish-yellow; petals very small, not exceeding the calyx.
Frequent throughout the region on rocks, usually in dry, exposed
situations at elevations varying from 4000 to 10,000 feet; flowering
during June and July.
[Sidenote: =Fragaria glauca= (S. Wats.) Rydb. _Wild Strawberry._]
Plant spreading, 3—6 inches tall, hairy, forming new plants by the
running stems after flowering. Leaves tufted from the root, very
hairy, palmately 3-foliate; leaflets obtuse, strongly serrate, the
teeth gland-tipped; lateral leaflets ovate, oblique on the inside,
shorter than the terminal one; terminal leaflet broadly ovate with a
wedge-shaped base. Flowers white, ¾ of an inch broad; petals slightly
longer than the sepals, borne on a scape about ⅓ longer than the
leaves. Fruit ovoid, rather small.
On grassy banks and roadsides throughout the Rockies; flowering in late
May and early June.
[Illustration: Fragaria glauca (S. Wats.) Rydb. (½ Nat.) Wild
Strawberry.]
[Illustration: Amelanchier florida Lindl. (⅓ Nat.) Service-Berry.]
[Sidenote: =Comarum palustre= (L.) _Marsh Cinquefoil._]
Smooth, decumbent at the base, 6 inches to 2 feet long. Leaves pinnate,
the lower long-petioled with 5—7 oblong or oblanceolate, sharply
serrate leaflets, which are lighter-coloured and more or less hairy
beneath; upper leaflets similar, 3—5. Flowers few, in an open cyme;
calyx lobes purple within, acuminate, nearly ½ an inch long, enlarging
in fruit; petals much shorter than the sepals.
A marsh plant frequent throughout the region in very wet situations, at
the lower altitudes; flowering in July.
[Sidenote: =Argentina Anserina= (L.) Rydb. _Silver-weed._]
Herbaceous, spreading by runners. Leaves all at the root, interruptedly
pinnate with 7—21 leaflets and smaller ones interposed; oblong, sharply
serrate, dark green above, soft, white-hairy beneath. Flowers bright
yellow, ½—1 inch broad, solitary on long pedicels, petals exceeding the
ovate, acute, calyx lobes.
In open and waste ground and meadows throughout the Rockies at the
lower altitudes; flowering during June and July.
[Sidenote: =Potentilla nivea= L. _Snowy Cinquefoil._]
Stem 4—8 inches high, woody at the base, with long silky hairs. Leaves
3-foliate, the lower petioled; leaflets oblong or obovate, usually
deeply cut, densely, white-hairy beneath, green and loosely soft-hairy
above, ¾—1 inch long. Flowers 1—5, bright yellow, ½—¾ of an inch broad;
sepals silky, lanceolate, shorter than the broadly ovate, notched
petals.
Frequent throughout the Rockies in open, rocky situations; flowering
during June and July.
[Sidenote: =Potentilla dissecta= Pursh. _Cut-leaved Cinquefoil._]
Stem decumbent or ascending 4—8 inches high from a woody base, more or
less silky-villous or nearly smooth. Leaves pinnate or tripinnate with
5—7 lanceolate, deeply cut leaflets, usually glaucous and with ciliate
edges. Flowers few, bright yellow, ½ an inch or more broad with notched
petals, in an open cyme.
In open alpine meadows and slopes throughout the region at the higher
altitudes; flowering during June and July.
[Sidenote: =Potentilla multisecta= (Wats.) Rydb.]
Much like the preceding species but much more hairy throughout and with
more divided leaves. Flowers in a loose cyme on scapes 4—6 inches high,
not quite so large as in the preceding nor as brilliantly coloured.
Dry rocky summits and ledges throughout the Rockies; flowering in June.
[Sidenote: =Potentilla uniflora= (Ledeb.) _Alpine Cinquefoil._]
Densely cæspitose from a woody base. Leaves closely tufted, small,
palmately divided, leaflets deeply cut, densely white-woolly on both
surfaces. Flowers solitary on short peduncles, bright yellow, half an
inch or more broad; petals broadly obovate, notched at the apex, much
longer than the densely soft-hairy lanceolate sepals.
A high alpine species in dry stony ground throughout the Rockies, not
common; flowering in July.
[Sidenote: =Geum macrophyllum= Willd. _Large-leaved Avens._]
Stout, erect, stiff-hairy, 1—3 feet high. Leaves lyrate-pinnate with
broad foliaceous stipules, basal leaves petioled, the terminal segment
much the largest, reniform, dentate, 3—7-lobed; lateral leaflets 3—6
oval or obovate with smaller ones interspersed. Flowers several, short
peduncled, borne in a terminal head; bright yellow, nearly ½ an inch
broad; petals longer than the acuminate sepals; receptacle nearly
smooth.
In damp places and low grounds throughout the region, most abundant in
the Selkirks; flowering in June.
[Sidenote: =Geum strictum= Ait. _Yellow Avens._]
Hairy, branched above, 2—4 feet high. Stipules broad, foliaceous; basal
leaves lyrate-pinnate; leaflets 5—7, obovate, cuneate, dentate or
lobed, the terminal one largest, broadly ovate or cuneate, stem leaves
sessile or short-petioled with 3—5 ovate or oblong, acute segments.
Flowers yellow, ½ an inch broad; receptacle downy.
In swamps or low grounds throughout the region; flowering in June.
[Illustration: _a_ Geum strictum Ait. Yellow Avens.
_b_ Sieversia ciliata (Pursh) Don. Long-Plumed Purple Avens.
(⅔ Nat.)]
[Sidenote: =Sieversia ciliata= (Pursh.) Don. _Long-Plumed Purple
Avens._]
Soft-hairy, scapose; scape 4—18 inches high, simple, 3—8-flowered at
the summit. Basal leaves petioled, interruptedly pinnate with many
small leaflets, among the numerous obovate, deeply cut larger ones.
Flowers ½ an inch broad of 5 pale purplish-pink petals hardly exceeding
the calyx and spreading linear red bractlets; styles plumose in fruit,
1—2 inches long.
In dry open grounds extending into the Rockies from the plains, where
it is especially abundant, to the lower slopes and valleys throughout
the region; flowering in June.
[Sidenote: =Dryas octopetala= L. _White Mountain Avens._]
Stems prostrate, branched, 3—6 inches long. Leaves oblong or ovate,
½—1 inch long, obtuse at each end, closely crenate, dark green and
shining above, densely white-woolly beneath. Flowers solitary on
slender pedicels, white, an inch or more broad; petals longer than the
6—8 spreading linear sepals; stamens numerous, anthers bright yellow;
styles conspicuously plumose in fruit.
Frequent in dry stony ground throughout the Rockies at elevations
ranging from 4000 to 10,000 feet, forming dense mats of considerable
size on the surface of the ground; flowering in June.
[Sidenote: =Dryas Drummondii= Richards. _Drummond’s Mountain Avens._]
Similar in manner of growth and general appearance to the preceding
species. Leaves generally narrower at the base, the lobes
dentate-crenate. Flowers ½ an inch long, campanulate, drooping on a
densely woolly pedicel; sepals ovate, acute, black glandular-hairy;
petals lanceolate, obtuse, bright yellow, about twice the length of the
sepals; stamens included; styles numerous, conspicuously plumose in
fruit.
In gravel and loose stony soil throughout the Rockies, especially
abundant on river shores and flood-plains, like the previous species
frequently forming mats of considerable size; flowering in June.
[Illustration: _a_ Dryas octopetala L. White Mountain Avens.
_b_ Dryas Drummondii Rich. Drummond’s Mountain Avens.
(⅞ Nat.)]
[Sidenote: =Rosa Macounii= Greene. _Macoun’s Rose._]
Stems branched, 2—3 feet high, prickly. Leaves pinnate, leaflets large,
¾—1½ inches long, oval, coarsely toothed. Flowers solitary, on slender
pedicels, bright pink, petals broadly obovate, an inch or more long,
sepals entire with a long acuminate obtuse tip, persistent and erect in
fruit, fruit globose, bright scarlet.
The wild rose of the region, in open ground, on slopes, borders of
woods, stream and river banks throughout the Rockies; flowering in late
June and early July.
POMACEÆ
_Apple Family_
Trees and shrubs with alternate leaves, and regular, perfect flowers;
calyx superior, 5-toothed; petals 5; stamens numerous; fruit a more or
less fleshy pome.
Leaves pinnate. =Sorbus.=
Leaves simple, entire-toothed or lobed. =Amelanchier.=
[Sidenote: =Sorbus sambucifolia= (Cham. and Schl.) Roem _Western
Mountain-ash._]
A small tree with smooth bark. Leaves pinnate, leaflets 5—15,
ovate-lanceolate or oval, obtuse or short-pointed, serrate, smooth
and dark green above, pale and usually more or less hairy beneath,
especially along the veins, seldom over 2½ inches long. Flowers white,
nearly ½ an inch across in a compound flat cyme, 2—4 inches broad;
petals spreading, short-clawed, obovate; stamens numerous; fruit bright
scarlet, more than ¼ of an inch in diameter.
In moist stony ground throughout the region; flowering in June.
[Sidenote: =Amelanchier alnifolia= Nutt. _North-western June-berry._]
A shrub, soft-hairy when young, at length nearly smooth. Leaves thick,
broadly elliptic or almost orbicular, very obtuse and often truncate
at the apex, round or subcordate at the base; coarsely dentate above
the middle. 1—2 inches long. Flowers in rather short, dense racemes,
pedicels short; petals oblanceolate, ¼—¾ of an inch long, 2—4 times the
length of the calyx; fruit purple when ripe and very sweet.
On slopes at the lower altitudes throughout the region, flowering in
June.
DRUPACEÆ
_Plum Family_
Trees or shrubs, the bark exuding gum. Leaves alternate, petioled,
serrate, the teeth and petiole often glandular; flowers regular,
perfect; calyx 5-lobed inferior, deciduous; petals 5, inserted on the
calyx; stamens numerous, inserted on the petals; fruit a 1-seeded drupe.
[Sidenote: =Prunus demissa= (Nutt.) Walp. _Western Wild Cherry._]
A shrub or small tree. Leaves thick ovate or broadly oval, acute or
slightly obtuse, serrulate with short teeth. Flowers ¼ of an inch or
more broad, in drooping racemes at the ends of the leafy branches;
drupe dark purple or black, globose, over ¼ of an inch in diameter.
In thickets in the Rockies, frequent in the vicinity of Banff;
flowering in May and early June.
PAPILIONACEÆ
_Pea Family_
Herbs or vines with alternate, compound leaves and irregular, perfect,
yellow, purple, blue, or white flowers, mainly in racemes; calyx
4—5-toothed; petals more or less united or separate, consisting of a
broad upper one (standard), two lateral ones (wings), and two front
ones more or less united (keel).
Herbs; leaves unequally pinnate, not tendril-bearing.
Pods not jointed.
Keel of the corolla blunt.
Pod not much swollen, fleshy, leathery or papery;
flowers blue or purple. =Astragalus.=
Pods much inflated, membranous; flowers white. =Phaca.=
Pods flat, both sutures prominent externally. =Homalobus.=
Keel of the corolla acute. =Aragallus.=
Pods jointed, flowers purple or white. =Hedysarum.=
Herbaceous veins; leaves evenly pinnate, with tendrils.
Style slender with a tuft of hairs at the summit. =Vicia.=
Style flattened, bearded along the inner side. =Lathyrus.=
[Sidenote: =Astragalus adsurgens= Pall. _Ascending Milk-vetch._]
Stems whitish with close hairs or nearly smooth, ascending or
decumbent, 4—18 inches long, simple or branched at the base. Leaflets
15—25 oval or linear-oblong, sometimes notched at the apex, narrowed
at the base, ½—1 inch long; peduncles exceeding the leaves. Flowers
purplish, ½—¾ of an inch long in dense short spikes; calyx villous with
long partly black hairs, ½ the length of the corolla, with slender
teeth, half the length of the campanulate tube.
In open ground at low altitudes, probably the most frequent of the
vetches on the eastern slopes of the Rockies, often forming great
patches of blue during June.
[Sidenote: =Astragalus hypoglottis= L. _Purple Milk-vetch._]
Hairy or nearly smooth, stems decumbent or ascending, slender, branched
at the base, usually low, but ranging from 6—24 inches long. Leaves
2—5 inches long with 17—25 leaflets which are oblong or elliptic,
obtusish and usually notched at the apex, rounded at the base ¼—½ an
inch long. Flowers violet-purple, ½ to nearly an inch long in dense
heads, calyx nearly ⅓ the length with long black and white hairs.
Frequent at the lower altitudes, in dry ground and roadsides on the
eastern slopes of the Rockies, particularly in the region around Banff;
flowering in early June.
[Sidenote: =Astragalus alpinus= L. _Alpine Milk-vetch._]
Ascending or decumbent, branching from the base, 6—15 inches high,
slightly hairy or smooth. Leaves 2—5 inches long, with 13—25 oval or
elliptic, obtuse or retuse leaflets, narrowed or rounded at the base,
¼—½ an inch long. Flowers ½ an inch or more long, pale violet, the keel
commonly darker, in short rather open racemes; calyx about ⅓ the length
of the corolla, with short black hairs.
The most dainty of any of the vetches, frequent in rocky soil in
slightly shaded situations throughout the Rockies at the lower
altitudes; flowering during June and July.
[Sidenote: =Astragalus convallarius= Greene. _Slender Milk-vetch._]
Stems slender, ascending and rigid, 10—18 inches high, branching from
the base; hairy throughout. Leaves 3—6 inches long with 9—17 narrowly
linear, silky leaflets ½—1 inch long, remote. Flowers pale violet or
mauve, half an inch or more long, scattered in a slender raceme 3—5
inches long; peduncles much longer than the leaves; calyx about ⅓ the
length of the corolla with scattered white or brownish hairs.
On the eastern slopes of the Rockies in dry stony ground at the lower
altitudes; flowering in early June.
[Sidenote: =Astragalus Macouni= Rydb. _Macoun’s Vetch._]
Stems 18—24 inches high, stout and leafy, slightly striate and
nearly smooth. Leaves 2—4 inches long, thin, odd-pinnate with 4—8
pairs of obtuse, oblong, or oval leaflets, ½—1 inch long. Flower
scream-coloured, tinged with blue, in heads 1½—3 inches long, on
peduncles 4—10 inches long, from the axils of the upper leaves; calyx ⅛
of an inch long, black-hairy, lobes very slender and short; corolla ¼
of an inch or more long.
Frequent in more or less moist open ground throughout the Rockies at
varying altitudes; flowering during June and early July.
[Sidenote: =Phaca Americana= (Hook) Rydb. _Arctic Milk-vetch._]
Erect, nearly simple and smooth, 1—2 feet high. Leaves 3—6 inches
long with 7—17 oval or ovate-lanceolate obtuse leaflets, ¾—1½ inches
long. Flowers white, ¾ of an inch long in loose racemes on peduncles
equalling or exceeding the leaves; pedicels slender, ½ an inch long in
fruit; pod membranous, inflated, an inch long.
In moist or wet rocky shaded places throughout the Rockies; flowering
during June and early July.
[Illustration: Phaca americana (Hook.) Rydb. (½ Nat.) Arctic Vetch.]
[Illustration: Homalobus aboriginorum (Richards) Rydb. (⅓ Nat.) Indian
Vetch.]
[Sidenote: =Homalobus aboriginorum= (Richards) Rydb. _Indian Vetch._]
Stems erect and branching, 6—18 inches high, hairy throughout, from
an enlarged root. Leaves pinnate with 7—11 linear leaflets; stipules
ovate, acute, foliaceous. Flowers white, tinged with mauve, in a
loose raceme 1—2 inches long; peduncles longer than the leaves, calyx
black-hairy, about ⅛ of an inch long, with slender teeth nearly half as
much longer; corolla more than twice the length of the calyx.
An abundant species at the lower altitudes in open dry ground on the
eastern slopes of the Rockies; flowering in early June.
[Sidenote: =Aragallus monticola= (A. Gray) Greene. _Mountain Oxytrope._]
Silvery-pubescent throughout, with appressed or slightly spreading
hairs; tufted. Leaves basal, 3—6 inches long with 9—19 linear-oblong
or lanceolate, acute or obtusish leaflets ¾—1 inch long. Flowers pale
yellow or creamy-white ¾ of an inch or more long in dense heads, on
peduncles longer than the leaves; calyx nearly half as long as the
corolla, with long white and short black hairs.
Frequent throughout the Rockies in dry stony and alpine meadows and
slopes, at varying elevations; flowering from June to early July.
[Sidenote: =Aragallus Lamberti= (Pursh) Greene. _Loco Weed._]
Tufted, the branches of the caudex short; scapes few or several, erect,
rather slender, 4—20 inches high. Leaves several, mostly erect, shorter
than the scapes; leaflets 10—15 pairs, mostly oblong-lanceolate, from
sparsely soft-pubescent to lightly canescent, acute, ½—1 inch long.
Flowers pale yellow, ½ an inch long and twice as long as the calyx, in
a loose head, 2—4 inches long.
Abundant in the open ground on the eastern slopes of the Rockies; a
strikingly handsome vetch frequently found in masses of considerable
extent, especially in the region around Banff; flowering in June and
early July.
[Sidenote: =Aragallus splendens= (Dougl.) Greene. _Showy Oxytrope._]
Densely silky, silvery-villous, acaulescent, and tufted. Leaves 4—9
inches long, erect; leaflets very numerous, in verticels of 3—6, oblong
or oblong-lanceolate, acute or acutish at the apex, rounded at the
base, ½ to nearly an inch long. Flowers deep purple, about ½ an inch
long in dense spikes on peduncles exceeding the leaves.
A very showy plant frequently flowering in considerable masses in
the open grounds on the eastern slopes of the Rockies and dry alpine
meadows; flowering in June.
[Sidenote: =Aragallus viscidulus= Rydb. _Sticky Oxytrope._]
Tufted, with parts of the old leaves remaining. Leaves all basal, 4—6
inches long with 8—15 pairs of leaflets, loosely villous-pubescent,
oblong, obtuse or acutish, ¼ to nearly ½ an inch long, glandular on
the margins. Flowers nearly ½ an inch long varying from pink to dark
purple, in loose spikes on glandular sticky scapes, much longer than
the leaves; calyx more than half as long as the corolla with white
and shorter black hairs; calyx teeth and bracts of the inflorescence
densely glandular.
In dry open ground and alpine meadows through the Rockies at the lower
altitudes, flowering in early June and forming dense tufted masses of
brilliant pink, blue, or purple flowers; probably the most striking
species in the vicinity of Banff.
[Sidenote: =Aragallus deflexus= (Pall.) Heller. _Drooping-fruited
Oxytrope._]
Loosely soft-pubescent or silky, decumbent or ascending 10—18 inches
high. Leaves 4—6 inches long with 12—16 pairs of lanceolate to oblong,
acute leaflets, ¼—½ an inch long. Flowers small, pale purple, little
more than ¼ of an inch long in slender spikes 2—4 inches long on
peduncles much surpassing the leaves. Calyx nearly as long as the
corolla, with short black and longer white hairs; fruit strongly
reflexed.
In moist open ground throughout the eastern Rockies at the lower
altitudes; flowering in July.
[Illustration: Aragallus viscidulus Rydb. (⅓ Nat.) Sticky Oxytrope.]
[Illustration: Aragallus deflexus (Pall.) Heller. (½ Nat.) Drooping
Vetch.]
[Sidenote: =Aragallus inflatus= (Hook) A. Nelson. _Inflated Oxytrope._]
Acaulescent or more or less so, 1—4 inches high, soft-hairy. Leaves
pinnate with 5—11 pairs of short linear-lanceolate or oblong leaflets.
Flowers violet-purple, 1 or 2 on the peduncles which scarcely exceed
the leaves; calyx densely dark-hairy; pods much inflated.
On high alpine slopes and summits through the Rockies, not a common
plant but probably more general than is now known; flowering in July.
[Sidenote: =Hedysarum americanum= (Michx.) Britton. _Purple Hedysarum._]
Stem erect or somewhat decumbent, smooth or nearly so, 6 inches to 2½
feet high, generally simple. Leaves 2—8 inches long with 11—21 oblong
or oblanceolate-obtuse leaflets, ½ to nearly 1 inch long. Flowers
violet-purple or nearly white, deflexed, ½—¾ of an inch long in rather
loose elongated racemes; calyx teeth ovate-acute, shorter than the tube.
One of the taller of the vetches growing in open stony places and
slides throughout the Rockies at the lower altitudes, flowering in July.
[Sidenote: =Hedysarum sulphurescens= Rydb. _Yellow Hedysarum._]
Erect, 12—15 inches high, minutely hairy. Leaves with 5—6 pairs of
oblong-elliptic, obtuse-cuspidate leaflets, ½—¾ of an inch long, finely
hairy beneath. Flowers bright yellow, over ½ an inch long; 15—30 in a
rather dense raceme; wings exceeding the vexillum but shorter than the
keel.
Throughout the Rockies in open woods and meadows up to 8000 feet
elevation; flowering in June and July.
[Sidenote: =Hedysarum Mackenzii= Richards. _Mackenzie’s Hedysarum._]
Stems erect or decumbent, 12—18 inches high, usually minutely hairy.
Leaves 3—6 inches long with 11—19 oblong-elliptic leaflets about ½ an
inch long. Flowers ¾ of an inch long, reddish-purple, 20—30 in loose
racemes on peduncles longer than the leaves; calyx teeth very slender,
longer than the tube.
On slides and in loose stony soil throughout the Rockies at varying
altitudes; flowering during June and July.
[Sidenote: =Vicia Cracca= L. _Cow Vetch._]
Finely hairy or sometimes nearly smooth; stems tufted, slender, and
weak, climbing or trailing 2—4 feet long. Leaves tendril-bearing 2—3
inches long of 18—24 thin, linear or linear-oblong, obtuse or acutish,
mucronate leaflets, ⅓—¾ of an inch long. Flowers deep bluish-purple,
½ an inch long or less in dense spike-like racemes 1—4 inches long on
peduncles equalling or exceeding the leaves.
In dry or moist soil throughout the Rockies at the lower elevations,
flowering during June and July.
[Sidenote: =Vicia americana= Muhl. _American Vetch._]
Smooth or some with appressed hairs, trailing or climbing 2—3 feet
long. Leaves nearly sessile, 2—3 inches long, tendril-bearing, with
8—14 elliptic, ovate or oblong leaflets, ½—1½ inches long, obtuse or
sometimes notched or mucronulate at the tip. Flowers bluish-purple
about ¾ of an inch long, 3—9 in loose racemes, on peduncles usually
shorter than the leaves.
In moist ground at the lower altitudes throughout the Rockies, climbing
over the surrounding shrubs and herbaceous plants; flowering in July.
[Sidenote: =Vicia linearis= (Nutt.) Greene. _Narrow-leaved American
Vetch._]
Smooth or nearly so; stems weak, often zigzag, 1—2 feet long. Leaves
tendril-bearing, with 4—7 pairs of narrowly linear or linear-oblong
leaflets, 1—3 inches long, entire, acute and mucronate at the tip.
Flowers purple or purplish, about ¾ of an inch long, 2—6 in loose
racemes, on peduncles shorter than or about equalling the leaves.
In dry soil at low altitudes throughout the Rockies especially near the
line of the railway; flowering during July.
[Illustration: Aragallus Lamberti (Pursh) Greene. (½ Nat.) Loco Weed.]
[Illustration: Lathyrus ochroleucus Hook (½ Nat.) White Vetch.]
[Sidenote: =Lathyrus palustris= L. _Marsh Vetchling._]
Smooth or sparingly hairy, stems angled and winged, slender, 1—3 feet
long; stipules half sagittate, lanceolate-linear or ovate-lanceolate,
½ to nearly an inch long. Leaves with branched tendrils and 2—4 pairs
of lanceolate oblong or linear, acute, mucronate leaflets; 1½—4 inches
long. Flowers purple, half an inch or more long, 2—6 in loose-headed
racemes on peduncles about equaling the leaves.
In wet ground and swamps at the lower altitudes throughout the region;
flowering during July.
[Sidenote: =Lathyrus ochroleucus= Hook. _Cream-coloured Vetchling._]
Stems slender, somewhat angled, trailing or climbing, smooth and
slightly glaucous, 2—2½ feet long, stipules broad foliaceous, half
ovate and half cordate, ⅓—1 inch long. Leaves with branched tendrils
and 3—5 pairs of thin, ovate or broadly oval, obtuse leaflets, 1—2
inches long, green above, whitish beneath. Flowers yellowish or
creamy-white ½—¾ of an inch long, 5—10 on peduncles shorter than the
leaves.
On shaded river banks and hillsides at the lower altitudes throughout
the Rockies; flowering during June.
LINACEÆ
_Flax Family_
Herbs with perfect regular nearly symmetrical flowers; sepals 5,
persistent; petals 5 and alternate with the sepals; stamens 5 opposite
the sepals.
[Sidenote: =Linum Lewisii= Pursh. _Lewis’s Wild Flax._]
Perennial from a woody root, 1—2 feet high, densely tufted, smooth,
glaucous. Leaves crowded, oblong or linear, ¼—1½ inches long, acute or
acutish, 3—5 nerved. Flowers bright blue, 1—1½ inches broad; petals 5,
soon falling; sepals 5, oval, mainly obtuse, ⅓ or ¼ the length of the
petals; stigmas shorter than the styles; stamens 5, longer than the
styles.
In open, dry, stony ground and slopes throughout the Rockies; flowering
in June and July.
[Illustration: Empetrum nigrum L. (Nat.) Black Crowberry.]
[Illustration: Linum Lewisii Pursh. (¼ Nat.) Wild Blue-Flax.]
EMPETRACEÆ
_Crowberry Family_
Low evergreen shrubs with narrow nearly sessile leaves jointed to short
pulvini, channelled on the lower side by the revolute margins and small
monœcious, diœcious or rarely polygamous flowers; sepals, petals, and
stamens each 3, fruit a black, berry-like drupe.
[Sidenote: =Empetrum nigrum= L. _Black Crowberry._]
Smooth or the young shoots hairy, usually much branched, the branches
diffusely spreading, 2—10 inches long. Leaves crowded, dark green,
linear-oblong, thick and obtuse, about ¼ of an inch long with strongly
revolute, roughish margins. Flowers very small, purplish; stamens
exserted; berry nearly ¼ of an inch in diameter, black.
Frequent throughout the Rockies in damp woods, especially those of the
“Jack Pine” where it frequently forms a considerable part of the forest
floor, in dense, close mats.
CELASTRACEÆ
_Staff-Tree Family_
Shrubs with simple evergreen leaves, and regular perfect flowers,
sepals, petals, and stamens each 4 in our species.
[Sidenote: =Pachystima myrsinites= (Pursh) Raf. _Mountain Lover._]
Low evergreen shrub, densely branched or nearly simple, 1—3 feet high.
Leaves opposite, smooth, ovate to oblong or lanceolate, cuneate at
the base, the upper half serrate or serrulate ½—1 inch long on very
short petioles. Flowers small in axillary cymes; petals 4, stamens 4,
inserted at the edge of the broad disc.
In gravelly and stony situations extending from the Valley of the
Columbia River at Beavermouth, westward throughout the Selkirks, the
minute blossoms appearing in the latter part of May; a pretty but very
variable shrub in habit and leaf form.
[Illustration: Pachystima myrsinites (Pursh) Raf. (½ Nat.) Mountain
Lover.]
[Illustration: Viola adunca longipes (Nutt.) Rydb. (⅔ Nat.) Dog
Violet.]
ACERACEÆ
_Maple Family_
Trees or shrubs with watery often saccharine sap, opposite, simple and
palmately lobed leaves and axillary or terminal, cymose or racemose,
regular, polygamous or diœcious flowers; fruit of 2 long-winged
samaras, joined at the base.
[Sidenote: =Acer glabrum= Torr. _Smooth Maple._]
A shrub or small tree 6—30 feet high, 2—8 inches in diameter, smooth
throughout except the scales which are densely soft, hairy inside.
Leaves round-cordate with shallow sinus, 2—4 inches broad and nearly
as long, more or less deeply 3-lobed or parted, the ovate-acuminate
lobes doubly serrate with slender teeth; conspicuously veined. Flowers
greenish-yellow, somewhat corymbose on short 2-leaved branchlets
appearing after the leaves. Fruit smooth with slightly spreading wings
about an inch long.
One of the few deciduous trees of the region, growing on slopes with
the other forest trees and in the moist valleys.
HYPERICACEÆ
_St. John’s-Wort Family_
Herbs in our species with opposite, black-dotted leaves, and cymose
yellow flowers; sepals and petals 5, twisted in the bud; stamens many.
[Sidenote: =Hypericum Scouleri= Hook. _Scouler’s St. John’s-wort._]
Simple or sparingly branched above often with numerous small branchlets
from running rootstocks, 1—2 feet high. Leaves thin, shorter than the
internodes, about an inch long, mostly obtuse, more or less clasping
and usually black-dotted along the margin. Flowers bright orange, ½—1
inch in diameter in more or less panicled cymes, sepals oval or oblong,
much shorter than the petals, stamens numerous in three fascicles.
In moist gravelly soil in the Selkirks at Glacier; flowering in July.
VIOLACEÆ
_Violet Family_
Herbs in our species with basal or alternate simple leaves and solitary
or clustered perfect irregular flowers; sepals 5, petals 5, the lower
one larger or with a posterior spur.
[Sidenote: =Viola cognata= Greene. _Early Blue Violet._]
Acaulescent; rootstock short and thick. Leaves long-petioled, smooth or
more or less hairy, slightly fleshy, cordate with a broad sinus, acute
or acuminate, crenately toothed. Flowers large, blue or violet, scapes
2—10 inches long, equalling or surpassing the leaves; petals narrow,
½—¾ of an inch long, all villous at the base, the 3 lower strongly so.
In moist shaded ground, on stream banks and in marshes, frequent
throughout the Rockies; flowering in May and early June.
[Sidenote: =Viola palustris= L. _Marsh Violet._]
Acaulescent, smooth, petioles and scapes arising from a very slender,
creeping or horizontal rootstock, the scapes mostly exceeding the
leaves. Leaves thin, cordate, broadly ovate, orbicular or reniform,
1—2½ inches wide, crenulate. Flowers pale lilac or nearly white with
darker veins; petals broad, ⅓—½ an inch long, spur short.
In marshy places among moss in the Selkirks near Glacier; flowering in
June; not a common species in the region.
[Sidenote: =Viola sempervirens= Greene. _Low Yellow Violet._]
Sparingly hairy, stems weak and decumbent, multiplying by long slender
rootstocks. Leaves mostly basal, rounded, cordate, reniform or
sometimes ovate ½—1½ inches broad, finely crenate; peduncles mostly
exceeding the leaves. Flowers yellow; petals oblong, ⅓ of an inch or
more long, sparingly veined with brown toward the base; spur short and
sac-like.
In open woods throughout the region at elevations ranging from 5000
to 7000 feet, blossoming very early in May or June shortly after the
melting of the snow.
[Sidenote: =Viola glabella= Nutt. _Tall Yellow Violet._]
Minutely hairy or smooth, stems fleshy from a short fleshy horizontal
rhizome, naked or sparingly leafy below, 5—12 inches high. Basal leaves
on long petioles, the upper short-petioled reniform-cordate to cordate,
acute, crenate-toothed, 1—4 inches broad. Flowers bright yellow on
peduncles mainly shorter than the leaves; petals broadly oblong, ⅓—½ an
inch or more long, the lateral and lower with brown lines at the base.
A striking plant on shaded banks and borders of streams and rills at
the higher altitudes, very abundant in the Selkirks; flowering in June.
[Sidenote: =Viola canadensis= L. _Canada Violet._]
Smooth or nearly so; stems 3—14 inches high, tufted, leafy throughout.
Leaves broadly ovate or nearly orbicular, cordate, acuminate or acute,
1—2½ inches long, serrate, the veins on the lower surface often hairy.
Flowers on peduncles mainly shorter than the leaves, pale violet or
nearly white, veined with purple, and often tinged with purple on the
outside, ½—¾ of an inch broad; petals nearly in the same plane.
In rich moist woods throughout the Rockies and occasionally in the open
alpine meadows, continuing in flower from June until September.
[Sidenote: =Viola adunca longipes= (Nutt.) Rydb. _Dog Violet._]
Slightly hairy or nearly smooth, branching from the base, usually 3—11
inches high, at length sending out runners that bear cleistogamic
flowers. Leaves ovate, more or less cordate at the base, ½—1½ inches
long, obscurely crenate. Flowers on peduncles usually longer than the
leaves, violet-purple to white; petals ½ an inch or more long; spur ¼
of an inch long, rather slender and curved.
A low-stemmed violet usually with brilliant blue flowers, growing in
dry, sandy, shaded or open ground at varying elevations throughout the
Rockies: flowering in June and July.
[Illustration: Elæagnus argentea Pursh. (⅔ Nat.) Silver-Berry.]
[Illustration: Lepargyræa canadensis (L.) Greene. (½ Nat.)
Buffalo-Berry.]
ELÆAGNACEÆ
_Oleaster Family_
Shrubs or trees mostly silvery-scaly or stellate-pubescent with entire
leaves and flowers clustered in the axils or at the nodes of twigs of
the preceding season; fruit drupe-like.
Stamens as many as the perianth parts; flowers perfect
or polygamous: leaves alternate. =Elæagnus.=
Stamens twice as many as the perianth parts; flowers
diœcious; leaves opposite. =Lepargyræa.=
[Sidenote: =Elæagnus argentea= Pursh. _Silver-Berry._]
A stoloniferous much branched shrub sometimes 12 feet high, the young
twigs covered with brown scurf, becoming silvery. Leaves oblong-ovate
or ovate-lanceolate, densely silvery-scurfy on both sides, acute or
obtuse short petioled, 1—4 inches long. Flowers usually numerous in
the axils of the leaves, fragrant, silvery, ½ an inch or more long;
perianth silvery without, yellowish within, the lobes ovate and short.
On the eastern slope of the Rockies, on the banks of the rivers and
streams, very abundant at Banff on the Bow and Spray rivers; flowering
in June.
[Sidenote: =Lepargyræa canadensis= (L.) Greene. _Canadian
Buffalo-Berry._]
A shrub 4—8 feet high, with brown-scurfy young shoots. Leaves with
short petioles, ovate or oval, obtuse at the apex, rounded or some
of them narrowed at the base, 1—1½ inches long, green and sparingly
scurfy, stellate above, densely silvery, stellate, scurfy beneath, some
of the scurf usually brown. Flowers small, yellowish, in short spikes
at the nodes of the twigs, expanding with or before the leaves; fruit
showy ¼ of an inch in diameter, translucent, varying in colour on
different plants from orange to brilliant crimson.
Thickets and wooded banks throughout the Rockies; flowering in May or
early June.
ONAGRACEÆ
_Evening Primrose Family_
Herbs, with alternate or opposite leaves and perfect flowers; calyx
tube adnate to the ovary, 2—6 lobed; petals white, yellow, pink, or
purple, folded on each other in the bud; stamens usually as many or
twice as many as the petals.
Parts of the flower in 4’s; seeds with tufts of hair on the ends.
Calyx tube not prolonged beyond the ovary; flowers large.
=Chamænerion.=
Calyx tube prolonged beyond the ovary; flowers usually small.
=Epilobium.=
Parts of the flowers in 2’s; fruit with hooked hairs. =Circæa.=
[Sidenote: =Chamænerion angustifolium= (L.) Scop. _Great Willow-herb,
Fire-weed._]
Erect, stout, simple or branched, usually smooth, 2—8 feet high.
Leaves numerous, alternate, very short petioled, lanceolate, entire or
denticulate, 2—6 inches long, ¼—1 inch wide, pale beneath, thin, acute
at the apex, the lateral veins confluent in marginal loops. Flowers
¾—1½ inches broad, reddish-purple, in elongated terminal spike-like
racemes, 1—2 feet or more long.
An abundant plant throughout the entire region on open mountain sides
and banks, especially where visited by fire, flowering throughout the
summer, the air being filled with the white cottony seeds a few weeks
after flowering commences.
[Sidenote: =Chamænerion latifolium= (L.) _Sweet Broad-leaved
Willow-herb._]
Erect, usually branching, very smooth below, 6—18 inches high. Leaves
mostly sessile, 1—2 inches long, ¼—½ an inch wide, denticulate or
entire, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acutish at both ends, thick,
those of the branches opposite, the veins inconspicuous. Flowers
reddish-purple, 1—2 inches broad, mainly in short leafy-bracted
racemes; petals entire; stigma 4-lobed.
On gravelly river bars and moist clayey banks throughout the entire
region; flowering during July.
[Illustration: _a_ Epilobium luteum Pursh. Yellow Willow-herb. (⅗ Nat.)
_b_ Chamænerion latifolium (L.) Sweet. Broad-Leaved Willow-herb.]
[Sidenote: =Epilobium luteum= Pursh. _Yellow Willow-herb._]
Stems rather stout, 1—2 feet high, usually simple, nearly smooth.
Leaves 1—3 inches long, ovate or elliptical to broadly lanceolate,
acute or acuminate, sinuate-toothed, sessile, or when large, obliquely
tapering to a winged petiole, slightly fleshy. Inflorescence with more
or less glandular pubescence; flowers about ¾ of an inch long, not
opening widely, pale yellow, rather few, at first nodding in the axils
of the upper leaves; style usually exserted and deeply 4-parted.
A rather rare plant in springy places and along alpine brooks, confined
to the Selkirks: flowering during July.
[Sidenote: =Epilobium alpinum= L. _Alpine Willow-herb._]
Slender, smooth or nearly so, 3—12 inches high. Leaves pale, petioled,
opposite or the upper alternate, obtuse or obtusish at the apex, ½—¾ of
an inch long. Flowers, few, white, nearly erect, ¼ of an inch or more
broad; stigma nearly entire; capsules slender stalked, 1—2 inches long,
seeds beaked.
In damp and springy places at the higher altitudes throughout the
region; flowering in July.
[Sidenote: =Epilobium anagallidifolium= Lam. _Nodding Willow-herb._]
Low, usually tufted, 2—6 inches high, slender, smooth or nearly so;
stems commonly hairy in lines and nodding at the apex. Leaves oblong
or narrowly ovate, entire or nearly so, obtuse at the apex, narrowed
at the base into a short petiole ½—1 inch long. Flowers few, axillary,
clustered at the apex, pink-purple, nodding, about ¼ of an inch broad;
stigma entire.
On damp stones and along alpine brooks at high elevations throughout
the region; flowering during midsummer.
[Illustration: Berberis aquifolium Pursh. (¼ Nat.) Trailing Mahonia.]
[Illustration: Chamænerion angustifolium (L.) Scop. (½ Nat.)
Fire-Weed.]
[Sidenote: =Epilobium Hornemanni= Reichb. _Hornemann’s Willow-herb._]
Erect, 6—12 inches high, simple or nearly so, slightly hairy above,
otherwise smooth. Leaves short-petioled, ovate or elliptic, mostly,
broadly obtuse at the apex, narrow or rounded at the base, entire or
rather remotely denticulate, thin, ½—1¼ inches long. Flowers few in the
upper axils, pink-purple or violet, ¼ of an inch or more broad; stigma
entire.
A frequent and very variable species throughout the region at the
higher elevations, along alpine brooks or in damp, partly shaded or
springy spots; flowering during June and July.
[Sidenote: =Circæa alpina= L. _Smaller Enchanter’s Nightshade._]
Mostly smooth or slightly hairy above, 3—8 inches high. Leaves acute
or acuminate at the apex, more or less cordate at the base, coarsely
dentate, 1—2 inches long. Flowers about ⅛ of an inch broad, white, on
pedicels nearly ¼ of an inch long, subtended by minute, slender bracts,
in a slender raceme; fruit nearly obovoid, about ⅛ of an inch long,
covered with weak hooked hairs.
In moist shaded situations and beside alpine brooks, through the
Selkirks; flowering in July.
[Sidenote: =Circæa pacifica=. Achers and Magnus. _Western Enchanter’s
Nightshade._]
Mostly smooth, stems usually simple, 6—12 inches high, from a small
tuber. Leaves ovate, rounded or cordate at the base, acute or
acuminate, repandly dentate, 1—3 inches long, the slender petiole about
the same length. Flowers white, very small in slender racemes, without
bracts; fruit about ⅛ of an inch long loosely covered with soft curved
hairs.
Growing oftentimes with the other species in moist shaded situations
through the Selkirks; flowering in July.
ARALIACEÆ
_Ginseng Family_
Herbs, shrubs or trees with alternate or verticillate leaves, and
flowers in umbels, heads or panicles; calyx tube adnate to the ovary;
petals usually 5, sometimes cohering together; stamens as many as the
petals and alternate with them; seeds flattened, somewhat 3-angled with
a coloured, fleshy covering.
Herbs; leaves compound. =Aralia.=
Shrubs; leaves simple. =Echinopanax.=
[Sidenote: =Aralia nudicaulis= L. _Wild Sarsaparilla._]
Acaulescent or nearly so, rootstock long. Leaf usually solitary,
arising with the peduncle from a very short stem; petiole erect, 6—12
inches long, primary divisions of the leaf slender, stalked, pinnately
3—5 foliate; leaflets sessile or short-stalked, oval or ovate,
acuminate, rounded at the base, finely serrate, 2—5 inches long, often
hairy on the veins beneath. Flowers on a peduncle usually shorter than
the leaves; umbels usually three, nearly round, composed of numerous
small greenish flowers.
In rich woods throughout the region, flowering in July.
[Sidenote: =Echinopanax horridum= (Smith) Dec. and Planch. _Devil’s
Club._]
Very prickly throughout; stems erect from a decumbent base 4—12 feet
high, leafy at the top. Leaves roundish, cordate, prickly on both
sides, palmately lobed, more or less hairy beneath, 6—24 inches long.
Flowers greenish-white in a dense terminal paniculate umbel; petals
5; stamens 5, alternate with the petals; fruit berry-like, laterally
compressed, bright scarlet when ripe.
An ornamental though very prickly shrub, in moist rich woods throughout
the region, sparingly in the Rockies, west of the divide, but very
abundant in the Selkirks where it frequently forms dense impenetrable
thickets, flowering in early summer.
[Illustration: Echinopanax horridum (Smith) Dec. & Planch. (½ Nat.)
Devil’s Club.]
APIACEÆ
_Celery Family_
Herbs with alternate, compound or simple leaves; flowers small, white,
yellow or purple in compound flat heads; fruit dry, usually of two
flattened carpels.
Stems 1—2 feet high.
Leaves pinnately or ternately compound, cut into fine divisions.
Flowers yellow or white; not purple. =Lomatium.=
Flowers purple. =Leptotænia.=
Leaves simple or 3-lobed; flowers yellow. =Zizia.=
Stems 2—3 feet high; leaves ternate. =Ligusticum.=
Stems 4—8 feet high, soft-hairy.
Leaves ternately divided; flowers white. =Heracleum.=
[Sidenote: =Lomatium macrocarpum= (Nutt.) C. and R. _Large-seeded
Parsley._]
Nearly stemless, 4—24 inches high, more or less hairy, much branched
at the base from an elongated thick root. Leaves pinnately compound,
segments pinnately-incised, on rather short petioles, purplish at the
base; flowers white or pinkish in a somewhat equally 3—10-rayed umbel;
rays 1—4 inches long.
In dry stony ground throughout the Rockies, very abundant on the lower
ridges in the vicinity of Banff; flowering in early June.
[Sidenote: =Lomatum triternatum= (Pursh). C. and R. _Narrow-leaved
Parsley._]
Purplish at the base, with or without stems, 1—2 feet high, slightly
hairy. Leaves twice or thrice ternate, the leaflets narrowly linear,
2—4 inches long. Flowers small, deep yellow in an unequal umbel of 5—18
rays, with slender bracts.
Through the Rockies on dry ridges and grassy slopes; flowering in early
June.
[Sidenote: =Leptotænia multifida= Nutt. _Cut-leaved Parsley._]
Stems 1—3 feet high, very leafy at the base, from a large fleshy
rootstock. Leaves ternate or thrice pinnate, segments very finely cut.
Flowers small, brownish-purple in nearly equal 8—20 rayed, rounded
umbels, 3—4 inches in diameter, usually without an involucre.
A most striking plant from its beautifully dissected leaves and rather
large heads of rich brownish-purple flowers blossoming in June; on
grassy slopes of Stony Squaw, Banff.
[Sidenote: =Zizia cordata= (Walt.) Koch. _Heart-leaved Alexanders._]
Stout, erect, branched, and smooth or somewhat hairy, 1—2 feet high.
Basal and lower leaves long-petioled, broadly ovate or orbicular,
undivided, deeply cordate at the base, 1—3 inches long, crenate; stem
leaves short-petioled, ternate, the segments ovate or oval, crenate or
lobed. Flowers small, bright yellow, in nearly flat 7—16 rayed umbels,
1—2 inches in diameter.
Common on the eastern slopes and foothills of the Rockies; flowering in
May and early June.
[Sidenote: =Ligusticum apiifolium= (Nutt.) A. Gray. _Wild Parsley._]
Smooth throughout except the slightly hairy inflorescence and rough
leaf margins; stems 2—3 feet high with 1—3 rather small leaves with
inflated petioles. Leaves ternately divided, the segments usually
distinct, ovate, deeply cleft into linear acute, sharply serrate or
entire lobes. Flowers white in nearly flat, many rayed umbels, 2—3
inches in diameter.
Abundant in wet places and along streams through the Selkirks,
especially so in the Asulkan Valley at Glacier; flowering in June and
July.
[Sidenote: =Heracleum lanatum= Michx. _Cow-parsnip._]
Very stout, soft-hairy, 4—8 feet high, the stems rigid, often 2 inches
thick at the base. Leaves petioled, ternately divided, very hairy
beneath, the segments broadly ovate or orbicular, cordate, stalked,
lobed or sharply serrate, rather thin, 3—6 inches broad; petioles much
inflated. Flowers white in 8—30 rayed umbels, 6—12 inches broad, the
rays stout, 2—4 inches long.
Common throughout the region in wet places along streams and river
banks, frequently growing in great masses; flowering in June and July.
[Illustration: Cornus canadensis intermedia Farr. (½ Nat.)
Bunch-Berry.]
CORNACEÆ
_Dogwood Family_
Shrubs or trees with simple, opposite, verticillate or alternate
leaves, usually entire; flowers in cymes, heads, or rarely solitary;
sepals and petals 4 or 5, stamens as many as the petals or more
numerous and inserted with them; fruit a drupe.
[Sidenote: =Cornus canadensis intermedia= Farr. _Dwarf Cornel.
Bunch-berry._]
Smooth, herbaceous from a nearly horizontal rootstock, woody only
at the base; flowering stems, erect, scaly, 5—7 inches high. Leaves
verticillate at the summit of the stem or sometimes 1 or 2 pairs
of opposite ones below, sessile, oval, ovate or obovate, smooth or
minutely appressed, pubescent, acute at each end or sometimes rounded
at the base, entire, 1—3 inches long. Flowers small, capitate, purple,
surrounded by a white involucre of 4—6 petaloid-ovate bracts, ⅓—¾ of
an inch long; stamens alternate with the petals; styles exserted, deep
purple; fruit globose, ⅓ of an inch in diameter in a close head; bright
red.
Common throughout the region in moist woods flowering in early summer.
[Sidenote: =Cornus stolonifera= Michx. _Red-stemmed Dogwood._]
Shrub 3—16 feet high, usually stoloniferous, the twigs smooth
and bright reddish-purple or the youngest finely hairy. Leaves
slender-petioled, ovate, ovate-lanceolate or oval, acute or short
acuminate, rounded or narrowed at the base, finely close-hairy above,
white or whitish and sparingly hairy beneath or sometimes smooth on
both surfaces, 1—5 inches long. Flowers in flat-topped cymes, 1—2
inches broad, petals white, less than ¼ of an inch long; berries white
or whitish.
In moist places and along streams and river banks throughout the
region; an attractive shrub, sometimes forming thickets of considerable
size, the red stems contrasting beautifully with the dark green leaves;
flowering in June.
PYROLACEÆ
_Wintergreen Family_
Low, mostly evergreen perennials with branched rootstocks and petioled
leaves; flowers nearly regular, white or pink; calyx 4—5-lobed;
corolla deeply 4—5-parted or of 5 petals; stamens twice as many as the
divisions of the corolla, anthers opening by pores or short slits;
stigma 5-lobed.
Flowers racemose; leaves basal. =Pyrola.=
Flowers solitary or corymbose; leaves opposite or whorled.
Stem leafy at base; flower solitary; style long. =Moneses.=
Stem horizontal; branches erect, leafy; style short. =Chimaphila.=
[Sidenote: =Pyrola chlorantha= Sw. _Greenish-flowered Wintergreen._]
Stems 4—10 inches high, 3—10 flowered. Leaves all basal, small,
orbicular or broadly oval, mostly obtuse at both ends, sometimes
narrowed at the base, thick, leathery, dull, obscurely crenulate or
entire, ½—1 inch long, shorter than or equalling the petioles. Flowers
greenish-white, nodding, slightly odorous, about half an inch broad;
stamens and style declined, ascending; anther sacs short-beaked.
On dry wooded slopes throughout the Rockies; flowering during June.
[Sidenote: =Pyrola uliginosa= Torr. _Bog Wintergreen._]
Scape 6—12 inches high, 7—15-flowered. Leaves broadly oval or
orbicular, dull, rather thick, obscurely crenulate, obtuse at both
ends. Flowers frequently over half an inch broad; calyx lobes oblong
or ovate-lanceolate, ¼—⅓ the length of the petals; style and stamens
declined; anther sacs beaked.
In bogs throughout the Rockies, a very pretty species with bright rosy
flowers and rounded leaves; flowering in July.
[Sidenote: =Pyrola asarifolia= Michx. _Liver-leaf Wintergreen._]
Stem 6—15 inches high, 7—15-flowered. Leaves reniform, usually wider
than long, thick, shining above, obtuse at the apex, cordate at the
base, crenulate, 1—1½ inches long, usually shorter than the narrowly
margined petioles. Flowers ½—¾ of an inch broad, pink, nodding in a
slender raceme 2—4 inches long; stamens and style declined, ascending;
style exserted.
In damp ground, in woods and swamps throughout the Rockies; flowering
in July.
[Illustration: _a_ Pyrola asarifolia Michx. Liver-Leaf Wintergreen.
_b_ Pyrola uliginosa Torr.
_c_ Moneses uniflora (L.) A. Gray. One-Flowered Wintergreen. (⅔ Nat.)]
[Sidenote: =Pyrola minor= L. _Lesser Wintergreen._]
Leaf blades thin, broadly oval or nearly orbicular, dark green,
crenulate, obtuse but sometimes with a spine-tipped apex, rounded,
slightly narrowed or subcordate at the base ½—1 inch long. Flowers
pinkish, ¼ inch broad, nodding, in a close raceme; style straight
included, stamens not inclined.
In damp mossy places throughout the region at the higher altitudes;
flowering in July.
[Sidenote: =Pyrola secunda= L. _One-sided Wintergreen._]
Stems generally several together, from the much branched rootstock,
slender, 4—10 inches high. Leaves ovate or often oval, thin, acute
or rarely obtuse at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base,
crenulate-serrate, ¾—2 inches long, longer than the petioles. Flowers
greenish-white, ¼ of an inch or more broad, many, at first erect but
soon drooping, in a dense one-sided raceme; style straight, exserted;
stamens not declined.
Common in woods throughout the region at the lower altitudes; flowering
during early July.
[Sidenote: =Moneses uniflora= (L.) A. Gray. _One-flowered Wintergreen._]
Stem bearing 1—3 pairs or whorls of leaves at the base, continued above
into a bracted or naked scape 2—6 inches high. Leaves orbicular or
ovate, obtuse at the apex, narrowed, rounded or sometimes subcordate
at the base, rather thin, ¼—1 inch long, longer than or equalling the
petioles. Flowers white, ½—¾ of an inch broad, nodding at the summit
of the stem; petals spreading; capsule ¼ of an inch in diameter, about
as long as the persistent style and lobed stigma; the stamens in pairs
opposite each petal.
In mossy spots in the woods throughout the region; flowering in early
July.
[Illustration: Chimaphila umbellata (L.) Nutt. (⅔ Nat.) Prince’s Pine.]
[Illustration: Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. (½ Nat.)
Bear-Berry.]
[Sidenote: =Chimaphila umbellata= (L.) Nutt. _Pipsissewa, Prince’s
Pine._]
Stems extensively creeping, sending up both sterile and flowering
branches 3—12 inches high. Leaves numerous, crowded near the summit of
the stem, spatulate or cuneate-oblanceolate, obtuse or acutish at the
apex, sharply serrate, bright green and shining, 1—2½ inches long, ¼—1
inch wide above the middle. Flowers several in an umbellate head, waxy
white or pink, the form of the region being usually bright, rosy pink,
½ an inch or more broad, petals spreading with the rosy pink anthers
opposite them in pairs; capsule about ¼ of an inch broad surmounted by
the short style.
Locally abundant throughout the region; flowering during July.
ERICACEÆ
_Heath Family_
In our species, shrubs with simple leaves and perfect flowers; calyx
free from the ovary 4—5-parted, mostly persistent; corolla regular,
4—5-toothed, -lobed or -parted; stamens usually as many or twice as
many as the corolla lobes; anthers 2-celled, attached to the filaments
by the back or base, the sacs, often prolonged upwardly into tubes;
ovary 2—5-celled; fruit a capsule, berry or drupe.
Fruit a berry or drupe.
Calyx becoming large and fleshy. =Gaultheria.=
Calyx small.
Leaves thick and leathery; drupe reddish-brown.
=Arctostaphylos.=
Leaves membranous, veiny; drupe scarlet. =Mairania.=
Fruit a dry capsule.
Anther cells each with a recurved tip. =Cassiope.=
Anther cells not appendaged.
Corolla with united petals.
Bracts firm, persistent; no scaly leaf-buds.
Leaves heath-like; corolla without pouches.
=Phyllodoce.=
Leaves lanceolate; corolla with pouches. =Kalmia.=
Bracts thin, deciduous; leaf-buds scaly.
Corolla funnel-form, 5-lobed. =Azaleastrum.=
Corolla globose, 4-toothed. =Menziesia.=
Corolla with distinct petals.
Flowers white, umbelled; leaves evergreen. =Ledum.=
[Illustration: _a_ Oxycoccus oxycoccus (L.) MacM. Small Cranberry.
_b_ Gaultheria ovatifolia A. Gray. Ovate-Leaved Wintergreen.
_c_ Vitis-idæa vitis-idæa (L.) Britton. Mountain Cranberry. (¾ Nat.)]
[Sidenote: =Gaultheria ovatifolia= A. Gray. _Ovate-leaved Wintergreen._]
Depressed, trailing, with ascending branches with rusty hairs. Leaves
broadly ovate, ½—1 inch long, serrulate, dark green and shining above,
lighter beneath. Flowers pink or nearly white, campanulate, less than ¼
of an inch long, on short solitary pedicels in the axils of the leaves;
fruit bright scarlet, ⅓ of an inch in diameter.
A rather rare plant in the region but abundant in places on the slopes
of Avalanche Mountain at Glacier.
[Sidenote: =Gaultheria humifusa= (Graham) Rydb. _Low Wintergreen._]
Tufted, creeping or depressed, smooth, the flowering branches 1—5
inches long. Leaves oval or rounded, mostly only ½ an inch long;
pedicels solitary in the axils, very short, 3—5 bracteolate. Flowers
depressed-campanulate, white or pinkish, little surpassing the calyx;
fruit scarlet, ⅓ of an inch in diameter.
Common in alpine meadows throughout the Rockies and Selkirks; flowering
in July.
[Sidenote: =Arctostaphylos Uva-Ursi= (L.) _Spreng. Bear-berry._]
Trailing or spreading on the ground; branches 6—24 inches long, the
twigs soft-hairy. Leaves leathery, evergreen, spatulate, obtuse,
entire, smooth or minutely hairy toward the base, ½—1 inch long, ⅓
as wide, short-petioled. Flowers ¼ of an inch or less long, ovoid,
constricted at the throat, rosy pink or white, few, in short racemes at
the ends of the branches.
In dry sandy or stony soil throughout the Rockies at the lower
elevations; flowering in early June.
[Sidenote: =Mairania alpina= (L.) Desv. _Alpine Bear-berry._]
Tufted or depressed-prostrate, branches 2—5 inches high, the twigs
smooth or nearly so. Leaves thin, obovate, crenulate, conspicuously
reticulate-veined, ½—1 inch long, ⅓ as wide. Flowers few, appearing
before or with the leaves from scaly buds; corolla ¼ of an inch long,
white, ovoid, constricted at the throat; berry bright scarlet.
Growing in moss on the wooded slopes throughout the Rockies, flowering
in May and early June.
[Sidenote: =Cassiope Mertensiana= (Bong.) Don. _White Heath._]
Rather stout with rigid, ascending, woody, much branched stems, a foot
or less high. Leaves ½ an inch long, smooth, not furrowed on the back,
closely crowded in 4-ranks. Flowers pure white, nodding, campanulate,
¼ of an inch long with 5 deeply cut obtuse spreading lobes, on smooth
peduncles half an inch or less long, near the tips of the apparently
4-sided stems; calyx smooth, usually red, making the bell-like flowers
appear red and white.
Throughout the region at the higher elevations, frequently carpeting
the ground; flowering in late June and early July.
[Sidenote: =Phyllodoce glanduliflora= (Hook.) Coville. _White
False-heather._]
Stems rather rigid, much branched, 3—12 inches high. Leaves numerous
and crowded but spreading, linear, oblong, obtuse, ¼—½ an inch long,
thick, leathery with a white line through the centre below and deeply
furrowed above, the margins thick and rough. Flowers ovoid, glandular
throughout, less than ¼ of an inch long, much contracted at the throat,
short-lobed, on glandular pedicels ½—1 inch long at the ends of the
branches.
In alpine meadows and woods at the higher elevations throughout the
region; flowering during June and early July, often in clumps of
considerable size.
[Sidenote: =Phyllodoce intermedia= (Hook.) Rydb. _Pink False-heather._]
Much branched, from a more or less decumbent base, 6—12 inches high.
Leaves linear, ¼—½ an inch long, obtuse, leathery, with thickened
revolute, slightly glandular-toothed margins. Flowers pale pink, ¼ of
an inch long, urn-shaped, slightly contracted at the throat, with 5
spreading lobes; at the ends of the branches on glandular pedicels ½—1
inch long; calyx slightly glandular; corolla smooth; slightly fragrant.
Throughout the region growing in the same situations as the other
heathers, and often associated with them, perhaps a hybrid; flowering
in late June and through July.
[Illustration: _a_ Phyllodoce empetriformis (Smith) Don. Red
False-Heather.
_b_ Phyllodoce glanduliflora (Hook.) Rydb. White False-Heather.
_c_ Cassiope Mertensiana (Bong.) Don.
(¾ Nat.)]
[Sidenote: =Phyllodoce empetriformis= (Smith) D. Don. _Red
False-heather._]
Much branched from the base, 6—12 inches high. Leaves linear, obtuse,
¼—½ an inch long, with strongly revolute, thick rough margins. Flowers
¼ of an inch long, bright rose-colour, campanulate, with broad,
spreading obtuse lobes, very fragrant, on slender, slightly glandular
pedicels ½—1 inch long at the ends of the stems; calyx and corolla
smooth.
Abundant throughout the region at the higher elevations, in the same
situations as the two previous species and flowering with them during
late June and early July.
[Sidenote: =Kalmia microphylla= (Hook.) Heller. _Small-leaved Swamp
Laurel._]
A smooth shrub, 2—6 inches high with erect or ascending branches,
the twigs 2-edged. Leaves opposite, short petioled, less than ½ an
inch long, oblong or ovate, obtuse, narrowed at the base, the margins
revolute. Flowers on slender pedicels 1—1½ inches long, few in simple
umbels terminating the branches; corolla saucer-shaped, bright rosy
pink about ½ an inch in diameter.
Frequent in mossy alpine bogs and meadows throughout the region at the
higher altitudes; flowering during June and early July.
[Sidenote: =Azaleastrum albiflorum= (Hook.) Rydb. _White Rhododendron._]
A shrub with stems 2—6 feet high, with slender hairy branches more or
less glandular when young, nearly smooth with age. Leaves, thin, light
green and shining above, paler beneath, oblong, 1—2 inches long, with
slightly wavy margins. Flowers white, nearly an inch broad, open, with
5-spreading lobes; on short nodding stems in numerous clusters of 1—3
near the ends of the branches, on wood of the previous year; sepals
nearly ½ an inch long and leaf-like, filaments bearded at the base;
stigma peltate, 5-lobed.
On the wooded hillsides at the higher elevations through the Rockies,
but much lower in the Selkirks; flowering in June and July.
[Illustration: Ledum grœnlandicum Œder. (⅔ Nat.) Labrador Tea.]
[Illustration: Azaleastrum albiflorum (Hook.) Rydb. (½ Nat.) White
Rhododendron.]
[Sidenote: =Menziesia ferruginea= Smith. _Smooth Menziesia._]
A shrub 2—6 feet high, twigs more or less chaffy. Leaves obovate,
obtuse and glandular-tipped at the apex, pale, glaucous and smooth or
very nearly so beneath, sparingly hairy above, ¾—1½ inches long, the
margins ciliolate. Flowers 1—5 on glandular pedicels ½—1 inch long in
spreading umbels, becoming erect, corolla ¼ of an inch long, cream
and pink or salmon, urn-shaped, with 4 spreading teeth; stamens 8,
included, with hairy filaments.
Throughout the region in moist woods and slopes; flowering during June.
[Sidenote: =Ledum Grœnlandicum Œder.= _Labrador Tea._]
A shrub 1—4 feet high, with twigs densely rusty woolly. Leaves oblong,
obtuse, 1—2 inches long, ¼—½ an inch wide, green and deeply veined
above, densely brown woolly beneath, the margins strongly revolute.
Flowers numerous, white, nearly ½ an inch broad in close umbels or
corymbs; petals 5, narrow, spreading.
Abundant throughout the region at the lower altitudes in bogs and
swamps; flowering during June.
VACCINIACEÆ
_Huckleberry Family_
Shrubs or small trees with alternate leaves and small perfect flowers;
calyx tube adnate to the ovary, 4—5-lobed or cleft; corolla 4—5-lobed,
rarely divided into single petals, deciduous; stamens twice as many
as the corolla lobes, inserted at the base; filaments mostly short;
anthers attached on the back 2-celled; fruit a globose berry or drupe.
Swamp-Laurel.]
Erect deciduous shrubs; corolla cylindric or urn-shaped,
white, pink or greenish. =Vaccinium.=
Low evergreen shrub; corolla open-campanulate, pink;
berry red. =Vitis-Idæa.=
Trailing or creeping evergreen shrubs.
Corolla short-campanulate, white; berry white. =Chiogenes.=
Corolla with spreading curved petals, pink; berry red.
=Oxycoccus.=
[Illustration: Menziesia ferruginea Smith. (½ Nat.) Menziesia.]
[Illustration: Kalmia microphylla (Hook.) Heller. (⅔ Nat.) Dwarf
[Sidenote: =Vaccinium cæspitosum= Michx. _Dwarf Bilberry._]
A shrub 3—7 inches high, much branched and nearly smooth throughout.
Leaves obovate or oblong, cuneate, obtuse or acute, green and shining
on both sides, nearly sessile, serrulate, with close bluntish teeth.
Flowers white or pink, small bell-shaped, ⅛ of an inch long, mostly
solitary in the axils and longer than their drooping pedicels; berry ¼
of an inch or more in diameter, blue with a bloom.
On slopes and in alpine meadows throughout the Rockies at the higher
altitudes; flowers appearing with the leaves in early June.
[Sidenote: =Vaccinium erythrococcum= Rydb. _Alpine Bilberry._]
Stems erect with numerous slender, strict, green branches and
branchlets, 3—18 inches high. Leaves ovate or oval, ½ an inch long or
less, bright green. Flowers ovate, ⅛ of an inch long, white or pink,
5-lobed, solitary in the axils of the leaves; berries small, bright red.
On slopes and in alpine meadows throughout the Rockies at the higher
altitudes; flowering during June.
[Sidenote: =Vaccinium ovalifolium= Smith. _Blueberry._]
A straggling branched shrub, 3—12 feet high, the branches slender,
twigs smooth, joints sharply angled. Leaves oval, short-petioled,
smooth on both sides, green above, pale and glaucous beneath, rounded
at both ends or somewhat narrowed at the base, thin, sometimes spine
tipped, entire or nearly so, 1—2 inches long. Flowers commonly solitary
in the axils on rather recurved pedicels; corolla pink or white, ovoid,
¼ of an inch or more long; berries blue with a bloom ½ an inch in
diameter.
In the beds of snow slides, occasionally in the Rockies, and abundant
through the Selkirks, where it is also found in the woods; flowering in
May.
[Illustration: Vaccinium erythrococcum Rydb. (⅔ Nat.) Alpine Bilberry.]
[Illustration: Vaccinium ovalifolium Smith. Blueberry. (½ Nat.)
Vaccinium globulare Rydb. Thin-Leaved Bilberry.]
[Sidenote: =Vaccinium globulare= Rydb. _Thin-leaved Bilberry._]
A branching shrub 1—3 feet high, nearly smooth throughout, stems
round, only the youngest twigs slightly angled, bark grey and somewhat
shreddy. Leaves broadly oval or obovate, obtuse to acute, somewhat pale
beneath, veiny, sharply and finely serrate, ½—1½ inches long. Flowers
on pedicels ½ an inch long; calyx teeth almost obsolete; corolla
depressed globose, frequently more than ¼ of an inch in diameter,
greenish-white; berry dark purple, ¼ of an inch in diameter.
In beds of snow slides and in woods in the valleys of the Selkirks;
flowering during June.
[Sidenote: =Vitis-idæa Vitis-idæa= (L.) Britton. _Mountain Cranberry._]
A low evergreen shrub with creeping stems, the branches erect, 3—8
inches high, nearly smooth. Leaves thick and leathery, crowded, green
and shining above, paler and black-dotted beneath, ovate or oval,
short-petioled and entire or sparingly serrulate ¼—¾ of an inch long,
the margins revolute. Flowers in short terminal 1-sided racemes or
clusters, nodding, longer than their pedicels; corolla white or pink
nearly ⅛ of an inch long, open-campanulate, 4-lobed; berries dark red,
acid, nearly ½ an inch in diameter.
In bogs and moist mossy places throughout the Rockies; flowering during
June.
[Sidenote: =Chiogenes hispidula= (L.) T and G. _Creeping Snowberry._]
Creeping, branches rough-hairy, slender, 3—12 inches long. Leaves
leathery, persistent, oval, ovate or slightly obovate, acute at the
apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, dark green and smooth above,
sprinkled with stiff, brown hairs beneath and on the revolute, entire
margins; ¼ to nearly ½ an inch long. Flowers white, ovoid, about ⅛ of
an inch long, few, solitary in the axils, nodding, on the lower side
of the creeping stems; berry about ¼ of an inch in diameter, white,
bristly, aromatic.
Throughout the Rockies at the lower elevations, growing in moss and on
damp, decaying logs; flowering in May.
[Sidenote: =Oxycoccus Oxycoccus= (L.) MacM. _Small Cranberry._]
Stems slender, creeping and rooting at the nodes, 6—18 inches long;
branches ascending or erect 1—6 inches high. Leaves thick, evergreen,
ovate, entire, acutish at the apex, rounded or cordate at the base,
dark green above, white beneath, ⅛ of an inch or less long, ½ as wide,
the margins revolute. Flowers 1—6, from terminal scaly buds, nodding on
slender erect pedicels; corolla pink, ⅓ of an inch broad, the petals
curled backwards; stamens and style protruding; berry globose, ¼ of an
inch or more in diameter, acid, often spotted when young.
In sphagnum bogs throughout the Rockies, though not common; flowering
during July.
PRIMULACEÆ
_Primrose Family_
Herbs with perfect regular flowers; calyx free from the ovary, usually
5-parted; corolla 5-cleft; stamens as many as the corolla lobes and
opposite to them; flowers purple, yellow or white.
Lobes of the corolla erect or spreading.
Leaves in a rosette at the base of the scape.
Corolla tube longer than the calyx; flowers pink. =Primula.=
Corolla tube shorter than the calyx; flowers white or yellow.
=Androsace.=
Leaves whorled at the top of the stem; flowers white.
=Trientalis.=
Lobes of the corolla reflexed. =Dodecatheon.=
[Sidenote: =Primula americana= Rydb. _Bird’s-eye Primrose._]
Leaves spatulate or oblong, obtuse at the apex, narrowed or somewhat
wedge-shaped at the base, tapering into petioles, green, usually
white-mealy beneath, at least when young; 1—4 inches long, the margins
crenulate-dentate. Flowers umbellate 3—20, on scapes 4—18 inches high;
corolla pink or lilac, usually with a yellowish eye, the tube slightly
longer than the calyx, the lobes wedge-shaped, notched at the apex, ¼
of an inch or more long.
In swamps and wet meadows in the lower valleys of the eastern slopes of
the Rockies not penetrating far into the mountains; flowering in June.
[Sidenote: =Primula Maccalliana= Wiegand. _Maccalla’s Primrose._]
Similar to the preceding species but much smaller. Leaves spatulate
or obovate, mostly quite broad; pale green above, more or less mealy
beneath, denticulate or repand, obtuse at the apex, narrowed or
cuneate at the base, petioled or sessile, ½—1½ inches long, forming a
rosette at the base of the scape. Flowers ⅜ of an inch broad or less,
umbellate, on a peduncle 1—6 inches high; pale pink or bluish with
a conspicuous orange eye; the lobes obcordate; corolla tube yellow,
slightly longer than the calyx.
The commonest primrose of the region on wet banks and moist, sandy
or gravelly places at the lower altitudes throughout the Rockies;
flowering in June, also occurs sparingly in the Selkirks.
[Sidenote: =Androsace carinata= Torr. _Sweet Flowered Androsace._]
Proliferously branched at the base and cæspitose. Leaves folded over
each other, forming rosettes at the bases of the many-flowered scapes;
from lanceolate to oblong-spatulate or ovate, keeled, 1-nerved, ¼—½ an
inch long, acute, fringed with hairs on the margins. Flowers ¼ of an
inch or more broad, cream-coloured with a brilliant yellow eye; 4—10
in a close umbel, on slender hairy scapes 1—3 inches high; flowers
delicately fragrant.
Throughout the Rockies in open situations either dry or moist, and at
low or high altitudes; flowering from early June to midsummer according
to the altitude.
[Illustration: Primula Maccalliana Wiegand. (⅔ Nat.) MacCalla’s
Primrose.]
[Illustration: Androsace carinata Torr. (⅔ Nat.) Sweet Androsace.]
[Sidenote: =Androsace septentrionalis= L. _Alpine Androsace._]
Almost smooth, leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, narrowed at the
base, from irregularly denticulate to laciniate-toothed. Flowers small,
little more than ⅛ of an inch broad, white with yellow centre, in
spreading umbels; peduncles 2—10 inches high.
In open places and on grassy banks at the lower altitudes throughout
the Rockies; flowering in May and early June.
[Sidenote: =Androsace diffusa= Small. _Spreading Androsace._]
More or less hairy. Leaves rosulate, oblanceolate to spatulate or
nearly linear, ½—1½ inches long, obtuse or acute, sharply serrate above
the middle or sparingly toothed. Scapes erect and spreading, often
diffusely branched at the base, 2—4 inches long; pedicels thread-like
from ½—3 inches long in the same umbel. Flowers white or pink, the
corolla included or sometimes equalling the tips of the calyx segments.
On grassy banks and slopes in the Rockies flowering in June.
[Sidenote: =Trientalis arctica= Fisch. _Arctic Star-flower._]
Stems slender, 1—4 inches high, with small scattered obovate leaves
below; upper leaves obovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, obtuse, 1—1½
inches long. Flowers white on slender pedicels as long as the leaves;
calyx reddish with 7 narrowly linear acute sepals; petals 7 white,
lanceolate, acute, about twice the length of the sepals; stamens 7.
In moist woods throughout the region, rare in the Rockies but common
throughout the Selkirks; flowering in June.
[Sidenote: =Dodecatheon pauciflorum= (Durand) Greene. _Slender Shooting
Star._]
Smooth. Leaves dark green, lanceolate, acute, entire, 2—3 inches long.
Flowers few in an umbel; scape 6—8 inches tall; segments of the corolla
rich lilac purple, the undivided part yellow with a narrow scalloped
ring, midway between the base of the segments and the stamen tube;
stamen tube often nearly as long as the anthers, yellow; anthers purple.
In damp, open ground and grassy slopes throughout the eastern Rockies;
flowering in June.
[Illustration: Trientalis arctica Fisch. (⅔ Nat.) Arctic Star-Flower.]
[Illustration: Dodecatheon conjugens Greene. (½ Nat.) Shooting-Star.]
[Sidenote: =Dodecatheon conjugens= Greene. _Shooting-star._]
Plant smooth. Leaves obovoid and elliptic, 2—5 inches long, including
the distinct petiole, obtuse, entire. Flowers large, in a few-flowered
umbel, scape 3—8 inches high; corolla deep purple varying to rose-red;
anthers, distinct, obtuse, the connective lanceolate, acuminate to a
linear point.
In the open ground and plains in the lower Valleys of the Rockies;
flowering in June.
GENTIANACEÆ
_Gentian Family_
Smooth herbs with opposite entire leaves, and regular perfect flowers
in clusters or solitary at the ends of the stems or branches. Calyx
4—12-lobed; corolla 4—12-parted; stamens as many as the lobes of the
corolla and alternate with them.
Corolla funnel-form or campanulate; without glands,
spurs or scales. =Gentiana.=
Corolla campanulate; spurred at the base. =Tetragonanthus.=
[Sidenote: =Gentiana acuta= Michx. _Northern Gentian._]
Stem leafy, slightly angled, simple or branched, 6—20 inches high.
Basal and lower leaves spatulate or obovate, obtuse, the upper
lanceolate, acuminate, rounded or subcordate at the base, sessile or
somewhat clasping, ½—2 inches long. Flowers numerous in clusters in
the axils of the upper leaves; pedicels ½—1 inch long, leafy bracted
at the base; calyx deeply 5-parted, lobes lanceolate; corolla tubular
campanulate, ½ an inch long, 5-parted, pale blue or greenish; lobes
lanceolate, acute each with a fimbriate crown at the base.
Along stream banks and grassy slopes throughout the Rockies, common;
flowering in July.
[Sidenote: =Gentiana propinqua= Richards. _Four-parted Gentian._]
Stems slender, usually much branched from the base and sometimes also
above, slightly wing-angled, 2—7 inches long. Basal leaves spatulate
obtuse, the upper distant, oblong or lanceolate, ½—1 inch long, acute
or obtusish at the apex, rounded at the slightly clasping base,
obscurely 3-nerved. Flowers sometimes numerous, solitary on slender
peduncles, mostly 4-parted, ½—¾ of an inch high, seldom opening;
calyx 4-cleft, two of the lobes oblong, the others linear-lanceolate;
corolla blue or bluish, glandular within at the base, the lobes
ovate-lanceolate, entire or denticulate.
Frequent throughout the Rockies on slopes and open ground beside the
trails; flowering through July.
[Sidenote: =Gentiana prostrata= Haenke. _Dwarf Gentian._]
Stems slender, 1—5 inches long, when prostrate the lateral ones often
creeping. Leaves ovate, rather spreading, bright green with slightly
whitened edges. Flowers solitary, 4-parted, azure blue, ½ an inch high,
the lobes rather spreading.
A very small and rather rare plant found throughout the Rockies at the
higher altitudes, on the alpine slopes and summits; flowering in July.
[Sidenote: =Gentiana glauca= _Pale-glaucous Gentian._]
Perennial; stems 2—4 inches high. Leaves oval, glaucous, ¼—½ an inch
long, obtuse, the basal forming a rosette. Flowers few or several
at the top of the stem, short-peduncled or nearly sessile, usually
subtended by a pair of bracts; calyx campanulate, the teeth shorter
than the tube; corolla blue or blue-green, ½ an inch or more long, the
tube cylindrical with short ovate obtuse lobes.
In wet alpine meadows and slopes throughout the region, a rather rare
but very striking little gentian, flowering in July.
[Sidenote: =Gentiana affinis= Griseb. _Large Gentian._]
Stems clustered, 6—12 inches high, mostly ascending. Leaves from oblong
or lanceolate to linear. Flowers from numerous and racemose to few and
almost solitary; calyx lobes linear or linear-awl-shaped, unequal, the
largest rarely equalling the tube; corolla an inch or less long, bright
blue or bluish; funnel-form, spotted inside with white, the lobes
ovate, acute, and spreading.
A showy species in damp open meadows in the lower valleys throughout
the Rockies, especially abundant at Banff; flowering during August.
[Illustration: Gentiana affinis Griseb. (⅔ Nat.) Large Gentian.]
[Illustration: Romanzoffia sitchensis Bong. (⅔ Nat.) Romanzoffia.]
[Sidenote: =Tetragonanthus deflexus= (J. E. Smith) Kuntze. _Spurred
Gentian._]
Annual, stems simple or branched, slender, erect, 6—20 inches high.
Basal leaves obovate or spatulate, obtuse, narrowed into petioles; stem
leaves ovate or lanceolate, acute, sessile, 3—5-nerved, 1—2 inches
long, the uppermost smaller. Flowers ¼ of an inch or more long, few,
on peduncles about their own length, in the axils of the upper leaves;
corolla purplish-green or white, 4—5-parted, the lobes ovate, acute,
each with a hollow deflexed or descending spur about half the length of
the corolla.
In moist places and shaded slopes throughout the Rockies; a rather
frequent but inconspicuous plant owing to its green colour; flowering
in July.
MENYANTHACEÆ
_Buckbean Family_
In our species a smooth marsh herb, with creeping rootstock,
long-petioled, 3-foliate leaves and white or purplish flowers, in
racemes on long lateral scapes.
[Sidenote: =Menyanthes trifoliata= L. _Buckbean._]
Creeping rootstocks sometimes a foot long marked by the scars of
bases of former petioles. Leaves 3-foliate, petioles sheathing at the
base, 2—10 inches long; leaflets oblong or obovate, entire, obtuse
at the apex, narrowed to the sessile base, 1½—3 inches long. Flowers
half an inch long, pure white or purplish in 10—20-flowered racemes
on scape-like naked peduncles; calyx shorter than the corolla which
is bearded with white hairs within, giving the flower a feathery
appearance.
In open marshes throughout the region, local in distribution; flowering
in May and early June.
APOCYNACEÆ
_Dogbane Family_
In our species, perennial herbs with opposite, entire leaves and small,
5-parted, campanulate, pink flowers in corymbed cymes, and slender
elongated terete seed pods.
[Sidenote: =Apocynum androsæmifolium= L. _Spreading Dogbane,
Honeybloom._]
Stems 1—3 feet high, branches broadly spreading, mostly smooth. Leaves
ovate or oval, spine-tipped, smooth above, pale and usually more or
less hairy beneath. 2—4 inches long. Flowers pink, open-campanulate, ⅜
of an inch broad, with 5 spreading lobes, numerous, in loose, terminal
and axillary cymes; seed pods round, slender, curved, 4—6 inches long,
narrowed at the apex, usually in pairs; plant with a milky juice.
Frequent on the line of the railway from Field westward through the
valley of the Kicking Horse River.
HYDROPHYLLACÆ
_Water-Leaf Family_
Herbs, mostly rough-hairy, with alternate or basal leaves, and perfect
regular 5-parted flowers in cymes, spikes or racemes, curled when in
bud and uncoiling as they flower; stamens 5, inserted on the corolla
and alternate with its lobes; filaments thread-like; flowers yellow,
purple or white.
Plant rough-hairy; leaves lanceolate and simple or
pinnate; flowers blue or violet-purple. =Phacelia.=
Plant smooth; leaves round reniform or cordate;
flowers white. =Romanzoffia.=
[Illustration: Phacelia sericea (Graham) A. Gray. (⅓ Nat.) Mountain
Phacelia.]
[Illustration: Phacelia heterophylla Pursh. (⅓ Nat.)]
[Sidenote: =Phacelia heterophylla= Pursh.]
Rough-hairy; stem stout, 6—24 inches high. Leaves white-hairy,
lanceolate to ovate, acute, pinnately and obliquely, striately veined,
the lower tapering into petioles, commonly with 1—2 pairs of small
lateral leaflets. Flowers in a dense spike; corolla bluish, longer than
the oblong-lanceolate or linear calyx lobes; filaments much exserted,
sparingly bearded.
In the Cougar Valley in the Selkirks; flowering in July.
[Sidenote: =Phacelia sericea= (Graham) A. Gray. _Mountain Phacelia._]
Silky-hairy or canescent throughout, 6—18 inches high, leafy to the
top. Leaves pinnately parted into linear or narrow oblong, numerous,
often pinnatifid divisions, the lower petioled, the upper nearly
sessile. Flowers crowded in an elongated spike, corolla violet, blue or
white, open-campanulate, cleft to the middle; stamens much exserted.
In dry ground and open slopes throughout the region; flowering in June
and July.
[Sidenote: =Romanzoffia sitchensis= Bong. _Romanzoffia._]
Stems slender, weak, 3—6 inches long. Leaves mainly at the root, with
slender petioles, alternate, round-cordate, or reniform, with 7—11
crenate, glandular-tipped lobes. Flowers more or less racemose on
slender, weak scapes with spreading pedicels longer than the flowers;
calyx lobes smooth, much shorter than the delicately veiny pale pink or
usually white funnel-form corolla with yellow throat and broad rounded
lobes.
On constantly dripping ledges of wet rocks, rare in the region
generally but rather frequent about Lake Louise and Lake O’Hara;
flowering during July.
BORAGINACEÆ
_Borage Family_
Herbs with alternate or rarely opposite, entire, leaves and usually
rough hairy stems. Flowers perfect, regular, mostly blue, in 1-sided
curled spikes; corolla 5-lobed, stamens as many as the corolla lobes
and alternate with them; fruit mostly of 4 1-seeded nutlets.
Nutlets armed with barbed prickles. =Lappula.=
Nutlets not armed with barbed prickles.
Racemes without bracts; corolla flat, round. =Myosotis.=
Racemes with bracts; corolla funnel-form. =Lithospermum.=
[Sidenote: =Lappula floribunda= (Lehm.) Greene. _False Forget-me-not._]
Rough hairy, stem stout, paniculately branched, 2—5 feet high,
the branches nearly erect. Leaves oblong, oblong-lanceolate or
linear-lanceolate, 2—4 inches long, sessile, obtuse or acute at the
apex, the lower narrowed into long petioles. Flowers 5-lobed, bright
blue with a yellow centre ⅛ to nearly ⅓ of an inch broad in numerous
erect, dense racemes, nutlets ⅙ of an inch long, keeled tuberculate on
the back, the margins armed with a single row of flat barbed prickles,
on pedicels less than their own length.
In moist, open ground, frequent throughout the Rockies; a striking
plant with heads of bright blue flowers, resembling large
forget-me-nots flowering in June.
[Sidenote: =Lappula diffusa= (Lehm.) Greene. _False Forget-me-not._]
Similar to the preceding species, but not so tall and with broader
acute leaves. Flowers larger, ½ an inch broad, not so numerous; and
larger, more densely prickled nutlets, ¼ of an inch long, on pedicels
more than their own length.
Throughout the Rockies, probably more common than the previous species,
in moist, more or less shaded or open ground; flowering in June.
[Sidenote: =Lappula Lappula= (L.) Karst. _Stickseed._]
Pale, leafy, rough, 1—2 feet high, the branches erect. Leaves linear
and linear-oblong, sessile or the lowest spatulate and narrowed into
petioles ½—1½ inches long, obtuse. Flowers very small, about the
length of the calyx, blue, in one-sided leafy-bracted racemes; nutlets
papillose on the back, armed with 2 rows of slender barbed prickles.
In open or waste ground throughout the region, especially on or near
the railway; flowering throughout the summer.
[Illustration: _a_ Lappula floribunda (Lehm.) Greene. False
Forget-me-not.
_b_ Lithospermum linearifolium Goldie. (⅔ Nat.) Narrow-Leaved
Puccoon.]
[Sidenote: =Myosotis alpestris= Schmidt. _Forget-me-not._]
Stems tufted, erect, 3—9 inches high. Leaves oblong, linear, or
lanceolate, hairy, 1—2 inches long. Flowers in rather dense heads;
corolla flat, bright blue with a yellow centre ¼ of an inch or more
broad, 5-lobed.
Frequent throughout the Rockies in alpine meadows and on grassy slopes;
flowering during June and early July.
[Sidenote: =Lithospermum linearifolium= Goldie. _Narrow-leaved
Puccoon._]
Erect or diffusely branched from the base, 6—12 inches high, minutely
rough-hairy. Leaves all linear, sessile, acute, 1—2 inches long.
Flowers of two kinds, leafy-bracted, at the ends of the branches, the
earlier bright yellow, ½ an inch broad with a tube an inch or more
long, the rounded lobes crenately erose; the later flowers small,
inconspicuous and pale.
Dry sandy soil in the valley of the Bow River at Banff, the showy
flowers in May and early June.
MENTHACEÆ
_Mint Family_
Aromatic herbs mostly with 4-sided stems and simple opposite leaves;
flowers irregular, perfect, clustered, the inflorescence typically
cymose; calyx persistent, 5-toothed or lobed; corolla with a short
or long tube, the limb 4—5-lobed, mostly 2-lipped, but some regular;
stamens borne on the corolla tube, typically 4.
Calyx with a protuberance on the upper side.
Corolla 2-lipped, the upper arched, tube long, blue.
=Scutellaria.=
Calyx without a protuberance on the upper side.
Corolla tube longer than the calyx; flower 2-lipped purple.
=Prunella.=
Corolla tube not longer than the calyx; flower 2-lipped, pink.
=Stachys.=
Corolla tube shorter than the calyx; nearly regular, 4-lobed.
=Mentha.=
[Sidenote: =Scutellaria galericulata= L. _Marsh Skullcap._]
Perennial by slender stolons, leafy; stem erect, usually branched,
1—2 feet high. Leaves oblong-lanceolate to ovate-oblong, thin, short
petioled or the upper sessile, acute at the apex, dentate with low
teeth or the upper entire, subcordate or rounded at the base, 1—2½
inches long, the uppermost usually much smaller. Flowers an inch long,
bright blue with a slender tube and slightly enlarged throat, solitary
in the axils of the leaves, on peduncles shorter than the calyx.
In swamps and wet places, frequent along the railway from Field west to
Beavermouth.
[Sidenote: =Prunella vulgaris= L. _Heal-all, Self-heal._]
Hairy or nearly smooth; stems slender, creeping or ascending, or erect,
usually simple but sometimes considerably branched, 2 inches to 2 feet
high. Leaves ovate, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or subacute at
the apex, usually narrowed at the base, thin, entire or crenate, 1—4
inches long. Flowers in dense terminal spikes ½—1 inch long, becoming
2—4 inches in fruit; corolla violet-purple, or sometimes pink or white,
¼—½ an inch long, twice as long as the purplish-green calyx.
Common throughout the region in moist, open or shaded places at the
lower altitudes, frequently forming clumps of considerable size;
flowering throughout the summer.
[Sidenote: =Stachys palustris= L. _Marsh Woundwort._]
Erect, usually slender, simple or somewhat branched, hairy throughout;
1—4 feet high. Leaves lanceolate, sessile or very short petioled,
acuminate or acute at the apex, wedge-shaped or cordate at the
base, 2—5 inches long, ½—1 inch wide, crenulate or dentate, flowers
clustered, forming an elongated, interrupted spike, or sometimes in the
axils of the upper leaves, 6—10 in a whorl; calyx hairy, its slender
teeth more than ½ the length of the tube; corolla deep pink spotted
with purple, ½—¾ of an inch long, the upper lip erect, hairy, the lower
spreading 3-cleft.
In swamps and wet places throughout the region from Field west to
Beavermouth along the railway; flowering during July.
[Sidenote: =Mentha canadensis= L. _American Wild Mint._]
Perennial by runners; stem more or less hairy with spreading hairs,
simple or branched, 6 inches to 2½ feet high. Leaves oblong,
ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, slender-stemmed, acute at the apex,
sharply serrate, smooth or sparingly hairy, the larger 2—3 inches long,
½—1 inch wide. Flowers numerous, small, ⅛ of an inch long, white, pink
or pale purple, all in whorls in the axils of the leaves, the calyx
about ⅓ the length of the corolla.
In moist soil and marshy places, frequent along the line of the railway
from Field west to Beavermouth; flowering during July.
SCROPHULARIACEÆ
_Figwort Family_
Herbs with alternate or opposite leaves without stipules and mostly
perfect, complete and irregular flowers; calyx 4—5-toothed, -cleft, or
-divided; corolla 2-lipped or nearly regular and stamens 2, 4, or 5,
nearly equal.
Stamens 5, the fifth sterile or rudimentary.
Sterile stamen represented by a gland on the upper
side of the corolla tube. =Collinsia.=
Sterile stamen nearly as long as the rest. =Pentstemon.=
Stamens 2, leaves opposite or whorled. =Veronica.=
Stamens 4.
Stamens not enclosed in the upper lip. =Mimulus.=
Stamens enclosed in the upper lip.
Anther cells unequal.
Upper lip of the corolla much longer than the lower.
=Castilleja.=
Upper lip of the corolla scarcely longer and
much narrower than the inflated lower one.
=Orthocarpus.=
Anther cells equal and parallel.
Galea not prolonged into a beak; throat without teeth.
=Pedicularis.=
Galea prolonged into a very slender, recurved beak;
throat with a tooth on each side. =Elephantella.=
[Illustration: Collinsia parviflora Dougl. (⅔ Nat.) Small-Flowered
Collinsia.]
[Illustration: Elephantella grœnlandica (Retz.) Rydb. (⅓ Nat.)
Long-Beaked Elephantella.]
[Sidenote: =Collinsia parviflora= Dougl. _Small-flowered Collinsia._]
Stems slightly hairy at length, diffusely branched, very slender, 3—15
inches long. Leaves oblong or lanceolate, mostly obtuse at the apex,
narrowed at the base, ½—1 inch long, entire or sparingly toothed, the
lower opposite, petioled; the floral sessile, opposite or verticillate.
Flowers few, in whorls in the axils of the leaves, on long slender
pedicels; corolla blue or whitish, the throat longer than the limb; the
upper lip erect, 2-cleft, the lower lip 3-lobed, spreading.
An inconspicuous little plant on rocks and in damp places throughout
the region; flowering during June and July.
[Sidenote: =Pentstemon fruticosus= (Pursh.) Greene. _Large Purple
Beard-tongue._]
Decumbent, diffusely spreading, 6—12 inches high, woody at the base.
Leaves ovate, obovate or oblong, ½ an inch or more long, serrulate
or entire, smooth or hairy when young. Flowers in glandular-hairy
terminal racemes; corolla violet, blue or pinkish purple, an inch or
more long, tubular funnel-form, 2-lipped, the upper deeply 2-, the
lower 3-cleft.
Throughout the region in exposed stony places and on slides up to an
elevation of 10,000 feet, frequently growing in patches of considerable
size; flowering in June and early July.
[Sidenote: =Pentstemon confertus= Dougl. _Yellow Beard-tongue._]
Smooth throughout or the inflorescence and calyx sometimes with viscid
hairs; stem a foot or two high. Leaves from oblong or oblong-lanceolate
to somewhat linear, usually quite entire. Flowers in a terminal head of
2—5 dense, many-flowered clusters; corolla with a narrow tube about ½
an inch long, pale yellow; the lower lip conspicuously bearded within.
In moist or dry open ground throughout the Rockies, especially abundant
in the valleys of the Bow and Pipestone in the region about Laggan;
flowering during late June and early July.
[Illustration: Pentstemon confertus Dougl. (⅓ Nat.) Yellow
Beard-Tongue.]
[Illustration: Pentstemon pseudohumilis Rydb. (½ Nat.)]
[Sidenote: =Pentstemon procerus= Dougl. _Blue Beard-tongue._]
Smooth throughout, stems slender, 2—12 inches high. Leaves lanceolate,
1—2 inches long, those of the middle of the stem largest, usually
entire. Flowers in dense verticillate clusters, in a more or less
elongated head; corolla bright blue with a slender funnel-form tube ½
an inch or more long; the lower lip bearded within.
In open dry or moist ground throughout the Rockies, not common; most
abundant in the valley of the Kicking Horse River at Field; flowering
in June.
[Sidenote: =Pentstemon pseudohumilis= Rydb.]
Smooth; stem 8—12 inches high, simple. Basal leaves broadly spatulate
or elliptic, thin, firm, obtuse, or acute, contracted into a slightly
winged petiole, with entire margins; stem leaves oblanceolate, oblong
or lanceolate, mostly all opposite. Flowers blue or bluish-purple in
a loose panicle, with more or less glandular-hairy branches; calyx
glandular-hairy, ¼ of an inch long, deeply cleft into lanceolate lobes;
corolla slightly hairy, about ¾ of an inch long, funnel-form, slightly
oblique.
In open ground and slopes in the Selkirks; flowering in July.
[Sidenote: =Veronica americana= Schwein. _American Brooklime._]
Smooth throughout; stems decumbent, rooting at the lower nodes, 6
inches to 2 feet long. Leaves oblong, ovate, or oblong-lanceolate, all
distinctly petioled, sharply serrate with a wedge-shaped or rounded
base, obtuse or acute at the apex, 1—3 inches long, ¼—1 inch broad.
Flowers in racemes on slender peduncles in the axils of the leaves;
corolla blue or nearly white, striped with purple, nearly ¼ of an inch
broad, rotate, with 4 unequal lobes.
In brooks and swampy places in the Selkirks, especially around Glacier;
flowering throughout the summer.
[Sidenote: =Veronica Wormskjoldii= R. and S. _Alpine Speedwell._]
Hairy throughout with brown glandular hairs; stems ascending or erect,
slender, usually simple, 2—12 inches high. Leaves oblong, ovate or
elliptic, sessile, mostly rounded at both ends, crenulate or entire,
½—1 inch long. Flowers light blue, in a short, narrow raceme; corolla,
⅛ of an inch broad, rotate, lobes nearly equal and rounded.
Throughout the region in open woods, and in alpine meadows and slopes
up to 7000 feet elevation; flowering during June and July.
[Sidenote: =Veronica serphyllifolia= L. _Thyme-leaved Speedwell._]
Slightly hairy or smooth; stems slender, decumbent, the branches
ascending or erect, 2—10 inches high. Leaves all opposite and petioled
or the uppermost sessile, oblong, oval or ovate, ¼—½ an inch long,
crenulate, entire. Flowers in short spicate racemes at the ends of the
stems and branches; corolla pale blue or sometimes white, with darker
stripes, nearly ¼ of an inch broad.
In open grassy ground at the lower altitudes throughout the Selkirks,
very abundant and striking in the lawn at Glacier House; flowering
during June.
[Sidenote: =Mimulus Lewisii= Pursh. _Red Monkey-flower._]
Stems viscid-hairy, 2—4 feet high. Leaves from oblong-ovate to
lanceolate, acuminate, denticulate, opposite, 2—4 inches long and ½ as
broad. Flowers on peduncles longer than the leaves; calyx campanulate,
¾ of an inch long, with triangular acute teeth; corolla rose-red
or paler, the tube twice as long as the calyx, throat open, limb
two-lipped; lobes of the upper lip erect or turned backward, obcordate,
the lower lip spreading, the lobes obovate.
In wet ground and along streams through the Selkirks, frequently
growing in such abundance as to practically exclude all other
vegetation; the large showy, rose-purple flowers, each with two bright
yellow patches in the throat.
[Sidenote: =Mimulus cæspitosus= Greene. _Yellow Monkey-flower._]
Smooth, stems flattened, decumbent and rooting at the nodes, the
branches rising 3—6 inches high. Leaves orbicular or ovate, ½—1 inch
long, dentate or denticulate, usually sublyrate, purple beneath.
Flowers axillary on long peduncles; calyx campanulate, ⅓ of an inch
long, mottled with dark purple; corolla bright yellow, ¾—1 inch long,
throat spotted with dark red, lobes of the upper lip erect, ⅓—½ an inch
long, the middle lobe of the lower lip broadly cordate, pendulous.
In wet, gravelly soil around springs and in the beds and banks of
alpine brooks, through the Selkirks, often forming large patches;
flowering in July.
[Sidenote: =Mimulus moschatus= Dougl. _Musk Plant._]
Hairy with soft and glandular hairs, musk scented; stems creeping
or ascending, branched, slender, 6—12 inches long. Leaves ovate or
oblong, short petioled, acute or obtuse at the apex, denticulate,
rounded or subcordate at the base, 1—2 inches long, half as broad.
Flowers ¾ of an inch long on axillary peduncles, shorter than the
leaves; corolla funnel-shaped with a spreading limb nearly ½ an inch
broad, bright yellow.
In wet shaded ground at the lower altitudes, throughout the Selkirks;
flowering during June and July.
[Sidenote: =Castilleja purpurascens= Greenm. _Painter’s Brush._]
Perennial more or less purplish throughout, stems erect or nearly
so, 4—12 inches high, usually, several from the same root, smooth or
somewhat hairy below, soft-hairy above. Leaves sessile, clasping,
linear or narrowly lanceolate, ¾—2 inches long, usually attenuate and
acute, entire and undivided or occasionally 3-cleft near the apex,
smooth or the uppermost soft-hairy, 3-nerved. Inflorescence in a close
terminal raceme, later elongated, about 3 inches long, close-hairy;
bracts ovate-lanceolate or oblong-ovate, 1—1¼ inches long, usually
entire or occasionally cleft, from deep purple-red to scarlet and
rarely yellow to tinged with red or pink; calyx ¾—1 inch long, ranging
in color with the bracts; corolla 1—1½ inches long, galea green or
greenish-yellow with scarlet margins and exserted beyond the calyx and
floral bracts.
Frequent in the lower altitudes through the Rockies; very abundant
and striking on the flood-plain of the Kicking Horse River at Field;
flowering during June.
[Sidenote: =Castilleja pallida= Kunth. _White Indian Paint-brush._]
Commonly hairy with weak cobwebby hairs, a foot or less high. Leaves
linear to lanceolate or the upper ovate-lanceolate. Flowers in
dense leafy-bracted spikes; bracts oval or obovate, partly white or
yellowish, cobwebby-hairy, equalling the corolla; calyx 2-cleft, the
lobes oblong or lanceolate, corolla ½—1 inch long; galea not exceeding
the calyx.
In moist open grounds at the higher altitudes throughout the Rockies;
flowering in July.
[Sidenote: =Castilleja miniata= Dougl. _Bright Painted Cup._]
A foot or two high, mostly simple and strict, smooth or nearly so.
Leaves lanceolate or linear or the upper ovate-lanceolate acute, entire
or rarely 3-cleft. Flowers in a dense, short, hairy spike; bracts from
lanceolate to oval, mostly bright red or crimson, occasionally pinkish,
rarely whitish, seldom lobed; calyx lobes lanceolate, acutely 2-cleft;
corolla over an inch long; galea exserted, linear, longer than the tube.
In moist alpine meadows throughout the Rockies; flowering in July.
[Sidenote: =Castilleja lanceifolia= Rydb. _Scarlet Painted Cup._]
Perennial with a long creeping rootstock, not growing in clumps, 1—2
feet high, sparingly close-hairy or nearly smooth, very leafy. Leaves
lanceolate; often acuminate, 1½—2½ inches long, rather firm, 3-veined,
the upper seldom if ever cleft. Flowers in a compact terminal head;
bracts bright scarlet, oblong, obtuse; calyx 1 inch long, crimson or
scarlet with a green base about equally cleft; corolla yellowish-green,
½ an inch longer than the calyx.
In moist open woods throughout the Rockies at the lower altitudes on
the eastern slope; flowering in June and July.
[Sidenote: =Orthocarpus luteus= Nutt. _Yellow Orthocarpus._]
Annual, rough-hairy; stems stout, erect, branched above or simple,
6—18 inches high, densely leafy. Leaves erect or ascending, linear or
lanceolate, entire or sometimes 3-cleft, 1—1½ inches long, sessile,
long acuminate; bracts of the dense spike lanceolate, broader and
shorter than the leaves, entire or 3-cleft, green, mostly longer than
the flowers. Flowers bright yellow, an inch long or less, the upper lip
ovate, obtuse, about as long as the sac-like 3-toothed lower one.
In open ground in the lower valleys throughout the region as far
west as the valley of the Columbia River at Beavermouth; flowering
throughout the summer.
[Sidenote: =Elephantella grœnlandica= (Retz.) Rydb. _Long-beaked
Elephantella._]
Whole plant usually purple, smooth; stem simple, erect, 1—1½ feet
high. Leaves alternate, lanceolate in outline, pinnately parted or the
lower pinnately divided into lanceolate, acute, crenulate, or incised
segments, the upper sessile, the lower slender-petioled 2—6 inches
long. Flowers in a very dense spike 1—6 inches long; calyx short,
acutish; corolla red or purple, the galea produced into a slender
beak ½—¾ of an inch long, which is decurved against the lower lip and
upwardly recurved beyond it; body of the corolla about ¼ of an inch
long.
In open bogs and wet alpine meadows at the higher altitudes throughout
the Rockies; flowering in July.
[Sidenote: =Pedicularis racemosa= Dougl. _White Lousewort._]
Smooth throughout, simple or sometimes branching, 6—18 inches high.
Leaves lanceolate, undivided, minutely and doubly crenulate, 2—4
inches long. Flowers short-pedicelled in a short leafy raceme or
spike, or the lower remote in the axils of the leaves; corolla white,
showy, the galea which is half an inch long produced into a slender,
elongated, incurved beak nearly reaching the apex of the broad lower
lip.
At the higher altitudes in the Rockies in moist open ground and alpine
meadows, flowering in July.
[Sidenote: =Pedicularis bracteosa= Benth. _Wood Betony._]
Smooth, 1—3 feet high; leaves 3—10 inches long, all pinnately parted,
the lower divided, ample; divisions of the leaves ½—2 inches long,
linear-lanceolate. Flowers crowded in a cylindrical, leafy-bracted
spike, 2—6 inches long; corolla less than an inch long, pale yellow or
reddish, the galea much longer than the lip with a hooded summit.
Frequent throughout the Rockies in moist open woods and alpine meadows
at the higher elevations; flowering during July.
LENTIBULARIACEÆ
_Butterwort Family_
In our species, stemless herbs with fibrous roots and 1-flowered
scapes; basal, tufted, entire leaves, the upper surface covered with a
viscid secretion, to which insects adhere and are caught by the curling
of the sensitive leaf margins; calyx 4—5-parted or 2-lipped; corolla
sac-like and contracted into a spur.
[Sidenote: =Pinguicula vulgaris= L. _Butterwort._]
Leaves pale yellowish-green, 3—7 in a rosette at the base of the
scape, greasy to the touch on the upper surface, ovate-lanceolate,
obtuse, 1—2 inches long, ¼ as wide. Flowers solitary on a slender
scape, violet-purple, nearly ½ an inch broad when expanded, 2-lipped;
the upper lip 2-lobed; the lower 3-lobed, larger; the tube gradually
contracted into an obtuse or acute nearly straight spur, ⅓ of an inch
long.
In wet mossy places, on rocks, or edges of gravelly stream beds
throughout the Rockies, at the lower altitudes; the bright little
flowers suggesting violets; flowering during June.
[Illustration: _a_ Pinguicula vulgaris L. Butterwort.
_b_ Pentstemon fruticosus (Pursh) Greene. (¾ Nat.) Large Purple
Beard-Tongue.]
RUBIACEÆ
_Madder Family_
In our species, herbs with 4-angled stems and branches, with
verticillate leaves and small 4-parted flowers, regular and perfect and
fruit separating into 2-carpels.
[Sidenote: =Galium boreale= L. _Northern Bed-straw._]
Smooth, erect, simple or branched, leafy, 1—2½ feet high. Leaves in
4’s, lanceolate or linear 3-nerved, obtuse or acute, 1—2½ inches long,
the margins sometimes fringed with hairs. Flowers white, numerous in
a terminal panicle; corolla 4-parted, ⅛ of an inch across, the lobes
lanceolate, acute.
In open ground and in open woods or thickets at the lower altitudes,
throughout the Rockies; flowering in July.
CAPRIFOLIACEÆ
_Honeysuckle Family_
Shrubs, trees, vines or perennial herbs with opposite leaves and mostly
cymose flowers; calyx 3—5-toothed, the corolla 5-lobed or sometimes
2-lipped; stamens 5-inserted on the tube of the corolla and alternate
with the lobes; fruit a berry, drupe or capsule.
Corolla rotate or urn-shaped; flowers in compound cymes.
Leaves pinnate. =Sambucus.=
Leaves simple. =Viburnum.=
Corolla tubular or campanulate, often 2-lipped.
Creeping, somewhat woody herb; flowers in pairs, pink.
=Linnæa.=
Shrubs, erect or climbing.
Corolla short-campanulate, regular or nearly so.
=Symphoricarpos.=
Corolla tubular and irregular. =Lonicera.=
[Sidenote: =Sambucus pubens= Michx. _Red-berried Elder._]
A shrub 2—12 feet high, the twigs and leaves commonly hairy; stems
woody, the younger with reddish-brown pith. Leaves pinnate with 3—7
ovate-lanceolate or oval, acuminate leaflets 2—5 inches long, sharply
serrate. Flowers numerous, less than ¼ of an inch broad, white, in a
close oblong head 3—4 inches high, longer than broad; berries in a
compact head, bright scarlet, ¼ of an inch in diameter.
Rocky places and thickets throughout the region though most abundant in
the Selkirks; flowering in June, the bright red berries ripe in late
summer.
[Sidenote: =Sambucus melanocarpa= A. Gray. _Black-berried Elder._]
A shrub 2—12 feet high, smooth or the young leaves slightly hairy.
Leaves pinnate with 3—7 or rarely 9 ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate,
acuminate leaflets, 2—5 inches long, sharply serrate. Flowers small
white in a close compound cyme 3—4 inches high and as broad; berries ¼
of an inch broad, black and shining in a close head.
Rocky places and thickets in the Selkirks; growing with the other
species and difficult to distinguish from it except by the colour of
the berries.
[Sidenote: =Viburnum pauciflorum= Pylaie. _Few-flowered Cranberry
Tree._]
A straggling bush 2—6 feet high with twigs and petioles smooth or
nearly so. Leaves broadly oval, obovate or broader than long; 5-ribbed,
mostly with 3 rather shallow lobes above the middle, coarsely and
unequally dentate, smooth above, more or less hairy on the veins
beneath, 1½—3 inches broad. Flowers small, pure white or pinkish, ¼
of an inch broad in compact axillary heads an inch or so broad; drupe
globose, bright red, acid, about half an inch long.
A most attractive shrub in thickets and woods at the lower altitudes
throughout the Rockies; flowering in May and early June; the acid fruit
is frequently used for preserving.
[Sidenote: =Linnæa americana= Forbes. _Twin-flower._]
Branches slender, woody, slightly hairy, trailing, 6—24 inches long.
Leaves evergreen, opposite, obovate or orbicular, obscurely crenate,
thick, ¼—¾ of an inch wide, sometimes wider than long. Flowers nodding
in pairs, rarely in 4’s, on slender pedicels ¼—¾ of an inch long, very
fragrant; corolla tubular-campanulate with 5 equal lobes, pink or
nearly white, deep pink within.
In moist cool woods, frequent throughout the region, especially in the
Rockies; flowering in late June and early July.
[Illustration: Linnæa americana Forbes. (¼ Nat.) American Twin-Flower.]
[Illustration: Lonicera ebractulata Rydb. (½ Nat.) Fly Honeysuckle.]
[Sidenote: =Symphoricarpos racemosus= Michx. _Snowberry._]
An erect shrub, 1—4 feet high, smooth or nearly so with slender
branches. Leaves oval, obtuse at each end, 1—2 inches long, entire,
undulate or sometimes dentate. Flowers pale pink or white, few, in
axillary clusters; corolla campanulate, ¼ of an inch long, equally
5-lobed, slightly inflated at the base and bearded within; berries
snow-white, nearly ½ an inch in diameter.
On rocky banks and along streams at the lower altitudes throughout the
Rockies; flowering during July.
[Sidenote: =Symphoricarpos pauciflorus= (Robbins) Britton. _Low
Snowberry._]
A low, spreading, diffusely branched shrub 6—9 inches high. Leaves
broadly oval or orbicular, entire, softly hairy, especially along the
veins beneath. Flowers about ¼ of an inch long, solitary in the upper
axils, and 2 or 3 in the terminal spike; corolla campanulate, 5-lobed,
bearded within; berry globose, white, ¼ of an inch in diameter.
In rocky places and on wooded slopes throughout the Rockies; flowering
in July.
[Sidenote: =Lonicera glaucescens= Rydb. _Douglas’s Honeysuckle._]
Smooth, more or less shrubby or twining. Leaves smooth above, glaucous
and hairy at least on the veins beneath, 1½—2 inches long, papery on
the margins, usually only the upper pair connate-perfoliate. Flowers
in a short terminal interrupted spike, corolla 1 inch long or less,
yellow changing to reddish, slightly hairy without, long-hairy within,
the tube rather strongly inflated at the base, the 2-lipped limb
shorter than the tube, stamens and style exserted.
In rocky places and along river banks throughout the Rockies; flowering
during July.
[Sidenote: =Lonicera ebractulata= Rydb. _Fly Honeysuckle._]
Shrubby, 3—6 feet high with grey bark. Leaves light green, glaucous
and hairy beneath, fringed with hairs on the margins, elliptic-ovate
or broadly ovate, obtuse, rounded or cordate at the base, rounded at
the apex, 1—2½ inches long, ½—1½ inches wide. Flowers in pairs from
the axils of the leaves; peduncles about ½ an inch long; corolla light
yellow, about ¾ of an inch long, funnel-form, and spurred at the base
on the inner side; berry bright red, ¼ of an inch in diameter.
In moist woods throughout the region at the lower altitudes; flowering
in May and early June.
[Sidenote: =Lonicera involucrata= (Richards) Banks. _Involucred Fly
Honeysuckle._]
A nearly smooth shrub 3—10 feet high. Leaves short-petioled, ovate,
oval or obovate, 2—6 inches long, acute or acuminate at the apex,
narrowed or rounded at the base, more or less hairy at least when
young. Flowers greenish-yellow, 2 or 3 on axillary peduncles, 1—2
inches long, bracts foliaceous, ovate or oval, often cordate, bractlets
larger, greenish-yellow, at length turning rich maroon and surrounding
the fruit; corolla hairy, funnel-form; the limb nearly equally 5-lobed;
stamens and styles slightly exserted; berries separate, globose or
oval, nearly black, about ⅓ of an inch in diameter.
In rich moist woods and thickets at the lower altitudes throughout the
region, inconspicuous when in flower in late June and early July, but
especially showy when in fruit, the blue-black berries subtended by the
showy maroon bracts, making it a most striking shrub during summer and
early autumn.
[Illustration: Lonicera involucrata (Richards.) Banks. (⅔ Nat.)
Involucred Fly Honeysuckle.]
VALERIANACEÆ
_Valerian Family_
Perennial strongly smelling herbs, with opposite leaves and paniculate
heads of small pink or white, funnel-form, more or less gibbous
flowers, commonly with 3 exserted stamens.
[Sidenote: =Valeriana septentrionalis= Rydb. _Northern Valerian._]
Erect, perfectly smooth throughout or the inflorescence minutely hairy,
8—16 inches high. Basal, leaves petioled, spatulate or oval, 1—5
inches long, entire; stem leaves usually 3 pairs, the lower petioled,
the upper sessile, segments, 5—7 oval or linear-lanceolate, entire or
merely undulate on the margins. Flowers cymose-paniculate, usually
congested; corolla white, about ¼ of an inch long; fruit smooth, ⅛ of
an inch or slightly longer.
In moist shaded places and on slopes in the lower valleys of the
Rockies; flowering in July.
[Sidenote: =Valeriana Scouleri= Rydb. _Scouler’s Valerian._]
Smooth throughout; stem rather stout, 1—3 feet high. Leaves, the basal
on long petioles, oblong, 1—2 inches long, 3-lobed, the centre one much
the largest, oblong, tapering to both ends, the lateral lanceolate;
stem leaves, 2—4 pairs pinnately parted in 5—7 lanceolate, acute,
entire, or undulate segments, 1—2 inches long. Flowers pink in a flat,
cymose panicle, 2—2½ inches broad; corolla nearly ¼ of an inch long,
funnel-form; stamens and style exserted.
In moist open ground throughout the Rockies at the higher elevations;
flowering during June and early July.
[Sidenote: =Valeriana sitchensis= Bong. _Wild Heliotrope._]
Smooth; stems rather stout, 1—5 feet high, often branching. Leaves in
2—4 pairs, pinnately 3—5-lobed, leaflets ovate to oblong or lanceolate,
acuminate, coarsely dentate, 1—2 inches long, densely white-hairy
at the base of the petioles; basal leaves lacking at the time of
flowering. Flowers very fragrant, pink, in a compact cymose panicle,
corolla broad, funnel-form, ¼ of an inch long with spreading rounded
lobes; stamens and style much exserted.
Common along the streams and in damp places in the Selkirks, at times
forming vast masses of pink when in flower in June and early July.
[Illustration: Valeriana sitchensis Bong. (⅓ Nat.) Wild Heliotrope.]
[Illustration: Lobelia Kalmii strictiflora Rydb. (Nat.) Brook
Lobelia.]
CAMPANULACEÆ
_Bellflower Family_
Herbs with alternate simple leaves, usually milky juice, and perfect
flowers; calyx mostly 5-lobed; corolla regular or irregular, the tube
entire or deeply cleft on one side, its limb 5-lobed, regular or more
or less 2-lipped; stamens 5, alternate with the corolla lobes.
[Sidenote: =Campanula uniflora= L. _Arctic Harebell._]
Smooth or nearly so, simple, 1—6 inches high. Leaves linear or
linear-oblong, acute, sessile, thickish entire or sparingly dentate,
¾—1½ inches long or the lower and basal ones spatulate, obtuse and
narrowed into petioles. Flowers erect, calyx tube top-shaped, smooth
or hairy, shorter than or equalling the lobes; corolla narrowly
campanulate, ⅓—½ an inch long, bright blue, with 5 slightly spreading
lanceolate lobes.
Alpine summits in the Rockies not common; flowering in July.
[Sidenote: =Campanula rotundifolia= L. _Harebell, Bluebell._]
Smooth or nearly so, stems erect or spreading, often several from
the same root, simple or branched, 6 inches to 2 feet high. Basal
leaves nearly orbicular or broadly ovate, usually heart-shaped and
slender petioled, ¼—1 inch wide, dentate or entire, often wanting at
flowering time; stem leaves linear or linear-oblong acute, mostly
entire and sessile or the lower narrowed into short petioles and
somewhat spatulate. Flowers several or numerous in racemes, drooping or
spreading, slender pedicelled; calyx lobes hair-like, spreading, longer
than the tube, corolla bright blue, campanulate, ½—1 inch long.
On moist rocks or stony places, on slides or gravelly stream banks,
frequent throughout the region; flowering during most of the summer.
[Sidenote: =Lobelia Kalmii strictiflora= Rydb. _Brook Lobelia._]
Smooth throughout or slightly hairy below; stem simple or slightly
branched, erect, leafy, 4—8 inches high. Leaves basal, small, ¼—½ an
inch long, obovate, hairy; stem leaves linear. Flowers light blue or
white, ⅓ or nearly ½ an inch long on erect pedicels slightly more than
their own length; petals 5, the two upper erect, ⅛ of an inch long,
very slender, the 3 lower broader, ¼ of an inch long and spreading, in
loose racemes, lower bracts linear-lanceolate, the upper hair-like.
On wet banks or wet gravelly or sandy ground at the lower altitudes
throughout the Rockies, abundant locally; flowering in July.
CICHORIACEÆ
_Chicory Family_
Herbs almost always with milky juice, alternate or basal leaves and
yellow or rarely pink, blue, purple, or white flowers in involucrate
heads; bracts of the involucre in 1 to several series; flowers all
alike and perfect; corolla with a short or long tube and a strap-shaped
(ligulate) usually 5-toothed limb (ray).
Heads solitary; leaves all basal.
Achenes smooth at the apex. =Agoseris.=
Achenes spinulose at the apex. =Taraxacum.=
Heads several; leaves not all basal.
Achenes flattened.
Flowers yellow. =Sonchus.=
Flowers blue. =Lactuca.=
Achenes rounded.
Pappus white. =Crepis.=
Pappus tawny. =Hieracium.=
[Sidenote: =Agoseris glauca= (Pursh.) Greene. _Large-flowered
Agoseris._]
Pale and smooth throughout or a little woolly below. Leaves
linear-lanceolate or oblong, entire, dentate or pinnatifid, 2—10
inches long, acuminate. Scapes stout, smooth or slightly hairy, longer
than the leaves, 6—18 inches high, head 1—2 inches broad, rays bright
yellow, involucre oblong, campanulate, usually smooth.
Open grounds and on grassy alpine slopes and in meadows; flowering
during June and July.
[Illustration: _a_ Hieracium umbellatum L. Narrow-Leaved Hawk-weed.
_b_ Agoseris aurantiaca (Hook.) Greene. (⅔ Nat.)]
[Sidenote: =Agoseris aurantiaca= (Hook.) Greene. _Orange-flowered
Agoseris._]
Nearly smooth, not glaucous. Leaves oblanceolate, obtuse, entire or
with lanceolate lobes toward the base, narrowed into slender petioles,
4—8 inches long. Scapes longer than the leaves, smooth below, woolly at
the top; involucre ½—¾ of an inch high, bracts lanceolate, more or less
woolly, flowers orange or copper-coloured.
In open ground and alpine meadows throughout the region; flowering in
midsummer.
[Sidenote: =Agoseris graciliens= (A. Gray) Greene. _Slender Agoseris._]
Smooth, leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate entire, 6—8 inches
long, acute. Scapes slender, 10—18 inches high, woolly at the summit;
involucre ½—¾ of an inch long, bracts narrow, smooth with hairy-fringed
margins; flowers deep orange.
In grassy alpine meadows throughout the Rockies at the higher
altitudes; flowering during July.
[Sidenote: =Taraxacum Taraxacum= (L.) Karst. _Dandelion._]
Root thick and deep. Leaves oblong to spatulate in outline, usually
rough-hairy at least when young, acute or obtuse, pinnatifid,
sinuate-dentate or rarely nearly entire, rather succulent, 3—10
inches long, ½—2½ inches wide, narrowed into petioles. Scapes erect,
2—18 inches high, head 1—2 inches broad, containing very numerous
golden yellow flowers, inner bracts of the involucre, linear or
linear-lanceolate, the outer similar, shorter, not glaucous, reflexed,
acute; achenes greenish brown.
In waste places and open ground throughout the region, along roadsides
and near the railway; established as a weed; flowering in early summer.
[Sidenote: =Taraxacum montanum= Nutt. _Mountain Dandelion._]
Smooth; scapes and leaves from the crown of a thick, vertical root.
Leaves spatulate, oblong, nearly entire or runcinately-toothed, obtuse,
the teeth shallow and simple, 3—4 inches long, ½—¾ of an inch wide.
Flowers bright orange or yellow on smooth scapes, 4—8 inches high;
involucral bracts all appressed, in 2-series, the outer ovate to
lanceolate, frequently reddish; inner ones narrowly lanceolate.
Throughout the Rockies in the lower valleys and slopes; flowering in
early June.
[Sidenote: =Sonchus arvensis= L. _Milk Thistle._]
Stems smooth, leafy below, branched and nearly naked above, 2—4 feet
high. Lower and basal leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, often 12 inches
long, spinulose dentate, narrowed into short petioles, the upper
pinnatifid or entire, clasping. Flowers bright yellow, numerous in
showy heads, 1—2 inches broad; involucre nearly an inch high.
An introduced weed, occurring more or less frequently along the line of
the railway throughout the region; a showy plant when in flower, during
the early part of the day.
[Sidenote: =Lactuca pulchella= (Pursh) DC. _Large-flowered Blue
Lettuce._]
Smooth throughout and somewhat glaucous; stem rather slender and leafy,
1—3 feet high. Leaves linear-lanceolate, lanceolate or oblong, acute,
entire, dentate, lobed or pinnatifid, 2—8 inches long. Flowers bright
blue or violet in numerous heads ½ an inch or more broad, in an open
panicle.
Frequent along the railway in moist open places throughout the region;
flowering in midsummer.
[Sidenote: =Crepis nana= Richards. _Alpine Hawk’s-beard._]
Smooth, forming depressed tufts on slender, creeping rootstocks. Leaves
chiefly at the root, 1—2 inches long including the petioles, obovate
to spatulate, entire, repand dentate or lyrate, commonly equalling the
clustered stems. Heads few-flowered, nearly ½ an inch high, narrowly
cylindric, ⅛ of an inch in diameter; flowers bright yellow, spreading ¼
of an inch across.
A small alpine plant growing among loose stones and on the moraines and
on slides and summits throughout the Rockies; flowering in midsummer.
[Sidenote: =Crepis elegans= Hook. _Many-flowered Hawk’s-beard._]
Smooth, many-stemmed from a perennial tap-root, 6—12 inches high,
diffusely branched. Leaves entire or nearly so; root leaves spatulate;
stem-leaves from lanceolate to linear. Heads numerous, narrowly
cylindric, ¼—⅓ of an inch high, the pale yellow flowers little more
than ⅓ of an inch across.
In gravel beds along the rivers and larger streams throughout the
Rockies; flowering during July.
[Sidenote: =Hieracium umbellatum= L. _Narrow-leaved Hawk-weed._]
Stem rather slender, smooth or puberulent, sometimes rough hairy
below, leafy, simple, 1—2½ feet high. Leaves lanceolate or the lowest
spatulate, entire, denticulate or sometimes laciniate-dentate, acute or
acuminate, 1—3 inches long, smooth above, usually hairy beneath with
the margins fringed with hairs. Heads of flowers nearly an inch broad,
umbellate, bright yellow.
On banks and near rivers in the Rockies; flowering in July.
[Sidenote: =Hieracium Scouleri= Hook. _Hairy Hawk-weed._]
Hairy throughout with long, soft hairs; 1—2 feet high. Leaves
lanceolate or spatulate-lanceolate, 3—6 inches long. Flowers in an
irregular branching panicle. Head ½ an inch high; involucre with
copious long bristly hairs; flowers bright yellow, ½ an inch or more
broad.
On banks and stony open ground throughout the region flowering during
July.
[Sidenote: =Hieracium gracile= Hook. _Slender Hawk-weed._]
Growing in tufts, pale green. Leaves nearly all in clusters at the
root, obovate to oblong-spatulate, 1—3 inches long, attenuate into
petioles, entire or repand denticulate. Stems 8—18 inches high,
brownish-hairy above, bearing few or several heads of flowers near the
top; involucres about ⅓ of an inch high, usually blackish-hairy at the
base; flowers bright yellow in heads ¼ of an inch or less broad.
In dry open or shaded places at the higher elevations throughout the
region, growing in sand; flowering in July.
[Sidenote: =Hieracium albiflorum= Hook. _White-flowered Hawk-weed._]
Loosely branching and hairy with long hairs; 1—3 feet high. Leaves
oblong, thin, 2—6 inches long. Involucres narrow-campanulate, ⅓ to
nearly ½ an inch high; flowers white, ¼ of an inch across or more;
several in a compound cyme.
On sandy banks and open mountain sides, frequent throughout the region
at the lower elevations; flowering during June and July.
CARDUACEÆ
_Thistle Family_
Herbs with watery or resinous sap and alternate, opposite or basal
leaves; flowers perfect, pistillate or neutral; borne on a common
receptacle forming heads, surrounded by an involucre of few to many
bracts in one or more series; calyx tube attached to the top of the
ovary, the limb (pappus) of bristles, awns, teeth, scales, crown-like
or wanting; corolla tubular, usually 5-lobed or -cleft, the marginal
flowers frequently expanded into a ligule (ray); when the ray flowers
are absent the head is said to be discoid, when present, radiate; the
tubular flowers form the disc. The largest of all the families of
flowering plants comprising about 760 genera and not less than 10,000
species, represented in the region by the following:
Anthers not tailed at the base; heads rayed or rayless.
Style branches of the perfect flowers flattened, with
terminal appendages.
Rays yellow or sometimes wanting.
Pappus double, the outer very short. =Chrysopsis.=
Pappus simple; panicle compact. =Solidago.=
Rays white, purple, or blue, rarely wanting.
Involucral bracts in 1—2 series, narrow; rays
usually narrow and numerous. =Erigeron.=
Involucral bracts in 2—5 series; rays broader and
less numerous.
Scales of the involucre dry, papery and appressed.
=Eucephalus.=
Scales of the involucre more or less herbaceous,
and spreading. =Aster.=
Style branches of the perfect flowers straight edged
or with hairy tips.
Involucre not scarious.
Pappus never capillary; receptacle chaffy or bristly.
Receptacle conic, chaffy; pappus none. =Rudbeckia.=
Receptacle flat, chaffy; tall herbs; pappus 2 scales.
=Helianthus.=
Receptacle bristly; pappus a crown of scales.
=Gaillardia.=
Pappus capillary.
Leaves all or mostly opposite. =Arnica.=
Leaves alternate.
Flowers white or pinkish; leaves large. =Petasites.=
Flowers yellow, leaves small. =Senecio.=
Involucre scarious.
Receptacle chaffy; rays short. =Achillea.=
Receptacle naked; rays conspicuous. =Chrysanthemum.=
Receptacle naked; rays none. =Artemisia.=
Anthers with tails at the base; heads without rays.
Receptacle not bristly; corolla not deeply cleft.
Pappus hair-like in pistillate flowers; club shaped
in staminate. =Antennaria.=
Pappus of all the flowers similar. =Anaphalis.=
Receptacle long bristly; corolla deeply cleft.
Leaves and usually the involucral bracts prickly =Carduus.=
Leaves and involucral bracts not prickly. =Saussurea.=
[Sidenote: =Chrysopsis hispida= (Hook.) Nutt. _Hispid Golden Aster._]
Stems numerous from a woody rootstock, rough-hairy throughout,
spreading, 6—12 inches long. Leaves spatulate to oblong, entire,
spreading, ¾—1½ inches long, obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base,
often into petioles half as long as the blade or more. Heads very
numerous, about ½ an inch broad; involucre less than ½ an inch high,
its bracts lanceolate, rough-hairy; ray flowers bright yellow, ¼ of an
inch or more long.
In dry soil through the lower valleys throughout the Rockies; flowering
in midsummer.
[Sidenote: =Solidago multiradiata= Ait. _Northern Goldenrod._]
Stems smooth or somewhat hairy above, slender, 6—15 inches high.
Leaves firm, smooth or nearly so, the basal and lower ones spatulate
or oblanceolate, entire or sparingly serrate, obtuse, finely
reticulate-veined, 3—5 inches long, the upper smaller and narrower,
entire. Heads about ⅓ of an inch high, usually few in a rather compact
terminal cyme; bracts of the involucre thin, linear-lanceolate, acute,
smooth; rays 8—15, large.
On open hillsides throughout the region; flowering in July.
[Sidenote: =Solidago decumbens= Greene. _Field Goldenrod._]
Stems clustered at the summit of a strong, perpendicular root, stout,
decumbent, 6—18 inches high, usually dark red and sparsely hairy.
Leaves spatulate-obovate to oblanceolate, obtuse or acutish, more
or less distinctly serrate toward the summit, upper cauline leaves
similar but few and reduced, all rough on the margins. Heads large in
a thyrsoid panicle; bracts of the involucre glandular-viscid, linear,
obtuse, of firm texture, nerved; rays large.
[Sidenote: =Solidago missouriensis= Nutt. _Missouri Goldenrod._]
Smooth, rather slender, 3—5 feet high. Leaves firm or thick, those
of the stem linear-lanceolate and sessile, acuminate at the apex,
narrowed at the base, 2—4 inches long, rough-margined, triple-nerved,
entire or sparingly serrate with low sharp teeth, the basal and lowest
ones longer, spatulate and petioled. Heads ⅛—¼ of an inch high on one
side of the spreading or recurving branches of the short panicle;
bracts of the involucre oblong, greenish-tipped, obtuse; rays 6—13,
short.
In dry soil on the edges of woodland at the lower altitudes throughout
the Rockies; flowering in August.
[Sidenote: =Solidago canadensis= L. _Canada Goldenrod._]
Stout, rough-hairy or slightly so, 2—8 feet high. Leaves lanceolate,
triple-nerved, acute at each end, the lower ones sharply serrate and
petioled, 3—6 inches long, ⅓—1 inch wide, the upper smaller, entire.
Heads small, ⅛ of an inch or less high, very numerous on one side of
the spreading or recurved branches of the usually large and dense
panicle; involucral bracts linear, obtuse or acutish; rays 9—15 small.
In open usually dry soil at the lower altitudes throughout the Rockies;
flowering during July and August.
[Illustration: _a_ Erigeron salsuginosus (Rich.) A. Gray. Large Purple
Fleabane.
_b_ Erigeron acris L. Blue Fleabane.
_c_ Saussurea densa Hook. Saussurea. (⅗ Nat.)]
[Sidenote: =Erigeron simplex= Greene. _Arctic Fleabane._]
Stems 1—6 inches high, several from the same root. Leaves few, the
basal spatulate or oblanceolate, 1—2 inches long; stem leaves linear
and few. Heads ⅓ of an inch in diameter, solitary; involucre usually
rough-hairy as well as woolly, bracts linear acute, rather close, rays
¼—⅓ of an inch long, white, very numerous.
An alpine plant in dry ground at the higher elevations, among stones
and on the moraines, flowering in July.
[Sidenote: =Erigeron salsuginosus= (Richards) A. Gray. _Large Purple
Fleabane._]
Soft hairy above, 12—20 inches high. Leaves smooth, thick,
bright green, spatulate or nearly ovate, acute or conspicuously
bristle-tipped, the uppermost small and bract-like. Heads over 1½
inches in diameter; rays 50—70, purple or violet, ½—¾ of an inch long;
disc bright yellow; involucral bracts linear, attenuate and spreading,
glandular-hairy.
A most striking violet or purple daisy on moist banks, slopes, and in
moist, open woodlands; flowering during July.
[Sidenote: =Erigeron asper= Nutt. _Rough Fleabane._]
Stem simple or branched above, more or less hairy, sometimes roughly
so, 6—24 inches high. Leaves smooth, hairy or fringed on the margin
with hairs, entire, the basal ones spatulate, obtuse, 2—4 inches long,
narrowed into a margined petiole; stem leaves oblong-lanceolate or
linear-lanceolate, obtuse or acute, the upper smaller. Heads several or
solitary, slender peduncled, ⅓—½ an inch broad; involucre hemispheric,
its bracts linear, acute, or rough-hairy; rays 100—150, very narrow,
violet-purple or nearly white, ⅓ to nearly half an inch long.
In dry soil in the lower valleys and slopes of the Rockies; flowering
in July.
[Sidenote: =Erigeron cæspitosus= Nutt. _Tufted Fleabane._]
Stems tufted, closely white-hairy from a deep root; simple or
branched above, 6—12 inches high. Leaves white-hairy, entire,
narrowly oblanceolate or spatulate, obtuse or acutish, 1—3 inches
long; stem-leaves linear or linear-oblong, acute or obtuse, the
upper gradually shorter. Heads solitary or several, short-peduncled,
⅓—½ an inch broad; involucre hemispheric its bracts lanceolate or
linear-oblong acute, white-hairy; rays 40—60, ¼—⅓ of an inch long,
white or pinkish.
In dry open places in the Rockies at the lower altitudes, a pretty
tufted plant resembling an Aster; flowering during July.
[Sidenote: =Erigeron multifidus= Rydb. _Daisy Fleabane._]
Rough-hairy or somewhat smooth, stems slender, numerous, 3—6 inches
high. Leaves crowded on the crowns of the caudex, usually twice
ternately parted into linear or spatulate hairy lobes; an inch long or
less including the petiole; stem-leaves narrow or scale-like. Flowers
solitary at the top of the nearly leafless hairy stem; involucre ¼ of
an inch high and nearly ½ an inch in diameter, outer bracts shorter and
spreading; rays 40—60, white, purple or violet, from ⅛ to nearly ½ an
inch long.
On dry rocks throughout the Rockies up to 6000 feet elevation or above,
flowering during June or July.
_Erigeron multifidus discoideus (A. Gray.) Rydb._, differing from
the species in the entire absence of ray flowers and smaller heads,
and _Erigeron multifidus nudus Rydb._, differing from the species
in being almost entirely smooth except a few hairs on the petioles
and involucral bracts, are found in similar localities throughout
the Rockies, often growing with the species and frequently much more
abundant.
[Illustration: Erigeron discoideus Rydb. Erigeron multifidus Rydb. (½
Nat.) Cut-Leaved Fleabane.]
[Illustration: Erigeron melanocephalus A. Nelson. (¾ Nat.) Black-Headed
Fleabane.]
[Sidenote: =Erigeron aureus= Greene _Golden Fleabane._]
Ashy-hairy, 3—6 inches high from a tufted caudex. Leaves ovate,
spatulate or roundish, an inch or more long, contracted into a petiole;
stem leaves ¼ of an inch long, few, and very narrow. Flowers solitary,
about ⅓ of an inch high and broad; involucre usually reddish or
purplish, covered with woolly hairs; bracts nearly equal, lanceolate,
rather loose; rays numerous, ¼—⅓ of an inch long, deep golden yellow.
In open ground on alpine meadows and among rocks, at the higher
altitudes, throughout the region; a striking little plant, flowering in
July.
[Sidenote: =Erigeron melanocephalus= A. Nelson. _Black-woolly
Fleabane._]
Stems few or several, slender, erect, 2—6 inches high, with
purplish-black hairs. Leaves numerous, elliptic or narrowly oblong,
¾—1½ inches long, nearly smooth; stem leaves broadly linear, acuminate,
¾—1 inch long, hairiness similar to that of the stem. Head solitary, ⅓
of an inch broad; involucral scales nearly equal, with attenuate tips,
densely covered with purplish-black wool; rays 50—60, white or pinkish,
⅛ of an inch long.
In open stony or more or less grassy ground at the high altitudes;
flowering during July.
[Sidenote: =Erigeron acris= L. _Blue Fleabane._]
More or less hairy, varying to smooth, 3—18 inches high, simple or
branching. Leaves spatulate or lanceolate, obtuse, 1—3 inches long,
hairy and entire. Heads ¼ of an inch or more broad, single or several,
more or less paniculately disposed; involucre hemispheric, its bracts
linear and hairy; rays numerous, very narrow, only slightly exceeding
the yellow disc, blue or purple.
In dry stony ground and slopes throughout the region, very variable as
to size; flowering during July.
[Sidenote: =Erigeron drobrachiensis= O. Muell.]
Nearly or quite smooth, 1—2 feet high, usually paniculately branched.
Leaves spatulate to lanceolate, acute, rather numerous. Heads on
peduncle-like branches, an inch or more long, involucre, ⅓ of an inch
or more broad, scales narrowly lanceolate, attenuate and glandular,
green; rays numerous and thread-like, pink, but slightly exceeding the
disc.
On banks and more or less shaded places at the lower altitudes
throughout the Rockies; flowering during July.
[Sidenote: =Erigeron philadelphicus= L. _Philadelphia Fleabane._]
Soft-hairy or sometimes nearly smooth, stems slender, mostly branched
above, 1—3 feet high. Leaves spatulate or obovate, obtuse or acute,
dentate or entire, 1—3 inches long. Heads several or numerous,
corymbose-paniculate, ¼—⅓ of an inch broad; involucre depressed
hemispheric, its bracts linear with roughened margins; rays 100—150,
¼—⅓ of an inch long, bright rose-colour.
In open grassy and wet places at the lower altitudes, throughout the
Rockies; flowering in June and July. This species, the most widely
distributed of any member of the genus, is found throughout North
America; though locally rare, where found it is usually in great
abundance.
[Sidenote: =Aster Richardsonii= Spreng. _Richardson’s Aster._]
Hairy, often much branched from the base, 3—12 inches high. Leaves
oblong, spatulate to broadly lanceolate, more or less sharply serrate,
an inch or more long. Heads solitary, terminating the stem or branches;
involucre broadly campanulate, ¼ of an inch high, shorter than the
disc; the bracts narrowly lanceolate, with mostly acute and loose
herbaceous tips; rays nearly half an inch long, violet-purple.
In gravelly ground and river bottoms frequent in the region; flowering
during July.
[Sidenote: =Aster conspicuus= Lindl. _Large Purple Aster._]
Rough, stout, and rigid, 2 feet high. Leaves firm, ovate, oblong, or
the lower obovate, acute, 4—6 inches long, 1½—4 inches broad, acutely
serrate, reticulate-veiny. Flowers numerous in a broad head, involucre,
broadly campanulate, equalling the disc, half an inch high; bracts in
several series, minutely glandular, lanceolate, acute, the greenish
tips a little spreading; rays ½ an inch long or more, violet.
The most showy of all the Asters, frequent in the Rockies at the lower
altitudes, on slides and on gravelly river banks, forming great masses
of colour when flowering in late July and early August.
[Sidenote: =Aster major= (Hook) Porter. _Great Northern Aster._]
Stem stout, leafy to the summit, densely long-hairy, or rarely smooth,
branched above, 2—6 feet high. Leaves rather thin, lanceolate, partly
clasping by a narrowed base, acuminate at the apex, sharply serrate
with low distant teeth, dark green and lightly hairy above, densely
soft-hairy on the veins beneath, 3—5 inches long, ½ to nearly an inch
wide. Heads mostly solitary, at the ends of short branches, 1½ inches
broad; involucre hemispheric, its bracts little imbricated, green,
linear-subulate, densely glandular; rays 35—45 purple, about ½ an inch
long.
In moist soil in the valleys of the Selkirks; flowering during August.
[Sidenote: =Aster Lindleyanus= T. & G. _Lindley’s Aster._]
Stem usually stout, smooth, or sparingly hairy, 1—3 feet high, branched
above. Leaves rather thick, smooth or slightly hairy, especially on
the veins, the lower and basal ones heart-shaped at the base, sharply
serrate, ovate-acute or acuminate, 2—4 inches long, with slender, naked
petioles; upper leaves ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, more or less
serrate or entire, sessile or with margined petioles. Heads usually
not numerous, ⅓ of an inch or more high; involucre broadly top-shaped;
bracts linear-lanceolate, acute, rather loosely imbricated, smooth or
nearly so, their tips green, rays 10—20, blue or violet, ¼—½ an inch
long; pappus nearly white.
In open places and along the rivers throughout the region; flowering
during July and August.
[Illustration: Aster Lindleyanus T. & G. (⅔ Nat.)]
[Sidenote: =Aster ciliomarginatus= Rydb.]
Stems 1—2 feet high, round, slightly striate and tinged with red,
smooth below, more or less hairy in lines above. Basal leaves smooth
except the hairy-fringed margins, thin, distantly serrate or subentire,
tapering into wing-margined petioles, oblanceolate-acute, 4—8 inches
long; the upper oblong or lanceolate sessile. Heads about ½ an inch
high, ½—¾ of an inch in diameter, rather few in an open panicle;
involucral bracts linear, fringed with hairs on the margins, the upper
part foliaceous and the outer somewhat spreading; rays numerous ½ an
inch long, light blue.
In moist, more or less shaded places, edges of woods and thickets,
throughout the Rockies; flowering in late July and August.
[Sidenote: =Aster frondeus= (A. Gray) Greene. _Leafy-bracted Aster._]
Simple, stem smooth, with sparing, erect, flowering branches. Leaves
few, broadly lanceolate to oblong or spatulate, entire or nearly
so, the lower tapering into winged petioles. Heads solitary or few,
on naked peduncles; involucre ⅓ of an inch high, or less; bracts
linear-lanceolate, loose, all equalling the disc; rays violet or
purple, nearly ½ an inch long.
In wet places and along streams throughout the Rockies; flowering
during July and August.
[Sidenote: =Eucephalus Engelmanni= (D. C. Eaton) Greene. _Engelmann’s
Aster._]
Slightly hairy or smooth, simple or somewhat branched, 18 inches
to 2 feet high, bright green. Leaves thin, ovate-oblong to broadly
lanceolate, 2—4 inches long, loosely veined, tapering at the apex into
a slender-spined tip, the larger sometimes with a few small acute
teeth. Heads ½ an inch high, hemispherical, either racemosely disposed
on slender axillary peduncles, or somewhat cymose; involucral bracts
mostly acute or acuminate, some outer ones loose, narrow, and partly
herbaceous, or with loose pointed tips; inner purplish; rays about ½ an
inch long, spreading, violet or pinkish.
In open woods and on slopes, principally in the Rockies at the higher
elevations; flowering during July.
[Sidenote: =Rudbeckia hirta= L. _Black-eyed Susan, Yellow Daisy._]
Rough-hairy throughout, stems simple or sparingly branched, often
tufted, 1—3 feet high. Leaves thick, sparingly serrate with low teeth
or entire, lanceolate or oblong, the lower and basal ones petioled,
mostly obtuse, 3—5-nerved, 2—7 inches long, ½—2 inches wide, the upper
sessile, narrower, acute or acutish. Heads commonly few or solitary,
2—4 inches broad; rays 10—20, deep yellow or orange; bracts of the
involucre very rough-hairy; spreading or reflexed, much shorter than
the rays; disc globose-ovoid, purple-brown.
Throughout the region, not infrequent along the railway from Field west
to the valley of the Columbia at Beavermouth; flowering in July and
August.
[Sidenote: =Helianthus scaberrimus= Ell. _Stiff Sunflower._]
Stems simple or a little branched, rough-hairy or only slightly so, 1—8
feet high. Leaves thick, leathery, serrate, rough-hairy on both sides,
2—7 inches long, ½—2 inches wide, acute at the apex, narrowed at the
base, the lower ovate or ovate-oblong, petioled, the upper lanceolate
or oblong-lanceolate, sessile or short-petioled, all opposite, or the
uppermost bract-like and alternate. Heads solitary or few, 2—3 inches
broad, involucre hemispheric, its bracts ovate, acute or obtuse,
fringed with hairs; disc brown or purple; rays 15—25, light yellow.
Frequent along the railway in the valley of the Kicking Horse River and
in the valley of the Columbia at Beavermouth; flowering in August.
[Sidenote: =Helianthus Nuttallii= Torr and Gray. _Nuttall’s Sunflower._]
Stem smooth, except the summit which is soft-hairy, slender, mostly
simple, 2—4 feet high. Leaves rough on both surfaces, lanceolate or
the upper linear, 3—6 inches long, ¼—¾ of an inch wide, frequently
opposite, serrulate or entire. Heads ½ an inch high, scattered; bracts
of the involucre linear-lanceolate with a subulate tip, hairy at the
base; rays narrow, acute, deep yellow, 1—1½ inches long.
In moist grounds and on river banks throughout the Rockies at the lower
altitudes; flowering during July.
[Illustration: _a_ Erigeron aureus Greene. Golden Fleabane.
_b_ Gaillardia aristata Pursh. (⅗ Nat.) Great-flowered Gaillardia.]
[Sidenote: =Gaillardia aristata= Pursh. _Great-flowered Gaillardia._]
Rough-hairy, stems simple or little branched, 1—3 feet high. Leaves
firm, densely and finely hairy, the lower basal ones petioled, oblong
or spatulate, laciniate-pinnatifid or entire, mostly obtuse, 2—5 inches
long; upper leaves sessile, lanceolate or oblong, entire or dentate,
rarely pinnatifid. Heads 1½-4 inches broad, long peduncled; bracts
of the involucre spreading, lanceolate, acuminate, rough-hairy, rays
10—18, bright yellow, wedge-shaped, deeply 3-lobed; disc reddish-purple.
One of the most showy of the midsummer plants, in the lower valleys of
the Rockies, in dry ground and on slopes, especially in the Bow Valley
at Banff and in the open country around Golden.
[Sidenote: =Arnica cordifolia= Hook. _Heart-leaved Arnica._]
Somewhat hairy, stem simple or sparingly branched, 1—2 feet high.
Leaves hairy, the basal ovate or orbicular, obtuse or acute, deeply
cordate at the base, dentate, 1—3 inches long with slender sometimes
margined petioles; stem leaves in 1—3 pairs, ovate or oblong, sessile
or short-petioled, much smaller. Heads 1—8, 2—3 inches broad, bracts
of the involucre, acute or acuminate, ½—¾ of an inch long; rays 12—16,
deep yellow, an inch or more long, toothed at the apex; pappus white.
In woods and thickets at the lower altitudes throughout the Rockies;
flowering in June.
[Sidenote: =Arnica gracilis= Rydb. _Slender Arnica._]
Smooth, slender and branched, 6—12 inches high. Leaves with short
glandular hairs on both surfaces or smooth, the basal broadly ovate,
petioled, dentate, 3-ribbed; stem-leaves about 2 pairs, similar, the
upper sessile. Heads several on slender glandular peduncles, disc ½ an
inch or less high; involucral bracts, 12—15, lanceolate, acuminate,
glandular-hairy as are also the seeds; pappus white; rays about ¾ of an
inch long, narrow, bright yellow with a single notch at the apex.
On alpine slopes throughout the Rockies; flowering in July, not common.
[Illustration: _a_ Arnica cordifolia Hook. Heart-Leaved Arnica.
_b_ Arnica louiseana Farr. Pale-Flowered Arnica. (⅗ Nat.)]
[Sidenote: =Arnica latifolia= Bong. _Broad-leaved Arnica._]
Minutely hairy or nearly smooth, simple or branched. Leaves thin,
nearly smooth, or with long scattered hairs; the lower cordate; stem
leaves in 2—3 pairs, equal, ovate or oval, sharply dentate, closely
sessile by the broad base, or the lowest with contracted bases. Heads
¾ of an inch high on long, slender, hairy peduncles; involucral bracts
½ an inch or more long; oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, with scattered
hairs, rays yellow, ¾ of an inch long, with 2 notches at the apex;
achenes nearly smooth; pappus white.
Throughout the region in woods and open ground usually at an elevation
of 5000 to 7000 feet; flowering during July.
[Sidenote: =Arnica Chamissonis= Less. _Chamisso’s Arnica._]
From lightly hairy to densely so or nearly smooth, 1—2 feet high.
Leaves rather thin, hairy, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, dentate or
denticulate, acute or obtuse, lowest tapering into a margined petiole,
upper broad at the base and somewhat clasping. Heads ½ an inch or more
high, single or several on hairy peduncles; involucral bracts ⅓ of an
inch or more long, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, glandular-hairy; rays
bright yellow, ½ an inch or more long with a single notch at the apex,
rather broad; achenes with a few scattered hairs; pappus tawny.
On the borders of streams and wet places at the lower altitudes
throughout the region; flowering in July.
[Sidenote: =Arnica louiseana= Farr. _Pale-flowered Arnica._]
Slender, hairy, 3—8 inches high. Leaves in about 3 pairs, the two
lowest at the base of the stem, 1½—2 inches long, elliptical or
obovate, entire or denticulate, glandular-hairy on both surfaces, as
are the margins. Heads of flowers, 1—3, nearly half an inch broad,
on long, slender, nodding, hairy peduncles; rays 8—10, light yellow,
about ½ an inch long; involucre ⅓ of an inch high, campanulate, densely
glandular-hairy at the base, brownish-purple, the bracts lanceolate,
acute, with scattered white hairs; pappus white.
Among loose stones at the base of Mt. Fairview at Lake Louise;
flowering in July.
[Sidenote: =Arnica fulgens= Pursh. _Alpine Arnica._]
Glandular-hairy throughout, 8—12 inches high. Leaves oblong lanceolate
to lanceolate, acute, the lower denticulate and petioled, the upper
sessile and entire. Heads of flowers several on long, slender,
glandular-hairy peduncles; involucres campanulate, ½ an inch high,
bracts lanceolate acute, glandular and with long white hairs; rays
bright yellow ¾—1 inch long, ¼ of an inch wide, twice notched at the
apex; achenes hairy; pappus white.
On stony alpine slopes at the higher altitudes throughout the Rockies;
flowering in July.
[Sidenote: =Arnica eradiata= (A. Gray.) Heller. _Rayless Arnica._]
Densely soft-hairy throughout; simple or branched, 12—18 inches high.
Leaves oblong, ovate-lanceolate or the upper ones lanceolate, obtuse or
acute, entire or sharply denticulate, 1—3 inches long. Heads of flowers
on short, hairy peduncles, without rays; involucre ½ an inch high,
bracts lanceolate, acute; achenes black, smooth or nearly so; pappus
tawny.
On grassy alpine slopes through the Rockies at the higher elevations;
flowering in July.
[Sidenote: =Senecio pseudaureus= Rydb. _Western Golden Ragwort._]
Smooth from a creeping rootstock, 1—2 feet high. Leaves smooth,
basal broadly ovate, somewhat cordate, serrate, 1½—3 inches long,
long-petioled; stem leaves more or less laciniate at the base, the
upper sessile. Heads of flowers ⅓ of an inch high in a flat-topped
corymb, rays bright orange-yellow, ⅓ of an inch long.
In moist ground and borders of woods and slopes throughout the Rockies
at the lower altitudes; flowering during June and early July.
[Sidenote: =Senecio discoideus= (Hook.) Britton. _Northern Squaw-root._]
Smooth except for the small tufts of wool in the axils of the lower
leaves; stem rather stout, 1—2 feet tall. Basal leaves oval or ovate,
thin, sharply dentate, abruptly narrowed into petioles longer than the
blade; stem leaves few, small, more or less irregularly cut. Heads few
or numerous, corymbose; bracts of the involucre narrowly linear, nearly
½ an inch high; rays very short or wanting; achenes smooth.
Frequent throughout the Rockies on river shores and borders of woods
and thickets; flowering in July.
[Sidenote: =Senecio flavovirens= Rydb. _Western Balsam Groundsel._]
Light or yellowish-green, slender, woolly in tufts at the base of
the leaves or smooth in age; stem 12—18 inches high, striate, pale.
Leaves 1—3 inches long, at the base obovate or broadly oval, generally
tapering into the petiole but sometimes truncate at the base, obtuse,
crenate or sinuate, light green; lower stem-leaves lanceolate in
outline and petioled, the upper lanceolate or linear and sessile,
deeply pinnatifid with narrow oblong or linear segments, cymes
contracted, corymbose. Heads ¼ of an inch or more high; bracts linear,
acute, yellowish-green and occasionally with brownish tips; rays pale
yellow, ½ an inch long, 4-nerved or often lacking.
In the lower valleys of the Rockies, on the borders of woods, thickets,
and marshes; flowering in July.
[Sidenote: =Senecio canus= Hook. _Silvery Groundsel._]
Permanently silvery-hairy with felted hairs; stems several, 6—12 inches
high from a woody base. Leaves sometimes all undivided, the radicle
and lower from spatulate to oblong or roundish-oval, ½—1½ inches long,
slender-petioled, sometimes laciniate-toothed, or pinnatifid. Heads of
flowers few and terminal, ⅓ to nearly half an inch high; rays yellow,
nearly ½ an inch long.
In stony dry ground and slopes throughout the Rockies at the lower
altitudes; flowering in June.
[Sidenote: =Senecio lugens= Richards. _Black-tipped Groundsel._]
More or less woolly when young, soon smooth; stem stout, 1—3 feet high.
Basal and lower leaves oblong or oval, obtuse or acute, denticulate
or dentate, 2—5 inches long, ½—1½ inches wide, narrowed into margined
petioles; upper leaves few, sessile, small and bract-like. Heads of
flowers several or numerous, corymbose, often short-peduncled, ½ to
nearly an inch broad; involucre campanulate, ¼—⅓ of an inch high, its
bracts lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, acute, green with conspicuous
black tips; rays 10—12, bright yellow, ½ an inch long.
In moist soil at the lower altitudes throughout the Rockies; flowering
in June.
[Sidenote: =Senecio triangularis= Hook. _Giant Ragwort._]
Rather stout, simple, 2—5 feet high. Leaves thin, all more or
less petioled and dentate, deltoid-lanceolate or the lower
triangular-hastate or deltoid-cordate, the uppermost lanceolate, with
cuneate base. Heads of flowers about ½ an inch high, numerous in a
flat open cyme; involucre campanulate; rays 8—12, bright yellow,
oblong-linear, ¼—⅓ of an inch long.
In wet ground and along the borders of streams and wet slopes at 5000
to 6000 feet elevation throughout the Rockies; at much lower altitudes
in the Selkirks where it is a very abundant plant; flowering in June
and early July.
[Sidenote: =Petasites palmata= (Ait.) A. Gray. _Palmate-leaved
Coltsfoot._]
Scape slender and scaly, 6—24 inches high. Leaves nearly orbicular
in outline, 3—12 inches broad, deeply 7—11-cleft to much beyond the
middle, green and smooth above, densely white-woolly beneath, at
least when young; the lobes oblong to obovate-acute, often somewhat
wedge-shaped, sharply dentate or cut. Heads mostly diœcious, numerous,
corymbose, ⅓—½ an inch broad; flowers usually white, fragrant, the
marginal ones of the pistillate heads with narrow pinkish or white rays
about ¼ of an inch long; cottony in fruit.
In wet places and along streams at the lower altitudes throughout the
Rockies; flowering in May and early June before the leaves appear.
[Sidenote: =Petasites sagittata= (Pursh.) A. Gray. _Arrow-leaved
Coltsfoot._]
Scape slender and scaly, 6—12 inches high. Leaves deltoid-ovate or
reniform-ovate, persistently white-tomentose beneath; smooth or nearly
so above, 4—10 inches long, thin, margins sinuate-dentate, not cleft or
lobed. Heads diœcious, loosely corymbose, involucre campanulate, ⅓ of
an inch high; flowers nearly white, the marginal ones of the pistillate
heads with white rays.
In similar situations to the preceding; in wet places and along streams
at the lower altitudes throughout the Rockies; readily distinguished by
the shape of its leaves; flowering in May and early June.
[Sidenote: =Petasites frigida= (L.) Fries. _Arctic Coltsfoot._]
Scape very, scaly, 3—10 inches high. Leaves thin, hastate-reniform to
triangular-ovate, 1—4 inches long, irregularly and angulately lobed and
incised, smooth and green above, persistently white-woolly beneath,
the lobes entire or few-toothed. Heads usually few, ½ an inch or more
high in a capitate corymb; involucre short, campanulate; flowers nearly
white and fragrant, the marginal ones of the pistillate heads with
white or pinkish rays ¼ of an inch or more long.
In shaded wet places and along alpine brooks at the high altitudes
throughout the region; flowering during June and July with the
expanding leaves.
[Sidenote: =Achillea lanulosa= Nutt. _Yarrow._]
Woolly throughout; stems simple, 6 inches to 2 feet high. Leaves
narrowly oblong in outline, bi-pinnately dissected into numerous small
linear divisions. Heads numerous, crowded into a rather contracted
cyme; involucre oblong, nearly ¼ of an inch high; bracts lanceolate,
green with brown translucent borders; rays 4—5, white, broadly obovate,
notched and spreading, about the length of the involucre.
Open ground, slopes and meadows throughout the region; flowering during
July.
[Sidenote: =Chrysanthemum leucanthemum= L. _Ox-eye Daisy. White Daisy._]
Smooth, simple, 1—3 feet high, often tufted, the branches nearly
erect. Leaves smooth, the basal oblong or spatulate, coarsely dentate
or incised, narrowed into long, slender petioles; stem-leaves mostly
sessile or partly clasping, 1—3 inches long, linear, pinnately-incised
or toothed, the uppermost small, nearly entire. Heads few or solitary,
1—2 inches broad on long naked peduncles, rays 20—30, white and
spreading; disc flat, bright yellow, bracts of the involucre lanceolate
or obtuse, smooth with translucent margins.
In open ground throughout the region; flowering during July.
[Sidenote: =Artemisia frigida= Willd _Pasture Wormwood._]
Simple or branching, silky-hairy and silvery throughout; stems numerous
and spreading, about a foot high. Leaves mainly twice ternately divided
into linear crowded lobes. Heads globular, about ⅛ of an inch in
diameter, numerous, in more or less racemose heads; involucre pale,
greenish-yellow, woolly; bracts narrow and herbaceous.
In open dry ground and on banks throughout the Rockies at the lower
altitudes; flowering in July.
[Sidenote: =Artemisia discolor= Dougl. _Green Wormwood._]
Stems slender, 9—12 inches high, spreading from a woody base. Leaves
pinnately parted into narrow, linear or lanceolate, entire or spreading
cut divisions and lobes, white beneath with cottony hairs, green and
nearly smooth above. Heads ⅛ of an inch high, numerous in a wand-like
panicle; involucre hemispherical-campanulate, greenish and smooth or
nearly so, 20—30 flowered.
On Rocky slopes throughout the region; flowering in June or July.
[Sidenote: =Antennaria lanata= (Hook.) Greene. _Alpine Everlasting._]
Densely white-woolly; stem simple, 2—6 inches high. Lower leaves
spatulate-lanceolate, 1—1½ inches long, the upper linear with
conspicuous papery tips. Heads several in a close cluster at the end
of the stem, ½ an inch high; involucre nearly ¼ of an inch high,
conspicuously woolly at the base, the inner bracts with conspicuous
white tips, the outer straw-colour or greenish.
An alpine plant in meadows and on slopes from 7000 feet up; flowering
during July.
[Sidenote: =Antennaria pulcherrima= (Hook.) Greene. _Tall Alpine
Everlasting._]
White-woolly throughout, stem simple, 6—18 inches high. Leaves
spatulate to lanceolate or linear, 1—4 inches long, acute, nerved.
Heads numerous in a close capitate cluster, ½—1 inch high, outer
bracts of the involucre straw-colour or greenish, rounded and often
notched at the apex; inner ones nearly white.
In moist open ground in the Rockies at the lower elevations; flowering
in July.
[Sidenote: =Antennaria racemose= Hook. _White Everlasting._]
Lightly woolly, becoming smooth, stems 6—20 inches high, slender,
sparsely leafy. Leaves thin, the radicle broadly oval, an inch or two
long, obscurely 3-nerved at the base, rather veiny, the lower stem
leaves oblong, the upper smaller and lanceolate. Heads of flowers
about ¼ of an inch high, all on slender peduncles in a loose raceme,
involucral bracts, thin and translucent, greenish-yellow or brownish.
On shaded slopes throughout the Rockies, at the higher altitudes;
flowering in June.
[Sidenote: =Antennaria Howellii= Greene. _Howell’s Everlasting._]
More or less woolly; stem 6—10 inches high. Leaves rather thin, the
lower spatulate, acute, 1—2 inches long, green above, woolly beneath;
stem leaves lanceolate, clasping, 1 inch long, becoming smaller toward
the summit. Heads in a compact capitate cluster, ½ an inch or more in
diameter, woolly at the base; involucral bracts very narrow, acute,
thin, and translucent, straw-colour, the outer ones densely woolly and
occasionally rosy.
In dry ground and on slopes, frequent in the Rockies at the lower
altitudes.
[Sidenote: =Antennaria parvifolia= Nutt. _Mountain Everlasting._]
Plant silvery throughout, freely spreading; stems prostrate and leafy,
forming mats of considerable extent; flowering stems 2—8 inches high.
Leaves from obovate to spatulate, ½ an inch or less long, persistently
white-woolly. Heads in compact terminal clusters about ⅓ of an inch
broad; involucral bracts, lanceolate, obtuse, thin and translucent,
yellowish.
In dry sterile ground at the lower altitudes throughout the Rockies;
flowering in June, frequently growing with the next species which it
closely resembles in manner of growth.
[Sidenote: =Antennaria rosea= (D. C. Eaton) Greene. _Pink Everlasting._]
Silvery throughout, stems prostrate and leafy, forming broad mats;
flowering stems 6—15 inches high. Leaves very thin in texture, densely
hairy, lanceolate to linear, ½—1½ inches long, acute. Heads small,
closely compacted into a rounded terminal cluster, ½ an inch or more in
diameter; involucral bracts in 2 series, lanceolate, the outer greenish
and woolly, the inner from pink to bright rose-colour.
In dry sterile or moist open ground throughout the Rockies up to an
elevation of 6,000 feet; flowering in June and July.
[Sidenote: =Anaphalis subalpina= (A. Gray) Rydb. _Pearly Everlasting._]
A foot or two high in tufts, very leafy, the white tufts of woolly
hairs rarely becoming tawny. Leaves 2—5 inches long, broadly
lanceolate, green above, white-woolly beneath. Heads numerous, ¼ of
an inch high in a contracted corymb; involucral bracts numerous,
ovate-lanceolate, pearly white, spreading in age.
Abundant throughout the region in dry or moist ground and on slopes up
to an altitude of 7000 feet; flowering in June and July.
[Sidenote: =Carduus Kelseyi= Rydb. _White Thistle._]
Stems 18 inches to 4 feet tall, striate, more or less cobwebby-woolly.
Leaves linear, sinuately toothed and fringed, with rather weak
spines, green above, cottony beneath. Heads several in a leafy spike,
1—1½ inches high, subtended by linear, cut and bristly-fringed and
cobwebby-hairy leaves; bracts rather unequal, lanceolate, a few of the
outermost with weak spines, the rest unarmed but with a long slender
tip; corolla cream-colour.
Open ground and on slopes at the lower altitudes throughout the
Rockies; flowering in July.
[Sidenote: =Carduus undulatus= Nutt. _Wavy-leaved Thistle._]
Persistently white-tomentose, 1—3 feet high, branching. Leaves rarely
pinnately parted, moderately prickly. Heads of flowers about 1½ inches
high, usually solitary at the ends of the branches; principal bracts
of the involucre mostly thickened on the back by the broader glandular
sticky ridge, comparatively small and narrow, tipped with a short
spreading prickle; corollas rose-colour or pale purple.
In open grounds throughout the Rockies at the lower altitudes;
flowering during July and August.
[Sidenote: =Saussurea densa= Hook. _Saussurea._]
Nearly smooth, with a decumbent base; 3—12 inches high. Leaves thin,
oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, sinuate-dentate, or entire. Heads of
flowers several in a compact terminal corymb, involucre campanulate,
½ an inch high; bracts lanceolate, acuminate, nearly equal; corolla
purple or violet-blue.
On stony slopes or on the moraines at the higher altitudes throughout
the Rockies, not common, but frequent in the region around Lake Louise;
flowering during July.
INDEX
A
Abies, 24
lasiocarpa, 27
Aceraceæ, 185
Acer glabrum, 185
Achillea, 285
lanulosa, 314
Actæa, 91
arguta, 108
eburnea, 109
Adder’s-Tongue Family, 1
Adiantum, 3
pedatum, 6
Agoseris, 276
aurantiaca, 277
glauca, 276
graciliens, 277
Large-flowered, 276
Orange-flowered, 277
Slender, 277
Alder, Slender-leaved, 72
Alexanders, Heart-leaved, 203
Allium, 42
recurvatum, 42
sibericum, 43
Alnus tenuifolia, 72
Alsine, 82
borealis, 86
læta, 86
longipes, 85
Alum-root,
Smooth, 134
Round-leaved, 135
Amelanchier alnifolia, 166
Anaphalis, 285
subalpina, 320
Androsace, 226
carinata, 228
diffusa, 229
septentrionalis, 229
Alpine, 229
Spreading, 229
Sweet-flowered, 228
Anemone, 91
Drummondii, 93
globosa, 93
parviflora, 92
Alpine, 93
Northern, 92
Western, 95
Antennaria, 285
Howellii, 318
lanata, 317
parvifolia, 319
pulcherrima, 317
racemosa, 318
rosea, 320
Antiphylla, 130
oppositifolia, 146
APIACEÆ, 201
APOCYNACEÆ, 237
Apocynum, androsæmifolium, 237
Apple Family, 165
Aquilegia, 91
brevistyla, 105
flavescens, 106
formosa, 106
Arabis, 112
Drummondii, 120
hirsuta, 119
Holboldii, 119
Lyallii, 120
ARACEÆ, 35
Aragallus, 168
deflexus, 176
inflatus, 176
Lamberti, 174
monticola, 173
splendens, 175
viscidulus, 175
ARALIACEÆ, 199
Aralia nudicaulis, 199
Arctostaphylos, 212
uva-ursi, 214
Arenaria, 82
capillaris nardifolia, 88
sajanensis, 89
verna equicaulis, 89
Argentina, 151
anserina, 159
Arnica, 285
Chamissonis, 306
cordifolia, 304
eradiata, 308
fulgens, 307
gracilis, 304
latifolia, 305
louiseana, 306
Alpine, 307
Broad-leaved, 305
Chamisso’s, 306
Heart-leaved, 304
Pale-flowered, 306
Rayless, 308
Slender, 304
Artemisia, 285
discolor, 316
frigida, 316
Arum Family, 35
Aruncus, 150
Aruncus, 153
Aspen, American, 69
Asphodel,
False, 40
Scottish, 40
Western False, 41
Asplenium, 4
Filix-fœmina, 9
viride, 9
Aster, 285
ciliomarginatus, 298
conspicuus, 296
frondeus, 299
Lindleyanus, 298
major, 297
Richardsonii, 296
Engelmann’s, 300
Great Northern, 297
Hispid Golden, 286
Large Purple, 296
Leafy-bracted, 299
Lindley’s, 298
Richardson’s, 296
Astragalus, 168
adsurgens, 169
alpinus, 170
convallarius, 171
hypoglottis, 169
Macouni, 171
Atragene, 90
columbiana, 91
Avens,
Drummond’s Mountain, 164
Large-leaved, 162
Purple-plumed, 163
White Mountain, 163
Yellow, 162
Azaleastrum, 212
albiflorum, 218
B
Baneberry,
Western Red, 108
Western White, 109
Barberry Family, 109
Batrachium, 91
trichophyllum, 97
Bear-berry, 214
Alpine, 214
Beard-tongue,
Blue, 251
Large Purple, 249
Yellow, 250
Bed-straw, Northern, 263
Bellflower Family, 273
BERBERIDACEÆ, 109
Berberis aquifolium, 110
Betony, Wood, 261
Betula,
glandulosa, 71
occidentalis, 71
papyrifera, 70
BETULACEÆ, 70
Bilberry,
Alpine, 222
Dwarf, 221
Thin-leaved, 223
Birch,
Canoe, 70
Family, 70
Paper, 70
Scrub, 71
Western Red, 71
Bishop’s-Cap, Naked, 132
Bistort, Alpine, 78
Black-eyed Susan, 201
Bladder-pod, Double, 117
Bladderwort Family, 262
Bluebell, 274
Blueberry, 222
Blue-eyed Grass, 53
Borage Family, 240
BORAGINACEÆ, 240
Botrychium,
lunaria, 1
simplex, 2
virginianium, 2
Bracken, 6
Brake,
American Rock, 7
Slender Cliff, 8
BRASSICACEÆ, 111
Braya, 112
humilis, 123
Brooklime, American, 252
Buckbean, 236
Family, 236
Buckwheat Family, 75
Buffalo-berry, Canadian, 192
Bunch-berry, 205
Bunch-flower Family, 36
Buttercup,
Low, 102
Meadow, 103
Northern, 99
Pursh’s, 98
Snow, 100
Butterwort, 262
C
Caltha, 91
leptosepala, 104
Calypso, 57
Campanula,
rotundifolia, 274
uniflora, 273
CAMPANULACEÆ, 273
Campion, Moss, 82
Capnodes aurea, 111
CAPRIFOLIACEÆ, 264
Cardamine, 112
pennsylvanica, 118
CARDUACEÆ, 283
Carduus, 285
Kelseyi, 321
undulatus, 321
CAROPHYLLACEÆ, 81
Cassiope, 212
Mertensiana, 215
Castilleja, 248
lanceifolia, 258
miniata, 258
pallida, 257
purpurascens, 256
Catchfly, Lyall’s, 83
Cedar,
Giant, 33
Shrubby Red, 33
CELASTRACEÆ, 184
Celery Family, 201
Cerastium, 82
arvense strictum, 84
behringianum, 85
Chamænerion, 193
angustifolium, 194
latifolium, 194
Cheilanthes, 4
Féei, 8
Cherry, Western Wild, 167
Chickweed,
Alpine, 85
Field, 84
Chicory Family, 275
Chimaphila, 207
umbellata, 211
Chiogenes, 221
hispidula, 224
Christmas-green, Trailing, 20
Chrysanthemum, 285
leucanthemum, 315
Chrysopsis hispida, 286
Chrysosplenum, 129
tetrandum, 130
CICHORIACEÆ, 275
Cinquefoil,
Alpine, 161
Cut-leaved, 160
Marsh, 159
Shrubby, 157
Snowy, 160
Circæa, 193
alpina, 197
pacifica, 198
Claytonia,
lanceolata, 80
parviflora, 81
Clintonia, 46
uniflora, 46
Club-moss,
Alpine, 21
Arctic, 20
Family, 18
Fir, 18
Stiff, 19
Cœloglossum, 55
bracteatum, 63
Collinsia, 248
parviflora, 249
Small, 249
Coltsfoot,
Arctic, 314
Arrow-leaved, 213
Palmate-leaved, 312
Columbine,
Small Blue, 105
Western, 106
Yellow, 106
Comandra,
livida, 74
pallida, 74
Northern, 74
Pale, 74
Comarum, 151
palustre, 159
CONVALLARIACEÆ, 45
Coral-root,
Early, 56
Large, 57
Corallorhiza, 54
Corallorhiza, 56
multiflora, 57
CORNACEÆ, 205
Cornus,
canadensis intermedia, 205
stolonifera, 206
Corydalis, Golden, 111
Cranberry,
Mountain, 224
Small, 225
Tree, Few-flowered, 266
CRASSULACEÆ, 125
Crepis, 276
elegans, 281
nana, 280
Cress,
Drummond’s Rock, 120
Hairy Rock, 119
Lyall’s Rock, 120
Northern Rock, 123
Pennsylvania Bitter, 118
Penny, 117
Stony Rock, 119
Water, 124
Crowberry,
Black, 183
Family, 183
Crowfoot,
Creeping, 103
Ditch, 99
Family, 90
White Water, 97
Cryptogramma, 4
acrostichoides, 7
Stelleri, 8
Currant, Howell’s, 149
Cypripedium, 54
parviflorum, 55
passerinum, 55
Cytherea, 54
bulbosa, 57
D
Daisy,
Ox-eye, 315
White, 315
Yellow, 301
Dandelion, 278
Mountain, 278
Dasyphora, 151
fruticosa, 157
Delphinium, 91
Brownii, 107
Menziesii, 108
Devil’s Club, 200
Disporum, 46, 51
Large-flowered, 52
majus, 52
oreganum, 51
Dock,
Pale-leaved, 77
Sour, 77
Dodecatheon, 226
conjugens, 231
pauciflorum, 230
Dogbane,
Family, 137
Spreading, 237
Dogwood,
Family, 205
Red-stemmed, 206
Draba, 112
andina, 114
aurea, 115
glacialis, 112
incana, 116
lonchocarpa, 115
nivalis, 114
oligosperma, 113
DRUPACEÆ, 167
Dryas, 151
Drummondii, 164
octopetala, 163
Dryopteris, 4
Filix-mas, 11
oreopteris, 12
spinulosa dilatata, 11
E
Echinopanax horridum, 200
ELÆAGNACEÆ, 191
Elæagnus, 191
argentea, 191
Elder,
Black-berried, 265
Red-berried, 264
Elephantella, 248
grœnlandica, 260
Long-beaked, 260
EMPETRACEÆ, 183
Empetrum nigrum, 183
Epilobium, 193
alpinum, 196
anagallidifolium, 196
Hornemanni, 197
luteum, 195
EQUISETACEÆ, 14
Equisetum,
arvense, 15
fluviatile, 16
hyemale, 16
scirpoides, 17
sylvaticum, 15
variegatum, 17
Variegated, 17
ERICACEÆ, 211
Erigeron, 284
acris, 294
asper, 290
aureus, 292
cæspitosus, 291
drobrachiensis, 294
melanocephalus, 293
multifidus, 291
philadelphicus, 295
salsuginosus, 289
simplex, 289
Eriogonum, 76
ochroleucum, 79
subalpinum, 78
Tall White, 78
Yellowish-White, 79
Erysimum, 112
inconspicuum, 121
Erythronium,
grandiflorum, 44
Eucephalus, 285
Engelmanni, 300
Everlasting,
Alpine, 317
Howell’s, 318
Mountain, 319
Pearly, 320
Pink, 320
Tall Alpine, 317
White, 318
F
Fern,
Beech, Long, 5
Beech, Western, 4
Brittle, 13
Family, 3
Grape, Virginia, 2
Holly, 10
Lady, 9
Lip, Hairy, 8
Maidenhair, 6
Male, 11
Oak, 5
Shield, Spinulose, 11
Figwort Family, 248
Filix, 4
fragilis, 13
montana, 14
Fir,
Balsam, 27
Red, 28
Sub-alpine, 27
Fire-weed, 194
Flax,
Family, 182
Lewis’s Wild, 182
Fleabane,
Arctic, 289
Black-woolly, 293
Blue, 294
Daisy, 291
Golden, 292
Large Purple, 289
Philadelphia, 295
Rough, 290
Tufted, 291
Foam-Flower, 136
Forget-me-not, 243
False, 241, 242
Fragaria, 151
glauca, 158
G
Gaillardia, 285
aristata, 303
Great-flowered, 303
Galium boreale, 263
Garlic, 42
Northern, 43
Gaultheria, 212
humifusa, 213
ovatifolia, 213
Gentian,
Dwarf, 233
Family, 231
Four-parted, 233
Glaucous, 234
Large, 234
Northern, 232
Spurred, 235
Gentiana, 232
acuta, 232
affinis, 234
glauca, 234
propinqua, 233
prostrata, 233
GENTIANACEÆ, 231
Geum, 151
macrophyllum, 162
strictum, 162
Ginseng Family, 199
Globe-flower, Western, 104
Goat’s-Beard, 153
Golden Rod,
Canada, 288
Field, 287
Missouri, 287
Northern, 286
Gooseberry,
Bristly, 148
Family, 146
Northern, 148
Swamp, 147
Grass, Blue-eyed, 53
Grass-of-Parnassus,
Alpine, 128
Family, 126
Fringed, 126
Marsh, 127
Small-flowered, 127
GROSSULARIACEÆ, 146
Groundsel,
Black-tipped, 311
Silvery, 310
Western Balsam, 309
H
Halerpestes, 91
Cymbalaria, 103
Harebell, 274
Arctic, 273
Hawk’s-beard,
Alpine, 280
Many-flowered, 281
Hawk-weed,
Hairy, 282
Narrow-leaved, 281
Slender, 282
White-flowered, 283
Heal-all, 245
Heath,
Family, 211
White, 215
Heather,
False Pink, 216
False Red, 217
False White, 216
Hedysarum, 168
americanum, 177
Mackenzii, 178
sulphurescens, 178
Mackenzie’s, 178
Purple, 177
Yellow, 178
Helianthus, 285
Nuttallii, 302
scaberrimus, 301
Heliotrope, Wild, 272
Hellebore, American White, 37
Hemieva, 130
ranunculifolia, 136
Hemlock,
Mountain, 30
Western, 29
Heracleum, 201
lanatum, 204
Heuchera, 129
glabra, 134
ovalifolia, 135
Hieracium, 276
albiflorum, 283
gracile, 282
Scouleri, 282
umbellatum, 281
Homalobus, 168
aboriginorum, 173
Honeybloom, 237
Honeysuckle,
Douglas, 268
Family, 264
Fly, 269
Involucred, 270
Horsetail,
Family, 14
Field, 15
Swamp, 16
Wood, 15
Huckleberry Family, 221
HYDROPHYLLACEÆ, 238
HYPERICACEÆ, 168
Hypericum Scouleri, 186
I
Ibidium, 55
romanzoffianum, 67
IRIDACEÆ, 52
Iris Family, 52
J
June-berry, North-western, 166
Juniper, Alpine, 32
Juniperus, 24
prostrata, 33
siberica, 32
K
Kalmia, 212
microphylla, 218
Kruhsea, 46, 50
streptopoides, 50
L
Labrador Tea, 220
Lactuca, 276
pulchella, 280
Lady’s Slipper,
Small White, 55
Small Yellow, 55
Lady’s Tresses, 67
Lappula, 241
diffusa, 242
floribunda, 241
lappula, 242
Larch, Lyall’s, 26
Larix, 24
Lyallii, 26
Larkspur,
Blue, 108
Western, 107
Lathyrus, 169
ochroleucus, 181
palustris, 181
Laurel, Small-leaved Swamp, 218
Ledum, 212
grœnlandicum, 220
LENTIBULARIACEÆ, 262
Lepargyræa, 191
canadensis, 192
Leptarrhena, 130
pyrolifolia, 143
Leptasea, 130
austromontana, 145
Van-Bruntiæ, 144
Leptotænia, 201
multifida, 202
Lettuce, Large-flowered Blue, 280
Ligusticum, 201
apiifolium, 203
LILIACEÆ, 41
Lily Family, 41
Mountain, 43
Snow, 44
Lily-of-the-Valley Family, 45
Lilium, 42
montanum, 43
Limnorchis, 55
borealis, 66
dilatatiformis, 64
fragrans, 66
viridiflora, 65
LINACEÆ, 182
Linnæa, 264
americana, 266
Linum Lewisii, 182
Lithophragma, 129
parviflora, 131
Lithospermum, 241
linearifolium, 243
Lobelia,
Brook, 275
Kalmii strictiflora, 275
Loco Weed, 174
Lomatium, 201
macrocarpum, 201
triternatum, 202
Lonicera, 264
ebractulata, 269
glaucescens, 268
involucrata, 270
Lousewort, White, 260
Lutkea, 150
pectinata, 151
Cut-leaved, 151
Lychnis,
apetala, 84
Nodding, 84
LYCOPODIACEÆ, 18
Lycopodium,
alpinum, 21
annotinum, 19
clavatum, 19
complanatum, 20
Selago, 18
sitchensis, 20
Lysichiton kamtschatcense, 36
Lysiella, 54
obtusata, 59
M
Madder Family, 263
Mahonia, Trailing, 110
Mairania, 212
alpina, 214
Maple,
Family, 185
Smooth, 185
Marigold, White Marsh, 104
Meadow Rue,
Veiny, 96
Western, 96
MELANTHACEÆ, 36
Mentha, 245
canadensis, 247
MENTHACEÆ, 244
MENYANTHACEÆ, 236
Menyanthes trifoliata, 236
Menziesia, 212
ferruginea, 219
Smooth, 219
Micranthes, 130
Lyallii, 141
Nelsoniana, 142
rhomboidea, 140
Mimulus, 248
cæspitosus, 255
Lewisii, 254
moschatus, 255
Mint,
American Wild, 247
Family, 244
Mistletoe,
Dwarf, 73
Mitella, 129
nuda, 132
Mitrewort, 133, 134
Mœhringia, 82
lateriflora, 87
Moneses, 207
uniflora, 210
Monkey-Flower,
Red, 254
Yellow, 255
Moon-wort, 1
Small, 2
Mountain-ash, Western, 166
Mountain Lover, 184
Muscaria, 130
adscendens, 138
cæspitosa, 139
Musk Plant, 255
Mustard,
Family, 111
Hedge, 122
Tansey, 123
Treacle, 121
Myosotis, 241
alpestris, 243
N
Nightshade,
Smaller Enchanter’s, 197
Western Enchanter’s, 198
O
Oleaster Family, 191
ONAGRACEÆ, 193
Onion, 42
OPHIOGLOSSACEÆ, 1
Ophrys, 54
borealis, 61
convallarioides, 60
nephrophylla, 60
ORCHIDACEÆ, 53
Orchid,
Family 53
Fragrant Bog, 66
Long-bracted, 63
Purplish-green Bog, 64
Round-leaved, 58
Small Green Bog, 65
Small Northern Bog, 59
Small White Bog, 66
Orchis, 54
rotundifolia, 58
Orthocarpus, 248
luteus, 259
Yellow, 259
Oxycoccus, 221
Oxycoccus, 225
Oxyria, 76
digyna, 76
Oxytrope,
Drooping-fruited, 176
Inflated, 177
Mountain, 173
Showy, 175
Sticky, 175
P
Pachystima myrsinites, 184
Paint-brush, White Indian, 257
Painted Cup,
Bright, 258
Scarlet, 258
Painter’s Brush, 256
PAPAVERACEÆ, 110
PAPILIONACEÆ, 168
Parnassia,
fimbriata, 126
Kotzebuei, 128
montanensis, 127
parviflora, 127
PARNASSIACEÆ, 126
Parsley,
Cut-leaved, 202
Large-seeded, 201
Narrow-leaved, 202
Wild, 203
Parsnip, Cow, 204
Pasque-Flower, 94
Pea Family, 168
Pearl-wort, Arctic, 87
Pectiantia, 129
Breweri, 134
pentandra, 133
Pedicularis, 248
bracteosa, 261
racemosa, 260
Pentstemon, 248
confertus, 250
fruticosus, 249
procerus, 251
pseudohumilis, 251
Peramium, 54
Menziesii, 62
repens, 63
Petasites, 285
frigida, 314
palmata, 312
sagittata, 313
Phaca, 168
americana, 172
Phacelia, 238
heterophylla, 239
sericea, 239
Mountain, 239
Phegopteris, 3
alpestris, 4
Dryopteris, 5
Phegopteris, 5
Phyllodoce, 212
empetriformis, 217
glanduliflora, 216
intermedia, 216
Physaria, 112
didymocarpa, 117
Picea, 24
albertiana, 31
Engelmanni, 31
PINACEÆ, 23
Pine,
Black, 25
Family, 23
Jack, 25
Prince’s, 211
Running, 19
White-bark, 24
Pinguicula vulgaris, 262
Pink Family, 81
Pinus, 24
albicaulis, 24
Murrayana, 25
Pipsissawa, 211
Plantain,
Rattlesnake, 62
Northern Rattlesnake, 63
Plum Family, 167
POLYGONACEÆ, 75
Polygonum, 76
viviparum, 78
POLYPODIACEÆ, 3
Polystichum, 4
Lonchitis, 10
POMACEÆ, 165
Poplar, Balsam, 68
Poppy Family, 110
Populus
balsamifera, 68
tremuloides, 69
PORTULACACEÆ, 80
Potentilla, 151
dissecta, 160
multisecta, 161
nivea, 160
uniflora, 161
Primrose
Bird’s-eye, 226
Evening, Family, 193
Family, 226
Maccalla’s 227
Primula, 226
americana, 226
Maccalliana, 227
PRIMULACEÆ, 226
Prince’s Pine, 211
Prunella, 244
vulgaris, 245
Prunus demissa, 167
Pseudotsuga, 24
mucronata, 28
Pteridium, 3
aquilinum pubescens, 6
Puccoon, Narrow-leaved, 243
Pulsatilla, 91
hirsutissima, 94
occidentalis, 95
Purslane Family, 80
Pyrola, 207
asarifolia, 208
chlorantha, 207
minor, 209
secunda, 209
uliginosa, 208
PYROLACEÆ, 207
R
Ragwort
Giant, 311
Western Golden, 308
RANUNCULACEÆ, 90
Ranunculus, 91
alpeophilus, 100
eremogenes, 99
Eschscholtzii, 100
eximeus, 102
inamœnus, 101
montanensis, 103
pedatifidus, 99
Purshii, 98
reptans, 98
saxicola, 101
Suksdorfii, 102
Raspberry
Arctic, 154
Creeping, 153
Dwarf, 155
Wild Red, 156
Rattlesnake Plantain, 62
Northern, 63
Razoumofskya americana, 73
Rhododendron, White Mountain, 218
Ribes
Howellii, 149
lacustre, 147
oxyacanthoides, 148
setosum, 148
Romanzoffia, 238
sitchensis, 240
Roripa, 112
nasturtium, 124
Rosa, 150
Macounii, 165
ROSACEÆ, 150
Rose
Family, 150
Macoun’s, 165
RUBIACEÆ, 263
Rubus, 150
americanus, 155
arcticus, 154
parviflorus, 156
pedatus, 153
strigosus, 156
Rudbeckia, 285
hirta, 301
Rumex, 76
acetosa, 77
salicifolius, 77
Rush, Common Scouring, 16
S
Sagina, 82
saginoides, 87
St. John’s-wort
Family, 186
Scouler’s, 186
SALICACEÆ, 68
Salmon-berry, 156
Sambucus, 264
melanocarpa, 265
pubens, 264
Sandalwood Family, 73
Sandwort
Alpine, 89
Blunt-leaved, 87
Rock, 88
Vernal, 89
SANTALACEÆ, 73
Sarsaparilla, Wild, 199
Saussurea, 285
densa, 322
Saxifraga, 130
cernua, 138
rivularis, 137
SAXIFRAGACEÆ, 128
Saxifrage
Alpine, 140
Alpine Brook, 137
Common, 145
Family, 128
Fleshy, 144
Golden, 130
Lyall’s, 141
Nelson’s, 142
Nodding Bulbous, 137
Purple, 146
Tall, 142
Tufted, 139
Scouring Rush, Common, 16
SCROPHULARIACEÆ, 248
Scutellaria, 244
galericulata, 245
Sedum stenopetalum, 125
Selaginella
densa, 23
selaginoides, 22
Family, 22
Low, 22
SELAGINELLACEÆ, 22
Self-heal, 245
Senecio, 285
canus, 310
discoideus, 309
flavovirens, 309
lugens, 311
pseudaureus, 308
triangularis, 311
Shooting-Star, 231
Slender, 230
Sibbaldia, 151
procumbens, 157
Sieversia, 151
ciliata, 163
Silene, 82
acaulis, 82
Lyallii, 83
Silver-Berry, 191
Silver-weed, 159
Sisymbrium, 112
altissimum, 122
Sisyrinchium, septentrionalis, 53
Skullcap, Marsh, 245
Skunk-Cabbage, Western, 36
Smelowskia, 112
calycina, 121
Snowberry, 267
Creeping, 224
Low, 268
Solidago, 284
canadensis, 288
decumbens, 287
missouriensis, 287
multiradiata, 286
Solomon’s Seal,
False, 47
Star-flowered, 47
Sonchus, 276
arvensis, 279
Sophia, 112
intermedia, 123
Sorbus, 165
sambucifolia, 166
Sorrel, Mountain, 76
Spatularia, 130
brunoniana, 142
Spearwort, Creeping, 98
Speedwell
Alpine, 253
Thyme-leaved, 253
Spiræa, 150
densiflora, 152
lucida, 152
Beech-leaved, 152
Pink, 152
Spleenwort, Green, 9
Spring Beauty, 80
Small-leaved, 81
Spruce
Alberta, 31
Douglas’s, 28
Engelmann’s, 31
Squaw-root, Northern, 309
Stachys, 245
palustris, 246
Staff-tree Family, 184
Star-flower, Arctic, 230
Stenanthella, 37
occidentalis, 39
Stenanthium, 39
Stickseed, 242
Stitchwort
Glaucous, 86
Long-stalked, 85
Northern, 86
Stone-crop
Family, 125
Narrow petaled, 125
Strawberry, Wild, 158
Streptopus, 46
amplexifolius, 48
curvipes, 49
Sunflower
Nuttall’s, 302
Stiff, 301
Symphoricarpos, 264
pauciflorus, 268
racemosus, 267
T
Taraxacum, 276
montanum, 278
Taraxacum, 278
TAXACEÆ, 34
Taxus brevifolia, 34
Tellima, 129
grandiflora, 132
Tetragonanthus, 232
deflexus, 235
Thalictrum, 91
megacarpum, 96
occidentalis, 96
Thistle
Family, 283
Milk, 279
Wavy-leaved, 321
White, 321
Thlaspi, 112
arvense, 117
Thuja, 24
plicata, 33
Tiarella, 129
unifoliata, 136
Tofieldia, 37
intermedia, 40
occidentalis, 41
palustris, 40
Trientalis, 226
arctica, 230
Trollius, 91
albiflorus, 105
Tsuga, 24
heterophylla, 29
Mertensiana, 30
Twayblade
Broad-lipped, 60
Heart-shaped, 60
Northern, 61
Twin-flower, 266
Twisted stalk
Smaller, 49
Tall, 48
V
Vacciniaceæ, 220
Vaccinium, 221
cæspitosum, 221
erythrococcum, 222
globulare, 223
ovalifolium, 222
Vagnera, 46
amplexicaulis, 47
stellata, 48
Valerian
Family, 271
Northern, 271
Scouler’s, 272
Valeriana
Scouleri, 272
septentrionalis, 271
sitchensis, 272
VALERIANACEÆ, 271
Veratrum, 37
viride, 37
Veronica, 248
americana, 252
serphyllifolia, 253
Wormskjoldii, 253
Vetch
Alpine Milk, 170
American, 179
Arctic Milk, 172
Ascending Milk, 169
Cow, 179
Indian, 173
Macoun’s 171
Narrow-leaved American, 180
Purple Milk, 169
Slender Milk, 171
Vetchling,
Cream-coloured, 181
Marsh, 181
Viburnum, 264
pauciflorium, 266
Vicia, 169
americana, 179
cracca, 179
linearis, 180
Viola
adunca longipes, 190
canadensis, 190
cognata, 187
glabella, 189
palustris, 188
sempervirens, 188
VIOLACEÆ, 187
Violet
Canada, 190
Dog, 190
Early Blue, 187
Family, 187
Low Yellow, 188
Marsh, 188
Tall Yellow, 189
Virgin’s-Bower, Purple, 91
Vitis-idæa, 221
Vitis-idæa, 224
W
Water-leaf Family, 238
Whitlow-Grass
Arctic, 114
Golden, 115
Hoary, 116
Willow-Herb
Alpine, 196
Broad-leaved, 194
Great, 194
Hornemann’s, 197
Nodding, 196
Yellow, 195
Willow Family, 68
Wind-flower, 93
Wintergreen
Bog, 208
Family, 207
Greenish-flowered, 207
Lesser, 209
Liver-leaf, 208
Low, 213
One-flowered, 210
One-sided, 209
Ovate-leaved, 213
Woodsia, 4
oregana, 13
scopulina, 12
Oregon, 13
Rocky Mountain, 12
Wormwood
Green, 316
Pasture, 316
Woundwort Marsh, 246
Y
Yarrow, 314
Yew
Family, 34
Western, 34
Z
Zizia, 201
cordata, 203
Zygadenus, 37
elegans, 38
gramineus, 39
Grass-like, 39
Tall, 38
*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ALPINE FLORA OF THE CANADIAN ROCKY MOUNTAINS ***
Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will
be renamed.
Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright
law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works,
so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United
States without permission and without paying copyright
royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part
of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™
concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark,
and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following
the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use
of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for
copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very
easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation
of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project
Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away—you may
do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected
by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark
license, especially commercial redistribution.
START: FULL LICENSE
THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free
distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project
Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full
Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or online at
www.gutenberg.org/license.
Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg™
electronic works
1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or
destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your
possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a
Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not agree to be bound
by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person
or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be
used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few
things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic works
even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See
paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this
agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg™
electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.
1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the
Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection
of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the individual
works in the collection are in the public domain in the United
States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the
United States and you are located in the United States, we do not
claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing,
displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as
all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope
that you will support the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting
free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg™
works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the
Project Gutenberg™ name associated with the work. You can easily
comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the
same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when
you share it without charge with others.
1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are
in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States,
check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this
agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing,
distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any
other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes no
representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any
country other than the United States.
1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other
immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must appear
prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™ work (any work
on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or with which the
phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed,
performed, viewed, copied or distributed:
This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online
at www.gutenberg.org. If you
are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws
of the country where you are located before using this eBook.
1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is
derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not
contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the
copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in
the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are
redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project
Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply
either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or
obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg™
trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted
with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works
posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the
beginning of this work.
1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg™
License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg™.
1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg™ License.
1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including
any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access
to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work in a format
other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in the official
version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website
(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense
to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means
of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain
Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the
full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works
provided that:
• You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the method
you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed
to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, but he has
agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid
within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are
legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty
payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in
Section 4, “Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation.”
• You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™
License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all
copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue
all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™
works.
• You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of
any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of
receipt of the work.
• You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.
1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project
Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different terms than
are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing
from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of
the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set
forth in Section 3 below.
1.F.
1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project
Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg™
electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may
contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate
or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other
intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or
other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or
cannot be read by your equipment.
1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the “Right
of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
DAMAGE.
1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you
received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium
with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you
with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in
lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person
or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second
opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If
the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing
without further opportunities to fix the problem.
1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO
OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT
LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of
damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement
violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the
agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or
limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or
unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the
remaining provisions.
1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in
accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the
production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™
electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses,
including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of
the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this
or any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or
additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any
Defect you cause.
Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg™
Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It
exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations
from people in all walks of life.
Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s
goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will
remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future
generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see
Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org.
Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit
501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification
number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by
U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws.
The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West,
Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up
to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website
and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact
Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation
Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without widespread
public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest
array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations
($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
status with the IRS.
The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations
where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND
DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state
visit www.gutenberg.org/donate.
While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
approach us with offers to donate.
International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation
methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other
ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To
donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate.
Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg™ electronic works
Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be
freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of
volunteer support.
Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed
editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in
the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not
necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper
edition.
Most people start at our website which has the main PG search
facility: www.gutenberg.org.
This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™,
including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
