Project Gutenberg's The BYU Solar Cooker/Cooler, by Steven E. Jones
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Title: The BYU Solar Cooker/Cooler
Author: Steven E. Jones
Posting Date: February 1, 2013 [EBook #5889]
Release Date: June, 2004
First Posted: September 16, 2002
Last Updated: August 2, 2003
Language: English
*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BYU SOLAR COOKER/COOLER ***
Produced by Aaron Canon, Steve Herber, Jack Eden
How to Make and Use The BYU Solar Cooker/Cooler
by Steven E. Jones, Professor of Physics at Brigham Young
University (BYU), with Colter Paulson, Jason Chesley, Jacob Fugal,
Derek Hullinger, Jamie Winterton, Jeannette Lawler, and Seth,
David, Nathan, and Danelle Jones.
Copyright (c) 2002 by Steven E. Jones
Original web site with this article:
http://solarcooking.org/funnel.htm
[Image: 01.jpg -- Photo description this image shows a cardboard
box being used to support a silvery funnel, roughly 3 feet high.
The funnel is placed within the box so that the sides of the box
hold the funnel upright. Sitting within the base of the funnel
is a black jar inside a clear plastic bag. The plastic bag is
inflated like a balloon to seal an insulating air pocket around
the jar.]
Contents
I. Introduction
II. How it works
III. How to Build Your Own Solar Funnel Cooker
- What You will Need for the Funnel Cooker
- Construction Steps
IV. Final Steps
V. After Cooking
VI. Tests
- Tests in Utah
- Tests in Bolivia
VII. Water and Milk Pasteurization
VIII. Safety
IX. Cooking with the Solar Funnel Cooker
X. How to Use the Solar Funnel as a Refrigerator/Cooler
XI. Conclusion: Why We Need Solar Cookers
XII. Answers to commonly-asked questions
XIII. Recipe for wheatpaste
XIV. Updates
- Rabbit-wire base
- Reduced angle
- Save-heat cooker
- Funnel-cooling during the day
- Hot-and-cold running water
- Conclusion
I. Introduction
A few years ago, I woke up to the fact that half of the world's
peoples must burn wood or dried dung in order to cook their food.
It came as quite a shock to me, especially as I learned of the
illnesses caused by breathing smoke day in and day out, and the
environmental impacts of deforestation -not to mention the time
spent by people (mostly women) gathering sticks and dung to cook
their food. And yet, many of these billions of people live near
the equator, where sunshine is abundant and free.
As a University Professor of Physics with a background in
energy usage, I set out to develop a means of cooking food and
sterilizing water using the free energy of the sun. First,
I looked at existing methods.
The parabolic cooker involves a reflective dish that concentrates
sunlight to a point where the food is cooked. This approach
is very dangerous since the sun's energy is focused to a point
which is very hot, but which cannot be seen. (BYU students and
I built one which will set paper on fire in about 3 seconds!)
I learned that an altruistic group had offered reflecting
parabolas to the people living at the Altiplano in Bolivia.
But more than once the parabolas had been stored next to a shed
-- and the passing sun set the sheds on fire! The people did
not want these dangerous, expensive devices, even though the
Altiplano region has been stripped of fuel wood.
The box cooker: Basically an insulated box with a glass or
plastic lid, often with a reflecting lid to reflect sunlight
into the box. Light enters through the top glass (or plastic),
to slowly heat up the box. Problems: energy enters only through
the top, while heat is escaping through all the other sides,
which have a tendency to draw heat away from the food. When the
box is opened to put food in or take it out, some of the heat
escapes and is lost. Also, effective box cookers tend to be
more complicated to build than the funnel cooker.
While studying this problem, I thought again and again of the
great need for a safe, inexpensive yet effective solar cooker.
It finally came to me at Christmastime a few years ago, a sort
of hybrid between the parabola and a box cooker. It looks like
a large, deep funnel, and incorporates what I believe are the
best features of the parabolic cooker and the box cooker.
The first reflector was made at my home out of aluminum foil glued
onto cardboard, then this was curved to form a reflective funnel.
My children and I figured out a way to make a large card-board
funnel easily. (I'll tell you exactly how to do this later on.)
The Solar Funnel Cooker is safe and low cost, easy to make,
yet very effective in capturing the sun's energy for cooking
and pasteurizing water -- Eureka!
Later, I did extensive tests with students (including
reflectivity tests) and found that aluminized Mylar was good
too, but relatively expensive and rather hard to come by in
large sheets. Besides, cardboard is found throughout the world
and is inexpensive, and aluminum foil is also easy to come by.
And individuals can make their own solar cookers easily, or
start a cottage-industry to manufacture them for others.
Prototypes of the Solar Funnel Cooker were tested in Bolivia,
and outperformed an expensive solar box cooker and a "Solar
Cookit"-- while costing much less. Brigham Young University
submitted a patent application, mainly to insure that no company
would prevent wide distribution of the Solar Funnel Cooker.
BYU makes no profit from the invention. (I later learned that
a few people had had a similar idea, but with methods differing
from those developed and shown here.) So now I'm trying to
get the word out so that the invention can be used to capture
the free energy of the sun - for camping and for emergencies,
yes, but also for every day cooking where electricity is not
available and even fuel wood is getting scarce.
II. How it Works
The reflector is shaped like a giant funnel, and lined with
aluminum foil. (Easy to follow instructions will be given soon.)
This funnel is rather like the parabolic cooker, except that
the sunlight is concentrated along a line (not a point) at the
bottom of the funnel. You can put your hand up the bottom of
the funnel and feel the sun's heat, but it will not burn you.
Next, we paint a jar black on the outside, to collect heat,
and place this at the bottom of the funnel. Or one can use
a black pot, with a lid. The black vessel gets hot, fast.
But not quite hot enough to cook with... We need some way to
build up the heat without letting the air cool it. So, I put
a cheap plastic bag around the jar--voila, the solar funnel
cooker was born! The plastic bag, available in grocery stores
as a "poultry bag", replaces the cumbersome and expensive box
and glass lid of the solar box ovens. You can use the plastic
bags used in American stores to put groceries in, as long as
they let a lot of sunlight pass. (Dark-colored bags will not do.)
I recently tested a bag used for fruits and vegetables, nearly
transparent and available free at American grocery stores,
that works great. This is stamped "HDPE" for high-density
polyethylene on the bag (ordinary polyethylene melts too easily).
A block of wood is placed under the jar to help hold the heat in.
(Any insulator, such as a hot pad or rope or even sticks, will
also work.)
A friend of mine who is also a Physics Professor did not believe
I could actually boil water with the thing. So I showed him
that with this new "solar funnel cooker," I was able to boil
water in Utah in the middle of winter! I laid the funnel on
its side since it was winter and pointed a large funnel towards
the sun to the south. I also had to suspend the black cooking
vessel--rather than placing it on a wooden block. This allows
the weaker sun rays to strike the entire surface of the vessel.
Of course, the Solar Funnel works much better outside of winter
days (when the UV index is 7 or greater). Most other solar
cookers will not cook in the winter in northern areas (or south
of about 35 degrees, either).
I thought that a pressure cooker would be great. But the
prices in stores were way too high for me. Wait, how about
a canning jar? These little beauties are designed to relieve
pressure through the lid--a nice pressure cooker. And cooking
time is cut in half for each 10 degrees Celsius we raise the
temperature (Professor Lee Hansen, private communication).
I used one of my wife's wide-mouth canning jars, spray-painted
(flat) black on the outside, and it worked great. Food cooks
faster when you use a simple canning jar as a pressure cooker.
However, you can also put a black pot in the plastic bag instead
if you want. But don't use a sealed container with no pressure
release like a mayonnaise jar--it can break as the steam builds
up! (I've done it.)
III. How to Build Your Own Solar Funnel Cooker
What You will Need for the Funnel Cooker:
1. A piece of flat cardboard, about 2 feet wide by 4 feet long.
(The length should be just twice the width. The bigger,
the better.)
2. Ordinary aluminum foil.
3. A glue such as white glue (like Elmer's glue), and water
to mix with it 50-50. Also, a brush to apply the glue to the
cardboard (or a cloth or paper towel will do). Or, some may
wish to use a cheap "spray adhesive" available in spray cans.
You can also use wheat paste.
4. Three wire brads--or small nuts and bolts, or string to hold
the funnel together.
5. For a cooking vessel, I recommend a canning jar ("Ball"
wide-mouth quart jars work fine for me; the rubber ring on
the lid is less likely to melt than for other jars I've found.
A two-quart canning jar is available and works fine for larger
quantities of food, although the cooking is somewhat slower.).
6. The cooking jar (or vessel) should be spray-painted black on
the outside. I find that a cheap flat-black spray paint works
just fine. Scrape off a vertical stripe so that you have a
clear glass "window" to look into the vessel, to check the food
or water for boiling.
7. A block of wood is used as an insulator under the jar. I use
a piece of 2"X4" board which is cut into a square nominally 4"
x 4" by about 2" thick. (10cm square x 5cm thick.) One square
piece of wood makes a great insulator.
8. A plastic bag is used to go around the cooking-jar and block
of wood, to provide a green-house effect. Suggestions:
-Reynolds" Oven Bag, Regular Size works great: transparent
and won't melt. (Cost about 25 cents each in U.S. grocery
stores.)
-Any nearly-transparent HDPE bag (High-density Polyethylene).
Look for "HDPE" stamped on the bag. I've tested HDPE
bags which I picked up for free at my grocery store, used
for holding vegetables and fruits. These are thin, but
very inexpensive. Tested side-by-side with an oven bag
in two solar funnels, the HDPE bag worked just as well!
(Caution: we have found that some HDPE bags will melt
should they contact the hot cooking vessel. For this
reason, we recommend using the oven-safe plastic bag
wherever possible.)
-An idea attributed to Roger Bernard and applied now to the
BYU Funnel Cooker: place a pot (having a blackened
bottom and sides) in a glass bowl, and cover with
a lid. Try for a tight fit around the bottom to keep
hot air trapped inside. The metal pot or bowl should
be supported around the rim only, with an air space all
around the bottom (where the sunlight strikes it). Put a
blackened lid on top of the pot. Then simply place this
pot-in-bowl down in the bottom of the funnel--no plastic
bag is needed! This clever method also allows the cook
to simply remove the lid to check the food and to stir.
I like this idea - it makes the solar cooker a lot like
cooking over a fire. See Photographs for further details.
[Image: 02.jpg -- Photo description: This photo shows a Pyrex
glass measuring cup -- looking like it might hold one-half
gallon. Inside the measuring cup is a chrome or stainless
steel dish, fitting the sides of the cup very tightly.
The shiny dish is blackened on the outside and still shiny
on the inside. A man is holding the lid for the dish,
similarly blackened.]
Construction Steps
1. Cut a Half-circle out of the cardboard, along the bottom
as shown below. When the funnel is formed, this becomes
a full-circle and should be wide enough to go around your
cooking pot. So for a 7" diameter cooking pot, the radius of
the half-circle is 7". For a quart canning jar such as I use,
I cut a 5" radius half-circle out of the cardboard.
[Image: 03.jpg -- Photo description: This photo shows a man
kneeling beside a rectangular sheet of cardboard on the floor.
He is using a plastic bucket as a pattern to cut a half-circle
from the center of a long edge of the triangle.]
2. Form the Funnel. To form the funnel, you will bring side
A towards side B, as shown in the figure. The aluminum foil
must go on the INSIDE of the funnel. Do this slowly, helping
the cardboard to the shape of a funnel by using one hand to
form creases that radiate out from the half-circle. Work your
way around the funnel, bending it in stages to form the funnel
shape, until the two sides overlap and the half-circle forms
a complete circle. The aluminum foil will go on the INSIDE
of funnel. Open the funnel and lay it flat, "inside up", in
preparation for the next step.
[Image: 04.jpg -- Photo description: A man is holding the sheet
of cardboard, with the long edge against his stomach, the other
long edge with the circle cut out on the opposite side. He is
using the edge of his hand for a hard edge to bend and crease
the cardboard. He is creasing the cardboard to form triangular
sections; the points of each triangular section are missing --
the points of all the triangles would have come together in the
circular cut out area of the other long side, across from the man.
Side A is the side to the left of, and directly adjacent to
the half-circle. Side B is the other half of the edge, to the
right of the half-circle.]
[Image: 05.jpg -- Photo description: This is looking
strait down into the mouth of a cardboard funnel. A man
grabbed what was the long edge of the sheet of cardboard,
now divided in two by the half circle cut from it. The two
now separate edges are now brought together to form a cone.
The cone has no tip because of the cut-out half-circle.]
3. Glue Foil to Cardboard. Apply glue or adhesive to the top
(inner) surface of the cardboard, then quickly apply the aluminum
foil on top of the glue, to affix the foil to the cardboard.
Make sure the shiniest side of the foil is on top, since this
becomes your reflective surface in the Funnel. I like to put
just enough glue for one width of foil, so that the glue stays
moist while the foil is applied. I also overlap strips of foil
by about 1" (or 2 cm). Try to smooth out the aluminum foil
as much as you reasonably can, but small wrinkles won't make
much difference. (If even cardboard is not available, one can
simply dig a funnel-shaped hole in the ground and line it with
a reflector, to make a fixed solar cooker for use at mid-day.)
[Image: 06.jpg-- Photo description: two men are spreading
a sheet of aluminum foil across a rectangular sheet of cardboard.]
4. Join side A to side B to keep the funnel together. The easiest
way to do this is to punch three holes in the cardboard that line
up on side A and side B (see figure). Then put a metal brad
through each hole and fasten by pulling apart the metal tines.
Or you can use a nut-and-bolt to secure the two sides (A &
B) together.
Be creative here with what you have available. For example,
by putting two holes about a thumb-width apart, you can put a
string, twine, small rope, wire or twist-tie in one hole and
out the other, and tie together.
When A and B are connected together, you will have a "funnel
with two wings". The wings could be cut off, but these help to
gather more sunlight, so I leave them on.
[Image: 07.jpg -- Photo description: This photo shows the
outside edge of the cone where the edges of the cardboard
meet. Two people are securing the edges together.]
Tape or glue a piece of aluminum foil across the hole at the
bottom of the funnel, with shiny side in.
This completes assembly of your solar funnel cooker. For
stability, place the Funnel inside a cardboard or other box to
provide support. For long-term applications, one may wish to
dig a hole in the ground to hold the Funnel against strong winds.
[Image: 01.jpg -- Photo description this image shows a cardboard
box being used to support a silvery funnel, roughly 3 feet high.
The funnel is placed within the box so that the sides of the box
hold the funnel upright. Sitting within the base of the funnel
is a black jar inside a clear plastic bag. The plastic bag is
inflated like a balloon to seal an insulating air pocket around
the jar.]
IV. Final Steps
At this stage, you are ready to put food items or water
into the cooking vessel or jar, and put the lid on securely.
(See instructions on food cooking times, to follow.)
Place a wooden block in the INSIDE bottom of the cooking bag.
I use a piece of 2X4 board which is cut into a square nominally
4"X4" by about 2" thick. Then place the cooking vessel containing
the food or water on top of the wooden block, inside the bag.
Next, gather the top of the bag in your fingers and blow
air into the bag, to inflate it. This will form a small
"greenhouse" around the cooking vessel, to trap much of the
heat inside. Close off the bag with a tight twist tie or wire.
Important: the bag should not touch the sides or lid of the
cooking vessel. The bag may be called a "convection shield,"
slowing convection-cooling due to air currents.
Place the entire bag and its contents inside the funnel near
the bottom as shown in the Photographs.
Place the Solar Funnel Cooker so that it Faces the Sun
Remember: Sunlight can hurt the eyes: Please wear sunglasses when
using a Solar Cooker! The Funnel Cooker is designed so that the
hot region is deep down inside the funnel, out of harm's way.
[Image: 08.jpg -- Photo description: This is a close-up photo
of a black canning jar, sitting on top of a block of wood.
The wood and the jar are sitting on the ground, inside a
clear plastic bag, which is full of air, like a balloon and
tied at the top so that the air in the bag keeps the bag
from touching the jar.]
Put the Solar Funnel Cooker in the sun pointing towards the sun,
so that it captures as much sunlight as possible. The design of
the funnel allows it to collect solar energy for about an hour
without needing to be re-positioned. For longer cooking times,
readjust the position of the funnel to follow the sun's path.
It helps to put the Solar Funnel Cooker in front of a south-facing
wall or window (in the Northern Hemisphere) to reflect additional
sunlight into the funnel. A reflective wall is most important in
locations farther from the equator and in winter. In the Southern
Hemisphere, put the Solar Funnel Cooker in front of a North-facing
wall or window to reflect additional sunlight into your cooker.
V. After Cooking
Remember that the cooking vessel will be very hot: Use cooking
pads or gloves when handling! If you are heating water in a
canning jar, you may notice that the water is boiling when the
lid is first removed - it gets very hot!
Open the plastic cooking bag by removing the twist-tie. Using
gloves or a thick cloth, lift the vessel out of the bag and
place it on the ground or table. Carefully open the vessel and
check the food, to make sure it has finished cooking. Let the
hot food cool before eating.
Helpful Hints
1. Avoid leaving fingerprints and smudges on the inside surface
of the cooker. Keep the inner surface clean and shiny by wiping
occasionally with a wet towel. This will keep the Solar Funnel
Cooker working at its best.
2. If your funnel gets out-of-round, it can be put back into a
circular shape by attaching a rope or string between opposite
sides which need to be brought closer together.
3. For long-term applications, a hole in the ground will hold
the Funnel Cooker securely against winds. Bring the funnel
inside or cover it during rain storms.
4. The lids can be used over and over. We have had some trouble
with the rubber on some new canning-jar lids becoming soft and
"sticky." "Ball canning lids" do not usually have this problem.
Running new lids through very hot water before the first use
seems to help. The lids can be used over and over if they are
not bent too badly when opened (pry off lid carefully).
5. The jar can be suspended near the bottom of the funnel using
fishing line or string (etc.), instead of placing the jar on a
block of wood. A plastic bag is placed around the jar with air
puffed inside, as usual, to trap the heat. The suspension method
allows sunlight to strike all surfaces of the jar, all around,
so that it heats faster and more evenly. This suspension method
is crucial for use in winter months.
6. Adjust the funnel to put as much sunlight onto the cooking
jar as possible. Look at the jar to check where the sunlight
is hitting, and to be sure the bottom is not in the shadows.
For long cooking times (over about an hour), readjust the position
of the funnel to follow the sun's path. During winter months,
when the sun is low on the horizon (e.g., in North America),
it is helpful to lay the funnel on its side, facing the sun.
VI. Tests
Tests in Utah
[Image: 09.jpg --Photo description: This is a picture of
the funnel sitting tilted at an angle between two stands.
The funnel has no hole at the bottom; where there should
be a hole is solid and shiny like the rest of the funnel.
A crossbeam connects the two stands, above the funnel.
Hanging by string from the crossbeam so that it rests near
the shiny bottom of the funnel is a black canning jar,
surrounded by a clear plastic bag. The bag appears to be
blown up, full of air, and not touching the jar.]
I have personally used the Solar Funnel Cooker to cook lunches
over many weeks. My favorite foods to cook are potatoes (cut
into logs or slices) and carrot slices. Vegetables cook slowly
in their own juices and taste delicious. I also make rice,
melted cheese sandwiches, and even bread in the Solar Funnel
Cooker. I usually put the food out around 11:30 and let it cook
until 12:45 or 1 pm, just to be sure that it has time to cook.
I've never had any food burn in this cooker.
I have also cooked food in the mountains, at an altitude of
around 8,300 feet. If anything, the food cooked faster there--the
sunlight filters through less atmosphere at high altitudes.
I find that people are surprised that the sun alone can
actually cook food. And they are further pleasantly surprised
at the rich flavors in the foods which cook slowly in the sun.
This inexpensive device does it!
Students at Brigham Young University have performed numerous
tests on the Solar Funnel Cooker along with other cookers.
We have consistently found much faster cooking using the Solar
Funnel Cooker. The efficiency/cost ratio is higher than any
other solar cooking device we have found to date. Mr. Hullinger
also performed studies of transmissivity, reflectivity and
absorptivity of alternate materials which could be used in the
Solar Funnel Cooker. While there are better materials (such as
solar-selective absorbers), our goal has been to keep the cost
of the Solar Cooker as low as possible, while maintaining safety
as a first priority.
Tests in Bolivia
The BYU Benson Institute organized tests between the Solar Funnel
Cooker and the "old-fashioned" solar box oven. The solar box
oven cost about $70 and was made mostly of cardboard. It took
nearly two hours just to reach water pasteurization temperature.
The Bolivian report notes that "food gets cold every time the
pots are taken from and into the oven." The solar box oven
failed even to cook boiled eggs. (More expensive box cookers
would hopefully work better.)
An aluminized-mylar Solar Funnel Cooker was also tested in
Bolivia, during the Bolivian winter. Water pasteurization
temperature was reached in 50 minutes, boiled eggs cooked in
70 minutes, and rice cooked in 75 minutes. The Bolivian people
were pleased by the performance. So were we! (La Paz, Bolivia,
August, 1996).
I also donated two dozen solar funnel cookers for people
in Guatemala. These were taken there by a group of doctors
going there for humanitarian service. The people there also
liked the idea of cooking with the sun's free energy! For an
aluminized-Mylar Solar Funnel Cooker kit, please contact CRM
(licensed manufacturer) at +1 (801) 292-9210.
[Image: 10.jpg -- Photo description: This photo shows what
looks like the same style of funnel as in the above pictures
except that it doesn't look homemade but something produced
by a factory. The photo shows something which looks like
a machined metal/shiny plastic funnel.]
VII. Water and Milk Pasteurization
Contaminated drinking water or milk kills thousands of people
each day, especially children. The Word Health Organization
(WHO) reports that 80 percent of illnesses in the world are
spread through contaminated water. Studies show that heating
water to about 65 degrees to 70 degrees Celsius (150 degrees
Fahrenheit) is sufficient to kill coliform bacteria, rotaviruses,
enteroviruses and even Giardia. This is called pasteurization.
Pasteurization depends on how hot and how long water is heated.
But how do you know if the water got hot enough? You could
use a thermometer, but this would add to the cost, of course.
When steam leaves the canning jar (with lid on tight) and
forms "dew" on the inside of the cooking bag, then the water
is probably pasteurized to drink. (The goal is to heat to 160
degrees Fahrenheit for at least six minutes.) With a stripe of
black paint scraped off the jar, one can look through the bag
and into the jar and see when the water is boiling - then it is
safe for sure.
Think of all the lives that can be saved simply by pasteurizing
water using a simple Solar Cooker!
VIII. Safety
Safety was my first concern in designing the Solar Funnel Cooker,
then came low cost and effectiveness. But any time you have
heat you need to take some precautions.
-The cooking vessel (jar) is going to get hot, else
the food inside won't cook. Let the jar cool a bit
before opening. Handle only with gloves or tongs.
-Always wear dark glasses to protect from the sun's rays.
We naturally squint, but sunglasses are important.
-Keep the plastic bag away from children and away from nose
and mouth to avoid any possibility of suffocation.
IX. Cooking with the Solar Funnel Cooker
What do you cook in a crock pot or moderate-temperature oven?
The same foods will cook about the same in the Solar Funnel
Cooker --without burning. The charts below give approximate
summer cooking times.
The solar cooker works best when the UV index is 7 or higher.
(Sun high overhead, few clouds.)
Cooking times are approximate. Increase cooking times for partly-
cloudy days, sun not overhead (e.g., wintertime) or for more
than about 3 cups of food in the cooking jar.
Stirring is not necessary for most foods. Food generally will
not burn in the solar cooker.
VEGETABLES (Potatoes, carrots, squash, beets, asparagus, etc.)
Preparation: No need to add water if fresh. Cut into slices or
"logs" to ensure uniform cooking. Corn will cook fine with
or without the cob.
Cooking Time: About 1.5 hours
CEREALS AND GRAINS (Rice, wheat, barley, oats, millet, etc.)
Preparation: Mix 2 parts water to every 1 part grain.
Amount may
vary according to individual taste. Let soak for a few
hours for faster cooking. To ensure uniform cooking,
shake jar after 50 minutes. CAUTION: Jar will be hot.
Use gloves or cooking pads.
Cooking Time: 1.5-2 hours
PASTA AND DEHYDRATED SOUPS
Preparation: First heat water to near boiling (50-70 minutes).
Then add the pasta or soup mix. Stir or shake, and cook
15 additional minutes.
Cooking Time: 65-85 minutes
BEANS
Preparation: Let tough or dry beans soak overnight. Place in
cooking jar with water.
Cooking Time: 2-3 hours
EGGS
Preparation: No need to add water. Note: If cooked too
long, egg
whites may darken, but taste remains the same.
Cooking Time: 1-1.5 hours, depending on desired yolk firmness.
MEATS (Chicken, beef, and fish)
Preparation: No need to add water. Longer cooking makes
the meat
more tender.
Cooking Time:
Chicken: 1.5 hours cut up or 2.5 hours whole; Beef: 1.5 hours
cut up or 2.5-3 hours for larger cuts; Fish: 1-1.5 hours
BAKING
Preparation: Times vary based on amount of dough. Cooking
Times:
Breads: 1-1.5 hours; Biscuits: 1-1.5 hours; Cookies: 1 hour
ROASTED NUTS (Peanuts, almonds, pumpkin seed, etc.)
Preparation: Place in jar. A little vegetable oil may be added
if desired.
Cooking Time: About 1.5 hours
MRE's AND PREPACKAGED FOODS
Preparation: For foods in dark containers, simply place the
Container in the cooking bag in place of the black cooking
jar.
Cooking Times: Cooking time varies with the amount of food and
darkness of package.
X. How to Use the Solar Funnel as a Refrigerator/Cooler
A university student (Jamie Winterton) and I were the first to
demonstrate that the BYU Solar Funnel Cooker can be used--at
night --as a refrigerator. Here is how this is done.
The Solar Funnel Cooker is set-up just as you would during
sun-light hours, with two exceptions:
1. The funnel is directed at the dark night sky. It should not
"see" any buildings or even trees. (The thermal radiation from
walls, trees, or even clouds will diminish the cooling effect.).
2. It helps to place 2 (two) bags around the jar instead of just
one, with air spaces between the bags and between the inner bag
and the jar. HDPE and ordinary polyethylene bags work well,
since polyethylene is nearly transparent to infrared radiation,
allowing it to escape into the "heat sink" of the dark sky.
During the day, the sun's rays are reflected onto the cooking
vessel which becomes hot quickly. At night, heat from the
vessel is radiated outward, towards empty space, which is very
cold indeed (a "heat sink").
As a result, the cooking vessel now becomes a small refrigerator.
We routinely achieve cooling of about 29 degrees Fahrenheit
(10 degrees Celsius) below ambient air temperature using this
remarkably simple scheme.
In September 1999, we placed two funnels out in the evening,
with double-bagged jars inside. One jar was on a block of wood
and the other was suspended in the funnel using fishing line.
The temperature that evening (in Provo, Utah) was 78 degrees
Fahrenheit. Using a Radio Shack indoor/outdoor thermometer, a
BYU student (Colter Paulson) measured the temperature inside the
funnel and outside in the open air. He found that the temperature
of the air inside the funnel dropped quickly by about 15 degrees,
as its heat was radiated upwards in the clear sky. That night,
the minimum outdoor air temperature measured was 47.5 degrees--but
the water in both jars had ICE. I invite others to try this,
and please let me know if you get ice at 55 or even 60 degrees
outside air temperature (minimum at night). A black PVC container
may work even better than a black-painted jar, since PVC is a
good infrared radiator--these matters are still being studied.
I would like to see the "Funnel Refrigerator" tried in desert
climates, especially where freezing temperatures are rarely
reached. It should be possible in this way to cheaply make ice
for Hutus in Rwanda and for aborigines in Australia, without
using any electricity or other modern "tricks." We are in effect
bringing some of the cold of space to a little corner on earth.
Please let me know how this works for you.
XI. Conclusion: Why We Need Solar Cookers
The BYU Funnel Cooker/Cooler can:
-Cook food without the need for electricity or wood or
petroleum or other fuels.
-Pasteurize water for safe drinking, preventing many diseases.
-Save trees and other resources.
-Avoid air pollution and breathing smoke while cooking.
-Use the sun's free energy. A renewable energy source.
-Cook food with little or no stirring, without burning.
-Kill insects in grains.
-Dehydrate fruits, etc.
-Serve as a refrigerator at night, to cool even freeze water.
(Try that without electricity or fuels!)
The burden for gathering the fuel wood and cooking falls mainly
on women and children. Joseph Kiai reports from Dadaab, Kenya:
"Women who can't afford to buy wood start at 4 am to go collecting
and return about noon... They do this twice a week to get
fuel for cooking... The rapes are averaging one per week."
From Belize: "Many times the women have to go into the forest
dragging their small children when they go to look for wood.
It is a special hardship for pregnant and nursing mothers to
chop and drag trees back to the village... they are exposed
to venomous snakes and clouds of mosquitoes." (Anna K.)
(Quoted by Solar Cookers International from a newsletter.)
And the forests are dwindling in many areas. Edwin Dobbs noted
in Audubon Magazine, Nov. 1992, "The world can choose sunlight or
further deforestation, solar cooking or widespread starvation..."
Americans should be prepared for emergencies, incident to power
failures. A Mormon pioneer noted in her journal: "We were now
following in their trail traveling up the Platte River. Timber
was sometimes very scarce and hard to get. We managed to do our
cooking with what little we could gather up..." (Eliza R. Snow)
Now there's someone who needed a light-weight Solar Cooker!
Here's another reason to use a solar cooker. Many people in
developing countries look to see what's being done in America.
I'm told that if Americans are using something, then they will
want to try it, too. The more people there are cooking with
the others will want to join in. A good way to spread this
technology is to encourage small local industries or families
to make these simple yet reliable solar cookers for others at
low cost. I've used this cooker for three summers and I enjoy it.
Cooking and making ice with the funnel cooker/cooler will permit
a significant change in lifestyle. If you think about it, this
could help a lot of people. The BYU Solar Funnel Cooker uses
the glorious sunshine -- and the energy of the sun is a free
gift from God for all to use!
XII. Answers to commonly-asked questions
Will the cooker work in winter (in the United States)?
As the sun moves closer to the southern horizon in the winter,
the solar cooker is naturally less effective. A good measure of
the solar intensity is the "UV index" which is often reported
with the weather. When the ultraviolet or UV index is 7 or
above--common in summer months--the solar cooker works very well.
In Salt Lake City in October, the UV index was reported to be
3.5 on a sunny day. We were able to boil water in the Solar
Funnel Cooker during this time, but we had to suspend the
black jar in the funnel so that sunlight struck all sides.
(We ran a fishing line under the screw-on lid, and looped the
fishing line over a rod above the funnel. As usual, a plastic
bag was placed around the jar, and this was closed at the top
to let the fishing line out for suspending the jar.)
The solar "minimum" for the northern hemisphere occurs on winter
solstice, about December 21st each year. The solar "maximum"
occurs six months later, June 21st. Solar cooking works best
from about March 20 to October 1 in the north. If people try to
cook with the sun for the first time outside of this time window,
they should not be discouraged. Try again when the sun is more
directly overhead. (One may also suspend the jar in the funnel,
which will make cooking faster any time of the year.)
It is interesting to note that most developing countries
are located near the equator where the sun is nearly directly
overhead all the time. Solar Cookers will then serve year-round,
as long as the sun is shining, for these fortunate people.
They may be the first to apply fusion energy (of the sun) on a
large scale! And they may accomplish this without the expensive
infrastructure of electrical power grids that we take for granted
in America.
How do you cook bread in a jar?
I have cooked bread by simply putting dough in the bottom of the
jar and placing it in the funnel in the usual way. Rising and
baking took place inside the jar in about an hour (during summer).
One should put vegetable oil inside the jar before cooking to
make removal of the bread easier. I would also suggest that
using a 2-quart wide-mouth canning jar instead of a 1-quart jar
would make baking a loaf of bread easier.
What is the optimum "opening angle" for the funnel cooker?
A graduate student at Brigham Young University did a calculus
calculation over two years ago to assess the best shape or
opening angle for the Solar Funnel. Jeannette Lawler assumed
that the best operation would occur when the sun's rays bounced
no more than once before hitting the cooking jar, while keeping
the opening angle as large as possible to admit more sunlight.
(Some sunlight is lost each time the light reflects from the
shiny surface. If the sunlight misses on the first bounce,
it can bounce again and again until being absorbed by the black
bottle.) She set up an approximate equation for this situation,
took the calculus- derivative with respect to the opening angle
and set the derivative equal to zero. Optimizing in this way,
she found that the optimum opening angle is about 45 degrees,
when the funnel is pointed directly towards the sun.
But we don't want to have to "track the sun" by turning the funnel
every few minutes. The sun moves (apparently) 360 degrees in
24 hours, or about 15 degrees per hour. So we finally chose
a 60-degree opening angle so that the cooker is effective for
about 1.2 hours. This turned out to be long enough to cook most
vegetables, breads, boil water, etc. with the Solar Funnel Cooker.
We also used a laser pointer to simulate sun rays entering the
funnel at different angles, and found that the 60-degree cone
was quite effective in concentrating the rays at the bottom of
the funnel where the cooking jar sits.
XIII. Recipe for wheatpaste
Prepare 1 cup (2.4 dl) of very hot water. Make a thin mixture of 3
tablespoons (45 ml) of white flour and cold water. Pour the cold
mixture slowly into the hot water while stirring constantly. Bring
to a boil. When it thickens, allow to cool. Smear on like any other
glue. For slightly better strength, add 1 tablespoon (15 ml) of
sugar after the glue is thickened. After using a portion, reheat the
remaining in a covered jar or container to sterilize it for storage
or keep refrigerated. If wheat flour is not available, other flours
will work.
XIV. Updates [compiled by transcribists]
Rabbit-wire base
In later experiments Steven E. Jones and Christopher McMillan
of Brigham Young University tested different bases for the
cooking pot used in the Solar Funnel, published on the web in
the article "Tests of the Solar Funnel and Bowl Cookers in 2001.
According to Jones, the rabbit-wire stand they tested has proven
to be much better than the wooden block detailed in this article.
"We found immediately that raising the vessel off the bottom
of the cooker using a rabbit-wire stand provided more rapid and
even heating than the wooden block used previously. Placing the
jar or pot on a wire stand allows as much reflected light onto
the cooking vessel as possible. This allows even the bottom of
the cooking container to absorb thermal energy that is reflected
off the lower portion of the funnel."
[Image: 11.jpg -- Photo Description: This photo shows two
different sized cylinders, made of rabbit wire -- fencing
material for rabbits, made of crossed wires tacked together,
so to make a single sheet. A black pot is being lowered
into the cylinders, and will come to rest on a wire cross,
inside the cylinder, made from wires going from one side of
the cylinder to the other.]
Reduced angle
The original report describes a large solar funnel, having a
60-degree opening angle. Our ongoing experiments show that a reduced
angle of approximately 45 degrees allows about 10% faster solar
cooking. Such a funnel is shown in the photograph. Start with the
funnel described in the original report, then simply bring the sides
A and B together with a 20-cm overlap at the top of the funnel. This
makes a funnel with steeper sides.
Save-heat cooker (a retained heat cooker for canning jars heated
using the sun or fire)
The photograph shows the Save-Heat Cooker which we have designed and
built. The box is made from a polystyrene cube, 30 cm on a side. We
have drilled 4 holes each about 10 cm in diameter into this block,
so that each holds a canning jar. Then a lid fits over the top to
hold in the heat.
When a jar is placed in the solar funnel cooker, a maximum
temperature of about 110 degrees C is reached in approximately 45
minutes (depending on solar conditions). Then steam is released
around the rim of the canning jar, which becomes an inexpensive
pressure cooker. But the jar will not get hotter, so one takes the
jar out of the cooker (with a gloved hand) and places it into the
Save-Heat box. Our experiments show that the temperature drops
slowly in this box, about 5 degrees C per hour, so that cooking
continues for 4 hours or so, without a heat source. In this way, one
can prepare up to four quarts of food per Save-Heat Cooker at
mid-day, and have the food cooked and hot for the evening meal! Or,
if desired, the food will keep in the box overnight and be ready for
eating the next morning. Thus, a solar cooker can supply food for
mid-day, evening and the next morning, as desired. (Another design
of the Save-Heat Cooker holds up to seven quart-sized canning jars.)
The Save-Heat Cooker is particularly useful for foods such as beans
which take a long time to cook. Food heated using a wood fire could
likewise be placed in a jar, and then this jar placed in the
Save-Heat Box, in order to save fuel-wood consumption, and cooking
time and effort. The box can be cheaply molded out of polystyrene or
styrofoam or other material, so long as it is a good insulator and
capable of withstanding temperatures of around 110 degrees
centigrade.
Funnel-cooling during the day
We noted in the original report that the funnel works as a cooler at
night, by reflecting heat out of the canning jar and up to the cold
sky. We have found that this works during the day also, when the
funnel is pointed to a region of the sky away from the sun (and
buildings, etc.). We found cooling of about 12 degrees F., compared
with about 20 degrees cooling at night. To achieve this, the jar was
placed on a rabbit-wire support as described above, and housed in
two cheap, clear polyethylene bags, such as used for vegetables in
the United States.
Hot-and-cold running water.
By placing a large funnel around a water barrel, it will be
solar-heated during the day, or cooled at night. Thus, having two
barrels each with a funnel-like reflector around it, and covering
one when not sunny and the other whenever it is sunny, one can have
hot and cold water. These barrels could be placed on a platform or
roof to provide hot-and-cold running water!
Conclusion
We are hopeful that these developments will help many people,
especially those in areas of the world where electricity or even
wood or gas are in short supply, if available at all. These ideas
are offered freely to all.
Prof. Steven E. Jones, Colter Paulson, Jason Chesley, Will
Shakespeare and Jacob Fugal.
For questions regarding the complete Solar Funnel Cooker kit using
aluminized Mylar and a jar for the cooking vessel, please contact
CRM at +1 (801) 292-9210.
Recent updates to this project can be found at
http://physics1.byu.edu/jones/rel491/solarbowl.htm.
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