The Project Gutenberg EBook of Fundamentals of Prosperity, by Roger W. Babson
This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or
re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
Title: Fundamentals of Prosperity
What They Are and Whence They Come
Author: Roger W. Babson
Release Date: May 16, 2007 [EBook #21502]
Language: English
*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FUNDAMENTALS OF PROSPERITY ***
Produced by Barbara Tozier, Bill Tozier and the Online
Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
Fundamentals of Prosperity
What They Are and
Whence They Come
By
ROGER W. BABSON
_President Babson Statistical Organization_
NEW YORK CHICAGO
Fleming H. Revell Company
LONDON AND EDINBURGH
Copyright, 1920, by
FLEMING H. REVELL COMPANY
New York: 158 Fifth Avenue
Chicago: 17 North Wabash Ave.
London: 21 Paternoster Square
Edinburgh: 75 Princes Street
Contents
FOREWORD
I. HONESTY OR STEEL DOORS?
II. FAITH THE SEARCHLIGHT OF BUSINESS
III. INDUSTRY VS. OPPORTUNITY
IV. COÖPERATION--SUCCESS BY HELPING THE OTHER FELLOW
V. OUR REAL RESOURCES
VI. STUDY THE HUMAN SOUL
VII. BOOST THE OTHER FELLOW
VIII. WHAT TRULY COUNTS
IX. WHAT FIGURES SHOW
X. WHERE THE CHURCH FALLS DOWN
XI. THE FUTURE CHURCH
Foreword
Some two thousand years ago the greatest teacher who ever walked the
earth advised the people of Judea not to build their houses on the sand.
What he had in mind was that they were looking too much to the structure
above ground, and too little to the spiritual forces which must be the
foundation of any structure which is to stand. Following the war we
enjoyed the greatest prosperity this country has ever witnessed;--the
greatest activity, the greatest bank clearings, the greatest foreign
trade, the greatest railroad gross earnings, the highest commodity
prices.
We then constructed a ten-story building on a foundation meant for only
a two or three story building. Hence the problem confronting us business
men is to strengthen the foundation or else see the structure fall. I am
especially glad of the opportunity to write for business men. There are
two reasons:--first, because I feel that the business men are largely
responsible for having this ten-story structure on a foundation made for
one of only two or three stories; secondly, because I believe such men
alone have the vision, the imagination and the ability to strengthen the
foundation and prevent the structure from falling.
The fact is, we have become crazy over material things. We are looking
only at the structure above ground. We are trying to get more smoke from
the chimney. We are looking at space instead of service, at profits
instead of volume. With our eyes focused on the structure above ground,
we have lost sight of those human resources, thrift, imagination,
integrity, vision and faith which make the structure possible. I feel
that only by the business men can this foundation be strengthened before
the inevitable fall comes.
When steel rails were selling at $55 a ton, compared with only $25 a ton
a few years previous, our steel plants increased their capacity
twenty-five per cent. Increased demand, you say? No, the figures don't
show it. Only thirty-one million tons were produced in 1919, compared
with thirty-nine million tons in 1916. People have forgotten the gospel
of service. The producing power per man has fallen off from fifteen to
twenty per cent. We have all been keen on developing consumption. We
have devoted nine-tenths of our thought, energy and effort to developing
consumption. This message is to beg of every reader to give more thought
to developing production, to the reviving of a desire to produce and the
realization of joy in production.
We are spending millions and millions in every city to develop the
good-will of customers, to develop in customers a desire to buy. This is
all well and good, but we can't continue to go in one direction
indefinitely. We cannot always get steam out of the boiler without
feeding the furnace. The time has come when in our own interests, in the
interests of our communities, our industry, and of the nation itself,
for a while we must stop adding more stories to this structure. Instead,
we must strengthen the foundations upon which the entire structure
rests.
R. W. B.
I
HONESTY OR STEEL DOORS?
While fifty-one per cent of the people have their eyes on
the goal of integrity, our investments are secure; but
with fifty-one per cent of them headed in the wrong
direction, our investments are valueless. The first
fundamental of prosperity is Integrity.
While on a recent visit to Chicago, I was taken by the president of one
of the largest banks to see his new safety deposit vaults. He described
these--as bank presidents will--as the largest and most marvellous
vaults in the city. He expatiated on the heavy steel doors and the
various electrical and mechanical contrivances which protect the stocks
and bonds deposited in the institution.
While at the bank a person came in to rent a box. He made the
arrangements for the box, and a box was handed to him. In it he
deposited some stocks and bonds which he took from his pocket. Then the
clerk who had charge of the vaults went to a rack on the wall and took
out a key and gave it to the man who had rented the box. The man then
put the box into one of the little steel compartments, shut the door and
turned the key. He then went away feeling perfectly secure on account of
those steel doors and various mechanical and electrical contrivances
existing to protect his wealth.
I did not wish to give him a sleepless night so I said nothing; but I
couldn't help thinking how easy it would have been for that poorly-paid,
humpbacked clerk to make a duplicate of that key before he delivered it
to the renter of that box. With such a duplicate, the clerk could have
made that man penniless within a few minutes after he had left the
building. The great steel door and the electrical and mechanical
contrivances would have been absolutely valueless.
Of course the point I am making is that the real security which that
great bank in Chicago had to offer its clientele lay not in the massive
stone columns in front of its structure; nor in the heavy steel doors;
nor the electrical and mechanical contrivances. The real strength of
that institution rested in the honesty,--the absolute integrity--of its
clerks.
* * * * *
That afternoon I was talking about the matter with a business man. We
were discussing securities, earnings and capitalization. He seemed
greatly troubled by the mass of figures before him. I said to him:
"Instead of pawing over these earnings and striving to select yourself
the safest bond, you will do better to go to a reliable banker or
bond-house and leave the decision with him."
"Why," he said, "I couldn't do that."
"Mr. Jones," I went on, "tell me the truth! After you buy a bond or a
stock certificate, do you ever take the trouble to see if it is signed
and countersigned properly? Moreover, if you find it signed, is there
any way by which you may know whether the signature is genuine or
forged?"
"No," he said, "there isn't. I am absolutely dependent on the integrity
of the bankers from whom I buy the securities."
And when you think of it, there is really no value at all in the pieces
of paper which one so carefully locks up in these safety deposit boxes.
There is no value at all in the bank-book which we so carefully cherish.
There is no value at all in those deeds and mortgages upon which we
depend so completely. The value rests _first_, in the integrity of the
lawyers, clerks and stenographers who draw up the papers; _secondly_, in
the integrity of the officers who sign the documents; _thirdly_, in the
integrity of the courts and judges which would enable us to enforce our
claims; and _finally_, in the integrity of the community which would
determine whether or not the orders of the court will be executed.
These things which we look upon as of great value:--the stocks, bonds,
bank-books, deeds, mortgages, insurance policies, etc., are merely
nothing. While fifty-one per cent. of the people have their eyes on the
goal of Integrity, our investments are secure; but with fifty-one per
cent. of them headed in the wrong direction, our investments are
valueless. So the first fundamental of prosperity is integrity. Without
it there is no civilization, there is no peace, there is no security,
there is no safety. Mind you also that this applies just as much to the
man who is working for wages as to the capitalist and every owner of
property.
Integrity, however, is very much broader than the above illustration
would indicate. Integrity applies to many more things than to money.
Integrity requires the seeking after, as well as the dispensing of,
truth. It was this desire for truth which founded our educational
institutions, our sciences and our arts. All the great professions, from
medicine to engineering, rest upon this spirit of integrity. Only as
they so rest, can they prosper or even survive.
Integrity is the mother of knowledge. The desire for truth is the basis
of all learning, the value of all experience and the reason for all
study and investigation. Without integrity as a basis, our entire
educational system would fall to the ground; all newspapers and
magazines would become sources of great danger and the publication of
books would have to be suppressed. Our whole civilization rests upon the
assumption that people are honest. With this confidence shaken, the
structure falls. And it should fall, for, unless the truth be taught,
the nation would be much better off without its schools, newspapers,
books and professions. Better have no gun at all, than one aimed at
yourself. The corner-stone of prosperity is the stone of Integrity.
II
FAITH THE SEARCHLIGHT OF BUSINESS
This religion which we talk about for an hour a week, on
Sunday, is not only the vital force which protects our
community, but it is the vital force which makes our
communities. The power of our spiritual forces has not yet
been tapped.
About three years ago I was travelling in South America. When going from
Sao Paulo up across the tablelands to Rio Janeiro, I passed through a
little poverty-stricken Indian village. It was some 3,000 feet above sea
level; but it was located at the foot of a great water-power. This
water-power, I was told, could easily develop from 10,000 to 15,000
horse-power for twelve months of the year. At the base of this waterfall
lived these poverty-stricken Indians, plowing their ground with broken
sticks, bringing their corn two hundred miles on their backs from the
seacoast, and grinding it by hand between two stones. Yet,--with a
little faith and vision, they could have developed that water-power,
even though in a most primitive manner, and with irrigation, could have
made that poverty-stricken valley a veritable Garden of Eden. They
simply lacked _faith_. They lacked vision. They were unwilling, or
unable, to look ahead to do something for the next generation and trust
to the Lord for the results.
I met the head man of the village and said to him: "Why is it that you
don't do something to develop this power?"
"Why, if we started to develop this thing," he answered, "by the time we
got it done, we would be dead."
Indians had lived there for the last two hundred years lacking the
vision. No one in that community had the foresight or vision to think or
see beyond the end of his day. It was lack of faith which stood between
them and prosperity. Hence, the second great fundamental of prosperity
is that intangible "something,"--known as faith, vision, hope, whatever
you may call it.
The writer of the Book of Proverbs says: "Where there is no vision, the
people perish." Statistics teach that where there is no vision,
civilization never gets started! The tangible things which we prize so
highly,--buildings, railroads, steamships, factories, power plants,
telephones, aeroplanes, etc., are but the result of faith and vision.
These things are only symptoms of conditions, mere barometers which
register the faith and vision of mankind.
This religion which we talk about for an hour a week, on Sunday, is not
only the vital force which protects our community, but it is the vital
force which _makes_ our communities. _The power of our spiritual forces
has not yet been tapped!_ Our grandchildren will look back upon us and
wonder why we neglected our trust and our opportunity, just as we look
back on those poor Indians in Brazil who plowed with crooked sticks,
grinding their corn between stones and hauling it on their backs two
hundred miles from the seaboard.
* * * * *
These statements are not the result of any special interest as a
churchman. I am not a preacher. I am simply a business man, and my work
is almost wholly for bankers, brokers, manufacturers, merchants and
investors. The concern with which I am associated has one hundred and
eighty people in a suburb of Boston who are collecting, compiling and
distributing statistics on business conditions. We have only one source
of income, and that is from the clients who pay us for an analysis of
the situation. Therefore you may rest assured that it is impossible for
us to do any propaganda work in the interests of any one nation, sect,
religion or church. The only thing we can give clients is a conclusion
based on a diagnosis of a given situation. As probably few of you
readers are clients of ours, may I quote from a Bulletin which we
recently sent to these bankers and manufacturers?
"The need of the hour is not more legislation. The need of the hour is
more religion. More religion is needed everywhere, from the halls of
Congress at Washington, to the factories, the mines, the fields and the
forests. It is one thing to talk about plans or policies, but a plan or
policy without a religious motive is like a watch without a spring or a
body without the breath of life. The trouble, to-day, is that we are
trying to hatch chickens from sterile eggs. We may have the finest
incubator in the world and operate it according to the most improved
regulations--moreover, the eggs may appear perfect specimens--but unless
they have the germ of life in them all our efforts are of no avail."
I have referred to the fact that the security of our investments is
absolutely dependent upon the faith, the righteousness and the religion
of other people. I have stated that the real strength of our investments
is due, not to the distinguished bankers of America, but rather to the
poor preachers. I now go farther than that and say that the development
of the country as a whole is due to this _something_, this indescribable
_something_, this combination of faith, thrift, industry, initiative,
integrity and vision, which these preachers have developed in their
communities.
Faith and vision do not come from the wealth of a nation. It's the faith
and vision which produce the wealth. The wealth of a country does not
depend on its raw materials. Raw materials are to a certain extent
essential and to a great extent valuable; but the nations which to-day
are richest in raw materials are the poorest in wealth. Even when
considering one country--the United States--the principle holds true.
The coal and iron and copper have been here in this country for
thousands of years, but only within the last fifty years have they been
used. Water-powers exist even to-day absolutely unharnessed. Look the
whole world over and there has been no increase in raw materials. There
existed one thousand years ago more raw materials than we have to-day,
but we then lacked men with a vision and the faith to take that coal out
of the ground, to harness the water-powers, to build the railroads and
to do other things worth while. So I say, the second great fundamental
of prosperity is Faith.
III
INDUSTRY VS. OPPORTUNITY
Industry is the mother of invention. Struggle, sacrifice
and burning midnight oil have produced the cotton gin, the
sewing machine, the printing press, the steam engine, the
electric motor, the telephone, the incandescent lamp and
the other great inventions of civilization. Some religious
enthusiasts think only of the "lilies of the fields" and
forget the parable of the talents.
A few years ago I was employed by one of the largest publishing houses
in the country to make a study of America's captains of industry. The
real purpose of the study was to discover some industry or some man that
could be helped greatly through national advertising. In connection with
that study of those captains of industry, I tabulated their ancestry.
These were the seventy greatest manufacturers, merchants and railroad
builders, the leading men who have made America by developing the
fields, the forests, the mines and the industries. What did I find? I
found that only five per cent. of these captains of industry are the
sons of bankers; only ten per cent. of them are the sons of
manufacturers; fifteen per cent. of them are the sons of merchants,
while over thirty per cent. of them are the sons of poor preachers and
farmers.
Why is it that ministers' sons hold a much more important place in the
industrial development of America than the sons of bankers? The
ministers' sons inherit no wealth, they have no more than their share of
college education; they are not especially religious as the world
measures religion. In fact, there is an old saying about "ministers'
sons and deacons' daughters." I would be false to my reputation as a
statistician to hold up these captains of industry as saintly examples
for young men to follow. But the fact remains nevertheless that these
men are creating America to-day. Now, what's the reason?
The reason is that these men have a combination of the two traits
already mentioned and a third added thereto;--namely, the habit of work.
They have inherited a certain rugged integrity from their mothers and a
gift of vision from their fathers which, when combined with the habit of
work--forced upon them by their family's meager income--means _power_.
Integrity is a dry seed until put in the ground of faith and allowed to
grow. But faith with works is prosperity.
A man may be honest and wonder why he does not get ahead; a man may have
vision and still remain only a dreamer; but when integrity and vision
are combined with hard work, the man prospers. It is the same with
classes and nations.
It has been said that genius is the author of invention. Statistics do
not support this statement. The facts show that industry is the mother
of invention. Struggle, sacrifice and burning midnight oil have produced
the cotton gin, the sewing machine, the printing press, the steam
engine, the electric motor, the telephone, the incandescent lamp and the
other great inventions of civilization.
Why is it that most of the able men in our great industries came from
the country districts? The reason is that the country boy is trained to
work. Statistics indicate that very seldom does a child, brought up in a
city apartment house, amount to much; while the children of well-to-do
city people are seriously handicapped. The great educator of the
previous generation was not the public school, but rather the _wood
box_. Those of us parents who have not a wood box for our children to
keep filled, or chores for them to do, are unfortunate.
Run through the list of the greatest captains of industry, as they come
to your mind. How many of the men who are really directing the country's
business gained their position through inherited wealth? You will find
them astonishingly few. There is no "divine right of kings" in business.
In fact, statistics show us that the very things which most people think
of as advantages, namely, wealth and "not having to work" are really
obstacles which are rarely surmounted.
Industry and thrift are closely allied. Economic studies show clearly
that ninety-five per cent. of the employers are employers because they
systematically saved money. Any man who systematically saves money from
early youth automatically becomes an employer. He may employ thousands
or he may have only two or three clerks in a country store, but he
nevertheless is an employer. These same studies show that ninety-five
per cent. of the wage workers are wage workers because they have
systematically spent their money as fast as they have earned it. They of
necessity remain wage workers. These are facts which no labour leader
can disprove and which are exceedingly significant. This is especially
striking when one considers that the employer often started out at the
same wages and in the same community as his wage workers. The employer
was naturally industrious and thrifty; while those who remained wage
workers were not.
The development of this nation through the construction of the
transcontinental railways, the financing of the western farms, and the
building of our cities is largely due to the old New England doctrine
that laziness and extravagance are sins. In some western communities it
is popular to laugh at these New England traits; but had it not been for
them, these western communities would never have existed. The industry
and thrift developed by the old New England religion were the basis of
our national growth.
I especially desire to emphasize this point because of the position of
certain religious enthusiasts who think only of "the lilies of the
field" and forget the parable of the talents. It is a fact that the
third fundamental of prosperity is Industry.
IV
COÖPERATION--SUCCESS BY HELPING THE OTHER FELLOW
Our industrial system has resulted in making many men
economic eunuchs. The salvation of our cities, the
salvation of our industries and the salvation of our
nation depend on discovering something which will revive
in man that desire to produce and joy in production which
he had instinctively when he was a small boy.
A few days ago I was present at a dinner of business men in Boston who
were called together in order to secure some preferential freight rates
for Massachusetts. The principal theme of that gathering was to boom
Massachusetts at the expense of the rest of the country. At the close of
the dinner I was asked to give my opinion and said: "Let us see how many
things there are in this room that we could have were we dependent
solely on Massachusetts. The chairs and furniture are from Michigan; the
cotton is from Georgia; the linen from Ireland; the silver from Mexico;
the glassware from Pennsylvania; the paper from Maine; the paint from
Missouri; the clock from Connecticut--and so on." Finally I got the
courage to ask if there was a single thing in the room that did not
originate from some state other than Massachusetts. Those men were
absolutely helpless in finding a single thing.
The same fact applies in a general way to every state and every home.
Look about, where you are sitting now. How many things are there in the
room just where you are,--there is a table, a chair, a shoe, a coat, a
necktie, a cigar, a lampshade, a piano, a basket--for all of these you
are dependent upon others.
The same fact is true when we analyze one staple like shoes which,
primarily, are made of leather. Where does the leather come from? Just
follow that leather from the back of the steer until you buy it in the
form of shoes. Think where that steer was raised, and where the leather
was tanned. Think of all the men engaged in the industry from the
cow-punchers to the salesmen in the stores. But there is more than
leather involved in shoes. There is cotton in the shoe lacing and
lining. There is metal in the nails and eyelets. Not only must different
localities coöperate to produce a shoe; but various industries must give
and take likewise.
Civilization is ultimately dependent on the ability of men to coöperate.
The best barometer of civilization is the desire and ability of men to
coöperate. The willingness to share with others,--the desire to work
with others is the great contribution which Christianity has given to
the world. The effect of this new spirit is most thrilling when one
considers the clothes which he has on his back, the food which he has on
the table, the things which he has in the house, and thinks of the
thousands of people whose labour has directly contributed toward these
things. Now this clearly shows that the fourth great fundamental of
prosperity is coöperation, the willingness and ability of men to
coöperate, to serve one another, to help one another, to give and to
take.
But the teachings of Jesus along these lines have a very much broader
application than when applied merely to raw materials, or even
manufactured products. As we can begin to prosper only when we develop
into finished products the raw materials of the fields, mines and
forests, so we can become truly prosperous only as we develop the
greatest of all resources,--the human resources. Not only does
Christianity demand that we seek to help and build up others; but our
own prosperity depends thereon as well.
* * * * *
When in Washington, during the war, I had a wonderful opportunity of
meeting the representatives of both labour and capital. I had some
preconceived ideas on the labour question when I went to Washington; but
now they are all gone. I am perfectly willing, now, to agree with the
wage worker, to agree with the employer, to agree with both or to agree
with neither. But this one thing I am sure of, and that is that the
present system doesn't work. The present system is failing in getting
men to produce.
By nature man likes to produce. Our boy, as soon as he can toddle
out-of-doors, starts instinctively to make a mud pie. When he gets a
little older he gets some boards, shingles and nails and builds a hut.
Just as soon as he gets a knife, do you have to show him how to use it?
He instinctively begins to make a boat or an arrow or perhaps something
he has never seen. Why? Because in his soul is a natural desire to
produce and an inborn joy in production. But what happens to most of
these boys after they grow up?
Our industrial system has resulted in almost stultifying men
economically and making most of them economically non-productive. Why? I
don't know. I simply say it happens and the salvation of our industries
depends on discovering something which will revive in man that desire to
produce and that joy in production which he had instinctively when he
was a small boy.
Increased wages will not do it. Shorter hours will not do it. The wage
worker must feel right and the employer must feel right. It is all a
question of feeling. Feelings rule this world,--not things. The reason
that some people are not successful with collective bargaining and
profit sharing and all these other plans is because they think that men
act according to what they say, or according to what they learn, or
according to that in which they agree. Men act according to their
_feelings_, and "good feeling" is synonymous with the spirit of
coöperation. One cannot exist without the other and prosperity cannot
continue without both. Hence the fourth fundamental of prosperity is
Coöperation.
V
OUR REAL RESOURCES
We have gone daffy over things like steam, electricity,
water power, buildings, railroads, and ships and we have
forgotten the human soul upon which all of these things
depend and from which all of these things originate.
Two captains of industry were standing, one day, on the bridge at
Niagara looking at the great falls. One man turned to the other and
said: "Behold the greatest source of undeveloped power in America."
"No. The greatest source of undeveloped power in America is the soul of
man," the other replied.
I was talking with a large manufacturer the other day, and he told me
that he was supporting scholarships in four universities to enable young
men to study the raw materials which he is using in his plant. I asked
him if he was supporting any scholarships to study the human element in
his plant, and he said "No." Yet when asked for definite figures, it
appeared that eighty per cent. of every dollar which he spends, goes for
labour, and only twenty per cent. goes for materials. He is endowing
four scholarships to study the twenty per cent. and is not doing a thing
to study the eighty per cent.! Statistics show that the greatest
undeveloped resources in America are not our mines or our forests or our
streams, but rather the human souls of the men and women who work for
us.
This is most significant when one resorts to statistics and learns that
everything that we have,--every improvement, every railroad, every ship,
every building costing in excess of $5,000, every manufacturing concern
employing over twenty men, yes, every newspaper and book worth while,
has originated and been developed in the minds of less than two per
cent. of the people. The solution of our industrial problems and the
reduction of the cost of living depend not on fighting over what is
already produced, but upon producing more. This means that this two per
cent. must be increased to four per cent., and then to six per cent. If
all the good things which we now have, come from the enterprise of only
two per cent., it is evident that we would all have three times as much
if the two per cent were increased to six per cent.
Jesus was absolutely right in His contention that if we would seek first
the Kingdom of God and His righteousness all these other things would
naturally come to us. This is what Jesus had in mind when He urged
people to give and serve, promising that such giving and serving should
be returned to them a hundred fold or more. Jesus never preached
unselfishness or talked sacrifice as such, but only urged His hearers to
look through to the end, see what the final result would be and do what
would be best for them in the long run. Jesus urged His followers to
consider the spiritual things rather than the material, and the eternal
things rather than the temporal; but not in the spirit of sacrifice. The
only sacrifice which Jesus asked of His people was the same sacrifice
which the farmer makes when he throws his seed into the soil.
The story of the loaves and fishes is still taught as a miracle, but the
day will come when it will not be considered such. The same is true
regarding the incident when Jesus found that His disciples had been
fishing all night without results and He suggested that they cast the
net on the other side. They followed His advice and the net immediately
filled with so many fishes that they could hardly pull it up. If we
to-day would give more thought to the spiritual and less to the
material, we would have more in health, happiness, and prosperity. The
business men to-day would be far better off if--like the fishermen of
Galilee--we would take Jesus' advice and cast our net on "the other
side."
We are told that with sufficient faith we could remove mountains. Have
mountains ever been removed or tunnelled without faith? The bridging of
rivers, the building of railroads, the launching of steamships, and the
creation of all industries are dependent on the faith of somebody. Too
much credit is given both to capital and labour in the current
discussions of to-day. The real credit for most of the things which we
have is due to some human soul which supplied the faith that was the
mainspring of every enterprise. Furthermore in most instances this human
soul owes this germ of faith to some little country church with a white
steeple and old-fashioned furnishings.
The reason I say "old-fashioned" church is because our fathers were more
willing to rely upon the power of faith than many of us to-day. What
they lacked in many other ways was more than compensated by their faith
in God. They got, through faith, "that something" which men to-day are
trying to get through every other means. All the educators, all the
psychologists, all the inspirational writers cannot put into a man the
vision and the will to do things which are gained by a clear faith. Most
of us to-day are frantically trying to invent a machine which will solve
our problems, when all the while we have the machine within us, if we
will only set it going. That machine is the human soul.
The great problem to-day is to develop the human soul, to develop this
wonderful machine which each one of us has between his ears. Only as
this is developed can we solve our other problems. When we give as much
thought to the solution of the human problem as we give to the solution
of the steam problem or the electrical problem, we will have no labour
problem. We have gone daffy over things like steam, electricity,
water-power, buildings, railroads and ships, and we have forgotten the
human soul upon which all of these things depend and from which all of
these things originate.
VI
STUDY THE HUMAN SOUL
The first step is to give more thought and attention to
people, to establish more points of contact. Let us do
humanly, individually, man to man, what we are trying to
do in a great big way.
I was visiting the home of a famous manufacturer recently and he took me
out to his farm. He showed me his cattle. Above the head of each heifer
and each cow was the pedigree. The most careful record was kept of every
animal. He had a blue-print in his library at home of every one of those
animals. Yet when we began later to talk about the labour problem in his
own plant and I asked him how many of his people he knew personally, he
told me,--I quote his words:
"Why, they are all alike to me, Mr. Babson. I don't know one from the
other."
Later in the evening--it was during the Christmas vacation--a young
fellow drove up to the house in a fancy automobile, came in and asked
for this manufacturer's only daughter in order to take her to a party. I
didn't like the looks of the fellow very well. After they had gone out,
I said to the father:
"Who is that chap?"
The father replied: "I don't know; some friend of Mary's."
The father had every one of his cows blue-printed, but he didn't know
the name of the man who came to get his daughter and who didn't deliver
her until two o'clock the next morning! That man was neglecting the
human soul, both in his factory and in his home.
* * * * *
I repeat that we have gone crazy over structures above ground. We are
absolutely forgetting the greatest of our resources,--the great
spiritual resource, upon which everything depends. How shall we develop
these resources?
Certainly we are not developing this great spiritual resource in the
public schools. The educational system was originally founded by the
Church to train the children in the fundamentals of righteousness.
Gradually, but constantly, we have drifted away from this goal and
to-day the purpose for which our schools were started has been almost
entirely lost. In some states it is now a criminal offence for a school
superintendent to ask a prospective school teacher what she believes or
whether she has any religion whatever! Under these conditions, is it
surprising that the spiritual resources of our children are lying
dormant?
Much of the prosperity of this nation is due to the family prayers which
were once daily held in the homes of our fathers. To a very large extent
this custom has gone by. Whatever the arguments pro and con may be, the
fact nevertheless remains that such family prayers nurtured and
developed these spiritual resources to which the prosperity of the
nation is due. The custom of family prayers should be revived along with
many other good New England customs which some modern radicals may
ridicule, but to which they owe all that they possess.
The masses to-day are getting their real education from the daily
newspapers. Many of these newspapers have much good material, but the
great effort of the daily press is not to make _producers_, but rather
to make _consumers_. The policy of the daily press is not to get people
to serve, but rather to get them to buy. Not only is the larger portion
of the newspapers given up to advertising, but most of this advertising
is of non-essentials, if not of luxuries. With this advertising
constantly before the people of the country, it is but natural that the
material things should seem of greatest importance. To remedy this
situation is a great problem to-day facing the Christian business men of
this country. What shall we do about it?
The first step is to give more thought and attention to people, and to
establish more points of contact. Let us do humanly, individually, man
to man, what we are trying to do in a great big way. Another method to
develop this human resource is to give people responsibility. Moreover,
we must do so if the nation is to be truly prosperous.
VII
BOOST THE OTHER FELLOW
Just as our property is safe only as the other fellow's
property is safe, just as our daughter is safe only as the
other fellow's daughter is safe, so it also is true that
in order to develop the human soul in other men, we have
to give those men something.
My little girl has a black cat; about once in four months this cat has
kittens. Opposite our place is a man who has an Airedale dog. When that
dog comes across the street and that cat has no kittens, the cat
immediately "beats it" as fast as she can, with the dog after her. But
when that dog comes across the street and that cat has the
responsibility of some kittens, she immediately turns on the dog and the
_dog_ "beats it" with the cat after him. It is the same dog, the same
cat, and the same backyard; but in one instance the cat has no
responsibilities and in the other case she has. Responsibilities develop
faith, vision, courage, initiative, and other things that make the world
go round.
Just as our property is safe, only as the other fellow's property is
safe; just as our daughter is safe, only as the other fellow's daughter
is safe; so is it also true that, in order to develop the human soul in
other men, we have to give those men something. We must give them a
chance. We must give them opportunity. We must give them a boost. All of
us are simply storage batteries. We get out of life what we put into
life. We care for others, not in accordance with what they do for us,
but rather in accordance with what we have done for them.
I am quite often asked about investments. Well, there are times, about
once in three or four years--during panics, when every one is scared to
death--that I invest in stocks. There are other times when I advise the
purchase of bonds. The fact is, however, that I have not made my money
investing either in stocks or bonds. What money I have made has come
from investing in boys and girls, young men and young women.
There is a common belief current to-day that only people with experience
are worth while. But I say: Quit looking for the experienced salesmen
and trying to make a man out of him; get a _man_, and then make a
salesman of him. I have a young man in my business who was delivering
trunks for an express company twelve years ago. To-day he is my sales
manager and has built our gross from $100,000 to $1,000,000. One of my
best experts, a man who is sought for by the leading Chambers of
Commerce all over the land, was a carpenter on my garage nine years ago.
Another one of my experts, a man the demand for whose services I cannot
supply, never acquired recognition until he was over forty-five years of
age. I found him keeping hens at Wellesley Farms! A young lady in my
office to whom I pay $200 a week and who is worth, to me, $1,000 a week,
I picked up at $4 a week twelve years ago.
Such cases exist everywhere. You men yourselves know them. You look over
your own organizations. Who are the men who are really doing things? Are
they the men you acquired ready-made from other concerns? No! They are
the men that have been taken up and developed. These are the men that
have made money for you and have created the business enterprise of
which you are the head. Yet when we have reached a point of prestige,
and have a big business, we are tempted to say: "I haven't time to
develop any more people, I have got to get them already made." This is a
big mistake.
* * * * *
I beg my readers--those who have them--to get your foremen together. Say
to the partners or the officials of your concern: "Haven't we given too
much thought to developing the structure? Aren't we piling too many
stories one upon another with too little thought to the foundation?"
Then go out and look over your plant and select a few people in each
department to whom you will give a real opportunity. Start in to develop
them and thereby strengthen the foundation of the business and the
prosperity of the nation.
VIII
WHAT TRULY COUNTS
The greatest resources in the world to-day are human
resources, not resources of iron, copper and lumber. The
great need of the hour is to strengthen this human
foundation and you business men are the one group that can
do it.
When it comes to the sale of goods, the same principle applies. Eighty
per cent. of our sales organizations are devoted to selling to ten per
cent. of the population. We have forgotten to consider whether or not
goods are needed. We only consider whether or not they are being bought.
We are forgetting to establish new markets, but rather are scrambling
over the markets already secured. Tremendous opportunities exist in
developing new industries, in creating new communities, in relocating
the center of production from one community to another community to
match up with the center of consumption.
We have forgotten the latent power in the human soul, in the individual,
in the community, in the different parts of the country. We have
forgotten those human possibilities upon which all prosperity ultimately
depends. I cannot perhaps emphasize this any more than by saying that
the foundation of progress is spiritual, not material.
The greatest resources of the world to-day are human resources,--not
resources of iron, copper and lumber. The great need of the hour is to
strengthen this human foundation and revive in men a desire to produce
and a joy in service. Business men are the one group that can do it.
They understand the emotions, understand the importance of the
intangible things. They understand how to awaken in people new motives.
So my appeal is not to wait too long to revive man and awaken the soul
which is slumbering to-day.
The nation is only a mass of individuals. The true prosperity of a
country depends upon the same qualities as the true prosperity of its
people. As religion is necessary for the man, it is also necessary for
the nation. As the soul of man needs to be developed, so also does the
soul of the nation.
* * * * *
Let me tell one more personal incident. Not long ago I was at my
Washington office spending the week. While there a little Western Union
messenger girl came in to apply for a position. It was in the
afternoon--about half-past five. I was struck with the intelligence of
the girl's face and asked her two or three questions. She was tired. I
asked her to sit down. I was astonished to hear her story.
She had been born and brought up in the mountains of West
Virginia,--many miles from civilization. Her father and mother died when
she was four years old. She had been living with an old grandfather and
brother. When I began to talk with her I found her to have a most
remarkable acquaintance with Emerson, with Thoreau, with Bernard Shaw
and with the old Eastern writers.
I said to her: "How is it that you are delivering telegrams in a khaki
suit and a soldier cap?"
She replied: "Because I could get nothing else to do. I lived down there
in the mountains just as long as I could. I had to get to the city where
I could express myself and develop my finer qualities. When I got to
Washington there was nothing that I could do. They asked me if I could
typewrite, but I had never seen a typewriter. Finally, after walking the
streets for a while, I got a job as a Western Union messenger."
I wrote Mrs. Babson and made arrangements to have the girl come to
Wellesley and work for a few months with the Babson Organization. I saw
in her certain qualities which, if developed, should make her very
useful to someone somewhere. She came to Wellesley. About a month after
her arrival I was obliged to leave on a two months' trip and Mrs. Babson
invited her up to dine the night before I left. I told her that I was
going to speak while away on "America's Undeveloped Resources." After
dinner she went to my desk and took her pen and scribbled these lines
and said:
"Perhaps during your talk on America's Greatest Undeveloped Resources
you will give those men a message from a Western Union girl." These are
the lines she wrote. They are by Ella Wheeler Wilcox.
I gave a beggar from my little store of wealth some gold;
He spent the shining ore, and came again and yet again,
Still cold and hungry, as before.
I gave a thought--and through that thought of mine,
He found himself, the man supreme, divine,
Fed, clothed and crowned with blessing manifold;
And now he begs no more.
The mind of man is a wonderful thing, but unless the soul of man is
awakened he must lack faith, power, originality, ambition,--those vital
elements which make a man a real producer. I do not say that you can
awaken this force in every soul. If you are an employer, perhaps only a
few of all your employees can be made to understand. But this much is
certain,--in every man or woman in whom you can loose the power of this
invisible something, you will mobilize a force, not only for his or her
good, but for the good and perhaps the very salvation of your own
business.
IX
WHAT FIGURES SHOW
Panics are caused by spiritual causes rather than
financial. Prosperity is the result of righteousness
rather than of material things.
The large black areas on the adjoining chart are formed by combining and
plotting current figures on New Building, Crops, Clearings, Immigration,
Total Foreign Trade, Money, Failures, Commodity Prices, Railroad
Earnings, Stock Prices and Politics in order to give a composite view of
business in the United States. (When Interstate Commerce reports of
earnings of all United States railroads became available, January, 1909,
this record was substituted in place of the earnings of ten
representative roads which had been used previous to that time. Revised
scales for monetary figures were also introduced, in August, 1912.)
[Illustration]
The line X-Y represents the country's net gain or growth. Based on the
economic theory that "action and reaction are equal when the two factors
of time and intensity are multiplied to form an area," the sums of the
areas above and below said line X-Y must, over sufficiently long periods
of time, be equal, provided enough subjects are included, properly
weighed and combined. An area of prosperity is always followed by an
area of depression; an area of depression in turn is always followed by
an area of prosperity. The areas, however, need not have the same
shapes.
It will be seen that each area is divided into halves by a narrow white
line. This is to emphasize the fact that the first halves of areas below
the X-Y line are really reactions from the extravagance, inefficiency
and corruption which existed during the latter half of the preceding
"prosperity" area. Contrariwise, the first halves of areas above the X-Y
line are really reactions from the economy, industry and righteousness
developed during the hard times just preceding. The high points of the
stock market have come in the early part of the prosperity areas and the
low points have come about the beginning of the depression areas. In
1914 the war held down prices of all securities. The highest prices of
bonds have usually come about the end of the depression areas and high
money rates, and lowest bond prices at about the end of the prosperity
areas.
But what causes these fluctuations in business and prices? Statistics
show that panics are caused by spiritual causes, rather than financial,
and that prosperity is the result of righteousness rather than of
material things. Hence, the importance to industry and commerce of the
forces already mentioned. These spiritual forces are the true
fundamentals of prosperity. This in turn leads us to consider from where
they come and upon what we are to depend for their further development.
The following pages will give the answer.
* * * * *
What are the sources of these fundamentals of prosperity? Where do we
get this faith, integrity, industry, coöperation and interest in the
soul of man upon which civilization is based?
As already explained, we do not get it from the raw materials. We have
always had the raw materials. We do not get it from education. From a
statistical point of view Germany is the best educated country in the
world. It has the least illiteracy. It has the largest percentage of
scientific culture. No, these three fundamentals do not come from
education. They do not come from the inheritance of property. I
mentioned in the preceding pages the investigation we made of leading
captains of industry in America, the men who head the various greatest
industries in this country. Out of this group of men, only ten per cent.
inherited their business, while only fifteen per cent. received special
education. This shows that the source of these qualities is from
something more than wealth or education.
We are striving and even slaving to lay up property for our children,
when statistics clearly show that the more we lay up for them the worse
off they are going to be. If statistics demonstrate any one thing, they
demonstrate that the less money we leave our children the better off
they will be; not only spiritually and physically, but also financially.
When it comes to the question of education, we work and economize to
give our children an education and to send our children to college. Yet
statistics show that only a small percentage of these leading business
men are college graduates.
The success of individuals, the success of communities, the success of
nations, depends on these fundamentals,--integrity, faith, industry,
brotherly kindness and an interest in the soul of man. To what do we owe
these great fundamental qualities? _Statistics show clearly that we owe
them to religion._ Yes, and to the old-fashioned religion of our
forefathers. Moreover, I say this not as a churchman. I would give the
same message if I were speaking to a group of bankers or a group of
engineers. I was first brought into the Church through the Christian
Endeavour Society, but I was really converted to the Bible teachings
through a study of statistics.
To religion we owe our civilization and to the Church we owe our
religion. All there is in the world to-day that is worth while comes
from men filled with, and from groups actuated by, these fundamentals of
integrity, faith, industry, brotherly love and those other factors which
come only through God. The Church to-day deserves the credit for keeping
these factors before the world. Hence, it is evident that the people of
America have not the bankers to thank for their security and prosperity,
but rather the preachers and the churches. To these men we are obligated
for our growth and development.
X
WHERE THE CHURCH FALLS DOWN
Become saturated with Christ's principles, be clean and
upright, coöperate with one another, have faith, serve,
trust the Almighty for the results, and you will never
have to worry about property. "If you will do these
things, all of the others will be given to you."
There are two groups of people who criticize the Church. First, there
are those who claim great love for their fellow-men, but do not go to
church because it is allied with the property interests of the
community. I believe that to be the fundamental reason why the wage
workers, labour leaders, socialists and radicals are not interested in
the Church. They believe that the Church is too closely allied with
property. I have been severely criticized myself for presenting the
Church as a defender of property and as a means of making your home,
your business and your securities safer. Such critics are perfectly
conscientious and the Church suffers much because those people, in their
love for humanity, are antagonistic to the Church.
The second group are those defenders of property who look upon the
Church as impractical; who consider the Golden Rule as something all
right for the minister to talk about on Sundays, but something useless
to try to follow during the week. Those men criticize the Church for
preaching love, for talking the Sermon on the Mount, and for being what
they say is "impractical." So the Church suffers to-day by having both
of these groups stand off alone. Neither of them is interested in the
Church, the most important organization in America. It is the Church
which has created America, which has developed our schools, which has
created our homes, which has built our cities, which has developed our
industries, which has made our hospitals, charities, and which has done
everything that is worth while in America.
Yet to-day, the Church is the most discarded industry of all, because it
has not the coöperation of either of the above groups,--the radical
group which claims to be interested only in humanity and not in
property, and the propertied group which frankly says that it is
primarily interested in property and not humanity. It seems that we
should stop side-stepping this question. Instead we should face it
squarely and answer both of these criticisms. My answer is as follows:
Jesus was not interested in property, _per se_. There is no question but
that Jesus had no interest in property. These things which look so
important to us,--houses, roads, taxation, buildings, fields, crops,
foreign trade, ships,--it is very evident were insignificant to Jesus.
When any of Jesus' disciples came to Him to settle some property
question, He pushed them aside and said He was too busy to consider it.
I am sure that if Jesus were here to-day, He would tell us all that we
are idiots for striving so to accumulate things--building ourselves
bigger houses, getting bigger bank accounts and more automobiles. Hence,
when the socialist or the radical or the labour leader complains to me,
I frankly admit this fact. Without doubt the Church should emphasize
that property _of itself_ is of no value, and the only things worth
while in life are happiness and the health and the freedom which come
from living an upright, simple life.
On the other hand, and this point I wish to emphasize just as strongly,
Jesus took the position throughout His teachings, that if His disciples
would simply get saturated with His fundamentals, if they would be clean
and upright, if they would coöperate with one another, if they would
have faith to serve and trust the Almighty for the results, they would
never have to worry about property. Property would take care of itself.
Jesus emphasized, first, that they should not think of property; but He
always closed His discourses by some such statement as this: "If you
will do these things, all of the others will be given to you."
It is absolutely impossible for any individual to develop the above
fundamentals of prosperity,--faith, integrity, industry and brotherly
kindness--without being successful. I care not whether he is a doctor,
teacher, banker, lawyer, business man or manufacturer. That same thing
is true of groups and of nations. It is fundamental law, "Whatsoever a
man soweth that shall he also reap." Those who serve will be served;
those who knock will be knocked; those who boost will be boosted. We are
paid in the coin that we give. We are forgiven as we forgive. If we are
friendly, we will make friends.
Statistics show that the Church is the greatest factor in the worldly
success of men, groups and nations. Some readers may have seen a book
written by Professor Carver of Harvard entitled, "The Religion Worth
Having." In that book the author discusses the various denominations of
Christianity. Then he says most conclusively that the religion worth
having, the religion that will survive, is the religion which produces
the most. Yet this production will not come by seeking production _per
se_, but rather by the development of these fundamental characteristics
which have been described.
Try as you will you cannot separate the factor of religion from economic
development. In the work conducted by my Organization at Wellesley Hills
we study the trend of religious interest as closely as we do the
condition of the banks or the supply of and demand for commodities.
Statistics of church membership form one of the best barometers of
business conditions. We have these figures charted back for the past
fifty years. Whenever this line of religious interest turns downward and
reaches a low level, history shows that it is time to prepare for a
reaction and depression in business conditions. Every great panic we
have ever had has been foreshadowed by a general decline in observance
of religious principles. On the other hand, when the line of religious
interest begins to climb and the nation turns again to the simple mode
of living laid by in the Bible, then it is time to make ready for a
period of business prosperity.
XI
THE FUTURE CHURCH
The time is coming when the Church will awake to its great
opportunities. The greatest industry in America but the
most backward and inefficiently operated, is still in the
stage-coach class.
Of course the Church is very far from developed. The Church is in the
same position to-day as were the water-powers fifty years ago. The
Church has great resources; but these resources are sadly undeveloped.
From an efficiency point of view, from an organization point of view,
from a production point of view, the Church to-day is in the stage-coach
class. It holds within itself the keys of prosperity. It holds within
itself the salvation and solution of our industrial, commercial and
international problems. Yet it is working, or at least the Protestant
branch is open, only three or four hours a week. The Church has the
greatest opportunity to-day of any industry. It is the least developed
industry, the most inefficiently operated, and the most backward in its
methods.
Let us shut our eyes and look ahead at what it will be twenty-five years
from now. Let us imagine five churches within a radius of five miles.
All of them now operating independently. Each one open only a few hours
a week. Twenty-five years from now these five churches will be linked up
together under a general manager who will not be a parson, but who will
be a business man.
To-day the preacher of our churches is a combination of preacher,
business manager, and salesman. He is the service department, the
finance department and everything but the janitor. The Church is being
operated to-day as a college would be operated with one professor, who
would be president, treasurer, general manager, and everything else. The
Church is being operated to-day as a factory with simply a production
man and no one to tend the finances or the sales. Manufacturers reading
this book know how long a factory could be run with only a
superintendent and no one to sell or finance the proposition.
Twenty-five years from to-day, instead of the pastor being at the head
of the church and a few good people doing voluntary work, there will be
four or five churches of the same denomination united under one general
manager. I do not mean by this that four of them will be closed. They
will all be open much more than they are now; but they will all be under
one general manager and will be taking orders from that general manager.
Twenty-five years from to-day the churches will be self-supporting. The
days of begging will be over. Religion has been cheapened by singing
about "salvation's free for you and me." When we have our legal
difficulties, we go to a lawyer and pay him; when we have a pain we go
to a doctor and pay him; if we want our children taught we pay the
price; but if we want our children instructed in the fundamentals of
prosperity upon which their future depends, we send them to a Sunday
School for a half-hour a week with the possibility of having them taught
by a silly girl who doesn't know her work. In any event the parent
seldom takes the trouble to ascertain the quality of the teaching.
The time is coming when the Church will awake to its great principles
and opportunities. The greatest industry in America is still the most
backward and most inefficiently operated. When these four or five
churches are combined, the preacher will not have to spend half the week
in preparing a different sermon every Sunday. He will have two weeks or
a month to prepare that sermon. He will have time and have the "pep" and
energy to deliver it to you so you won't go to sleep while sitting in
the pews. The audience will then hear the same preacher only once each
month, and the preacher will then have more than one congregation to
appeal to.
The same man is not going to be expected to preach on Love, Hate, the
League of Nations, How to Settle Labour Disputes and the Health of the
Community and every other subject. All of these men will preach the
salvation of Jesus, but each one will specialize in one particular phase
of the Christian life, such as Faith, Integrity, Industry, Coöperation.
Then we will take more stock in our preachers because they won't pretend
to know every subject. Then the preacher will not be of lesser
intelligence than the average audience.
Fifty years ago the ablest men in every community were the preachers,
the doctors, and the lawyers. They were the only college graduates of
the town and were looked up to. To-day, while we pay our salesmanagers
from $15,000 to $20,000 a year, and lawyers and doctors large fees, we
pay our preachers only miserable salaries. It's a damnable disgrace to
all of us. I often think that if Jesus were to come back to us, that He
would take for His text that thought from the Sermon on the Mount, "If
you have aught against your neighbour, before you enter into your
worship go and square up." I think that when He came in to speak to us
on Sunday morning, He would say:
"Gentlemen, I suggest that before we have this service, we raise funds
to pay the preacher a decent salary."
* * * * *
Just before I went to Brazil I was the guest of the President of the
Argentine Republic. After lunching one day we sat in his sun parlour
looking out over the river. He was very thoughtful. He said, "Mr.
Babson, I have been wondering why it is that South America with all its
great natural advantages is so far behind North America notwithstanding
that South America was settled before North America." Then he went on to
tell how the forests of South America had two hundred and eighty-six
trees that can be found in no book of botany. He told me about many
ranches that had thousands of acres under alfalfa in one block. He
mentioned the mines of iron, coal, copper, silver, gold; all those great
rivers and water-powers which rival Niagara. "Why is it, with all these
natural resources, South America is so far behind North America?" he
asked. Well, those of you who have been there know the reason. But,
being a guest, I said:
"Mr. President, what do you think is the reason?"
He replied: "I have come to this conclusion. South America was settled
by the Spanish who came to South America in search of _gold_, but North
America was settled by the Pilgrim Fathers who went there in search of
_God_."
Friends, let us as American citizens never kick down the ladder by which
we climbed up. Let us never forget the foundation upon which all
permanent prosperity is based.
_Printed in the United States of America_
End of Project Gutenberg's Fundamentals of Prosperity, by Roger W. Babson
*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FUNDAMENTALS OF PROSPERITY ***
***** This file should be named 21502-8.txt or 21502-8.zip *****
This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
http://www.gutenberg.org/2/1/5/0/21502/
Produced by Barbara Tozier, Bill Tozier and the Online
Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
will be renamed.
Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules,
set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project
Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you
do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is
subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
redistribution.
*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
http://gutenberg.org/license).
Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic works
1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be
used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few
things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See
paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works. See paragraph 1.E below.
1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the
collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an
individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in
a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check
the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning
the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
States.
1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
copied or distributed:
This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or
re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
1.E.9.
1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked
to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg-tm License.
1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or
distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
that
- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is
owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments
must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License. You must require such a user to return or
destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
Project Gutenberg-tm works.
- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
of receipt of the work.
- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the
Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
1.F.
1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
your equipment.
1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
DAMAGE.
1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you
received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with
the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy
is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
opportunities to fix the problem.
1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any
provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists
because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
people in all walks of life.
Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org.
Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation
The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
http://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at
809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
[email protected]. Email contact links and up to date contact
information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
page at http://pglaf.org
For additional contact information:
Dr. Gregory B. Newby
Chief Executive and Director
[email protected]
Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation
Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations
($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
status with the IRS.
The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations
where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To
SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
particular state visit http://pglaf.org
While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
approach us with offers to donate.
International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other
ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations.
To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate
Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works.
Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily
keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
http://www.gutenberg.org
This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
