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Title: The Story of Doctor Johnson
Being an Introduction to Boswell's Life
Author: S. C. (Sydney Castle) Roberts
Release Date: June 3, 2014 [eBook #45869]
Language: English
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THE STORY OF DOCTOR JOHNSON
[Illustration: SAMUEL JOHNSON]
* * * * *
Cambridge University Press
C. F. Clay, Manager
London: Fetter Lane, E.C. 4
New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons
Bombay}
Calcutta} Macmillan and Co., Ltd.
Madras}
Toronto: J. M. Dent and Sons, Ltd. Tokyo:
Maruzen-Kabushiki-Kaisha
All Rights Reserved
* * * * *
THE STORY OF DOCTOR JOHNSON
Being an Introduction to Boswell's _Life_
by
S. C. ROBERTS, M.A.
Sometime Scholar of Pembroke College, Cambridge
[Illustration]
Cambridge
At the University Press
1919
First Edition February 1919
Second Edition June 1919
UXORI CARISSIMAE
IN MEMORIAM
NOCTIUM BOSWELLIANARUM
PREFACE
The object of this little book is clearly expressed on the title-page;
and the title-page might be left to speak for itself, were it not for
the inevitable criticism that Boswell needs no introduction. "The
most discreet of cicerones" it has been said "is an intruder when we
open our old favourite, and, without further magic, retire into that
delicious nook of eighteenth-century society[1]."
This is from the point of view of the literary man, the "true lover" of
Boswell; but the _Life_ is a long and, outwardly, formidable work with
which many, who might have been true lovers, have, through lack of an
introduction, hardly attained even to a casual acquaintance.
The usefulness, then, of such a book as this can be tested by one
question: Is a man more, or less, likely to read Boswell and to read
him with enjoyment, because, as a boy, he has been told the story of Dr
Johnson in simpler form?
This "simpler form" may require a little explanation.
I have not been so foolish or so sacrilegious as to attempt to
paraphrase Boswell for the young; on the other hand, I have not merely
strung together a series of extracts and offered them as the gems of
the Boswellian narrative. But, letting Boswell for the most part speak
for himself--not in isolated tit-bits, but in substantial paragraphs--I
have endeavoured to present Dr Johnson, in the various stages of his
career and in the varied circle of his friends, in such a way as to
attract those who have not already known the charm of the "delicious
nook" referred to above.
In one or two of the chapters I have turned to the records of other
friends besides Boswell--notably Mrs Thrale and Fanny Burney.
For the many imperfections that critics will discover I must plead
certain limitations: my range of authorities was limited by remoteness
from a large library; my space by the modest design of the book; my
time by the imminence of an army medical board.
Much, indeed, is omitted, but if I shall win new readers for Boswell, I
shall dare to say, like Johnson, that something likewise is performed.
S. C. R.
_April 1918._
FOOTNOTES:
[1] Sir Leslie Stephen, _Hours in a Library_.
NOTE ON THE SECOND EDITION
I have taken the opportunity of correcting several mistakes pointed out
by friendly critics.
In response to the suggestion of the reviewer in _The Times Literary
Supplement_ I have also added brief notes on the Birthplace and on the
Gough Square house; of the latter a new photograph has been made.
S. C. R.
_May 1919._
CONTENTS
PAGE
PREFACE vii
JOHNSON'S WORLD 1
THE BOY
_School Days_ 3
_Oxford and after_ 9
THE ADVENTURER IN LITERATURE
_Johnson comes to London_ 18
_The Great Lexicographer_ 25
_The Great Cham of Literature_ 33
THE MAN
_Johnson's Household_ 43
_His daily Life_ 53
_His Clubs_ 62
THE SOCIAL FRIEND
_Enter Boswell_ 70
_More about Boswell_ 78
_David Garrick_ 87
_Oliver Goldsmith_ 94
_Sir Joshua Reynolds_ 103
_Bennet Langton and Topham Beauclerk_ 110
_Mrs Thrale_ 115
_Fanny Burney_ 124
THE TRAVELLER
_The Tour to the Hebrides_ 127
_Lesser Journeys_ 141
THE TRUE-BORN ENGLISHMAN 149
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE 156
ILLUSTRATIONS
SAMUEL JOHNSON FRONTISPIECE
(from an engraving after the
portrait by Reynolds)
TO FACE PAGE
JOHNSON'S BIRTHPLACE AT LICHFIELD 4
(from an engraving by Edward Finden
after the drawing by C. Stanfield)
TITLE-PAGE OF _The Gentleman's Magazine_,
March, 1738 22
JOHNSON'S HOUSE IN GOUGH SQUARE 28
JAMES BOSWELL 70
(from an engraving by Finden after
the sketch by G. Langton)
A PIT CHECK, GOODMAN'S FIELDS THEATRE}
} 88
DRURY LANE THEATRE }
DAVID GARRICK 92
(from the portrait by Robert Edge Pine)
OLIVER GOLDSMITH 96
(from an engraving after the
portrait by Reynolds)
JOHNSON AND GOLDSMITH OUTSIDE FILBY'S SHOP 100
(from a drawing by W. M. Thackeray in the
_North British Review_, 1864)
SIR JOSHUA REYNOLDS 104
(from an engraving after the
portrait by himself)
MRS THRALE 116
(from an engraving after the
portrait by Reynolds)
MRS THRALE'S BREAKFAST-TABLE 120
(from an engraving after
I. Cruikshanks, 1791)
FANNY BURNEY 124
(from an engraving after the
portrait by E. F. Burney)
JOHNSON AND BOSWELL ARM-IN-ARM UP THE
HIGH STREET }
} 128
JOHNSON UNDER BOSWELL'S ROOF }
}
(from the caricatures by }
Thomas Rowlandson, 1786) }
BOSWELL STANDING FIRM TO HIS POST }
} 138
WHIGGISM TERRIBLY BUFFETED }
}
(from the caricatures by Rowlandson) }
FLEET STREET IN JOHNSON'S DAY 150
(from a contemporary engraving)
The design on the cover is from one of the "copper pieces struck
at Birmingham with his [Johnson's] head impressed on them." They
passed current, as Boswell tells us, "as half-pence there, and in the
neighbouring parts of the country."
Acknowledgment is made to Messrs Sidgwick and Jackson Ltd for supplying
the block of the Boswell portrait; to Messrs George Routledge & Sons
Ltd for permission to reproduce the pictures facing p. 88 from Doran's
_Annals of the English Stage_ (ed. Lowe, 1888); and to Messrs Emery
Walker Ltd for permission to reproduce the portrait of Garrick facing
p. 92.
The Story of DOCTOR JOHNSON
_Johnson's World_
On the title-page of _The Life of Samuel Johnson, LL.D._, by JAMES
BOSWELL, Esq., the work to which this little book is a stepping-stone,
Boswell claims that the story of Dr Johnson's life exhibits "a view of
literature and literary men in Great-Britain, for near half a century,
during which he flourished."
It is no idle claim. Indeed, Boswell might have gone a great deal
further, for his story is not merely concerned with books and bookish
men, but with men and women in every rank of society.
Kings and cottagers, statesmen and shopkeepers, bishops and
play-actors, rich brewers and penniless poets, dukes and innkeepers,
country parsons and gay young men of the town, street beggars and
fashionable ladies--all play their part in the story and shew us a
picture of the English world in the eighteenth century such as no
history-book can give.
Dr Johnson lived in four reigns--from 1709 to 1784. He could remember
seeing Queen Anne and had an audience of George III; a Jacobite as a
boy and a Tory always, he saw the '15 and the '45; he groaned under the
Whig domination of Walpole and rejoiced in the Tory triumph of the king
who gloried in the name of Briton; he saw the victories of our armies
in India and Canada and their failure in America; he saw the damage
done in the Gordon Riots and chatted to a South Sea islander brought
home by Captain Cook; he dined with John Wilkes and was a guest in the
house of Flora Macdonald.
In a tavern, a club, a drawing-room, or a post-chaise he would argue,
and have the best of the argument, on the institution of slavery or the
choice of books for babies; on the government of India or the poetry of
Gray; on the doctrine of free will or the points of a bull-dog; on the
management of a university press or the writing of a good cookery book.
In 1737 he came to London with twopence-halfpenny and a half-written
tragedy in his pocket and for nearly twenty years did the work of an
unknown literary drudge; for the last thirty years of his life he was
the dominant figure in the educated society of London, laying down the
law on politics to Edmund Burke, on literature to Oliver Goldsmith, on
painting to Sir Joshua Reynolds, on history to Edward Gibbon, on acting
to David Garrick, and on everything to James Boswell.
Let us see what Boswell has to tell us.
_School Days_
Johnson was not born into the world at which we have just glanced.
Indeed, had his character been less remarkable, he might have lived
and died a schoolmaster, or a bookseller, in a country town. For his
father, Michael Johnson, kept a bookshop in Lichfield, Staffordshire,
and here his son Samuel was born in 1709.
Of old Mr Johnson Boswell says that "he was a pretty good Latin
scholar, and a citizen so creditable as to be made one of the
magistrates of Lichfield.... He was a zealous high-church man and
royalist and retained his attachment to the unfortunate house of
Stuart."
Now, according to a modern poet:
Every boy and every gal
That's born into the world alive
Is either a little Liberal
Or else a little Conservative.
In those days men talked of Whig and Tory as we talk of Liberal and
Conservative, and if ever a man was born a Tory, that man was Samuel
Johnson.
To be a Tory in 1710 meant, generally speaking, to disapprove of the
Revolution of 1688, when James II was driven from his throne and
William III summoned to rule in his place; and great excitement had
been caused in the country by a sermon preached at St Paul's against
the principles of the Revolution by a certain Dr Sacheverell.
A visit of this preacher to Lichfield gave young Samuel Johnson the
opportunity to shew himself what Boswell calls "the infant Hercules of
Toryism." Here is the story told by a Lichfield lady:
"When Dr Sacheverel was at Lichfield, Johnson was not quite three years
old. My grandfather Hammond observed him at the cathedral perched upon
his father's shoulders, listening and gaping at the much celebrated
preacher. Mr Hammond asked Mr Johnson how he could possibly think of
bringing such an infant to church and in the midst of so great a croud.
He answered, because it was impossible to keep him at home; for, young
as he was, he believed he had caught the publick spirit and zeal for
Sacheverel, and would have staid for ever in the church, satisfied with
beholding him."
Nowadays it is difficult for us to imagine a three-year-old baby
insisting on hearing a sermon, say, by the Dean of St Paul's or even
a speech by the Prime Minister. But Johnson, as we shall see, was no
ordinary child; and to the end of his life he was no ordinary hater of
the Whigs.
Living, as he did, in the atmosphere of a bookshop, it was natural
that the boy should be more inclined than others towards learning. His
memory was wonderful:
"When he was a child in petticoats and had learnt to read, Mrs Johnson
one morning put the common prayer-book into his hands, pointed to
the collect for the day, and said 'Sam, you must get this by heart.'
She went up stairs, leaving him to study it: But by the time she
had reached the second floor, she heard him following her. 'What's
the matter?' said she. 'I can say it,' he replied; and repeated it
distinctly, though he could not have read it more than twice."
[Illustration: JOHNSON'S BIRTHPLACE AT LICHFIELD
The birthplace, having been presented to the city of Lichfield by
the late Lieut.-Col. John Gilbert, was opened to the public as a
Johnson Museum and Library in 1901. In it are preserved various books,
manuscripts, portraits and other relics. A full account of Johnson's
association with Lichfield is given in _Dr Samuel Johnson and His
Birthplace: A Retrospect and Guide. Compiled by the Johnson House
Committee_ (Lichfield, 1915).]
He was first taught to read English by one Dame Oliver and "from his
earliest years he loved to read poetry, but hardly ever read any poem
to the end; ... he read Shakspeare at a period so early, that the
speech of the Ghost in Hamlet terrified him when he was alone." At the
age of 10 he began to learn Latin with an under master at Lichfield
School, of which the headmaster, Mr Hunter, must have put terror into
the hearts of his pupils.
"He used" so Johnson afterwards told Boswell "to beat us unmercifully;
and he did not distinguish between ignorance and negligence; for he
would beat a boy equally for not knowing a thing, as for neglecting to
know it. He would ask a boy a question; and if he did not answer it,
he would beat him, without considering whether he had an opportunity
of knowing how to answer it. For instance, he would call up a boy and
ask him Latin for a candlestick, which the boy could not expect to be
asked. Now, Sir, if a boy could answer every question, there would be
no need of a master to teach him."
"However ..." says Boswell "Johnson was very sensible how much he owed
to Mr Hunter. Mr Langton one day asked him how he had acquired so
accurate a knowledge of Latin, in which, I believe, he was exceeded
by no man of his time; he said 'My master whipt me very well. Without
that, Sir, I should have done nothing.... A child is afraid of being
whipped and gets his task, and there's an end on't.'"
Boswell also gives us a picture of Johnson at school as drawn by a
schoolfellow--Mr Hector:
"He seemed to learn by intuition ... whenever he made an exertion he
did more than any one else.... He was uncommonly inquisitive; and his
memory was so tenacious, that he never forgot anything that he either
heard or read."
In the holidays Hector "could not oblige him more than by sauntering
away the hours of vacation in the fields, during which he was more
engaged in talking to himself than to his companion."
This sounds more like a gloomy young prig than a healthy 12-year-old
boy. But Johnson was far from healthy and his superior brains were
useful to others besides himself:
"His favourites used to receive very liberal assistance from him; and
such was the submission and deference with which he was treated, such
the desire to obtain his regard, that three of the boys, of whom Mr
Hector was sometimes one, used to come in the morning as his humble
attendants and carry him to school."
After a year at another school at Stourbridge, he returned home:
"The two years which he spent at home, after his return from
Stourbridge, he passed in what he thought idleness, and was scolded by
his father for his want of steady application. He had no settled plan
of life, nor looked forward at all, but merely lived from day to day.
Yet he read a great deal in a desultory manner, without any scheme of
study, as chance threw books in his way, and inclination directed him
through them. He used to mention one curious instance of his casual
reading, when but a boy. Having imagined that his brother had hid
some apples behind a large folio upon an upper shelf in his father's
shop, he climbed up to search for them. There were no apples; but the
large folio proved to be Petrarch, whom he had seen mentioned in some
preface, as one of the restorers of learning. His curiosity having been
thus excited, he sat down with avidity, and read a great part of the
book. What he read during these two years he told me, was not works of
mere amusement, 'not voyages and travels, but all literature, Sir, all
ancient writers, all manly.'"
Johnson's father at this time used to set up a bookstall on market-days
at neighbouring towns. One day he asked his son to go with him to
Uttoxeter. Samuel refused, being too proud to stand at the stall in the
market-place.
Again we feel inclined to think our hero rather a prig of a fellow--too
lazy to do regular work of his own, too proud to help his father. Why
couldn't he do a day's work and then spend his leisure in the open air,
fishing or playing games?
Here we must go back a little and look at the sadder side of Johnson's
boyhood. He was never healthy. From his father he inherited a "vile
melancholy" and he "had the misfortune to be much afflicted with the
scrophula, or king's evil, which disfigured a countenance naturally
well formed, and hurt his visual nerves so much, that he did not see at
all with one of his eyes, though its appearance was little different
from that of the other."
At that time it was still believed that this disease could be cured by
a touch of the reigning king or queen. So Mrs Johnson "carried him to
London, where he was actually touched by Queen Anne...." Being asked
if he could remember Queen Anne, "He had," he said, "a confused, but
somehow a sort of solemn recollection of a lady in diamonds, and a long
black hood."
But it did Johnson no good. Neither then, nor in later life, was he
freed of the burden of ill-health and we can now better understand why
"he never joined with the other boys in their ordinary diversions: his
only amusement was in winter, when he took a pleasure in being drawn
upon the ice by a boy barefooted, who pulled him along by a garter
fixed round him; no very easy operation as his size was remarkably
large. His defective sight, indeed, prevented him from enjoying the
common sports."
Three habits, at least, Dr Johnson learned in boyhood which he
continued to practise as a man--to hate the Whigs, to love books, and
to endure pain.
_Oxford and after_
Two hundred years ago it was not easy for a poor country bookseller to
send his son to Oxford; and it is probable that it was only with the
help of friends that old Mr Johnson was able to pay his son's expenses
at the university.
However that may be, the name of Samuel Johnson was entered in the
books of Pembroke College, Oxford, in 1728.
He had at least one parting gift, for good Dame Oliver, his first
teacher, hearing that he was about to go, "came to take leave of him
[and] brought him, in the simplicity of her kindness, a present of
gingerbread, and said, he was the best scholar she ever had." Boswell
further tells us that Johnson "delighted in mentioning this early
compliment: adding, with a smile, that 'this was as high a proof of his
merit as he could conceive.'"
Besides his gingerbread, however, Johnson took with him a good
knowledge of books. "I had looked" he said "into a great many books,
which were not commonly known at the Universities, where they seldom
read any books but what are put into their hands by their tutors; so
that when I came to Oxford, Dr Adams told me I was the best qualified
for the University that he had ever known come there."
And indeed he quickly showed himself to be more learned than the
ordinary "freshman."
Nowadays, when a father takes his son for a first interview with
a college tutor, it is not usual for the boy to break into the
conversation with a quotation from one of the less-known Latin authors.
This is Boswell's story of Johnson's arrival at Oxford:
"His father, who had anxiously accompanied him, found means to have him
introduced to Mr Jorden, who was to be his tutor.... His father seemed
very full of the merits of his son, and told the company he was a good
scholar, and a poet, and wrote Latin verses. His figure and manner
appeared strange to them; but he behaved modestly, and sat silent,
till upon something which occurred in the course of conversation, he
suddenly struck in and quoted Macrobius; and thus he gave the first
impression of that more extensive reading in which he had indulged
himself."
Johnson had no great opinion of Mr Jorden as a scholar:
"He was a very worthy man, but a heavy man, and I did not profit much
by his instructions. Indeed, I did not attend him much. The first day
after I came to college I waited upon him, and then stayed away four.
On the sixth, Mr Jorden asked me why I had not attended. I answered I
had been sliding in Christ Church meadow. And this I said with as much
_nonchalance_ as I am now talking to you. I had no notion I was wrong
or irreverent to my tutor."
Johnson's rooms were on the second floor over the gateway of Pembroke
College. The tower itself has been much altered, but the visitor
to Oxford can see the rooms pretty much as they were in Johnson's
day. Elsewhere in the college he may examine (or "contemplate with
veneration," as Boswell would have done) many Johnsonian relics--his
writing-desk and tea-pot among them.
From what we already know of Johnson's boyhood, we cannot picture him
as a lively undergraduate; for poverty and ill-health make it difficult
for a young man to enjoy life with his fellows, and Johnson suffered
from both.
A schoolfellow of Johnson, named Taylor, had come up to Christ Church,
where one of the tutors, Mr Bateman, had a high reputation:
"Mr Bateman's lectures were so excellent, that Johnson used to come and
get them at second-hand from Taylor, till his poverty being so extreme
that his shoes were worn out, and his feet appeared through them, he
saw that this humiliating circumstance was perceived by the Christ
Church men, and he came no more. He was too proud to accept of money,
and somebody having set a pair of new shoes at his door, he threw them
away with indignation."
"How must we feel" adds the faithful Boswell "when we read such an
anecdote of Samuel Johnson!"
Nor had his health improved. Here is an account of him at the end of
his first year at Oxford:
"While he was at Lichfield, in the college vacation of the year 1729,
he felt himself overwhelmed with ... perpetual irritation, fretfulness
and impatience; and with a dejection, gloom, and despair, which made
existence misery. From this dismal malady he never afterwards was
perfectly relieved ... he was sometimes so languid and inefficient,
that he could not distinguish the hour upon the town-clock."
We are rather surprised, then, to read that he was at Oxford "caressed
and loved by all about him, was a gay and frolicksome fellow, and
passed there the happiest part of his life."
"This" says Boswell "is a striking proof of the fallacy of appearances,
and how little any of us know of the real internal state even of
those whom we see most frequently; for the truth is, that he was then
depressed by poverty, and irritated by disease. When I mentioned to
him this account as given me by Dr Adams, he said 'Ah, Sir, I was mad
and violent. It was bitterness which they mistook for frolick. I was
miserably poor, and I thought to fight my way by my literature and my
wit; so I disregarded all power and all authority.'"
Johnson was too poor to complete his course of study and left Oxford
in 1731 without the degree of Bachelor of Arts. But though he had no
degree, he had gained much from the University. He had widened his
knowledge of books, reading mostly Greek and Latin authors.
"He had" says Boswell "a peculiar facility in seizing at once what was
valuable in any book, without submitting to the labour of perusing it
from beginning to end."
He learnt, too, to love his college and the university. Later we shall
see how affectionately he talked of the days when "he was generally
seen lounging at the College gate, with a circle of young students
round him, whom he was entertaining with wit, and keeping from their
studies."
"O! Mr Edwards!" he exclaimed to an old friend about 50 years later
"I'll convince you that I recollect you. Do you remember our drinking
together at an alehouse near Pembroke gate?"--but we must go back and
see him as he came down from Oxford at the age of 22:
"And now (I had almost said _poor_) Samuel Johnson returned to his
native city, destitute, and not knowing how he should gain even a
decent livelihood. His father's misfortune in trade rendered him unable
to support his son; and for some time there appeared no means by which
he could maintain himself. In the December of this year his father
died."
"I layed by" wrote Johnson in his diary (15 July 1732) "eleven guineas
on this day, when I received twenty pounds, being all that I have
reason to hope for out of my father's effects, previous to the death
of my mother; an event which I pray GOD may be very remote. I now
therefore see that I must make my own fortune."
How was this fortune to be made?
Like many another after him who has left the university with no
definite plan of life in view, Johnson turned inevitably to teaching,
accepting "an offer to be employed as usher in the school of
Market-Bosworth, in Leicestershire, to which it appears, from one of
his little fragments of a diary, that he went on foot."
Like many another, too, he soon complained that "this employment was
very irksome to him in every respect ... that it was unvaried as the
note of the cuckow; and that he did not know whether it was more
disagreeable for him to teach, or the boys to learn, the grammar rules."
A few months of this were enough for him, after which he went to live
with his friend Mr Hector at Birmingham and began to earn a little
money by his pen. For the translation of a French book of travel he
received five guineas.
In Birmingham Johnson fell in love with a widow--Mrs Porter. This lady
was twenty years older than her lover and, as we shall see in a moment,
no great beauty.
Nor was Johnson. When he was first introduced to her, "his appearance
was very forbidding; he was then lean and lank, so that his immense
structure of bones was hideously striking to the eye, and the scars of
the scrophula were deeply visible. He also wore his hair, which was
straight and stiff, and separated behind: and he often had, seemingly,
convulsive starts and odd gesticulations, which tended to excite at
once surprize and ridicule. Mrs Porter was so much engaged by his
conversation that she overlooked all these external disadvantages and
said to her daughter, 'this is the most sensible man that I ever saw in
my life.'"
"I know not" Boswell goes on "for what reason the marriage ceremony
was not performed at Birmingham; but a resolution was taken that it
should be at Derby, for which place the bride and bridegroom set out
on horseback, I suppose in very good humour ... I have had from my
illustrious friend the following curious account of their journey to
church upon the nuptial morn: 'Sir, she had read the old romances, and
had got into her head the fantastical notion that a woman of spirit
should use her lover like a dog. So, Sir, at first she told me that I
rode too fast, and she could not keep up with me; and, when I rode a
little slower, she passed me, and complained that I lagged behind. I
was not to be made the slave of caprice; and I resolved to begin as I
meant to end. I therefore pushed on briskly, till I was fairly out of
her sight. The road lay between two hedges, so I was sure she could not
miss it; and I contrived that she should soon come up with me. When she
did, I observed her to be in tears.'"
This is what Boswell, who was a married man, calls "a manly firmness,"
though he admits that it was "a singular beginning."
"Sir," said Johnson to a friend years afterwards "it was a love
marriage on both sides."
"In the _Gentleman's Magazine_ for 1736," says Boswell, "there is the
following advertisement:
'At Edial, near Lichfield, in Staffordshire, young gentlemen are
boarded and taught the Latin and Greek languages, by SAMUEL JOHNSON.'
But the only pupils that were put under his care were the celebrated
David Garrick and his brother George, and a Mr Offely, a young
gentleman of good fortune who died early."
Boswell (though he has a kind word of patronage for successful
schoolmasters) evidently thought that his hero's brains were too good,
and his temper too bad, for the profession of teaching; moreover, David
Garrick was the kind of boy who is the despair of his teacher, the
delight of his schoolfellows, and the hero of school stories.
The truth about Johnson as a schoolmaster, according to Boswell, was
that "he was not so well qualified for being a teacher of elements
... as men of inferiour powers of mind.... The art of communicating
instruction, of whatever kind, is much to be valued; and I have ever
thought that those who devote themselves to this employment, and do
their duty with diligence and success, are entitled to very high
respect from the community, as Johnson himself often maintained. Yet I
am of opinion that the greatest abilities are not only not required for
this office, but render a man less fit for it. While we acknowledge the
justness of Thomson's beautiful remark,
'Delightful task! to rear the tender thought,
And teach the young idea how to shoot!'
we must consider that this delight is perceptible only by 'a mind
at ease,' a mind at once calm and clear; but that a mind gloomy and
impetuous like that of Johnson, cannot be fixed for any length of
time in minute attention, and must be so frequently irritated by
unavoidable slowness and errour in the advances of scholars, as to
perform the duty, with little pleasure to the teacher, and no great
advantage to the pupils. Good temper is a most essential requisite in
a Preceptor.... From Mr Garrick's account he did not appear to have
been profoundly reverenced by his pupils. His oddities of manner, and
uncouth gesticulations, could not but be the subject of merriment ...
and, in particular, the young rogues used to ... turn into ridicule his
tumultuous and awkward fondness for Mrs Johnson, whom he used to name
... _Tetty_ or _Tetsey_ ... which seems to us ludicrous, when applied
to a woman of her age and appearance. Mr Garrick described her to me as
very fat, with a bosom of more than ordinary protuberance, with swelled
cheeks of a florid red, produced by thick painting, and increased by
the liberal use of cordials; flaring and fantastick in her dress, and
affected both in her speech and her general behaviour. I have seen
Garrick exhibit her, by his exquisite talent of mimickry, so as to
excite the heartiest bursts of laughter."
The "exquisite talent of mimickry" is not popular amongst schoolmasters
and the academy for young gentlemen was closed after a year and a half.
Again, what was Johnson to do? He had tried teaching and failed; he had
written a little, but could not hope to get money or fame by selling
translations to country booksellers; he had married a wife. The next
step was the decisive one:
"Johnson now thought of trying his fortune in London."
_Johnson comes to London_
"I came to London" said Johnson in later years "with two-pence
half-penny in my pocket."
Garrick overhearing him, exclaimed, "eh? what do you say? with
two-pence half-penny in your pocket?"
JOHNSON, "Why yes; when I came with two-pence half-penny in _my_
pocket, and thou, Davy, with three half-pence in thine."
Master and pupil had travelled together; Garrick was to 'complete
his education' at an academy kept by a Mr Colson, but it was well
for Johnson that he "knew how he could live in the cheapest manner.
His first lodgings were at the house of Mr Norris, a staymaker, in
Exeter-street, adjoining Catherine-street, in the Strand. 'I dined
(said he) very well for eight-pence, with very good company, at the
Pine Apple in New-street, just by. Several of them had travelled. They
expected to meet every day; but did not know one another's names. It
used to cost the rest a shilling, for they drank wine; but I had a cut
of meat for six-pence, and bread for a penny, and gave the waiter a
penny; so that I was quite well served, nay, better than the rest, for
they gave the waiter nothing.'"
Johnson was, as Boswell says, "an adventurer in literature." What
kind of place was this London of 1737, this "great field of genius and
exertion, where" according to Boswell "talents of every kind have the
fullest scope, and the highest encouragement"?
Here are two pictures. The first is an account of an ordinary day's
doings by a stranger staying in Pall Mall:
"We rise by nine, and those that frequent great men's levees find
entertainment at them till eleven or go to tea-tables. About twelve the
_beau monde_ assembles in several coffee or chocolate houses ... all
so near to one another that in less than an hour you see the company
of them all. We are carried to these places in chairs, which are
here very cheap, a guinea a week, or one shilling per hour, and your
chair-men serve you for porters to run on errands.... If it is fine
weather we take a turn in the park till two, when we go for dinner....
Ordinaries are not so common here as abroad, but there are good French
ones in Suffolk Street. The general way here is to make a party at the
coffee-house to go to dine at the tavern, where we sit till six, when
we go to the play, except you are invited to the table of some great
man. After the play the best company generally go to Tom's and Will's
coffee-houses near adjoining, where there is playing at picquet and
the best of conversation till midnight.... Or if you like rather the
company of ladies, there are assemblies at most people of quality's
houses."
The second is by an Irish painter whom Johnson had met at Birmingham
and who had "practised his own precepts of economy for several
years in the British capital":
"He assured Johnson, who, I suppose, was then meditating to try his
fortune in London, but was apprehensive of the expence, 'that thirty
pounds a year was enough to enable a man to live there without being
contemptible. He allowed ten pounds for clothes and linen. He said
a man might live in a garret at eighteen-pence a week; few people
would enquire where he lodged; and, if they did, it was easy to say
'Sir, I am to be found at such a place.' By spending three-pence in
a coffee-house, he might be for some hours every day in very good
company; he might dine for sixpence, breakfast on bread and milk for a
penny, and do without supper. On _clean-shirt-day_ he went abroad, and
paid visits."
It was this world of "Grub Street" (a street which became famous about
the end of the 16th century as the home of poor authors and whose name
was used generally to mean the world in which they lived[2]) which
Johnson had to face. He must try and make a living by his pen.
He had, of course, no "patron," no rich man who would help to pay for
the printing of his books, recommend them to his fashionable friends
and perhaps secure their author a government post which would bring
with it light duties and a comfortable income.
Except for Harry Hervey ("a vicious man, but very kind to me," he told
Boswell, "If you call a dog HERVEY, I shall love him") Johnson hardly
had a friend in London. What was he to write? Who was to buy his
manuscripts?
Newspapers, indeed, were everywhere. They consisted mostly of four
pages containing a little news, a little gossip, a little poetry, and
many advertisements. There was not much hope for Johnson here.
A journal founded in 1731 gave him a better opening.
"_The Gentleman's Magazine_, begun and carried on by Mr Edward Cave,
under the name of SYLVANUS URBAN, had attracted the notice and esteem
of Johnson, in an eminent degree, before he came to London.... He
told me, that when he first saw St John's Gate, the place where that
deservedly popular miscellany was originally printed, he 'beheld it
with reverence.'"
To Mr Cave, therefore, Johnson wrote, having observed in his paper
"very uncommon offers of encouragement to men of letters," and _The
Gentleman's Magazine_ was for many years "his principal source for
employment and support."
In the summer of 1737 he went back to Lichfield, where he finished a
tragedy called _Irene_, of which we shall hear something later. On his
return to London he brought his wife with him, and in London he lived
for the remaining 47 years of his life.
It was fitting, therefore, that the first of his writings which brought
him fame should be a poem called _London_. It was offered to, and
refused by, several booksellers, an incident afterwards commemorated in
these lines:
Will no kind patron JOHNSON own?
Shall JOHNSON friendless range the town?
And every publisher refuse
The offspring of his happy Muse?
However, the "worthy, modest, and ingenious Mr Robert Dodsley had taste
enough to perceive its uncommon merit, and thought it creditable to
have a share in it."
Now this poem may not attract us very much to-day. Boswell, of course,
thought it "one of the noblest productions in our language," but to
understand it properly we need to know something of the politics of the
time, especially of the Tory feeling against Sir Robert Walpole, the
prime minister who said that "every man had his price"; we need to know
something, too, of the poem by Juvenal, of which it is an imitation.
But a few lines are quoted here, because they bring out very clearly
the state of Johnson's mind at the time.
He is a bitter opponent of the corrupt government of the day and its
weak concessions to Spain:
Grant me, kind heaven, to find some happier place,
Where honesty and sense are no disgrace ...
Here let those reign, whom pensions can incite
To vote a patriot black, a courtier white;
Explain their country's dear-bought rights away,
And plead for pirates in the face of day.[3]
[Illustration: TITLE-PAGE OF _The Gentleman's Magazine_, March, 1738]
He feels his own poverty keenly:
This mournful truth is ev'ry where confess'd
SLOW RISES WORTH, BY POVERTY DEPRESS'D.
"We may easily conceive" says Boswell "with what feeling a great mind
like this, cramped and galled by narrow circumstances, uttered this
last line, which he marked by capitals."
_London_ was a success.
"Everybody was delighted with it; and there being no name to it, the
first buz of the literary circles was 'here is an unknown poet, greater
even than Pope.' And it is recorded in _The Gentleman's Magazine_ of
that year [1738], that it 'got into the second edition in the course of
a week.'"
But Johnson got no more than ten guineas for his work.
Truly, as Boswell says, "he felt the hardships of writing for
bread." So poor, indeed, did his prospects seem, that he thought of
turning schoolmaster again or of entering the law. But he had no
university degree and there seemed no escape from "the drudgery of
authourship"--unless he should take the advice of Mr Wilcox.
"Mr Wilcox, the bookseller, on being informed by him that his intention
was to get his livelihood as an author, eyed his robust frame
attentively, and with a significant look, said 'You had better buy a
porter's knot.'"
Of his life during the first ten years after his arrival in London
we do not know many details. He was miserably poor, but not entirely
friendless. His intimate companion for some time was Richard Savage,
whom "misfortunes and misconduct had reduced to the lowest state of
wretchedness as a writer for bread."
Boswell finds it "melancholy to reflect that Johnson and Savage were
sometimes in such extreme indigence that they could not pay for a
lodging; so that they have wandered together whole nights in the
streets.... He told Sir Joshua Reynolds, that one night in particular,
when Savage and he walked round St James's-square for want of a
lodging, they were not at all depressed by their situation; but in high
spirits and brimful of patriotism, traversed the square for several
hours, inveighed against the minister, and 'resolved they would _stand
by their country_.'"
A few years later Johnson wrote a _Life_ of his friend, sitting up all
night and writing forty-eight of the printed pages at a sitting.
"Soon after Savage's _Life_ was published, Mr Harte dined with Edward
Cave, and occasionally praised it. Soon after, meeting him, Cave said,
'You made a man very happy t'other day.'--'How could that be?' says
Harte; 'nobody was there but ourselves.' Cave answered, by reminding
him that a plate of victuals was sent behind a screen, which was to
Johnson, dressed so shabbily, that he did not choose to appear; but on
hearing the conversation, he was highly delighted with the encomiums on
his book."
For the copyright of the book Johnson received fifteen guineas.
Such money, indeed, as Johnson earned at this time came mostly from
Mr Cave. To _The Gentleman's Magazine_ he contributed poems, essays,
lives of famous men, translations of foreign works and accounts of
debates in Parliament, taking care, in these last, that "the WHIG DOGS
should not have the best of it."
Few of these writings would be remembered if their author had not
become famous for other reasons, and we maybe sure that Johnson was
dissatisfied with this kind of work. He was an adventurer in literature
and an adventurer likes to tackle a big task.
Before long he found one big enough.
FOOTNOTES:
[2] See pages 33, 95.
[3] The Spaniards had abused the right of searching merchant vessels
granted to them by the treaty of Commerce. In the following year, 1739,
after the affair of "Jenkins's ear," Walpole was compelled to yield to
the popular demand for war.
_The Great Lexicographer_
The title of this chapter sounds dull enough. A dictionary is not
generally thought to be lively reading and perhaps we may feel that a
man who deliberately set out to write one must have been a dry-as-dust
old fellow who went out of his way to explain short and simple words
by means of long and complicated phrases more difficult than the words
themselves.
Well, there is no doubt that Johnson did use long words. He had been
brought up on classical authors and, like other writers of the period,
often used words of many syllables derived from the Greek or Latin,
when simpler words would have done as well.
Boswell is the same. He does not say "many times in his later life"
but "upon innumerable occasions in his subsequent life." Or look back
at page 24, where he finds it "melancholy to reflect that Johnson and
Savage were in such extreme indigence." Why couldn't he have found it
"sad to think that they were so poor"?
Long words were the fashion of the time and to do Johnson justice, we
must try to put ourselves back in his century.
Nowadays, we have no trouble in finding dictionaries, whether we want
an exhaustive work of reference or a handy volume for the pocket.
But in Johnson's day it was different.
Such dictionaries as had previously appeared were vocabularies of "hard
words" only, not of words in general. The only attempt to produce a
dictionary containing _all_ English words was that compiled in 1721 by
one Nathaniel Bailey, but it contained very little illustration of the
use of words. There was, in fact, no dictionary which attempted either
to _fix_ the language or to illustrate the different meanings of a word
by quotations from English writers. Johnson began to consider whether
he might not produce one himself.
"The year 1747" says Boswell "is distinguished as the epoch, when
Johnson's arduous and important work, his DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH
LANGUAGE, was announced to the world, by the publication of its Plan
or _Prospectus_. How long this immense undertaking had been the object
of his contemplation, I do not know. I once asked him by what means he
had attained to that astonishing knowledge of our language, by which
he was enabled to realise a design of such extent, and accumulated
difficulty. He told me, that 'it was not the effect of particular
study; but that it had grown up in his mind insensibly.'"
Even Johnson had had some doubts at the beginning:
"I have been informed by Mr James Dodsley, that several years before
this period, when Johnson was one day sitting in his brother Robert's
shop, he heard his brother suggest to him, that a Dictionary of the
English Language would be a work that would be well received by the
publick; that Johnson seemed at first to catch at the proposition, but,
after a pause, said, in his abrupt decisive manner, 'I believe I shall
not undertake it.'"
But he changed his mind. Half-a-dozen booksellers agreed between them
to pay the author fifteen hundred and seventy-five pounds for the work,
and the "Plan" was addressed to the Earl of Chesterfield, "then one of
his Majesty's Principal Secretaries of State; a nobleman who was very
ambitious of literary distinction."
England has always prided herself on the individual enterprise of her
citizens and Johnson "the true-born Englishman" had now undertaken,
"single and unaided ... a work which in other countries had not been
effected but by the co-operating exertions of many," but "he had a
noble consciousness of his own abilities, which enabled him to go on
with undaunted spirit."
Boswell gives us a few glimpses of his hero engaged on this great task:
"Dr Adams found him one day busy at his _Dictionary_, when the
following dialogue ensued: ADAMS. This is a great work, Sir.... How can
you do this in three years? JOHNSON. Sir, I have no doubt that I can
do it in three years. ADAMS. But the French Academy, which consists of
forty members, took forty years to compile their Dictionary. JOHNSON.
Sir, thus it is: this is the proportion. Let me see; forty times forty
is sixteen hundred. As three to sixteen hundred, so is the proportion
of an Englishman to a Frenchman."
"For the mechanical part he employed, as he told me, six amanuenses;
and let it be remembered by the natives of North-Britain, to whom
he is supposed to have been so hostile, that five of them were of
that country.... To all these painful labourers, Johnson shewed a
never-ceasing kindness."
"While the _Dictionary_ was going forward, Johnson lived part of the
time in Holborn, part in Gough-square, Fleet-street; and he had an
upper room fitted up like a counting-house for the purpose, in which
he gave to the copyists their several tasks. The words, partly taken
from other dictionaries, and partly supplied by himself, having been
first written down with spaces left between them, he delivered in
writing their etymologies, definitions, and various significations.
The authorities were copied from the books themselves, in which he had
marked the passages, with a black-lead pencil, the traces of which
could easily be effaced. I have seen several of them, in which that
trouble had not been taken, so that they were just as when used by the
copyists."
[Illustration: JOHNSON'S HOUSE IN GOUGH SQUARE
No. 17 Gough Square, the house in which Johnson lived from 1748 to
1759, was bought in 1911 by Mr Cecil Harmsworth, who undertook such
restoration as was necessary. The visitor will find it most easily
by turning into Bolt Court, on the north side of Fleet Street, and
will note with satisfaction that "almost every original feature of
importance has survived."
A descriptive booklet, with a good coloured portrait, may be bought
at the house, and a well-illustrated account is given in _The
Architectural Review_ for December, 1918. Carlyle's description of his
visit (_Miscellaneous Essays, Vol. IV_) is well known and the reader
may also be referred to Mr Austin Dobson's _A Garret in Gough Square
(Eighteenth Century Vignettes, 1st Series_) and Miss Sophie Cole's
novel, _A London Posy_.]
Though these pencil-marks do not remain for us to see, the house in
Gough Square still stands. The literary adventurer of to-day may behold
it with something of that reverence which St John's Gate inspired in
Johnson when he first came to London.
The Dictionary employed Johnson for eight years.
"Mr Andrew Millar, bookseller in the Strand, took the principal charge
of conducting the publication.... When the messenger who carried the
last sheet to Millar returned, Johnson asked him 'Well, what did he
say?'--'Sir (answered the messenger) he said, Thank GOD I have done
with him.' 'I am glad (replied Johnson, with a smile) that he thanks
GOD for anything.'"
Lord Chesterfield, to whom the "Plan" had been addressed, had taken no
notice of Johnson during his years of toil. Johnson had waited in his
"outward rooms" and been "repulsed from his door"--an incident which a
famous picture has made familiar to many who otherwise, perhaps, would
hardly have heard either of the rich nobleman or of the "uncourtly
scholar."
On the eve of publication, however, Lord Chesterfield attempted to make
amends by two complimentary notices in a paper called _The World_. This
provoked Johnson to write one of the best known letters in English
literature. Here is a part of it:
"Seven years, my Lord, have now passed, since I waited in your outward
rooms, or was repulsed from your door; during which time I have been
pushing on my work through difficulties, of which it is useless to
complain, and have brought it, at last, to the verge of publication,
without one act of assistance, one word of encouragement, or one smile
of favour. Such treatment I did not expect, for I never had a Patron
before....
Is not a Patron, my Lord, one who looks with unconcern on a man
struggling for life in the water, and, when he has reached ground,
encumbers him with help? The notice which you have been pleased to
take of my labours, had it been early, had been kind; but it has been
delayed till I am indifferent, and cannot enjoy it; till I am solitary,
and cannot impart it; till I am known, and do not want it. I hope it is
no very cynical asperity not to confess obligations where no benefit
has been received, or to be unwilling that the Publick should consider
me as owing that to a Patron, which Providence has enabled me to do for
myself."
This fine piece of snubbing, written, as Johnson said, in _defensive_
pride, became "the talk of the town." But Johnson did not wish it to be
public property. When Lord Hardwicke expressed a wish to read it, he
"declined to comply with the request, saying, with a smile 'No, Sir; I
have hurt the dog too much already.'"
"The _Dictionary_" says Boswell "with a _Grammar and History of the
English Language_ being now at length published, in two volumes folio,
the world contemplated with wonder so stupendous a work achieved by one
man."
We, too, may do the same, though we may be frightened, rather than
attracted, by the sentence which Boswell selects from the _Preface_ as
a model of clearness and choice of words:
"When the radical idea branches out into parallel ramifications, how
can a consecutive series be formed of senses in their own nature
collateral?"
We shall do better to choose one or two of the passages which should
move us even now, when we picture to ourselves the years of industry
and poverty in the gloomy Gough Square house: "The chief glory of every
people arises from its authors: whether I shall add anything by my own
writings to the reputation of English literature must be left to time."
"I deliver my book to the world with the spirit of a man that has
endeavoured well.... In this work, when it shall be found that much is
omitted, let it not be forgotten that much likewise is performed; and
though no book was ever spared out of tenderness to the author, and the
world is little solicitous to know whence proceeded the faults of that
which it condemns; yet it may gratify curiosity to inform it, that the
_English Dictionary_ was written with little assistance of the learned,
and without any patronage of the great; not in the soft obscurities
of retirement, or under the shelter of academick bowers, but amidst
inconvenience and distraction, in sickness and in sorrow."
The Dictionary itself is not, of course, to be compared in fulness or
accuracy with the latest monument of lexicography which we find on
library shelves to-day--any more than Marlborough's artillery can be
compared with a modern howitzer.
"The definitions" says Boswell "have always appeared to me such
astonishing proofs of acuteness of intellect and precision of language,
as indicate a genius of the highest rank. This it is which marks the
superiour excellence of Johnson's _Dictionary_ over others."
But even Boswell has to admit, as Johnson did, that there are errors
and obscurities, "inconsiderable specks" though they be.
"Thus _Windward_ and _Leeward_, though directly of opposite meaning,
are defined identically the same way."
"A lady once asked him how he came to define _Pastern_ the _knee_ of a
horse; instead of making an elaborate defence, as she expected, he at
once answered, 'Ignorance, Madam,--pure ignorance.'"
"His definition of _Network_ has been often quoted with sportive
malignity, as obscuring a thing in itself very plain."
Boswell tantalises us by omitting this definition. But, to set
curiosity at rest, here it is: "Anything reticulated or decussated, at
equal distances, with interstices between the intersections."
A man of strong prejudices like Johnson could not refrain from letting
his own views appear here and there throughout the work and it is these
human touches which have most attraction for us to-day. We can imagine
the grim smile which came over his scarred and rugged face when he
defined:
_Oats_ as "A grain which in England is generally given to horses, but
in Scotland supports the people[4]."
_Whig_ as "The name of a faction."
_Grub-street_ as "the name of a street in London, much inhabited by
writers of small histories, _dictionaries_, and temporary poems."
_Lexicographer_ as "a writer of dictionaries; a harmless drudge."
"Dictionaries," as Johnson himself wrote thirty years later, "are like
watches, the worst is better than none, and the best cannot be expected
to go true."
But what we chiefly have to remember is that Johnson was a pioneer.
There was no good English dictionary in 1747. Johnson set to work
single-handed, and produced a book which made its author supreme
amongst the literary men of the time and itself remained a standard
work for generations.
FOOTNOTES:
[4] The latter part of the definition was omitted by Johnson in the
last edition which he passed for press.
_The Great Cham of Literature_
The _Dictionary_ was Johnson's biggest literary adventure, but it was
not the only one which occupied him in the years between 1747 and 1755.
Even the great Lexicographer would have found it hard to do nothing but
"beat the track of the alphabet" for eight years; for, as Boswell puts
it, "his enlarged and lively mind could not be satisfied without more
diversity of employment and the pleasure of animated relaxation."
There was another reason, too, which made it necessary for Johnson to
write something besides definitions. 1500 guineas was not much on which
to keep six assistants and himself for eight years. "When the expence
of amanuenses and paper, and other articles are deducted, his clear
profit was very inconsiderable." But Johnson, being a true adventurer,
did not grumble. When Boswell said to him "I am sorry, Sir, you did not
get more for your _Dictionary_," his answer was "I am sorry too. But it
was very well. The booksellers are generous, liberal-minded men."
So, in 1749, Johnson offered to one of these booksellers, Mr James
Dodsley, a poem called _The Vanity of Human Wishes_ and received the
sum of fifteen guineas.
It was written in imitation, as _London_ had been, of the Roman poet
Juvenal. The subject is a gloomy one and Garrick thought it "as hard
as Greek." But parts of the poem are still familiar to everyone--the
opening lines, for instance:
Let observation with extensive view
Survey mankind, from China to Peru.
Various ambitious careers are described, such as those of Wolsey and
Charles XII of Sweden; and a bitter warning is given to the literary
adventurer, "the young enthusiast" who "quits his ease for fame."
Deign on the passing world to turn thine eyes,
And pause awhile from letters, to be wise;
There mark what ills the scholar's life assail,
Toil, envy, want, the patron[5] and the jail.
David Garrick was by this time a famous actor. He was manager of Drury
Lane theatre, and, after a good deal of dispute, it was arranged
that Johnson's tragedy _Irene_, written some years before, should be
put upon the stage. It was a play dealing with an Oriental court and
Garrick was rehearsing the part of Mahomet.
"'Sir' said Johnson to a friend, 'the fellow wants me to make Mahomet
run mad, that he may have an opportunity of tossing his hands and
kicking his heels.'"
Here is an account of the first night:
"Before the curtain drew up, there were catcalls whistling, which
alarmed Johnson's friends. The Prologue, which was written by himself
in a manly strain, soothed the audience, and the play went off
tolerably, till it came to the conclusion, when Mrs Pritchard, the
heroine of the piece, was to be strangled upon the stage, and was to
speak two lines with the bow-string round her neck. The audience cried
out '_Murder! Murder!_' She several times attempted to speak; but in
vain. At last she was obliged to go off the stage alive."
This was Johnson's one adventure as a writer of plays and he no doubt
enjoyed it. Everyone loves to go "behind the scenes."
"His necessary attendance while his play was in rehearsal, and during
its performance, brought him acquainted with many of the performers of
both sexes.... With some of them he kept up an acquaintance as long as
he and they lived, and was ever ready to shew them acts of kindness. He
for a considerable time used to frequent the _Green Room_, and seemed
to take delight in dissipating his gloom, by mixing in the sprightly
chit-chat of the motley circle then to be found there."
He felt, too, that his own dress should be in keeping with the gay
clothes of those around him:
"On occasion of his play being brought upon the stage, Johnson had a
fancy that as a dramatick authour his dress should be more gay than
what he ordinarily wore; he therefore appeared behind the scenes, and
even in one of the side boxes, in a scarlet waistcoat, with rich gold
lace, and a gold-laced hat."
But _Irene_ was not a success.
"Notwithstanding all the support of such performers as Garrick, Barry,
Mrs Cibber, Mrs Pritchard, and every advantage of dress and decoration,
the tragedy of _Irene_ did not please the publick." However "Mr
Garrick's zeal carried it through for nine nights, so that the authour
had his three nights' profits."
These, together with the hundred pounds which Johnson received from Mr
Dodsley for the copyright, made it, at any rate, a profitable adventure
and "when asked how he felt upon the ill success of his tragedy, he
replied, 'Like the Monument'; meaning that he continued firm and
unmoved as that column."
In the following year, 1750, he set out upon another adventure. It
was nearly forty years since the last numbers of _The Tatler_ and
_The Spectator_, written by the famous essayists of Queen Anne's
reign--Joseph Addison and Richard Steele--had appeared.
Johnson now embarked upon a similar periodical paper in which, as
Boswell says, "he came forth as a majestick teacher of moral and
religious wisdom."
The choice of a title gave him some trouble: "What _must_ be done,
Sir," he afterwards told Sir Joshua Reynolds "_will_ be done. When I
was to begin publishing that paper, I was at a loss how to name it. I
sat down at night upon my bedside, and resolved that I would not go to
sleep till I had fixed its title. _The Rambler_ seemed the best that
occurred, and I took it."
"The first paper of the _Rambler_" Boswell tells us "was published on
Tuesday the 20th of March 1750; and its authour was enabled to continue
it, without interruption, every Tuesday and Friday, till Saturday[6]
the 17th of March, 1752, on which day it closed.... Many of these
discourses, which we should suppose had been laboured with all the slow
attention of literary leisure, were written in haste as the moment
pressed, without even being read over by him before they were printed."
Like _Irene_, _The Rambler_ did not really "please the publick." The
matter was too solid for a two-penny paper, and less than 500 copies of
each number were sold. Boswell speaks sadly of this lack of success:
"The grave and often solemn cast of thinking, which distinguished it
from other periodical papers, made it, for some time, not generally
liked. So slowly did this excellent work, of which twelve editions
have now issued from the press, gain upon the world at large, that
even in the closing number the authour says, 'I have never been much a
favourite with the publick.'"
But from one source, at any rate, Johnson got honest praise:
"Mrs Johnson, in whose judgement and taste he had great confidence,
said to him, after a few numbers of the _Rambler_ had come out 'I
thought very well of you before; but I did not imagine you could have
written anything equal to this.'"
"Distant praise, from whatever quarter," adds Boswell "is not so
delightful as that of a wife whom a man loves and esteems."
Johnson was now emerging from the period of "cold obscurity." He had
begun to gather a circle of friends round him and had founded the
first of his clubs "in Ivy-lane, Paternoster-row, with a view to enjoy
literary discussion, and amuse his evening hours." His character,
though not his income, in the literary world was "deservedly high"
and one honour which came to him in 1754 was especially pleasing to
him--the conferment of the degree of Master of Arts by the University
of Oxford. We can see how much he looked forward to this by a phrase
in one of his letters at the time: "I shall be extremely glad to hear
from you again, to know if the affair [of the degree] proceeds. I have
mentioned it to none of my friends for fear of being laughed at for my
disappointment."
"In 1755 we behold him" says Boswell "to great advantage; his degree
of Master of Arts conferred upon him, his _Dictionary_ published,
his correspondence animated, his benevolence exercised." But in the
following year "Johnson found that the great fame of his _Dictionary_
had not set him above the necessity of 'making provision for the
day that was passing over him.' No royal or noble patron extended a
munificent hand to give independence to the man who had conferred
stability on the language of his country."
In other words, he must still write for a living. "Ten guineas" he
afterwards said "was to me at that time a great sum" and he did not
disdain to accept a guinea from Mr Robert Dodsley, "for writing the
introduction to _The London Chronicle_, an evening news-paper."
He tried his hand, too, at another series of essays which, under the
name of _The Idler_, came out every Saturday in a weekly newspaper.
Boswell says that these essays have "less body and more spirit" than
_The Rambler_ and refers to one "in which conversation is assimilated
to a bowl of punch." Many of them were written "as hastily as an
ordinary letter."
"Mr Langton remembers Johnson, when on a visit at Oxford, asking him
one evening how long it was till the post went out; and on being told
about half an hour, he exclaimed, 'then we shall do very well.' He
upon this instantly sat down and finished an _Idler_, which it was
necessary should be in London the next day. Mr Langton having signified
a wish to read it, 'Sir, (said he) you shall not do more than I have
done myself.' He then folded it up and sent it off."
Johnson, at the age of 49, was still writing in the spirit of the
journalist.
A more ambitious work was _Rasselas, Prince of Abissinia_, a tale of
the East. This became very popular and was "translated into most, if
not all, of the modern languages." It was written in the same hurried
way as _The Rambler_ and _The Idler_:
"Johnson wrote it, that with the profits he might defray the expence
of his mother's funeral, and pay some little debts which she had left.
He told Sir Joshua Reynolds that he had composed it in the evenings of
one week, sent it to the press in portions as it was written, and had
never since read it over[7]. Mr Strahan, Mr Johnston, and Mr Dodsley
purchased it for a hundred pounds, but afterwards paid him twenty-five
pounds more, when it came to a second edition."
Besides these works and an edition of Shakespeare which employed him
for many years, Johnson wrote a number of essays, reviews of books,
prefaces and dedications. From one of these, a defence of tea-drinking,
we must quote a sentence later, for Boswell gives it as his opinion
that "his chief Intention seems to have been to make Sport."
And now Johnson's career as "an adventurer in literature" is nearly at
an end. What is, in some ways, the most important event of his life is
thus described by Boswell:
"The accession of George the Third to the throne of these kingdoms,
opened a new and brighter prospect to men of literary merit, who had
been honoured with no mark of royal favour in the preceding reign.
His present Majesty's education in this country, as well as his taste
and beneficence, prompted him to be patron of science and the arts;
and early this year Johnson, having been represented to him as a very
learned and good man, without any certain provision, his Majesty was
pleased to grant him a pension of three hundred pounds a year."
Johnson, being an honest man, had some qualms. In the two previous
reigns he had been bitterly opposed to the government and had not
hesitated to say so. Moreover, he had defined _Pension_ in his
Dictionary as "pay given to a state hireling for treason to his
country[8]"! Could he honestly take the money? He went off at once to
consult Sir Joshua Reynolds:
"Sir Joshua answered that ... there could be no objection to his
receiving from the King a reward for literary merit; and that certainly
the definitions in his _Dictionary_ were not applicable to him.
Johnson, it should seem, was satisfied, for he did not call again till
he had accepted the pension, and had waited on Lord Bute[9] to thank
him. He then told Sir Joshua that Lord Bute said to him expressly,
'It is not given you for anything you are to do, but for what you have
done.' His Lordship, he said, behaved in the handsomest manner. He
repeated the words twice, that he might be sure Johnson heard them, and
thus set his mind perfectly at ease."
No one was ever more fervently grateful than Johnson, who at the age of
53, had never known a day's good health or a year's steady income. He,
who had compiled the Dictionary, declared:
"The English language does not afford me terms adequate to my feelings
on this occasion. I must have recourse to the French. I am _pénétré_
with his Majesty's goodness."
Twenty years later his gratitude was still fresh:
"Sir, I have never complained of the world; nor do I think that I have
reason to complain. It is rather to be wondered at that I have so
much. My pension is more out of the usual course of things than any
instance that I have known. Here, Sir, was a man avowedly no friend to
Government at the time, who got a pension without asking for it."
A few years after the publication of the Dictionary Tobias Smollett,
the novelist, had referred to Johnson as "the great Cham of
literature." The title was adapted from that of the fierce chiefs of
the Tartars, and it suits Johnson well enough. He held the foremost
place in the literary society of his day and in taverns and great men's
halls alike could proclaim his opinions on literature and art, history
and politics, morality and religion to men who, though "eminent in
their departments," regarded it as an honour to be allowed to listen to
him.
Lord Chesterfield, half in jest and half in earnest, had conferred on
him the powers of a literary "dictator." The king's pension enabled
Johnson to use his powers in a way of which Chesterfield had not
dreamed.
Henceforward we know him not as a poet or essayist or even as "the
great Lexicographer," but simply as "Doctor Johnson[10]," the talker,
the traveller, the true-born Englishman.
With the exception of some political pamphlets, an account of his
Scottish tour, and a series of _Lives of the Poets_, he wrote little of
importance after 1762, comparing himself to a soldier who has fought a
good many campaigns and is not to be blamed for retiring to ease and
tranquillity.
BOSWELL. 'But I wonder, Sir, you have not more pleasure in writing than
in not writing.'
JOHNSON. 'Sir, you _may_ wonder.'
FOOTNOTES:
[5] This Saturday was in fact 14 March.
[6] Johnson originally wrote _garret_, but, after his treatment by Lord
Chesterfield, altered it to _patron_.
[7] This is now disputed, as it has been shown that there are in the
second edition many variations from the original text.
[8] This was omitted in later editions and the following version
retained: "A slave of state hired by a stipend to obey his master." See
also the lines quoted from _London_, page 22.
[9] The Prime Minister.
[10] The degree of Doctor of Laws was conferred on him by the
University of Dublin in 1765 and by the University of Oxford in 1775.
_Johnson's Household_
So far we have seen little of Johnson's domestic life. He was happiest
in a club or a tavern and, in the early days of struggle, home was not
much more for him than the place where he sat down to write for a
living. In his garret, which he considered as his library, a visitor
would find "about five or six Greek folios, a deal writing-desk, and a
chair and a half. Johnson giving to his guest the entire seat, tottered
himself on one with only three legs and one arm."
But the household which he gradually gathered round him was a
remarkable one.
Of Mrs Johnson's life in London we do not know much; but Johnson, being
slovenly in his habits and cantankerous about his food, was bound to
have "little disagreements" with a tidy housewife.
"My wife" he told Mrs Thrale "had a particular reverence for
cleanliness, and desired the praise of neatness in her dress and
furniture, as many ladies do, till they become troublesome to their
best friends, slaves to their own besoms, and only sigh for the hour of
sweeping their husbands out of the house as dirt and useless lumber."
When asked whether he ever "huffed his wife about his dinner," he
replied:
"So often that at last she called to me, and said, 'Nay, hold, Mr
Johnson, and do not make a farce of thanking God for a dinner which in
a few minutes you will protest not eatable.'"
Sometimes she would get tired of the dirt and poverty of Fleet Street
and stay for a time at Hampstead; but she could appreciate her
husband's work and of Johnson's fondness for "his dear Tetty" there can
be no doubt.
She died in March 1752, when Johnson had just finished the last number
of _The Rambler_ and was still in the middle of his labours on the
Dictionary. Here is the letter he wrote on the following day to his
friend, Dr Taylor:
"DEAR SIR,
Let me have your company and instruction. Do not live away from me. My
distress is great.
Pray desire Mrs Taylor to inform me what mourning I should buy for my
mother and Miss Porter[11], and bring a note in writing with you.
Remember me in your prayers, for vain is the help of man.
I am, dear Sir, &c.,
SAM. JOHNSON.
March 18, 1752."
"'Sir,' he said twenty-six years later 'I have known what it was to
have a wife, and (in a solemn tender faultering tone) I have known what
it is to _lose a wife_.--It had almost broke my heart.'"
Long before the pension had given him security Johnson had begun to
make his home a refuge for the poor and lonely:
"Though Johnson's circumstances were at this time far from being easy,
his humane and charitable disposition was constantly exerting itself.
Mrs Anna Williams, daughter of a very ingenious Welsh physician, and
a woman of more than ordinary talents and literature, having come to
London in hopes of being cured of a cataract in both her eyes, which
afterwards ended in total blindness, was kindly received as a constant
visitor at his house while Mrs Johnson lived; and after her death,
having come under his roof in order to have an operation upon her
eyes performed with more comfort to her than in lodgings, she had an
apartment from him during the rest of her life, at all times when he
had a house."
From the accounts we have of Mrs Williams we cannot imagine her to have
been an easy companion. Her blindness made her peevish and quarrelsome
and we may wonder, with Boswell, at Johnson's patience with her. But
she was a good talker and that was a great merit in Johnson's eyes. He
made many efforts to brighten her life and increase her tiny income;
Garrick was induced to give her a benefit performance and Mrs Montagu
to provide her with a small pension.
"The truth is," says Boswell "that his humane consideration of the
forlorn and indigent state in which this lady was left by her father,
induced him to treat her with the utmost tenderness, and even to be
desirous of procuring her amusement, so as sometimes to incommode many
of his friends, by carrying her with him to their houses, where, from
her manner of eating, in consequence of her blindness, she could not
but offend the delicacy of persons of nice sensations."
But Boswell was a proud man when he was first invited to drink tea with
her after dining out with Johnson. He knew that it was a sign of real
intimacy.
"We went home to his house to tea. Mrs Williams made it with
sufficient dexterity, notwithstanding her blindness, though her manner
of satisfying herself that the cups were full enough appeared to me
a little aukward; for I fancied she put her finger down a certain
way, till she felt the tea touch it[12]. In my first elation at being
allowed the privilege of attending Dr Johnson at his late visits to
this lady ..., I willingly drank cup after cup."
Nor was the lady's dinner forgotten when Boswell and Johnson went off
to their tavern:
"There was, on these occasions, a little circumstance of kind attention
to Mrs Williams, which must not be omitted. Before coming out, and
leaving her to dine alone, he gave her her choice of a chicken, a
sweetbread, or any other little nice thing, which was carefully sent to
her from the tavern, ready-drest."
Her death left Johnson very desolate.
"I have lost a companion," he wrote "to whom I have had recourse
for domestick amusement for thirty years, and whose variety of
knowledge never was exhausted.... She left her little substance to a
charity-school. She is, I hope, where there is neither darkness, nor
want, nor sorrow."
About 1746 Johnson had made the acquaintance of another "humble
friend," Mr Robert Levet.
"He was" says Boswell "an obscure practiser in physick amongst the
lower people, his fees being sometimes very small sums, sometimes
whatever provisions his patients could afford him; but of such
extensive practice in that way, that Mrs Williams has told me, his walk
was from Hounsditch to Marybone.... Such was Johnson's predilection for
him, and fanciful estimation of his moderate abilities, that I have
heard him say he should not be satisfied, though attended by all the
College of Physicians, unless he had Mr Levet with him. Ever since I
was acquainted with Dr Johnson, and many years before, as I have been
assured by those who knew him earlier, Mr Levet had an apartment in his
house, or his chambers, and waited upon him every morning, through the
whole course of his late and tedious breakfast. He was of a strange
grotesque appearance, stiff and formal in his manner, and seldom said a
word while any company was present."
But this "odd old surgeon" was poor and honest; and that, as Goldsmith
said, was recommendation enough to Johnson, who never treated him as
a dependent and indeed declared that "Levet was indebted to him for
nothing more than house-room, his share in a penny-loaf at breakfast,
and now and then a dinner on a Sunday." The greatest honour which
Johnson paid his old friend were the "pathetick verses" which he wrote
at his death. Here we will quote two stanzas:
Well try'd through many a varying year
See _Levett_ to the grave descend;
Officious, innocent, sincere,
Of every friendless name the friend.
His virtues walk'd their narrow round,
Nor made a pause, nor left a void;
And sure the Eternal Master found
His single talent well employ'd.
For five years towards the end of his life Johnson had a further
addition to his household.
"On Friday, March 20, [1778]" says Boswell "I found him at his own
house, sitting with Mrs Williams, and was informed that the room
formerly allotted to me was now appropriated to a charitable purpose;
Mrs Desmoulins[13], and I think her daughter, and a Miss Carmichael,
being all lodged in it. Such was his humanity, and such his generosity,
that Mrs Desmoulins herself told me, he allowed her half-a-guinea a
week. Let it be remembered, that this was above a twelfth part of his
pension."
The invasion had, as we shall see, a disturbing effect on the household
and it was well that Johnson had a devoted servant.
This was Francis Barber, a negro who had been brought to England in
1750 and received his freedom (for the slave trade still flourished)
from his master, Colonel Bathurst. Dr Bathurst, the Colonel's son, was
a very intimate friend of Johnson and gave him Francis as a servant.
Johnson, as his way was, made of him a friend. Francis once took a
fancy to go to sea; but Johnson had a horror of the sailor's life and
got him back. Finding him intelligent and worth a better education he
sent him to school at Bishop Stortford.
Here are two letters which shew Johnson's fatherly kindness:
"TO MR FRANCIS BARBER.
DEAR FRANCIS,
I have been very much out of order. I am glad to hear that you are
well, and design to come soon to see you. I would have you stay at Mrs
Clapp's for the present, till I can determine what we shall do. Be a
good boy.
My compliments to Mrs Clapp and to Mr Fowler. I am,
Yours affectionately,
SAM. JOHNSON.
May 28, 1768."
"TO MR FRANCIS BARBER, AT MRS CLAPP'S, BISHOP-STORTFORD, HERTFORDSHIRE.
DEAR FRANCIS,
I am at last sat down to write to you, and should very much blame
myself for having neglected you so long, if I did not impute that and
many other failings to want of health. I hope not to be so long silent
again. I am very well satisfied with your progress, if you can really
perform the exercises which you are set....
Let me know what English books you read for your entertainment. You
can never be wise unless you love reading.
Do not imagine that I shall forget or forsake you; for if, when I
examine you, I find that you have not lost your time, you shall want
no encouragement from
Yours affectionately,
SAM. JOHNSON.
London, Sept. 25, 1770."
After his four years' schooling Francis returned to London and remained
a faithful servant till his master's death. When Johnson was making
his will he "asked Dr Brocklesby what would be a proper annuity to
a favourite servant, and being answered that it must depend on the
circumstances of the master; and, that in the case of a nobleman, fifty
pounds a year was considered as an adequate reward for many years'
faithful service; 'Then (said Johnson,) shall I be _nobilissimus_, for
I mean to leave Frank seventy pounds a year, and I desire you to tell
him so.'"
Lastly, we must mention a fireside creature that Johnson loved:
"I shall never forget" says Boswell "the indulgence with which he
treated Hodge, his cat: for whom he himself used to go out and buy
oysters, lest the servants having that trouble should take a dislike to
the poor creature. I am, unluckily, one of those who have an antipathy
to a cat, so that I am uneasy when in the room with one; and I own, I
frequently suffered a good deal from the presence of this same Hodge.
I recollect him one day scrambling up Dr Johnson's breast, apparently
with much satisfaction, while my friend smiling and half-whistling,
rubbed down his back, and pulled him by the tail; and when I observed
he was a fine cat, saying, 'Why yes, Sir, but I have had cats whom I
liked better than this'; and then as if perceiving Hodge to be out
of countenance, adding, 'but he is a very fine cat, a very fine cat
indeed.'"
How did this "crowd of wretched old creatures," as Macaulay rather
unkindly calls them, agree? Not very well. Hodge was probably the only
peaceful member.
In 1778 the following conversation took place between Johnson and his
friends Mr and Mrs Thrale:
"MRS THRALE. Pray, Sir, how does Mrs Williams like all this tribe?
DR JOHNSON. Madam, she does not like them at all; but their fondness
for her is not greater. She and Desmoulins quarrel incessantly....
MR THRALE. And pray who is clerk of your kitchen, Sir? DR JOHNSON.
Why, Sir, I am afraid there is none; a general anarchy prevails in my
kitchen, as I am told by Mr Levett, who says it is not now what it used
to be. MRS THRALE. Mr Levett, I suppose, Sir, has the office of keeping
the hospital in health, for he is an apothecary. DR JOHNSON. Levett,
Madam, is a brutal fellow, but I have a good regard for him; for his
brutality is in his manners, not his mind. MR THRALE. But how do you
get your dinners drest? DR JOHNSON. Why, Desmoulins has the chief
management of the kitchen; but our roasting is not magnificent, for
we have no jack. MR THRALE. No jack! Why, how do they manage without?
DR JOHNSON. Small joints, I believe, they manage with a string, and
larger are done at the tavern.... MRS THRALE. But pray, Sir, who is the
Poll[14] you talk of? She that you used to abet in her quarrels with
Mrs Williams, and call out, _At her again, Poll! Never flinch, Poll!_
DR JOHNSON. Why, I took to Poll very well at first, but she won't do
upon a nearer examination. MRS THRALE. How came she among you, Sir? DR
JOHNSON. Why I don't rightly remember, but we could spare her very well
from us. Poll is a stupid slut. I had some hopes of her at first; but
when I talked to her tightly and closely, I could make nothing of her;
she was wiggle waggle...."
Nothing, perhaps, makes us realise more fully Johnson's largeness of
heart than the picture of his extraordinary household.
Goldsmith was right when he said: "Johnson, to be sure, has a roughness
in his manner; but no man alive has a more tender heart. _He has
nothing of the bear but his skin._"
FOOTNOTES:
[11] His step-daughter.
[12] Boswell afterwards found he was mistaken. Mrs Williams "had
acquired such a niceness of touch, as to know, by the feeling on the
outside of the cup, how near it was to being full."
[13] She was the daughter of Johnson's godfather.
[14] Poll was Miss Carmichael. See page 49.
_His daily Life_
Johnson could tolerate the quarrels of his household and the anarchy
of his kitchen better than most men, for the simple reason that he
generally dined out at about 2 o'clock and stayed in a club or a tavern
or a friend's house until bedtime. A tavern chair was for him "the
throne of human felicity" and we shall shortly see him as he loved best
to be--"folding his legs and having his talk out" with his friends.
First, let us see something of his daily habits and manner of life.
Here is Boswell's description of him in later years:
"His person was large, robust, I may say approaching to the gigantick,
and grown unwieldy from corpulency. His countenance was naturally of
the cast of an ancient statue, but somewhat disfigured by the scars of
that _evil_, which, it was formerly imagined, the _royal touch_ could
cure. He was now ... become a little dull of hearing. His sight had
always been somewhat weak; yet, so much does mind govern, and even
supply the deficiency of organs, that his perceptions were uncommonly
quick and accurate. His head, and sometime also his body shook with a
kind of motion like the effect of a palsy: he appeared to be frequently
disturbed by cramps, or convulsive contractions, of the nature of that
distemper called _St Vitus's dance_. He wore a full suit of plain
brown clothes, with twisted hair-buttons of the same colour, a large
bushy greyish wig, a plain shirt, black worsted stockings, and silver
buckles."
His day began late with a breakfast consisting of a penny-loaf and a
large pot of tea. It was not usually a very tidy meal, for Johnson
often appeared "in deshabille, as just risen from bed"; Levet poured
out the tea, while Johnson clumsily divided the bread.
When there was a guest, however, his "tea and rolls and butter, and
whole breakfast apparatus were all in such decorum, and his behaviour
was so courteous" that the visitor "was quite surprised, and wondered
at his having heard so much said of Johnson's slovenliness and
roughness."
Once, when Boswell called unexpectedly before he was up, he called
briskly "Frank, go and get coffee, and let us breakfast _in splendour_."
But these splendid occasions were exceptional.
"About twelve o'clock" wrote Dr Maxwell, a 'social friend' of Johnson,
"I commonly visited him, and frequently found him in bed, or declaiming
over his tea, which he drank very plentifully. He generally had a levee
of morning visitors, chiefly men of letters; Hawkesworth, Goldsmith,
Murphy, Langton, Steevens, Beauclerk &c. &c., and sometimes learned
ladies, particularly I remember a French lady of wit and fashion doing
him the honour of a visit. He seemed to be considered as a kind of
publick oracle, whom every body thought they had a right to visit and
consult; and doubtless they were well rewarded. I never could discover
how he found time for his compositions. He declaimed all the morning,
then went to dinner at a tavern, where he commonly staid late, and
then drank his tea at some friend's house, over which he loitered a
great while, but seldom took supper. I fancy he must have read and
wrote chiefly in the night, for I can scarcely recollect that he ever
refused going with me to a tavern, and he often went to Ranelagh, which
he deemed a place of innocent recreation. He frequently gave all the
silver in his pocket to the poor, who watched him, between his house
and the tavern where he dined. He walked the streets at all hours and
said he was never robbed, for the rogues knew he had little money, nor
had the appearance of having much."
Such was Johnson's week-day life. Sunday was another matter.
"It should be different (he observed) from another day. People may
walk, but not throw stones at birds. There may be relaxation, but there
should be no levity."
He made some good resolutions accordingly:
"To rise early, and in order to it, to go to sleep early on Saturday....
To read the Scripture methodically....
To go to church twice.
To read books of Divinity....
To wear off by meditation any worldly soil contracted in the week."
As he himself confessed, he did not always keep his resolutions, but
that religion was a real part of Johnson's life and work is shewn not
only by a score of incidents and conversations recorded by Boswell,
but by the numerous _Prayers and Meditations_ which were collected and
published after his death. This was his prayer as he began the second
volume of the Dictionary:
"O GOD, who hast hitherto supported me, enable me to proceed in this
labour, and in the whole task of my present state; that when I shall
render up, at the last day, an account of the talent committed to me, I
may receive pardon, for the sake of JESUS CHRIST. Amen."
His favourite place of worship was St Clement Danes and in the
churchyard to-day we may see his figure facing the street he loved
best and still seeming ready to "defend the most minute circumstance
connected with the Church of England."
Partly from ill-health, partly by natural disposition, Johnson was
incurably lazy.
"I have been trying" he told Boswell "to cure my laziness all my life,
and could not do it."
He slept badly and had no inclination to go to bed; indeed he seldom
came home till two in the morning. Nor, as we shall see[15], did he
mind being roused in the middle of the night, if there was some fun to
be had.
"He has more fun" said his friend Miss Burney "and comical humour and
love of nonsense about him than almost anybody I ever saw."
His laugh was "a kind of good humoured growl" or, as Tom Davies the
bookseller described it, "he laughed like a rhinoceros."
Boswell could not always share this boisterous amusement and was
puzzled at his hero being "exceedingly diverted at what seemed to
others a very small sport."
One evening they were sitting in the Temple with a lawyer named
Chambers who had just been drawing up a will for Johnson's friend,
Langton. Johnson's sense of humour was for some reason keenly tickled
by this; he twitted Chambers with having made the will himself and
ran on in a playful manner, "which certainly was not such as might be
expected from the authour of _The Rambler_."
"Ha, ha, ha!" he bellowed "I hope he has left me a legacy. I'd have
his will turned into verse, like a ballad."
In the street, "Johnson could not stop his merriment, but continued it
all the way till we got without the Temple-gate. He then burst into
such a fit of laughter, that he appeared to be almost in a convulsion;
and, in order to support himself, laid hold of one of the posts at the
side of the foot pavement, and sent forth peals so loud, that in the
silence of the night his voice seemed to resound from Temple-bar to
Fleet-ditch."
Poor Boswell is almost ashamed to record what he calls "this most
ludicrous exhibition of the aweful, melancholy, and venerable Johnson,"
but most of his readers prefer this picture of Johnson staggering in
helpless laughter down Fleet Street to the most impressive essay in
_The Rambler_.
Johnson's oddities in the street must often have made people turn round
to look at him. He always took care, for instance, "to go out or in at
a door or passage by a certain number of steps from a certain point,
or at least so as that either his right or his left foot, (I am not
certain which,) should constantly make the first actual movement when
he came close to the door or passage. Thus I conjecture: for I have,
upon innumerable occasions, observed him suddenly stop, and then seem
to count his steps with a deep earnestness; and when he had neglected
or gone wrong in this sort of magical movement, I have seen him go back
again, put himself in a proper posture to begin the ceremony, and,
having gone through it, break from his abstraction, walk briskly on,
and join his companion."
He was full of these childish tricks. He would never, if he could help
it, step on the cracks between paving-stones; when passing a row of
posts, he was careful to touch the top of each with his hand; and all
the time he would probably be talking to himself and jerking his head
and limbs in the queer way which was habitual with him.
Indoors he was the same. Strangers could not make him out:
"Johnson used to be a pretty frequent visitor at the house of Mr
Richardson, authour of _Clarissa_, and other novels of extensive
reputation. Mr Hogarth came one day to see Richardson, soon after the
execution of Dr Cameron, for having taken arms for the house of Stuart
in 1745-6."
Hogarth was "a warm partisan of George the Second" and defended the
king's decision.
"While he was talking, he perceived a person standing at a window in
the room, shaking his head, and rolling himself about in a strange
ridiculous manner. He concluded that he was an ideot, whom his
relations had put under the care of Mr Richardson, as a very good
man. To his great surprize, however, this figure stalked forwards to
where he and Mr Richardson were sitting, and all at once took up the
argument, and burst out into an invective against George the Second,
as one, who, upon all occasions, was unrelenting and barbarous.... He
displayed such a power of eloquence, that Hogarth looked at him with
astonishment, and actually imagined that this ideot had been at the
moment inspired. Neither Hogarth nor Johnson were made known to each
other at this interview."
It is a pity Hogarth has not left us a picture of the scene.
Although he never wished to have a child of his own, Johnson had a warm
corner in his heart for young people:
"Mr Strahan [the printer] had taken a poor boy from the country as an
apprentice, upon Johnson's recommendation. Johnson having enquired
after him, said, 'Mr Strahan, let me have five guineas on account,
and I'll give this boy one. Nay, if a man recommends a boy, and does
nothing for him, it is sad work. Call him down.' I followed him into
the court-yard, behind Mr Strahan's house.... 'Well, my boy, how do you
go on?'--'Pretty well, Sir; but they are afraid I an't strong enough
for some parts of the business.' JOHNSON. 'Why, I shall be sorry for
it; for when you consider with how little mental power and corporeal
labour a printer can get a guinea a week, it is a very desirable
occupation for you. Do you hear,--take all the pains you can; and if
this does not do, we must think of some other way of life for you.
There's a guinea.'"
To his friends' children he liked to appear as a benevolent
great-uncle; when Mrs Thrale was away from home, he would send her
reports from the nursery:
"I went this afternoon to visit the two babies at Kensington, and found
them indeed a little spotted with their disorder, but as brisk and
gay as health and youth can make them. I took a paper of sweetmeats
and spread them on the table. They took great delight to shew their
governess the various animals that were made of sugar; and when they
had eaten as much as was fit, the rest were laid up for to-morrow."
Here is another letter written in his seventy-fifth year--seven months
before his death:
"TO MISS JANE LANGTON.
May 10, 1784.
MY DEAREST MISS JENNY,
I am sorry that your pretty letter has been so long without being
answered; but, when I am not pretty well, I do not always write plain
enough for young ladies. I am glad, my dear, to see that you write so
well, and hope that you mind your pen, your book, and your needle, for
they are all necessary. Your books will give you knowledge, and make
you respected; and your needle will find you useful employment when
you do not care to read. When you are a little older, I hope you will
be very diligent in learning arithmetick; and, above all, that through
your whole life you will carefully say your prayers, and read your
Bible.
I am, my dear, your most humble servant,
SAM. JOHNSON."
"He must have been a bold laugher," says Boswell "who would have
ventured to tell Dr Johnson of any of his particularities."
But when a little girl asked him "Pray, Dr Johnson, why do you make
such strange gestures?"
"From bad habit" he replied. "Do you, my dear, take care to guard
against bad habits."
Had the questioner been some distinguished man, the reply would more
likely have been: "Why, Sir, because I choose to, and there's an end
on't."
FOOTNOTES:
[15] See page 113.
_His Clubs_
In spite of his oddities, Johnson was, before everything, a social man.
The great business of his life, he said, was to escape from himself,
and he would never trust himself alone, "but when employed in writing
or reading." He would beg a friend to go home with him simply to avoid
being alone in the coach.
"It was a very remarkable circumstance about Johnson, whom shallow
observers have supposed to have been ignorant of the world, that very
few men had seen greater variety of characters.... The suddenness with
which his accounts of some of them started out in conversation, was not
less pleasing than surprising. I remember he once observed to me, 'It
is wonderful, Sir, what is to be found in London. The most literary
conversation that I ever enjoyed, was at the table of Jack Ellis, a
money-scrivener behind the Royal Exchange, with whom I at one period
used to dine generally once a week.'
Volumes would be required to contain a list of his numerous and
various acquaintance, none of whom he ever forgot.... He associated
with persons the most widely different in manners, abilities, rank and
accomplishments. He was at once the companion of the brilliant Colonel
Forrester of the Guards ... and of the aukward and uncouth Robert
Levet; of Lord Thurlow[16], and Mr Sastres, the Italian master; and has
dined one day with the beautiful, gay, and fascinating Lady Craven, and
the next with good Mrs Gardiner, the tallow-chandler, on Snow-hill."
In the company of "social friends" Johnson found his greatest pleasure.
His own definition of a club was: "An assembly of good fellows, meeting
under certain conditions," and it is characteristic of him that he was
the inventor of the word _clubable_.
For, in Johnson's day, clubs were not luxurious halls where
conversation was carried on in undertones; vigorous talking (with some
eating and drinking) was the chief object of the company that gathered
round the tavern table.
Of Johnson's talk we need not say much here. It was, and is, his chief
title to fame. In his lifetime a roomful of people would wait in
expectant silence for him to begin; to-day his conversation remains the
chief attraction of Boswell's _Life_ and of the many other books, great
and small, that have been written about him.
Johnson looked upon conversation as a serious art and said that a
good talker should have knowledge, command of words, imagination and
a resolution not to be overcome by failures. This last he considered
essential; and he certainly was not often overcome himself, for he
could not bear to be worsted in argument, "even when he had taken the
wrong side." Hence his habit of "talking for victory."
But Johnson could not talk his best if the dinner had not been
good. "For my part," he said in his blunt way "I mind my belly very
studiously, and very carefully."
"I never knew any man" says Boswell "who relished good eating more
than he did. When at table, he was totally absorbed in the business
of the moment; his looks seemed rivetted to his plate; nor would
he, unless when in very high company, say one word, or even pay the
least attention to what was said by others, till he had satisfied his
appetite, which was so fierce, and indulged with such intenseness, that
while in the act of eating, the veins of his forehead swelled, and
generally a strong perspiration was visible. To those whose sensations
were delicate, this could not but be disgusting.... It must be owned
that Johnson, though he could be rigidly _abstemious_, was not a
_temperate_ man either in eating or drinking. He could refrain, but he
could not use moderately."
Johnson realised this well enough. So from 1736 to 1757 and for the
last twenty years of his life he drank no wine at all[17], except on
special occasions. Once or twice he persuaded Boswell also to be "a
water-drinker, upon trial"; but it is to be feared that Boswell found
it as hard to refrain as to use moderately--he had many a morning
headache.
Wine or no wine, Johnson saw no reason why he should be abstemious over
the tea-cups. In a famous review of an _Essay on Tea_ he described
himself as "a hardened and shameless tea-drinker, who has for twenty
years diluted his meals with only the infusion of this fascinating
plant; whose kettle has scarcely time to cool; who with tea amuses
the evening, with tea solaces the midnight, and with tea welcomes the
morning."
After pouring out his sixteenth cup, a hostess once asked him if a
small basin would not save him trouble. "'I wonder, Madam,' answered
he roughly, 'why all the ladies ask me such questions. It is to save
yourselves trouble, Madam, and not me.' The lady was silent and resumed
her task."
Johnson founded his first club, as we have seen, as a relief from his
monotonous work on the Dictionary. It was a small society which met
once a week at the King's Head, "a famous beef-steak house" in Ivy Lane.
"Thither" wrote a member of the club "he constantly resorted with a
disposition to please and be pleased. Our conversations seldom began
till after a supper so very solid and substantial as led us to think
that with him it was a dinner ... his habitual melancholy and lassitude
of spirit gave way; his countenance brightened."
The Ivy Lane club broke up after about eight years, but some months
before his death Johnson "had the pleasure of giving another dinner to
the remainder of the old club." "We were as cheerful," he wrote, "as in
former times; only I could not make quite so much noise."
Towards the end of his life, too, he formed the Essex Head Club,
of which "the terms were lax and the expenses light." It had some
distinguished members and Boswell has preserved an interesting set of
rules as drafted by Johnson; but by far the most famous of Johnson's
clubs was the society known as The Literary Club, founded in 1764.
"Sir Joshua Reynolds had the merit of being the first proposer of it,
to which Johnson acceded, and the original members were, Sir Joshua
Reynolds, Dr Johnson, Mr Edmund Burke, Dr Nugent, Mr Beauclerk, Mr
Langton, Dr Goldsmith, Mr Chamier, and Sir John Hawkins. They met at
the Turk's Head, in Gerrard-street, Soho, one evening in every week, at
seven, and generally continued their conversation till a pretty late
hour. This club has been gradually increased to its present number,
thirty-five."
Johnson did not at first encourage an increase in the number of members:
"Dr Goldsmith said once to Dr Johnson, that he wished for some
additional members to the LITERARY CLUB, to give it an agreeable
variety; for (said he) there can now be nothing new among us: we have
travelled over one another's minds. Johnson seemed a little angry, and
said, 'Sir, you have not travelled over _my_ mind, I promise you.'"
Boswell gives us a list of members in a later year. In it we find the
names of Adam Smith, the political economist, Gibbon the historian, Fox
the politician, Sir Joseph Banks the explorer, Sheridan the dramatist,
Garrick the actor, and a number of bishops, statesmen, doctors and
lawyers--all men of distinction; and over them all towered the figure,
and afterwards the memory, of Samuel Johnson.
Boswell does not record many accounts of conversations at the Club.
Probably the rules did not allow him to repeat much of what was said
there. But here are one or two extracts:
"JOHNSON. 'I have been reading Thicknesse's _Travels_, which I think
are entertaining.' BOSWELL. 'What, Sir, a good book?' JOHNSON. 'Yes,
Sir, to read once; I do not say you are to make a study of it, and
digest it; and I believe it to be a true book in his intention. All
travellers generally mean to tell truth....'
"E.[18] 'From the experience which I have had,--and I have had a great
deal,--I have learnt to think _better_ of mankind.' JOHNSON. 'From
my experience I have found them worse in commercial dealings, more
disposed to cheat, than I had any notion of; but more disposed to do
one another good than I had conceived ... and really it is wonderful,
considering how much attention is necessary for men to take care of
themselves, and ward off immediate evils which press upon them, it is
wonderful how much they do for others. As it is said of the greatest
liar, that he tells more truth than falsehood; so it may be said of the
worst man, that he does more good than evil.' BOSWELL. 'Perhaps from
experience men may be found _happier_ than we suppose.' JOHNSON. 'No,
Sir; the more we enquire, we shall find men the less happy....'
"BOSWELL. 'I have known a man resolved to put friendship to the test,
by asking a friend to lend him money merely with that view, when he did
not want it.' JOHNSON. 'That is very wrong, Sir. Your friend may be a
narrow man, and yet have many good qualities: narrowness may be his
only fault. Now you are trying his general character as a friend, by
one particular singly, in which he happens to be defective, when, in
truth, his character is composed of many particulars.'"
"E. 'I understand the hogshead of claret, which this society was
favoured with by our friend the Dean, is nearly out; I think he should
be written to, to send another of the same kind....' JOHNSON. 'I am
willing to offer my services as secretary on this occasion.' P. 'As
many as are for Dr Johnson being secretary hold up your hands.--Carried
unanimously.' BOSWELL. 'He will be our Dictator.' JOHNSON. 'No, the
company is to dictate to me....'"
Boswell seldom had the last word. At another meeting of the Club:
"One of the company[19] attempted, with too much forwardness, to rally
him on his late appearance at the theatre; but had reason to repent of
his temerity. 'Why, Sir, did you go to Mrs Abington's[20] benefit? Did
you see?' JOHNSON. 'No, Sir.' 'Did you hear?' JOHNSON. 'No, Sir.' 'Why
then, Sir, did you go?' JOHNSON. 'Because, Sir, she is a favourite of
the publick; and when the publick cares the thousandth part for you
that it does for her, I will go to your benefit too.'"
It was on the day after this meeting that Boswell tried, in vain, to
solve the mystery of one of Johnson's oddities:
"Next morning I won a small bet from Lady Diana Beauclerk, by asking
him as to one of his particularities, which her Ladyship laid I durst
not do. It seems he had been frequently observed at the Club to put
into his pocket the Seville oranges, after he had squeezed the juice
of them into the drink which he made for himself. Beauclerk and
Garrick talked of it to me, and seemed to think that he had a strange
unwillingness to be discovered. We could not divine what he did with
them; and this was the bold question to be put. I saw on his table the
spoils of the preceding night, some fresh peels nicely scraped and cut
into pieces. 'O, Sir, (said I) I now partly see what you do with the
squeezed oranges which you put into your pocket at the Club.' JOHNSON.
'I have a great love for them.' BOSWELL. 'And pray, Sir, what do you
do with them? You scrape them, it seems, very neatly, and what next?'
JOHNSON. 'Let them dry, Sir.' BOSWELL. 'And what next?' JOHNSON. 'Nay,
Sir, you shall know their fate no further.' BOSWELL. 'Then the world
must be left in the dark. It must be said (assuming a mock solemnity,)
he scraped them, and let them dry, but what he did with them next, he
never could be prevailed upon to tell.' JOHNSON. 'Nay, Sir, you should
say it more emphatically:--he could not be prevailed upon, even by his
dearest friends, to tell[21].'"
FOOTNOTES:
[16] The Lord Chancellor.
[17] See page 108.
[18] No doubt Edmund Burke.
[19] Probably Boswell.
[20] A famous actress.
[21] In a letter to Miss Boothby (31 Dec. 1755) Johnson recommended
"dried orange-peel finely powdered ... in a glass of hot red port" as
"a very probable remedy for indigestion."
_Enter Boswell_
Boswell and many others of Johnson's friends have already entered so
often into the foregoing pages, that it is time we gave some space to
the more prominent members of Johnson's circle.
James Boswell was more than thirty years younger than Johnson, being
born at Edinburgh in 1740. He was the son of a Scottish judge, Lord
Auchinleck, and his own inclination was to be an officer in the Guards;
but at his father's wish he entered the profession of the law, and
studied, not very industriously, first at Edinburgh and afterwards at
Glasgow University. He dabbled in poetry and literary criticism and
longed for the gayer world and more cultured society of London. He
first visited the capital in 1760 and on his second visit fulfilled
what was then the greatest ambition of his life--he met Dr Johnson.
[Illustration: JAMES BOSWELL]
Boswell's account of this meeting has become one of the most famous
passages in English literature and part of it, at any rate, must be
repeated here:
"Mr Thomas Davies the actor, who then kept a bookseller's shop in
Russel-street, Covent-garden, told me that Johnson was very much
his friend, and came frequently to his house, where he more than
once invited me to meet him; but by some unlucky accident or other
he was prevented from coming to us. Mr Thomas Davies was a man of
good understanding and talents, with the advantage of a liberal
education.... [He] recollected several of Johnson's remarkable
sayings, and was one of the best of the many imitators of his voice
and manner, while relating them. He increased my impatience more and
more to see the extraordinary man whose works I highly valued, and
whose conversation was reported to be so peculiarly excellent. At last,
on Monday the 16th of May [1763], when I was sitting in Mr Davies's
back-parlour, after having drunk tea with him and Mrs Davies, Johnson
unexpectedly came into the shop; and Mr Davies having perceived him
through the glass-door in the room in which we were sitting, advancing
towards us,--he announced his aweful approach to me, somewhat in the
manner of an actor in the part of Horatio, when he addresses Hamlet
on the appearance of his father's ghost, 'Look, my Lord, it comes.'
I found that I had a very perfect idea of Johnson's figure, from the
portrait of him painted by Sir Joshua Reynolds soon after he had
published his _Dictionary_, in the attitude of sitting in his easy
chair in deep meditation, which was the first picture his friend did
for him.... Mr Davies mentioned my name, and respectfully introduced me
to him. I was much agitated; and recollecting his prejudice against
the Scotch, of which I had heard much, I said to Davies, 'Don't
tell where I come from.'--'From Scotland,' cried Davies roguishly.
'Mr Johnson, (said I) I do indeed come from Scotland, but I cannot
help it.' I am willing to flatter myself that I meant this as light
pleasantry to sooth and conciliate him, and not as an humiliating
abasement at the expence of my country. But however that might be, this
speech was somewhat unlucky; for with that quickness of wit for which
he was so remarkable, he seized the expression 'come from Scotland,'
which I used in the sense of being of that country; and, as if I had
said that I had come away from it, or left it, retorted, 'That, Sir, I
find, is what a very great many of your countrymen cannot help.' This
stroke stunned me a good deal; and when we had sat down, I felt myself
not a little embarrassed, and apprehensive of what might come next.
He then addressed himself to Davies: 'What do you think of Garrick?
He has refused me an order for the play for Miss Williams, because he
knows the house will be full, and that an order would be worth three
shillings.' Eager to take any opening to get into conversation with
him, I ventured to say, 'O, Sir, I cannot think Mr Garrick would grudge
such a trifle to you.' 'Sir (said he, with a stern look,) I have known
David Garrick longer than you have done: and I know no right you have
to talk to me on the subject.' Perhaps I deserved this check; for it
was rather presumptuous in me, an entire stranger, to express any
doubt of the justice of his animadversion upon his old acquaintance
and pupil. I now felt myself much mortified, and began to think that
the hope which I had long indulged of obtaining his acquaintance was
blasted. And, in truth, had not my ardour been uncommonly strong, and
my resolution uncommonly persevering, so rough a reception might have
deterred me for ever from making any further attempts. Fortunately,
however, I remained upon the field not wholly discomfited; and was soon
rewarded by hearing some of his conversation...."
Before the end of the interview Boswell recovered a little from his
nervousness; but, as he was going, complained to Davies of the hard
blows the great man had given him. Davies, who had no doubt enjoyed
the evening with considerable relish, cheered him by saying "Don't be
uneasy. I can see he likes you very well."
A few days later Boswell made a further venture. He "boldly repaired"
to Johnson's chambers on the first floor on No. 1 Inner-Temple-lane.
"He received me very courteously; but it must be confessed, that his
apartment, and furniture, and morning dress, were sufficiently uncouth.
His brown suit of cloaths looked very rusty; he had on a little old
shrivelled unpowdered wig, which was too small for his head; his
shirt-neck and knees of his breeches were loose; his black worsted
stockings ill drawn up; and he had a pair of unbuckled shoes by way of
slippers. But all these slovenly particularities were forgotten the
moment that he began to talk. Some gentlemen, whom I do not recollect,
were sitting with him; and when they went away, I also rose; but he
said to me, 'Nay, don't go.' 'Sir (said I,) I am afraid that I intrude
upon you. It is benevolent to allow me to sit and hear you.' He seemed
pleased with this compliment, which I sincerely paid him, and answered,
'Sir, I am obliged to any man who visits me.'"
He soon reached a further stage of intimacy:
"I had learnt that his place of frequent resort was the Mitre tavern
in Fleet-street, where he loved to sit up late, and I begged I might
be allowed to pass an evening with him there soon, which he promised
I should. A few days afterwards I met him near Temple-bar, about one
o'clock in the morning, and asked him if he would then go to the Mitre.
'Sir, (said he) it is too late; they won't let us in. But I'll go with
you another night with all my heart.'"
There is only one way to follow the progress of this friendship--and
that is to read Boswell's own story of it.
Boswell did not get on very happily with his father and, whenever he
could, left his Ayrshire home for London; and in London his chief
delight was to be with Johnson. They often travelled together and in a
later chapter we shall read some account of their journeys, especially
of Johnson's visit to Scotland, about which each of them wrote a book.
Here we will be content with a few typical incidents and conversations
in the long friendship.
Johnson could not have found a better listener than "Bozzy," as he soon
began to call him. Boswell's worship of his hero may often seem to us
absurd, but we may be sure that Johnson would never have tolerated,
much less loved, a man who was simply a flatterer.
Boswell was really interested in the things Johnson talked about and,
without any pretence, enjoyed the same kind of pleasures--dining
out, arguing over a good bottle of port, staying at friends' houses,
examining cathedrals, wandering up and down Fleet Street, coming down
late to breakfast. "No man," as Johnson said, "is a hypocrite in his
pleasures."
Moreover, Johnson "loved the acquaintance of young people."
"Sir," he said "young men have more virtue than old men; they have more
generous sentiments in every respect. I love the young dogs of this
age: they have more wit and humour and knowledge of life than we had;
but then the dogs are not so good scholars."
Boswell was certainly "a young dog"; and even the fact that he came
from Scotland must have been a source of pleasure to Johnson, who, when
he had no other retort ready, could always bring out the old joke in a
new form.
Above all, Boswell was _clubable_; and Johnson could give no higher
praise.
But we must return to the Mitre, where Boswell is now a proud host:
"I had as my guests this evening at the Mitre tavern, Dr Johnson, Dr
Goldsmith, Mr Thomas Davies, Mr Eccles ... and the Reverend Mr John
Ogilvie, who was desirous of being in company with my illustrious
friend, while I, in my turn, was proud to have the honour of shewing
one of my countrymen upon what easy terms Johnson permitted me to live
with him.... Mr Ogilvie was unlucky enough to choose for the topick
of his conversation the praises of his native country. He began with
saying, that there was very rich land round Edinburgh. Goldsmith, who
had studied physick there, contradicted this, very untruly, with a
sneering laugh. Disconcerted a little by this, Mr Ogilvie then took
new ground, where, I suppose, he thought himself perfectly safe; for
he observed, that Scotland had a great many noble wild prospects.
JOHNSON. 'I believe, Sir, you have a great many. Norway, too, has noble
wild prospects; and Lapland is remarkable for prodigious noble wild
prospects. But, Sir, let me tell you, the noblest prospect which a
Scotchman ever sees, is the high road that leads him to England!'"
The friendship ripened quickly. When Boswell announced that he would
shortly be going to Utrecht to continue his study of the law, Johnson
said, "I must see thee out of England; I will accompany you to
Harwich." Boswell "could not find words to express what he felt upon
this unexpected and very great mark of his affectionate regard."
When the time came, he was loth to go:
"After tea he carried me to what he called his walk, which was a long
narrow paved court in the neighbourhood, overshadowed by some trees.
There we sauntered a considerable time; and I complained to him that my
love of London and of his company was such, that I shrunk almost from
the thought of going away, even to travel, which is generally so much
desired by young men. He roused me by manly and spirited conversation.
He advised me, when settled in any place abroad, to study with an
eagerness after knowledge and to apply to Greek an hour every day; and
when I was moving about, to read diligently the great book of mankind."
On the way to Harwich Johnson was more jocular. In the stage coach
"a fat elderly gentlewoman, and a young Dutchman seemed the most
inclined among us to conversation. At the inn where we dined, the
gentlewoman said that she had done her best to educate her children;
and particularly that she had never suffered them to be a moment idle.
JOHNSON. 'I wish, Madam, you would educate me too; for I have been an
idle fellow all my life.' 'I am sure, Sir, (said she) you have not been
idle.' JOHNSON. 'Nay, Madam, it is very true; and that gentleman there
(pointing to me,) has been idle. He was idle at Edinburgh. His father
sent him to Glasgow, where he continued to be idle. He then came to
London, where he has been very idle; and now he is going to Utrecht,
where he will be as idle as ever.' I asked him privately how he could
expose me so. JOHNSON. 'Poh, poh! (said he) they knew nothing about
you, and will think of it no more.'"
The first meeting between these two men had taken place in May
1763. Boswell left for Utrecht in the August of the same year. His
description of his farewell to Johnson at Harwich shews how firmly
their friendship had been formed in a few months:
"My revered friend walked down with me to the beach, where we embraced
and parted with tenderness, and engaged to correspond by letters. I
said, 'I hope, Sir, you will not forget me in my absence.' JOHNSON.
'Nay, Sir, it is more likely you should forget me, than that I should
forget you.' As the vessel put out to sea, I kept my eyes upon him for
a considerable time, while he remained rolling his majestick frame in
his usual manner: and at last I perceived him walk back into the town,
and he disappeared."
_More about Boswell_
Boswell travelled a good deal and visited several European countries
besides Holland. He took a special interest in Corsica and afterwards
wrote a book about the people of the island. Johnson was at first
discouraging on this subject and wished Boswell would empty his head of
it, but he afterwards highly praised his _Journal_.
On his return to London, Boswell found that his admiration of his
hero's "extraordinary mind" was "increased and confirmed," and when,
a few years later, he was about to be married, he promised himself a
great deal of instructive conversation with Johnson "on the conduct
of the married state," but Johnson (who said once that marriages in
general would be as happy, and often more so, if they were all made by
the Lord Chancellor) "did not say much upon that topick."
When Johnson went to stay with his friend in Scotland, Mrs Boswell
found his visit quite long enough:
"The truth is, that his irregular hours and uncouth habits, such as
turning the candles with their heads downwards, when they did not burn
bright enough, and letting the wax drop upon the carpet, could not but
be disagreeable to a lady. Besides, she had not that high admiration
of him which was felt by most of those who knew him; and what was very
natural to a female mind, she thought he had too much influence over
her husband. She once in a little warmth, made, with more point than
justice, this remark upon that subject: 'I have seen many a bear led by
a man; but I never before saw a man led by a bear.'"
It is delightful to note Boswell's pride as each fresh link is formed
in the chain of friendship. Johnson, as we have seen, was a devout
Christian and encouraged his friend to join him in his devotions:
"On the 9th of April [1773], being Good Friday, I breakfasted with him
on tea and cross-buns; _Doctor_ Levet, as Frank called him, making the
tea. He carried me with him to the Church of St Clement Danes, where
he had his seat; and his behaviour was, as I had imaged to myself,
solemnly devout. I never shall forget the tremulous earnestness with
which he pronounced the awful petition in the Litany: 'In the hour of
death, and at the day of judgement, good LORD deliver us.' We went to
church both in the morning and evening. In the interval between the two
services we did not dine; but he read in the Greek New Testament, and I
turned over several of his books."
Two days later he had his first dinner at Johnson's house:
"I had ... great curiosity to dine with DR SAMUEL JOHNSON, in the
dusky recess of a court in Fleet-street. I supposed we should scarcely
have knives and forks, and only some strange, uncouth, ill-drest dish:
but I found every thing in very good order. We had no other company
but Mrs Williams and a young woman whom I did not know. As a dinner
here was considered as a singular phænomenon, and as I was frequently
interrogated on the subject, my readers may perhaps be desirous to know
our bill of fare.... We had a very good soup, a boiled leg of lamb and
spinach, a veal pye, and a rice pudding."
Boswell was made still prouder when shortly afterwards he was admitted
to the Club:
"On Friday, April 30, I dined with him at Mr Beauclerk's, where were
Lord Charlemont, Sir Joshua Reynolds, and some more members of the
LITERARY CLUB, whom he had obligingly invited to meet me, as I was
this evening to be balloted for as candidate for admission into that
distinguished society. Johnson had done me the honour to propose me,
and Beauclerk was very zealous for me...."
"The gentlemen went away to their club, and I was left at Beauclerk's
till the fate of my election should be announced to me. I sat in a
state of anxiety which even the charming conversation of Lady Di
Beauclerk could not entirely dissipate. In a short time I received
the agreeable intelligence that I was chosen. I hastened to the place
of meeting, and was introduced to such a society as can seldom be
found.... Upon my entrance, Johnson placed himself behind a chair, on
which he leaned as on a desk or pulpit, and with humorous formality
gave me a _Charge_, pointing out the conduct expected from me as a good
member of this club."
When they were travelling together in Scotland Johnson frankly told him
a little more about the election, and Boswell as frankly tells us:
"He told me, 'Sir, you got into our club by doing what a man can do.
Several of the members wished to keep you out. Burke told me, he
doubted if you were fit for it: but, now you are in, none of them are
sorry. Burke says, that you have so much good humour naturally, it is
scarce a virtue.' BOSWELL. 'They were afraid of you, Sir, as it was you
who proposed me.' JOHNSON. 'Sir, they knew, that if they refused you,
they'd probably never have got in another. I'd have kept them all out.'"
Perhaps the boldest thing Boswell did in the course of his friendship
with Johnson was to arrange a meeting between him and John Wilkes.
The story of Wilkes belongs to the history-books. Himself a member
of parliament, he had in 1763 violently attacked the king and his
minister, Lord Bute, in a famous issue of _The North Briton_. For this
he was imprisoned in the Tower and expelled from the House of Commons.
But outside Parliament there was much sympathy with him, especially
in London, and he quickly became a popular hero. "Wilkes and Liberty
for ever" was the cry. He was three times re-elected as member for
Middlesex, but each time Parliament refused to let him take his seat.
Finally, after being made Lord Mayor of London in 1774, he had a great
triumph in the House of Commons in the following year, when all the
previous resolutions against him were annulled.
It is not difficult to imagine how Dr Johnson, with his principles
of loyalty to king and government, felt towards this hero of popular
liberty.
Boswell realised this quite well:
"My desire of being acquainted with celebrated men of every
description, had made me, much about the same time, obtain an
introduction to Dr Samuel Johnson and to John Wilkes, Esq. Two men more
different could perhaps not be selected out of all mankind. They had
even attacked one another with some asperity in their writings; yet
I lived in habits of friendship with both. I could fully relish the
excellence of each.... I conceived an irresistible wish, if possible,
to bring Dr Johnson and Mr Wilkes together. How to manage it, was a
nice and difficult matter."
Boswell went tactfully to work. After getting Johnson's consent to dine
at Mr Dilly's, he hinted at strange company:
"'Provided, Sir, I suppose, that the company which he is to have, is
agreeable to you.' JOHNSON. 'What do you mean, Sir? What do you take
me for? Do you think I am so ignorant of the world, as to imagine that
I am to prescribe to a gentleman what company he is to have at his
table?' BOSWELL. 'I beg your pardon, Sir ... I should not be surprized
to find Jack Wilkes there.' JOHNSON. 'And if Jack Wilkes _should_ be
there, what is that to _me_, Sir?'"
"Upon the much-expected Wednesday, I called on him about half an hour
before dinner, as I often did when we were to dine out together, to see
that he was ready in time, and to accompany him. I found him buffeting
his books, as upon a former occasion, covered with dust, and making no
preparation for going abroad. 'How is this, Sir? (said I.) Don't you
recollect that you are to dine at Mr Dilly's?' JOHNSON. 'Sir, I did
not think of going to Dilly's: it went out of my head. I have ordered
dinner at home with Mrs Williams.' BOSWELL. 'But, my dear Sir, you know
you were engaged to Mr Dilly, and I told him so. He will expect you,
and will be much disappointed if you don't come.' JOHNSON. 'You must
talk to Mrs Williams about this.'"
Here, as Boswell says, was a sad dilemma. There was nothing for it but
to approach Mrs Williams. She was difficult at first, but "gradually
softened" and finally gave her consent that the Doctor should go.
"I flew back to him, still in dust, and careless of what should be the
event, 'indifferent in his choice to go or stay'; but as soon as I had
announced to him Mrs Williams' consent, he roared 'Frank, a clean
shirt,' and was very soon drest. When I had him fairly seated in a
hackney-coach with me, I exulted as much as a fortune-hunter who has
got an heiress into a post-chaise with him to set out for Gretna-Green.
When we entered Mr Dilly's drawing-room, he found himself in the
midst of a company he did not know.... 'And who is the gentleman in
lace?'--'Mr Wilkes, Sir.' This information confounded him still more;
he had some difficulty to restrain himself, and taking up a book, sat
down upon a window-seat and read, or at least kept his eye upon it
intently for some time, till he composed himself...."
"The cheering sound of 'Dinner is upon the table,' dissolved his
reverie, and we _all_ sat down without any symptom of ill humour....
Mr Wilkes placed himself next to Dr Johnson, and behaved to him with
so much attention and politeness, that he gained upon him insensibly.
No man eat more heartily than Johnson, or loved better what was nice
and delicate. Mr Wilkes was very assiduous in helping him to some fine
veal. 'Pray give me leave, Sir:--It is better here--A little of the
brown--Some fat, Sir--A little of the stuffing--Some gravy--Let me have
the pleasure of giving you some butter--Allow me to recommend a squeeze
of this orange;--or the lemon, perhaps, may have more zest.'--'Sir,
Sir, I am obliged to you, Sir,' cried Johnson, bowing, and turning his
head to him...."
The good fare provided by Mr Dilly and the tact of John Wilkes himself
soon made things easier. Johnson was before long talking in his
usual domineering way about poets and players, and eventually he and
Wilkes found at least one "bond of union"--a common prejudice against
Scotland. So they "amused themselves with persevering in the old jokes."
"JOHNSON (to Mr Wilkes). 'You must know, Sir, I lately took my friend
Boswell and shewed him genuine civilised life in an English provincial
town. I turned him loose at Lichfield, my native city, that he might
see for once real civility: for you know he lives among savages in
Scotland, and among rakes in London.' WILKES. 'Except when he is with
grave, sober, decent people like you and me.' JOHNSON (smiling). 'And
we ashamed of him.'"
Boswell did not mind this kind of chaff. He was too pleased with his
"successful negociation."
Once or twice Johnson went too far, even for Boswell's humble devotion:
"On Saturday, May 2, [1778] I dined with him at Sir Joshua Reynolds's,
where there was a very large company ... less attention was paid to
him than usual, which put him out of humour; and upon some imaginary
offence from me, he attacked me with such rudeness, that I was vexed
and angry.... I was so much hurt, and had my pride so much roused, that
I kept away from him for a week...."
"On Friday, May 8, I dined with him at Mr Langton's. I was reserved and
silent, which I suppose he perceived, and might recollect the cause.
After dinner when ... we were by ourselves, he drew his chair near to
mine, and said, in a tone of conciliating courtesy, 'Well, how have you
done?' BOSWELL. 'Sir, you have made me very uneasy by your behaviour to
me when we were last at Sir Joshua Reynolds's. You know, my dear Sir,
no man has a greater respect and affection for you, or would sooner
go to the end of the world to serve you. Now to treat me so--.' He
insisted that I had interrupted him, which I assured him was not the
case; and proceeded--'But why treat me so before people who neither
love you nor me?' JOHNSON. 'Well, I am sorry for it. I'll make it up
to you twenty different ways, as you please.' BOSWELL. 'I said to-day
to Sir Joshua, when he observed that you _tossed_ me sometimes--I
don't care how often, or how high he tosses me, when only friends are
present, for then I fall upon soft ground: but I do not like falling on
stones, which is the case when enemies are present.'"
But these tiffs were rare. "My regard for you" Johnson told Boswell
with a sincerity we cannot doubt "is greater almost than I have words
to express; but I do not choose to be always repeating it."
He did so, however, in many a letter to his friend:
"My dear Boswell," he wrote "do not neglect to write to me; for your
kindness is one of the pleasures of my life, which I should be sorry to
lose."
Boswell's reply was no less sincere:
"Be assured, my dear Sir, that my affection and reverence for you are
exalted and steady. I do not believe that a more perfect attachment
ever existed in the history of mankind."
_David Garrick_
Except for the part he played in Johnson's _Irene_, we have heard
little of David Garrick since he came to London in 1737 "with
three-halfpence in his pocket."
He at first entered Lincoln's Inn to study the law, but he had a
passion for the stage and made his first appearance in the part of a
harlequin. Unlike Johnson, he did not have to face a long period of
poverty and 'cold obscurity'; he received a legacy of £1000 and before
he had spent it all, his acting of the part of _Richard III_ in 1741
quickly made him famous.
Mr Pope declared: "That young man never had his equal as an actor and
he never will have a rival," and there were "a dozen dukes of a night"
at the theatre in Goodman's Fields.
He made large sums of money and in a few years' time became manager of
Drury Lane theatre, where he tried hard, but in vain, to make Johnson's
tragedy a success.
In the bitterness of his early struggle Johnson was no doubt a little
jealous of his old pupil.
"His being outstripped by his pupil" says Boswell "in the race of
immediate fame, as well as of fortune, probably made him feel some
indignation, as thinking that whatever might be Garrick's merits in
his art, the reward was too great when compared with what the most
successful efforts of literary labour could attain.... His schoolfellow
and friend, Dr Taylor, told me a pleasant anecdote of Johnson's
triumphing over his pupil David Garrick. When that great actor had
played some little time at Goodman's fields, Johnson and Taylor went
to see him perform, and afterwards passed the evening at a tavern with
him and old Giffard[22]. Johnson ... after censuring some mistakes in
emphasis which Garrick had committed in the course of that night's
acting, said, 'the players, Sir, have got a kind of rant, with which
they run on, without any regard to accent or emphasis.' Both Garrick
and Giffard were offended at this sarcasm, and endeavoured to refute
it; upon which Johnson rejoined, 'Well now, I'll give you something
to speak, with which you are little acquainted, and then we shall see
how just my observation is. That shall be the criterion. Let me hear
you repeat the ninth Commandment, "Thou shalt not bear false witness
against thy neighbour."' Both tried at it, said Dr Taylor, and both
mistook the emphasis, which should be upon _not_ and _false witness_.
Johnson put them right, and enjoyed his victory with great glee."
[Illustration: A PIT CHECK, GOODMAN'S FIELDS THEATRE]
[Illustration: DRURY LANE THEATRE]
Whether Johnson was right or not may still be argued, but he loved to
get Davy back at school again. Garrick, too, retained some of his
school-boy tricks of mimicry:
"He could imitate Johnson very exactly.... I recollect his exhibiting
him to me one day, as if saying, 'Davy has some convivial pleasantry
about him, but 'tis a futile fellow;' which he uttered perfectly with
the tone and air of Johnson."
Johnson's provincial accent (he pronounced _once_ as _woonse_) gave
Garrick another opening:
"Garrick sometimes used to take him off, squeezing a lemon into a
punch-bowl, with uncouth gesticulations, looking round the company, and
calling out, 'Who's for _poonsh_?'"
Johnson, for his part, never quite got rid of his feeling of contempt
for the actor's profession. He often discussed it with Boswell:
"BOSWELL. 'Sir ..., you never will allow merit to a player.'
JOHNSON. 'Merit, Sir! what merit? Do you respect a rope-dancer, or a
ballad-singer?' BOSWELL. 'No, Sir: but we respect a great player, as a
man who can conceive lofty sentiments and can express them gracefully.'
JOHNSON. 'What, Sir, a fellow who claps a hump on his back, and a lump
on his leg, and cries "_I am Richard the Third?_"' ... BOSWELL. 'My
dear Sir! you may turn anything into ridicule ... a great player does
what very few are capable to do: his art is a very rare faculty. _Who_
can repeat Hamlet's soliloquy, "To be, or not to be," as Garrick does
it?' JOHNSON. 'Anybody may. Jemmy, there (a boy about eight years old,
who was in the room), will do it as well in a week.' BOSWELL. 'No, no,
Sir: and as a proof of the merit of great acting, and of the value
which mankind set upon it, Garrick has got a hundred thousand pounds.'
JOHNSON. 'Is getting a hundred thousand pounds a proof of excellence?
That has been done by a scoundrel commissary.'"
Poor Bozzy! "I was _sure_, for once," he says, "that I had the best
side of the argument." As if that made any difference to Johnson when
he was "talking for victory"!
Both Garrick and Johnson were lovers of books--but in a different way.
Johnson was "born to grapple with whole libraries," as Boswell's uncle
said, but he did not treat a rare volume with the tender care of a
collector. When he was putting his books in order, he wore a pair of
large gloves "such as hedgers use," and "buffeted" them so that clouds
of dust flew round him. When he was reading a new book it was said that
"he tore out the heart of it"; when he was tidying his old ones it is
to be feared that he sometimes tore off the covers of them. Garrick had
some old and valued editions, and seems to have offended Johnson by
hesitating to lend them to him. Even Boswell admits that "considering
the slovenly and careless manner in which books were treated by
Johnson, it could not be expected that scarce and valuable editions
should have been lent to him."
Garrick, moreover, had learnt by experience. Here is the story as he
told it to Miss Burney:
"'David!' said Johnson, 'will you lend me your _Petrarca_[23]?'
'Y-e-s, Sir!' 'David! you sigh?' 'Sir--you shall have it certainly.'
Accordingly the book, stupendously bound, I sent to him that very
evening. But scarcely had he taken it in his hands, when, as Boswell
tells me, he poured forth a Greek ejaculation and a couplet or two from
Horace, and then in one of those fits of enthusiasm which always seem
to require that he should spread his arms aloft, he suddenly pounces my
poor _Petrarca_ over his head upon the floor. And then, standing for
several minutes lost in abstraction, he forgot probably that he had
ever seen it."
As his old schoolmaster, Johnson took good care that Garrick should not
suffer from swelled head:
"Not very long after the institution of our club, Sir Joshua Reynolds
was speaking of it to Garrick. 'I like it much, (said he,) I think
I shall be of you.' When Sir Joshua mentioned this to Dr Johnson,
he was much displeased with the actor's conceit. '_He'll be of us_,
(said Johnson) how does he know we will _permit_ him? The first Duke
in England has no right to hold such language.' However, when Garrick
was regularly proposed some time afterwards, Johnson, though he had
taken a momentary offence at his arrogance, warmly and kindly supported
him, and he was accordingly elected, was a most agreeable member, and
continued to attend our meetings to the time of his death."
Each of them, indeed, was ready to help the other when he could.
When the advertisement of Johnson's _Dictionary_ appeared in _The
Gentleman's Magazine_, there was printed beneath it a complimentary
ode, written by Garrick, and ending with the lines:
And Johnson, well arm'd like a hero of yore,
Has beat forty French, and will beat forty more![24]
When Drury Lane theatre was first opened under the management of
Garrick, the prologue (one of the two decent prologues in the language,
according to Byron) was written by Johnson. It is a fine appeal to the
public to support Garrick in ennobling the stage by the revival of
Shakespeare:
Ah! let not censure term our fate our choice,
The stage but echoes back the public voice;
The drama's laws, the drama's patrons give,
For we that live to please, must please to live.
The truth was, as Sir Joshua Reynolds said:
"Johnson considered Garrick to be as it were his _property_. He would
allow no man either to blame or to praise Garrick in his presence,
without contradicting him."
Boswell discovered this, as we have seen, at the famous meeting in Tom
Davies's back parlour.
Garrick died in 1779 and was buried with great pomp in Westminster
Abbey. His death provoked one of the most famous of all Johnson's
sentences:
"That stroke of death" he wrote, "has eclipsed the gaiety of nations."
[Illustration: DAVID GARRICK]
Of his personal character Johnson said even finer things and when
Boswell tried to press him, he retired, as usual, defeated:
"JOHNSON. 'Garrick was a very good man, the cheerfullest man of
his age; a decent liver in a profession which is supposed to give
indulgence to licentiousness; and a man who gave away, freely, money
acquired by himself. He began the world with a great hunger for money;
the son of a half-pay officer, bred in a family, whose study was to
make four-pence do as much as others made four-pence halfpenny do. But,
when he had got money, he was very liberal....'
[BOSWELL] 'You say, Sir, his death eclipsed the gaiety of nations.'
JOHNSON. 'I could not have said more nor less. It is the truth;
_eclipsed_, not _extinguished_; and his death _did_ eclipse; it was
like a storm.' BOSWELL. 'But why nations? Did his gaiety extend farther
than his own nation?' JOHNSON. 'Why, Sir, some exaggeration must be
allowed. Besides, nations may be said--if we allow the Scotch to be
a nation, and to have gaiety,--which they have not. _You_ are an
exception, though. Come, gentlemen, let us candidly admit that there is
one Scotchman who is cheerful.' BEAUCLERK. 'But he is a very unnatural
Scotchman.'"
Oliver Goldsmith once wrote a series of playful epitaphs for his
friends. These were his first two lines on Garrick:
Here lies David Garrick, describe him who can,
An abridgment of all that was pleasant in man.
FOOTNOTES:
[22] The manager of Goodman's Fields theatre.
[23] The author whom Johnson had first discovered on the apple-shelf at
Lichfield. See p. 7.
[24] See p. 28.
_Oliver Goldsmith_
Oliver Goldsmith, known best to us as the author of _The Vicar of
Wakefield_, and described by Boswell as "one of the brightest ornaments
of the Johnsonian school" was, like his master, an adventurer in
literature.
The son of a poor Irish clergyman, he went, after an unhappy time at
school, where he was teased by the boys on account of his disfigurement
by small pox, to Trinity College, Dublin.
Here, like Johnson at Oxford, he was a "lounger at the college-gate"
and, in spite of his poverty, a leading spirit in college riots, such
as the ducking of a bailiff and the gathering of a dancing party "of
humblest sort" in his college room.
However, he worked hard enough to get the degree of Bachelor of Arts,
and learnt, besides, to write ballads and to play the flute. After
three years of idleness he went to Edinburgh to study medicine, the
money being provided by a generous uncle. But more of this bounty was
spent on fine clothes than on medical books and his restlessness soon
drove him abroad to the university of Leyden, where he studied little
except in what Johnson calls "the great book of mankind."
With the true spirit of the Irish adventurer he now began his
wanderings on foot through Flanders, France, Switzerland and Italy.
Sometimes he had to depend on the tunes of his flute to get him food
and lodging; sometimes he earned a few shillings "by demanding at
Universities to enter the lists as a disputant." Having thus disputed
his passage through Europe, as Boswell says, he landed in England at
the age of 28 without a shilling in his pocket.
For him, as for Johnson, there was only one kind of life possible--the
life of "Grub Street." Here are a few lines from his own _Description
of an Author's Bedchamber_:
The morn was cold, he views with keen desire
The rusty grate unconscious of a fire:
With beer and milk arrears the frieze was scored,
And five crack'd teacups dress'd the chimney board:
A nightcap deck'd his brows instead of bay,
A cap by night--a stocking all the day!
In his early years in London he was, as Boswell tells us, "employed
successively in the capacities of an usher to an academy, a
corrector of the press, a reviewer, and a writer for a news-paper.
He had sagacity enough to cultivate assiduously the acquaintance of
Johnson.... To me and many others it appeared that he studiously copied
the manner of Johnson, though, indeed, upon a smaller scale. At this
time I think he had published nothing with his name, though it was
pretty generally known that _one Dr Goldsmith_ was the authour of _An
Enquiry into the present State of polite Learning in Europe_, and of
_The Citizen of the World_, a series of letters supposed to be written
from London by a Chinese."
Johnson paid his first visit to Goldsmith in 1761. Dr Percy, a friend
of both, gave this account of it:
"The first visit Goldsmith ever received from Johnson was on May 31,
1761, when he gave an invitation to him, and much other company, many
of them literary men, to a supper in his lodgings in Wine Office
Court, Fleet Street. Percy being intimate with Johnson, was desired to
call upon him and take him with him. As they went together the former
was much struck with the studied neatness of Johnson's dress. He had
on a new suit of clothes, a new wig nicely powdered, and everything
about him so perfectly dissimilar from his usual appearance that
his companion could not help inquiring the cause of this singular
transformation. 'Why, Sir,' said Johnson, 'I hear that Goldsmith, who
is a very great sloven, justifies his disregard of cleanliness and
decency by quoting my practice, and I am desirous this night to show
him a better example.'"
Johnson quickly took Goldsmith to his heart, and praised his writing at
a time when the public "_made a point_ to know nothing about it."
Goldsmith was an original member of the Literary Club and, rather to
Boswell's chagrin, soon became a real intimate of Johnson's household:
"My next meeting with Johnson," says Boswell, "was on Friday the 1st
of July, [1763] when he and I and Dr Goldsmith supped together at the
Mitre.... Goldsmith's respectful attachment to Johnson was then at its
height; for his own literary reputation had not yet distinguished him
so much as to excite a vain desire of competition with his great
Master. He had increased my admiration of the goodness of Johnson's
heart, by incidental remarks in the course of conversation, such as ...
when I wondered that he was very kind to a man of whom I had heard a
very bad character, 'He is now become miserable, and that insures the
protection of Johnson....'"
[Illustration: OLIVER GOLDSMITH]
"At this time _Miss_ Williams, as she was then called ... had so much
of his attention, that he every night drank tea with her before he went
home, however late it might be.... Dr Goldsmith, being a privileged
man, went with him this night, strutting away, and calling to me with
an air of superiority ... 'I go to Miss Williams.' I confess, I then
envied him this mighty privilege, of which he seemed so proud; but it
was not long before I obtained the same mark of distinction[25]."
Goldsmith, indeed, was sometimes rather bitter about Boswell.
"Who _is_ this Scotch cur at Johnson's heels?" asked someone. "He is
not a cur," answered Goldsmith, "you are too severe. He is only a bur.
Tom Davies flung him at Johnson in sport, and he has the faculty of
sticking."
_The Traveller_, published in 1764, at length brought Goldsmith fame,
though not a fortune. He received but twenty guineas for it and was
still miserable enough to qualify for Johnson's protection.
"I received one morning," so Johnson told Boswell, "a message from poor
Goldsmith that he was in great distress, and as it was not in his power
to come to me, begging that I would come to him as soon as possible. I
sent him a guinea, and promised to come to him directly. I accordingly
went as soon as I was drest, and found that his landlady had arrested
him for his rent, at which he was in a violent passion. I perceived
that he had already changed my guinea, and had got a bottle of Madeira
and a glass before him. I put the cork into the bottle, desired he
would be calm, and began to talk to him of the means by which he might
be extricated. He then told me that he had a novel ready for the press,
which he produced to me. I looked into it, and saw its merit; told the
landlady I should soon return, and having gone to a bookseller, sold it
for sixty pounds. I brought Goldsmith the money, and he discharged his
rent, not without rating his landlady in a high tone for having used
him so ill."
The novel ready for the press was _The Vicar of Wakefield_.
This is not the place for a full account of Goldsmith's works; but we
will glance at one or two.
The picture of English country life in _The Deserted Village_ still
delights us. Here, for instance, are a few lines on the village
schoolmaster:
There, in his noisy mansion, skill'd to rule,
The village master taught his little school:
A man severe he was, and stern to view,
I knew him well, and every truant knew;
Well had the boding tremblers learn'd to trace
The day's disasters in his morning face;
Full well they laughed with counterfeited glee
At all his jokes, for many a joke had he.
As a writer of plays, Goldsmith gained a great success with _She Stoops
to Conquer_. Johnson, to whom it was dedicated, said:
"I know of no comedy for many years that has so much exhilarated an
audience, that has answered so much the great end of comedy--making an
audience merry."
Goldsmith wrote histories of England, Greece, and Rome--sometimes
inaccurate, but always readable, and, with but a shallow knowledge of
natural science, plunged into a work called _A History of the Earth and
Animated Nature_. He had, as Boswell says, "a more than common share of
that hurry of ideas which we often find in his countrymen."
"Goldsmith told us, that he was now busy in writing a natural history,
and ... had taken lodgings, at a farmer's house, near to the six
mile-stone, on the Edgeware road, and had carried down his books in two
returned post-chaises.... I went to visit him at this place ... and
found curious scraps of descriptions of animals, scrawled upon the wall
with a black lead pencil."
When Johnson heard of the project, he said:
"Goldsmith, Sir, will give us a very fine book upon the subject; but
if he can distinguish a cow from a horse, that, I believe, may be the
extent of his knowledge of natural history."
Goldsmith was certainly not very sound on cows. This is what he says of
their horns:
"At three years old the cow sheds its horns, and new ones arise in
their place, which continue as long as it lives"!
But all that Goldsmith wrote had charm, and no one was more sensitive
to it than Johnson.
In conversation Goldsmith was not so happy. Garrick described him as one
... for shortness call'd Noll,
Who wrote like an angel, but talked like poor Poll,
and Johnson said of him: "No man was more foolish when he had not a pen
in his hand, or more wise when he had."
The truth was that Goldsmith's vanity, which made him eager to get in
and _shine_, could not bear the rough buffetings of Johnson's talk.
"There is no arguing with Johnson," he complained, "for when his pistol
misses fire, he knocks you down with the butt end of it."
He was as vain of his fine clothes, when he had money to buy them, as
of his literary reputation:
"Well, let me tell you," he said once, "when my tailor brought home
my bloom-coloured coat, he said, 'Sir, I have a favour to beg of you.
When any body asks you who made your clothes, be pleased to mention
John Filby, at the Harrow, in Water-lane.' JOHNSON. 'Why, Sir, that was
because he knew the strange colour would attract crowds to gaze at it,
and thus they might hear of him, and see how well he could make a coat
even of so absurd a colour.'"
Once at a dinner-party Goldsmith became really angry when "beginning to
speak, he found himself overpowered by the loud voice of Johnson, who
was at the opposite end of the table." When at length he complained,
Johnson silenced him by calling him impertinent.
[Illustration: JOHNSON AND GOLDSMITH OUTSIDE FILBY'S SHOP]
But later, at the Club, they were quickly reconciled:
"'Dr Goldsmith,' said Johnson, 'something passed to-day where you and
I dined; I ask your pardon.' Goldsmith answered placidly, 'It must be
much from you, Sir, that I take ill.' And so at once the difference was
over, and they were on as easy terms as ever, and Goldsmith rattled
away as usual."
Sometimes Goldsmith had the last word, as when they were discussing the
writing of a good fable, like that of the little fishes:
"'The skill,' said Goldsmith, 'consists in making them talk like
little fishes.' While he indulged himself in this fanciful reverie,
he observed Johnson shaking his sides, and laughing. Upon which he
smartly proceeded, 'Why, Dr Johnson, this is not so easy as you seem to
think; for if you were to make little fishes talk, they would talk like
WHALES.'"
But these victories and defeats in conversation were only incidents in
the history of a well-tried friendship.
When Goldsmith died in 1774 at the age of 46, Johnson wrote to his
friend, Bennet Langton:
"Poor Goldsmith is gone.... He died of a fever, exasperated, as I
believe, by the fear of distress. He had raised money and squandered
it, by every artifice of acquisition and folly of expence. But let not
his frailties be remembered; he was a very great man."
"Goldsmith" he said many years later, "was a man who, whatever he
wrote, did it better than any other man could do. He deserved a place
in Westminster-Abbey, and every year he lived, would have deserved it
better."
Westminster Abbey holds a memorial, but not the mortal remains, of
Oliver Goldsmith.
For the monument which, at the suggestion of Sir Joshua Reynolds, was
set up in the Abbey two years after Goldsmith's death Johnson wrote the
inscription.
"I ... send you," he wrote to Sir Joshua, "the poor dear Doctor's
epitaph. Read it first yourself; and if you then think it right, shew
it to the Club. I am, you know, willing to be corrected."
The Club suggested several alterations, the chief of them being that
the epitaph should be in English rather than in Latin.
"But the question was, who should have the courage to propose them to
him [Johnson]. At last it was hinted, that there could be no way so
good as that of a _Round Robin_, as the sailors call it, which they
make use of when they enter into a conspiracy, so as not to let it
be known who puts his name first or last to the paper.... Sir Joshua
agreed to carry it to Dr Johnson, who received it with much good
humour, and desired Sir Joshua to tell the gentlemen, that he would
alter the Epitaph in any manner they pleased, as to the sense of it;
but _he would never consent to disgrace the walls of Westminster Abbey
with an English inscription_."
Here we will risk the posthumous wrath of Johnson and give the first
sentence of the epitaph in English:
OLIVER GOLDSMITH
Poet, Naturalist, Historian,
Who scarce left a single kind of writing
Untouched
And touched none that he did not adorn.
FOOTNOTES:
[25] See p. 46.
_Sir Joshua Reynolds_
Whether we have read Boswell or not, we all know something of the work
of Sir Joshua Reynolds. From childhood, almost from babyhood, we are
made familiar with _The Infant Samuel_ and _The Age of Innocence_.
But it is as a portrait-painter that he is most famous and in the
latter half of the eighteenth century there was hardly a single man or
woman of note whose portrait was not painted by him. A few of them are
reproduced in this book.
Born in Devonshire, Joshua Reynolds came to study art in London in
1741. He was then 18 years old and, except for a year or two spent at
Plymouth and two years' study of the old masters at Rome, practically
all his work was done, as Johnson's was, in London.
He was the first president of the Royal Academy, founded in 1768, and
was made a knight in the same year; he was supreme among the artists
of his day as was Garrick among actors and Johnson among men of letters.
He did not have the same hard struggle for fame and fortune as Johnson.
At the age of 35, it is true, he was painting portraits for fifteen
guineas apiece, but his charm of manner, as well as his skill as a
painter, brought him great popularity, and in a few years' time he was
making an annual income nearly four times as great as the total sum
paid to Johnson for his _Dictionary_.
Reynolds was first attracted to Johnson by one of his earliest prose
works--_The Life of Richard Savage_[26].
"Sir Joshua Reynolds told me, that upon his return from Italy, he
met with it in Devonshire, knowing nothing of its authour, and began
to read it while he was standing with his arm leaning against a
chimney-piece. It seized his attention so strongly, that, not being
able to lay down the book till he had finished, when he attempted to
move, he found his arm totally benumbed."
Shortly after this the two men met for the first time at the house of
the Miss Cotterells:
"Mr Reynolds had ... conceived a very high admiration of Johnson's
powers of writing. His conversation no less delighted him; and he
cultivated his acquaintance with the laudable zeal of one who was
ambitious of general improvement.... Johnson at once perceived that
Reynolds had the habit of thinking for himself ... he went home with
Reynolds, and supped with him."
[Illustration: SIR JOSHUA REYNOLDS]
This was the beginning of an "uninterrupted intimacy" to the last hour
of Johnson's life.
Johnson took, or pretended to take, no interest in pictures. He is
reported to have said once that "he should sit very quietly in a room
hung round with the works of the greatest masters, and never feel the
slightest disposition to turn them, if their backs were outermost,
unless it might be for the sake of telling Sir Joshua that he _had_
turned them"!
At another time "Johnson being at dinner at Sir Joshua's in company
with many painters, in the course of conversation Richardson's
_Treatise on Painting_ happened to be mentioned. 'Ah!' said Johnson,
'I remember, when I was at college, I by chance found that book on my
stairs. I took it up with me to my chamber, and read it through, and
truly I did not think it possible to say so much upon the art.'"
But this was merely playful exaggeration. Johnson was at any rate
interested in the portraits of himself, of which Sir Joshua painted
several. One of them was set up in Lichfield:
"TO SIR JOSHUA REYNOLDS, IN LEICESTER-FIELDS
DEAR SIR,
When I came to Lichfield, I found that my portrait had been much
visited, and much admired. Every man has a lurking wish to appear
considerable in his native place; and I was pleased with the dignity
conferred by such a testimony of your regard. Be pleased, therefore,
to accept the thanks of, Sir, your most obliged
And most humble servant,
SAM. JOHNSON.
Ashbourn in Derbyshire,
July 17, 1771.
Compliments to Miss Reynolds."
Mrs Thrale tells another story of one of the portraits:
"When Reynolds painted his portrait looking into the slit of his pen
and holding it almost close to his eye, as was his custom, he felt
displeased, and told me he would not be known by posterity for his
_defects_ only, let Sir Joshua do his worst. I said that the picture in
the room where we were talking represented Sir Joshua holding his ear
in his hand to catch the sound. 'He may paint himself as deaf, if he
chooses,' replied Johnson, 'but I will not be _blinking Sam_.'"
Every year Reynolds used to deliver an address to the Royal Academy.
These were collected into a book with the title _Discourses on
Painting_ and the author of them freely owned his debt to Johnson: "He
may be said to have formed my mind, and to have brushed from it a great
deal of rubbish."
"Reynolds" said Edmund Burke "owed much to the writings and
conversation of Johnson; and nothing shews more the greatness of Sir
Joshua's parts than his taking advantage of both, and making some
application of them to his profession, when Johnson neither understood
nor desired to understand anything of painting."
But Johnson could understand his friend's writing:
"Though he had no taste for painting, he admired much the manner in
which Sir Joshua Reynolds treated of his art, in his _Discourses to
the Royal Academy_. He observed one day of a passage in them 'I think
I might as well have said this myself:' and once when Mr Langton was
sitting by him, he read one of them very eagerly, and expressed himself
thus:--'Very well, Master Reynolds; very well, indeed. But it will not
be understood.'"
Sir Joshua, as we have seen, was the founder of the Literary Club and
was "very constant" in his attendance. Boswell records, too, many a
dinner-party where Johnson and he enjoyed good fare and good talk
together, but most of the talk recorded is, naturally, Johnson's:
"On Tuesday, April 18, [1775] he and I were engaged to go with Sir
Joshua Reynolds to dine with Mr Cambridge, at his beautiful villa
on the banks of the Thames, near Twickenham. Dr Johnson's tardiness
was such, that Sir Joshua, who had an appointment at Richmond, early
in the day, was obliged to go by himself on horseback, leaving his
coach to Johnson and me. Johnson was in such good spirits, that every
thing seemed to please him as we drove along. Our conversation turned
on a variety of subjects. He thought portrait-painting an improper
employment for a woman. 'Publick practice of any art (he observed,) and
staring in men's faces, is very indelicate in a female'.... No sooner
had we made our bow to Mr Cambridge, in his library, than Johnson ran
eagerly to one side of the room, intent on poring over the backs of the
books. Sir Joshua observed, (aside,) 'He runs to the books, as I do
to the pictures: but I have the advantage. I can see much more of the
pictures than he can of the books.'"
Johnson and Reynolds often rallied each other on the subject of
drinking. Reynolds reminded his friend once that he had had eleven cups
of tea. "Sir," replied Johnson "I did not count your glasses of wine,
why should you number up my cups of tea?"
For long periods of his life, as we have seen, Johnson abstained from
wine altogether; at such times he was liable to be overbearing, not to
say rude, in discussing the social benefits of drinking:
"BOSWELL. 'The great difficulty of resisting wine is from benevolence.
For instance, a good worthy man asks you to taste his wine, which he
has had twenty years in his cellar.' JOHNSON. 'Sir, all this notion
about benevolence arises from a man's imagining himself to be of more
importance to others, than he really is. They don't care a farthing
whether he drinks or not.' SIR JOSHUA REYNOLDS. 'Yes, they do for the
time'.... I was at this time myself a water-drinker, upon trial, by
Johnson's recommendation. JOHNSON. 'Boswell is a bolder combatant than
Sir Joshua: he argues for wine without the help of wine; but Sir Joshua
with it.' SIR JOSHUA REYNOLDS. 'But to please one's company is a strong
motive.' JOHNSON (who, from drinking only water, supposed every body
who drank wine to be elevated,) 'I won't argue any more with you, Sir.
You are too far gone.' SIR JOSHUA. 'I should have thought so indeed,
Sir, had I made such a speech as you have now done.' JOHNSON (drawing
himself in, and, I really thought blushing,). 'Nay, don't be angry. I
did not mean to offend you.'"
This is said to be the only known instance of Johnson having blushed.
Few, indeed, would have rebuked him so neatly or so gently as the
courteous Sir Joshua.
But all Johnson's quarrels with his friends were momentary. In 1782,
after Reynolds had been ill, we find him writing:
"Your country has been in danger of losing one of its brightest
ornaments, and I of losing one of my oldest and kindest friends: but
I hope you will still live long, for the honour of the nation: and
that more enjoyment of your elegance, your intelligence, and your
benevolence, is still reserved for, dear Sir, your most affectionate,
&c.
SAM. JOHNSON."
This is a good example of "Johnsonese" in letter-writing. Nowadays we
cannot imagine a letter written in such a style to an intimate friend
of 30 years' standing. But Johnson meant every word of it.
On his death-bed his last requests of Sir Joshua were simpler:
"To forgive him thirty pounds which he had borrowed of him; to read the
Bible; and never to use his pencil on a Sunday."
Sir Joshua readily acquiesced.
FOOTNOTES:
[26] See p. 24.
_Bennet Langton and Topham Beauclerk_
"Sir," said Dr Johnson "I look upon every day to be lost, in which I
do not make a new acquaintance," and even Boswell did not attempt "to
trace his acquaintance with each particular person."
A task from which Boswell shrank will certainly not be attempted here;
but two friends, who were both original members of the Literary Club
and whose names occur very often in Boswell's story, must be considered
for a moment--Bennet Langton and Topham Beauclerk.
Bennet Langton, who had come to London "chiefly with the view of
endeavouring to be introduced to its [_The Rambler's_] authour,"
happened to stay in a house visited by Mr Levet, and Mr Levet obtained
Johnson's permission to bring his admirer to visit him.
"Mr Langton was exceedingly surprised when the sage first appeared.
He had not received the smallest intimation of his figure, dress, or
manner. From perusing his writings, he fancied he should see a decent,
well-drest, in short, a remarkably decorous philosopher. Instead of
which, down from his bedchamber, about noon, came, as newly risen, a
huge uncouth figure, with a little dark wig which scarcely covered his
head, and his clothes hanging loose about him. But his conversation was
so rich, so animated, and so forcible, and his religious and political
notions so congenial with those in which Langton had been educated,
that he conceived for him that veneration and attachment which he ever
preserved. Johnson was not the less ready to love Mr Langton, for his
being of a very ancient family."
Langton was "a very tall, meagre, long-visaged man, much resembling
a stork standing on one leg"; Johnson, with his usual fondness for
nicknames, appropriately called him "Lanky." He visited him at his
home in Lincolnshire, at Rochester, and at Warley Camp (where he was
stationed with his regiment of militia[27]) and, though he did not
always approve of his domestic arrangements ("His table is rather
coarse" he said "and he has his children too much about him"), he
kept a deep and almost reverent affection for the pious and scholarly
country squire.
Not long before his death he was discussing Langton's character with
Boswell:
"He said 'I know not who will go to Heaven if Langton does not'....
He however charged Mr Langton with what he thought want of judgement
upon an interesting occasion. 'When I was ill, (said he) I desired he
would tell me sincerely in what he thought my life was faulty. Sir, he
brought me a sheet of paper, on which he had written down several texts
of Scripture, recommending christian charity. And when I questioned
him what occasion I had given for such an animadversion, all that he
could say amounted to this,--that I sometimes contradicted people in
conversation. Now what harm does it do to any man to be contradicted?'
BOSWELL. 'I suppose he meant the _manner_ of doing it; roughly,--and
harshly.' JOHNSON. 'And who is the worse for that?' BOSWELL. 'It hurts
people of weak nerves.' JOHNSON. 'I know no such weak-nerved people.'
Mr Burke, to whom I related this conference, said, 'It is well, if
when a man comes to die, he has nothing heavier upon his conscience
than having been a little rough in conversation.' Johnson, at the time
when the paper was presented to him, though at first pleased with
the attention of his friend, whom he thanked in an earnest manner,
soon exclaimed, in a loud and angry tone, 'What is your drift, Sir?'
Sir Joshua Reynolds pleasantly observed, that it was a scene for a
comedy, to see a penitent get into a violent passion and belabour his
confessor."
When Johnson was stricken down by his last illness, nobody was more
attentive to him than Mr Langton, to whom he tenderly said, "_Te teneam
moriens deficiente manu_"--"When I die, let it be you that my hand
holds in its weakening grasp."
Topham Beauclerk, who was at Oxford with Langton, was a man of very
different type. He had "the character of being loose, both in his
principles and practice"; yet "in a short time, the moral, pious
Johnson, and the gay, dissipated Beauclerk, were companions."
'"What a coalition! (said Garrick, when he heard of this;): I shall
have my old friend to bail out of the Round-house.' But I can bear
testimony that it was a very agreeable association. Beauclerk was too
polite, and valued learning and wit too much, to offend Johnson ...
and Johnson delighted in the good qualities of Beauclerk, and hoped
to correct the evil. Innumerable were the scenes in which Johnson was
amused by these young men."
Here is one of the most entertaining accounts of Johnson in their
company:
"One night when Beauclerk and Langton had supped at a tavern in London,
and sat till about three in the morning, it came into their heads to
go and knock up Johnson, and see if they could prevail on him to join
them in a ramble. They rapped violently at the door of his chambers
in the Temple, till at last he appeared in his shirt, with his little
black wig on the top of his head, instead of a nightcap, and a poker
in his hand, imagining, probably, that some ruffians were coming to
attack him. When he discovered who they were, and was told their
errand, he smiled, and with great good humour agreed to their proposal:
'What, is it you, you dogs! I'll have a frisk with you.' He was soon
drest, and they sallied forth together into Covent-Garden, where the
greengrocers and fruiterers were beginning to arrange their hampers,
just come in from the country. Johnson made some attempts to help them;
but the honest gardeners stared so at his figure and manner, and odd
interference, that he soon saw his services were not relished. They
then repaired to one of the neighbouring taverns, and made a bowl of
that liquor called _Bishop_, which Johnson had always liked; while in
joyous contempt of sleep, from which he had been roused, he repeated
the festive lines,
Short, O short then be thy reign,
And give us to the world again!
They did not stay long, but walked down to the Thames, took a boat, and
rowed to Billingsgate. Beauclerk and Johnson were so well pleased with
their amusement, that they resolved to persevere in dissipation for the
rest of the day: but Langton deserted them, being engaged to breakfast
with some young Ladies. Johnson scolded him for 'leaving his social
friends, to go and sit with a set of wretched _un-idea'd_ girls.'
Garrick being told of this ramble, said to him smartly, 'I heard of
your frolick t'other night. You'll be in the Chronicle.' Upon which
Johnson afterwards observed '_He_ durst not do such a thing. His _wife_
would not _let_ him!'"
At another time Beauclerk was tickled by a sudden display of gallantry
on Johnson's part:
"When Madame de Boufflers was first in England, (said Beauclerk,)
she was desirous to see Johnson. I accordingly went with her to his
chambers in the Temple, where she was entertained with his conversation
for some time. When our visit was over, she and I left him, and were
got into Inner Temple-lane, when all at once I heard a noise like
thunder. This was occasioned by Johnson, who it seems, upon a little
recollection, had taken it into his head that he ought to have done
the honours of his literary residence to a foreign lady of quality,
and eager to shew himself a man of gallantry, was hurrying down the
stair-case in violent agitation. He overtook us before we reached
the Temple-gate, and brushing in between me and Madame de Boufflers,
seized her hand, and conducted her to her coach. His dress was a rusty
brown morning suit, a pair of old shoes by way of slippers, a little
shrivelled wig sticking on the top of his head, and the sleeves of his
shirt and the knees of his breeches hanging loose. A considerable crowd
of people gathered round, and were not a little struck by this singular
appearance."
"Poor dear Beauclerk ..." wrote Johnson when he died "His wit and his
folly, his acuteness and maliciousness, his merriment and reasoning,
are now over. Such another will not often be found among mankind."
FOOTNOTES:
[27] See p. 148.
_Mrs Thrale_
From what we already know of Johnson, we do not picture him at his ease
in ladies' drawing-rooms. But he had violent fits of gallantry, as we
have just seen, and he told Boswell once that he considered himself a
"very polite man." He could, indeed, be as happy in a boudoir as in a
tavern, provided the dinner had been good and his hostess would allow
him to have his talk out.
"This year [1765] was distinguished by his being introduced into the
family of Mr Thrale, one of the most eminent brewers in England, and
Member of Parliament for the borough of Southwark.... Mr Thrale had
married Miss Hesther Lynch Salusbury, of good Welsh extraction, a
lady of lively talents, improved by education.... Mr Murphy, who was
intimate with Mr Thrale, having spoken very highly of Dr Johnson, he
was requested to make them acquainted. This being mentioned to Johnson,
he accepted of an invitation to dinner at Thrale's, and was so much
pleased with his reception, both by Mr and Mrs Thrale, and they so
much pleased with him, that his invitations to their house were more
and more frequent, till at last he became one of the family, and an
apartment was appropriated to him, both in their house at Southwark,
and in their villa at Streatham. Johnson had a very sincere esteem
for Mr Thrale, as a man of excellent principles, a good scholar, well
skilled in trade, of a sound understanding, and of manners such as
presented the character of a plain independent English Squire.... 'I
know no man, (said he,) who is more master of his wife and family
than Thrale. If he but holds up a finger, he is obeyed. It is a great
mistake to suppose that she is above him in literary attainments. She
is more flippant; but he has ten times her learning: he is a regular
scholar; but her learning is that of a school-boy in one of the lower
forms.' ... Mr Thrale was tall, well proportioned, and stately. As for
_Madam_, or _my Mistress_, by which epithets Johnson used to mention
Mrs Thrale, she was short, plump, and brisk. She has herself given
us a lively view of the idea which Johnson had of her person, on her
appearing before him in a dark-coloured gown; 'You little creatures
should never wear those sort of clothes, however; they are unsuitable
in every way. What! have not all insects gay colours?' Mr Thrale gave
his wife a liberal indulgence, both in the choice of their company, and
in the mode of entertaining them. He understood and valued Johnson,
without remission, from their first acquaintance to the day of his
death. Mrs Thrale was enchanted with Johnson's conversation, for its
own sake, and had also a very allowable vanity in appearing to be
honoured with the attention of so celebrated a man. Nothing could
be more fortunate for Johnson than this connection. He had at Mr
Thrale's all the comforts and even luxuries of life; his melancholy
was diverted, and his irregular habits lessened by association with
an agreeable and well-ordered family. He was treated with the utmost
respect and even affection. The vivacity of Mrs Thrale's literary talk
roused him to cheerfulness and exertion, even when they were alone. But
this was not often the case; for he found here a constant succession of
what gave him the highest enjoyment: the society of the learned, the
witty, and the eminent in every way, who were assembled in numerous
companies, called forth his wonderful powers, and gratified him with
admiration, to which no man could be insensible."
[Illustration: MRS THRALE]
Such was the beginning of this friendship, as told by Boswell, who
was not introduced to the Thrale family for some years and could not
always conceal a little jealousy of this new intimacy of his hero. Mrs
Thrale has left us a book of _Anecdotes of Dr Johnson_, and, though
Boswell declares that they are not always accurate, we must quote a few
passages from them to shew how Johnson used to the full the "comforts
and even luxuries" of a well-furnished home. For he did not trouble to
adapt himself to the household; he made the household adapt itself to
him, "often sitting up as long as the fire and candles lasted, and much
longer than the patience of the servants subsisted."
"Dr Johnson" says Mrs Thrale "was always exceeding fond of chemistry;
and we made up a sort of laboratory at Streatham one summer, and
diverted ourselves with drawing essences and colouring liquors. But
the danger Mr Thrale found his friend in one day when I was driven to
London, and he had got the children and servants round him to see some
experiments performed, put an end to all our entertainment; so well
was the master of the house persuaded, that his short sight would have
been his destruction in a moment, by bringing him close to a fierce
and violent flame. Indeed it was a perpetual miracle that he did not
set himself on fire reading a-bed, as was his constant custom, when
exceedingly unable even to keep clear of mischief with our best help;
and accordingly the fore-top of all his wigs were burned by the candle
down to the very net-work. Mr Thrale's valet-de-chambre, for that
reason, kept one always in his own hands, with which he met him at
the parlour-door, when the bell had called him down to dinner, and as
he went up stairs to sleep in the afternoon, the same man constantly
followed him with another.... Mr Johnson's amusements were thus reduced
to the pleasures of conversation merely.... Conversation was all he
required to make him happy; and when he would have tea made at two
o'clock in the morning, it was only that there might be a certainty of
detaining his companions round him. On that principle it was that he
preferred winter to summer, when the heat of the weather gave people an
excuse to stroll about, and walk for pleasure in the shade, while he
wished to sit still on a chair, and chat day after day, till somebody
proposed a drive in the coach; and that was the most delicious moment
of his life. 'But the carriage must stop sometime (as he said), and the
people would come home at last'; so his pleasure was of short duration.
I asked him why he doated on a coach so? and received for answer,
'That in the first place, the company was shut in with him _there_;
and could not escape, as out of a room: in the next place he heard all
that was said in a carriage, where it was my turn to be deaf': and
very impatient was he at my occasional difficulty of hearing. On this
account he wished to travel all over the world; for the very act of
going forward was delightful to him, and he gave himself no concern
about accidents, which he said never happened."
Johnson travelled a great deal with the Thrales, visiting Bath, North
Wales, Brighton, and even France in their company[28]. Mr Thrale used
to persuade him to mount a horse, as well as ride in a coach:
"He certainly rode on Mr Thrale's old hunter with a good firmness, and
though he would follow the hounds fifty miles on end sometimes, would
never own himself either tired or amused. 'I have now learned (said
he) by hunting, to perceive, that it is no diversion at all, nor ever
takes a man out of himself for a moment.' ... He was, however, proud to
be amongst the sportsmen; and I think no praise ever went so close to
his heart, as when Mr Hamilton called out one day upon Brighthelmstone
Downs, 'Why Johnson rides as well, for aught I see, as the most
illiterate fellow in England.'"
Having settled in her house as one of the family, Johnson did not
hesitate to give Mrs Thrale fatherly advice on such domestic subjects
as dress, food, and children.
"I advised Mrs Thrale," he told Boswell "who has no card-parties at her
house, to give sweetmeats, and such good things, in an evening, as are
not commonly given, and she would find company enough come to her; for
everybody loves to have things which please the palate put in their
way, without trouble or preparation."
"Johnson's own notions about eating" says Mrs Thrale "were nothing less
than delicate; a leg of pork boiled till it dropped from the bone, a
veal-pye with plums and sugar, or the outside cut of a salt buttock of
beef, were his favourite dainties."
[Illustration: MRS THRALE'S BREAKFAST-TABLE]
Johnson expressed strong views to Mrs Thrale about children's books:
"'Babies do not want (said he) to hear about babies; they like to be
told of giants and castles, and of somewhat which can stretch and
stimulate their little minds.' When in answer I would urge the numerous
editions and quick sale of _Tommy Prudent_ or _Goody Two Shoes_,
'Remember always (said he) that the parents _buy_ the books, and that
the children never read them.'"
When he suspected her of insincerity, Johnson was as blunt with his
hostess as with any of his friends at the club:
"Mrs Thrale, while supping very heartily upon larks, laid down her
knife and fork, and abruptly exclaimed, 'O, my dear Mr Johnson, do you
know what has happened? The last letters from abroad have brought us an
account that our poor cousin's head was taken off by a cannon-ball.'
Johnson, who was shocked both at the fact, and her light unfeeling
manner of mentioning it, replied 'Madam, it would give _you_ very
little concern if all your relations were spitted like those larks, and
drest for Presto's[29] supper.'"
At another dinner-party on Sunday, April 1, 1781, when Boswell was
present,
"Mrs Thrale gave high praise to Mr Dudley Long, (now North). JOHNSON.
'Nay, my dear lady, don't talk so. Mr Long's character is very
_short_[30]. It is nothing. He fills a chair. He is a man of genteel
appearance, and that is all. I know nobody who blasts by praise as you
do: for whenever there is exaggerated praise, every body is set against
a character.... By the same principle, your malice defeats itself; for
your censure is too violent. And yet (looking to her with a leering
smile) she is the first woman in the world, could she but restrain that
wicked tongue of hers;--she would be the only woman, could she but
command that little whirligig.'"
Shortly after this party Mr Thrale died, having made Johnson one of the
executors of his will.
"I could not but be somewhat diverted" says Boswell "by hearing Johnson
talk in a pompous manner of his new office, and particularly of the
concerns of the brewery, which it was at last resolved should be
sold.... When the sale ... was going forward, Johnson appeared bustling
about, with an ink-horn and pen in his button-hole, like an excise-man;
and on being asked what he really considered to be the value of the
property which was to be disposed of, answered, 'We are not here to
sell a parcel of boilers and vats, but the potentiality of growing
rich, beyond the dreams of avarice[31].'"
"The death of Mr Thrale ... made a very material alteration with
respect to Johnson's reception in that family. The manly authority
of the husband no longer curbed the lively exuberance of the lady;
and as her vanity had been fully gratified, by having the Colossus of
Literature attached to her for many years, she gradually became less
assiduous to please him."
Johnson, however, continued to spend much of his time with Mrs Thrale
both in London and Brighton.
But near the end of Johnson's life there came the final blow to the
friendship:
"Dr Johnson had the mortification of being informed by Mrs Thrale,
that, 'what she supposed he never believed,' was true; namely, that she
was actually going to marry Signor Piozzi, an Italian musick-master. He
endeavoured to prevent it; but in vain."
Though he wrote rather bitterly of the marriage to his friends, Johnson
was generous in his farewell letter to Mrs Thrale:
"What you have done, however I may lament it, I have no pretence to
resent, as it has not been injurious to me. I therefore breathe out
one sigh more of tenderness, perhaps useless, but at least sincere....
Whatever I can contribute to your happiness I am very ready to repay,
for that kindness which soothed twenty years of a life radically
wretched."
FOOTNOTES:
[28] See p. 141.
[29] Presto was the Thrales' terrier.
[30] Here, as Boswell says, Johnson "condescended" to a pun, a form of
wit he generally despised.
[31] The brewery is now the property of Messrs Barclay and Perkins.
_Fanny Burney_
A full account of the twenty years' friendship of Johnson and the
Thrales would fill a book much larger than this; and in such a volume
there would often occur the name of Fanny Burney.
Dr Burney was a musician who had come to London in 1760. He was a
member of the Club, and became an intimate friend of Johnson. Frances,
who had lived with her father, while her sisters went to school in
France, had had a passion for writing since the age of 10, and was
eager to meet the great man. She first saw him in 1777 at one of her
father's parties, where her sisters were playing a duet. In the midst
of their performance Dr Johnson was announced.
"He is very ill-favoured ..." she wrote to a friend "his body is in
continual agitation, _see-sawing_ up and down.... He is shockingly
near-sighted, and did not, till she held out her hand to him, even
know Mrs Thrale. He _poked his nose_ over the keys of the harpsichord,
till the duet was finished, and then my father introduced Hetty to
him as an old acquaintance, and he kissed her! When she was a little
girl, he had made her a present of _The Idler_. His attention, however,
was not to be diverted five minutes from the books, as we were in the
library; he pored over them, almost touching the backs of them with
his eye-lashes, as he read their titles. At last, having fixed upon
one, he began, without further ceremony, to read, all the time standing
at a distance from the company. We were all very much provoked, as we
perfectly languished to hear him talk."
[Illustration: FANNY BURNEY]
At last Dr Burney dragged him into the conversation, which happened to
be about one of Bach's concerts:
"The Doctor ... good-naturedly put away his book, and said very drolly,
'And pray, Sir, _who is Bach?_ is he a piper?'"
Fanny's greatest achievement was her novel, _Evelina, or a Young Lady's
Entrance into the World_. She planned it when she was fifteen and wrote
it some years later. She had "an odd inclination" to see her work in
print and, without putting any name to the manuscript or letting her
secret be known outside her own family, she offered her story to the
booksellers and eventually received twenty pounds for it.
When it was published, it took the town by storm. Johnson "got it by
heart" and, as soon as the author was revealed, introduced Fanny to the
circle at Streatham and made her one of his closest friends. He called
her his "dear little Burney" and was always making pretty speeches to
her:
"Miss Burney, calling on him the next morning, offered to make his tea.
He had given her his own large arm-chair which was too heavy for her to
move to the table. 'Sir' quoth she 'I am in the wrong chair.' 'It is so
difficult,' cried he with quickness, 'for anything to be wrong that
belongs to you, that it can only be I that am in the wrong chair to
keep you from the right one.'"
They were guests together of Mrs Thrale at Brighton and one night "to
the universal amazement" Johnson went to a ball:
"He said he had found it so dull being quite alone the preceding
evening, that he determined upon going with us; 'for,' said he, 'it
cannot be worse than being alone.'"
He liked to treat Fanny, his "little character-monger," as a
fellow-author:
"A shilling was now wanted for some purpose or other, and none of them
happened to have one; I begged that I might lend one. 'Ay, do' said the
Doctor 'I will borrow of you; authors are like privateers, always fair
game for one another.'"
In his last illness Johnson received Fanny into his house as long as he
could. But on 25 November 1784, though his faculties were bright, the
machine that contained them was "alarmingly giving away":
"I saw him growing worse, and offered to go, which, for the first time
I ever remember, he did not oppose; but most kindly pressing both my
hands, 'Be not' he said, in a voice of even tenderness 'be not longer
in coming again for my letting you go now.' I assured him I would be
the sooner, and was running off, but he called me back in a solemn
voice, and in a manner the most energetic, said:--'Remember me in your
prayers.'"
Two days before his death, when Dr Burney saw him, his message was the
same:
"He was up and very composed. He took his hand very kindly, asked after
all his family, and then in particular how Fanny did. 'I hope,' he said
'Fanny did not take it amiss that I did not see her. I was very bad.
Tell Fanny to pray for me.'"
On the 20th December, when the "ever-honoured, ever-lamented" Dr
Johnson was committed to the earth, Fanny could not keep her eyes dry
all day.
_The Tour to the Hebrides_
"Dr Johnson" says Boswell at the beginning of his account of this
famous tour "had for many years given me hopes that we should go
together, and visit the Hebrides."
They had first discussed the project in a coffee-house in the Strand in
1763, Johnson being especially eager to see the patriarchal life of the
Highlands--the clansmen living and working and fighting and dying under
the fatherly rule of their chieftain. Boswell, knowing something of his
friend's love of Fleet Street and of his prejudice against Scotland,
"doubted that it would not be possible to prevail on Dr Johnson to
relinquish the felicity of a London life."
"To Scotland, however, he ventured," and the faithful Boswell has left
us a careful record of his adventures and his talk on each of the 100
days he spent there. This _Journal_ was warmly praised by Johnson, who
read the manuscript, and was published in the year after his death.
Here we must be content with extracts, first following the travellers
along the east coast of Scotland, where Johnson found the trees very
few:
"On Saturday the fourteenth of August, 1773, late in the evening, I
received a note from him, that he was arrived at Boyd's inn, at the
head of the Canongate, [Edinburgh]. I went to him directly. He embraced
me cordially; and I exulted in the thought, that I now had him actually
in Caledonia.... He was to do me the honour to lodge under my roof...."
"Mr Johnson and I walked arm-in-arm up the High-street, to my house
in James's court: it was a dusky night: I could not prevent his being
assailed by the evening effluvia of Edinburgh.... Walking the streets
... at night was pretty perilous, and a good deal odoriferous. The
peril is much abated, by the care which the magistrates have taken to
enforce the city laws against throwing foul water from the windows; but
from the structure of the houses in the old town, which consist of many
stories, in each of which a different family lives, and there being no
covered sewers, the odour still continues. A zealous Scotsman would
have wished Mr Johnson to be without one of his five senses upon this
occasion. As we marched slowly along, he grumbled in my ear, 'I smell
you in the dark.'"
[Illustration: JOHNSON AND BOSWELL ARM-IN-ARM UP THE HIGH STREET]
[Illustration: JOHNSON UNDER BOSWELL'S ROOF]
"WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 18.
On this day we set out from Edinburgh.... From an erroneous
apprehension of violence, Dr Johnson had provided a pair of pistols,
some gunpowder, and a quantity of bullets: but upon being assured
we should run no risk of meeting any robbers, he left his arms and
ammunition in an open drawer of which he gave my wife the charge....
When we came to Leith, I talked with perhaps too boasting an air, how
pretty the Frith of Forth looked; as indeed, after the prospect from
Constantinople, of which I have been told, and that from Naples, which
I have seen, I believe the view of that Frith and its environs, from
the Castlehill of Edinburgh, is the finest prospect in Europe. 'Ay,
(said Dr Johnson,) that is the state of the world. Water is the same
every where.'"
Travelling by coach along the coast-road they visited St Andrews,
Dundee, and Montrose and on Saturday evening reached Aberdeen, where
Johnson was cheered at finding a letter from his "dear mistress," Mrs
Thrale.
"MONDAY, AUGUST 23.
At one o'clock we waited on the magistrates in the town hall, as they
had invited us in order to present Dr Johnson with the freedom of
the town, which Provost Jopp did with a very good grace. Dr Johnson
was much pleased with this mark of attention, and received it very
politely.... It was striking to hear all of them drinking 'Dr Johnson!
Dr Johnson!' in the town-hall of Aberdeen, and then to see him with
his burgess-ticket, or diploma, in his hat, which he wore as he walked
along the street, according to the usual custom."
Johnson wrote of the ceremony to Mrs Thrale:
"I was presented with the freedom of the city, not in a gold box,
but in good Latin. Let me pay Scotland one just praise; there was no
officer gaping for a fee; this could have been said of no city on the
English side of the Tweed."
"TUESDAY, AUGUST 24.
We set out about eight in the morning, and breakfasted at Ellon. The
landlady said to me 'Is not this the great Doctor that is going about
through the country?' I said, 'Yes.' 'Ay, (said she) we heard of him. I
made an errand into the room on purpose to see him. There's something
great in his appearance: it is a pleasure to have such a man in one's
house; a man who does so much good. If I had thought of it, I would
have shewn him a child of mine, who has had a lump on his throat for
some time.' 'But, (said I,) he is not a doctor of physick.' 'Is he an
oculist?' said the landlord. 'No, (said I,) he is only a very learned
man.' LANDLORD. 'They say he is the greatest man in England, except
Lord Mansfield.' Dr Johnson was highly entertained with this, and I do
think he was pleased too."
After visiting Staines Castle, Banff, Cullen (where Johnson was
disgusted by the appearance of dried haddocks with the tea at
breakfast), Elgin (where he examined the cathedral "with a most
patient attention" in the rain), Fores, Nairn, and Calder Castle, the
travellers reached Fort George, having an introduction to "Mr Ferne,
master of stores."
"SATURDAY, AUGUST 28.
Mr Ferne and Major Brewse first carried us to wait on Sir Eyre Coote,
whose regiment, the 37th, was lying here, and who then commanded the
fort. He asked us to dine with him, which we agreed to do. Before
dinner we examined the fort. The Major explained the fortification to
us, and Mr Ferne gave us an account of the stores. Dr Johnson talked
of the proportions of charcoal and saltpetre in making gunpowder, of
granulating it, and of giving it a gloss. He made a very good figure
upon these topicks.... At three the drum beat for dinner. I, for a
little while, fancied myself a military man, and it pleased me....
We had a dinner of two complete courses, variety of wines, and the
regimental band of musick playing in the square, before the windows,
after it. I enjoyed this day much. We were quite easy and cheerful. Dr
Johnson said, 'I shall always remember this fort with gratitude.'"
"MONDAY, AUGUST 30.
We might have taken a chaise to Fort Augustus, but, had we not hired
horses at Inverness, we should not have found them afterwards: so we
resolved to begin here to ride.... Dr Johnson rode very well....
When we had advanced a good way by the side of Lochness, I perceived
a little hut, with an old-looking woman at the door of it. I thought
here might be a scene that would amuse Dr Johnson; so I mentioned it to
him. 'Let's go in' said he.... It was a wretched little hovel of earth
only.... In the middle of the room was a fire of peat, the smoke going
out at a hole in the roof. She had a pot upon it, with goat's flesh,
boiling....
The woman's name was Fraser; so was her husband's. He was a man
of eighty. Mr Fraser of Balnain allows him to live in this hut,
and keep sixty goats, for taking care of the woods.... They had
five children.... This contented family had four stacks of barley,
twenty-four sheaves in each. They had a few fowls.... They lived all
the spring without meal, upon milk and curds and whey alone. What they
get for their goats, kids, and fowls, maintains them during the rest of
the year....
She said she was as happy as any woman in Scotland. She could hardly
speak any English except a few detached words. Dr Johnson was pleased
at seeing for the first time, such a state of human life. She asked for
snuff. It is her luxury, and she uses a great deal. We had none; but
gave her sixpence a piece. She then brought out her whiskey bottle. I
tasted it."
"TUESDAY, AUGUST 31.
Between twelve and one we set out [from Fort Augustus], and travelled
eleven miles, through a wild country, till we came to a house in
Glenmorison, called _Anoch_, kept by a M'Queen.... There were two beds
in the room, and a woman's gown was hung on a rope to make a curtain of
separation between them.... We had much hesitation, whether to undress,
or lie down with our clothes on. I said at last 'I'll plunge in! There
will be less harbour for vermin about me, when I am stripped!' Dr
Johnson said, he was like one hesitating whether to go into the cold
bath. At last he resolved too....
After we had offered up our private devotions, and had chatted a little
from our beds, Dr Johnson said 'God bless us both, for Jesus Christ's
sake! Good night!' I pronounced 'Amen.' He fell asleep immediately.
I was not so fortunate for a long time. I fancied myself bit by
innumerable vermin under the clothes; and that a spider was travelling
from the _wainscot_ to my mouth. At last I fell into insensibility."
The Island of Skye was reached on September 2, and a few days later
came an invitation to cross to Rasay.
"WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 8.
We got into Rasay's _carriage_, which was a good strong open boat made
in Norway. The wind had now risen pretty high, and was against us; but
we had four stout rowers, particularly a Macleod, a robust black-haired
fellow, half naked, and bareheaded, something between a wild Indian and
an English tar. Dr Johnson sat high on the stern, like a magnificent
Triton. Malcolm sung an Erse song.... The boatmen and Mr M'Queen
chorused, and all went well.... We sailed along the coast of Scalpa, a
rugged island, about four miles in length. Dr Johnson proposed that he
and I should buy it, and found a good school, and an episcopal church
... and have a printing-press, where he would print all the Erse that
could be found.
Here I was strongly struck with our long projected scheme of visiting
the Hebrides being realized. I called to him, 'We are contending with
seas'; which I think were the words of one of his letters to me. 'Not
much,' said he; and though the wind made the sea lash considerably upon
us, he was not discomposed. After we were out of the shelter of Scalpa,
and in the sound between it and Rasay, which extended about a league,
the wind made the sea very rough. I did not like it. JOHNSON. 'This
now is the Atlantick. If I should tell at a tea table in London, that
I have crossed the Atlantick in an open boat, how they'd shudder, and
what a fool they'd think me to expose myself to such danger?' ...
It was past six o'clock when we arrived. Some excellent brandy was
served round immediately, according to the custom of the Highlands,
where a dram is generally taken every day.... On a sideboard was placed
for us ... a substantial dinner, and a variety of wines. Then we had
coffee and tea.... Soon afterwards a fidler appeared, and a little ball
began. Rasay himself danced with as much spirit as any man, and Malcolm
bounded like a roe.... Dr Johnson was so delighted with this scene that
he said, 'I know not how we shall get away.'"
"THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 9.
The day was showery; however, Rasay and I took a walk, and had some
cordial conversation.... His family has possessed this island above
four hundred years.... When we returned, Dr Johnson walked with us to
see the old chapel. He was in fine spirits. He said, 'This is truly the
patriarchal life: this is what we came to find.'"
This reception of Dr Johnson by Macleod of Rasay may be taken as
typical of the hospitality shewn to him by the Highland chiefs, and the
story of many another jovial evening, for which there is no space here,
must be read in the pages of Boswell's _Journal_.
Besides Skye and Rasay, they visited the islands of Coll, Mull, and
Iona; and, on reaching the mainland, returned to Edinburgh by way
of Oban, Inverary, Dumbarton, Glasgow, and Auchinleck, the home of
Boswell's father.
But before leaving Skye, Johnson had a memorable interview:
"SUNDAY, SEPTEMBER 12.
I was highly pleased to see Dr Johnson safely arrived at Kingsburgh,
and received by the hospitable Mr Macdonald....
There was a comfortable parlour with a good fire, and a dram went
round. By and by supper was served, at which there appeared the lady of
the house, the celebrated Miss Flora Macdonald. She is a little woman,
of a genteel appearance, and uncommonly mild and well-bred. To see Dr
Samuel Johnson, the great champion of the English Tories, salute Miss
Flora Macdonald in the isle of Sky, was a striking sight.... Miss Flora
Macdonald ... told me, she heard upon the main land ... that Mr Boswell
was coming to Sky, and one Mr Johnson, a young English buck, with him.
He was highly entertained with this fancy.... I slept in the same room
with Dr Johnson. Each had a neat bed, with Tartan curtains, in an upper
chamber."
"MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 13.
The room where we lay was a celebrated one. Dr Johnson's bed was the
very bed in which the grandson of the unfortunate King James the Second
lay, on one of the nights after the failure of his rash attempt in
1745-6.... To see Dr Samuel Johnson lying in that bed, in the Isle
of Sky, in the house of Miss Flora Macdonald, struck me with such
a group of ideas as it is not easy for words to describe, as they
passed through the mind. He smiled, and said, 'I have had no ambitious
thoughts in it.' The room was decorated with a great variety of maps
and prints. Among others was Hogarth's print of Wilkes grinning, with a
cap of liberty on a pole by him....
At breakfast he said, he would have given a good deal rather than not
have lain in that bed. I owned he was the lucky man; and observed, that
without doubt it had been contrived between Mrs Macdonald and him.
She seemed to acquiesce; adding, 'You know young _bucks_ are always
favourites of the ladies.' He spoke of Prince Charles being here,
and asked Mrs Macdonald, '_Who_ was with him? We were told, madam,
in England, there was one, Miss Flora Macdonald with him.' She said
'they were very right'; and ... very obligingly entertained him with a
recital of the particulars which she herself knew of that escape....
Dr Johnson listened to her with placid attention, and said, 'All this
should be written down.'"
During his stay in Skye Dr Johnson had a mind to become a chieftain
himself:
"THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 23.
There is a beautiful little island in the Loch of Dunvegan, called
_Isa_. M'Leod said, he would give it to Dr Johnson, on condition of
his residing on it three months in the year; nay one month. Dr Johnson
was highly amused with the fancy. I have seen him please himself with
little things, even with mere ideas like the present. He talked a great
deal of this island;--how he would build a house there,--how he would
fortify it,--how he would have cannon,--how he would plant,--how he
would sally out, and _take_ the isle of Muck;--and then he laughed with
uncommon glee, and could hardly leave off."
On leaving Skye the travellers were driven into Col by a heavy sea.
Boswell gives a full account of it and does not try to hide the fact
that he was badly frightened. But he endeavoured to compose his mind
and sought for something to distract his terror: "As I saw them all
busy doing something, I asked Col, with much earnestness, what I could
do. He, with a happy readiness, put into my hand a rope, which was
fixed to the top of one of the masts, and told me to hold it till he
bade me pull. If I had considered the matter, I might have seen that
this could not be of the least service; but his object was to keep me
out of the way of those who were busy working the vessel, and at the
same time to divert my fear, by employing me, and making me think that
I was of use. Thus did I stand firm to my post, while the wind and rain
beat upon me, always expecting a call to pull my rope....
At last they spied the harbour of Lochiern, and Col cried, 'Thank God,
we are safe!'"
Johnson lay on one of the beds and "having got free from sickness, was
satisfied." This is how he described the voyage to Mrs Thrale:
"After having been detained by storms many days at Sky, we left it, as
we thought, with a fair wind; but a violent gust, which Bos had a great
mind to call a tempest, forced us into Col."
Boswell was delighted by his friend's sympathy with Highland life:
"SUNDAY, OCTOBER 17.
Dr Johnson here [at Inchkenneth] shewed so much of the spirit of a
Highlander, that he won Sir Allan's heart: indeed he has shewn it
during the whole of our Tour. One night, in Col, he strutted about the
room with a broad sword and target, and made a formidable appearance;
and, another night, I took the liberty to put a large blue bonnet on
his head."
But to be mistaken for a Scotchman was past a joke:
"THURSDAY, OCTOBER 21.
After a very tedious ride ... we arrived, between seven and eight
o'clock, at _Moy_, the seat of the Laird of _Lochbuy_.... Lochbuy
proved to be only a bluff, comely, noisy old gentleman, proud of his
hereditary consequence, and a very hearty and hospitable landlord. Lady
Lochbuy was sister to Sir Allan M'Lean, but much older.... Being told
that Dr Johnson did not hear well, Lochbuy bawled out to him, 'Are
you of the Johnstons of Glencro, or of Ardnamurchan?' Dr Johnson gave
him a significant look, but made no answer; and I told Lochbuy that
he was not Johns_ton_, but John_son_, and that he was an Englishman."
[Illustration: BOSWELL HOLDING FIRM TO HIS POST]
[Illustration: WHIGGISM TERRIBLY BUFFETED]
Both Boswell and Johnson found it comfortable to be on the mainland
again:
"SATURDAY, OCTOBER 23.
We got at night to Inverary, where we found an excellent inn. Even
here, Dr Johnson would not change his wet clothes. The prospect of good
accommodation cheered us much. We supped well; and after supper, Dr
Johnson, whom I had not seen taste any fermented liquor during all our
travels, called for a gill of whiskey. 'Come, (said he,) let me know
what it is that makes a Scotchman happy!' He drank it all but a drop,
which I begged leave to pour into my glass, that I might say we had
drunk whisky together. I proposed Mrs Thrale should be our toast. He
would not have _her_ drunk in whisky, but rather 'some insular lady';
so we drank one of the ladies whom we had lately left."
"THURSDAY, OCTOBER 28.
On our arrival at the Saracen's Head Inn, at Glasgow ... Dr Johnson ...
enjoyed in imagination the comforts which we could now command, and
seemed to be in high glee. I remember, he put a leg up on each side of
the grate, and said, with a mock solemnity, by way of soliloquy, but
loud enough for me to hear it 'Here am I, an ENGLISH man, sitting by a
_coal_ fire.'"
After being entertained by the university professors at Glasgow, the
travellers arrived in a few days' time at Auchinleck. Boswell was very
nervous about the meeting between his father and Dr Johnson. Lord
Auchinleck was a Whig and Presbyterian and commonly referred to Johnson
as 'a _Jacobite fellow_.' Johnson promised to avoid awkward subjects
of conversation, and all went well for a time; but politics cropped up
at length and, to Boswell's distress, "Whiggism and Presbyterianism,
Toryism and Episcopacy, were terribly buffeted."
"MONDAY, NOVEMBER 8.
Notwithstanding the altercation that had passed, my father, who had
the dignified courtesy of an old Baron, was very civil to Dr Johnson,
and politely attended him to the post-chaise, which was to convey us
to Edinburgh. Thus they parted. They are now in another, and a higher,
state of existence: and as they were both worthy Christian men, I
trust they have met in happiness. But I must observe, in justice to
my friend's political principles, and my own, that they have met in a
place where there is no room for _Whiggism_...."
"TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 9.
... We arrived this night at Edinburgh, after an absence of
eighty-three days. For five weeks together, of the tempestuous season,
there had been no account received of us. I cannot express how happy I
was on finding myself again at home."
Johnson stayed at Edinburgh for a fortnight and then returned to London
"without any incommodity, danger, or weariness."
The expedition to the Hebrides, he said, was the most pleasant journey
he ever made.
_Lesser Journeys_
Two years after his tour to the Hebrides, Johnson went to France with
Mr and Mrs Thrale. It was in the days before, though not long before,
the Revolution; and Johnson, who saw Louis XVI and his queen, noted
various little points about them--how the king fed himself with his
left hand and how the queen, wearing a brown habit, rode 'aside' on a
light grey horse.
He saw the sights of Paris and sometimes felt lonely in doing so:
"The sight of palaces, and other great buildings, leaves no very
distinct images, unless to those who talk of them. As I entered [the
Palais Bourbon], my wife was in my mind: she would have been pleased.
Having now nobody to please, I am little pleased."
Besides Paris, which he found "not so fertile of novelty" as the
Hebrides, he visited Rouen, Fontainebleau, Versailles, Chantilly, and
Compiègne, and admired the cathedrals of Noyon and Cambrai.
People interested him more than places and he summed up a few of his
impressions of the French to Boswell:
"The great in France live very magnificently, but the rest very
miserably. There is no happy middle state as in England.... The French
are an indelicate people; they will spit upon any place. At Madame
----'s, a literary lady of rank, the footman took the sugar in his
fingers, and threw it into my coffee. I was going to put it aside; but
hearing it was made on purpose for me, I e'en tasted Tom's fingers[32].
The same lady would needs make tea _à l'Angloise_. The spout of the
tea-pot did not pour freely; she had the footman blow into it. France
is worse than Scotland in everything but climate."
This was Johnson's only foreign tour. Though he often talked of
expeditions to other countries of Europe, he was generally content with
a post-chaise on an English road and a friend's house or a tavern at
the end of it.
On March 19, 1776 he met Boswell at the Somerset coffee-house in the
Strand, where they were taken up by the Oxford coach. In his old
college his thoughts wandered back to his early days:
"We walked with Dr Adams into the master's garden, and into the common
room. JOHNSON. (after a reverie of meditation,) 'Ay! Here I used to
play at draughts with Phil. Jones and Fluyder. Jones loved beer, and
did not get very forward in the church. Fluyder turned out a scoundrel,
a Whig....' BOSWELL. 'Was he a scoundrel, Sir, in any other way than
that of being a political scoundrel? Did he cheat at draughts?'
JOHNSON. 'Sir, we never played for _money_.'"
"Next morning ... we set out in a post-chaise to pursue our ramble. It
was a delightful day, and we rode through Blenheim Park.... I observed
to him, while in the midst of the noble scene around us 'You and I,
Sir, have, I think, seen together the extremes of what can be seen
in Britain:--the wild rough island of Mull, and Blenheim Park.' We
dined at an excellent inn at Chapel-house, where he expatiated on the
felicity of England in its taverns and inns.... 'There is no private
house, (said he,) in which people can enjoy themselves so well, as at a
capital tavern.... The master of the house is anxious to entertain his
guests; the guests are anxious to be agreeable to him: and no man, but
a very impudent dog indeed, can as freely command what is in another
man's house, as if it were his own. Whereas, at a tavern, there is a
general freedom from anxiety. You are sure you are welcome: and the
more noise you make, the more trouble you give, the more good things
you call for, the welcomer you are. No servants will attend you with
the alacrity which waiters do, who are incited by the prospect of
an immediate reward in proportion as they please. No, Sir; there is
nothing which has yet been contrived by man, by which so much happiness
is produced as by a good tavern or inn.'"
"On Friday, March 22, having set out early from Henley, where we
had lain the preceding night, we arrived at Birmingham about nine
o'clock and, after breakfast, went to call on his old schoolfellow Mr
Hector. A very stupid maid, who opened the door, told us, that 'her
master was gone out....' He said to her, 'My name is Johnson; tell
him I called. Will you remember the name?' She answered with rustick
simplicity, in the Warwickshire pronunciation, 'I don't understand
you, Sir.'--'Blockhead, (said he,) I'll write.' I never heard the word
_blockhead_ applied to a woman before, though I do not see why it
should not, when there is evident occasion for it. He, however, made
another attempt to make her understand him, and roared loud in her ear,
'_Johnson_,' and then she catched the sound."
However, they met Mr Hector in the street and Boswell rejoiced to see
the two old friends together. Indeed, he would have liked to prolong
their stay in Birmingham in order to get more information about
Johnson's early life, but Johnson himself was "impatient to reach his
native city."
"We drove on ... in the dark, and were long pensive and silent. When
we came within the focus of the Lichfield lamps, 'Now (said he,) we
are getting out of a state of death.' We put up at the Three Crowns,
not one of the great inns, but a good old fashioned one, which was ...
the very next house to that in which Johnson was born.... We had a
comfortable supper, and got into high spirits. I felt all my Toryism
glow in this old capital of Staffordshire.... I indulged in libations
of ale."
At Lichfield Boswell met many old friends of Johnson--Mrs Lucy Porter,
his step-daughter, Mr Peter Garrick, brother of the actor, Mr Seward,
and others. Johnson "expatiated in praise" of the city and its
inhabitants, but it appeared to Boswell that there was "very little
business going forward."
"'Surely, Sir, (said I,) you are an idle set of people.' 'Sir, (said
Johnson,) we are a city of philosophers, we work with our heads, and
make the boobies of Birmingham work for us with their hands.'"
From Lichfield they set out for Ashbourne, in Derbyshire, the home of
another old schoolfellow of Johnson's--the Rev. Dr Taylor.
"There came for us an equipage properly suited to a well-beneficed
clergyman;--Dr Taylor's large roomy post-chaise, drawn by four stout
plump horses, and driven by two steady jolly postillions, which
conveyed us to Ashbourne.... Dr Taylor ... was a diligent justice of
the peace, and presided over the town of Ashbourne.... His size, and
figure, and countenance, and manner, were that of a hearty English
'Squire, with the parson super-induced: and I took particular notice of
his upper servant, Mr Peters, a decent grave man, in purple clothes,
and a large white wig, like the butler or _major domo_ of a Bishop."
Boswell wondered at the intimacy between Johnson and Taylor. For Taylor
was a Whig and chiefly occupied with country pursuits. His talk was of
bullocks and his habits "not sufficiently clerical" to please Johnson.
But Johnson, who wrote a good many sermons for him, had hopes of being
his heir; and with the memory of his long years of poverty fresh in
his mind, he could not neglect such a hope. Quite apart from this,
Johnson never lost his affection for the friends of his youth and it
was to Dr Taylor that he first turned after the death of his wife[33].
But neither life-long friendship nor hope of a legacy hindered him from
"roaring down" his host.
Thus, on another visit to Ashbourne:
"Dr Taylor's nose happening to bleed, he said, it was because he had
omitted to have himself blooded four days after a quarter of a year's
interval. Dr Johnson, who was a great dabbler in physick, disapproved
much of periodical bleeding.... 'I do not like to take an emetick,
(said Taylor,) for fear of breaking some small vessels.'--'Poh! (said
Johnson,) if you have so many things that will break, you had better
break your neck at once, and there's an end on't. You will break no
small vessels:' (blowing with high derision.)"
Even on the subject of bull-dogs he had the last word:
"Taylor, who praised everything of his own to excess, ... expatiated
on the excellence of his bull-dog, which, he told us, was 'perfectly
well shaped.' Johnson, after examining the animal attentively, thus
repressed the vain-glory of our host:--'No, Sir, he is _not_ well
shaped; for there is not the quick transition from the thickness of the
fore-part, to the _tenuity_--the thin part--behind,--which a bull-dog
ought to have.' ... Taylor said, a small bull-dog was as good as a
large one. JOHNSON. 'No, Sir; for, in proportion to his size, he has
strength: and your argument would prove, that a good bull-dog may be
as small as a mouse.'"
Johnson found life rather dull at Ashbourne and often had a day's
outing with Boswell:
"After breakfast Dr Johnson and I set out in Dr Taylor's chaise to go
to Derby. The day was fine, and we resolved to go by Keddlestone, the
seat of Lord Scarsdale.... I was struck with the magnificence of the
building; and the extensive park, with the finest verdure, covered with
deer, and cattle, and sheep, delighted me.... 'One should think (said
I) that the proprietor of all this _must_ be happy.'--'Nay, Sir, (said
Johnson,) all this excludes but one evil--poverty.'"
Lord Scarsdale himself appeared, to do "the honours of the house."
"In his Lordship's dressing-room lay Johnson's small _Dictionary_[34]:
he shewed it to me, with some eagerness, saying 'Look'ye! _Quae terra
nostri non plena laboris._' He observed, also, Goldsmith's _Animated
Nature_; and said, 'Here's our friend! The poor Doctor would have been
happy to hear of this.' In our way, Johnson strongly expressed his
love of driving fast in a post-chaise. 'If (said he) I had no duties,
and no reference to futurity, I would spend my life in driving briskly
in a post-chaise with a pretty woman; but she should be one who could
understand me, and would add something to the conversation.'"
In the year following this visit to Ashbourne, 1778, there was fear of
invasion. Our army was fully occupied in the war with America and it
was thought that France and Spain might seize the opportunity to make
an attack upon England. The militia was called out and Bennet Langton
was stationed with the Lincolns at Warley Camp. He invited Johnson to
visit him there, and Johnson staid about a week, shewing, as he had
done at Fort George, a keen interest in military matters:
"He sate, with a patient degree of attention, to observe the
proceedings of a regimental court-martial, that happened to be called,
in the time of his stay with us; and one night, as late as eleven
o'clock, he accompanied the Major of the regiment in going what are
styled the _Rounds_, where he might observe the forms of visiting the
guards, for the seeing that they and their sentries are ready in their
duty.... On one occasion, when the regiment were going through their
exercise, he went quite close to the men at one of the extremities of
it, and watched all their practices attentively; and, when he came
away, his remark was, 'The men indeed do load their muskets and fire
with wonderful celerity.'"
At the age of 69 he slept in a tent, and enjoyed himself both at the
regimental mess and at dinner with the General.
"A camp" he wrote to Mrs Thrale "however familiarly we may speak of
it, is one of the great scenes of human life. War and peace divide the
business of the world. Camps are the habitations of those who conquer
kingdoms, or defend them."
Finally, we must not omit a special journey to Uttoxeter. Johnson had a
long memory, even for his own failings:
"Once," said he "I refused to attend my father to Uttoxeter-market.
Pride was the source of that refusal, and the remembrance of it was
painful.... I desired to atone for this fault; I went to Uttoxeter in
very bad weather, and stood for a considerable time bareheaded in the
rain, on the spot where my father's stall used to stand. In contrition
I stood, and I hope the penance was expiatory."
FOOTNOTES:
[32] It is curious that Johnson, who was not exactly delicate in his
manner of eating (see p. 64), should be greatly upset by this. But he
complained of the same thing of a waiter in Edinburgh.
[33] See p. 45.
[34] Johnson produced an abridged edition in 1756.
_The True-Born Englishman_
For all his love of a post-chaise, Johnson was happiest in London. "You
yourself, Sir," said Boswell when they were in the Hebrides "have never
seen, till now, any thing but your native island." "JOHNSON. 'But,
Sir, by seeing London, I have seen as much of life as the world can
shew.' BOSWELL. 'You have not seen Pekin.' JOHNSON. 'What is Pekin? Ten
thousand Londoners would _drive_ all the people of Pekin: they would
drive them like deer.'"
The town, he said, was his element. He rejoiced in the "animated
appearance" of Fleet Street and "the full tide of life" at Charing
Cross, not so much because he loved shops and pavements better than
fields and hedgerows, as because London held his friends, his books,
and his amusements. Boswell once suggested that he himself might grow
tired of the city if he lived continuously in it:
"JOHNSON. 'Why, Sir, you find no man, at all intellectual, who is
willing to leave London. No, Sir, when a man is tired of London, he is
tired of life; for there is in London all that life can afford'"; and
to the very end he found that "such conversation as London affords,
could be found nowhere else."
So, in his last illness in November 1784, he came to London to die. A
month later he was buried in Westminster Abbey; Edmund Burke and Bennet
Langton helped to bear the pall and Dr Taylor read the service. His
monument, which Reynolds did not wish to see in the overcrowded Abbey,
was erected in St Paul's Cathedral, and it is fitting that the nation's
memorial of Dr Johnson should be within sound of Fleet Street.
If London meant life to Johnson, it meant the life of England. His
prejudice against foreigners was of the old-fashioned kind:
"Like the ancient Greeks and Romans, he allowed himself to look upon
all nations but his own as barbarians.... If he was particularly
prejudiced against the Scots, it was because they were more in his
way; because he thought their success in England rather exceeded the
due proportion of their real merit.... He was indeed, if I may be
allowed the phrase, much of a _John Bull_; much of a blunt _true
born Englishman_."
[Illustration: FLEET STREET IN JOHNSON'S DAY]
His hatred of the Whigs was life-long and violent--the first Whig,
he said, was the Devil; but whatever may be thought of his political
opinions, there can be no doubt of his patriotism. What did he mean by
a patriot[35]? Here is his definition:
"A PATRIOT is he whose publick conduct is regulated by one single
motive, the love of his country; who, as an agent in parliament, has
for himself neither hope nor fear, neither kindness nor resentment, but
refers everything to the common interest. A true patriot is no lavish
promiser; he undertakes not to shorten parliament, to repeal laws....
Much less does he make a vague and indefinite promise of obeying the
mandates of his constituents.... He considers himself as deputed to
promote the publick good, and to preserve his constituents, with the
rest of his countrymen, not only from being hurt by others, but from
hurting themselves."
Johnson had no patience with a popular cry for liberty, such as was
raised by the crowds that rallied round John Wilkes. "They make a rout"
he said "about _universal_ liberty, without considering that all that
is to be valued, or indeed can be enjoyed by individuals, is _private_
liberty."
Sir Adam Fergusson, a Scotch member of parliament, once suggested that
luxury corrupts a people and destroys the spirit of liberty:
"JOHNSON. 'Sir, that is all visionary. I would not give half a guinea
to live under one form of government rather than another. It is of no
moment to the happiness of an individual.' ... SIR ADAM. 'But, Sir, in
the British constitution it is surely of importance to keep up a spirit
in the people, so as to preserve a balance against the crown.' JOHNSON.
'Sir, I perceive you are a vile Whig. Why all this childish jealousy of
the power of the crown? The crown has not power enough. When I say that
all governments are alike, I consider that in no government power can
be abused long. Mankind will not bear it. If a sovereign oppresses his
people to a great degree, they will rise and cut off his head.'"
It was his contempt for _political_ liberty that made him vehemently
support the losing side in the American War. He regarded the colonists
as rebels and _Taxation no Tyranny_ was the title of a pamphlet he
wrote in support of the king's cause.
But what specially enraged him was that the cry of "liberty" should be
raised by slave-owners. "How is it" he asked "that we hear the loudest
_yelps_ for liberty among the drivers of negroes?"
Nearly fifty years before the abolition of slavery was first discussed
in Parliament, Johnson had maintained "the natural right of the negroes
to liberty and independence." "An individual" he said "may, indeed,
forfeit his liberty by a crime; but he cannot by that crime forfeit
the liberty of his children."
Johnson's loyalty to the Crown was strengthened by an interview he had
with George III in 1767. It was in the library at the Queen's house[36]:
"His Majesty enquired if he was then writing any thing.... Johnson
said, he thought he had already done his part as a writer. 'I should
have thought so too, (said the King,) if you had not written so
well.'--Johnson observed to me, upon this, that 'No man could have
paid a handsomer compliment; and it was fit for a King to pay. It was
decisive.' When asked by another friend, at Sir Joshua Reynolds's,
whether he made any reply to this high compliment, he answered, 'No,
Sir. When the King had said it, it was to be so. It was not for me to
bandy civilities with my Sovereign.'"
Had he so chosen, Johnson might have entered Parliament. To the friends
of the king, it was urged, he would be found a lamb, to his enemies a
lion.
But Johnson knew that he was better fitted to be a public oracle in
Fleet Street than to catch the Speaker's eye at Westminster.
A true-born Englishman, he extolled the English virtues of honesty and
courage. Of the 'English common soldier' he wrote:
"Our nation may boast, beyond any other people in the world, of a kind
of epidemick bravery, diffused equally through all its ranks. We can
shew a peasantry of heroes, and fill our armies with clowns, whose
courage may vie with that of their general."
"Sir," he said at another time "you know courage is reckoned the
greatest of all virtues; because, unless a man has that virtue, he has
no security for preserving any other."
He himself had no small measure of it. True, he had an "aweful dread of
death, or rather 'of something after death,'" but "he feared nothing
else, not even what might occasion death":
"One day ... when two large dogs were fighting, he went up to them, and
beat them till they separated; and at another time, when told of the
danger there was that a gun might burst if charged with many balls, he
put in six or seven, and fired it off against a wall.... He told me
himself that one night he was attacked in the street by four men, to
whom he would not yield, but kept them all at bay, till the watch came
up, and carried both him and them to the round-house. In the play-house
at Lichfield, as Mr Garrick informed me, Johnson having for a moment
quitted a chair which was placed for him between the side-scenes, a
gentleman took possession of it, and when Johnson on his return civilly
demanded his seat, rudely refused to give it up; upon which Johnson
laid hold of it, and tossed him and the chair into the pit."
Certainly Boswell may be allowed the phrase "much of a _John Bull_."
Honesty of heart, truth in the inward parts, was with Johnson the one
thing needful.
To him no fraud could be innocent; the security of human society
depended on truth and was weakened by a man whose words were at
variance with his practice.
"Every man" he said (and here John Bull spoke again) "has a right to
utter what he thinks truth and every other man has a right to knock him
down for it."
To stretch a point in _talking_, in the use of a conventional phrase,
did not matter. Common politeness, or the course of argument might
demand it. Did he not himself often 'talk for victory'?
What he insisted on was that men should not deceive themselves and
others by _thinking_ foolishly. "Clear your _mind_" he said "of cant."
"Such," to quote Boswell for the last time, "was SAMUEL JOHNSON."
Though he was the foremost man of letters of his generation, it is not
for his scholarship or his writings, but rather for his pluck and his
patriotism, his humour and his oddities, his blunt common-sense and his
large humanity, and, above all, for the expression of these qualities
in his talk, that he is best loved and remembered. For to appreciate
Johnson's talk one need not be literary; it is enough to be English.
FOOTNOTES:
[35] When he made the often-quoted remark 'Patriotism is the last
refuge of a scoundrel' Johnson was referring to 'patriots' only in the
party sense, to those who made patriotism a "cloak for self-interest."
[36] Buckingham House, which stood on the site of the present
Buckingham Palace.
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE
Boswell's _Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides_ was published in 1785 and
reached a sixth edition in 1813.
Many of the later editors of Boswell have included the _Tour_ in their
editions of the _Life_.
It is published as a separate volume in Dent's _Temple Classics_, with
a few notes by Arnold Glover (1898) and is contained in a volume of
Dent's _Everyman's Library_.
The _Life_ appeared in two quarto volumes in 1791 and went through ten
editions before the much-criticised edition of J. W. Croker in 1831.
The sixth edition, 1811, edited by Malone, is the safest of the early
editions. It is not disfigured by the liberties which Croker took with
Boswell's text.
Later editions are almost innumerable.
Napier's edition of 1884 included some valuable new material, but
the incomparable edition for students is that of George Birkbeck
Hill, published by the Oxford University Press in 1887. It is in six
volumes, of which four contain the _Life_, one the _Tour_, and one the
monumental index to which every student of Johnson must pay his debt of
gratitude.
Among modern editions the following may be noted:
Arnold Glover: 6 volumes (text of 1811), annotated. Dent. 1901.
Roger Ingpen: 2 volumes, illustrated. Pitman. 1907.
Among the cheapest and handiest modern reprints are:
The _Oxford_ edition. (Two volumes; or, on India paper, in one volume.)
The _Globe_ edition. (One volume; double columns of print. Macmillan.)
The _Everyman_ edition. (Two volumes. Dent.)
The contemporary authorities for Johnson's life, other than Boswell,
are Sir John Hawkins's _Life_, Mrs Piozzi's _Anecdotes_, Fanny Burney's
_Diary_, and anecdotes by many others.
Most of these were collected by the late Dr Birkbeck Hill in his two
volumes of _Johnsonian Miscellanies_ (Oxford, 1897); two volumes of
Johnson's _Letters_ were also published by the same editor in 1892.
Of modern criticism on Johnson the following may be recommended:
Lord Macaulay: _Boswell's Life of Johnson_. 1831.
Article on Johnson in the _Encyclopaedia Britannica_, 1856.
Thomas Carlyle: _Boswell's Life of Johnson_. 1832.
Sir Leslie Stephen: _Samuel Johnson_. (_English Men of Letters_ series.
Macmillan, 1878.)
G. B. Hill: _Dr Johnson, His Friends and His Critics_. (1878.)
Sir Walter Raleigh: _Six Essays on Johnson_. (Oxford, 1910.)
Lieut.-Col. F. Grant: _Life and Writings of Samuel Johnson_, with a
bibliography by J. P. Anderson. (_Great Writers_ series. Walter Scott
Co.)
Johnson's _Collected Works_, of which there were many editions, e.g.
the Oxford edition (_Works_, 9 vols, _Debates_, 2 vols, 1825), are
easily obtainable second-hand, as are also _The Lives of the Poets_ and
_The Rambler_.
_The Lives of the Poets_ and _Rasselas_ were edited with notes by Dr
Birkbeck Hill for the Oxford University Press.
Johnson's _Poems_, together with the poetry of Goldsmith, Gray, and
Collins, are published in a handy form, with introduction and notes by
Colonel T. Methuen Ward, in the _Muses' Library_ series (Routledge,
1905).
_A Bibliography of Samuel Johnson_, by W. P. Courtney, was published by
the Oxford University Press in 1915.
CAMBRIDGE: PRINTED BY
J. B. PEACE, M.A.,
AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS
* * * * *
Transcriber's note:
Obvious punctuation errors were corrected.
In the list of illustrations, one is entitled: "Boswell standing firm
to his post" BUT the caption under the illustration in the text is
"Boswell holding firm to his post". No correction has been made to the
text.
p50 The first letter to Mr Francis Barber, the original was signed
off "Your's affectionately" This has been replaced with "Yours
affectionately"
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