The Project Gutenberg EBook of Selections from Five English Poets, by Various
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Title: Selections from Five English Poets
Author: Various
Release Date: September 27, 2004 [EBook #13535]
Language: English
*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SELECTIONS FROM FIVE ENGLISH POETS ***
Produced by Al Haines
SELECTIONS FROM
FIVE ENGLISH POETS
EDITED WITH INTRODUCTION AND NOTES
BY
MARY E. LITCHFIELD
1902
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
I. DRYDEN
A SONG FOR ST. CECILIA'S DAY
II. GRAY
ELEGY WRITTEN IN A COUNTRY CHURCHYARD
III. GOLDSMITH
THE TRAVELLER
THE DESERTED VILLAGE
IV. BURNS
THE COTTER'S SATURDAY NIGHT
V. COLERIDGE
THE ANCIENT MARINER
INTRODUCTION
When a poem is read aloud it is easy to realize that poetry is closely
related to music. Like music it awakens vague, mysterious feelings
which cannot be expressed in ordinary speech; and the person who fails
to catch the subtle melody of a poem gets but little from it even
though he understands perfectly the meaning of the words. To illustrate
this, put into commonplace prose a passage of beautiful verse,--for
instance, lines 358-372 of _The Ancient Mariner_, beginning, "Sometimes
a-dropping from the sky,"--and then compare the prose version with the
original. The two will be found as unlike as the flower after it has
been dissected by the botanist, and the same flower still on the stalk,
opening its petals to the morning sun.
The Greeks divided all poetry into three kinds,--lyric, epic, and
dramatic poetry, and there is no better general division. The lyric,
which is properly a song, expresses the transient feeling or mood of
the writer, and therefore is never very long. One must be sensitive to
the music of verse to care for a poem of this kind, because it tells no
story. Dryden's _Song for St. Cecilia's Day_ and Gray's _Elegy_, both
included in the present volume, are lyrics. Among the most beautiful
of English lyrics are Milton's _Lycidas_, Wordsworth's _Ode on
Intimations of Immortality_, and Shelley's _To a Skylark_ and
_Adonais_; while of American poems of the same kind none is nobler than
Lowell's _Commemoration Ode_. Short lyrics, among which are songs and
sonnets, can be found in the works of almost every poet of note,
whether English or American. Under the head of epic or narrative
poetry are included long productions like the _Iliad_ and the _Odyssey_
of Homer and the _Paradise Lost_ of Milton, and shorter poems, such as
Coleridge's _Ancient Mariner_ and _Longfellow's _Evangeline_. Indeed,
every piece of verse that tells a story, however short it may be,
belongs with the epics or narratives. Dramatic poetry includes
well-known plays like Shakespeare's _Merchant of Venice_ and _Julius
Caesar_, and also certain poems not written for the stage, such as
Browning's _Pippa Passes_ and Shelley's _Prometheus Unbound_. In a
dramatic production the poet goes out of himself for the time being,
and expresses the thoughts and feelings of other characters.
It may have been noticed that in this description of the principal
kinds of poetry, only three of the poems included in this book have
been mentioned. This is because the other three--_The Traveller_, _The
Deserted Village_, and _The Cotter's Saturday Night_--do not fit
exactly into any of the divisions. One would class them with the epics
rather than with the lyrics or the dramas, but they are not properly
narratives, because they tell no story; they are really descriptive and
reflective poems. One often comes upon a difficulty of this kind when
attempting to classify a poem, and the truth is that several smaller
divisions are necessary if every production is to be placed where it
belongs. But while it is desirable to know whether one is reading a
lyric, an epic, or a drama, it is far more important to enjoy a
beautiful poem than to be able properly to classify it.
The following list may prove useful to those who wish to know more of
the poets represented in this volume than can be learned from the short
sketches of their lives which it includes:
J. R. Green: _Short History of the English People_; Stopford Brooke:
_English Literature_; Frederick Ryland: _Chronological Outlines of
English Literature_; Edmund Gosse: _A History of Eighteenth-Century
Literature_; _Dictionary of National Biography_ (British); G.
Saintsbury: _Dryden_ (English Men of Letters Series); James Russell
Lowell: essay on Dryden in _Among my Books_, vol. i; W. L. Phelps:
_Gray_ (Athenaeum Press Series); Matthew Arnold: essay on Gray in
_Essays in Criticism_, second series; James Russell Lowell: essay on
Gray in _Latest Literary Essays_; Austin Dobson: _Life of Goldsmith_
(Great Writers Series), William Black: _Goldsmith_ (E. M. L. Series);
J. C. Shairp: _Burns_ (E. M. L. Series); Thomas Carlyle: essay on
Burns in _Critical and Miscellaneous Essays_, and [Burns] "The Hero as
Man of Letters" in _Heroes and Hero Worship_; H. D. Traill:
_Coleridge_ (E. M. L. Series); T. Hall Caine: _Life of Coleridge_
(Great Writers Series); J. C. Shairp: "Coleridge as Poet and
Philosopher" in _Studies in Poetry and Philosophy_; James Russell
Lowell: "Address in Westminster Abbey, 7th May, 1885" [Coleridge], in
_Democracy and Other Essays_; A. C. Swinburne; _Essays and Studies_;
Walter Pater: "Coleridge," in _Appreciations_.
FIVE ENGLISH POETS
JOHN DRYDEN
1631-1700
Although Dryden is but little read in these days, he fills an important
place in the history of English literature. As the foremost writer of
the last third of the seventeenth century, he is the connecting link
between Milton, "the last of the Elizabethans," and Pope, the chief
poet of the age of Queen Anne. He was born in Northamptonshire, and
had the good fortune to live in the country until his thirteenth year,
when he was sent to the famous Westminster School, in what is now the
heart of London. A few years after finishing his course at Cambridge
University he went back to London, and lived there chiefly during the
rest of his long and busy life. At the age of thirty-nine he was made
poet-laureate and historiographer-royal, although his best work was not
done until after he was fifty years old. From Milton's death, 1674,
until his own in 1700, "Glorious John," as he was called, reigned
without a rival in English letters; and one can picture him as a short,
stout, somewhat ruddy-faced gentleman, sitting in Will's Coffee House
surrounded by younger authors who vie with one another for the honor of
a pinch out of his snuffbox. He died at the age of sixty-nine, and was
buried in the Poets' Corner in Westminster Abbey, near Chaucer and
Cowley.
Dryden is often called "the first of the moderns." This is because he
was one of the earliest to write clear, strong English prose, and
because as a poet he was thoughtful and brilliant rather than highly
imaginative. Lowell says of him: "He had, beyond most, the gift of the
right word. . . . In ripeness of mind and bluff heartiness of
expression he takes rank with the best." Beside prose works and dramas
he wrote poems of many kinds, including translations and paraphrases.
His satires are unrivaled. The finest is, perhaps, the first part of
_Absalom and Achitophel_. He is now best known by two lyric poems,
_Alexander's Feast_ and the _Song for St. Cecilia's Day_; while his
_Palamon and Arcite_, a paraphrase of Chaucer's _Knightes Tale_, still
delights the reader who cares for a good story in verse.
A SONG FOR ST. CECILIA'S DAY
1
From harmony,[1] from heavenly harmony
This universal frame[2] began.
When Nature underneath a heap
Of jarring atoms lay,
And could not heave her head, 5
The tuneful voice was heard from high:
"Arise, ye more than dead!"
Then cold and hot and moist and dry
In order to their stations leap,
And Music's power obey. 10
From harmony, from heavenly harmony
This universal frame began;
From harmony to harmony
Through all the compass of the notes it ran,
The diapason closing full in Man.[3] 15
2
What passion cannot Music raise and quell?
When Jubal[4] struck the corded shell,[5]
His list'ning brethren stood around,
And, wond'ring, on their faces fell
To worship that celestial sound, 20
Less than a god they thought there could not dwell
Within the hollow of that shell
That spoke so sweetly and so well.
What passion cannot Music raise and quell?
3
The trumpet's loud clangor 25
Excites us to arms,
With shrill notes of anger
And mortal alarms.[6]
The double double double beat
Of the thundering drum 30
Cries, "Hark, the foes come!
Charge, charge, 't is too late to retreat!"
4
The soft complaining flute
In dying notes discovers[7]
The woes of hopeless lovers, 35
Whose dirge is whispered by the warbling lute.
5
Sharp violins proclaim
Their jealous pangs and desperation,
Fury, frantic indignation,
Depth of pains and height of passion, 40
For the fair disdainful dame.
6
But oh! what art can teach,
What human voice can reach
The sacred organ's praise?
Notes inspiring holy love, 45
Notes that wing their heavenly ways
To mend[8] the choirs above.
7
Orpheus[9] could lead the savage race,
And trees unrooted left their place,
Sequacious of the lyre; 50
But bright Cecilia raised the wonder higher:
When to her organ vocal breath was given,
An angel heard, and straight[10] appeared--
Mistaking earth for heaven.
GRAND CHORUS
As from the power of sacred lays 55
The spheres began to move,
And sung the great Creator's praise
To all the blest above:
So, when the last and dreadful hour[11]
This crumbling pageant shall devour, 60
The trumpet shall be heard on high,
The dead shall live, the living die,
And Music shall untune the sky.
NOTE.--Dryden wrote this song in 1687 for the festival of St. Cecilia,
the patron saint of music. To be appreciated it must be read aloud,
for it is full of musical effects, especially stanzas 3-6. St. Cecilia
has been represented by Raphael and other artists as playing upon some
instrument, surrounded by listening angels.
[1.] From harmony, etc. Some of the ancients believed that music
helped in the creation of the heavenly bodies, and that their motions
were accompanied by a harmony known as "the music of the spheres."
[2.] This universal frame, the visible universe.
[3.] The diapason, etc. _The diapason_ means here _the entire compass
of tones_. The idea is that in man, the highest of God's creatures,
are included all the virtues and powers of the lower creation.
[4.] Jubal. It is said of Jubal: "He was the father of all such as
handle the harp and organ."--Genesis iv, 21.
[5.] The corded shell, _i.e._ the lyre. The first lyre was supposed to
have been formed by drawing strings over a tortoise shell.
[6.] Mortal alarms, _i.e._ notes that rouse men to deadly conflict.
[7.] Discovers, reveals.
[8.] Mend, amend, improve.
[9.] Orpheus is said to have been a Thracian poet who moved rocks and
trees and tamed wild beasts by playing upon his lyre.
[10.] Straight, straightway, immediately.
[11.] The last and dreadful hour, the Day of Judgment.
THOMAS GRAY
1716-1771
In speaking of Gray, some one has said that no other writer has come
down to posterity with such a small book under his arm; and to this may
be added the statement that every piece in his book shows careful
finish. His fame rests mainly on three poems: the _Elegy_, _The
Progress of Poesy_, and _The Bard_. Of these the _Elegy_ is by far the
most popular, because it expresses in simple and beautiful language
sentiments which appeal to all, whatever their condition.
In character Gray was high-minded, and in temperament reserved and shy.
It is said that after he was acknowledged to be the greatest poet
living in England, people used to watch eagerly for a glimpse of him;
but he usually managed to elude them and to slip away unnoticed. His
sensitiveness may have been due in part to the fact that his health was
delicate and that he was much alone when a child--for all his brothers
and sisters died in infancy. Although unfortunate in his father, he
was blessed with a devoted mother, who by her exertions enabled him to
go to Cambridge University. It is pleasant to know that he warmly
returned her love and that he now rests by her side in the churchyard
at Stoke Poges, which is always associated with the _Elegy_. On her
tomb he placed the inscription "--mother of many children, one of whom
alone had the misfortune to survive her." Gray's friends were warmly
attached to him. With one of them, Horace Walpole, the well-known
author and collector, he traveled on the continent soon after leaving
the university; and although they quarreled and separated the
friendship was renewed later. Gray never married. In 1742 he returned
to Cambridge and lived there during the rest of his life, with the
exception of two years spent in London. After he became famous the
laureateship was offered to him, but his dislike of publicity caused
him to refuse it. In 1768 he was made Professor of Modern History and
Languages at Cambridge. All his life he was a student; indeed he was
the most learned of the English poets, except possibly Milton. In some
respects he was in advance of his age. He appreciated certain kinds of
poetry that no one else liked in his time, and he cared greatly for
wild nature. In these days, when almost every one loves rugged
mountains and remote regions by the sea, it is hard to realize that
there ever was a time when most persons preferred to look upon trim or
even stiff gardens or the cultivated grounds of a country seat; but
such was the case. Gray's admiration for wild nature comes out in his
prose, especially in his letters, and in his _Journal in the Lakes_
written in 1769; but later writers, Wordsworth above all, have
expressed the same feeling in delightful verse.
As a poet Gray stands for beauty of form rather than for depth of
thought or breadth of sympathy. He is first of all an artist, and his
poems are among the most perfect in the English language.
ELEGY
WRITTEN IN A COUNTRY CHURCHYARD
The curfew[1] tolls the knell of parting day,
The lowing herd winds slowly o'er the lea,
The plowman homeward plods his weary way,
And leaves the world to darkness and to me.
Now fades the glimmering landscape on the sight, 5
And all the air a solemn stillness holds,
Save where the beetle wheels his droning flight,
And drowsy tinklings lull the distant folds;
Save that from yonder ivy-mantled tow'r
The moping owl does to the moon complain 10
Of such, as wand'ring near her secret bow'r,
Molest her ancient solitary reign.
Beneath those rugged elms, that yew-tree's shade,
Where heaves the turf in many a mould'ring heap,
Each in his narrow cell for ever laid, 15
The rude forefathers of the hamlet sleep.
The breezy call of incense-breathing Morn,[2]
The swallow twitt'ring from the straw-built shed,
The cock's shrill clarion, or the echoing horn,
No more shall rouse them from their lowly bed. 20
For them no more the blazing hearth shall burn,
Or busy housewife ply her evening care;
No children run to lisp their sire's return,
Or climb his knees the envied kiss to share.
Oft did the harvest to their sickle yield, 25
Their furrow oft the stubborn glebe[3] has broke;
How jocund did they drive their team afield!
How bowed the woods beneath their sturdy stroke!
Let not Ambition mock their useful toil,
Their homely joys, and destiny obscure; 30
Nor Grandeur hear with a disdainful smile
The short and simple annals of the poor.
The boast of heraldry,[4] the pomp of pow'r,
And all that beauty, all that wealth e'er gave,
Awaits alike th' inevitable hour. 35
The paths of glory lead but to the grave.
Nor you, ye Proud, impute to these the fault,
If Mem'ry o'er their tomb no trophies raise,
Where through the long-drawn aisle and fretted vault[5]
The pealing anthem swells the note of praise. 40
Can storied urn[6] or animated[7] bust
Back to its mansion call the fleeting breath?
Can Honour's voice provoke[8] the silent dust,
Or Flatt'ry sooth the dull cold ear of Death?
Perhaps in this neglected spot is laid 45
Some heart once pregnant with celestial fire;
Hands that the rod of empire might have swayed,
Or waked to ecstasy the living lyre.
But Knowledge to their eyes her ample page
Rich with the spoils of time did ne'er unroll; 50
Chill Penury repressed their noble rage,
And froze the genial current of the soul.
Full many a gem of purest ray serene[9]
The dark unfathomed caves of ocean bear:
Full many a flower is born to blush unseen, 55
And waste its sweetness on the desert air.
Some village-Hampden,[10] that with dauntless breast,
The little Tyrant of his fields withstood,
Some mute inglorious Milton[11] here may rest,
Some Cromwell[12] guiltless of his country's blood. 60
Th' applause of list'ning senates to command,
The threats of pain and ruin to despise,
To scatter plenty o'er a smiling land,
And read their hist'ry in a nation's eyes,
Their lot forbade: nor circumscribed alone 65
Their growing virtues, but their crimes confined;
Forbade to wade through slaughter to a throne,
And shut the gates of mercy on mankind,
The struggling pangs of conscious truth to hide,
To quench the blushes of ingenuous shame, 70
Or heap the shrine of Luxury and Pride
With incense kindled at the Muse's flame.
Far from the madding crowd's ignoble strife,
Their sober wishes never learned to stray;
Along the cool sequestered vale of life 75
They kept the noiseless tenor of their way.
Yet ev'n these bones from insult to protect,
Some frail memorial still[13] erected nigh,
With uncouth rhymes and shapeless sculpture decked,
Implores the passing tribute of a sigh. 80
Their name, their years, spelt by th' unlettered Muse,[14]
The place of fame and elegy supply:
And many a holy text around she strews,
That teach the rustic moralist to die.
For who, to dumb Forgetfulness a prey, 85
This pleasing anxious being e'er resigned,
Left the warm precincts of the cheerful day,
Nor cast one longing, ling'ring look behind?
On some fond breast the parting soul relies,
Some pious drops the closing eye requires; 90
Ev'n from the tomb the voice of Nature cries,
Ev'n in our ashes live their wonted fires.
For thee, who mindful of th' unhonored Dead[15]
Dost in these lines their artless tale relate;
If chance,[16] by lonely Contemplation led, 95
Some kindred spirit shall inquire thy fate,
Haply some hoary-headed swain[17] may say,
"Oft have we seen him at the peep of dawn
Brushing with hasty steps the dews away,
To meet the sun upon the upland lawn.[18] 100
"There at the foot of yonder nodding beech,
That wreathes its old fantastic roots so high,
His listless length at noontide would he stretch,
And pore upon the brook that babbles by.
"Hard by yon wood, now smiling as in scorn, 105
Mutt'ring his wayward fancies he would rove;
Now drooping, woeful wan, like one forlorn,
Or crazed with care, or crossed in hopeless love.
"One morn I missed him on the customed hill,
Along the heath and near his fav'rite tree; 110
Another came; nor yet beside the rill,
Nor up the lawn, nor at the wood was he;
"The next, with dirges due in sad array
Slow thro' the church-way path we saw him borne.
Approach and read (for thou canst read) the lay 115
Graved on the stone beneath yon aged thorn."
THE EPITAPH
Here rests his head upon the lap of Earth,
A youth to Fortune and to Fame unknown.
Fair Science[19] frowned not on his humble birth,
And Melancholy marked him for her own. 120
Large was his bounty, and his soul sincere,
Heav'n did a recompense as largely send:
He gave to Mis'ry all he had, a tear,
He gained from Heaven ('t was all he wished) a friend.
No farther seek his merits to disclose, 125
Or draw his frailties from their dread abode,
(There they alike in trembling hope repose,)
The bosom of his Father and his God.
NOTE.--The _Elegy_ was finished at Stoke Poges in 1750, when the poet
was thirty-four years old. It was so popular that one edition followed
quickly upon another, and it was even translated into foreign languages.
Notice that throughout the poem the lines are of equal length, each
consisting of five feet or measures, and that in a stanza the alternate
lines rhyme.
[1.] The curfew was an evening bell which originally warned people to
cover their fires, put out their lights, and go to bed. It was
instituted in England after the Norman Conquest. The word comes from
the French _couvrir_ (cover) and _feu_ (fire).
[2.] Incense-breathing Morn. The poet regards the morning as a person;
that is, he personifies morning. Personification is seldom used now,
but the eighteenth-century poets delighted in it. It is frequently
employed in this poem.
[3.] Glebe, soil, ground.
[4.] The boast of heraldry, _i.e._ whatever has to do with high rank or
pride of birth.
[5.] Where through the long-drawn aisle, etc. It was the custom to
bury the poorer people of a village in the churchyard, and the rich or
high-born in the church.
[6.] Storied urn. Funeral urns such as were used by the ancients were
frequently decorated with scenes from the life of the deceased.
[7.] Animated, _i.e._ life-like.
[8.] Provoke, call forth, call back to life.
[9.] Full many a gem, etc. One of the best-known stanzas in English
poetry.
[10.] Village-Hampden. John Hampden was an English patriot who refused
to pay taxes levied by the king without the consent of Parliament, and
who died in 1643 from a wound received while fighting for the liberties
of England.
[11.] Milton. John Milton (1608-1674), the author of _Paradise Lost_,
is generally ranked as the greatest English poet after Shakespeare.
[12.] Cromwell. Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658), the famous Protector, is
now regarded by historians in general as one of the foremost champions
of English liberty.
[13.] Still, always.
[14.] Th' unlettered Muse. In Greek mythology the Muses were nine
goddesses who presided over the arts and sciences, song, and the
different kinds of poetry. The true poet was supposed to be inspired
by them. Gray imagines a new kind of Muse who inspires the writers of
crude epitaphs.
[15.] For thee, who mindful, etc. Gray refers to himself as the writer
of this poem.
[16.] Chance, perchance.
[17.] Swain, countryman. By _swain_ the poets usually mean a country
gallant or lover.
[18.] Lawn, a cleared place in a wood, not cultivated. Now, of course,
the word always means grassland near a house which is kept closely cut.
[19.] Science, knowledge in general, not natural science only.
OLIVER GOLDSMITH
1728-1774
Goldsmith was born in Pallas, an out-of-the-way hamlet in Longford
County, Ireland, where his father, the curate, was looked upon as
"passing rich, with forty pounds a year." Not long after, the family
removed to Lissoy, in the County of Westmeath, where they lived in much
comfort. Here Oliver passed his childhood and youth, and it is
doubtless to Lissoy that his thoughts returned when he wrote of "Sweet
Auburn, loveliest village of the plain." As a boy he had his share of
troubles. In school he was pronounced "a stupid, heavy blockhead," and
he was often made sport of by his companions on account of his awkward
figure and his homely face, pitted with the smallpox. In his
eighteenth year he entered Trinity College, Dublin, as a sizar, that
is, a poor student who pays in part for his tuition by doing certain
kinds of work. After four years devoted to study--spiced with a good
deal of fun--he graduated at the foot of his class.
At twenty-one he showed no special bent. For a while he lived with his
mother, now a widow, and idled his time away with gay companions.
After being refused a position in the church, he resolved to try
teaching; but this occupation proved so little to his taste that he
decided to give it up and study medicine. With the help of a generous
uncle he entered the medical school at Edinburgh, leaving Ireland never
to return. At the end of a year and a half he concluded that foreign
travel would do more for him than a longer stay in Scotland. His uncle
sent him twenty pounds, and with this he reached Leyden, where, if he
possibly attended a few lectures, he certainly associated with wild
companions who helped him to get rid of his money. Having succeeded in
borrowing a small sum, he was about to leave Leyden, when in a
florist's garden he saw a rare, high-priced flower which he felt sure
would delight his kind uncle, who was an enthusiast in flower culture.
Without a thought of his own needs he ran in, bought a parcel of the
roots, and sent them off to Ireland; then, with a guinea in his pocket,
he started on his travels. Although his uncle may have sent him small
sums occasionally, it is not easy to see how he managed to wander as he
did from country to country. It is said that he paid his way among the
peasants by flute playing, and that he returned the hospitality of
convents by disputing on learned subjects; but these stories are
doubtless fictitious. One thing is certain, he arrived in London in
February, 1756, having reached the age of twenty-eight, with a medical
degree, but with no money in his pocket.
For two years he lived in the great city poor and unknown. He was in
turn apothecary's assistant, poor physician, proof-reader, usher in a
"classical school," and hack writer. At last, almost discouraged, he
decided to obtain if possible the position of factory surgeon on the
Coromandel coast, in India. He failed to get the place, and was also
unsuccessful in his efforts to pass the examination at Surgeon's Hall
for the humble post of hospital mate.
At this point there was a turn in the tide of his fortunes. While
seeking employment as a physician, he had been engaged upon a work
called _Enquiry into the Present State of Polite Learning in Europe_,
and with its publication in 1759 his career as an author began. His
essays, which appeared in numerous magazines, brought him into further
notice, especially a series collected later under the title, _The
Citizen of the World_. In 1764 he became a member of Dr. Johnson's
famous "Literary Club" that met at the "Turk's Head." It was to
Johnson that he once said, alluding to his heavy style,--"If you were
to make little fishes talk, they would talk like whales." But there
was no malice in this remark, for the doctor was one of his stanch
friends. Among the other nine original members of the club were Sir
Joshua Reynolds, the artist, and Edmund Burke, the noted statesman.
Before long _The Traveller_ and _The Deserted Village_ gave Goldsmith a
foremost place among the poets of the time, and _The Vicar of
Wakefield_, published in 1776, brought him fame as a novelist. This
book remains to-day, after the lapse of nearly a century and a half,
one of the most widely read of English novels. Two comedies, _The
Good-natured Man_ and _She Stoops to Conquer_, complete the list of his
well-known works, while he wrote many others that were enjoyed by his
contemporaries. He died of a fever at the age of forty-six, and was
buried in the burial ground of the Temple Church. Two years later a
monument was erected to his memory in Westminster Abbey.
This short sketch of Goldsmith's life makes it clear that he lacked
strength of character and was wanting also in practical wisdom. Even
after he became a successful author his extravagance kept him poor, and
he died largely in debt. Many stories are told illustrating his
innocent vanity and the love of gay clothing which made him conspicuous
even in an age of ruffled shirts and silver knee-buckles. One of his
biographers describes him as arriving at a friend's house where he was
to dine, "with his new wig, with his coat of Tyrian bloom and blue silk
breeches, with a smart sword at his side, his gold-headed cane in his
hand, and his hat under his elbow." But while he had more than his
share of weaknesses, it must be granted that "e'en his failings leaned
to Virtue's side." He was sensitive, open-hearted, generous, and
kindly--always ready to help those less fortunate than himself. If in
Parson Primrose and in the "village preacher" of _The Deserted Village_
he has painted portraits of his father, the country curate, there is
something of himself as well in these lovable characters. Both in
poetry and in prose his style is easy and delightful; his humor has no
sting. Everything that comes from his pen has the flavor of his quaint
personality. In spite of his failings--or possibly in part because of
them--this son of Ireland is one of the most popular of English writers.
THE TRAVELLER;
OR, A PROSPECT OF SOCIETY
Remote, unfriended, melancholy, slow,
Or by the lazy Scheld[1] or wandering Po;
Or onward, where the rude Carinthian boor[2]
Against the houseless stranger shuts the door;
Or where Campania's plain[3] forsaken lies, 5
A weary waste expanding to the skies;
Where'er I roam, whatever realms to see,
My heart untravelled fondly turns to thee;
Still to my brother[4] turns, with ceaseless pain,
And drags at each remove a lengthening chain. 10
Eternal blessings crown my earliest friend,
And round his dwelling guardian saints attend:
Blest be that spot where cheerful guests retire
To pause from toil, and trim their ev'ning fire:
Blest that abode where want and pain repair, 15
And every stranger finds a ready chair:
Blest be those feasts, with simple plenty crowned,
Where all the ruddy family around
Laugh at the jests or pranks that never fail,
Or sigh with pity at some mournful tale; 20
Or press the bashful stranger to his food,
And learn the luxury of doing good.
But me, not destined such delights to share,
My prime of life in wand'ring spent and care;
Impelled, with steps unceasing, to pursue 25
Some fleeting good that mocks me with the view;
That, like the circle bounding earth and skies,
Allures from far, yet, as I follow, flies;
My fortune leads to traverse realms alone,
And find no spot of all the world my own. 30
Even now, where Alpine solitudes ascend,
I sit me down a pensive hour to spend;
And placed on high above the storm's career,
Look downward where an hundred realms appear;
Lakes, forests, cities, plains extending wide, 35
The pomp of kings, the shepherd's humbler pride.
When thus Creation's charms around combine,
Amidst the store should thankless pride repine?
Say, should the philosophic mind disdain
That good which makes each humbler bosom vain? 40
Let school-taught pride dissemble all it can,[5]
These little things are great to little man;
And wiser he, whose sympathetic mind
Exults in all the good of all mankind.
Ye glitt'ring towns, with wealth and splendor crowned; 45
Ye fields, where summer spreads profusion round;
Ye lakes, whose vessels catch the busy gale;
Ye bending swains,[6] that dress the flow'ry vale;
For me your tributary stores combine:
Creation's heir, the world, the world is mine. 50
As some lone miser, visiting his store,
Bends at his treasure, counts, recounts it o'er;
Hoards after hoards his rising raptures fill,
Yet still he sighs, for hoards are wanting still:
Thus to my breast alternate passions rise, 55
Pleased with each good that Heaven to man supplies:
Yet oft a sigh prevails, and sorrows fall,
To see the hoard of human bliss so small;
And oft I wish amidst the scene to find
Some spot to real happiness consigned, 60
Where my worn soul, each wand'ring hope at rest,
May gather bliss to see my fellows blest.
But where to find that happiest spot below
Who can direct, when all pretend to know?
The shudd'ring tenant of the frigid zone 65
Boldly proclaims that happiest spot his own;
Extols the treasures of his stormy seas,
And his long nights of revelry and ease:
The naked negro, panting at the line,[7]
Boasts of his golden sands and palmy wine, 70
Basks in the glare, or stems the tepid wave,
And thanks his gods for all the good they gave.
Such is the patriot's boast where'er we roam;
His first, best country ever is at home.
And yet, perhaps, if countries we compare, 75
And estimate the blessings which they share,
Though patriots flatter, still shall wisdom find
An equal portion dealt to all mankind;
As different good, by Art or Nature given,
To different nations makes their blessings even. 80
Nature, a mother kind alike to all,
Still grants her bliss at Labor's earnest call:
With food as well the peasant is supplied
On Idra's cliffs[8] as Arno's shelvy side;[9]
And though the rocky crested summits frown, 85
These rocks by custom turn to beds of down.
From Art more various are the blessings sent;
Wealth, commerce, honor, liberty, content.
Yet these each other's power so strong contest,
That either seems destructive of the rest.[10] 90
Where wealth and freedom reign, contentment fails
And honor sinks where commerce long prevails.[11]
Hence every state, to one loved blessing prone,
Conforms and models life to that alone.
Each to the favorite happiness attends, 95
And spurns the plan that aims at other ends:
Till carried to excess in each domain,
This fav'rite good begets peculiar pain.
But let us try these truths with closer eyes,
And trace them through the prospect as it lies: 100
Here for a while my proper cares[12] resigned,
Here let me sit in sorrow for mankind;
Like yon neglected shrub at random cast,
That shades the steep, and sighs at every blast.
Far to the right, where Apennine ascends, 105
Bright as the summer, Italy extends:
Its uplands sloping deck the mountain's side,
Woods over woods in gay theatric pride;
While oft some temple's mould'ring tops between
With venerable grandeur mark the scene, 110
Could Nature's bounty satisfy the breast,
The sons of Italy were surely blest.
Whatever fruits in different climes were found,
That proudly rise, or humbly court the ground;
Whatever blooms in torrid tracts appear, 115
Whose bright succession decks the varied year;
Whatever sweets salute the northern sky
With vernal lives, that blossom but to die;
These, here disporting, own the kindred soil,
Nor ask luxuriance from the planter's toil; 120
While sea-born gales their gelid[13] wings expand
To winnow[14] fragrance round the smiling land.
But small the bliss that sense alone bestows,
And sensual bliss is all the nation knows.[15]
In florid beauty groves and fields appear; 125
Man seems the only growth that dwindles here.
Contrasted faults through all his manners reign:
Though poor, luxurious; though submissive, vain;
Though grave, yet trifling; zealous, yet untrue;
And ev'n in penance planning sins anew. 130
All evils here contaminate the mind
That opulence departed leaves behind;
For wealth was theirs,[16] not far removed the date
When commerce proudly nourished through the state,
At her command the palace learnt to rise,[17] 135
Again the long-fallen column sought the skies,[18]
The canvas glowed, beyond e'en nature warm,[19]
The pregnant quarry teemed with human form;
Till, more unsteady than the southern gale,
Commerce on other shores displayed her sail;[20] 140
While nought remained of all that riches gave,
But towns unmanned, and lords without a slave:
And late the nation found with fruitless skill
Its former strength was but plethoric ill.[21]
Yet still the loss of wealth is here supplied 145
By arts, the splendid wrecks of former pride;
From these the feeble heart and long-fall'n mind
An easy compensation seem to find.
Here may be seen, in bloodless pomp arrayed,
The paste-board triumph and the cavalcade, 150
Processions formed for piety and love,
A mistress or a saint in every grove.
By sports like these are all their cares beguiled;
The sports of children satisfy the child.
Each nobler aim, repressed by long control, 155
Now sinks at last, or feebly mans the soul;
While low delights, succeeding fast behind,
In happier meanness occupy the mind:
As in those domes where Caesars[22] once bore sway,
Defaced by time and tottering in decay, 160
There in the ruin, heedless of the dead,
The shelter-seeking peasant builds his shed;
And, wond'ring man could want the larger pile,
Exults, and owns his cottage with a smile.
My soul, turn from them, turn we to survey, 165
Where rougher climes a nobler race display;
Where the bleak Swiss their stormy mansions tread,
And force a churlish soil[23] for scanty bread.
No product here the barren hills afford,
But man and steel, the soldier and his sword:[24] 170
No vernal blooms their torpid rocks array,
But winter ling'ring chills the lap of May:
No Zephyr fondly sues the mountain's breast,
But meteors glare, and stormy glooms invest.
Yet, still, even here content can spread a charm, 175
Redress the clime, and all its rage disarm.
Though poor the peasant's hut, his feasts tho' small,
He sees his little lot the lot of all;
Sees no contiguous palace[25] rear its head
To shame the meanness of his humble shed; 180
No costly lord the sumptuous banquet deal
To make him loath his vegetable meal;
But calm, and bred in ignorance and toil,[26]
Each wish contracting fits him to the soil.
Cheerful at morn he wakes from short repose, 185
Breathes the keen air, and carols as he goes;
With patient angle trolls the finny deep;
Or drives his venturous plowshare to the steep;
Or seeks the den where snow-tracks mark the way,
And drags the struggling savage[27] into day. 190
At night returning, every labor sped,
He sits him down the monarch of a shed;
Smiles by his cheerful fire, and round surveys
His children's looks, that brighten at the blaze;
While his loved partner, boastful of her hoard, 195
Displays her cleanly platter on the board:
And haply too some pilgrim, thither led,
With many a tale repays the nightly bed.[28]
Thus every good his native wilds impart
Imprints the patriot passion on his heart; 200
And ev'n those ills that round his mansion rise
Enhance the bliss his scanty fund supplies.
Dear is that shed to which his soul conforms,
And dear that hill which lifts him to the storms;
And as a child, when scaring sounds molest, 205
Clings close and closer to the mother's breast,
So the loud torrent and the whirlwind's roar
But bind him to his native mountains more.
Such are the charms to barren states assigned;[29]
Their wants but few, their wishes all confined. 210
Yet let them only share the praises due:
If few their wants, their pleasures are but few;
For every want that stimulates the breast
Becomes a source of pleasure when redressed;
Whence from such lands each pleasing science flies 215
That first excites desire, and then supplies;
Unknown to them, when sensual pleasures cloy,
To fill the languid pause with finer joy;
Unknown those powers that raise the soul to flame,
Catch every nerve, and vibrate 'through the frame. 220
Their level life is but a smould'ring fire,
Unquenched by want, unfanned by strong desire;
Unfit for raptures, or, if raptures cheer
On some high festival of once a year,
In wild excess the vulgar breast takes fire, 225
Till, buried in debauch, the bliss expire.
But not their joys alone thus coarsely flow:
Their morals, like their pleasures, are but low;
For, as refinement stops, from sire to son
Unaltered, unimproved, the manners run, 230
And love's and friendship's finely-pointed dart
Fall blunted from each indurated heart.
Some sterner virtues o'er the mountain's breast
May sit, like falcons, cow'ring on the nest;
But all the gentler morals, such as play 235
Thro' life's more cultured walks, and charm the way,
These, far dispersed, on timorous pinions fly,
To sport and flutter in a kinder sky.
To kinder skies, where gentler manners reign,
I turn; and France displays her bright domain. 240
Gay, sprightly land of mirth and social ease,
Pleased with thyself, whom all the world can please,
How often have I led thy sportive choir,
With tuneless pipe, beside the murmuring Loire?
Where shading elms along the margin grew, 245
And freshened from the wave the Zephyr flew;
And haply, though my harsh touch, faltering still,
But mocked all tune, and marred the dancer's skill,
Yet would the village praise my wonderous power,
And dance, forgetful of the noontide hour. 250
Alike all ages. Dames of ancient days
Have led their children through the mirthful maze,
And the gay grandsire, skilled in gestic lore,[30]
Has frisked beneath the burthen of threescore.
So blest a life these thoughtless realms display; 255
Thus idly busy rolls their world away;[31]
Theirs are those arts that mind to mind endear,
For honor forms the social temper here.
Honor, that praise which real merit gains,
Or even imaginary worth obtains, 260
Here passes current: paid from hand to hand,
It shifts in splendid traffic round the land;
From courts to camps, to cottages, it strays,
And all are taught an avarice of praise.
They please, are pleased; they give to get esteem; 265
Till, seeming blest, they grow to what they seem.
But while this softer art their bliss supplies,
It gives their follies also room to rise;
For praise too dearly loved, or warmly sought,
Enfeebles all internal strength of thought, 270
And the weak soul, within itself unblest,
Leans for all pleasure on another's breast.
Hence ostentation here, with tawdry art,
Pants for the vulgar praise which fools impart;
Here vanity assumes her pert grimace, 275
And trims her robes of frieze[32] with copper lace;
Here beggar pride defrauds her daily cheer,
To boast one splendid banquet once a year;
The mind still turns where shifting fashion draws,
Nor weighs the solid worth of self-applause. 280
To men of other minds my fancy flies,
Embosomed in the deep where Holland[33] lies.
Methinks her patient sons before me stand,
Where the broad ocean leans against the land,
And, sedulous to stop the coming tide, 285
Lift the tall rampire's[34] artificial pride.
Onward methinks, and diligently slow,
The firm connected bulwark seems to grow;
Spreads its long arms amidst the wat'ry roar,
Scoops out an empire, and usurps the shore. 290
While the pent ocean, rising o'er the pile,
Sees an amphibious world beneath him smile:
The slow canal, the yellow blossomed vale,
The willow tufted bank, the gliding sail,
The crowded mart, the cultivated plain,-- 295
A new creation rescued from his reign.
Thus while around the wave-subjected soil
Impels the native to repeated toil,
Industrious habits in each bosom reign,
And industry begets a love of gain. 300
Hence all the good from opulence that springs,[35]
With all those ills superfluous treasure brings,
Are here displayed. Their much-loved wealth imparts
Convenience, plenty, elegance, and arts:
But view them closer, craft and fraud appear; 305
E'en liberty itself is bartered here.
At gold's superior charms all freedom flies;
The needy sell it, and the rich man buys;
A land of tyrants and a den of slaves,
Here wretches seek dishonorable graves, 310
And calmly bent, to servitude conform,
Dull as their lakes that slumber in the storm.[36]
Heavens! how unlike their Belgic sires[37] of old,
Rough, poor, content, ungovernably bold;
War in each breast, and freedom on each brow; 315
How much unlike the sons of Britain now!
Fired at the sound, my genius spreads her wing,
And flies where Britain courts the western spring;
Where lawns[38] extend that scorn Arcadian pride,[39]
And brighter streams than famed Hydaspis[40] glide. 320
There all around the gentlest breezes stray;
There gentle music melts on every spray;
Creation's mildest charms are there combined,
Extremes are only in the master's mind!
Stern o'er each bosom Reason holds her state, 325
With daring aims irregularly great;
Pride in their port, defiance in their eye,
I see the lords of human kind pass by;
Intent on high designs, a thoughtful band,
By forms unfashioned, fresh from Nature's hand, 330
Fierce in their native hardiness of soul,
True to imagined right, above control,
While even the peasant boasts these rights to scan,
And learns to venerate himself as man.
Thine, Freedom, thine the blessings pictured here; 335
Thine are those charms that dazzle and endear:
Too blest indeed, were such without alloy:
But fostered even by Freedom ills annoy:
That independence Britons prize too high
Keeps man from man, and breaks the social tie; 340
The self-dependent lordlings[41] stand alone,
All claims that bind and sweeten life unknown.
Here, by the bonds of nature feebly held,
Minds combat minds, repelling and repelled;[42]
Ferments arise, imprisoned factions roar, 345
Repressed ambition struggles round her shore,
Till, over-wrought, the general system feels
Its motions stop, or frenzy fire the wheels.
Nor this the worst. As nature's ties decay,
As duty, love, and honor fail to sway, 350
Fictitious bonds, the bonds of wealth and law,
Still gather strength, and force unwilling awe.
Hence all obedience bows to these alone,
And talent sinks, and merit weeps unknown:
Till time may come, when, stripped of all her charms, 355
The land of scholars and the nurse of arms,
Where noble stems transmit the patriot flame,
Where kings have toiled and poets wrote for fame,
One sink of level avarice[43] shall lie,
And scholars, soldiers, kings, unhonored die. 360
Yet think not, thus when Freedom's ills I state,
I mean to flatter kings, or court the great:
Ye powers of truth that bid my soul aspire,
Far from my bosom drive the low desire.
And thou, fair Freedom, taught alike to feel 365
The rabble's rage and tyrant's angry steel;
Thou transitory flower, alike undone
By proud contempt or favor's fostering sun,
Still may thy blooms the changeful clime endure!
I only would repress them to secure: 370
For just experience tells, in every soil,
That those who think must govern those that toil;[44]
And all that Freedom's highest aims can reach
Is but to lay proportioned loads on each.
Hence, should one order disproportioned grow, 375
Its double weight must ruin all below.
O then how blind to all that truth requires,
Who think it freedom when a part aspires!
Calm is my soul, nor apt to rise in arms,
Except when fast approaching danger warms; 380
But when contending chiefs blockade the throne,
Contracting regal power to stretch their own,
When I behold a factious band agree
To call it freedom when themselves are free,
Each wanton judge new penal statutes draw, 385
Laws grind the poor, and rich men rule the law,[45]
The wealth of climes where savage nations roam[46]
Pillaged from slaves to purchase slaves at home,
Fear, pity, justice, indignation start,
Tear off reserve, and bare my swelling heart; 390
Till half a patriot, half a coward grown,
I fly from petty tyrants to the throne.
Yes, brother, curse with me that baleful hour
When first ambition struck at regal power;
And thus polluting honor in its source, 395
Gave wealth to sway the mind with double force.
Have we not seen, round Britain's peopled shore,
Her useful sons exchanged for useless ore,[47]
Seen all her triumphs but destruction haste,
Like flaring tapers brightening as they waste? 400
Seen opulence, her grandeur to maintain,
Lead stern depopulation in her train,
And over fields where scattered hamlets rose
In barren solitary pomp repose?
Have we not seen at pleasure's lordly call 405
The smiling long-frequented village fall?
Beheld the duteous son, the sire decayed,[48]
The modest matron, and the blushing maid,
Forced from their homes, a melancholy train,[49]
To traverse climes beyond the western main; 410
Where wild Oswego[50] spreads her swamps around,
And Niagara[50] stuns with thund'ring sound?
Even now, perhaps, as there some pilgrim strays
Through tangled forests and through dangerous ways,
Where beasts with man divided empire claim, 415
And the brown Indian marks with murderous aim;
There, while above the giddy tempest flies,
And all around distressful yells arise,
The pensive exile, bending with his woe,
To stop too fearful, and too faint to go, 420
Casts a long look where England's glories shine,
And bids his bosom sympathize with mine.
Vain, very vain, my weary search to find
That bliss which only centers in the mind:
Why have I strayed from pleasure and repose, 425
To seek a good each government bestows?[51]
In every government, though terrors reign,
Though tyrant kings or tyrant laws restrain,
How small, of all that human hearts endure,
That part which laws or kings can cause or cure; 430
Still to ourselves in every place consigned,
Our own felicity we make or find:
With secret course, which no loud storms annoy,
Glides the smooth current of domestic joy.
The lifted ax, the agonizing wheel, 435
Luke's iron crown,[52] and Damiens' bed of steel,[53]
To men remote from power but rarely known,
Leave reason, faith, and conscience all our own.
NOTE.--Although many of the poet's statements are greatly exaggerated,
_The Traveller_ is interesting because it contains beautiful
descriptions and apt expressions of thought. The verse employed is the
heroic couplet, the favorite verse of the eighteenth-century poets.
The lines rhyme in pairs, and often a couplet expresses a complete
thought. Each line contains five feet, or measures.
[1.] Scheld. The Schelde, or Scheldt, empties into the North Sea near
Antwerp.
[2.] Carinthian boor. Carinthia is a province of Austria.
[3.] Campania's plain. Campania includes, among other districts, the
province of Naples.
[4.] My brother. Probably the poet alludes to his elder brother,
Henry, who lived in Ireland. To him he is said to have sent the first
part of his poem, from Switzerland.
[5.] Let school-taught pride, etc. _i.e._ let the philosopher pretend,
if he will, that material things are of small importance.
[6.] Swains, a name used by poets for young men living in the country,
especially lovers.
[7.] The line, the equinoctial line, the equator.
[8.] Idra's cliffs. Idria is a town among the mountains in Camiola,
Austria. Near it are mines of quicksilver.
[9.] Arno's shelvy side. _Shelvy_, or _shelving_, means _sloping
gradually_. Florence is on the Arno.
[10.] Either seems, etc. _Either_ properly signifies _one of two_; it
has occasionally been used for _one of several_, as Goldsmith uses it
here.
[11.] And honor sinks, etc., a sentiment common in the poet's day, but
entertained by few persons in these times. Formerly, in many European
countries, trade, even on a large scale, was considered belittling. A
gentleman's son might enter the Church, the army, or the navy, but he
must not become a merchant.
[12.] My proper cares, my own, my personal cares.
[13.] Gelid, cold.
[14.] To winnow, to fan.
[15.] Sensual bliss is all the nation knows. This has never been true
of the Italians. At the end of the fifteenth century Italy was the
center of European civilization; at the close of the sixteenth she was
exhausted and helpless; in 1748, by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, she
was divided among various European powers; after a long struggle the
greater part of the country was united under Victor Emmanuel, who was
proclaimed king in 1861. Italy has now, besides elementary and higher
schools, twenty-one universities.
[16.] For wealth was theirs. Venice, Genoa, and Florence were cities
of great wealth during the latter part of the Middle Ages.
[17.] The palace learnt to rise. Beside palaces, there are in Italy
many noted buildings which the poet must have seen. Among these are
St. Peter's in Rome, the cathedral in Milan, and St. Mark's in Venice.
[18.] Again the long-fallen column, etc. When architecture began to
flourish anew in Italy, early in the Middle Ages, many of the columns
used were taken from the ruins of buildings erected during the days of
the Roman Empire.
[19.] The canvas glowed. Giotto, born about 1266, was one of the first
of the Italian painters who gained distinction. Later came Leonardo da
Vinci, Raphael, Michelangelo, Titian, and many others. Michelangelo
(1475-1564) was sculptor, architect, and writer, as well as painter.
Benvenuto Cellini, born in 1500, was noted as goldsmith, sculptor, and
writer.
[20.] More unsteady than the southern gale, etc. The discovery of
America and the opening of a route to India by the way of the Cape of
Good Hope, seriously affected the commerce of the Italian seaports.
[21.] Plethoric ill, ill caused by excess.
[22.] Caesars. The name _Caesar_ was assumed by all the Roman
emperors. _Kaiser_ and _tsar_, or _csar_, come from the word.
[23.] A churlish soil. Nearly three-quarters of the soil of
Switzerland is productive. [Transcriber's note: the word "productive"
may be incorrect, given Switzerland's mountainous terrain, but it is
what was printed in the original book.]
[24.] The soldier and his sword. In former times the Swiss frequently
served as soldiers in different European countries as a means of
earning a living. Many monarchs had Swiss guards for their personal
safety.
[25.] Sees no contiguous palace. The peasant now sees hotels, if not
palaces. The Swiss hotels, like the Swiss roads, are among the best in
the world.
[26.] Bred in ignorance and toil. Switzerland has at present, beside
lower schools, seven institutions of higher learning, five of which are
universities.
[27.] Savage, savage beast. Few of these can be found in Switzerland
now.
[28.] With many a tale, etc. Possibly the poet alludes to his own
experiences.
[29.] Such are the charms, etc. In this and the following lines the
poet paints a picture that has not for centuries been true of the Swiss
a people. Their principal cities have long been centers of refinement
and of intellectual activity.
[30.] Gestic lore, the art of dancing.
[31.] Thus idly busy, etc. The French peasant has always been noted
for his industry and economy. This picture was drawn before the French
revolution, when the lower classes were miserably poor and the nobles
reckless in their extravagance. France has now a remarkable system of
public instruction and many large institutions of higher learning. In
matters where taste is concerned she still leads the world.
[32.] Frieze, coarse woolen cloth.
[33.] Holland is now known as The Netherlands. The sovereign is the
young queen Wilhelmina, who began to reign in 1898.
[34.] Rampire, a dam or dike.
[35.] From opulence that springs. Holland was a great commercial power
during the seventh [Transcriber's note: should probably be
"seventeenth"] century; then her commerce dwindled, and after 1713 she
was of small political importance. Of course the poet's description is
greatly exaggerated.
[36.] Dull as their lakes. The Netherlands can at present boast of
four public universities.
[37.] Belgic sires. _Belgae_ was the name given to the early
inhabitants of Holland and certain regions near that country.
[38.] Lawns, cleared places in a wood; not cultivated grassland near a
house, as now.
[39.] Arcadian pride. Arcadia is an inland country in Greece, often
mentioned by poets as a place of ideal beauty.
[40.] Famed Hydaspis. The river Jhelum, or Jhelam, in India, about
which many fabulous stories used to be told. One was, that its sands
were of gold.
[41.] The self-dependent lordlings. Probably in no country in the
world have the nobility been so popular as in England. It has been
said that an Englishman "dearly loves a lord."
[42.] Repelling and repelled. Goldsmith, who grew up among the
warm-hearted people of Lissoy, was doubtless often hurt by the apparent
coldness of his English friends.
[43.] One sink of level avarice. At the time _The Traveller_ was
written many noted English statesmen had low moral standards and were
willing to use corrupt means to gain their ends. Still, the great body
of the people were but slightly affected by this state of things, and
England was soon to enter upon a new and better era.
[44.] Those who think, etc. Americans believe that the thinkers should
toil and the toilers think. When Goldsmith's line was written great
ignorance prevailed among the working classes in all European countries.
[45.] Rich men rule the law. Bribery was common in England at the
time. Although conditions gradually improved, many abuses remained
until they were swept away by the famous Reform Bill of 1832.
[46.] The wealth of climes, etc. It will be remembered that England
was having serious trouble at the time this poem was written, both with
the people of India and with the American colonists.
[47.] Her useful sons, etc. The slave trade was not abolished in the
British Empire until 1807.
[48.] Decayed, fallen as to social condition.
[49.] Forced from their homes. Many Englishmen came to America
willingly. The poet fails to understand the adventurous spirit of the
emigrant.
[50.] Oswego; Niagara. At this time the regions named were in the
wilderness. Note the poet's pronunciation of _Niagara_.
[51.] A good each government bestows. It would not be easy to mention
the special good bestowed by certain governments; by that of Turkey,
for instance.
[52.] Luke's iron crown. George Dosia, with his brother Luke, headed
an unsuccessful revolt in Hungary in the sixteenth century.
George--not Luke--was put to death by means of a red-hot iron crown.
In the Middle Ages this punishment was sometimes employed in the case
of persons who had attempted to seize the royal power.
[53.] Damiens' bed of steel. Robert Francois Damiens attempted to
assassinate Louis XV in 1757. Before being put to death he was cruelly
tortured, but the "bed of steel" was not used.
THE DESERTED VILLAGE
Sweet Auburn! loveliest village of the plain;
Where health and plenty cheered the laboring swain,
Where smiling spring its earliest visit paid,
And parting summer's lingering blooms delayed:
Dear lovely bowers of innocence and ease, 5
Seats of my youth, when every sport could please,
How often have I loitered o'er thy green,
Where humble happiness endeared each scene!
How often have I paused on every charm,
The sheltered cot, the cultivated farm, 10
The never-failing brook, the busy mill,
The decent[1] church that topped the neighboring hill,
The hawthorn bush, with seats beneath the shade,
For talking age and whispering lovers made!
How often have I blessed the coming day, 15
When toil remitting lent its turn to play,
And all the village train, from labor free,
Led up their sports beneath the spreading tree,
While many a pastime circled in the shade,
The young contending as the old surveyed; 20
And many a gambol frolicked o'er the ground,
And sleights of art and feats of strength went round.
And still, as each repeated pleasure tired,
Succeeding sports the mirthful band inspired,
The dancing pair that simply sought renown 25
By holding out to tire each other down;
The swain mistrustless of his smutted face,
While secret laughter tittered round the place;
The bashful virgin's sidelong looks of love,
The matron's glance that would those looks reprove, 30
These were thy charms, sweet village! sports like these,
With sweet succession, taught even toil to please:
These round thy bowers their cheerful influence shed:
These were thy charms--but all these charms are fled.
Sweet smiling village, loveliest of the lawn,[2] 35
Thy sports are fled, and all thy charms withdrawn;
Amidst thy bowers the tyrant's hand is seen,
And desolation saddens all thy green:
One only master[3] grasps the whole domain,
And half a tillage stints thy smiling plain. 40
No more thy glassy brook reflects the day,
But, choked with sedges, works its weedy way;
Along thy glades, a solitary guest,
The hollow sounding bittern guards its nest;
Amidst thy desert walks the lapwing flies, 45
And tires their echoes with unvaried cries;
Sunk are thy bowers in shapeless ruin all,
And the long grass o'ertops the mouldering wall;
And trembling, shrinking from the spoiler's hand,
Far, far away thy children leave the land. 50
Ill fares the land, to hastening ills a prey,
Where wealth accumulates, and men decay:[4]
Princes and lords may nourish, or may fade;
A breath can make them, as a breath has made:[5]
But a bold peasantry, their country's pride, 55
When once destroyed, can never be supplied.
A time there was, ere England's griefs began,[6]
When every rood of ground maintained its man;
For him light labor spread her wholesome store,
Just gave what life required, but gave no more: 60
His best companions, innocence and health;
And his best riches, ignorance of wealth.
But times are altered; trade's unfeeling train
Usurp the land and dispossess the swain;
Along the lawn, where scattered hamlets rose, 65
Unwieldy wealth and cumbrous pomp repose,
And every want to opulence allied,
And every pang that folly pays to pride.
These gentle hours that plenty bade to bloom,
Those calm desires that asked but little room, 70
Those healthful sports that graced the peaceful scene,
Lived in each look, and brightened all the green;
These, far departing, seek a kinder shore,
And rural mirth and manners are no more.
Sweet Auburn! parent of the blissful hour, 75
Thy glades forlorn confess the tyrant's power.
Here, as I take my solitary rounds
Amidst thy tangling walks and ruined grounds,
And, many a year elapsed, return to view
Where once the cottage stood, the hawthorn grew, 80
Remembrance wakes with all her busy train,
Swells at my breast, and turns the past to pain,
In all my wanderings round this world of care,
In all my griefs--and GOD has given my share--
I still had hopes, my latest hours to crown, 85
Amidst these humble bowers to lay me down;
To husband out[7] life's taper at the close,
And keep the flame from wasting by repose:
I still had hopes, for pride attends us still,
Amidst the swains to show my book-learned skill, 90
Around my fire an evening group to draw,
And tell of all I felt, and all I saw;
And, as an hare[8] whom hounds and horns pursue
Pants to[9] the place from whence at first she flew,
I still had hopes, my long vexations past, 95
Here to return--and die at home at last.
O blest retirement, friend to life's decline,
Retreats from care, that never must be mine,
How happy he who crowns in shades like these
A youth of labor with an age of ease; 100
Who quits a world where strong temptations try,
And, since 't is hard to combat, learns to fly!
For him no wretches, born to work and weep,
Explore the mine, or tempt the dangerous deep;
No surly porter stands in guilty state,[3] 105
To spurn imploring famine from the gate;
But on he moves to meet his latter end,
Angels around befriending Virtue's friend;
Bends to the grave with unperceived decay,
While resignation gently slopes the way; 110
And, all his prospects brightening to the last,
His heaven commences ere the world be past!
Sweet was the sound, when oft at evening's close
Up, yonder hill the village murmur rose.
There, as I passed with careless steps and slow, 115
The mingling notes came softened from below;
The swain responsive as the milk-maid sung,
The sober herd that lowed to meet their young,
The noisy geese that gabbled o'er the pool,
The playful children just let loose from school, 120
The watch-dog's voice that bayed the whispering wind,
And the loud laugh that spoke the vacant mind;--
These all in sweet confusion sought the shade,
And filled each pause the nightingale had made.
But now the sounds of population fail, 125
No cheerful murmurs fluctuate in the gale,
No busy steps the grass-grown foot-way tread,
For all the bloomy flush of life is fled.
All but yon widowed, solitary thing,
That feebly bends beside the plashy spring: 130
She, wretched matron, forced in age, for bread,
To strip the brook with mantling cresses spread,
To pick her wintry faggot from the thorn,
To seek her nightly shed, and weep till morn;
She only left of all the harmless train, 135
The sad historian of the pensive plain.
Near yonder copse, where once the garden smiled,
And still where many a garden flower grows wild;
There, where a few torn shrubs the place disclose,
The village preacher's modest mansion rose.[11] 140
A man he was to all the country dear,
And passing[12] rich with forty pounds a year;
Remote from towns he ran his godly race,
Nor e'er had changed, nor wished to change his place;
Unpracticed he to fawn, or seek for power, 145
By doctrines fashioned to the varying hour;[13]
Far other aims his heart had learned to prize,
More skilled to raise the wretched than to rise.
His house was known to all the vagrant train;
He chid their wanderings but relieved their pain: 150
The long-remembered beggar was his guest,
Whose beard descending swept his aged breast;
The ruined spendthrift, now no longer proud,
Claimed kindred there, and had his claims allowed;
The broken soldier, kindly bade to stay, 155
Sat by his fire, and talked the night away,
Wept o'er his wounds or tales of sorrow done,
Shouldered his crutch and shewed how fields were won,
Pleased with his guests, the good man learned to glow,
And quite forgot their vices in their woe; 160
Careless their merits or their faults to scan,
His pity gave ere charity began.[14]
Thus to relieve the wretched was his pride,
And e'en his failings leaned to Virtue's side;
But in his duty prompt at every call, 165
He watched and wept, he prayed and felt for all;
And, as a bird each fond endearment tries
To tempt its new-fledged offspring to the skies,
He tried each art, reproved each dull delay,
Allured to brighter worlds, and led the way. 170
Beside the bed where parting life was laid,
And sorrow, guilt, and pain by turns dismayed,
The reverend champion stood. At his control
Despair and anguish fled the struggling soul;[15]
Comfort came down the trembling wretch to raise, 175
And his last faltering accents whispered praise.
At church, with meek and unaffected grace,
His looks adorned the venerable place;
Truth from his lips prevailed with double sway,
And fools, who came to scoff, remained to pray. 180
The service past, around the pious man,
With steady zeal, each honest rustic ran,
Even children followed with endearing wile,
And plucked his gown to share the good man's smile.
His ready smile a parent's warmth expressed; 185
Their welfare pleased him, and their cares distressed:
To them his heart, his love, his griefs were given,
But all his serious thoughts had rest in heaven.
As some tall cliff that lifts its awful form,[16]
Swells from the vale, and midway leaves the storm, 190
Tho' round its breast the rolling clouds are spread,
Eternal sunshine settles on its head.
Beside yon straggling fence that skirts the way,
With blossomed furze unprofitably gay,
There, in his noisy mansion, skilled to rule, 195
The village master taught his little school.
A man severe he was, and stern to view;
I knew him well, and every truant knew:
Well had the boding tremblers learned to trace
The day's disasters in his morning face; 200
Full well they laughed with counterfeited glee
At all his jokes, for many a joke had he;
Full well the busy whisper circling round
Conveyed the dismal tidings when he frowned.
Yet he was kind, or, if severe in aught, 205
The love he bore to learning was in fault;
The village all declared how much he knew:
'Twas certain he could write, and cypher[17] too;
Lands he could measure, terms and tides presage,[18]
And even the story ran that he could gauge:[19] 210
In arguing, too, the parson owned his skill,
For, even though vanquished, he could argue still;
While words of learned length and thundering sound
Amazed the gazing rustics ranged around;
And still they gazed, and still the wonder grew, 215
That one small head could carry all he knew.
But past is all his fame. The very spot
Where many a time he triumphed is forgot.
Near yonder thorn, that lifts its head on high,
Where once the sign-post caught the passing eye, 220
Low lies that house where nut-brown draughts inspired,
Where grey-beard mirth and smiling toil retired,
Where village statesmen talked with looks profound,
And news much older than their ale went round.
Imagination fondly stoops to trace 225
The parlor splendors of that festive place:
The white-washed wall, the nicely sanded floor,
The varnished clock that clicked behind the door;
The chest contrived a double debt to pay,
A bed by night, a chest of drawers by day; 230
The pictures placed for ornament and use,
The twelve good rules,[20] the royal game of goose;
The hearth, except when winter chilled the day,
With aspen boughs and flowers and fennel gay;
While broken tea-cups, wisely kept for shew, 235
Ranged o'er the chimney, glistened in a row.
Vain transitory splendors! could not all
Reprieve the tottering mansion from its fall?
Obscure it sinks, nor shall it more impart
An hour's importance to the poor man's heart. 240
Thither no more the peasant shall repair
To sweet oblivion of his daily care;
No more the farmer's news, the barber's tale,
No more the woodman's ballad shall prevail;
No more the smith his dusky brow shall clear, 245
Relax his ponderous strength, and lean to hear;
The host himself no longer shall be found
Careful to see the mantling bliss go round;
Nor the coy maid, half willing to be pressed,
Shall kiss the cup to pass it to the rest. 250
Yes! let the rich deride, the proud disdain,
These simple blessings of the lowly train;
To me more dear, congenial to my heart,
One native charm, than all the gloss of art;
Spontaneous joys, where Nature has its play, 255
The soul adopts, and owns their firstborn sway;
Lightly they frolic o'er the vacant mind,
Unenvied, unmolested, unconfined.
But the long pomp, the midnight masquerade,
With all the freaks of wanton wealth arrayed-- 260
In these, ere triflers half their wish obtain,
The toiling pleasure sickens into pain;
And, e'en while fashion's brightest arts decoy,
The heart distrusting asks if this be joy.
Ye friends to truth, ye statesman who survey 265
The rich man's joys increase, the poor's decay,
'T is yours to judge how wide the limits stand
Between a splendid and an happy land.
Proud swells the tide with loads of freighted ore,
And shouting Folly hails them from her shore; 270
Hoards e'en beyond the miser's wish abound,[21]
And rich men flock from all the world around.
Yet count our gains. This wealth is but a name
That leaves our useful products still the same.
Not so the loss. The man of wealth and pride 275
Takes up a space that many poor supplied;
Space for his lake, his park's extended bounds,
Space for his horses, equipage, and hounds:
The robe that wraps his limbs in silken sloth
Has robbed the neighboring fields of half
their growth;[22] 280
His seat, where solitary sports are seen,
Indignant spurns the cottage from the green:
Around the world each needful product flies,
For all the luxuries the world supplies;
While thus the land adorned for pleasure all 285
In barren splendor feebly waits the fall.
As some fair female unadorned and plain,
Secure to please while youth confirms her reign,
Slights every borrowed charm that dress supplies,
Nor shares with art the triumph of her eyes; 290
But when those charms are past, for charms are frail,
When time advances, and when lovers fail,
She then shines forth, solicitous to bless,
In all the glaring impotence of dress.
Thus fares the land by luxury betrayed: 295
In nature's simplest charms at first arrayed,
But verging to decline, its splendors rise;
Its vistas strike, its palaces surprise:
While, scourged by famine from the smiling land,
The mournful peasant leads his humble band, 300
And while he sinks, without one arm to save,
The country blooms--a garden and a grave.
Where then, ah! where, shall poverty reside,
To scape the pressure of contiguous pride?
If to some common's fenceless limits strayed 305
He drives his flock to pick the scanty blade,
Those fenceless fields the sons of wealth divide,
And even the bare-worn common is denied.
If to the city sped--what waits him there?
To see profusion that he must not share, 310
To see ten thousand baneful arts combined
To pamper luxury, and thin mankind;[23]
To see those joys the sons of pleasure know
Extorted from his fellow-creature's woe.
Here while the courtier glitters in brocade, 315
There the pale artist plies the sickly trade;
Here while the proud their long-drawn pomps display,
There the black gibbet glooms beside the way,
The dome where pleasure holds her midnight reign
Here, richly decked, admits the gorgeous train: 320
Tumultuous grandeur crowds the blazing square,
The rattling chariots clash, the torches glare.
Sure scenes like these no troubles e'er annoy!
Sure these denote one universal joy!
Are these thy serious thoughts?--Ah, turn thine eyes 325
Where the poor houseless shivering female lies.
She once, perhaps, in village plenty blessed,
Has wept at tales of innocence distressed;
Her modest looks the cottage might adorn,
Sweet as the primrose peeps beneath the thorn: 330
Now lost to all; her friends, her virtue fled,
Near her betrayer's door she lays her head,
And, pinched with cold, and shrinking from the shower,
With heavy heart deplores that luckless hour,
When idly first, ambitious of the town, 335
She left her wheel and robes of country brown.
Do thine, sweet Auburn,--thine, the loveliest train,--
Do thy fair tribes participate[24] her pain?
Even now, perhaps, by cold and hunger led,
At proud men's doors they ask a little bread! 340
Ah, no! To distant climes, a dreary scene,
Where half the convex world intrudes between,
Through torrid tracts with fainting steps they go,
Where wild Altama[25] murmurs to their woe.
Far different there from all that charmed before 345
The various terrors of that horrid shore;
Those blazing suns that dart a downward ray,
And fiercely shed intolerable day;
Those matted woods, where birds forget to sing,
But silent bats in drowsy clusters cling; 350
Those poisonous fields with rank luxuriance crowned,
Where the dark scorpion gathers death around;
Where at each step the stranger fears to wake
The rattling terrors of the vengeful snake;
Where crouching tigers[26] wait their hapless prey, 355
And savage men more murderous still than they;
While oft in whirls the mad tornado flies,
Mingling the ravaged landscape with the skies.
Far different these from every former scene,
The cooling brook, the grassy vested green, 360
The breezy covert of the warbling grove,
That only sheltered thefts of harmless love.
Good Heaven! what sorrows gloomed that parting day,
That called them from their native walks away;
When the poor exiles, every pleasure past, 365
Hung round the bowers, and fondly looked their last,
And took a long farewell, and wished in vain
For seats like these beyond the western main,
And shuddering still to face the distant deep,
Returned and wept, and still returned to weep. 370
The good old sire the first prepared to go
To new found worlds, and wept for others' woe;
But for himself, in conscious virtue brave,
He only wished for worlds beyond the grave.
His lovely daughter, lovelier in her tears, 375
The fond companion of his helpless years,
Silent went next, neglectful of her charms,
And left a lover's for a father's arms.
With louder plaints the mother spoke her woes,
And blessed the cot where every pleasure rose, 380
And kissed her thoughtless babes with many a tear,
And clasped them close, in sorrow doubly dear,
Whilst her fond husband strove to lend relief
In all the silent manliness of grief.
O luxury! thou cursed by Heaven's decree, 385
How ill exchanged are things like these for thee!
How do thy potions, with insidious joy,
Diffuse their pleasure only to destroy!
Kingdoms by thee, to sickly greatness grown,
Boast of a florid vigor not their own. 390
At every draught more large and large they grow,
A bloated mass of rank unwieldy woe;
Till sapped their strength, and every part unsound,
Down, down they sink, and spread a ruin round.
Even now the devastation is begun, 395
And half the business of destruction done;
Even now, methinks, as pondering here I stand,
I see the rural virtues leave the land.
Down where yon anchoring vessel spreads the sail,
That idly waiting flaps with every gale, 400
Downward they move, a melancholy band,
Pass from the shore, and darken all the strand.
Contented toil, and hospitable care,
And kind connubial tenderness, are there;
And piety with wishes placed above, 405
And steady loyalty, and faithful love.
And thou, sweet Poetry, thou loveliest maid,
Still first to fly where sensual joys invade;
Unfit in these degenerate times of shame
To catch the heart, or strike for honest fame; 410
Dear charming nymph, neglected and decried,
My shame in crowds, my solitary pride;
Thou source of all my bliss, and all my woe,
That found'st me poor at first, and keep'st me so;
Thou guide by which the nobler arts excel, 415
Thou nurse of every virtue, fare thee well!
Farewell, and O! where'er thy voice be tried,
On Torno's cliffs,[27] or Pambamarca's side,[28]
Whether where equinoctial fervors glow,
Or winter wraps the polar world in snow, 420
Still let thy voice, prevailing over time,
Redress the rigors of the inclement clime;
Aid slighted truth with thy persuasive strain;
Teach erring man to spurn the rage of gain;
Teach him, that states of native strength possessed, 425
Though very poor, may still be very blest;
That trade's proud empire hastes to swift decay,
As ocean sweeps the labored mole[29] away;
While self-dependent power can time defy,
As rocks resist the billows and the sky. 430
NOTE.--_The Deserted Village_, published in 1770, was immediately
popular, and to-day few English poems are so widely read or so often
quoted. If the poet had in mind any special place when writing of
"Sweet Auburn," it was probably Lissoy, in Ireland, where he grew up;
but the village of his imagination is lovelier than any actual spot,
and there is no use in hunting for it on the map. See the first note
on _The Traveller_ for remarks on metre, etc.
[1.] Decent, appropriate, fitting. Consult the dictionary for the
present meanings of the word.
[2.] Lawn, a cleared space in a wood.
[3.] One only master, etc. Sometimes, in England or in Ireland a
wealthy man would buy a large tract of land, pull down the house and
turn the entire region into parks or hunting grounds. Such a man was
not necessarily a tyrant. In many cases the villages demolished were
deserted because the inhabitants had left them to seek more comfortable
homes across the ocean.
[4.] Decay, _i.e._ deteriorate, lose their high moral character.
Although this is not the inevitable consequence of great wealth, it is
certainly one of its dangers.
[5.] A breath can make them. Breath was used by older writers in the
sense of words. The poet's meaning is, that kings can easily make new
lords by conferring titles upon their favorites. This was a common
practice in former times. Now, in England, titles are usually given as
a reward for distinguished merit, as in the case of Alfred Lord
Tennyson, the famous poet.
[6.] Ere England's griefs began. The student of history finds that
there never was such a time. Although there are serious evils in all
civilized countries to-day, especially in the condition of the poorest
people in large cities, the workingman is, on the whole, far better off
than he was hundreds of years ago, or even at the beginning of the
nineteenth century.
[7.] To husband out, to use or manage with economy. The _out_ is
superfluous in prose.
[8.] An hare. _An_ was formerly used before words beginning with _h_,
even when that letter was sounded, and also before words beginning with
a vowel.
[9.] Pants to, eagerly longs for.
[10.] No surly porter, etc. While the poet was exaggerating when he
said this, nevertheless it is true that the feeling of responsibility
for poor and the unfortunate was less widespread among the well-to-do
in his day than it is now.
[11.] The village preacher's, etc. There is no doubt that the poet was
thinking of his own father when he drew the sketch that follows--one of
the most charming character sketches in English literature. To find
its like in poetry one must go back to Chaucer's picture of the "poor
parson" in the _Prologue to the Canterbury Tales_. Goldsmith's
"village preacher" first appeared in the _Vicar of Wakefield_, in that
delightful character, Parson Primrose.
[12.] Passing, surpassingly.
[13.] Unpracticed he, etc. Clergymen have in some instances changed
their creeds to gain favor with those in authority.
[14.] His pity gave, etc., _i.e._ he gave from warm human sympathy
rather than from a religious, and perhaps a colder, sentiment.
[15.] Fled the struggling soul. _Fled_ is sometimes used transitively
by older writers.
[16.] Awful form. Notice how effective _awful_ is when properly used.
[17.] Cypher, do sums in arithmetic; not often used now.
[18.] Terms and tides presage, _i.e._ the schoolmaster could tell when
courts were to be held and when certain tides (times), such as
Whitsuntide or Easter, would come.
[19.] Gauge, measure. The word is applied especially to determining
the capacity of casks and other vessels containing alcoholic liquors.
These had to be carefully measured, so that the government should
receive the specified tax.
[20.] The twelve good rules. Among these are: "Reveal no secrets,"
"Keep no bad company." They can be found in Hales' _Longer English
Poems_, p. 353.
[24.] Participate, share.
[25.] Altama, the Altamaha, a river in Georgia.
[26.] Crouching tigers. It is evident that the poet is indulging his
imagination. The people of Georgia doubtless find this description of
their country amusing if not accurate.
[27.] Torno's cliffs. Perhaps the poet refers to some region near the
river Torneo, or Tornea, which flows into the Gulf of Bothnia.
[28.] Pambamarca's side. Pambamarca is a mountain in Ecuador.
[29.] Labored mole, carefully constructed breakwater.
ROBERT BURNS
1759-1796
Probably the poetry of "Robbie Burns, the Ayrshire Ploughman," is known
to more English-speaking people than that of any other writer--not
excepting even Shakespeare, for many a person who never reads a book is
familiar with _John Anderson_, _My Jo_, _Auld Lang Syne_, and _Bonie
Doon_, though he may not know or care who wrote these famous songs.
The Scotch poet was born at Alloway in Ayrshire, where his father
cultivated a small farm. He was the eldest of seven children. Before
he was eight years old the family removed to Mt. Oliphant, and later to
Lochlea. Here, in 1784, the father died, worn out with incessant toil,
which ended only in disappointment. The family were so poor that
Robert was obliged to work hard even when very young, and at fifteen he
was his father's chief helper. In later years he described his life at
Mt. Oliphant as combining "the cheerless gloom of a hermit with the
unceasing moil of a galley slave." But poets are given to
exaggeration, and doubtless the attractive picture of home life which
he afterwards painted in the _Cotter's Saturday Night_ is true in the
main of the life in his father's cottage.
In his father, Burns was most fortunate, for he was a man of strict
integrity, and strong religious faith. The education of his children
was, in his judgment, so important that when they were unable to attend
school he taught them himself, notwithstanding his exhausting labors on
the farm. The family as a whole were fond of reading. Among their
books the poet mentions certain plays of Shakespeare, Pope's
works,--including his translation of Homer,--the _Spectator_, Allan
Ramsay's writings, and several volumes on religious and philosophical
subjects. Probably in this list the Bible should stand first. He
himself studied the art of verse-making in a collection of songs. He
says: "I pored over them, driving my cart or walking to labor, song by
song, carefully noting the true tender or sublime from affectation or
fustian. I am convinced that I owe to this practice much of my
critic-craft, such as it is!" His first song, composed when he was
fifteen, was inspired by a young girl who worked at his side in the
harvest field.
Robert and his brother Gilbert had taken a farm at Mossgiel, not far
away, while their father was still living, and after his death they
removed there, taking with them the rest of the family. Unfortunately
the farm did not prosper. On reaching the age of twenty-seven the poet
determined to go to Jamaica where he had been promised a position as
overseer of an estate. In order to raise money to pay his passage he
published a volume of poems. The returns were small, but the fame of
the writer spread so rapidly that he was persuaded to remain in his own
country and publish a second edition of his poems in Edinburgh.
The two winters which he spent in the Scotch capital at this time form
an interesting episode in his life. He was the lion of the day in
literary circles. Many persons who met him have told how he impressed
them; but the most interesting account is that of Walter Scott, then a
youth of sixteen. He says of Burns: "His person was strong and robust;
his manner rustic, not clownish; a sort of dignified plainness and
simplicity. His countenance was more massive than it looks in any of
the portraits. . . There was a strong expression of sense and
shrewdness in all his lineaments; the eye alone, I think, indicated the
poetical character and temperament. It was large, and of a dark cast,
which glowed (I say literally glowed), when he spoke, with feeling or
interest. I never saw such another eye in a human head, though I have
seen the most distinguished men of my time."
In 1788 the poet married Jane Armour, and the following year settled
with her on a farm at Ellisland, near Dumfries. Finding it impossible
to make a living for his increasing family as a farmer, he obtained
through friends the place of exciseman for the surrounding region.
This position obliged him to ride more than two hundred miles a week,
collecting government taxes. In 1791 he moved to the town of Dumfries.
The following year he came near losing his place through an act of
indiscretion which proved him to be more poet than exciseman. He
bought four guns which had come into the possession of the government
through the seizure of a smuggling vessel, and sent them with
expressions of admiration and sympathy to the French Legislative
Assembly. These were the early days of the Revolution when young men
in many parts of the world were enthusiastic in their support of the
movement. Fortunately the guns failed to reach their destination, and
the poet having made his peace with the authorities kept his position
until failing health obliged him to give it up. During his later years
he wrote little but songs, and for these he would take no money,
although he was, as ever, a poor man. He died in 1796, at the age of
thirty-seven. In 1815 his remains were transferred to a mausoleum
built as a tribute to his genius.
As a man, Burns was far from perfect. His passions were strong and he
never learned to control them, and in consequence he had reason to
repent bitterly many a rash act. Yet he was brave and honest; he had a
righteous hatred of hypocrisy; as the champion of the humble, he
claimed for the poorest the full privileges of sturdy manhood; he cared
heartily for his fellowmen and had a place in his affections even for
the field-mouse and the daisy. Because his verse beats with the
passions of his fiery and sympathetic nature, the world loves him as it
loves few other poets. Among the best known of his productions are
_The Cotter's Saturday Night_, _Tam o' Shanter_, _Address to the Unco
Guid_, _To a Mouse_, and _To a Mountain Daisy_. In speaking of his
songs, one might mention first, _Scots Wha Hae_,--composed in the midst
of tempests, while the poet was riding over a wild Galloway moor,--and
next, _Highland Mary_ and _A Man's a Man for a' That_; but there is no
need of enumerating the songs of Burns. As Emerson has said, "The wind
whispers them, the birds whistle them, the corn, barley, and bulrushes
hoarsely rustle them. . . . They are the property and the solace of
mankind."
THE COTTER'S SATURDAY NIGHT[*]
My loved, my honored, much respected friend![1]
No mercenary bard his homage pays;
With honest pride I scorn each selfish end,
My dearest meed, a friend's esteem and praise:
To you I sing, in simple Scottish lays, 5
The lowly train in life's sequestered scene;
The native feelings strong, the guileless ways;
What Aikin in a cottage would have been;
Ah! tho' his worth unknown, far happier there, I ween![2]
November chill blaws loud wi' angry sugh;[3] 10
The short'ning winter-day is near a close;
The miry beasts retreating frae[4] the pleugh;[5]
The black'ning trains o' craws[6] to their repose:
The toil-worn Cotter frae his labor goes,
This night his weekly moil[7] is at an end, 15
Collects his spades, his mattocks,[8] and his hoes,
Hoping the morn[9] in ease and rest to spend,
And weary, o'er the moor, his course does homeward[10] bend.
At length his lonely cot appears in view,
Beneath the shelter of an aged tree; 20
Th' expectant wee-things, toddlin, stacher[11] through
To meet their dad, wi' flichterin'[12] noise and glee.
His wee bit ingle,[13] blinkin bonilie,[14]
His clean hearth-stane,[15] his thrifty wine's smile,
The lisping infant prattling on his knee, 25
Does a' his weary kiaugh and care beguile,[16]
And makes him quite forget his labor and his toil,
Belyve the elder bairns come drapping in,[17]
At service out, amang the farmers roun';
Some ca'[18] the pleugh, some herd, some tentie rin 30
A cannie errand to a neebor town:[19]
Their eldest hope, their Jenny, woman grown,
In youthfu' bloom, love sparkling in her e'e,[20]
Comes hame, perhaps, to shew a braw[21] new gown,
Or deposite her sair-won penny-fee,[22] 35
To help her parents dear, if they in hardship be.
With joy unfeigned brothers and sisters meet,
And each for other's weelfare kindly spiers:[23]
The social hours, swift-winged, unnoticed fleet;
Each tells the uncos[24] that he sees or hears. 40
The parents, partial, eye their hopeful years;
Anticipation forward points the view;
The mother wi' her needle and her sheers[25]
Gars auld claes look amaist as weel 's the new;[26]
The father mixes a' wi' admonition due. 45
Their master's and their mistress's command
The younkers[27] a' are warned to obey;
And mind their labors wi' an eydent[28] hand,
And ne'er, though out o' sight, to jauk[29] or play:
"And O! be sure to fear the Lord alway, 50
And mind your duty, duly, morn and night;
Lest in temptation's path ye gang[30] astray,
Implore His counsel and assisting might:
They never sought in vain that sought the Lord aright!"
But hark! a rap comes gently to the door; 55
Jenny, wha kens[31] the meaning o' the same,
Tells how a neebor[32] lad came o'er the moor
To do some errands, and convoy her hame.
The wily mother sees the conscious flame
Sparkle in Jenny's e'e, and flush her cheek; 60
With heart-struck, anxious care, inquires his name,
While Jenny hafflins[33] is afraid to speak;
Weel pleased the mother hears, it's nae[34]
wild, worthless rake.
With kindly welcome Jenny brings him ben;[35]
A strappin' youth, he takes the mother's eye; 65
Blithe Jenny sees the visit's no ill taen;[36]
The father cracks[37] of horses, pleughs, and kye.[38]
The youngster's artless heart o'erflows wi' joy,
But blate and laithfu',[39] scarce can weel behave;
The mother, wi' a woman's wiles,[40] can spy 70
What makes the youth sae[41] bashfu' and sae grave;
Weel-pleased to think her bairn's respected like the lave.[42]
O happy love! where love like this is found:
O heart-felt raptures! bliss beyond compare!
I've paced much this weary, mortal round, 75
And sage experience bids me this declare,--
"If Heaven a draught of heav'nly pleasure spare,
One cordial, in this melancholy vale,
'T is when a youthful, loving, modest pair
In other's arms breathe out the tender tale 80
Beneath the milk-white thorn that scents the ev'ning gale."
Is there, in human form, that bears a heart,
A wretch! a villain! lost to love and truth!
That can with studied, sly, ensnaring art
Betray sweet Jenny's unsuspecting youth? 85
Curse on his perjured arts! dissembling, smooth!
Are honor, virtue, conscience, all exiled?
Is there no pity, no relenting ruth,[43]
Points to the parents fondling' o'er their child?
Then paints the ruined maid, and their distraction wild! 90
But now the supper crowns their simple board,
The healsome parritch, chief o' Scotia's food;[44]
The soupe[45] their only hawkie[46] does afford,
That 'yont the hallan snugly chows her cood;[47]
The dame brings forth in complimental mood, 95
To grace the lad, her weel-hained kebbuck, fell;[48]
And aft he's pressed, and aft he ca's it guid;[49]
The frugal wine, garrulous, will tell,
How 't was a towmond auld, sin' lint was i' the bell.[50]
The cheerfu' supper done, wi' serious face 100
They round the ingle form a circle wide;
The sire turns o'er wi' patriarchal grace
The big ha'-Bible,[51] ance[52] his father's pride.
His bonnet[53] rev'rently is laid aside,
His lyart haffets[54] wearing thin and bare; 105
Those strains that once did sweet in Zion glide,[55]
He wales[56] a portion with judicious care;
And, "Let us worship God!" he says, with solemn air.
They chant their artless notes in simple guise;
They tune their hearts, by far the noblest aim: 110
Perhaps _Dundee's_[57] wild warbling measures rise,
Or plaintive _Martyrs_,[57] worthy of the name;
Or noble _Elgin_[57] beets[58] the heavenward flame,
The sweetest far of Scotia's holy lays.
Compared with these, Italian trills are tame; 115
The tickled ears no heart-felt raptures raise,
Nae unison hae they with our Creator's praise.[59]
The priest-like father reads the sacred page,
How Abram was the friend of God on high;[60]
Or, Moses bade eternal warfare wage 120
With Amalek's ungracious progeny;[61]
Or, how the royal Bard[62] did groaning lie
Beneath the stroke of Heaven's avenging ire;
Or Job's pathetic plaint,[63] and wailing cry;
Or rapt Isaiah's wild, seraphic fire; 125
Or other holy Seers that tune the sacred lyre.
Perhaps the Christian volume[64] is the theme:
How guiltless blood for guilty man was shed;
How He, who bore in heaven the second name,
Had not on earth whereon to lay His head; 130
How His first followers and servants sped;[65]
The precepts sage they wrote to many a land:[66]
How he, who lone in Patmos banished,
Saw in the sun a mighty angel stand,
And heard great Bab'lon's doom pronounced
by Heaven's command.[67] 135
Then kneeling down to Heaven's Eternal King,
The saint, the father, and the husband prays:
Hope "springs exulting on triumphant wing,"[68]
That thus they all shall meet in future days,
There ever bask in uncreated rays, 140
No more to sigh, or shed the bitter tear,
Together hymning their Creator's praise,
In such society, yet still more dear;
While circling Time moves round in an eternal sphere.
Compared with this, how poor Religion's pride, 145
In all the pomp of method, and of art;
When men display to congregations wide
Devotion's ev'ry grace, except the heart,
The Power,[69] incensed, the pageant will desert,
The pompous strain, the sacerdotal stole; 150
But haply,[70] in some cottage far apart,
May hear, well pleased, the language of the soul,
And in His Book of Life the inmates poor enroll.
Then homeward all take off their sev'ral way;
The youngling cottagers retire to rest: 155
The parent-pair their secret homage pay,
And proffer up to Heaven the warm request,
That He who stills the raven's clam'rous nest,
And decks the lily fair in flow'ry pride,
Would, in the way His wisdom sees the best, 160
For them and for their little ones provide;
But, chiefly, in their hearts with Grace Divine preside.
From scenes like these old Scotia's grandeur springs,
That makes her loved at home, revered abroad;
Princes and lords are but the breath of kings,[71] 165
"An honest man's the noblest work of God:"[72]
And certes,[73] in fair Virtue's heavenly road,
The cottage leaves the palace far behind;
What is a lordling's pomp? a cumbrous load,
Disguising oft the wretch of human kind, 170
Studied in arts of hell, in wickedness refined!
O Scotia[1] my dear, my native soil!
For whom my warmest wish to Heaven is sent!
Long may thy hardy sons of rustic toil
Be blest with health, and peace, and sweet content! 175
And, O! may Heaven their simple lives prevent
From luxury's contagion, weak and vile!
Then, howe'er crowns and coronets be rent,
A virtuous populace may rise the while,
And stand a wall of fire around their much-loved Isle. 180
O Thou! who poured the patriotic tide
That streamed thro' Wallace's undaunted heart,[74]
Who dared to nobly stem tyrannic pride,
Or nobly die, the second glorious part,
(The patriot's God peculiarly Thou art, 185
His friend, inspirer, guardian, and reward!)
O never, never, Scotia's realm desert,
But still the patriot and the patriot-bard
In bright succession raise, her ornament and guard!
[*]In printing this poem, it has seemed best to follow the text as
given in the scholarly _Centenary Burns_ (1896), edited by Messrs.
Henley and Henderson.
NOTE.--_The Cotter's Saturday Night_ was written in 1785 or the
beginning of 1786. In all English poetry there are few pictures of
home life so charming as that portrayed in this poem. The stanza
employed is the Spenserian stanza, named for Edmund Spenser, who first
used it. The first eight lines have five feet each, while the last has
six feet.
Cotter, as used by Burns, means _peasant farmer_.
[1.] Much respected friend, Robert Aiken, an early friend of the
poet's, to whom the poem was inscribed.
[2.] Ween, think, fancy.
[3.] Sugh (pronounced much like sook, with the _k_ softened; _i.e._
like _such_ in German), wail, sough.
[4.] Frae, from.
[5.] Pleugh (the _gh_ has a guttural sound), plough.
[6.] Trains o' craws, trains of crows.
[7.] Moil, toil.
[8.] Mattocks, implements for digging.
[9.] The morn, to-morrow.
[10.] Hameward, homeward.
[11.] Stacher, totter.
[12.] Flichterin', fluttering.
[13.] Ingle, fireplace.
[14.] Bonilie, cheerfully, attractively.
[15.] Hearth-stane, hearth-stone.
[16.] Does a' his weary kiaugh and care beguile, Does all his weary
cark (fret) and care beguile. _A'_ has the sound of _a_ in _all_;
pronounce _kiaugh_ something like _kee-owch'_, giving the _ch_ a harsh,
guttural sound. (In later editions, _carking cares_ was substituted
for _kiaugh_ and _care_.)
[17.] Belyve the elder bairns come drapping in, Presently the older
children come dropping in. (The vowel sound in _bairns_ is like that
in _care_.)
[18.] Ca', follow.
[19.] Some tentie rin a cannie errand to a neebor town, some, heedful,
run on a quiet errand to a neighboring town.
[20.] E'e, eye.
[21.] Braw, fine.
[22.] Sair-won penny-fee, hard-earned wages.
[23.] Spiers, asks.
[24.] Uncos, wonders, news.
[25.] Sheers, scissors.
[26.] Gars auld claes look amaist as weel's the new, makes old cloth
look almost as well as the new.
[27.] Younkers, young people.
[28.] Eydent, diligent.
[29.] Jauk, trifle.
[30.] Gang, go.
[31.] Wha kens, who knows.
[32.] Neebor, neighbor.
[33.] Hafflins, half.
[34.] Nae, no.
[36.] Ben, inside.
[36.] No ill taen, not ill taken; _i.e._ Jenny's parents are pleased to
have the young man come in.
[37.] Cracks, chats.
[38.] Kye, cattle.
[39.] Blate and laithfu', shy and sheepish.
[40.] Wi' a woman's wiles, with a woman's penetration.
[41.] Sae, so.
[42.] The lave, the rest.
[43.] Ruth, pity, tenderness.
[44.] Healsome parritch, chief o' Scotia's food, wholesome porridge,
chief of Scotland's food.
[45.] Soupe, milk.
[46.] Hawkie, cow.
[47.] That 'yont the hallan snugly chows her cood, that beyond the wall
snugly chews her cud. In a cottage of this kind the cow lives under
the same roof with the family.
[48.] Her weel-hained kebbuck, fell, her well-saved cheese, pungent;
_i.e._ her carefully saved, or kept, strong cheese.
[49.] And aft he's pressed, and aft he ca's (pronounced like _cause_)
it guid, And oft he's urged, and oft he calls it good.
[50.] 'T was a towmond auld, sin' lint was i' the bell, it was a
twelve-month old since flax was in flower; _i.e._ when the flax was
last in bloom it was a year old.
[51.] The big ha'-Bible (pronounced _haw_), the big hall-Bible. The
name originated in the fact that large Bibles were first used in the
hall, or principal room, of the noble's castle, where all the household
assembled for worship.
[52.] Ance, once.
[53.] Bonnet, a soft cap made of seamless woolen stuff.
[54.] Lyart haffets, gray side-locks.
[55.] Those strains that once, etc., _i.e._ the _Psalms_, which were
sung in Jerusalem. _Zion_ is really the hill on which the old city of
Jerusalem was built.
[56.] Wales, selects.
[57.] Dundee, Martyrs, Elgin, well-known psalm tunes.
[58.] Beets, fans or feeds.
[59.] Nae unison hae they, no unison have they; _i.e._ they are not in
harmony with.
[60.] Abram, or Abraham. See _Genesis_.
[61.] Moses bade, etc. See _Exodus_ xvii.
[62.] The royal Bard, King David. Probably Burns refers to certain of
the Psalms which express suffering and repentance.
[63.] Job's pathetic plaint. The "plaint" begins with _Job_ iii.
[64.] The Christian volume, i.e. the New Testament.
[65.] How His first followers, etc. See _Acts of the Apostles_.
[66.] The precepts sage. See the _Epistles_.
[67.] He, who lone in Patmos, etc. St. John the Evangelist is said to
have been exiled to the island of Patmos, or Patmo, west of Asia Minor,
and there to have written the _Apocalypse_, or _Book of Revelation_.
The doom of Babylon is pronounced in Chapter xviii of that book.
[68.] Hope springs exulting, etc. See Pope's _Essay on Man_, Epistle
I, l. 95, and his _Windsor Forest_, l. 112.
[69.] The Power, the Almighty.
[70.] Haply, perhaps, perchance.
[71.] Princes and lords, etc. See _The Deserted Village_, lines 53 and
54.
[72.] An honest man's, etc. Pope's _Essay on Man_, Epistle IV, l. 247.
[73.] Certes, truly.
[74.] Wallace's undaunted heart. Sir William Wallace, born about 1274,
is one of the most famous of Scotch heroes. For a time he was a
successful opponent of Edward I of England, but he finally suffered
defeat, and in 1305 was captured and taken to London, where he was
tried, condemned, and beheaded. One of Burns's most celebrated songs
begins: "Scots, wha hae (who have) wi' Wallace bled." Scott tells of
Wallace in his _Tales of a Grandfather_.
SAMUEL TAYLOR COLERIDGE
1772-1834
Coleridge was born in Ottery St. Mary, in Devonshire England, and spent
his early years in the midst of a large family. His father, who was
vicar of the town and master of the grammar school, died when the son
was only nine years old. His character must, however, have impressed
Coleridge deeply, for he said, in after years: "The memory of my
father--my reverend, kind, learned, simple-hearted father--is a
religion to me." Soon after his father's death he left his happy home
in the country to enter a school it=n London, known as Christ's
Hospital. Charles Lamb, who was a schoolmate of his, has sketched the
life there in two well-known essays. In one of them, _Christ's
Hospital Fifty Years Ago_, he describes the summer holidays, so
delightful for himself with his family near, and so dreary for the
country boy with no friends in the city; and he pictures Coleridge as
forlorn and half-starved, declaring that in those days the food of the
"Blue-coat boys" was cruelly insufficient. From early childhood the
future poet had been passionately fond of reading, and an occurrence
which took place during his early years in London enabled him for a
time to gratify his taste. One day while walking down the Strand, he
put out his arms as if in the act of swimming, and in so doing touched
a passer-by. The man, taking him for a thief, seized him, crying,
"What, so young and so wicked!" "I am not a pickpocket," replied the
boy; "I only thought I was Leander swimming the Hellespont!" After
making some inquiries, his chance acquaintance subscribed to a library
for him, and the story runs that in a short time the young bookworm had
read "right through the catalogue."
In 1791 Coleridge entered Cambridge University. While there he was
deeply stirred by events in France--for the Revolution was in
progress--and ran some risk of being expelled by the open expression of
his radical views on politics. His fine ode, _France_, written several
years later, was the expression of this intense interest. During his
second year of study, while suffering from a fit of despondency, he
suddenly left the university--just why, no one knows--and went to
London. There he enlisted in the 15th dragoons under the name of Silas
Tompkyn Comberback. While he was in the service his awkwardness in
doing manual labor, especially in grooming his horse, led to his
exchanging tasks with his comrades: they performed his mechanical
duties, while he wrote letters for them to their wives or sweethearts.
A Latin inscription which he placed above his saddle in the stable led
to the discovery of his true condition, and about the same time his
friends learned of his whereabouts. At the end of four months in the
dragoons he was bought out and enabled to return to his studies. He
remained in Cambridge but a short time, however, leaving in 1794
without taking a degree.
The following year he married Miss Sara Fricker. This important step
was taken on the strength of a small sum promised by a bookseller for a
volume of poems which he was then writing. A month later his friend
Robert Southey--afterwards well known as an author--married his wife's
sister. Some time before this, the two young men had conceived the
idea of crossing the sea with a few congenial acquaintances and forming
an ideal community on the bank of the Susquehanna. Fortunately the
scheme was abandoned and the two dreamers turned their attention to
literary projects.
Coleridge's best work as a poet was done in 1797 and 1798, and probably
the inspiration came largely from his friendship with William
Wordsworth. During these two years the poets lived near each other in
the beautiful Cumberland country, and while taking long rambles over
the Quantock Hills they talked, planned, and wrote. The first result
of this intercourse was a joint volume of poems called _Lyrical
Ballads_, published in 1798. This included Coleridge's _Ancient
Mariner_ and Wordsworth's _We are Seven_. About the same time
Coleridge wrote the first part of _Christabel_, the ode _France_,
_Kubla Khan_, and a few other well-known poems. The impression which
he made at this period of his life upon Dorothy Wordsworth, the poet's
sister, was recorded by her in a letter. She says of him: "He is a
wonderful man. His conversation teems with soul and mind. . . . His
eye is large and full, and not very dark but gray, such an eye as would
receive from a heavy soul the dullest expression; but it speaks every
emotion of his animated mind; it has more of the poet's eye in a fine
frenzy rolling than I ever witnessed. He has fine dark eyebrows and an
overhanging forehead."
Of Coleridge as poet there is unfortunately little more to relate, for
during the remainder of his life he devoted himself mainly to
philosophy and literary criticism, with occasional work in journalism.
After a stay in Germany he brought back to England a knowledge of
German metaphysics and an enthusiasm for German literature which
enabled him to do much towards awakening in his own countrymen an
interest in these subjects. He had never been strong, and from the age
of thirty-four he suffered seriously from ill-health and from his
practice of using opium--a habit begun by his taking the dangerous drug
to relieve acute pain. No doubt his powers were impaired by these
causes. In 1804, hoping to benefit by change of climate, he went to
Malta, and before his return spent some months in Italy. With the
exception of a short tour on the Rhine with the Wordsworths, the last
sixteen years of his life were passed quietly at Highgate, a village
near London, where through the kind care of friends he was enabled to
control the opium habit and do a fair amount of intellectual work. His
mind dwelt much on religious subjects, and the faith which had earlier
found expression in his noble _Hymn in the Vale of Chamouni_ brought
light and consolation as the end drew near. Many young men came to see
him during these last years, drawn by his fame as a poet and still more
by his remarkable powers as a talker. One of them has said of him in
this connection: "Throughout a long summer's day would this man talk to
you in low, equable, but clear and musical tones, concerning things
human and divine." And the same person has described a day spent with
him as "a Sabbath past expression, deep, tranquil, and serene." The
poet died at Highgate in 1834, at the age of sixty-two.
Coleridge was a many-sided genius, and perhaps the world has benefited
as largely by his powers as a thinker as by his gift for poetry. He
did much both by talking and writing to broaden English thought, and
his keen and suggestive criticism of other authors, of Shakespeare
especially, has been of high value to lovers of literature. As a poet
he is distinguished for the rare quality of his imagination and the
wonderful music of his verse.
ARGUMENT OF THE ANCIENT MARINER
The argument, or plot, of the poem is as follows:[*]
Three guests were on their way to a wedding, when one of them--the
bridegroom's nearest relative--was stopped by a Mariner with long gray
beard and glittering eye, who constrained him to listen to his story.
The Mariner once set sail in a ship bound southward. After crossing
the equator the vessel was driven by strong winds toward the south
pole, and was finally hemmed in by icebergs. An albatross which
appeared at this time brought good luck: the ice split and the ship
sailed northward. The Mariner, for no apparent reason, shot the bird
of good omen. At first his comrades declared that he had done a
hellish deed, but when the fog cleared away they justified him,
believing that the fog had been brought by the bird. In this way they
became accomplices in his crime. By killing the albatross the Mariner
had offended the Spirit of the South Pole, who now followed the ship
"nine fathom deep" to make sure that vengeance was meted out to the
guilty man. As a sign of the Mariner's guilt the sailors fastened
about his neck the dead bird. The vessel was now in the Pacific Ocean.
On nearing the equator she was becalmed, and before long all the
sailors were dying of thirst. Suddenly a skeleton ship appeared in
sight, having on board Death and Life-in-Death. The two spectres were
throwing dice to see which should possess the doomed Mariner.
Life-in-Death won, and the Mariner was hers. If Death had won, his
life would soon have ended; as it was, existence for him was to
mean--for a time at least--life in the midst of the dead. No sooner
had the spectre bark shot by than his comrades, four times fifty living
men, dropped lifeless one by one. For seven days and seven nights he
suffered agonies from the curse in their stony eyes; but he could not
die, and he could not pray.
One day, while watching some water snakes at play, he was charmed with
their beauty and blessed them unawares--a sure sign that love for God's
lower creatures was springing up in his heart. The next instant the
spell began to break: the albatross fell from his neck into the sea and
he could move his lips in prayer. He slept, and the Holy Mother sent
rain; and when he awoke the wind was blowing. A troop of angelic
spirits now entered the bodies of the dead sailors and worked the
ropes, and, obedient to the angels, the Spirit of the South Pole helped
the ship onward. As she sped on, the Mariner, who lay in a swoon,
learned from the talk of two spirits that his penance was not yet
accomplished. Soon after waking he beheld the shores of his native
country. As the vessel neared the land the angels left the bodies of
the sailors, and at the same time a small boat approached bringing a
pilot and his boy, and a pious hermit--all known to the Mariner.
Suddenly there was a dreadful sound, and the ship sank. On coming to
his senses the Mariner found himself in the pilot's boat. When the
hermit asked him, "What manner of man art thou?" his agony was fearful
until he had found relief in telling his experience. As a punishment
for his crime in shooting the albatross the agony was to return at
intervals and compel him to travel from land to land relating his
strange tale. After admonishing the wedding guest to love well both
man and beast, the ancient Mariner departed. The poet says of his
listener,
"A sadder and a wiser man
He rose the morrow morn."
[*]When The Ancient Mariner was reprinted in 1800, the poet added
explanatory notes in the margin. These have been found useful in
writing this argument. The poet's notes are given in his _Poetical
Works_, edited by James Dykes Campbell (1893).
THE ANCIENT MARINER
PART I
It is an ancient Mariner,
And he stoppeth one of three,
"By thy long grey beard and glittering eye,
Now wherefore stopp'st thou me?
"The Bridegroom's doors are opened wide, 5
And I am next of kin;[1]
The guests are met, the feast is set:
Mayst hear the merry din."
He holds him with his skinny hand,
"There was a ship," quoth[2] he. 10
"Hold off! unhand me, grey-beard loon!"[3]
Eftsoons[4] his hand dropped he.
He holds him with his glittering eye--
The Wedding-Guest stood still,
And listens like a three years' child:[5] 15
The Mariner hath his will.
The Wedding-Guest sat on a stone:
He cannot choose but hear;
And thus spake on that ancient man,
The bright-eyed Mariner. 20
"The ship was cheered, the harbor cleared,
Merrily did we drop
Below the kirk,[6] below the hill,
Below the lighthouse top.
"The Sun came up upon the left,[7]
Out of the sea came he! 25
And he shone bright, and on the right
Went down into the sea.
"Higher and higher every day,
Till over the mast at noon------" 30
The Wedding-Guest here beat his breast,
For he heard the loud bassoon.
The bride hath paced into the hall,
Red as a rose is she;
Nodding their heads before her goes 35
The merry minstrelsy.
The Wedding-Guest he beat his breast,
Yet he cannot choose but hear;
And thus spake on that ancient man,
The bright-eyed Mariner. 40
"And now the Storm-blast came, and he
Was tyrannous and strong:
He struck with his o'ertaking wings,
And chased us south along.
"With sloping masts and dipping prow, 45
As who pursued with yell and blow
Still treads the shadow of his foe,
And forward bends his head,
The ship drove fast, loud roared the blast,
And southward aye we fled. 50
"And now there came both mist and snow,[8]
And it grew wondrous cold:
And ice, mast-high, came floating by,
As green as emerald.
"And through the drifts the snowy clifts[9] 55
Did send a dismal sheen:
Nor shapes of men nor beasts we ken[10]--
The ice was all between.
"The ice was here, the ice was there,
The ice was all around: 60
It cracked and growled, and roared and howled,
Like noises in a swound![11]
"At length did cross an Albatross,[12]
Thorough[12] the fog it came;
As if it had been a Christian soul, 65
We hailed it in God's name.
"It ate the food it ne'er had eat,
And round and round it flew.
The ice did split with a thunder-fit;
The helmsman steered us through. 70
"And a good south wind sprung up behind;
The Albatross did follow,
And every day, for food or play,
Came to the mariner's hollo!
"In mist or cloud, on mast or shroud,[14] 75
It perched for vespers nine;[15]
Whiles[16] all the night, through fog-smoke white,
Glimmered the white moon-shine."
"God save thee, ancient Mariner!
From the fiends that plague thee thus!-- 80
Why look'st thou so?"--"With my cross-bow
I shot the Albatross."
PART II
"The Sun now rose upon the right:[17]
Out of the sea came he,
Still hid in mist, and on the left 85
Went down into the sea.
"And the good south wind still blew behind,
But no sweet bird did follow,
Nor any day for food or play
Come to the mariners' hollo! 90
"And I had done a hellish thing,
And it would work 'em woe;
For all averred, I had killed the bird
That made the breeze to blow.
'Ah wretch!' said they, 'the bird to slay, 95
That made the breeze to blow!'
"Nor dim nor red, like God's own head
The glorious sun uprist:[18]
Then all averred, I had killed the bird
That brought the fog and mist. 100
''Twas right,' said they, 'such birds to slay,
That bring the fog and mist.'
"The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew,
The furrow followed free;[19]
We were the first that ever burst
Into that silent sea.[20] 105
"Down dropped the breeze, the sails dropped down,
'T was sad as sad could be;
And we did speak only to break
The silence of the sea! 110
"All in a hot and copper sky,
The bloody Sun, at noon,
Right up above the mast did stand,
No bigger than the Moon.
"Day after day, day after day, 115
We stuck, nor breath nor motion;
As idle as a painted ship
Upon a painted ocean.
"Water, water, everywhere,
And all the boards did shrink; 120
Water, water, everywhere,
Nor any drop to drink.
"The very deep did rot: O Christ!
That ever this should be!
Yea, slimy things did crawl with legs 125
Upon the slimy sea.
"About, about, in reel and rout
The death-fires[21] danced at night;
The water, like a witch's oils,
Burnt green, and blue, and white, 130
"And some in dreams assured were
Of the spirit that plagued us so;[22]
Nine fathom deep he had followed us
From the land of mist and snow.
"And every tongue, through utter drought, 135
Was withered at the root;
We could not speak, no more than if
We had been choked with soot.
"Ah! well-a-day! what evil looks
Had I from old and young! 140
Instead of the cross, the Albatross
About my neck was hung."
PART III
"There passed a weary time. Each throat
Was parched, and glazed each eye.
A weary time! a weary time! 145
How glazed each weary eye,
When, looking westward, I beheld
A something in the sky.
"At first it seemed a little speck,
And then it seemed a mist; 150
It moved and moved, and took at last
A certain shape, I wist.[23]
"A speck, a mist, a shape, I wist!
And still it neared and neared;
As if it dodged a water-sprite, 155
It plunged and tacked and veered,
"With throats unslaked, with black lips baked,
We could nor laugh nor wail;
Through utter drought all dumb we stood!
I bit my arm, I sucked the blood, 160
And cried, 'A sail! a sail!'
"With throats unslaked, with black lips baked,
Agape[24] they heard me call:
Gramercy![25] they for joy did grin,
And all at once their breath drew in, 165
As they were drinking all.
"See! see! (I cried) she tacks no more!
Hither to work us weal,[26]
Without a breeze, without a tide,
She steadies with upright keel! 170
"The western wave was all a-flame,
The day was well-nigh done!
Almost upon the western wave
Rested the broad bright Sun;
When that strange shape drove suddenly 175
Betwixt us and the Sun.
"And straight[27] the Sun was flecked with bars,[28]
(Heaven's Mother[29] send us grace!)
As if through a dungeon grate he peered
With broad and burning face. 180
"Alas! (thought I, and my heart beat loud)
How fast she nears and nears!
Are those her sails that glance in the Sun,
Like restless gossameres?[30]
"Are those her ribs through which the Sun 185
Did peer, as through a grate?
And is that Woman all her crew?
Is that a Death? and are there two?
Is Death that woman's mate?
"Her lips were red, her looks were free, 190
Her locks were yellow as gold:
Her skin was as white as leprosy,
The Nightmare Life-in-Death[31] was she
Who thicks man's blood with cold.
"The naked hulk alongside came, 195
And the twain were casting dice;
'The game is done! I've won, I've won!'
Quoth she, and whistles thrice.
"The Sun's rim dips; the stars rush out;
At one stride comes the dark;[32] 200
With far-heard whisper o'er the sea
Off shot the spectre-bark.
"We listened and looked sideways up!
Fear at my heart, as at a cup,
My life-blood seemed to sip! 205
The stars were dim, and thick the night,
The steersman's face by his lamp gleamed white;
From the sails the dew did drip--
Till clomb[33] above the eastern bar
The horned Moon, with one bright star 210
Within the nether tip.[34]
"One after one, by the star-dogged Moon,
Too quick for groan or sigh,
Each turned his face with a ghastly pang,
And cursed me with his eye. 215
"Four times fifty living men,
(And I heard nor sigh nor groan)
With heavy thump, a lifeless lump,
They dropped down one by one.
"The souls did from their bodies fly,-- 220
They fled to bliss or woe!
And every soul, it passed me by,
Like the whizz of my cross-bow!"
PART IV
"I fear thee,[35] ancient Mariner!
I fear thy skinny hand! 225
And thou art long, and lank, and brown,[36]
As is the ribbed sea-sand,
"I fear thee and thy glittering eye,
And thy skinny hand, so brown."--
"Fear not, fear not, thou Wedding-Guest! 230
This body dropped not down.
"Alone, alone, all, all alone,
Alone on a wide, wide sea!
And never a saint took pity on
My soul in agony. 235
"The many men, so beautiful!
And they all dead did lie:
And a thousand thousand slimy things
Lived on; and so did I.
"I looked upon the rotting sea, 240
And drew my eyes away;
I looked upon the rotting deck,
And there the dead men lay.
"I looked to heaven and tried to pray;
But or ever a prayer had gusht, 245
A wicked whisper came, and made
My heart as dry as dust.
"I closed my lids, and kept them close,
And the balls like pulses beat;
For the sky and the sea, and the sea
and the sky,[37] 250
Lay like a load on my weary eye,
And the dead were at my feet.
"The cold sweat melted from their limbs,
Nor rot nor reek did they:
The look with which they looked on me 255
Had never passed away.
"An orphan's curse would drag to hell
A spirit from on high;
But oh! more horrible than that
Is a curse in a dead man's eye! 260
Seven days, seven nights, I saw that curse,
And yet I could not die.
"The moving Moon went up the sky,
And nowhere did abide:
Softly she was going up, 265
And a star or two beside--
"Her beams bemocked the sultry main,[38]
Like April hoar-frost spread;
But where the ship's huge shadow lay,
The charmed water burnt alway 270
A still and awful red.
"Beyond the shadow of the ship,
I watched the water-snakes:
They moved in tracks of shining white,
And when they reared, the elfish light 275
Fell off in hoary flakes.[39]
"Within the shadow of the ship
I watched their rich attire:
Blue, glossy green, and velvet black,
They coiled and swam; and every track 280
Was a flash of golden fire.
"O happy living things! no tongue
Their beauty might declare:
A spring of love gushed from my heart,
And I blessed them unaware: 285
Sure my kind saint took pity on me,
And I blessed them unaware.
"The selfsame moment I could pray;
And from my neck so free
The Albatross fell off, and sank 290
Like lead into the sea."
PART V
"O sleep! it is a gentle thing,
Beloved from pole to pole!
To Mary Queen the praise be given!
She sent the gentle sleep from heaven, 295
That slid into my soul.
"The silly[40] buckets on the deck,
That had so long remained,
I dreamt that they were filled with dew;
And when I awoke, it rained. 300
"My lips were wet, my throat was cold,
My garments all were dank;[41]
Sure I had drunken in my dreams,
And still my body drank.
"I moved, and could not feel my limbs: 305
I was so light--almost
I thought that I had died in sleep,
And was a blessed ghost.
"And soon I heard a roaring wind:
It did not come anear; 310
But with its sound it shook the sails,
That were so thin and sere.
"The upper air burst into life!
And a hundred fire-flags sheen,[42]
To and fro they were hurried about! 315
And to and fro, and in and out,
The wan[43] stars danced between.
"And the coming wind did roar more loud,
And the sails did sigh like sedge;
And the rain poured down from one black cloud, 320
The Moon was at its edge.
"The thick black cloud was cleft, and still
The Moon was at its side:
Like waters shot from some high crag,
The lightning fell with never a jag, 325
A river steep and wide.
"The loud wind never reached the ship,
Yet now the ship moved on!
Beneath the lightning and the Moon
The dead men gave a groan. 330
"They groaned, they stirred, they all uprose,
Nor spake, nor moved their eyes;
It had been strange, even in a dream,
To have seen those dead men rise.
"The helmsman steered, the ship moved on; 335
Yet never a breeze up blew;
The mariners all gan work[44] the ropes,
Where they were wont to do;
They raised their limbs like lifeless tools--
We were a ghastly crew. 340
"The body of my brother's son
Stood by me, knee to knee:
The body and I pulled at one rope,
But he said nought to me."
"I fear thee, ancient Mariner!" 345
"Be calm, thou Wedding-Guest!
'Twas not those souls that fled in pain,
Which to their corses came again,
But a troop of spirits blest:
"For when it dawned--they dropped their arms, 350
And clustered round the mast;
Sweet sounds rose slowly through their mouths,
And from their bodies passed.
"Around, around, flew each sweet sound,
Then darted to the Sun; 355
Slowly the sounds came back again,
Now mixed, now one by one.
"Sometimes a-dropping from the sky[45]
I heard the sky-lark sing;
Sometimes all little birds that are, 360
How they seemed to fill the sea and air
With their sweet jargoning![46]
"And now 'twas like all instruments,
Now like a lonely flute;
And now it is an angel's song, 365
That makes the heavens be mute.
"It ceased; yet still the sails made on
A pleasant noise till noon,
A noise like of a hidden brook
In the leafy month of June, 370
That to the sleeping woods all night
Singeth a quiet tune.
"Till noon we quietly sailed on,
Yet never a breeze did breathe:
Slowly and smoothly went the ship, 375
Moved onward from beneath.
"Under the keel nine fathom deep,
From the land of mist and snow,
The spirit slid: and it was he
That made the ship to go. 380
The sails at noon left off their tune,
And the ship stood still also.
"The Sun, right up above the mast,
Had fixed her to the ocean:
But in a minute she gan stir, 385
With a short uneasy motion--
Backwards and forwards half her length,
With a short uneasy motion.
"Then, like a pawing horse let go,
She made a sudden bound: 390
It flung the blood into my head,
And I fell down in a swound.[47]
"How long in that same fit I lay,
I have not to declare;
But ere my living life returned, 395
I heard, and in my soul discerned
Two voices in the air.[48]
"'Is it he?' quoth one, 'Is this the man?
By Him who died on cross,
With his cruel bow he laid full low 400
The harmless Albatross.
"'The spirit who bideth by himself
In the land of mist and snow,
He loved the bird that loved the man
Who shot him with his bow.' 405
"The other was a softer voice,
As soft as honey-dew;[49]
Quoth he, 'The man hath penance done,
And penance more will do.'"
PART VI
_First Voice_
"'But tell me, tell me! speak again, 410
Thy soft response renewing--
What makes that ship drive on so fast?
What is the ocean doing?'"
_Second Voice_
"'Still as a slave before his lord,
The ocean hath no blast; 415
His great bright eye most silently
Up to the Moon is cast--
"'If he may know[50] which way to go;
For she guides him smooth or grim.[51]
See, brother, see! how graciously 420
She looketh down on him.'"
_First Voice_
"'But why drives on that ship so fast,
Without or wave or wind?'"
_Second Voice_
"'The air is cut away before,
And closes from behind. 425
"'Fly, brother, fly! more high, more high!
Or we shall be belated:
For slow and slow that ship will go,
When the Mariner's trance is abated.'
"I woke, and we were sailing on 430
As in a gentle weather:
'T was night, calm night, the moon was high;
The dead men stood together.
"All stood together on the deck,
For a charnel-dungeon[52] fitter: 435
All fixed on me their stony eyes,
That in the Moon did glitter.
"The pang, the curse, with which they died,
Had never passed away;
I could not draw my eyes from theirs, 440
Nor turn them up to pray.
"And now this spell was snapped: once more
I viewed the ocean green,
And looked far forth, yet little saw
Of what had else been seen-- 445
"Like one that on a lonesome road
Doth walk in fear and dread,
And having once turned round walks on,
And turns no more his head;
Because he knows, a frightful fiend 450
Doth close behind him tread.
"But soon there breathed a wind on me,
Nor sound nor motion made;
Its path was not upon the sea,
In ripple or in shade. 455
"It raised my hair, it fanned my cheek,
Like a meadow-gale of spring--
It mingled strangely with my fears,
Yet it felt like a welcoming.
"Swiftly, swiftly flew the ship, 460
Yet she sailed softly too:
Sweetly, sweetly blew the breeze--
On me alone it blew.
"Oh! dream of joy! is this indeed
The light-house top I see? 465
Is this the hill? is this the kirk?
Is this mine own countree?[53]
"We drifted o'er the harbor bar,[54]
And I with sobs did pray--
O let me be awake, my God! 470
Or let me sleep alway.
"The harbor bay was clear as glass,[55]
So smoothly it was strewn!
And on the bay the moonlight lay,
And the shadow of the Moon. 475
"The rock shone bright, the kirk no less,
That stands above the rock:
The moonlight steeped in silentness
The steady weathercock.
"And the bay was white with silent light, 480
Till, rising from the same,
Full many shapes, that shadows were,
In crimson colors came.
"A little distance from the prow
Those crimson shadows were: 485
I turned my eyes upon the deck--
Oh, Christ! what saw I there!
"Each corse lay flat, lifeless and flat,
And by the holy rood![56]
A man all light, a seraph-man, 490
On every corse there stood.
"This seraph-band, each waved his hand:
It was a heavenly sight!
They stood as signals to the land,
Each one a lovely light; 495
"This seraph-band, each waved his hand,
No voice did they impart[57]--
No voice; but oh! the silence sank
Like music on my heart.
"But soon I heard the dash of oars, 500
I heard the Pilot's cheer;
My head was turned perforce, away,
And I saw a boat appear.
"The Pilot and the Pilot's boy,
I heard them coming fast: 505
Dear Lord in heaven! it was a joy
The dead men could not blast.
"I saw a third--I heard his voice:
It is the Hermit good!
He singeth loud his godly hymns 510
That he makes in the wood.
He'll shrieve[58] my soul, he'll wash away
The Albatross's blood."
PART VII
"This Hermit good lives in that wood
Which slopes down to the sea. 515
How loudly his sweet voice he rears!
He loves to talk with marineres
That come from a far countree.
"He kneels at morn, and noon, and eve--
He hath a cushion plump: 520
It is the moss that wholly hides
The rotted old oak-stump.
"The skiff-boat neared: I heard them talk,
'Why, this is strange, I trow![59]
Where are those lights so many and fair, 525
That signal made but now?'
"'Strange, by my faith!' the Hermit said--
'And they answered not our cheer.
The planks look warped! and see those sails,
How thin they are and sere! 530
I never saw aught like to them,
Unless perchance it were
"'Brown skeletons of leaves that lag
My forest-brook along;
When the ivy-tod[60] is heavy with snow, 535
And the owlet whoops to the wolf below,
That eats the she-wolf's young.'
"'Dear Lord! it hath a fiendish look--
(The Pilot made reply)
I am afeared,'[61]--'Push on, push on!' 540
Said the Hermit cheerily.
"The boat came closer to the ship,
But I nor spake nor stirred;
The boat came close beneath the ship,
And straight a sound was heard. 545
"Under the water it rumbled on,
Still louder and more dread:
It reached the ship, it split the bay:
The ship went down like lead.
"Stunned by that loud and dreadful sound, 550
Which sky and ocean smote;
Like one that hath been seven days drowned
My body lay afloat;
But, swift as dreams, myself I found
Within the Pilot's boat. 555
"Upon the whirl, where sank the ship,
The boat spun round and round;
And all was still, save that the hill
Was telling of the sound.
"I moved my lips --the Pilot shrieked 560
And fell down in a fit;
The holy Hermit raised his eyes,
And prayed where he did sit.
"I took the oars: the Pilot's boy,
Who now doth crazy go, 565
Laughed loud and long, and all the while
His eyes went to and fro.
'Ha! Ha!' quoth he, 'full plain I see,
The Devil knows how to row.'
"And now, all in my own countree, 570
I stood on the firm land!
The Hermit stepped forth from the boat,
And scarcely he could stand.
"'O shrieve me, shrieve me, holy man!'
The Hermit crossed his brow.[62] 575
'Say quick,' quoth he, 'I bid thee say--
What manner of man art thou?'
"Forthwith this frame of mine was wrenched
With a woeful agony,
Which forced me to begin my tale; 580
And then it left me free.
"Since then, at an uncertain hour,
That agony returns:
And till my ghastly tale is told,
This heart within me burns. 585
"I pass, like night, from land to land;
I have strange power of speech;
That moment that his face I see,
I know the man that must hear me:
To him my tale I teach. 590
"What loud uproar bursts from that door!
The wedding-guests are there:
But in the garden-bower the bride
And bride-maids singing are:
And hark the little vesper bell,[63] 595
Which biddeth me to prayer.
"O Wedding-Guest! this soul hath been
Alone on a wide wide sea:
So lonely 't was, that God himself
Scarce seemed there to be. 600
"O sweeter than the marriage feast,
'T is sweeter far to me,
To walk together to the kirk
With a goodly company!--
"To walk together to the kirk, 605
And all together pray,
While each to his great Father bends,
Old men, and babes, and loving friends,
And youths and maidens gay!
"Farewell, farewell! but this I tell 610
To thee, thou Wedding-Guest!--
He prayeth well, who loveth well
Both man and bird and beast.
"He prayeth best, who loveth best
All things both great and small; 615
For the dear God who loveth us,
He made and loveth all."
The Mariner, whose eye is bright,
Whose beard with age is hoar,
Is gone: and now the Wedding-Guest 620
Turned from the Bridegroom's door.
He went like one that hath been stunned,
And is of sense forlorn:[64]
A sadder and a wiser man
He rose the morrow morn. 625
NOTE.--The Ancient Mariner was written in 1797. The plot was suggested
by a dream related to Coleridge by one of his friends. While the story
is his own invention, he took several points from Shelvocke's Voyages
and accepted a few hints from Wordsworth, who furnished also two or
three lines of verse. In the beginning the two poets intended to work
together, but this plan was found impracticable, and Coleridge
proceeded by himself. It is easy to believe that the plot originated
in a dream, for the completed poem is one of the strangest, most
fantastic dreams that ever formed themselves in a poet's brain. So far
as its moral import is concerned, the production will hardly bear close
scrutiny, although it teaches the duty of loving all God's creatures,
both great and small. The prolonged suffering of the Mariner is a
punishment far too severe for his thoughtless act, while his four times
fifty comrades, who endure horrible tortures before dying, have been
guilty of no crime whatsoever. Still it is not necessary that every
piece of literature should teach a consistent moral lesson, and _The
Ancient Mariner_ can be enjoyed for its marvelous pictures and its
weird melody.
The form chosen by Coleridge for his production, that of the mediaeval
ballad, is peculiarly adapted to story-telling on account of the
freedom which it allows, and it has never been more artistically used
than in this instance. In harmony with the ballad form the poet uses
certain old words, such as "trow," "wist," and "countree." It will be
seen that the stanzas vary in length, and that there are occasional
irregularities in metre. In general the first and third lines of a
stanza have four feet each, while the second and fourth lines have
three feet. Only the second and fourth lines rhyme, unless the stanza
consists of more than four lines.
[1.] Next of kin, nearest relative.
[2.] Quoth, said.
[3.] Loon, worthless fellow.
[4.] Eftsoons, at once, immediately; a favorite word with the poet
Spenser.
[5.] And listens, etc. Wordsworth wrote this line and the line
following.
[6.] Kirk, church.
[7.] The Sun came up upon the left. This would be the case if a vessel
were going from England, for instance, toward the equator; and each day
the sun would be more nearly overhead.
[8.] And now there came both mist and snow. They were nearing the
south pole.
[9.] Clifts, clefts, cracks.
[10.] Ken, discern.
[11.] Swound, swoon, fainting fit.
[12.] Albatross. The albatross, the largest of sea birds, is found
chiefly in the southern hemisphere, and because of its strength in
flight is often seen far from land.
[13.] Thorough, through.
[14.] Shroud. The shrouds are sets of ropes which serve as stays for
the masts of a vessel.
[15.] Vespers nine, _i.e._ nine evenings. _Vesper_ and _Hesperus_ are
names given to the evening star, especially to the planet Venus when it
appears in the west soon after sunset. Consult the dictionary for
other meanings of the word _vesper_.
[16.] Whiles, meanwhile.
[17.] The Sun now rose upon the right. This indicates that the vessel
had turned about and was going northward. The poet says in his notes
that she soon entered the Pacific Ocean.
[18.] Nor dim nor red, etc. The sun now rose clear and bright, and not
dim or red, as when seen through mist or fog; and the sailors justified
the Mariner, thinking that by his act the fog had been dispersed.
Uprist means _uprose_.
[19.] The furrow followed free, i.e. the track, or wake, left by the
ship appeared to be gladly following her.
[20.] That silent sea. The vessel had reached the equator.
[21.] Death-fires. There is a superstition that death is sometimes
foreshadowed by death-fires or fetch-lights. In this instance the
fires presaged the death of the sailors.
[22.] The spirit that plagued us so. This was "the lonesome spirit
from the south pole," who was seeking revenge for the death of the
albatross.
[23.] I wist, I knew.
[24.] Agape, with mouths open as though surprised.
[25.] Gramercy (from the French _grand-merci_), an exclamation formerly
used to denote thankfulness with surprise.
[26.] To work us weal, to do us good.
[27.] Straight, straightway, immediately.
[28.] The Sun was flecked with bars. The frame of the skeleton ship
showed clearly against the setting sun as she passed before it.
[29.] Heaven's Mother, the Virgin Mary.
[30.] Gossameres, gossamers, cobwebs.
[31.] The Nightmare Life-in-Death. In this strange being the poet
personifies the state of a person who lives, as it were, in the shadow
of death. The condition called "nightmare" was formerly believed to be
caused by the witch Nightmare, who oppressed people during sleep.
[32.] At one stride comes the dark. This is a wonderful picture of the
sudden fall of night near the equator, where there is no twilight.
[33.] Clomb, climbed; an old form.
[34.] The horned moon, etc. Coleridge says in a note: "It is a common
superstition among sailors that something evil is about to happen
whenever a star dogs the moon."
[35.] I fear thee. The wedding guest imagined that the Mariner died
with the rest of the sailors and that he was talking with a ghost.
[36.] And thou art long, etc. This line and the line following were
written by Wordsworth.
[37.] For the sky, etc. This line, with its repetitions, and the extra
length of the stanza, tend to make one feel the load that was pressing
upon the Mariner.
[38.] Bemocked the sultry main, mocked the sultry ocean.
[39.] They moved, etc. This description is true of fish of all kinds
on a dark night when there is a great deal of phosphorus in the water.
[40.] Silly, frail.
[41.] Dank, damp, wet; seldom used in prose.
[42.] Sheen, bright, glittering.
[43.] Wan, pale.
[44.] Gan work, did work, or began to work.
[45.] Sometimes a-dropping, etc. Notice what a pleasant interlude is
made by this stanza and the three which follow.
[46.] Jargoning, confused sounds.
[47.] I fell down in a swound. The poet explains that the vessel,
driven by angelic power, sped on with extreme rapidity, and that the
Mariner was put into a trance because he could not have endured the
motion.
[48.] Two voices in the air. These were the voices of spirits who felt
the wrong that had been done to the Spirit of the South Pole by the
killing of the albatross.
[49.] Honey-dew, a sweet substance found in small drops on the leaves
of trees and plants.
[50.] If he may know, so that he may know.
[51.] For she guides him, etc., _i.e._ whether smooth or rough, the
ocean is always guided by the moon.
[52.] Charnel-dungeon, a vault where the bones of the dead are kept.
[53.] Countree, country; this form of the word occurs frequently in old
ballads.
[54.] Harbor bar, a bank of sand or other matter at the mouth of a
harbor, which obstructs navigation.
[55.] The harbor bay, etc. Notice the effect of quietness produced by
this line and the eight which follow.
[56.] Holy rood, holy cross.
[57.] Impart, give forth, send forth.
[58.] Shrieve, shrive, hear confession and pronounce absolution. In
the earlier ages of the Christian Church it was not uncommon for men to
live as hermits, devoting themselves to fasting, penance, and prayer.
[59.] Trow (pronounced _tro_), think.
[60.] Ivy-tod, ivy-bush.
[61.] Afeared, afraid; an old form.
[62.] The Hermit crossed his brow. He did this to ward off evil, for
he feared that the Mariner was a wicked spirit in human form.
[63.] Vesper bell, a bell calling to evening prayer. See note on l. 76.
[64.] Of sense forlorn, deprived of sense, of feeling.
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