Project Gutenberg 4 July 1971 - 4 July 2011: Album

By Marie Lebert

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4 July 1971 - 4 July 2011 >
An album to celebrate the 40th anniversary of Project Gutenberg

This album is dedicated to all Project Gutenberg and Distributed
Proofreaders volunteers worldwide.

The first ebook was available on 4 July  1971, as eText #1 of Project
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electronic versions of literary works and disseminate them worldwide.
In the 16th century, Gutenberg allowed anyone to have print books for a
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4 July 1971 > eText #1 > The United States Declaration of Independence

On 4 July 1971, Michael Hart keyed in The United States Declaration of
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Michael mentioned to the 100 users of the pre-internet of the time
where the etext was stored--though without a hypertext link, because
the web was still 20 years ahead. It was downloaded by six users.

4 July 1971 > As recalled by Michael Hart

As recalled by Michael Hart in January 2009: "On July 4, 1971, while
still a freshman at the University of Illinois (UI), I decided to spend
the night at the Xerox Sigma V mainframe at the UI Materials Research
Lab, rather than walk miles home in the summer heat, only to come back
hours later to start another day of school. I stopped on the way to do
a little grocery shopping to get through the night, and day, and along
with the groceries they put in the faux parchment copy of The U.S.
Declaration of Independence that became quite literally the cornerstone
of Project Gutenberg. That night, as it turned out, I received my first
computer account--I had been hitchhiking on my brother's best
friend's name, who ran the computer on the night shift. When I got a
first look at the huge amount of computer money I was given, I decided
I had to  do something extremely worthwhile to do justice to what I had
been given. (...) As I emptied out groceries, the faux parchment
Declaration of Independence fell out, and the light  literally went on
over my head like in the cartoons and comics... I knew what the future
of computing, and the internet, was going to be... 'The Information
Age.' The rest, as they say, is history." (NEF Interview)

July 1971 > Project Gutenberg's mission

Michael decided to use the huge amount of computer time he had been
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1972 > The United States Bill of Rights

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1972, i.e. the first ten amendments added in 1789 to the Constitution
(dated 1787) and defining the individual rights of the citizens and the
distinct powers of the Federal Government and the States.

1973 > The United States Constitution

A volunteer typed in The United States Constitution in 1973.

1974-1988 > The Bible

From one year to the next, disk space was getting larger, by the
standards of the time--there was no hard disk yet--, making it
possible to store larger files. Volunteers began typing in The Bible,
with one individual book at a time, and a file for each book.

1974-1988 > The Collected Works of William Shakespeare

Michael typed in The Collected Works of William Shakespeare, with the
help of some volunteers, one play at a time, and a file for each play.
This edition of Shakespeare was never released, unfortunately, due to
changes in copyright law. Shakespeare's works belong to public domain,
but comments  and notes may be copyrighted, depending on the
publication date. Other editions of Shakespeare from public domain were
released a few years later.

August 1989 > eBook #10 > The King James Bible

Its critics long considered Project Gutenberg as impossible on a large
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and 5 M for all files.

1990 > The invention of the web

In 1990, there were 250,000 internet users. The standard was 360 K
disks. with Tim Berners-Lee dealing with HTTP (HyperText Transfer
Protocol) and hyperlinks at CERN (European Center for Nuclear Research)
in Geneva, Switzerland.

January 1991 > Alice's Adventures in Wonderland

In January 1991, Michael typed in Alice's Adventures in Wonderland
(1865), by Lewis Carroll.

July 1991 > Peter Pan

In July 1991, Michael typed in Peter Pan (1904), by James M. Barrie.
These two classics of childhood literature each fit on one disk.

November 1993 > Mosaic, the first public browser

The first public browser, Mosaic, was released in November 1993. It
became easier to circulate etexts and recruit volunteers. From 1991 to
1996, the number of ebooks doubled every year, with one ebook per month
in 1991, two ebooks per month in 1992, four ebooks per month in 1993,
and eight ebooks per month in 1994.

January 1994 > eBook #100 > The Complete Works of William Shakespeare

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1590 and 1613. The steady growth went on, with an average of eight
ebooks per month in 1994, 16 ebooks per month in 1995, and 32 ebooks
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June 1997 > The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood

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Hood (1883), by Howard Pyle.

August 1997 > eBook #1000 > La Divina Commedia, by Dante

Project Gutenberg reached 1,000 ebooks in August 1997. eBook #1000 was
La Divina Commedia (1321), by Dante Alighieri, in Italian, its original
language.

1997 > Three main sections

With the number of ebooks on the rise, three main sections were set up:
(1) "Light Literature", such as Alice's Adventures in Wonderland,
Through the Looking-Glass, Peter Pan and Aesop's Fables; (2) "Heavy
Literature", such as the Bible, Shakespeare's works, Moby Dick and
Paradise Lost; (3) "Reference Literature", such as Roget's Thesaurus,
almanacs, and a set of encyclopedias and dictionaries. A more detailed
classification was released years later.

Project Gutenberg's goal has been more about selecting books intended
for the general public than providing authoritative editions. As
explained on the website in 1997: "We do not write for the reader who
cares whether a certain phrase in Shakespeare has a ':' or a ';'
between its clauses. We put our sights on a goal to release etexts that
are 99.9% accurate in the eyes of the general reader."

1998 > A collection in Plain Vanilla ASCII

The etexts, later called ebooks, were stored in the simplest way, using
the low set of ASCII, called Plain Vanilla ASCII, for them to be read
on any hardware and  software. As a text file, a book could be easily
copied, indexed, searched, analyzed, and compared with other books.
Pietro di Miceli was the sole driving force behind the Project
Gutenberg's website for nearly a decade, after making the first pages
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August 1998 > "We consider etext to be a new medium."

As explained by Michael Hart in August 1998: "We consider etext to be a
new medium, with no real relationship to paper, other than presenting
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people each find their own comfortable way to etexts, especially in
schools. (...) My own personal goal is to put 10,000 etexts on the Net
[a goal reached in October 2003] and if I can get some major support, I
would like to expand that to 1,000,000 and to also expand our potential
audience for the average etext from 1.x% of the world population to
over 10%, thus changing our goal from giving away 1,000,000,000,000
etexts to 1,000 times as many, a trillion and a quadrillion in U.S.
terminology." (NEF Interview)

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December 2000 > eBook #3000 > À l'ombre des jeunes filles en fleurs, by
Marcel Proust

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was À l'ombre des jeunes filles en fleurs (In the Shadow of Young Girls
in Flower), vol. 3 (1919), by Marcel Proust, in French, its original
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2002 > 1.44 M standard disks and zipped files

In 1991, Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Peter Pan each fit on one
360 K disk, the standard of the time. In 2002, the standard disk was
1.44 M and could be compressed as a zipped file. A practical file size
is about 3 million characters, more than long enough for the average
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1,000 ebooks in August 1997, 2,000 ebooks in May 1999, 3,000 ebooks in
December 2000, 4,000 ebooks in October 2001, 5,000 ebooks in April
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October 2003 > The collection doubled in 18 months

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was the audiobook of Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea (Vingt mille
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32 years and 3 months, from July 1971 to October 2003, were necessary
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Day, by Michael Shepard and David Jones.

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Distributed Proofreaders celebrated its 10th anniversary in October
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years by thousands of volunteers. We sent them a digital bilingual
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ebooks), Dutch (534 ebooks), Portuguese (515 ebooks), Chinese (405
ebooks), Spanish (307 ebooks), Italian (289 ebooks), Greek (144
ebooks), Latin (79 ebooks), Esperanto (74 ebooks), Swedish (68 ebooks),
and Tagalog (55 ebooks).

4 July 2011 > 40th anniversary of Project Gutenberg

---

Text: Marie Lebert
Cover: Jean-Paul Pfirrmann
Copyrighted images:  @folio Project, Distributed Proofreaders (all
websites), Librairie Ulysse, Claude Rayon, Project Gutenberg (all
websites), University of Illinois
Public domain images: Wikipedia

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