The Project Gutenberg EBook of How to Teach Phonics, by Lida M. Williams
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Title: How to Teach Phonics
Author: Lida M. Williams
Release Date: April 4, 2006 [EBook #18119]
Language: English
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=How to Teach
Phonics=
By
LIDA M. WILLIAMS
Primary Supervisor and Instructor of Methods,
Northern Normal and Industrial School,
ABERDEEN, SOUTH DAKOTA
HALL & MCCREARY COMPANY
CHICAGO
Copyright 1916, Hall & McCreary Company
P 2143
Printed in the U.S.A.
FOREWORD
Phonics is not a method of teaching reading, but it is _a necessary
part_ of every good, modern method. It is the key to word mastery, and
word mastery is one of the first essentials in learning to read. A
knowledge of the sounds of letters, and of the effect of the position of
the letter upon its sound, is an essential means of mastering the
mechanics of reading, and of enabling children to become independent
readers.
A knowledge of phonics not only gives power to pronounce new words, but
it trains the ear, develops clear articulation and correct enunciation,
and aids in spelling. Later, when diacritical marks are introduced, it
aids in the use of the dictionary. The habit of attacking and
pronouncing words of entirely new form, develops self-confidence in the
child, and the pleasure he experiences in mastering difficulties without
help, constantly leads to new effort.
The little foreigner, greatly handicapped where reading is taught by the
word and sentence methods only, begins on an equal basis with his
American neighbor, when the "Alphabet by sound" is taught.
In recent years only has the subject of phonics found a place on the
daily school program; and there is perhaps, no other subject on the
primary program so vaguely outlined in the average teacher's mind and
therefore taught with so little system and definite purpose.
The present need is a systematic and comprehensive but simple method of
phonics teaching thruout the primary grades, that will enable any
teacher, using any good text in reading, to successfully teach the
phonetic facts, carefully grading the difficulties by easy and
consecutive steps thus preparing the pupils for independent effort in
thot getting, and opening for him the door to the literary treasures of
the ages.
It is with the hope of aiding the earnest teacher in the accomplishment
of this purpose that "How To Teach Phonics" is published.
L.M.W.
LEARNING TO READ
Every sound and pedagogical method of teaching reading must include two
basic principles.
1. Reading must begin in the life of the child, with real thought
content. Whether the thought unit be a word, a sentence, or a story, it
must represent some idea or image that appeals to the child's interests
and adjusts itself to his experience.
2. It must proceed with a mastery of not only words, but of the sound
symbols of which words are composed.
The child's love for the story, his desire to satisfy a conscious need,
gives him an immediate and compelling motive for mastering the symbols,
which in themselves are of incidental and subordinate interest. While he
is learning to read, he feels that he is reading to learn and "symbols
are turned into habit."
If the child is to understand from the beginning that reading is thot
getting, we must begin with the sentence, rhyme or other language unit.
If a story is the initial step, a few well chosen sentences that tell
the heart of the story will constitute the first black board reading
lesson.
The next step is the analysis of the sentence, or the study and
recognition of the individual words therein.
Finally the word is separated into its elementary sounds, the study of
the sound symbols growing out of the stock of words learned first as
purely sight words.
Following this phonic analysis comes the final step, the blending of
these phonic elements to produce new words. Thus gradually increasing
prominence is given to the discovery of new words by this
analytic-synthetic process, and less time to sight word drills, until
they are entirely omitted, except for the teaching of unphonetic words.
There should be at least two ten-minute lessons in phonics each day.
These lessons are not reading lessons and should not trespass on the
regular reading period, when thot getting and thot giving are uppermost.
While greater prominence is given to the thot phase in reading, the
technical drill and active effort in mastering the mechanical phase is
of equal importance as necessary preparation for good reading.
FIRST YEAR
1. _Ear Training:_
From the first day a definite place on the program should be given to
phonics. This period, at first very short, will gradually increase to
ten, fifteen or twenty minutes.
To enable pupils to recognize words when separated into their elementary
sounds, exercises in "listening and doing," will constitute the first
step in phonics teaching. Words are sounded slowly and distinctly by the
teacher and pronounced or acted out by the pupils.
ACTION GAME
(First Day.)
c-l-a-p s-w-ee-p f-l-y
b-ow d-u-s-t r-u-n
j-u-m-p s-i-t s-l-ee-p
p-u-sh d-r-i-nk w-a-k-e
m-a-r-ch s-t-a-n-d s-t-r-e-t-ch
If at first children are not able to distinguish the words when
separated thus; s-t-a-n-d, d-r-i-n-k, blend the sound less slowly thus:
st-and, dr-ink, gradually increasing the difficulty to st-an-d, d-r-ink,
and finally to the complete analysis.
These ear training exercises should continue until a "phonetic sense" is
established. Not all children can readily blend sounds and "hear the
word." Patient drill for weeks, even months, may be necessary before a
sense of phonetic values is attained. Haphazard and spasmodic work is
fatal to progress; but a few minutes of brisk, lively drill, given
regularly each day will accomplish wonders.
The exercises should be varied from day to day to insure active interest
and effort.
_Second Day:_
Touch your n-o-se; your ch-ee-k; your ch-i-n; l-i-p-s; k-n-ee; f-oo-t;
b-oo-k; p-e-n-c-i-l; d-e-s-k; sh-o-e; d-r-e-ss, etc.
_Third Day:_
Place a number of toys in a basket. Pupils find as the teacher sounds
the name of each, saying: "Find the t-o-p"; "the s-p-oo-l;" "the
d-o-ll"; "the h-o-r-n"; etc.
_Fourth Day:_
Sound the names of pupils in class; or names of animals; colors, fruits,
places, etc.
_Fifth Day:_
R-u-n to m-e.
C-l-a-p your h-a-n-d-s.
W-a-v-e the f-l-a-g.
Cl-o-se the d-oo-r.
F-o-l-d your a-r-m-s.
B-r-i-n-g m-e a r-e-d b-a-ll.
B-ou-n-ce the b-a-ll.
Th-r-ow the b-a-ll to Fr-e-d.
R-i-n-g the b-e-ll.
H-o-p to m-e.
S-i-t in m-y ch-air.
R-u-n to the ch-ar-t.
S-i-n-g a s-o-n-g.
B-r-i-n-g me the p-oin-t-er.
B-o-w to m-e.
F-l-y a k-i-t-e.
S-w-ee-p the fl-oo-r.
R-o-c-k the b-a-b-y.
W-a-sh your f-a-ce.
D-u-s-t the ch-air-s.
Sh-a-k-e the r-u-g.
F-ee-d the h-e-n-s.
C-a-ll the ch-i-ck-s.
M-i-l-k the c-ow.
Ch-o-p w-oo-d.
R-ow a b-oa-t.
B-l-ow the h-o-r-n.
The pupil should now begin sounding words for himself, at first, if need
be, repeating the sounds after the teacher, then being encouraged to
attempt them alone. He will soon be able to "spell by sound" names of
common objects in the room, as well as easy and familiar words dictated
by the teacher.
II. _Teach the Single Consonant Sounds._
b, d, f, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, r, s (as in see), v, w, g (hard), c
(hard), and qu as in queer.
Teach but one sound for each letter at first. Nothing need be said at
this time about the fact that some letters have more than one sound.
When words like "city" or "gem" occur simply explain that sometimes "c"
or "g" has this sound, (giving the soft sound), but continue in the
phonic drill to teach the sounds that will be needed first--those most
often met in the early reading. The sounds of initial s and y are taught
first, rather than final y and s; q is taught with the u--qu (as in
quiet, queer, quick) not q alone.
The sounds must be given distinctly and correctly by the teacher, and
she should insist on perfect responses. Good reading is impossible
without clear and distinct articulation.
1. _Analyze Known Words in Teaching the Consonant Sounds._
For the first lesson teach perhaps two consonant sounds. Suppose the
words "ball" and "red" are chosen to be analyzed as words familiar to
the class. (Selected from the reading lessons as the ones best known and
most easily remembered.)
Write "b all" on the board, and pointing to the separated parts, sound
slowly several times. Pupils repeat. Teacher say, "Show the letter that
says 'b.' The part that says 'all.' Write "b" under "ball" thus:
b all
b
Pupil sound "b" several times, as it is written elsewhere on the black
board.
Proceed with "red" in the same way. Keep these two forms,
b all r ed
b r
before the class, asking frequently for the sounds until thoroly fixed
in mind.
For the second lesson, review "b" and "r" and teach one or two new
consonants. It is better to have short and frequent lessons at first,
than to present too many sounds at once, resulting in confusion.
Suppose "c" is to be taught next and the type word chosen is "cup." It
is not necessary to teach the consonants in the order in which they
occur in the alphabet,--it will depend rather upon the occurrence in the
primer of the words chosen for type words. Write the word "cup." Pupils
recognize it at once as a sight word, and pronounce. Rewrite it,
separating it thus, c up, and let the pupils make an effort to sound the
parts alone. If they fail, sound it for them asking them to repeat it
after you. Proceed as with "ball" and "red," being sure that each one
gives the sound correctly.
(1.) After teaching "c" say, "Who can find a word on the chart beginning
with this sound?" "In your books?" "on the blackboard?" the pupil
sounding the letter as he points to it.
(2) Say, "I'm thinking of another word beginning with "c." "It is
something Grandpa uses in walking." (Cane.) "I'm thinking of something
sweet that you like to eat." (Cake) (Candy) "Of the name of someone in
this class." (Clara) (Carl) "A little yellow bird." (Canary) "You think
of a word beginning with that sound." "Another." "Another."
2. _Begin At Once Applying Knowledge of the Sounds Learned._
As new words are met containing known sounds, the pupils should apply
their knowledge of phonics. For example, if the word "catch" appears,
the pupils sound "c," the teacher pronouncing "atch" underlining that
part of the word as she tells it,--the pupil puts these sounds together
and discovers the new word for himself. If the new word is "cab," the
only help from the teacher is the short sound of "a". This given the
pupil sounds "a" and "b" slowly; then faster, until the result of the
blended sounds is "ab." Combine "c" with "ab" in the same manner until
by the blending of the sounds the word is recognized. Only such help
should be given, as will enable the pupil to help himself.
"Ball," "red" and "cup" now become type words with which "b" "r" and "c"
are associated respectively, and from which the pupil gets his "cue" if
he fails to give the sound of the letter at sight. Thus all the
consonants are taught, from suitable sight words which the child has
already learned. They need not however, be the ones given here,--for "b"
it may be "baby," "ball," "boy," or "box," but let it be a word familiar
to the class and easily remembered. For "d" it may be "doll," "day," or
"dog;" for "y", "you", "yellow", etc.
The teacher should previously go through the text and select the words
she wishes to use as type words in teaching the consonant sounds.
3. _First Steps in Writing and Spelling._
As each consonant sound is taught its written form may be learned. On
rough manila paper, using waxed crayons, make copies of the letters
about two inches in height, for each pupil. At his desk the child traces
with his fore finger, going over the smooth path again and again--thus
developing psycho-motor co-ordination. Each time the letter is traced,
the pupil sounds it softly, and as soon as he is sure of the form, runs
to the board and writes it.
The writing at first may be entirely at the blackboard, where the
teacher's copy may be reproduced. For the slower ones who have
difficulty with the form, a good practice is to "write it in the air,"
the pupil pointing with index finger and following the teacher as she
writes, also tracing the teacher's copy with pointer, using free, rapid
movement. (Tracing with crayon or pencil tends to slow, cramped writing,
and should not be encouraged.) Thus when the forms of the letters are
learned and associated with the sound, the pupils are able to write
phonetic words from dictation as well as to "spell by sound."
4. _Consonant Drill._
(1) With a rubber pen, a set of type, or with black crayola, and
cardboard, a set of consonant cards may be made, one for each sound. On
one side of the card is written or printed the type word with the
consonant sound below; on the other side, the consonant alone, thus:
-------- -----
|b all | | b |
|b | | B |
-------- -----
The number of cards will increase each day as new sounds are learned.
Rapid daily drill with these cards is most valuable in associating
instantly the sound with its symbol and should be continued until every
child knows every sound. After the analysis the side of the card
containing only the consonant should be used for the drill. But if the
pupil fails to give the right sound, or is unable to give any sound at
all, the card should be reversed and he readily gets the right sound
from the word.
Other devices for teaching the consonants are sometimes used by
successful teachers who do not use the type-words and cards. For
instance, the letter may be associated with its sound in this way:--The
clock says "t"; the angry cat, "f"; the cow says "m"; etc. The
difficulty here is to find suitable symbols for each sound. If, for
example, the sounds of "l", "v" and "sh" are represented by a spinning
wheel, a buzz saw, and a water wheel respectively, and if the child is
not familiar with these symbols, they will not call up a definite sound
in his mind; but if "l" is taught from "little," "sh" from "sheep," and
"v" from "very", (or other familiar words,) there can be no uncertainty
and no time need be spent by the child in laboring to retain and
associate the sounds with unfamiliar symbols.
Not the method, but the motive, is the essential thing. What we want is
that every child should know the consonants thoroly. Get the _motive_,
then use the method that brings the best results with the least
expenditure of time and energy.
(2) For variety in reviewing and fixing the consonant sounds, give
frequent dictation exercises.
a. With all the consonants on the board, the teacher sounds any
consonant, the pupil finds and repeats the sound as he points it out. As
the teacher points, pupils sound, occasionally in concert, and in
individual recitation of the entire list. Individual work should
predominate, to make sure that the pupil is giving the correct sound and
putting forth independent effort.
b. Pupils write sounds as teacher dictates. If a pupil fails to recall
and write the form, the teacher may pronounce the type word and ask the
pupil to sound the initial consonant (tell the first sound in the word).
To illustrate: The teacher pronounces "cup", pupils sound "c", then
write it. If they have mastered the written forms they will enjoy this
exercise.
Children soon acquire the ability and become possessed of the desire to
write whole words. Then the teacher should direct this effort, teaching
the child to visualize (get a picture of the word as a whole) and write
short, simple words.
5. _Blending._
When a number of consonant sounds are mastered, practice in blending may
begin. When the need arises--when words are met which begin with a
combination of consonants the blends are taught, e.g., bright--b,
r,--br, br ight, bright. f, l,--fl, fl ower, flower. Keep a separate set
of cards for these blends--and drill upon them as the list grows.
(br, pl, fl, sl, cr, gl, gr, bl, cl, fr, pr, st, tr, str, sp, sw, tw,
sk.)
gr ow dr aw pl ay
s ky sm all sl ay
fl ower cr ow st ay
st and cl ean fr ay
gl ass pr ay tr ay
br own sp in str ay
bl ue sw ing sl ow
st ore sl ack bl ow
tr ack dw arf gl ow
The teacher must pronounce the syllables that the children have, as yet,
no power to master, e.g., with the word "grow", (1) the children will
blend g and r, gr; (2) teacher pronounces "ow"; (3) children blend "gr"
and "ow" until they recognise "grow."
Teach also the digraphs sh, ch, th, wh, as they are met in the common
words in use: when, they, chick, etc.
sh eep ch ick wh at th at
sh ell ch ild wh en th is
sh y ch air wh y th ese
sh ore ch ill wh ere th ose
sh ine ch erry wh ich th ere
sh ow ch ildren th en th eir
sh e ch urch th ey th ey
sh all ch ase
sh ould ch est
III. _Teach the Short Vowels._
Since more than 60 per cent of the vowels are short, and since short
vowels outnumber long vowels by about four to one, they are taught
first. Teach one vowel at a time by combining with the known consonants.
And what fun it is, when short "a" is introduced, to blend it with the
consonants and listen to discover "word sounds." Henceforth the children
will take delight in "unlocking" new words, without the teacher's help.
She will see to it, of course, that the words are simple and purely
phonetic at first; as:
c-a-n, can h-a-d, had
c-a-p, cap m-a-t, mat
c-a-t, cat m-a-n, man
r-a-t, rat f-a-n, fan
h-a-t, hat s-a-t, sat
Whole "families" are discovered by placing the vowel with the initial or
the final consonants, thus:
ca n r at f an
ca p h at an d
ca t c at s an d
ca b b at st an d
ma t f at l an d
ma n s at b an d
The children will enjoy forming all the families possible with the known
sounds.
_Short "a" Families or Phonograms._
at an ap ad ack ag and r ang b ank
b at c an c ap h ad b ack b ag b and s ang r ank
c at m an g ap l ad h ack f ag h and b ang s ank
f at p an l ap m ad J ack j ag l and h ang t ank
m at t an m ap g ad l ack l ag s and f ang bl ank
p at r an n ap b ad p ack n ag st and cl ang cr ank
N at f an r ap c ad r ack r ag gr and spr ang dr ank
s at b an s ap f ad s ack s ag br and Fr ank
r at D an t ap p ad t ack t ag str and pl ank
h at N an tr ap s ad st ack w ag th ank
th at V an str ap gl ad sl ack st ag
sn ap br ad tr ack br ag
wr ap bl ack dr ag
After a little drill in analyzing the words of a family, (sounding the
consonant and phonogram separately) they should be pronounced at sight,
analyzing the word only when the pupil fails in pronunciation.
The teacher's chart of phonograms as she works it out for herself may be
something like this.
[(a] [)e] i [)o] [)u]
at et it ot ut
ack ed ick ock ub
ad en id od uck
ag est ig og ug
an end im op um
ap edge in ong un
and ent ip oss uff
ang ess ift ung
ank ell ing unk
ash ink ump
amp ill ush
ust
While this gives the teacher a working chart, it is neither necessary
nor advisable that the above order be always followed in teaching the
phonograms and sounding series of words, nor that they be systematically
completed before other phonograms found in the words of the reading
lessons are taught. Such phonograms as "ound" from "found", "un" from
"run", "ight" from "bright", "est" from "nest", "ark" from "lark", etc.,
may be taught as soon as these sight words are made a part of the
child's reading vocabulary.
f ound r un br ight
ound un ight
s ound f un m ight
r ound s un r ight
gr ound b un f ight
b ound g un fr ight
p ound n un l ight
f ound r un s ight
h ound s un sl ight
ar ound st un n ight
n est l ark c atch
est ark atch
b est d ark h atch
l est b ark m atch
p est m ark m atch
r est h ark b atch
t est p ark l atch
v est sp ark p atch
w est st ark th atch
cr est sh ark scr atch
ch est sn atch
gu est
Attention is not called here to the various vowel sounds, but the
complete phonogram is taught at sight.
_Short "e" Phonograms._
bed h en b end b ent
fed d en l end c ent
led p en m end d ent
n ed m en s end l ent
r ed B en t end s ent
Fr ed t en bl end r ent
sh ed wr en sp end t ent
sl ed th en tr end w ent
bl ed wh en sp ent
gl en
edge B ess b ell sh ell
h edge l ess c ell sm ell
l edge bl ess s ell sp ell
s edge ch ess t ell sw ell
w edge dr ess f ell dw ell
pl edge pr ess n ell
sl edge gu ess w ell
_Short "i" Phonograms._
D ick s ick cl ick th ick
k ick t ick qu ick tr ick
l ick w ick sl ick
p ick br ick st ick
b id p ig d im p in th in
d id b ig h im t in tw in
h id f ig J im b in
k id d ig r im f in
l id r ig T im s in
r id w ig tr im w in
sl id tw ig br im ch in
sk id sk im gr in
sl im sk in
sw im sp in
d ip l ift s ing p ink b ill
h ip g ift k ing l ink f ill
l ip s ift r ing m ink h ill
n ip dr ift w ing s ink J ill
r ip sh ift br ing w ink k ill
s ip sw ift cl ing bl ink m ill
t ip thr ift sl ing br ink p ill
ch ip st ing dr ink t ill
cl ip str ing ch ink w ill
sl ip spr ing cl ink ch ill
dr ip sw ing shr ink sp ill
gr ip th ing th ink st ill
sh ip wr ing tr ill
sk ip
tr ip
str ip
wh ip
_Short "o" Phonograms._
B ob n od c ock d og
c ob p od l ock h og
r ob r od r ock l og
s ob h od s ock f og
m ob c od m ock fr og
j ob cl od bl ock c og
f ob pl od cl ock j og
kn ob tr od cr ock cl og
thr ob sh od fl ock
kn ock
st ock
h op t op sh op
m op st op sl op
l op dr op pr op
s op cr op
s ong l oss
l ong t oss
d ong R oss
g ong m oss
str ong b oss
wr ong cr oss
pr ong fl oss
thr ong gl oss
_Phonograms Containing Short "u"._
r ub d uck b ug r un
t ub l uck h ug s un
c ub t uck j ug f un
h ub cl uck l ug b un
cl ub pl uck m ug g un
gr ub sh uck p ug sp un
scr ub tr uck r ug st un
st ub str uck t ug sh un
sn ub dr ug
pl ug
sn ug
dr um c uff r ung
pl um m uff s ung
ch um p uff h ung
g um h uff l ung
h um b uff cl ung
sc um bl uff fl ung
gl um gr uff sl ung
st uff st ung
spr ung
sw ung
str ung
b unk j ump h ush m ust
h unk b ump m ush j ust
j unk l ump r ush r ust
ch unk h ump g ush d ust
dr unk p ump br ush cr ust
sk unk d ump cr ush tr ust
sp unk st ump bl ush thr ust
tr unk th ump pl ush
thr ush
From the beginning review daily the phonograms taught.
Thus by means of these daily drills in pronunciation, the pupil gains
power in mastering new words. He constantly makes intelligent and
practical application of the knowledge he has gained in pronouncing a
letter or a combination of letters in a certain way, under certain
conditions.
_Diacritical Marks_
The child has no need of diacritical marks at this time; indeed he has
little need for them until the fourth year, when the use of the
dictionary is taught. The new dictionaries greatly simplify the matter
of mastering the diacritical marks, and lessen the number needed, by
re-writing unphonetic words in simple phonetic spelling.
During the first three years do not retard the child's progress, and
weaken his power to apply the knowledge which his previous experience
has given him, by marking words to aid him in pronunciation. At best,
the marks are artificial and questionable aids.
PHONIC PLAYS
Much necessary drill can be made interesting by infusing the _spirit_ of
play into an exercise that would otherwise be formal.
1. _"Hide and Seek"_
"Hide and Seek" at once suggests a game. The teacher introduces it
simply by saying: "We'll play these sounds are hiding from us. Who can
find them?"
Place the consonant cards on the blackboard ledge. The teacher writes
any consonant on the board and immediately erases it. A pupil finds the
card containing the same consonant, sounds it, and replaces the card.
Teacher writes several sounds on the board, then erases them. Pupil
finds corresponding sounds on cards, in the order written.
2. _"Fishing"_
(Fish in pond.) Cards placed in a row on black board ledge. (Catching
fish.) Pupil takes as many as he can sound correctly.
Single and blended consonants, and digraphs written on cardboard cut in
form of fish, and put into the mirror lake on the sand table. Children
"catch fish" in turn.
3. _"Guess."_
A pupil thinks of a word containing a known phonogram, which is
communicated to the teacher. The child standing before the class then
says, "I am thinking of a word belonging to the "an" family." The word,
we will say, is "fan." A child who is called on asks, "Is it c an?" The
first child replies, "It is not can." Another asks, "Is it m an?" etc.,
until the correct word is discovered.
4. _"Run Home."_
For reviewing phonograms and fixing the vowel sounds as well, the
following game is used.
Draw pictures of several houses on the board, writing a different
phonogram in each, explaining that these are the names of the families
living there, as, "ed," "eg," "est," "en," etc. Distribute to the class
cards containing a word with one of these endings, and let "the children
run home." Those holding the words ten, pen, men and hen, will run to
the house where "en" lives. The children holding rest, best, nest, etc.,
will group themselves at the house of "est."
Again let several children represent mothers and stand before the class
holding phonograms. As Mother "ed" calls her children, those holding
cards containing red, led, fed, Fred, and bed, will run to her. If a
child belonging to the "est" family should come, she will send back the
stray child, saying pleasantly, "You do not belong in my family." A
little voice drill as practiced in the music lesson may be used here.
The mother calls "Children" on 1 and 8 of the scale (low and high do
thus:
1-8 8-1
child-dren), the children replying as they come, "We're here."
For individual tests let the mother call out all her children from the
other families, the children coming to her as she calls their card
names.
RHYME STORIES
Enliven the phonic drills occasionally by originating little rhymes,
using the words of the series to be reviewed. Write the words on the
board in columns, or upon cards. As the teacher repeats a line of the
jingle, she pauses for the children to supply the rhyme words.
Grandma was taking a cozy nap
Her hands were folded in her (lap)
When she wakened she heard a (tap)
In the maple tree that was full of (sap.)
She soon spied the tapper--he wore a red (cap)
White vest and black coat, and his wings gave a (flap)
As he hopped about with a rap-a-tap-(tap)
What did he want--was he looking for (sap)?
Ah no, but for grubs, which he ate quick as (snap)
Can you name this gay drummer who wears a red (cap)?
II.
As soon as possible introduce a number of phonograms into the same
story.
I have a little pet
Who is as black as (jet)
She sits upon a mat
And watches for a (rat.)
Her coat is smooth as silk,
She likes to drink sweet (milk)
She grows so fast and fat
That soon she'll be a (cat)
Can't you guess? Now what a pity
'Tis the dearest little ( ).
SPELLING BY SOUND
An easy step now, which the children will enjoy is the writing of the
words of given families as a dictation exercise, followed by sentences
as soon as the use of the capital and period have been taught. Such
sentences as the following may be given after a number of short "a"
phonograms are mastered:
The cat sat on a mat.
Nan has a fan.
The cat is fat.
The cat can see the pan.
The man has a hat.
Dan has a bat.
Dan has a hat and a cap.
The bag is in the cab.
When phonograms containing the other short vowels are known, words may
be pronounced miscellaneously from different series or families; as,
run, cap, pet, ran, pin, top, followed by sentences made up of
miscellaneous words, as,--
"Run red hen."
"Nan has a fan."
"Get the hat pin."
"Ned can spin a top."
"Nat set the trap."
"Jack run back and get the sack."
"A fat man got in the hack."
"Can Sam get the hat?"
THE ALPHABET AND ORAL SPELLING
The names of letters should not be formally taught until their sounds
are thoroly fixed in mind; otherwise the names and sounds will be
confused. Pupils who begin by "learning their letters" will be found
spelling out a word (naming over the letters) in order to arrive at the
pronunciation. Attention must be focused on the _sounds only_, at first.
When the consonant sounds are mastered by every member of the class, and
they have gained some proficiency in pronouncing words by blending these
with the short and long vowel sounds, the _names_ of the letters may be
taught, and the alphabet committed to memory in order.
While as a rule, most children learn the majority of the letters
incidentally by the end of the first year, it often happens that some
remain ignorant of the alphabetical order until they come to use the
dictionary, and are greatly handicapped.
_To Associate the Name of the Letter With Its Sound._
(1) The teacher names the letter as she points to it and the children
give the corresponding sound; (2) As the teacher sounds the letter,
pupils name the letter sounded. (3) Repeat with the letters erased from
the board.
Oral spelling may begin _after_ the sounds have first been mastered--and
as soon as the names of the letters are taught. Spell only the phonetic
words at first. The lists of families of words which have been written
from dictation may now be spelled orally.
The spelling recitation may be both oral and written, but written
spelling should predominate the first year. Unphonetic words should be
taught by visualizing--getting the form of the word as a whole. The
teacher writes the word on the board in free rapid hand, pupils observe
for a moment, getting a mental picture of the form; the word is erased
by the teacher, and reproduced on the board by the pupil.
While oral spelling aids the "ear-minded" pupil and gives variety in the
recitation, written spelling should predominate for the reasons that (1)
in practical life, spelling is used almost wholly in expressing thought
in writing; (2) the eye and hand should be trained equally with the ear.
It is often true that good oral spellers will fail in writing the same
words for want of practice. (3) In the written recitation each pupil can
spell a greater number of words and in less time than is possible in
oral spelling.
SEAT WORK
1. Distribute pages from magazines or old readers and let pupils
underline words beginning with a certain consonant (the one being
taught). If different colored pencils are used, the same pages can be
used a number of times. When the "m" sound is being taught let all words
beginning with that sound be marked with black; at another seat work
period, words beginning with "b" are marked with "green;" and again,
words beginning with "f" sound are marked with blue pencils, etc.
Underline digraphs, blended consonants, and phonograms.
2. The teacher writes a phonogram on the board and below it all the
consonant sounds from which words may be built. Pupils write the entire
words.
3. Phonograms are written on the board; pupils supply consonants and
write out the words.
4. Have a number of phonograms and three or four sets of consonants in
envelopes. Give an envelope to each child and let him build the words on
his desk. Duplicate copies can be made on a hectograph, one set for each
lesson; then if one envelope from each set is preserved, those
miscellaneous lessons can be used in review for a long time, each child
using a different set each time.
5. Write on the board lists of words ending in various phonograms and
let the children re-write them, arranging in columns according to
phonograms.
6. Write families from memory.
GENERAL SUGGESTIONS
1. At least two daily periods should be given to phonics. The first
lessons will be short, but after some advance has been made, ten to
fifteen minutes should be given.
2. As far as possible let the words for phonic drill be those that will
occur in the new reading lessons.
3. Constantly review all familiar sounds, phonograms, digraphs, blends,
etc., when met in new words, and so teach pupils to apply their
knowledge of phonics.
4. Teaching them to "pantomime" the sounds--representing them mutely by
movement of the lips, tongue and palate, will aid them in silent study
at their seats.
5. By the end of the first year the pupil's phonetic knowledge, combined
with his vocabulary of sight words and his power to discover a new word,
either phonetically or by the context, ought to enable him to read
independently any primer, and to read during the year from eight to
twelve or more primers and first readers.
6. In reading, pupils should be taught to get the meaning chiefly by
context--by the parts which precede or follow the difficult word and are
so associated with it as to throw light upon its meaning.
7. When a word cannot be pronounced phonetically, the teacher should
assist by giving the sound needed, but the pupil will soon discover that
by using his wits in phonics as in other things, he can get the new word
for himself by the sense of what he is reading, e.g., in the sentence,
"The farmer came into the field" he meets the new word "field."
Naturally a second year pupil, who has learned the reasons for sounding
will apply the long sound of "i;"--as he reads it does not make sense,
so he tries short "i." Still the sentence is meaningless, so he tries
again with "e" and reads a sentence which satisfies him, because the
meaning is clear.
If the first year pupil pronounces the word "coat" as co-at (recognizing
the last combination as a member of the "at" family) the teacher will
underline and call his attention to the digraph "oa" which he has
already learned to pronounce as long "o." Most pupils however, meeting
the word in a sentence--as, "The caterpillar's coat is green"--would, if
reading thotfully recognize the word by the context.
8. Drill on obscure sounds should be omitted the first year. Unphonetic
words should be taught as sight words: as: one, many, been, said, they,
ought, eight.
9. Begin to combine words and syllables into longer words as soon as
possible: door-step, in-deed, hand-some, be-fore, ham-mer-ing,
in-no-cent, for-get-ful, car-pen-ter, side-walk, mis-take.
10. Give time increasingly to analytic-synthetic word study,
e.g.--"eight" and "rain" are taught as sight words.
eigh t r ain
Analysis: eigh ain
w eigh p ain
w eight pl ain
Synthesis: n eigh com plain
n eigh bor com plain ing
ARTICULATION
Exercises to correct faulty articulation and secure flexibility should
be given frequently. Constant vigilance is necessary in overcoming the
common errors shown in the following examples.
"I will eat you," said the troll. (not "e-chew")
Dear little baby, close your eye. (not "clo-zhure eye")
"I will then," said Red Hen, and she did. (not "an' she did.")
Put your right hand in. (not "put chure")
--you, and you, and you. (an' Jew.)
Father will meet you (meat chew) at the station.
The leaves turned to red and gold. (red Dan gold)
"No matter what you hear, (what chew) no matter what you see,
Raggylug, don't you move." (don't chew)
Tender flowers come forth to greet her. (gree-ter)
It is not at all (a-tall) like the mother bird.
Have the pupils practice such exercises as:--
Did you? Don't you? Would you? Should you? Could you? (Not "did Jew,"
"don't chew" etc.)
Where shall I meet you? (not meat chew)
When shall I meet you?
She sells sea shells.
Pupils usually have difficulty with words ending in sts, dth, pth. Lists
of such words should be drilled upon:--
Nests, vests, posts, hosts, boasts, fists, mists, frosts, length,
breadth, depth.
"He thrusts his fists against the posts,
And still insists he sees the ghosts."
(If necessary show the pupils how to adjust the vocal organs to make the
different sounds.)
m, n, ng (nasal)
p, b, w, m (lips)
f, v (lips and teeth)
t, d, s, z, n (tongue and hard palate.)
j, ch, (tongue and hard palate-back)
k, g, ng (tongue and soft palate.)
y, l (tongue, hard palate and soft palate.)
p, b, d, t, j, k, h, g, ch (momentary)
w, f, v, s, l, r, y, th, sh (continuous)
The majority of children learn the sounds by imitation and repetition.
The above is to help the teacher in giving the sounds correctly.
SECOND YEAR
_I. Review Single and Blended Consonants, Digraphs, Short and Long
Vowels, and All Phonograms._
_II. Continue Pronouncing Exercises, Teaching New Phonograms._
Continue word study by the analytic-synthetic process. These phonic
drills will deal largely with the new words that occur in the daily
reading lessons.
_III. Syllabication._
In mastering the pronunciation of new words, pupils should acquire the
habit of analyzing them into syllables.
The ear must be trained to _hear_ syllables, they should be _separately
pronounced_, and _clearly imaged_. This makes for effective spelling
later. Most of the difficulties in spelling are removed when the habit
of breaking up a complex word into its elements is acquired.
re mem ber ther mom e ter
sep a rate in de pen dence
dan de lion mul ti pli ca tion
beau ti ful re frig er a tor
_IV. Teach the Long Vowel Sounds._
We have found that the short vowels predominate in the English language.
The long vowel sounds come next in frequency. When the child has
mastered the letters and combinations representing these two sounds, he
is able to recognize a large majority of the phonetic words in our
language.
Phonetic words follow definite rules of pronunciation. These rules are
not to be formally taught in the first and second years, but pointed out
by examples, so that the visual and auditory image may be associated.
To illustrate: When there are two or more vowels in a word of one
syllable, the first vowel is long, and the last silent, as: came, leaf,
coat, rain.
"When there is one vowel in the word and it is the last, it is long,"
as: me, he, fly.
All vowels are short unless modified by position.
Have the children notice the effect of final "e" upon some of their
short vowel words. These lists will furnish good pronunciation drills.
mat mate bit bite tap tape
pan pane rod rode fad fade
fat fate hat hate mad made
can cane pin pine rat rate
not note rob robe pet Pete
man mane din dine dim dime
cap cape fin fine spin spine
hid hide mop mope kit kite
hop hope plum plume rip ripe
tub tube cub cube
cut cute
tun tune
Call attention to the vowel digraphs in the same way: ea, ai, oa, ay.
deaf seat bean
neat leaves meat
heat peach lean
please eagle clean
eat seam teach
mean stream glean
read squeal wean
While there are exceptions, as in the words "head" and "bread," the
digraph "ea" has the sound of long "e" in nearly three-fourths of the
words in which it occurs and should be so taught. The visual image "ea"
should call up the auditory image of long "e." When the child meets the
exceptions the context must be relied on to aid him.
Likewise in the following list, the new fact to be taught is the digraph
"ai" having the long sound of "a." Blending the initial and final
consonants with this, the pupil pronounces the new list of words without
further aid.
rain chain faith daisy
wait main paint daily
nail brain faint plainly
pail drain snail waist
pain claim frail complain
pain train praise sailor
aim plain quail raise
maid braid sprain trail
mail
The digraph "oa" and "ay" may be taught with equal ease the first year.
There is no reason for deferring them; they should be taught as soon as
the children have need for them.
coat toast roar
load goat roam
float road moan
toad roam throat
oar boat oat meal
croak soar foam
loaf soap coarse
loaves groan board
goal boast cloak
coach poach roast
say day may gay
hay play slay pray
lay clay dray gray
nay bray way stay
pay tray sway spray
ray stray jay stray
LONG VOWEL PHONOGRAMS
(These lists are for rapid pronunciation drills.)
c ame f ade f ace sh ape
l ame m ade l ace gr ape
g ame w ade p ace m ate
n ame bl ade r ace d ate
s ame gr ade br ace f ate
t ame sh ade Gr ace g ate
bl ame sp ade pl ace h ate
fl ame gl ade sp ace K ate
sh ame tr ade tr ace
c age b ake s ale l ate
p age c ake b ale r ate
r age l ake p ale cr ate
s age m ake t ale gr ate
w age r ake sc ale pl ate
st age s ake st ale sk ate
t ake wh ale st ate
w ake g ale g ave
c ane dr ake d ale s ave
l ane fl ake c ape c ave
m ane qu ake t ape p ave
p ane sh ake cr ape r ave
v ane sn ake dr ape w ave
cr ane st ake scr ape br ave
pl ane br ake gr ave
sh ave
sl ave
st ave
cr ave
b e h eed s eek
h e s eed m eek
m e w eed w eek
w e r eed ch eek
sh e bl eed cr eek
th e br eed sl eek
tr ee gr eed p eek
s ee sp eed Gr eek
b ee st eed f eet
th ee fr eed b eet
fl ee f eel m eet
kn ee p eel fl eet
fr ee h eel gr eet
thr ee r eel sh eet
gl ee kn eel sl eet
sk ee st eel str eet
d eed wh eel sw eet
n eed
f eed
p eep d eem
d eep s eem
k eep t eem
ch eep br eeze
w eep fr eeze
cr eep sn eeze
sh eep squ eeze
sl eep wh eeze
st eep
sw eep
d eer m ice pr ide kn ife
ch eer n ice gl ide str ife
qu eer r ice gu ide h igh
sh eer pr ice sl ide s igh
st eer sl ice str ide n igh
sn eer sp ice d ie th igh
gr een tr ice t ie l ight
qu een tw ice l ie m ight
pr een r ide d ied r ight
scr een s ide dr ied br ight
w een h ide fr ied f ight
spl een t ide sp ied n ight
s een w ide l ife s ight
k een br ide w ife
f ife
t ight f ind t ire
fr ight m ind w ire
sl ight b ind f ire
kn ight r ind h ire
w ind m ire
l ike bl ind sp ire
d ike gr ind squ ire
p ike
h ike f ine k ite
t ike d ine b ite
sp ike m ine m ite
str ike n ine qu ite
p ine sm ite
p ile v ine sp ite
t ile br ine spr ite
m ile sh ine wh ite
N ile sp ine wr ite
f ile sw ine
sm ile th ine f ive
st ile tw ine h ive
wh ile wh ine d ive
l ive
d ime r ipe dr ive
l ime p ipe str ive
t ime w ipe thr ive
ch ime sn ipe
sl ime tr ipe m y
pr ime str ipe b y
fl y
cr y
dr y c old b one ch ose
fr y s old dr one th ose
pr y b old ph one cl ose
sh y m old sh one w ove
sk y t old thr one dr ove
sl y f old gr ove
sp y g old r ope cl ove
spr y h old h ope st ove
st y sc old d ope
tr y sl ope h oe
wh y h ole t oe
p ole c ore J oe
r obe m ole m ore f oe
gl obe s ole p ore w oe
r ode st ole t ore
j oke wh ole w ore d oor
p oke r oll s ore fl oor
w oke tr oll ch ore
br oke str oll sh ore m ow
ch oke sn ore r ow
sm oke c olt st ore s ow
sp oke b olt b ow
str oke j olt t orn bl ow
v olt w orn sl ow
sh orn sn ow
h ome cr ow
t one r ose fl ow
st one n ose gl ow
h ose gr ow
p ose kn ow
sh ow
thr ow t ube bl ue
s own c ube d ue
bl own m ule h ue
gr own f ume c ue
fl own pl ume gl ue
thr own J une fl ue
t une
c ure
p ure
The Diphthongs oi, oy, ou, ow.
oi oy m ound ow
b oil b oy gr ound c ow
s oil j oy c ount n ow
t oil t oy m ount h ow
c oil R oy h our b ow
br oil tr oy fl our br ow
sp oil ou h ouse f owl
m ouse h owl
v oice l oud bl ouse gr owl
ch oice cl oud p out sc owl
c oin pr oud sh out d own
j oin c ouch sp out g own
j oint p ouch spr out t own
p oint s ound st out br own
n oise b ound tr out cl own
m oist r ound m outh cr own
f ound s outh dr own
w ound fr own
DIGRAPHS
(For rapid pronunciation drills.)
sh ch th wh th
sh eep ch ick bath wh en then
sh ell ch ild both wh y they
sh y ch air doth wh ere these
sh ore ch ill mirth wh ich those
sh ine ch erry worth wh at the
sh ow ch ildren birth wh ile thy
sh e ch urch tooth wh ose that
sh all ch ase loth wh ite this
sh ould ch est girth wh ale thus
sh ake ch ange thin wh eat thine
sh ame ch alk thick wh eel there
sh ape ch ain think wh ack their
sh are ch ance throat wh ip them
sh ark ch arge thorn wh irl though
sh arp ch ap three wh et thou
sh awl ch apel third wh ey
sh ed ch apter thaw wh isper
sh ear ch arm wh istle
sh epherd ch eck
THIRD YEAR
_I. Rules or Reasons for Sounds._
(The effect of the position of the letter upon its sound.)
_II. Effect of "r" Upon Vowels._
_III. Equivalents._
_IV. Teach Vowel Sounds Other Than Long and Short Sounds, by Analyzing
Known Words and Phonograms._
Pupils know the phonogram "ark," learned when the following list of
words was pronounced: bark, dark, hark, lark, mark, park, shark, etc.
Attention is now called to the long Italian "a" sound (two dots above)
and other lists pronounced; as, farm, barn, sharp, charm. Broad "a" (two
dots below) is taught by recalling the familiar phonogram "all" and the
series: ball, fall, call, tall, small, etc., pronounced. Also other
lists containing this sound: as, walk, salt, caught, chalk, haul, claw,
cause.
(The rules for sounds apply to the individual syllables in words of more
than one syllable as well as to monosyllables.)
HOW TO DISTINGUISH BETWEEN VOWELS AND CONSONANTS
Before the rules for the sounds are taken up, it will be necessary that
the pupils know how to distinguish the vowels from the consonants.
Have the vowels on the board, also lists of words, and drill on finding
the vowels in the lists. The teacher says, "These letters are called
vowels." "How many vowels are there?" "Find a vowel in this
word"--pointing to one of the words in the lists. As the pupil finds it
he says, "This is a vowel." Find the vowels in all the words in the
lists.
PHONICS AND LANGUAGE
When the vowels and consonants can be distinguished, pupils can be
taught the use of the articles "a" and "an".
"An" is used before words beginning with vowels; "a" before words
beginning with consonants. Lists of words are placed on the board to be
copied, and the proper article supplied.
apple ball
stem eye
peach owl
orange flower
table uncle
ink-stand
Use the article "the" with the same list of words in oral expression,
pronouncing "the" with the long sound of "e" before words beginning with
vowels, as "The apple," "The ink-stand."
_The_ apple is on the table.
The peach is ripe.
The flower and _the_ orange are for you.
_The_ owl has bright eyes.
_The_ ice is smooth and hard.
Grandfather sits in _the_ arm chair.
Is _the_ envelope sealed?
_The_ old man leans on the cane.
RULES OR REASONS FOR SOUNDS
The real difficulty in phonics lies in the fact that the pronunciation
of the English language abounds in inconsistencies. Its letters have no
fixed values and represent different sounds in different words.
While there are but twenty-six letters in the English alphabet there are
forty-four elementary sounds in the English language.
Thus far but one sound for each consonant has been taught and
emphasized. Incidentally the fact that some of the letters have more
than one sound has been discovered, as c in city, g in gentle,--but now
definite teaching is given concerning them. The new sound is taught with
its diacritical mark and the reason given, e.g. "c before e, i, or y is
soft."
When a reason or rule for marking is given, lists of words illustrating
the rule should be sounded and pronounced. The teacher marks the word as
the reason is given. Lists of words may be marked by the pupils as a
dictation exercise.
The above use of _diacritical marks_ does not apply to the pernicious
practice of marking words to aid in pronunciation, but to show the
purpose of marks, which is merely to indicate the sound.
_Teach that the sound of the letter depends upon its position in the
word, and not upon the diacritical marks._
REASONS FOR SOUNDS
1. When there is one vowel in the word and it is at the last, it is
long.
me he my sky
be the by cry
we she fly try
2. One vowel in the word, not at the last, is short; as, mat, nest,
pond.
(Refer to short vowel lists to test this rule.)
3. When there are two or more vowels in a syllable, or a word of one
syllable the first vowel is long, and the last are silent; as: mate,
sneeze, day. (Teacher marks the long and silent vowels as the reason for
the sound is given.)
Children mark these words and give reason: game, kite, make, coat, meat,
wait.
After rules (1 to 3) are clearly developed, apply them by marking and
pronouncing these words and giving reasons.
coat man neat
he nine box
sun feel kite
she run me
take we seam
heat bit tan
bite mad made
take cape the
mane cap lake
Rule 4.
When double consonants occur, the last is silent; tel_l_, bac_k_.
back bell kill dress duck
Jack fell till Jess tack
pack Nell fill less press
lack Bell pill neck luck
sack sell will Bess still
tack tell hill block stick
shall well mill peck trill
shell yell rock clock struck
Rule 5.
T before ch is silent: ca_t_ch.
hatch switch ditch
match stretch pitch
latch thatch stitch
patch sketch fetch
hitch scratch match
watch snatch crutch
Rule 6.
N before g, the sound of ng ([n=]): sing, also n before
k--[n=]g,--i[n=]k.
bang song lank
rang long bank
sang strong sank
hang thing tank
wink cling sung
sink swing lung
think sing swung
brink sting stung
Rule 7.
Initial k before n is silent--_k_nife.
knee knew know
knack knot knock
knob knell knife
knelt known kneel
Rule 8.
Initial w before r is silent--_w_rite.
wry wren written
wring wreak wrist
wrong wrote wriggle
write wretch wrench
wrap wreath writing
Rule 9.
Initial g before n is silent--_g_naw.
gnat gnarl gnu
gnaw gneiss gnome
Rule 10.
C before e, i or y is soft.--cent, city, cypress.
face cent nice
lace cell price
place ice slice
race rice twice
Grace mice cypress
cylinder cyclone
(Hard c is found before a, o, and u or a consonant.)
Rule 11.
G before e, i or y is soft,--gentle, giant, gypsy. (Get and give are
common exceptions.)
age gentle gem
cage gin gypsy
page gill giraffe
rage ginger wage
sage giant gipsy
Exercise--Pronounce and mark the following words, and tell whether they
contain the soft or hard sounds of g.
go gay gate globe
dog bag garden glass
gentle cage general forge
geese gather wagon glove
gem game George forget
germ Gill Grace grain
Note effect of final e on hard g.
rag rage sag sage
wag wage stag stage
Rule 12.
I before gh--i is long and gh silent--ni_gh_t.
light right fight
night bright fright
sight high slight
might thigh flight
tight sigh plight
Rule 13.
Final y in words of more than one syllable is short,--cherry.
dainty pity ferry
plainly city lightly
rainy naughty berry
daisy thirty merry
daily dreary cherry
Rule 14.
Final e in words of more than one syllable is silent.--gentl_e_,
Nelli_e_.
Rule 15.
Effect of r upon vowels.
[~er] [~ir] [~or] [~ur]
her bird work urn
fern sir word turn
term stir worm hurt
herd girl world purr
jerk first worst burn
ever chirp worth churn
serve whirl worse burst
perch thirst worship church
kernel fir worthy curve
verse firm worry curb
verb third fur
germ birth blur
herb birch curd
stern thirty curl
OTHER EQUIVALENTS
a==e [(a]==[(e]
they eight care heir
obey weight bare their
prey freight fare there
weigh neigh hair where
sleigh veins fair stair
reign whey chair pear
skein rein pair
a==[)o] a==[(o] au==aw==ou
what not call nor haul ought
was odd raw for fault bought
watch cot want corn cause sought
wasp got walk cord pause caw
wash hop salt short caught saw
drop dog hall storm naught paw
spot fog draw horse naughty draw
talk morn thought thaw
ou==ow [=ew]==[=u]
our how dew due
out now few hue
hour cow mew blue
flour bow new June
trout plow Jew tune
shout owl pew plume
mouth growl hue pure
sound brown glue flute
mouse crowd
ground flower
house drown
ew==[=oo]==o==[u..] o==oo==[u..]
grew do poor rude wolf wool
chew you soon rule could foot
crew to noon tool would good
brew shoe whom school should hood
drew prove food spool woman wood
threw broad whose roof shook stood
screw moon tomb broom crook pull
strew goose stoop roost hook bush
shrewd took full
brook put
book puss
look
o==[)u] oy==oi
come fun boy oil
none gun joy soil
son run Roy voice
dove sup toy spoil
love cup troy joint
some sun join point
ton hum coin choice
won drum noise noise
does plum toil moist
touch nut
glove shut
month much
none must
FOURTH YEAR
I. Review and continue to apply the principles of pronunciation, with a
more complete mastery of the vowel and consonant sounds as found in
Webster's dictionary.
II. Teach the diacritical marks found in the dictionary to be used. The
marks needed will be found at the foot of each page of the dictionary.
III. Teach the use of the dictionary.
(1) See that every child owns, if possible, one of the new dictionaries,
in which unphonetic words are respelled phonetically.
(2) See that all know the alphabet in order.
(3) Pupils practice finding names in the telephone directory, catalogs,
reference books, etc.
(4) Practice arranging lists of words in alphabetical order, as in the
following dictation exercise.
Rewrite these words in the order in which they would occur in the
dictionary.
chance value
alarm hurdle
green evergreen
window feather
indeed leave
sapwood monkey
bruise kernel
double jelly
Also lists like these:--a step more difficult.
arbor angry
alarm after
artist age
afford apron
apple appear
athletic approve
assist answer
always anchor
After teaching the alphabetical order, with dictionary in hand, have the
pupil trace the word to its letter, then to its page.
Having found his way to the word, he must now learn to read what the
dictionary has to tell him about it. His attention is called to
syllabification as well as to diacritical marks. (Those found at the
foot of the page will furnish the key to pronunciation.)
He finds that his dictionary is a means of learning not only the
pronunciation of words, but their meaning and spelling. Later, as soon
as the parts of speech are known, he should learn the various uses of
words--their grammatical uses, derivation, etc., and come to regard the
dictionary as one of his commonest tools, as necessary as other books of
reference.
But here the teacher's task is not done. Provided with the key to the
mastery of symbols, her pupils may still fail to use this key to unlock
the vast literary treasures in store for them. They must be taught _what
to read_, as well as _how to read_. They must be introduced to the
school library and if possible to the public library. Dr. Elliot has
said: "The uplifting of the democratic masses depends upon the
implanting at school of the taste for good reading."
Moreover that teacher does her pupils the most important and lasting
service who develops in them not only _an appreciation of good
literature_, but _the habit of reading it_.
Transcriber's note:
Non-ascii diacritical marks represented as follows:
[(a] a below inverted breve
[)e] e below breve
[(e] e below inverted breve
[)o] o below breve
[(o] o below inverted breve
[)u] u below breve
[=u] u below macron
[n=] n above macron
[u..] u above diaresis
[~er] er below tilde
[~ir] ir below tilde
[~or] or below tilde
[~ur] ur below tilde
[=ew] ew below macron
[=oo] oo below macron
Words such as thot, thotfully and thoroly are spelt as per original.
End of Project Gutenberg's How to Teach Phonics, by Lida M. Williams
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