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Title: A book of European statistics
Author: Leo Markun
Editor: E. Haldeman-Julius
Release date: July 3, 2026 [eBook #79010]
Language: English
Original publication: Girard: Haldeman-Julius Publications, 1929
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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A BOOK OF EUROPEAN STATISTICS ***
LITTLE BLUE BOOK NO. 1465
Edited by E. Haldeman-Julius
A Book of European
Statistics
Leo Markun
HALDEMAN-JULIUS PUBLICATIONS
GIRARD, KANSAS
Copyright, 1929,
Haldeman-Julius Company
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
CONTENTS
Page
Introduction 5
The Continent 6
High Mountains of Europe 7
Great Rivers of Europe 7
European Lakes 8
European Canals 8
Area and Population by Countries 9
American Citizens in Europe 14
Automobiles 15
Some Agricultural Statistics 16
Railroads 21
Mineral Production 22
Wine Production 24
International Commerce 25
Trade with the United States 26
Ships 28
Foreign Exchange 29
Armies 29
Telephones 31
Schools 31
Budgets 32
A BOOK OF EUROPEAN STATISTICS
INTRODUCTION
In the introduction to Little Blue Book No. 1460, _A Book of American
Statistics_, I have called attention to a few of the ways in which
numerical expressions of facts may be misleading, especially if the
person consulting a statistical table forgets that a census or a
measurement must be taken at a definite time. In general, though, the
population and the industries of Europe are somewhat more inclined
to stability than are those of the United States and other American
countries. It may be said, too, that most European countries are in a
position to learn with considerable accuracy the number of people they
contain and other information of a definite sort. There are a few vague
or disputed boundaries, and, especially in the southeast, there are
groups of people who flee from the schoolmaster and the census taker;
but these are exceptional cases.
The statistical matter published by the governmental agencies of the
United Kingdom, France, or Germany is fully as trustworthy as that
which comes from the official printing office at Washington. Indeed,
the European countries have fuller information than the United States
about some important phenomena of society.
Fuller statistics may be found in various yearbooks and almanacs
devoted to special interests or countries, as well as in those of a
general nature. An inexpensive source of information is the _Almanac
and Book of Facts_ published by the New York World. _A Political
Handbook of the World_, published by the Yale and Harvard University
Presses, is devoted largely to party politics and governmental facts.
_The Statesman’s Year Book_ and the _Europa Year Book_ contain
statistical matter of all sorts.
Current information about Europe appears with fullness in few American
newspapers. Perhaps the New York _Times_ should be especially mentioned
in this connection. However, several English newspapers that are to be
found in large public libraries are naturally more useful for European
statistics.
THE CONTINENT
Europe has an area of about 3,789,000 square miles. The population is
estimated at 480,000,000. The highest point in Europe is Mt. Elbrus,
in the Caucasus Mountains, with a height of 18,465 feet, and the
lowest is the Caspian Sea, in Russia, 86 feet below sea level. The mean
approximate height of Europe is 980 feet, as compared with 1300 feet in
each of the two Americas and 1600 feet in Africa and in Asia.
HIGH MOUNTAINS OF EUROPE
Height
Country in feet
Elbrus Russia 18,465
Kasbek Russia 16,346
Mont Blanc France 15,781
Monte Rosa Italy 15,217
Olympus Greece 9,745
Ben Nevis Scotland 4,368
Matterhorn, or
Mont Cervin Switzerland-Italy 14,661
Finsteraarhorn Switzerland 14,022
GREAT RIVERS OF EUROPE
Flows Length
into the miles
Volga Caspian Sea 2,300
Danube Black Sea 1,725
Ural Caspian Sea 1,400
Dnieper Black Sea 1,400
Don Gulf of Taganrog 1,200
Rhine North Sea 700
Elbe North Sea 700
Loire Bay of Biscay 650
Tagus Atlantic Ocean 550
Oder Baltic Sea 550
Guadana Mediterranean Sea 515
Rhone Gulf of Lyons 500
Seine English Channel 475
Po Adriatic Sea 420
Ebro Mediterranean Sea 400
Garonne Bay of Biscay 385
Thames North Sea 215
Drave Danube 450
Marne Seine 310
EUROPEAN LAKES
Square
miles
Ladoga 7200
Wener 2400
Wetter 936
Balaton 420
Geneva 224
Constance 208
Garda 136
Neuchatel 90
Maggiore 78
Como 56
Lucerne 40
Zurich 37
EUROPEAN CANALS
Miles
long
Berlin-Stettin (also known as Hohenzollern) 136
Kiel (or Kaiser Wilhelm) 61
Marseilles-Rhone 60
Elbe-Trave 41
Manchester-Liverpool 35
AREA AND POPULATION BY COUNTRIES
Albania is a Balkan kingdom with an estimated area of 17,374 square
miles and population of 840,000.
Andorra is a semi-independent republic in the Pyrenees with an area of
191 square miles and a population of between 5000 and 6000.
Austria is a republic with an area of 32,369 square miles and a
population (1923) of 6,526,000. The Austro-Hungarian Empire before the
World War had an area of 261,259 square miles.
Belgium is a kingdom with an area of 11,752 square miles and a
population of about 7,875,000.
Bulgaria is a kingdom in the Balkans with an area of 39,814 square
miles and a population of 5,483,000.
The republic of Czecho-Slovakia, in central Europe, has an area of
51,207 square miles and a population officially estimated at about
14,356,000.
The free city of Danzig, under the protection of the League of Nations,
has an area of 754 square miles and a population (1924) of 386,000,
mostly German.
The kingdom of Denmark has an area of 15,568 square miles and a
population of 3,343,000 (1925). The Faroe Islands, which belong to
Denmark, have an area of 540 square miles and a population of 21,000.
The republic of Estonia has an area of about 18,000 square miles and a
population of about 1,115,000.
The republic of Finland has an area of 149,641 square miles and a
population estimated at 3,526,000.
The republic of France has an area of 212,659 square miles and a
population (1926) of 40,743,851. (The island of Corsica included.)
The grand total of land under the direct control of France, including
colonies in America, Asia, Africa and Oceania is 5,870,460 square
miles, with a population of over a hundred million.
The republic of Germany has a land area of 181,714 square miles. This
includes the Saar district, not at the moment under German control. The
population in 1925 was 63,118,000.
The republic of Greece, in the Balkans, has an area of 49,022 square
miles with a population which was 5,447,000 in 1920 and estimated in
1928 (_A Political Handbook of the World_) at about seven millions.
The kingdom or regency of Hungary has an area which is not entirely
definite, for some of the boundaries are yet to be determined, but it
may be stated as 35,875 square miles. The population is close to nine
millions (8,160,000 in 1924). Before the World War Hungary had an area
of 109,216 square miles; or, with Croatia and Slavonia, of 125,641
square miles.
The kingdom of Italy has an area of 119,714 square miles, with a
population of 40,548,000. The total area of the Italian Empire is
990,658 square miles, with a population of some 43 millions. (Some of
the colonial boundaries are rather vague.)
The kingdom of Jugoslavia or Yugoslavia, also known more formally
as the kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, has an area of
96,134 square miles, with a population of 12,017,000 in 1921. The
country contains about half a million each of Germans, Albanians, and
Hungarians.
The republic of Latvia, which is south of Estonia, has an area of about
25,000 square miles and a population of 1,870,000.
The principality of Liechtenstein, formerly dependent on Austria and
now in the Swiss customs union, has an area of 65 square miles and a
population of about 12,000.
The republic of Lithuania, which is one of the Baltic States, still has
aspirations for the recovery of the city and district of Vilna, seized
from it by Poland. Without this, it has an area of about 21,800 square
miles and a population of about 2,228,000.
The grand duchy of Luxemburg, which is in a customs union with Belgium,
has an area of 999 square miles and a population of 269,000.
The principality of Monaco, on the Mediterranean, is all but surrounded
by French territory. It has an area of 8 square miles, and its
population in 1923 was 22,000.
The kingdom of the Netherlands, popularly referred to as Holland, has
an area of 12,593 square miles. The official estimate of population
at the beginning of 1926 was 7,416,418. The Dutch Empire, including a
large district in the East Indies, has an area of 801,000 square miles
and a population of about 57 millions.
The kingdom of Norway, which occupies the western part of the
Scandinavian Peninsula, has an area of 124,964 square miles and a
population which was 2,649,000 in 1920, and is about 2,900,000 in 1929.
The republic of Poland has an area of some 149,140 square miles, but
part of the boundaries, especially with Lithuania, are at present
indefinite. The population is about 30,000,000.
The republic of Portugal has an area, including the Azores and Madeira,
of 35,490 square miles and a population of 6,033,000 (1920). The
colonies bring up the area to nearly a million square miles.
The temporal sovereignty of the see of Rome has recently been extended
somewhat, but the population of persons other than church officials,
not available at this writing, is quite small. The popes were worldly
rulers over some 3,000,000 people living in a district of 16,000 square
miles until most of their dominions were absorbed by the kingdom of
Italy in the nineteenth century.
The kingdom of Roumania, or Rumania, which is sometimes classed with
the Balkan countries, has an area of 122,282, of which more than half
was gained by the peace treaties ending the World War. The population
is about 17,500,000.
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, generally known as Russia,
is a Eurasian country with a total area of 8,187,253 square miles and
a total population of 146,304,000. The Russian Empire had an area of
8,764,586 square miles and a population (1915) of 182,183,000, of which
131,797,000 was European.
The republic of San Marino, surrounded by Italian territory, has an
area of 38 square miles and a population of about 13,000.
The kingdom of Spain, which occupies the Iberian Peninsula with
Portugal, has an area of 190,050 square miles. Including the Balearic
and Canary Islands, the area is 194,783 square miles. The estimated
population at the beginning of 1926, these islands included, was
22,128,000.
The Scandinavian kingdom of Sweden has a land area of 173,105 square
miles and a population of over six millions (6,053,562 in 1923).
The republican confederation of Switzerland has an area of 15,940
square miles and is inhabited by about four million people (3,886,000
in 1920).
The Eurasian republic of Turkey has an area of about 280,000 square
miles, but some of the boundaries are in dispute. The European
area consists of 8,819 square miles, but it includes the city of
Constantinople, with a population of about 700,000. The total
population of the republic is about 13,650,000. The Turkish Empire
before the World War had an area of over 710,000 square miles.
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland has an area of 84,284
square miles, of which England has 50,874, Wales has 7,466, Scotland
has 30,405, Northern Ireland or Ulster has 5,237, the Isle of Man
has 227, and the Channel Islands have 75. The 1921 census showed a
population of 36,678,000 in England, 2,207,000 in Wales, 4,882,000 in
Scotland, 60,238 in the Isle of Man, and 89,614 in the Channel Islands.
Northern Ireland had a population of 1,256,000 according to a census
taken in 1926. The Irish Free State then had 2,973,000 inhabitants.
Its area is 26,592 square miles. Gibraltar, with a area of 2 square
miles, has a population of about 18,000. Malta, containing 122 square
miles, is occupied by about 225,000 people; and Cyprus has some 325,000
inhabitants in an area of 3,584 square miles.
The British Empire as a whole, including mandates but not
semi-dependencies and spheres of influence, has an area of about
13,379,000 square miles and a population of some 450,000,000 people,
in all parts of the world. It makes up, in area and population, about
a quarter of the world: the land surface of the globe, not all of it
habitable, is 57,510,000 square miles.
AMERICAN CITIZENS IN EUROPE
According to an investigation conducted by the United States Department
of State, 1927-1929, the number of American citizens living permanently
or semi-permanently in Europe amounts to 77,063. Of these, Austria
contains 979; there are 857 in Belgium; the number living in Great
Britain and Northern Ireland is 11,717; there are 62 in Bulgaria;
Czecho-Slovakia contains 2,600; the free city of Danzig has 18; there
are 406 in Denmark; 18 live in Estonia; 236 are in Finland: France
has the largest number or 25,860. There are 3,027 in Germany; 11 in
Gibraltar; 3,146 in Greece; twelve hundred in Hungary; 1,193 in the
Irish Free State; ten thousand in Italy. Latvia was listed as having
86; Lithuania, 750; Malta, 26; the Netherlands, 241; Norway, six
hundred; Poland, six thousand; Portugal, including Madeira and the
Azores, 479; Roumania, two thousand; Russia, 150--this is probably
somewhat less than the real number; Jugoslavia, 2,500; Spain, including
the Canary Islands, 805; Sweden, 658; and Switzerland, 1,438.
AUTOMOBILES
The following figures are from a motor census made by the Overseas
Edition of _The American Automobile_. The total number of passenger
cars, motor trucks, and motor busses operated in the leading countries
of Europe at the beginning of 1929 was:
Great Britain 1,373,109
France 1,108,900
Germany 545,100
Italy 172,000
Spain 156,501
Sweden 126,898
Belgium 108,225
Denmark 88,898
Netherlands 85,500
Switzerland 61,000
Czecho-Slovakia 49,151
Irish Free State 40,198
Norway 36,027
Finland 32,438
Roumania 29,200
Austria 28,230
Poland 27,000
Portugal 25,261
Aside from automobiles assembled in Europe of American parts, the
production of passenger cars and trucks by European makers amounted in
1928 to about 589,900, as compared with 574,000 units in the preceding
year. Of the 1928 production, 215,000 cars were made in Great Britain;
about 200,000 in France; 90,000 in Germany; 50,000 in Italy; 12,000 in
Czecho-Slovakia; 9,000 in Austria; and 7,000 in Belgium.
SOME AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS
The production of wheat in England and Wales, 1927, was estimated at
53,116,000 bushels. In France, it was about 284,000,000; in Italy,
196,000,000; in Hungary, 76,000,000; in Roumania, 97,000,000; in
Germany, 121,000,000. Yield per acre was 32.5 bushels in England and
Wales, 37.1 in Belgium, 11.7 in Greece, and 23.7 in Finland.
The production of rye in Russia (all parts of the Socialist Soviet
Republics reporting) was 968,000,000 bushels in 1927. It was
269,000,000 in Germany; 37,000,000 in France; 224,000,000 in Poland;
23,000,000 in Hungary; 49,000,000 in Czecho-Slovakia; 19,000,000 in
Sweden; 20,000,000 in Belgium; 27,000,000 in Spain; 18,000,000 in
Austria. The yield per acre was 35 bushels in Belgium, 9.8 in Greece,
and about 13 in European Russia.
The production of corn (maize) in Italy, 1927, was estimated at
100,388,000 bushels. Rumania produced 145,000,000 bushels; Russia
157,000,000 bushels; and Jugoslavia, 77,000,000 bushels. The yield per
acre ranged from 12.4 in Bulgaria to 51.3 bushels in Switzerland. It
was 25.4 in Italy.
The 1927 production of oats in Russia was about 896,000,000 bushels;
in Germany, it was 437,000,000 bushels; in France, it amounted to
373,000,000 bushels; in Poland, to 236,000,000 bushels; in England and
Wales, to 94,059,000 bushels. The yield per acre was 67 bushels in
Belgium, about 10 bushels in Portugal.
The production of barley in 1927 was estimated at 216,000,000 bushels
in Russia; 12,000,000 in Germany; 89,000,000 in Spain; and 57,000,000
bushels in Roumania.
Poland produced in 1927 about 3,031,000 bushels of flaxseed and
147,700,000 pounds of fibre. Lithuania produced 1,561,000 bushels of
seed and 85,407,000 pounds of fibre. The production in Latvia was about
1,000,000 bushels of seed and 42,636,000 pounds of fibre. Belgium
produced 415,000 bushels of seed and 65,036,000 pounds of fibre.
Italy produced in 1927 about 953,000,000 pounds of cleaned rice. The
Spanish production was 330,000,000 pounds.
Olive oil exported from Italy in 1926 amounted to 51,938,000 pounds.
Spain exported 165,960,000 pounds. In both cases, edible and inedible
varieties are included.
The production of potatoes, 1927, was 114,000,000 bushels in England
and Wales; 111,000,000 in Belgium; 630,000,000 bushels in France;
130,000,000 in Spain; 1,379,000,000 in Germany; 283,000,000 in
Czecho-Slovakia; 1,166,000,000 in Poland. The yield per acre was 266.7
bushels in Belgium, 78.8 in Bulgaria. It was 63 (1926) in Jugoslavia.
The amount of hops produced, 1927, in England and Wales was estimated
at 28,616,000 pounds. In France, it was 11,000,000 pounds; in Germany,
16,000,000; in Czecho-Slovakia, 21,600,000 pounds. The yield per acre
was 1,339 pounds in Belgium; 401 (159 in 1926) in Germany.
The production of sugar beets in 1927 was 11,964,000 tons in Germany;
10,913,000 in Russia; 8,306,000 in Czecho-Slovakia; 6,143,000 in France.
Austria had (in 1923) 2,162,000 cattle; 1,473,000 swine; and 597,000
sheep. In 1928, Belgium had 1,739,000 cattle; 1,124,000 swine; and
126,000 sheep. In 1925, Bulgaria contained 1,560,000 cattle and
buffaloes; 574,000 swine; and 8,682,000 sheep. Czecho-Slovakia (1926)
had 4,690,000 cattle; 2,539,000 swine; and 860,000 sheep. Denmark
(1927) had 2,912,000 cattle; 3,731,000 swine; and 230,000 sheep.
England and Wales (1928) had 6,026,000 cattle; 2,967,000 swine; and
16,386,000 sheep. Estonia had (1927) 630,000 cattle; 350,000 swine;
and 667,000 sheep. In 1927, Finland had 1,870,000 cattle; 420,000
swine; and 1,370,000 sheep. France in 1928 contained 14,940,000 cattle;
6,020,000 swine; and 10,690,000 sheep. Germany reported in 1928 that it
contained 18,010,000 cattle; 22,900,000 swine; and 3,820,000 sheep.
Greece in 1926 had, including buffaloes, 890,000 cattle; 452,000
swine; and 6,630,000 sheep. In 1928, Hungary reported 1,810,000
cattle; 2,660,000 swine; and 1,560,000 sheep. Ireland (the whole
island) had in 1928 cattle numbering 4,880,000; swine to the number
of 1,400,000; and 3,950,000 sheep. In 1924, the kingdom of Italy had
7,000,000 cattle, including buffaloes; 2,750,000 swine; and 12,500,000
sheep. Jugoslavia had (1926) 3,800,000 cattle, buffaloes included;
2,800,000 swine; and 8,000,000 sheep. In 1927, Latvia had 967,000
cattle; 535,000 swine; and 1,130,000 sheep. The Netherlands in 1922
had 2,060,000 cattle; 1,260,000 swine; and 890,000 sheep. Norway in
1927 reported 1,210,000 cattle; 300,000 swine; and 1,610,000 sheep.
The 1927 report of Poland shows 8,600,000 cattle; 6,300,000 swine; and
2,000,000 sheep. The Portuguese report for 1925 shows 770,000 cattle;
1,120,000 swine; and 4,450,000 sheep. Roumania in 1928 had cattle and
buffaloes numbering 4,550,000; 3,080,000 swine; and 12,950,000 sheep.
European Russia in 1927 reported 43,880,000 cattle; 15,840,000 swine;
and 76,270,000 sheep. Scotland in 1928 had 1,210,000 cattle; 195,000
swine; and 7,500,000 sheep. Spain in 1927 reported 3,670,000 cattle;
5,030,000 swine; and 20,530,000 sheep. Sweden was estimated to have in
1925 cattle numbering 2,000,000; 1,000,000 swine; and 1,200,000 sheep.
Switzerland in 1926 reported 1,587,000 cattle; 635,000 swine; and
170,000 sheep.
The production of wool, 1927, was estimated to be (in grease)
118,537,000 pounds for the United Kingdom; 47,000,000 for France;
while, by way of comparison, it was over 328 million pounds in the
United States and about 322,000,000 pounds in Argentina.
Denmark exported 292,000,000 pounds of butter in 1926; the Netherlands
sent out 100,000,000; Russia, 60,000,000; and the Irish Free State,
56,000,000.
Exports of cheese in 1926 were as follows: Czecho-Slovakia, 7,732,000
pounds; Denmark, 15,345,000 pounds; Finland, 6,364,000 pounds; France,
31,481,000 pounds; Germany, 2,320,000 pounds; Hungary, 1,834,000
pounds; Italy, 72,888,000 pounds; the Netherlands, 185,706,000 pounds;
Switzerland, 61,972,000 pounds; Jugoslavia, 4,180,000 pounds. The
United Kingdom imported 330,000,000 pounds and exported about three
million.
Exports of eggs in the shell, 1926, were as follows: the Irish Free
State, 43,662,000 dozen; Denmark, 69,351,000 dozen; Belgium, 33,796,000
dozen; France, 21,821,000 dozen; Italy, 31,535 dozen; the Netherlands,
86,414,000 dozen; Hungary, 24,749,000 dozen. Germany imported
196,000,000 dozen and the United Kingdom 220,000,000 dozen eggs.
RAILROADS
The state-owned railroads of Austria are about 3,600 miles in length,
and carried 127,000,000 passengers in 1925. The state-owned lines
in Belgium have a mileage of about 3,000, and carried 222,000,000
passengers in 1925. The state-owned railroads of Bulgaria were of
1,400 miles in that year, and carried 9,000,000 passengers. In 1927
the state-owned railways of Denmark were 1,570 miles long, and the
passengers carried numbered 29,000,000. The French railroads, (1926)
with an approximate mileage of 26,000, carried 783,000,000 passengers.
The German railroads in the same year carried 1,819,000,000 passengers
and had a mileage of 33,000. The railways of Great Britain had in 1926
a total mileage of 20,396, and the number of passengers carried was
over 1,500,000,000. The Dutch railroads were in 1926 of a total length
of 2,260 and carried 48,000,000 people. The Italian railroads, 1926,
had a total mileage of 9,800, and the number of passengers carried
that year was 113,500,000. The Norwegian railroads, of a total length
of 2,240 miles, carried 23,000,000 passengers in 1926. The Polish
railroads, in the same year, had a total mileage of 12,000, and they
carried 148,000,000 people. The railways of Sweden in 1925 were of
a total length of 9,600 miles; they carried 66,000,000 passengers.
The railroads of Switzerland, 3,400 miles in 1925, that year carried
148,000,000 people
The freight carried, in millions of tons, for the year reported, was
326 on the French railroads, 420 on the German ones, 240 on those of
Great Britain, 78 on the state-owned lines of Belgium.
MINERAL PRODUCTION
The United Kingdom produced in 1927 iron amounting to 7,290,000 long
tons and 9,086,000 long tons of steel. Germany produced in the same
year 13,102,000 metric tons of iron and 6,305,000 metric tons of
steel. The French production in metric tons was 9,293,000 of iron
and 8,275,000 of steel. Germany has lost important mining districts
temporarily or permanently as a result of the Great War. (The long ton
is 2,240 pounds, the metric ton about 2,204).
The production of petroleum, 1927, amounted in all Russia to 72,400,000
barrels; in Roumania to 26,000,000, and in Poland to 5,800,000.
The production of coal in the United Kingdom, 1927, amounted to
255,000,000 long tons. In 1926, on account of a serious strike, it was
only 127,000,000. It was 278,000,000 long tons in 1923. The production
of coal in Germany, 1927, was 153,600,000 metric tons. France mined
52,487,000 metric tons of coal in 1927.
Austria produced in 1927 3,253,000 metric tons of coal, mostly lignite.
The product of pig iron was 330,000 metric tons; of steel ingots,
474,000 tons; and of rolling mill products, 352,000 tons; all in 1926.
Belgium mined in 1927 coal amounting to 27,600,000 metric tons.
Production of pig iron was 3,750,000 metric tons and of steel 3,700,000.
Bulgaria produced in 1927 a total of 1,237,650 tons of coal; 24,000
tons of copper; and 4,000 tons of lead.
Czecho-Slovakia mined in 1927 anthracite coal weighing 14,600,000
metric tons and bituminous and lignite weighing 20,028,000. It produced
1,174,000 metric tons of iron ore.
Greece produced in 1926 iron amounting to 126,000 metric tons;
chromite, 20,000; iron pyrites, 80,000; magnesite, 123,000; zinc,
35,000; crude zinc, 10,000; salt, 90,000; and lignite coal, 153,000.
Italy (1927) produced 467,000 metric tons of pig iron; 1,530,000 of
steel; 338,000 of sulphur ore; 179,000 of zinc; 52,000 of lead; 2,000
of mercury or quicksilver; and 90,000 of bauxite.
In 1927, Luxemburg produced 7,244,000 metric tons of iron and 2,470,000
metric tons of steel.
Over 9,000,000 metric tons of coal were mined in the Netherlands in
1927.
In 1926, Poland produced 327,000 tons of iron ore; 27,000 tons of
purified lead; 124,000 tons of zinc; 788,000 tons of steel; 208,000
tons of potash; 35,747,000 tons of coal.
In 1926, Roumania produced over 3,000,000 metric tons of coal, mostly
lignite; 63,000 tons of pig iron; and 344,000 tons of salt.
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in 1927 produced 30,950,000
metric tons of coal; 2,963,000 of pig iron; 3,586,000 of steel, and
100,000 troy ounces of platinum. There are many great undeveloped
mineral resources in Russia.
Spain in 1926 produced 6,641,000 metric tons of coal; 1,100,000 of iron
and steel; 201,000 of zinc; 149,000 of lead; 48,000 of copper; and
30,000 of mercury ore.
Sweden in 1927 produced 10,726,000 metric tons of iron ore; about
450,000 tons of coal; and 65,000 tons of sulphur pyrites.
WINE PRODUCTION
The following figures are for 1926, and were compiled by the _Beverage
News_:
Country Gallons
France (incl. Corsica) 899,300,000
Italy 792,000,000
Spain 346,500,000
Portugal 45,320,000
Azores, Canaries, Madeira 1,650,000
Austria 8,800,000
Hungary 26,400,000
Jugoslavia 44,000,000
Germany 21,780,000
Czecho-Slovakia 4,400,000
Russia 44,000,000
Switzerland 11,000,000
Turkey, Cyprus 8,800,000
Greece 48,400,000
Bulgaria 29,700,000
Roumania 110,000,000
The official figures for France are 1,473,042 gallons in 1926 and
892,410,000 in 1927. There were 3,350,000 acres of vinelands in 1927.
270,000,000 gallons of cider were produced in 1927.
INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE
Austria in 1927 exported goods worth $286,700,000; and its imports
amounted to $432,000,000.
The imports of Belgium were $807,400,000; the exports were $728,400,000.
Czecho-Slovakia exported $599,000,000; imported a lower amount,
$531,700,000.
Denmark imported goods worth $443,000,000, and exported to the value of
$413,100,000.
Finland’s exports amounted to $159,300,000; its imports in the same
year, 1927, were $160,400,000.
The exports of France amounted to $2,158,400,000, and its imports to
$2,065,000,000. In the preceding year, the exports were slightly below
the imports.
Germany in 1927 exported commodities worth $2,425,500,000, and imported
$3,362,000,000. The respective figures for 1926 were $2,343,800,000 and
$2,376,300,000.
Italy in 1927 exported $803,100,000 and imported $1,033,500,000.
The Netherlands imported $1,022,700,000 and exported commodities worth
$762,000,000.
Norway imported $257,100,000 and exported $178,200,000.
Poland imported $313,800,000 and exported $281,200,000.
Sweden imported $422,500,000 and exported $432,300,000.
Switzerland imported $482,800,000 and exported $386,000,000.
The United Kingdom imported $5,931,500,000 and exported goods worth
$4,044,800,000. In the preceding year (1926), imports amounted to
$6,040,500,000, and exports to $3,777,200,000.
As Professor Seligman points out, “imports must in the long run pay
for exports, and vice versa.” But “it must be remembered that goods
are exchanged not only for goods, but for services.” In the case of
the United Kingdom, important service items are investment returns,
freight, insurance, and foreign exchange charges paid by foreigners.
Most leading European countries have an “unfavorable” balance of trade;
that is, their imports are more valuable than their exports, measured
in tangibles alone. This condition existed before the World War, and is
not to be taken as an indication of impoverishment.
TRADE WITH THE UNITED STATES
The following figures are for the year 1927, and are stated in
thousands of dollars: three noughts understood in each case.
Bought Sold
Country from U. S. to U. S.
Austria 4,364 10,611
Belgium 116,201 72,240
Czecho-Slovakia 7,442 31,739
Denmark 58,673 4,139
France 228,746 167,778
Germany 481,581 200,554
Hungary 1,753 949
Irish Free State 10,882 1,642
Netherlands 148,268 87,180
Norway 23,361 22,235
Switzerland 10,122 45,864
United Kingdom 840,066 357,930
Estonia 918 432
Finland 16,487 8,670
Jugoslavia, Albania 996 985
Latvia 1,029 4,469
Lithuania 218 520
Poland, Danzig 9,261 4,825
European Russia 64,087 12,004
Bulgaria 468 891
Greece 15,028 29,625
Malta, Gozo, Cyprus 1,112 225
Roumania 4,925 649
European Turkey 3,380 12,393
Italy 131,649 108,907
Portugal 10,672 4,565
Azores, Madeira 1,945 1,820
Spain 73,772 34,351
Gibraltar 1,537 53
Europe, including Iceland, bought from the United States in 1927
tangible commodities to the stated value of $2,313,762,813, and sold
to the United States in that year goods said to be worth $1,276,246,978.
SHIPS
The naval expenditures of Great Britain, from April, 1926, to March,
1927, are said to have been 58,000,000 pounds sterling. Those of France
in 1926 are said to have been 1,842,800,000 francs. Those of Italy,
from July, 1926, to June, 1927, are said to have been 1,209,600,000
lire. By way of comparison, the United States spent for naval purposes,
from July, 1926, to June, 1927, $320,553,000. The French figures are
incomplete, not showing how much was spent for the construction of new
ships. (Par of exchange for pounds, francs, lire, may be found under
the next heading).
The United States has 18 battleships, with a tonnage of 325,850. Great
Britain has 20, with a tonnage of 580,450. France has 9, with a tonnage
of 194,544. Italy has 7, with a tonnage of 133,670. The United States
has 10 war cruisers, with a tonnage of 75,000. Great Britain has 54,
with a tonnage of 304,000. France has 12, with a tonnage of 104,883;
and Italy has 12, with a tonnage of 67,330. The United States has
three airplane carriers, with a tonnage of 78,700; Great Britain has
six, with a tonnage of 107,550; France has one of 21,653 tons. Of the
first line destroyer type of war vessel, the United States has 276
destroyers; Great Britain has 17 leaders and 156 destroyers; France has
7 leaders and 34 destroyers; Italy has 8 leaders and 45 destroyers.
Only about 100 of the American destroyers are kept in commission.
The gross tonnage of merchant vessels, 1928, was 19,875,000 for Great
Britain; 3,777,000 for Germany; 3,334,000 for France; 2,968,000 for
Norway; 2,817,000 for the Netherlands; 3,429,000 for Italy; and 493,000
for Belgium.
The tonnage of ships built in 1927 was 1,226,000 in the United Kingdom;
72,000 in Denmark; 44,000 in France; 289,000 in Germany; 120,000 in the
Netherlands; 101,000 in Italy, and 67,000 in Sweden.
FOREIGN EXCHANGE
The monetary unit of Great Britain is the pound sterling, with a par
value of $4.8665. The average cable quotation in New York, 1927, was
$4,861. The French franc has a par of exchange of $.0392. The average
cable quotation was .0477 in 1925; .0324 in 1926; .0392 in 1927. It was
quoted at .039040 on September 1, 1928. The Belgian belga (5 francs)
has a par of $.1391. The average cable quotation in New York, 1927, was
$.1392. The Italian lira has a par of $.0526. The German reichsmark has
a par of $.2382. The Spanish peseta, with a par of $.1930, was quoted
at $.161245 on November 1, 1928. The average quotation for 1925 was
$.1434.
ARMIES
In September, 1928, the number of men in active service and enrolled in
organized reserves was as follows:
Organized
Country Active Army Reserves
Albania 13,200
Austria 43,000
Belgium 71,500 500,000
Bulgaria 33,000
Czecho-Slovakia 150,000 1,489,000
Denmark 9,200 150,000
Estonia 17,000 27,000
Finland 25,500 235,000
France 667,000 5,010,000
Germany 100,500
Great Britain 212,000 318,600
Greece 79,700 415,000
Hungary 71,200
Irish Free State 13,000 3,500
Italy 347,000 2,995,200
Jugoslavia 142,000 1,200,000
Latvia 19,000 200,000
Lithuania 21,200 170,000
Netherlands 32,100 341,500
Norway 30,000 315,000
Poland 242,400 500,000
Portugal 35,000 372,900
Roumania 266,500 750,000
Russia 658,000 5,425,000
Spain 260,700 1,853,500
Sweden 10,200 720,300
Switzerland 500 309,600
Military service is compulsory in all these countries except Austria,
Bulgaria, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, the Irish Free State,
and Sweden. The United States has a standing army of 134,000 and an
organized reserve force of 291,000 (September, 1928).
The most recent figures for Russia show an annual item of $346,000,000
for “defense.” France spent 6,210,752,000 francs on her army in 1928.
TELEPHONES
The number of telephones in use in 1927 was about as follows: Austria,
158,000; Belgium, 176,000; Bulgaria, 10,000; Czecho-Slovakia, 129,000;
Denmark, 321,000; Finland, 99,000; France, 819,000; Germany, 2,688,000;
Greece, 6,000; Hungary, 115,000; Irish Free State, 24,000; Italy,
272,000; Jugoslavia, 28,000; Latvia, 24,000; the Netherlands, 225,000;
Norway, 175,000; Poland, 131,000; Portugal, 22,000; Roumania, 53,000;
Russia, 225,000; Spain, 131,000; Sweden, 451,000; Switzerland, 210,000;
and the United Kingdom, 1,512,000. The total for Europe, including
countries and territories not separately listed, was 8,081,000. The
United States had 17,746,000 telephones.
SCHOOLS
Public elementary schools in England and Wales, 1923, numbered 21,000,
with 7,150,000 pupils and 166,000 teachers. Scotland had 676,000 pupils
in 2,900 public elementary schools. The Irish Free State in 1925 had
5,600 elementary schools with 489,000 pupils and 13,500 teachers.
Albania in the school year 1927-1928 had 530 public schools, with
950 teachers and 30,000 pupils. The Danish schools at the beginning
of 1927 had 464,000 pupils. There are over 3,000,000 pupils in the
elementary schools of France. Germany had in 1922 in 52,000 elementary
schools 8,894,000 pupils. Jugoslavia in 1923 had 961,470 pupils in its
elementary schools. In 1928, Lithuania had 2,400 public elementary
schools with 124,000 pupils. Soviet Russia at the end of 1926 had
9,900,000 children attending 108,000 public elementary schools. Sweden
in 1926 had 660,000 pupils in elementary schools.
BUDGETS
The revenues of Great Britain for 1928 were estimated at £842,824,000
and the expenditures at £838,535,000. For the fiscal year 1927-1928,
Northern Ireland had expenditures of 11,203,000 pounds and income of
the same amount (advance estimate). For the fiscal year ending March
31, 1929, the Irish Free State had estimated revenues of £23,164,000
and expenditures of £22,433,000.
The French provisional budget for 1929 shows revenues of 45,281,000,000
francs and expenditures of 45,225,000,000 francs. The German budget
for 1928-1929 was balanced at 9,528,571,000 marks. The Belgian budget
for 1928 showed estimated revenues of 10,563,562,000 francs and
expenditures of 10,482,731,000. The Russian budget for 1928-1929 was
tentatively balanced at 6,970,000,000 rubles, or $3,590,000,000. At
the other extreme, San Marino balanced income and expenditures for
1926-1927 at 4,145,000 lire. Liechtenstein in 1926 had an income of
788,000 Swiss francs and expenditures of 774,000 francs.
Transcriber’s Note:
- Text that was in italics is enclosed by underscores (_italics_).
- Minor punctuation errors have been changed without notice.
- In the original text, there was a section on p. 16 incorrectly titled
“American Citizens in Europe.” According to the Table of Contents, this
should have been titled “Some Agricultural Statistics.” The text has
been corrected to reflect this.
- The table “Great Rivers of Europe” was originally split across pp.
7-8. The table “Automobiles” was originally split across pp. 15-16.
- Spelling was retained as in the original except for the following
changes:
Page 3: “Area and Population by Counties” to “Area and Population by
Countries”
Page 5: “more inclined to stablity” to “more inclined to stability”
Page 14: “United Kingdom of Great Britan” to “United Kingdom of
Great Britain”
Page 14: “AMERICAN CITIES IN EUROPE” to “AMERICAN CITIZENS IN
EUROPE”
Page 23: “The Union of Socialist Soviet” to “The Union of Soviet
Socialist”
Page 24: “6,641,000 metric tons or” to “6,641,000 metric tons of”
*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A BOOK OF EUROPEAN STATISTICS ***
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