The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Oldest Code of Laws in the World, by
Hammurabi, King of Babylon, Translated by C. H. W. Johns
This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or
re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
Title: The Oldest Code of Laws in the World
The code of laws promulgated by Hammurabi, King of Babylon
B.C. 2285-2242
Author: Hammurabi, King of Babylon
Release Date: November 25, 2005 [eBook #17150]
Language: English
Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII)
***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE OLDEST CODE OF LAWS IN THE WORLD***
Transcribed from the 1903 T. & T. Clark edition by David Price, email
[email protected]
THE OLDEST CODE OF LAWS IN THE WORLD
THE CODE OF LAWS PROMULGATED BY
HAMMURABI, KING OF BABYLON
B.C. 2285-2242
_TRANSLATED_
BY
C. H. W. JOHNS, M.A.
LECTURER IN ASSYRIOLOGY, QUEENS' COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE
AUTHOR OF "ASSYRIAN DEEDS AND DOCUMENTS"
"AN ASSYRIAN DOOMSDAY BOOK"
EDINBURGH
T. & T. CLARK, 38 GEORGE STREET
1903
PRINTED BY
MORRISON AND GIBB LIMITED
FOR
T. & T. CLARK, EDINBURGH
LONDON: SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT, AND CO. LIMITED
NEW YORK: CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS
FIRST IMPRESSION . . . _February_ 1903.
SECOND IMPRESSION . . . _March_ 1903.
THIRD IMPRESSION . . . _May_ 1903.
FOURTH IMPRESSION . . . _June_ 1903.
"The discovery and decipherment of this Code is the greatest event in
Biblical Archaeology for many a day. A translation of the Code, done by
Mr. Johns of Queens' College, Cambridge, the highest living authority on
this department of study, has just been published by Messrs. T. & T.
Clark in a cheap and attractive booklet. Winckler says it is the most
important Babylonian record which has thus far been brought to
light."--_The Expository Times_.
INTRODUCTION
The Code of Hammurabi is one of the most important monuments in the
history of the human race. Containing as it does the laws which were
enacted by a king of Babylonia in the third millennium B.C., whose rule
extended over the whole of Mesopotamia from the mouths of the rivers
Tigris and Euphrates to the Mediterranean coast, we must regard it with
interest. But when we reflect that the ancient Hebrew tradition ascribed
the migration of Abraham from Ur of the Chaldees to this very period, and
clearly means to represent their tribe father as triumphing over this
very same Hammurabi (Amraphel, Gen. xiv. 1), we can hardly doubt that
these very laws were part of that tradition. At any rate, they must have
served to mould and fix the ideas of right throughout that great empire,
and so form the state of society in Canaan when, five hundred years
later, the Hebrews began to dominate that region.
Such was the effect produced on the minds of succeeding generations by
this superb codification of the judicial decisions of past ages, which
had come to be regarded as 'the right,' that two thousand years and more
later it was made a text-book for study in the schools of Babylonia,
being divided for that purpose into some twelve chapters, and entitled,
after the Semitic custom, _Ninu ilu sirum_, from its opening words. In
Assyria also, in the seventh century B.C., it was studied in a different
edition, apparently under the name of 'The Judgments of Righteousness
which Hammurabi, the great king, set up.' These facts point to it as
certain to affect Jewish views before and after the Exile, in a way that
we may expect to find as fundamental as the Babylonian influence in
cosmology or religion.
For many years fragments have been known, have been studied, and from
internal evidence ascribed to the period of the first dynasty of Babylon,
even called by the name Code Hammurabi. It is just cause for pride that
Assyriology, so young a science as only this year to have celebrated the
centenary of its birth, is able to emulate astronomy and predict the
discovery of such bright stars as this. But while we certainly should
have directed our telescopes to Babylonia for the rising of this light
from the East, it was really in Elam, at Susa, the old Persepolis, that
the find was made. The Elamites were the great rivals of Babylonia for
centuries, and it seems likely that some Elamite conqueror carried off
the stone from a temple at Sippara, in Babylonia.
However that may be, we owe it to the French Government, who have been
carrying on explorations at Susa for years under the superintendence of
M. J. de Morgan, that a monument, only disinterred in January, has been
copied, transcribed, translated, and published, in a superb quarto
volume, by October. The ancient text is reproduced by photogravure in a
way that enables a student to verify word by word what the able editor,
Father V. Scheil, _Professeur a l'Ecole des Hautes-Etudes_, has given as
his reading of the archaic signs. The volume, which appears as _Tome
IV., Textes Elamites-Semitiques_, of the _Memoires de la Delegation en
Perse_ (Paris, Leroux, 1902), is naturally rather expensive for the
ordinary reader. Besides, the rendering of the eminent French savant,
while distinguished by that clear, neat phrasing which is so charming a
feature of all his work, is often rather a paraphrase than a translation.
The ordinary reader who desires to estimate for himself the importance of
the new monument will be forced to wonder how and why the same word in
the original gets such different renderings. Prolonged study will be
needed to bring out fully the whole meaning of many passages, and it may
conduce to such a result to present the public with an alternative
rendering in an English dress. Needless to say, scholars will continue
to use Scheil's edition as the ultimate source, but for comparative
purposes a literal translation may be welcome as an introduction.
The monument itself consists of a block of black diorite, nearly eight
feet high, found in pieces, but readily rejoined. It contains on the
obverse a very interesting representation of the King Hammurabi,
receiving his laws from the seated sun-god Samas, 'the judge of heaven
and earth.' Then follow, on the obverse, sixteen columns of writing with
1114 lines. There were five more columns on this side, but they have
been erased and the stone repolished, doubtless by the Elamite conqueror,
who meant to inscribe his name and titles there. As we have lost those
five columns we may regret that he did not actually do this, but there is
now no trace of any hint as to who carried off the stone. On the reverse
side are twenty-eight columns with more than 2500 lines of inscription.
A great space, some 700 lines, is devoted by the king to setting out his
titles, his glory, his care for his subjects, his veneration of his gods,
and incidentally revealing the cities and districts under his rule, with
many interesting hints as to local cults. He also invokes blessing on
those who should preserve and respect his monument, and curses those who
should injure or remove it. A translation of this portion is not given,
as it is unintelligible without copious comment and is quite foreign to
the purpose of this book, which aims solely at making the Code
intelligible.
I desire to express my obligations to Dr. F. Carr for his many kind
suggestions as to the meaning of the Code.
The Index will, it is hoped, serve more or less as a digest of the Code.
One great difficulty of any translation of a law document must always be
that the technical expressions of one language cannot be rendered in
terms that are co-extensive. The rendering will have implications
foreign to the original. An attempt to minimise misconceptions is made
by suggesting alternative renderings in the Index. Further, by labelling
a certain section, as the law of incest, for example, one definitely
fixes the sense in which the translation is to be read. Hence it is
hoped that the Index will be no less helpful than the translation in
giving readers an idea of what the Code really meant.
No doubt this remarkable monument will be made the subject of many
valuable monographs in the future, which will greatly elucidate passages
now obscure. But it was thought that the interest of the subject
warranted an immediate issue of an English translation, which would place
the chief features of the Code before a wider public than those who could
read the original. The present translation is necessarily tentative in
many places, but it is hoped marks an advance over those already
published.
Dr. H. Winckler's rendering of the Code came into my hands after this
work was sent to the publishers, and I have not thought it necessary to
withdraw any of my renderings. In some points he has improved upon
Professor Scheil's work, in other points he is scarcely so good. But any
discussion is not in place here. I gratefully acknowledge my obligations
to both, but have used an independent judgment all through. I hope
shortly to set out my reasons for the differences between us in a larger
work. A few of Dr. Winckler's renderings are quoted in the Index, and
marked--Winckler's tr.
C. H. W. JOHNS.
CAMBRIDGE,
_January_ 31, 1903.
THE TEXT OF THE CODE
section 1. If a man weave a spell and put a ban upon a man, and has not
justified himself, he that wove the spell upon him shall be put to death.
section 2. If a man has put a spell upon a man, and has not justified
himself, he upon whom the spell is laid shall go to the holy river, he
shall plunge into the holy river, and if the holy river overcome him, he
who wove the spell upon him shall take to himself his house. If the holy
river makes that man to be innocent, and has saved him, he who laid the
spell upon him shall be put to death. He who plunged into the holy river
shall take to himself the house of him who wove the spell upon him.
section 3. If a man, in a case pending judgement, has uttered threats
against the witnesses, or has not justified the word that he has spoken,
if that case be a capital suit, that man shall be put to death.
section 4. If he has offered corn or money to the witnesses, he shall
himself bear the sentence of that case.
section 5. If a judge has judged a judgement, decided a decision,
granted a sealed sentence, and afterwards has altered his judgement, that
judge, for the alteration of the judgement that he judged, one shall put
him to account, and he shall pay twelvefold the penalty which was in the
said judgement, and in the assembly one shall expel him from his
judgement seat, and he shall not return, and with the judges at a
judgement he shall not take his seat.
section 6. If a man has stolen the goods of temple or palace, that man
shall be killed, and he who has received the stolen thing from his hand
shall be put to death.
section 7. If a man has bought silver, gold, manservant or maidservant,
ox or sheep or ass, or anything whatever its name, from the hand of a
man's son, or of a man's slave, without witness and bonds, or has
received the same on deposit, that man has acted the thief, he shall be
put to death.
section 8. If a man has stolen ox or sheep or ass, or pig, or ship,
whether from the temple or the palace, he shall pay thirtyfold. If he be
a poor man, he shall render tenfold. If the thief has nought to pay, he
shall be put to death.
section 9. If a man who has lost something of his, something of his that
is lost has been seized in the hand of a man, the man in whose hand the
lost thing has been seized has said, 'A giver gave it me,' or 'I bought
it before witnesses,' and the owner of the thing that is lost has said,
'Verily, I will bring witnesses that know my lost property,' the buyer
has brought the giver who gave it him and the witnesses before whom he
bought it, and the owner of the lost property has brought the witnesses
who know his lost property, the judge shall see their depositions, the
witnesses before whom the purchase was made and the witnesses knowing the
lost property shall say out before God what they know; and if the giver
has acted the thief he shall be put to death, the owner of the lost
property shall take his lost property, the buyer shall take the money he
paid from the house of the giver.
section 10. If the buyer has not brought the giver who gave it him and
the witnesses before whom he bought, and the owner of the lost property
has brought the witnesses knowing his lost property, the buyer has acted
the thief, he shall be put to death; the owner of the lost property shall
take his lost property.
section 11. If the owner of the lost property has not brought witnesses
knowing his lost property, he has lied, he has stirred up strife, he
shall be put to death.
section 12. If the giver has betaken himself to his fate, the buyer
shall take from the house of the giver fivefold as the penalty of that
case.
section 13. If that man has not his witnesses near, the judge shall set
him a fixed time, up to six months, and if within six months he has not
driven in his witnesses, that man has lied, he himself shall bear the
blame of that case.
section 14. If a man has stolen the son of a freeman, he shall be put to
death.
section 15. If a man has caused either a palace slave or palace maid, or
a slave of a poor man or a poor man's maid, to go out of the gate, he
shall be put to death.
section 16. If a man has harboured in his house a manservant or a
maidservant, fugitive from the palace, or a poor man, and has not
produced them at the demand of the commandant, the owner of that house
shall be put to death.
section 17. If a man has captured either a manservant or a maidservant,
a fugitive, in the open country and has driven him back to his master,
the owner of the slave shall pay him two shekels of silver.
section 18. If that slave will not name his owner he shall drive him to
the palace, and one shall enquire into his past, and cause him to return
to his owner.
section 19. If he confine that slave in his house, and afterwards the
slave has been seized in his hand, that man shall be put to death.
section 20. If the slave has fled from the hand of his captor, that man
shall swear by the name of God, to the owner of the slave, and shall go
free.
section 21. If a man has broken into a house, one shall kill him before
the breach and bury him in it (?).
section 22. If a man has carried on brigandage, and has been captured,
that man shall be put to death.
section 23. If the brigand has not been caught, the man who has been
despoiled shall recount before God what he has lost, and the city and
governor in whose land and district the brigandage took place shall
render back to him whatever of his was lost.
section 24. If it was a life, the city and governor shall pay one mina
of silver to his people.
section 25. If in a man's house a fire has been kindled, and a man who
has come to extinguish the fire has lifted up his eyes to the property of
the owner of the house, and has taken the property of the owner of the
house, that man shall be thrown into that fire.
section 26. If either a ganger or a constable, whose going on an errand
of the king has been ordered, goes not, or hires a hireling and sends him
in place of himself, that ganger or constable shall be put to death; his
hireling shall take to himself his house.
section 27. If a ganger or a constable, who is diverted to the
fortresses of the king, and after him one has given his field and his
garden to another, and he has carried on his business, if he returns and
regains his city, one shall return to him his field and his garden, and
he shall carry on his business himself.
section 28. If a ganger or a constable who is diverted to the fortresses
of the king, his son be able to carry on the business, one shall give him
field and garden and he shall carry on his father's business.
section 29. If his son is young and is not able to carry on his father's
business, one-third of the field and garden shall be given to his mother,
and his mother shall rear him.
section 30. If a ganger or a constable has left alone his field, or his
garden, or his house, from the beginning of his business, and has caused
it to be waste, a second after him has taken his field, his garden, or
his house, and has gone about his business for three years, if he returns
and regains his city, and would cultivate his field, his garden, and his
house, one shall not give them to him; he who has taken them and carried
on his business shall carry it on.
section 31. If it is one year only and he had let it go waste, and he
shall return, one shall give his field, his garden, and his house, and he
shall carry on his business.
section 32. If a ganger or a constable who is diverted on an errand of
the king's, a merchant has ransomed him and caused him to regain his
city, if in his house there is means for his ransom, he shall ransom his
own self; if in his house there is no means for his ransom, he shall be
ransomed from the temple of his city; if in the temple of his city there
is not means for his ransom, the palace shall ransom him. His field, his
garden, and his house shall not be given for his ransom.
section 33. If either a governor or a magistrate has taken to himself
the men of the levy, or has accepted and sent on the king's errand a
hired substitute, that governor or magistrate shall be put to death.
section 34. If either a governor or a magistrate has taken to himself
the property of a ganger, has plundered a ganger, has given a ganger to
hire, has stolen from a ganger in a judgement by high-handedness, has
taken to himself the gift the king has given the ganger, that governor or
magistrate shall be put to death.
section 35. If a man has bought the cattle or sheep which the king has
given to the ganger from the hand of the ganger, he shall be deprived of
his money.
section 36. The field, garden, and house of a ganger, or constable, or a
tributary, he shall not give for money.
section 37. If a man has bought the field, garden, or house of a ganger,
a constable, or a tributary, his tablet shall be broken and he shall be
deprived of his money. The field, garden, or house he shall return to
its owner.
section 38. The ganger, constable, or tributary shall not write off to
his wife, or his daughter, from the field, garden, or house of his
business, and he shall not assign it for his debt.
section 39. From the field, garden, and house which he has bought and
acquired, he may write off to his wife or his daughter and give for his
debt.
section 40. A votary, merchant, or foreign sojourner may sell his field,
his garden, or his house; the buyer shall carry on the business of the
field, garden, or house which he has bought.
section 41. If a man has bartered for the field, garden, or house of a
ganger, constable, or tributary, and has given exchanges, the ganger,
constable, or tributary shall return to his field, garden, or house, and
shall keep the exchanges given him.
section 42. If a man has taken a field to cultivate and has not caused
the corn to grow in the field, and has not done the entrusted work on the
field, one shall put him to account and he shall give corn like its
neighbour.
section 43. If he has not cultivated the field and has left it to
itself, he shall give corn like its neighbour to the owner of the field,
and the field he left he shall break up with hoes and shall harrow it and
return to the owner of the field.
section 44. If a man has taken on hire an unreclaimed field for three
years to open out, and has left it aside, has not opened the field, in
the fourth year he shall break it up with hoes, he shall hoe it, and
harrow it, and return to the owner of the field, and he shall measure out
ten _GUR_ of corn _per GAN_.
section 45. If a man has given his field for produce to a cultivator,
and has received the produce of his field, and afterwards a thunderstorm
has ravaged the field or carried away the produce, the loss is the
cultivator's.
section 46. If he has not received the produce of his field, and has
given the field either for one-half or for one-third, the corn that is in
the field the cultivator and the owner of the field shall share according
to the tenour of their contract.
section 47. If the cultivator, because in the former year he did not set
up his dwelling, has assigned the field to cultivation, the owner of the
field shall not condemn the cultivator; his field has been cultivated,
and at harvest time he shall take corn according to his bonds.
section 48. If a man has a debt upon him and a thunderstorm ravaged his
field or carried away the produce, or the corn has not grown through lack
of water, in that year he shall not return corn to the creditor, he shall
alter his tablet and he shall not give interest for that year.
section 49. If a man has taken money from a merchant and has given to
the merchant a field planted with corn or sesame, and said to him,
'Cultivate the field, reap and take for thyself the corn and sesame which
there is,' if the cultivator causes to grow corn or sesame in the field,
at the time of harvest the owner of the field forsooth shall take the
corn or sesame which is in the field and shall give corn for the money
which he took from the merchant, and for its interests and for the
dwelling of the cultivator, to the merchant.
section 50. If the field was cultivated or the field of sesame was
cultivated when he gave it, the owner of the field shall take the corn or
sesame which is in the field and shall return the money and its interests
to the merchant.
section 51. If he has not money to return, the sesame, according to its
market price for the money and its interest which he took from the
merchant, according to the standard fixed by the king, he shall give to
the merchant.
section 52. If the cultivator has not caused corn or sesame to grow in
the field, he shall not alter his bonds.
section 53. If a man has neglected to strengthen his bank of the canal,
has not strengthened his bank, a breach has opened out itself in his
bank, and the waters have carried away the meadow, the man in whose bank
the breach has been opened shall render back the corn which he has caused
to be lost.
section 54. If he is not able to render back the corn, one shall give
him and his goods for money, and the people of the meadow whose corn the
water has carried away shall share it.
section 55. If a man has opened his runnel to water and has neglected
it, and the field of his neighbour the waters have carried away, he shall
pay corn like his neighbour.
section 56. If a man has opened the waters, and the plants of the field
of his neighbour the waters have carried away, he shall pay ten _GUR_ of
corn _per GAN_.
section 57. If a shepherd has caused the sheep to feed on the green
corn, has not come to an agreement with the owner of the field, without
the consent of the owner of the field has made the sheep feed off the
field, the owner shall reap his fields, the shepherd who without consent
of the owner of the field has fed off the field with sheep shall give
over and above twenty _GUR_ of corn _per GAN_ to the owner of the field.
section 58. If from the time that the sheep have gone up from the
meadow, and the whole flock has passed through the gate, the shepherd has
laid his sheep on the field and has caused the sheep to feed off the
field, the shepherd who has made them feed off the field one shall watch,
and at harvest time he shall measure out sixty _GUR_ of corn _per GAN_ to
the owner of the field.
section 59. If a man without the consent of the owner of the orchard has
cut down a tree in a man's orchard, he shall pay half a mina of silver.
section 60. If a man has given a field to a gardener to plant a garden
and the gardener has planted the garden, four years he shall rear the
garden, in the fifth year the owner of the garden and the gardener shall
share equally, the owner of the garden shall cut off his share and take
it.
section 61. If the gardener has not included all the field in the
planting, has left a waste place, he shall set the waste place in the
share which he takes.
section 62. If the field which has been given him to plant he has not
planted as a garden, if it was corn land, the gardener shall measure out
corn to the owner of the field, like its neighbour, as produce of the
field for the years that are neglected, and he shall do the ordered work
on the field and return to the owner of the field.
section 63. If the field was unreclaimed land, he shall do the ordered
work on the field and return it to the owner of the field and measure out
ten _GUR_ of corn _per GAN_ for each year.
section 64. If a man has given his garden to a gardener to farm, the
gardener as long as he holds the garden shall give to the owner of the
garden two-thirds from the produce of the garden, and he himself shall
take one-third.
section 65. If the gardener does not farm the garden and has diminished
the yield, he shall measure out the yield of the garden like its
neighbour.
NOTE.--Here five columns of the monument have been erased, only the
commencing characters of column xvii. being visible. The subjects of
this last part included the further enactments concerning the rights and
duties of gardeners, the whole of the regulations concerning houses let
to tenants, and the relationships of the merchant to his agents, which
continue on the obverse of the monument. [See page 58.] Scheil estimates
the lost portion at 35 sections, and following him we recommence with
section 100. . . . the interests of the money, as much as he took, he
shall write down, and when he has numbered his days he shall answer his
merchant.
section 101. If where he has gone he has not seen prosperity, he shall
make up and return the money he took, and the agent shall give to the
merchant.
section 102. If a merchant has given to the agent money as a favour, and
where he has gone he has seen loss, the full amount of money he shall
return to the merchant.
section 103. If while he goes on his journey the enemy has made him quit
whatever he was carrying, the agent shall swear by the name of God and
shall go free.
section 104. If the merchant has given to the agent corn, wool, oil, or
any sort of goods, to traffic with, the agent shall write down the price
and hand over to the merchant; the agent shall take a sealed memorandum
of the price which he shall give to the merchant.
section 105. If an agent has forgotten and has not taken a sealed
memorandum of the money he has given to the merchant, money that is not
sealed for, he shall not put in his accounts.
section 106. If an agent has taken money from a merchant and his
merchant has disputed with him, that merchant shall put the agent to
account before God and witnesses concerning the money taken, and the
agent shall give to the merchant the money as much as he has taken
threefold.
section 107. If a merchant has wronged an agent and the agent has
returned to his merchant whatever the merchant gave him, the merchant has
disputed with the agent as to what the agent gave him, that agent shall
put the merchant to account before God and witnesses, and the merchant
because he disputed the agent shall give to the agent whatever he has
taken sixfold.
section 108. If a wine merchant has not received corn as the price of
drink, has received silver by the great stone, and has made the price of
drink less than the price of corn, that wine merchant one shall put her
to account and throw her into the water.
section 109. If a wine merchant has collected a riotous assembly in her
house and has not seized those rioters and driven them to the palace,
that wine merchant shall be put to death.
section 110. If a votary, a lady, who is not living in the convent, has
opened a wine shop or has entered a wine shop for drink, that woman one
shall burn her.
section 111. If a wine merchant has given sixty _KA_ of best beer at
harvest time for thirst, she shall take fifty _KA_ of corn.
section 112. If a man stays away on a journey and has given silver,
gold, precious stones, or treasures of his hand to a man, has caused him
to take them for transport, and that man whatever was for transport,
where he has transported has not given and has taken to himself, the
owner of the transported object, that man, concerning whatever he had to
transport and gave not, shall put him to account, and that man shall give
to the owner of the transported object fivefold whatever was given him.
section 113. If a man has corn or money upon a man, and without consent
of the owner of the corn has taken corn from the heap or from the store,
that man for taking of the corn without consent of the owner of the corn
from the heap or from the store, one shall put him to account, and he
shall return the corn as much as he has taken, and shall lose all that he
gave whatever it be.
section 114. If a man has not corn or money upon a man and levies a
distraint, for every single distraint he shall pay one-third of a mina.
section 115. If a man has corn or money upon a man and has levied a
distraint, and the distress in the house of his distrainer dies a natural
death, that case has no penalty.
section 116. If the distress has died in the house of his distrainer, of
blows or of want, the owner of the distress shall put his merchant to
account, and if he be the son of a freeman (that has died), his son one
shall kill; if the slave of a free-man, he shall pay one-third of a mina
of silver, and he shall lose all that he gave whatever it be.
section 117. If a man a debt has seized him, and he has given his wife,
his son, his daughter for the money, or has handed over to work off the
debt, for three years they shall work in the house of their buyer or
exploiter, in the fourth year he shall fix their liberty.
section 118. If he has handed over a manservant or a maidservant to work
off a debt, and the merchant shall remove and sell them for money, no one
can object.
section 119. If a debt has seized a man, and he has handed over for the
money a maidservant who has borne him children, the money the merchant
paid him the owner of the maid shall pay, and he shall ransom his maid.
section 120. If a man has heaped up his corn in a heap in the house of a
man, and in the granary a disaster has taken place, or the owner of the
house has opened the granary and taken the corn, or has disputed as to
the total amount of the corn that was heaped up in his house, the owner
of the corn shall recount his corn before God, the owner of the house
shall make up and return the corn which he took and shall give to the
owner of the corn.
section 121. If a man has heaped up corn in the house of a man, he shall
give as the price of storage five _KA_ of corn _per GUR_ of corn _per
annum_.
section 122. If a man shall give silver, gold, or anything whatever, to
a man on deposit, all whatever he shall give he shall shew to witnesses
and fix bonds and shall give on deposit.
section 123. If without witness and bonds he has given on deposit, and
where he has deposited they keep disputing him, this case has no remedy.
section 124. If a man has given silver, gold, or anything whatever to a
man on deposit before witnesses and he has disputed with him, one shall
put that man to account, and whatever he has disputed he shall make up
and shall give.
section 125. If a man has given anything of his on deposit, and where he
gave it, either by housebreaking or by rebellion, something of his has
been lost, along with something of the owner of the house, the owner of
the house who has defaulted all that was given him on deposit and has
been lost, he shall make good and render to the owner of the goods, the
owner of the house shall seek out whatever of his is lost and take it
from the thief.
section 126. If a man has lost nothing of his, but has said that
something of his is lost, has exaggerated his loss, since nothing of his
is lost, his loss he shall recount before God, and whatever he has
claimed he shall make up and shall give to his loss.
section 127. If a man has caused the finger to be pointed against a
votary, or a man's wife, and has not justified himself, that man they
shall throw down before the judge and brand his forehead.
section 128. If a man has married a wife and has not laid down her
bonds, that woman is no wife.
section 129. If the wife of a man has been caught in lying with another
male, one shall bind them and throw them into the waters. If the owner
of the wife would save his wife or the king would save his servant (he
may).
section 130. If a man has forced the wife of a man who has not known the
male and is dwelling in the house of her father, and has lain in her
bosom and one has caught him, that man shall be killed, the woman herself
shall go free.
section 131. If the wife of a man her husband has accused her, and she
has not been caught in lying with another male, she shall swear by God
and shall return to her house.
section 132. If a wife of a man on account of another male has had the
finger pointed at her, and has not been caught in lying with another
male, for her husband she shall plunge into the holy river.
section 133. If a man has been taken captive and in his house there is
maintenance, his wife has gone out from her house and entered into the
house of another, because that woman has not guarded her body, and has
entered into the house of another, one shall put that woman to account
and throw her into the waters.
section 134. If a man has been taken captive and in his house there is
no maintenance, and his wife has entered into the house of another, that
woman has no blame.
section 135. If a man has been taken captive and in his house there is
no maintenance before her, his wife has entered into the house of another
and has borne children, afterwards her husband has returned and regained
his city, that woman shall return to her bridegroom, the children shall
go after their father.
section 136. If a man has left his city and fled, after him his wife has
entered the house of another, if that man shall return and has seized his
wife, because he hated his city and fled, the wife of the truant shall
not return to her husband.
section 137. If a man has set his face to put away his concubine who has
borne him children or his wife who has granted him children, to that
woman he shall return her her marriage portion and shall give her the
usufruct of field, garden, and goods, and she shall bring up her
children. From the time that her children are grown up, from whatever is
given to her children they shall give her a share like that of one son,
and she shall marry the husband of her choice.
section 138. If a man has put away his bride who has not borne him
children, he shall give her money as much as her dowry, and shall pay her
the marriage portion which she brought from her father's house, and shall
put her away.
section 139. If there was no dowry, he shall give her one mina of silver
for a divorce.
section 140. If he is a poor man, he shall give her one-third of a mina
of silver.
section 141. If the wife of a man who is living in the house of her
husband has set her face to go out and has acted the fool, has wasted her
house, has belittled her husband, one shall put her to account, and if
her husband has said, 'I put her away,' he shall put her away and she
shall go her way, he shall not give her anything for her divorce. If her
husband has not said 'I put her away,' her husband shall marry another
woman, that woman as a maidservant shall dwell in the house of her
husband.
section 142. If a woman hates her husband and has said 'Thou shalt not
possess me,' one shall enquire into her past what is her lack, and if she
has been economical and has no vice, and her husband has gone out and
greatly belittled her, that woman has no blame, she shall take her
marriage portion and go off to her father's house.
section 143. If she has not been economical, a goer about, has wasted
her house, has belittled her husband, that woman one shall throw her into
the waters.
section 144. If a man has espoused a votary, and that votary has given a
maid to her husband and has brought up children, that man has set his
face to take a concubine, one shall not countenance that man, he shall
not take a concubine.
section 145. If a man has espoused a votary, and she has not granted him
children and he has set his face to take a concubine, that man shall take
a concubine, he shall cause her to enter into his house. That concubine
he shall not put on an equality with the wife.
section 146. If a man has espoused a votary, and she has given a maid to
her husband and she has borne children, afterwards that maid has made
herself equal with her mistress, because she has borne children her
mistress shall not sell her for money, she shall put a mark upon her and
count her among the maidservants.
section 147. If she has not borne children her mistress may sell her for
money.
section 148. If a man has married a wife and a sickness has seized her,
he has set his face to marry a second wife, he may marry her, his wife
whom the sickness has seized he shall not put her away, in the home she
shall dwell, and as long as she lives he shall sustain her.
section 149. If that woman is not content to dwell in the house of her
husband, he shall pay her her marriage portion which she brought from her
father's house, and she shall go off.
section 150. If a man to his wife has set aside field, garden, house, or
goods, has left her a sealed deed, after her husband her children shall
not dispute her, the mother after her to her children whom she loves
shall give, to brothers she shall not give.
section 151. If a woman, who is dwelling in the house of a man, her
husband has bound himself that she shall not be seized on account of a
creditor of her husband's, has granted a deed, if that man before he
married that woman had a debt upon him, the creditor shall not seize his
wife, and if that woman before she entered the man's house had a debt
upon her, her creditor shall not seize her husband.
section 152. If from the time that that woman entered into the house of
the man a debt has come upon them, both together they shall answer the
merchant.
section 153. If a man's wife on account of another male has caused her
husband to be killed, that woman upon a stake one shall set her.
section 154. If a man has known his daughter, that man one shall expel
from the city.
section 155. If a man has betrothed a bride to his son and his son has
known her, and he afterwards has lain in her bosom and one has caught
him, that man one shall bind and cast her into the waters.
section 156. If a man has betrothed a bride to his son and his son has
not known her, and he has lain in her bosom, he shall pay her half a mina
of silver and shall pay to her whatever she brought from her father's
house, and she shall marry the husband of her choice.
section 157. If a man, after his father, has lain in the bosom of his
mother, one shall burn them both of them together.
section 158. If a man, after his father, has been caught in the bosom of
her that brought him up, who has borne children, that man shall be cut
off from his father's house.
section 159. If a man who has brought in a present to the house of his
father-in-law, has given a dowry, has looked upon another woman, and has
said to his father-in-law, 'Thy daughter I will not marry,' the father of
the daughter shall take to himself all that he brought him.
section 160. If a man has brought in a present to the house of his
father-in-law, has given a dowry, and the father of the daughter has
said, 'My daughter I will not give thee,' he shall make up and return
everything that he brought him.
section 161. If a man has brought in a present to the house of his
father-in-law, has given a dowry, and a comrade of his has slandered him,
his father-in-law has said to the claimant of the wife, 'My daughter thou
shalt not espouse,' he shall make up and return all that he brought him,
and his comrade shall not marry his wife.
section 162. If a man has married a wife and she has borne him children,
and that woman has gone to her fate, her father shall have no claim on
her marriage portion, her marriage portion is her children's forsooth.
section 163. If a man has married a wife, and she has not granted him
children, that woman has gone to her fate, if his father-in-law has
returned him the dowry that that man brought to the house of his father-
in-law, her husband shall have no claim on the marriage portion of that
woman, her marriage portion belongs to the house of her father forsooth.
section 164. If his father-in-law has not returned him the dowry, he
shall deduct all her dowry from his marriage portion and shall return her
marriage portion to the house of her father.
section 165. If a man has apportioned to his son, the first in his eyes,
field, garden, and house, has written him a sealed deed, after the father
has gone to his fate, when the brothers divide, the present his father
gave him he shall take, and over and above he shall share equally in the
goods of the father's house.
section 166. If a man, in addition to the children which he has
possessed, has taken a wife, for his young son has not taken a wife,
after the father has gone to his fate, when the brothers divide, from the
goods of the father's house to their young brother who has not taken a
wife, beside his share, they shall assign him money as a dowry and shall
cause him to take a wife.
section 167. If a man has taken a wife, and she has borne him sons, that
woman has gone to her fate, after her, he has taken to himself another
woman and she has borne children, afterwards the father has gone to his
fate, the children shall not share according to their mothers, they shall
take the marriage portions of their mothers and shall share the goods of
their father's house equally.
section 168. If a man has set his face to cut off his son, has said to
the judge 'I will cut off my son,' the judge shall enquire into his
reasons, and if the son has not committed a heavy crime which cuts off
from sonship, the father shall not cut off his son from sonship.
section 169. If he has committed against his father a heavy crime which
cuts off from sonship, for the first time the judge shall bring back his
face; if he has committed a heavy crime for the second time, the father
shall cut off his son from sonship.
section 170. If a man his wife has borne him sons, and his maidservant
has borne him sons, the father in his lifetime has said to the sons which
the maidservant has borne him 'my sons,' has numbered them with the sons
of his wife, after the father has gone to his fate, the sons of the wife
and the sons of the maidservant shall share equally in the goods of the
father's house; the sons that are sons of the wife at the sharing shall
choose and take.
section 171. And if the father in his lifetime, to the sons which the
maidservant bore him, has not said 'my sons,' after the father has gone
to his fate the sons of the maid shall not share with the sons of the
wife in the goods of the father's house, one shall assign the maidservant
and her sons freedom; the sons of the wife shall have no claim on the
sons of the maidservant for servitude, the wife shall take her marriage
portion and the settlement which her husband gave her and wrote in a deed
for her and shall dwell in the dwelling of her husband, as long as lives
she shall enjoy, for money she shall not give, after her they are her
sons' forsooth.
section 172. If her husband did not give her a settlement, one shall pay
her her marriage portion, and from the goods of her husband's house she
shall take a share like one son. If her sons worry her to leave the
house, the judge shall enquire into her reasons and shall lay the blame
on the sons, that woman shall not go out of her husband's house. If that
woman has set her face to leave, the settlement which her husband gave
her she shall leave to her sons, the marriage portion from her father's
house she shall take and she shall marry the husband of her choice.
section 173. If that woman where she has entered shall have borne
children to her later husband after that woman has died, the former and
later sons shall share her marriage portion.
section 174. If she has not borne children to her later husband, the
sons of her bridegroom shall take her marriage portion.
section 175. If either the slave of the palace or the slave of the poor
man has taken to wife the daughter of a gentleman, and she has borne
sons, the owner of the slave shall have no claim on the sons of the
daughter of a gentleman for servitude.
section 176. And if a slave of the palace or the slave of a poor man has
taken to wife the daughter of a gentleman and, when he married her, with
a marriage portion from her father's house she entered into the house of
the slave of the palace, or of the slave of the poor man, and from the
time that they started to keep house and acquired property, after either
the servant of the palace or the servant of the poor man has gone to his
fate, the daughter of the gentleman shall take her marriage portion, and
whatever her husband and she from the time they started have acquired one
shall divide in two parts and the owner of the slave shall take one-half,
the daughter of a gentleman shall take one-half for her children. If the
gentleman's daughter had no marriage portion, whatever her husband and
she from the time they started have acquired one shall divide into two
parts, and the owner of the slave shall take half, the gentleman's
daughter shall take half for her sons.
section 177. If a widow whose children are young has set her face to
enter into the house of another, without consent of a judge she shall not
enter. When she enters into the house of another the judge shall enquire
into what is left of her former husband's house, and the house of her
former husband to her later husband, and that woman he shall entrust and
cause them to receive a deed. They shall keep the house and rear the
little ones. Not a utensil shall they give for money. The buyer that
has bought a utensil of a widow's sons shall lose his money and shall
return the property to its owners.
section 178. If a lady, votary, or a vowed woman whose father has
granted her a marriage portion, has written her a deed, in the deed he
has written her has not, however, written her 'after her wherever is good
to her to give,' has not permitted her all her choice, after the father
has gone to his fate, her brothers shall take her field and her garden,
and according to the value of her share shall give her corn, oil, and
wool, and shall content her heart. If her brothers have not given her
corn, oil, and wool according to the value of her share, and have not
contented her heart, she shall give her field or her garden to a
cultivator, whoever pleases her, and her cultivator shall sustain her.
The field, garden, or whatever her father has given her she shall enjoy
as long as she lives, she shall not give it for money, she shall not
answer to another, her sonship is her brothers' forsooth.
section 179. If a lady, a votary, or a woman vowed, whose father has
granted her a marriage portion, has written her a deed, in the deed he
wrote her has written her 'after her wherever is good to her to give,'
has allowed to her all her choice, after the father has gone to his fate,
after her wherever is good to her she shall give, her brothers have no
claim on her.
section 180. If a father to his daughter a votary, bride, or vowed woman
has not granted a marriage portion, after the father has gone to his
fate, she shall share in the goods of the father's house a share like one
son, as long as she lives she shall enjoy, after her it is her brothers'
forsooth.
section 181. If a father has vowed to God a votary, hierodule, or _NU-
BAR_, and has not granted her a marriage portion, after the father has
gone to his fate she shall share in the goods of the father's house one-
third of her sonship share and shall enjoy it as long as she lives, after
her it is her brothers' forsooth.
section 182. If a father, to his daughter, a votary of Marduk, of
Babylon, has not granted her a marriage portion, has not written her a
deed, after the father has gone to his fate, she shall share with her
brothers in the goods of the father's house, one-third of her sonship
share, and shall pay no tax; a votary of Marduk, after her, shall give
wherever it is good to her.
section 183. If a father to his daughter, a concubine, has granted her a
marriage portion, has given her to a husband, has written her a deed,
after the father has gone to his fate, she shall not share in the goods
of the father's house.
section 184. If a man to his daughter, a concubine, has not granted a
marriage portion, has not given her to a husband, after the father has
gone to his fate, her brothers according to the capacity of the father's
house, shall grant her a marriage portion and shall give her to a
husband.
section 185. If a man has taken a young child 'from his waters' to
sonship, and has reared him up, no one has any claim against that
nursling.
section 186. If a man has taken a young child to sonship, and when he
took him his father and mother rebelled, that nursling shall return to
his father's house.
section 187. The son of a _NER-SE-GA_, a palace warder, or the son of a
vowed woman no one has any claim upon.
section 188. If an artisan has taken a son to bring up, and has caused
him to learn his handicraft, no one has any claim.
section 189. If he has not caused him to learn his handicraft, that
nursling shall return to his father's house.
section 190. If a man the child whom he took to his sonship and has
brought him up, has not numbered him with his sons, that nursling shall
return to his father's house.
section 191. If a man, after a young child whom he has taken to his
sonship and brought him up, has made a house for himself and acquired
children, and has set his face to cut off the nursling, that child shall
not go his way, the father that brought him up shall give to him from his
goods one-third of his sonship, and he shall go off; from field, garden,
and house he shall not give him.
section 192. If a son of a palace warder, or of a vowed woman, to the
father that brought him up, and the mother that brought him up, has said
'thou art not my father, thou art not my mother,' one shall cut out his
tongue.
section 193. If a son of a palace warder, or of a vowed woman, has known
his father's house, and has hated the father that brought him up or the
mother that brought him up, and has gone off to the house of his father,
one shall tear out his eye.
section 194. If a man has given his son to a wet nurse, that son has
died in the hand of the wet nurse, the wet nurse without consent of his
father and his mother has procured another child, one shall put her to
account, and because, without consent of his father and his mother, she
has procured another child, one shall cut off her breasts.
section 195. If a man has struck his father, his hands one shall cut
off.
section 196. If a man has caused the loss of a gentleman's eye, his eye
one shall cause to be lost.
section 197. If he has shattered a gentleman's limb, one shall shatter
his limb.
section 198. If he has caused a poor man to lose his eye or shattered a
poor man's limb, he shall pay one mina of silver.
section 199. If he has caused the loss of the eye of a gentleman's
servant or has shattered the limb of a gentleman's servant, he shall pay
half his price.
section 200. If a man has made the tooth of a man that is his equal to
fall out, one shall make his tooth fall out.
section 201. If he has made the tooth of a poor man to fall out, he
shall pay one-third of a mina of silver.
section 202. If a man has struck the strength of a man who is great
above him, he shall be struck in the assembly with sixty strokes of a cow-
hide whip.
section 203. If a man of gentle birth has struck the strength of a man
of gentle birth who is like himself, he shall pay one mina of silver.
section 204. If a poor man has struck the strength of a poor man, he
shall pay ten shekels of silver.
section 205. If a gentleman's servant has struck the strength of a free-
man, one shall cut off his ear.
section 206. If a man has struck a man in a quarrel, and has caused him
a wound, that man shall swear 'I do not strike him knowing' and shall
answer for the doctor.
section 207. If he has died of his blows, he shall swear, and if he be
of gentle birth he shall pay half a mina of silver.
section 208. If he be the son of a poor man, he shall pay one-third of a
mina of silver.
section 209. If a man has struck a gentleman's daughter and caused her
to drop what is in her womb, he shall pay ten shekels of silver for what
was in her womb.
section 210. If that woman has died, one shall put to death his
daughter.
section 211. If the daughter of a poor man through his blows he has
caused to drop that which is in her womb, he shall pay five shekels of
silver.
section 212. If that woman has died, he shall pay half a mina of silver.
section 213. If he has struck a gentleman's maidservant and caused her
to drop that which is in her womb, he shall pay two shekels of silver.
section 214. If that maidservant has died, he shall pay one-third of a
mina of silver.
section 215. If a doctor has treated a gentleman for a severe wound with
a bronze lancet and has cured the man, or has opened an abscess of the
eye for a gentleman with the bronze lancet and has cured the eye of the
gentleman, he shall take ten shekels of silver.
section 216. If he (the patient) be the son of a poor man, he shall take
five shekels of silver.
section 217. If he be a gentleman's servant, the master of the servant
shall give two shekels of silver to the doctor.
section 218. If the doctor has treated a gentleman for a severe wound
with a lancet of bronze and has caused the gentleman to die, or has
opened an abscess of the eye for a gentleman with the bronze lancet and
has caused the loss of the gentleman's eye, one shall cut off his hands.
section 219. If a doctor has treated the severe wound of a slave of a
poor man with a bronze lancet and has caused his death, he shall render
slave for slave.
section 220. If he has opened his abscess with a bronze lancet and has
made him lose his eye, he shall pay money, half his price.
section 221. If a doctor has cured the shattered limb of a gentleman, or
has cured the diseased bowel, the patient shall give five shekels of
silver to the doctor.
section 222. If it is the son of a poor man, he shall give three shekels
of silver.
section 223. If a gentleman's servant, the master of the slave shall
give two shekels of silver to the doctor.
section 224. If a cow doctor or a sheep doctor has treated a cow or a
sheep for a severe wound and cured it, the owner of the cow or sheep
shall give one-sixth of a shekel of silver to the doctor as his fee.
section 225. If he has treated a cow or a sheep for a severe wound and
has caused it to die, he shall give a quarter of its price to the owner
of the ox or sheep.
section 226. If a brander without consent of the owner of the slave has
branded a slave with an indelible mark, one shall cut off the hands of
that brander.
section 227. If a man has deceived the brander, and has caused him to
brand an indelible mark on the slave, that man one shall kill him and
bury him in his house, the brander shall swear, 'Not knowing I branded
him,' and shall go free.
section 228. If a builder has built a house for a man and has completed
it, he shall give him as his fee two shekels of silver _per SAR_ of
house.
section 229. If a builder has built a house for a man and has not made
strong his work, and the house he built has fallen, and he has caused the
death of the owner of the house, that builder shall be put to death.
section 230. If he has caused the son of the owner of the house to die,
one shall put to death the son of that builder.
section 231. If he has caused the slave of the owner of the house to
die, he shall give slave for slave to the owner of the house.
section 232. If he has caused the loss of goods, he shall render back
whatever he has caused the loss of, and because he did not make strong
the house he built, and it fell, from his own goods he shall rebuild the
house that fell.
section 233. If a builder has built a house for a man, and has not
jointed his work, and the wall has fallen, that builder at his own cost
shall make good that wall.
section 234. If a boatman has navigated a ship of sixty _GUR_ for a man,
he shall give him two shekels of silver for his fee.
section 235. If a boatman has navigated a ship for a man and has not
made his work trustworthy, and in that same year that he worked that ship
it has suffered an injury, the boatman shall exchange that ship or shall
make it strong at his own expense and shall give a strong ship to the
owner of the ship.
section 236. If a man has given his ship to a boatman, on hire, and the
boatman has been careless, has grounded the ship, or has caused it to be
lost, the boatman shall render ship for ship to the owner.
section 237. If a man has hired a boatman and ship, and with corn, wool,
oil, dates, or whatever it be as freight, has freighted her, that boatman
has been careless and grounded the ship, or has caused what is in her to
be lost, the boatman shall render back the ship which he has grounded and
whatever in her he has caused to be lost.
section 238. If a boatman has grounded the ship of a man and has
refloated her, he shall give money to half her price.
section 239. If a man has hired a boatman, he shall give him six _GUR_
of corn per year.
section 240. If a ship that is going forward has struck a ship at anchor
and has sunk her, the owner of the ship that has been sunk whatever he
has lost in his ship shall recount before God, and that of the ship going
forward which sunk the ship at anchor shall render to him his ship and
whatever of his was lost.
section 241. If a man has taken an ox on distraint, he shall pay one-
third of a mina of silver.
section 242. If a man has hired a working ox for one year, he shall pay
four _GUR_ of corn as its hire.
section 243. If a milch cow, he shall give three _GUR_ of corn to its
owner.
section 244. If a man has hired an ox or sheep and a lion has killed it
in the open field, that loss is for its owner forsooth.
section 245. If a man has hired an ox and through neglect or by blows
has caused it to die, ox for ox to the owner of the ox he shall render.
section 246. If a man has hired an ox and has crushed its foot or has
cut its nape, ox for ox to the owner of the ox he shall render.
section 247. If a man has hired an ox and has caused it to lose its eye,
he shall pay half its price to the owner of the ox.
section 248. If a man has hired an ox, and has crushed its horn, cut off
its tail, or pierced its nostrils, he shall pay a quarter of its price.
section 249. If a man has hired an ox, and God has struck it and it has
died, the man who has hired the ox shall swear before God and shall go
free.
section 250. If a wild bull in his charge has gored a man and caused him
to die, that case has no remedy.
section 251. If the ox has pushed a man, by pushing has made known his
vice, and he has not blunted his horn, has not shut up his ox, and that
ox has gored a man of gentle birth and caused him to die, he shall pay
half a mina of silver.
section 252. If a gentleman's servant, he shall pay one-third of a mina
of silver.
section 253. If a man has hired a man to reside in his field and has
furnished him seed, has entrusted him the oxen and harnessed them for
cultivating the field--if that man has stolen the corn or plants, and
they have been seized in his hands, one shall cut off his hands.
section 254. If he has taken the seed, worn out the oxen, from the seed
which he has hoed he shall restore.
section 255. If he has hired out the oxen of the man or has stolen the
corn and has not caused it to grow in the field, that man one shall put
him to account and he shall measure out sixty _GUR_ of corn _per GAN_ of
land.
section 256. If his compensation he is not able to pay, one shall remove
the oxen from that field.
section 257. If a man has hired a harvester, he shall give him eight
_GUR_ of corn per year.
section 258. If a man has hired an ox-driver, he shall give him six
_GUR_ of corn per year.
section 259. If a man has stolen a watering machine from the meadow, he
shall give five shekels of silver to the owner of the watering machine.
section 260. If he has stolen a watering bucket or a harrow, he shall
pay three shekels of silver.
section 261. If a man has hired a herdsman for the cows or a shepherd
for the sheep, he shall give him eight _GUR_ of corn _per annum_.
section 262. If a man, ox, or sheep to [this section is defaced].
section 263. If he has caused an ox or sheep which was given him to be
lost, ox for ox, sheep for sheep, he shall render to their owner.
section 264. If a herdsman who has had cows or sheep given him to
shepherd, has received his hire, whatever was agreed, and his heart was
contented, has diminished the cows, diminished the sheep, lessened the
offspring, he shall give offspring and produce according to the tenour of
his bonds.
section 265. If a shepherd to whom cows and sheep have been given him to
breed, has falsified and changed their price, or has sold them, one shall
put him to account, and he shall render cows and sheep to their owner
tenfold what he has stolen.
section 266. If in a sheepfold a stroke of God has taken place or a lion
has killed, the shepherd shall purge himself before God, and the accident
to the fold the owner of the fold shall face it.
section 267. If a shepherd has been careless and in a sheepfold caused a
loss to take place, the shepherd shall make good the fault of the loss
which he has caused to be in the fold and shall pay cows or sheep and
shall give to their owner.
section 268. If a man has hired an ox, for threshing, twenty _KA_ of
corn is its hire.
section 269. If he has hired an ass, for threshing, ten _KA_ of corn is
its hire.
section 270. If he has hired a calf (goat?), for threshing, one _KA_ of
corn is its hire.
section 271. If a man has hired oxen, a wagon, and its driver, he shall
give one hundred and eighty _KA_ of corn _per diem_.
section 272. If a man has hired a wagon by itself, he shall give forty
_KA_ of corn _per diem_.
section 273. If a man has hired a labourer, from the beginning of the
year till the fifth month, he shall give six _SE_ of silver _per diem_;
from the sixth month to the end of the year, he shall give five _SE_ of
silver _per diem_.
section 274. If a man shall hire an artisan--
(_a_) the hire of a . . . five _SE_ of silver
(_b_) the hire of a brickmaker five _SE_ of silver
(_c_) the hire of a tailor . five _SE_ of silver
(_d_) the hire of a stone-cutter . _SE_ of silver
(_e_) the hire of a . . . _SE_ of silver
(_f_) the hire of a . . . _SE_ of silver
(_g_) the hire of a carpenter four _SE_ of silver
(_h_) the hire of a . . . four _SE_ of silver
(_i_) the hire of a . . . _SE_ of silver
(_j_) the hire of a builder. . . _SE_ of silver _per diem_ he shall give.
section 275. If a man has hired a (boat?) _per diem_, her hire is three
_SE_ of silver.
section 276. If a man has hired a fast ship, he shall give two and a
half _SE_ of silver _per diem_ as her hire.
section 277. If a man has hired a ship of sixty _GUR_, he shall give one-
sixth of a shekel of silver _per diem_ as her hire.
section 278. If a man has bought a manservant or a maidservant, and he
has not fulfilled his month and the _bennu_ sickness has fallen upon him,
he shall return him to the seller, and the buyer shall take the money he
paid.
section 279. If a man has bought a manservant or a maidservant and has a
complaint, his seller shall answer the complaint.
section 280. If a man has bought in a foreign land the manservant or the
maidservant of a man, when he has come into the land, and the owner of
the manservant or the maidservant has recognised his manservant or his
maidservant, if the manservant or maidservant are natives without price
he shall grant them their freedom.
section 281. If they are natives of another land the buyer shall tell
out before God the money he paid, and the owner of the manservant or the
maidservant shall give to the merchant the money he paid, and shall
recover his manservant or his maidservant.
section 282. If a slave has said to his master 'Thou art not my master,'
as his slave one shall put him to account and his master shall cut off
his ear.
* * * * *
The judgements of righteousness which Hammurabi the mighty king confirmed
and caused the land to take a sure guidance and a gracious rule.
The following three sections, which are known to belong to the Code from
copies made for an Assyrian king in the seventh century B.C., are given
here for the sake of completeness. They obviously come within the space
once occupied by the five erased columns.
section X. If a man has taken money from a merchant and has given a
plantation of dates to the merchant, has said to him, 'The dates that are
in my plantation take for thy money,' that merchant shall not agree, the
dates that are in the plantation the owner of the plantation shall take,
and he shall answer to the merchant for the money and its interests
according to the tenour of his bond. The dates that are over, which are
in the plantation, the owner of the plantation shall take forsooth.
section Y. . . . the man dwelling (in the house) has given to the owner
(of the house) the money of its rent in full for the year, the owner of
the house has ordered the dweller to go out when his days are not full,
the owner of the house, because he has ordered the dweller to leave when
his days are not full, (shall give) of the money which the dweller gave
him. . . .
section Z. If a man has to pay, in money or corn, but has not money or
corn to pay with, but has goods, whatever is in his hands, before
witnesses, according to what he has brought, he shall give to his
merchant. The merchant shall not object, he shall receive it.
INDEX
_The numbers refer to the sections of the Code_.
Abatement, of rent, for loss of crop, 45, 46.
of interest, 48.
Accidental loss, by storm or deluge, falls on tenant, 45.
shared by landlord, if before rent is paid, 46.
by drought, storm, or deluge, postpones payment of debt, 48.
Adjournment, for production of witnesses, 13.
not to exceed six months, 13.
Adoption, of natural son, 185.
of child of living parents, 186.
parents may object, 186.
votary or palace official cannot object, 187.
by artisan, 188.
no one can reclaim child, if he has been taught handicraft, 188.
otherwise can be reclaimed, 189.
adopted son must be formally acknowledged, 190.
if not, returns to real parents on death of adoptive father, 190.
adopted son cannot be cut off without legal process, 191.
has one-third child's share, 191.
but no part of estate, 191.
repudiation by adopted son severely punished, 192 ff.
Adultery, 129.
penalty, drowning, 129.
Agent, relation to principal or merchant--
must keep accounts, 100.
of money received, 100.
of interest due, 100.
if unsuccessful, repays capital only, 101.
if a loser, repays capital in full, 102.
if robbed, can be excused payment, 103.
must keep account of goods, 104.
stating money value, 104.
take inventory, 104.
give receipt, 104.
pays threefold for his defaults, 106.
Allotment, to ganger, constable, or tributary, 30. _See_ Benefice.
Allowances, to divorced wife, 137.
usufruct of field, garden, and goods.
Alteration of date for repayment, 48.
called 'wetting tablet,' 48.
Approving lease, 44. _See_ Lease.
Assault, of gentleman by gentleman, 202, 203.
in a quarrel, 206.
of poor man by poor man, 204.
of gentleman by slave, 205.
of pregnant woman, causing miscarriage--
gentle woman, 209.
poor woman, 211.
slave, 213.
causing her death--
gentle woman, 210.
poor woman, 212.
slave, 214.
_See_ under Fines.
Assessment of damages--
by sheep to growing crops, 57.
,, to ripe crops, 58.
for cutting down tree in orchard, 59.
for not carrying out terms of lease, 42, 44.
for assault. _See_ Fines.
for carelessness. _See_ Neglect.
for culpable lack of skill. _See_ Doctor.
Assignment for debt--
of bare field, 49.
of corn field, 50.
of date plantation, X.
of crop, Y.
of wife, child, or slave, to work off debt, 115.
Average yield, assessed damages, 42, 43, 44, 55, 62, 65.
Backbiting, 161.
Bailiff. _See_ Reeve, Ganger, Constable, Benefice.
Bailment, without witness or deed--
from domestic inferior=theft, 7.
Banishment. _See_ Exile.
Bearing sentence sought to be obtained. _See_ Retaliation.
Benefice, the land, house, garden, and stock--
assigned by king to ganger, constable, or tributary, 30.
inalienable, 32, 36, 37.
sale, or purchase, forbidden, 35.
price paid forfeited, 35.
not to be exchanged, 41.
not to be devised to females, 38.
may be deputed, 27.
hereditary, 28.
forfeited, by disuse, 30.
may not be pledged, 38.
saleable to other official (?), 40.
Betrothed, maiden lived in father's house, 130.
Bigamy, in ignorance, 135.
Blood money. _See_ Wit.
Boatmen, their duties and privileges, 234-241.
same word denotes boat-builder (Winckler's tr.).
Boats, passenger, 276.
freight boat, 277.
building, 234.
of 60 _GUR_, built, 234 (Winckler's tr.)
collision of, 241.
wreck of, 235, 236.
Bond, a written deed or contract--
needed for legal purchase, 7.
for debt, 52.
for storage, 122.
for legal marriage, 128.
shepherd's, 264.
Branding, brander, 226, 227.
on forehead, for slander, 127.
slave without consent of owner, 226, 227.
Brawling, in wine shop, 109.
Breach of contract--
by lessee, 42, 44, 256. _See_ Lease, Metayer, Neglect.
of promise, 159.
Breasts, cut off, 194.
Bride-price, a present to prospective father-in-law--
usually returned with wife to bridegroom, 163.
given back by husband to divorced wife, if not a mother, 138.
returned to suitor, if not accepted, 160, 161.
forfeited if suitor changes his mind, 159.
if not given back to bridegroom with wife, deducted from marriage
portion repaid to father-in-law, on death of wife, without children, 164.
assessed at one mina of silver, for gentleman, 139.
,, one-third mina, for poor man, 139.
to be set aside for unmarried son, by his brothers, on division of
father's property, 166.
Brothel (?). _See_ Wine shop.
Builder's duties and privileges, 228.
of boats, 234 (Winckler's tr.).
Burning, as penalty--
for votary, opening or entering wine shop, 110.
man and mother in incest, 157.
thief at fire, 25.
Business. _See_ Agent, Merchant, Office.
Buyer of benefice must discharge duties, 40.
Calling to account, 42, 108, 112, 113, 116, 124, 133, 141, 194, 255, 265.
Capital suit, 3.
Captives, 133, 280.
Carrier's privileges and responsibilities, 112.
Cattle, damage _feasant pauperies_, 57.
Changeling, foisted on parents, 194.
Charges, for warehousing, 121.
one-sixtieth value, 121.
Children. _See_ Custody, Mother, Remarriage, Widow.
born of wife remarried, uuder impression her husband was dead, stay
with second husband, 135.
not to dispute mother's settlement, 150.
share equally at father's death, 165.
reserving settlements by deed, 165.
of second marriage to be furnished with bride-price, or portion, 166.
of different mothers, share separately own mother's portions, 167.
but father's property equally, 167.
of bride and maid share equally, if latter acknowledged as sons in
father's lifetime, former having preference, 170.
otherwise, children of maid do not share, 171.
of slave woman and free father are free, 171.
of slave man and free mother are free, 175.
these take half father's goods at death, 175.
Collision, 241.
Commission, trade on, 100-105. _See_ Agent, Merchant.
Compensation, for eviction of tenant, Y.
for highway robbery, 23.
Composition, for loss of life, 224.
for bride-price, 139.
Concubine, divorced, 137.
not allowed, if wife provides maid, 144.
allowed, if votary wife has no children, 145.
not to rival wife, 145.
father may give daughter as, 183.
and give marriage portion, 183.
if so, she has no share of his goods at his death, 183.
otherwise, brothers must give her a portion, 184.
Conjugal rights, denial of, 142.
Conscript. _See_ Militia.
Constable, or bailiff, runner, 36-41.
not to depute duty, 26.
in enforced absence on royal business, 27.
may depute, and resume on return, 27.
son may be deputy, 28.
provision for child, in absence, 29.
neglect of benefice, 30.
three years' limit, 30.
one year does not forfeit, 31.
captured abroad on king's business, 32.
to be ransomed, 32.
benefice inalienable, 33.
benefice protected, 34.
not to be hired out, 35.
plundered, 35.
oppressed, 35.
sale of benefice illegal, 35.
benefice not to be exchanged, 41.
Contract. _See_ Bond.
Corn land, 62.
Corporate liability, 23, 32.
Corvee. _See_ Militia.
Courtship, 159, 161.
Cow, in milk, hire of, 243.
Creditor. _See also_ Merchant.
must not ill treat pledge for debt, 116.
must release at end of three years, 117.
may sell pledged slave, on removal, 118.
may not repay himself from debtor's goods, 113.
Crop, assigned for debt, 51.
sold at king's price, 51.
Crown, man's. _See_ Strength.
Cultivation of fields--
operations needful, 43.
Custody of child, in mother, 29.
Cutting down trees--
assessment of damage, half mina of silver per tree, 59.
Damage to crops, by sheep--
assessed at twenty _GUR per GAN_, 57.
to ripe crops, at sixty _GUR per GAN_, 58.
by flooding field, 56.
by cutting down trees, assessed at half mina of silver per tree, 59.
Damages, for breach of contract, 42, 44.
for eviction from purchase, 12.
for eviction from house, Y.
_Damnum sine injuria_, 115, 118, 123, 250.
Date palm, plantation of, X.
Daughter cannot inherit benefice, 38.
Death penalty, inflicted for--
witchcraft, 1.
threatening witnesses, 3.
perjury, 3.
theft, 4.
receiving stolen goods, 4.
buying from domestic inferior, 7.
taking on deposit from domestic inferior, 7.
in default of multiple restitution, for theft of second order, 8.
appropriation of lost properly, 9.
selling lost property, 10.
vexatious claim of property as lost, 11.
kidnapping, 14.
procuring desertion of slave, 15.
harbouring fugitive slave, 18.
,, of defaulting militia, 16.
detaining fugitive slave, 18.
keeping recaptured slave, 19.
housebreaking, 21.
highway robbery, 22.
theft at fire, 25.
allowing seditious brawling in wine shop, 109.
rape of betrothed maiden, 130.
for ganger, constable, neglecting duty, 26.
,, ,, sending substitutes, 26.
causing death of pregnant woman by assault, 210.
for getting a slave branded unknown to owner, 227.
for building so badly as to cause death of owner, 229.
_See also_ Burning, Drowning, Impalement.
Death of defendant, 12.
Debt, abatement for damage by storm, deluge, and drought, 48.
not to be repaid from debtor's goods, without his consent, 113.
hostages for, 117.
to be well treated, 118.
released after three years, 117.
of man before marriage, not binding on wife, 151.
of woman before marriage, not binding on husband, 151.
of both after marriage, binding on both, 151.
Debtor's risk, 48.
privileged to pay in kind, Z.
Defamation, 161.
Deferred foreclosure, 48.
Degradation from office, 5.
Deification of river Euphrates, 2.
_Delegatus non potest delegare_, 26, 33.
Deposit. _See_ Storage, Trust, Warehouse, 7.
not recoverable unless witnessed and sealed for, 123.
from domestic inferior, illegal without witnessed contract, 7.
Desertion, by husband, of wife--
involuntary, 133.
of city and wife, 136.
of adoptive parents, 193.
Detention of fugitive slave punished, 19.
Disinheritance, for incest, 159.
of son, 168.
not without legal process and for good cause, 168.
Distraint for debt, 114, 115.
unjustified, fine one-third mina of silver, each time, 114.
death of person taken in, 115, 110.
not allowed on warehoused goods, 120.
of working ox fined, 241.
District liable, for highway robbery, 23.
for ransom of official, 32.
Diverted to, perhaps 'captured in,' Winckler's tr.
Divorce, 137, 138.
wife takes her bride-price, 137.
or fixed sum, one mina of silver from gentleman, 139.
or fixed sum, one-third mina from poor man, 140.
Doctor, privileges and responsibilities, 215-221.
fees for cures, 215, 221.
causes death, 218-220.
paid by assailant, 206.
Domestic inferior. _See_ Minor.
Dowry. _See_ Bride-price.
Drowning, as penalty for--
selling drink too cheap, 109.
adultery, 129.
bad wife, 143.
incest with daughter-in-law, 155.
deserting husband's house in his enforced absence, being provided with
proper maintenance, 133.
Dyke, 53.
Ear cut off as penalty, 205.
Endowment of office. _See_ Benefice.
Equals, assault of, 200, 203, 206.
Evicted purchaser reimbursed, 9.
tenant reimbursed, Y.
Exchange, of benefice illegal, 41.
Exile, penalty for incest, 154.
Eye, torn out as penalty, 193.
struck out in assault, 196.
disease of, 215.
cure of, fee for, ten shekels of silver, 215.
loss of eye, assessed at five shekels of silver, 220.
False judgement, penalty for, 5.
claims for money or goods, 106, 107, 126.
accusation of adultery, 131.
Farm. _See_ Lease.
Fatal assault of gentleman by gentleman, 207.
of gentleman by poor man, 208.
Favourite son, may be gifted by father, 165.
in his lifetime, 165.
by written deed, 165.
other children no claim against, 165.
takes equal share with them on father's death, 165.
Fees for curing wound, or disease of eye, by surgical operation--
gentleman pays ten shekels of silver, 215.
poor man pays five shekels of silver, 216.
slave pays two shekels of silver, 216.
cure of broken limb or diseased bowel--
gentleman pays five shekels, 221.
poor man pays three shekels, 222.
slave pays two shekels, 223.
cure of bad wound of ox or sheep, one-sixth of shekel, 224.
for building house, two shekels _per SAR_, 228.
to boatman for navigating boat, two shekels, 234.
warehousing goods, one-sixtieth value, 121.
Fines imposed for--
unlawful distraint, one-third mina, 114.
seducing daughter-in-law before marriage, half mina, 156.
aggravated assault, gentleman on gentleman, one mina, 203.
aggravated assault, poor man on poor man, ten shekels, 204.
fatal wound in quarrel, gentleman to gentleman, half mina, 207.
fatal wound in quarrel, poor man to poor man, third mina, 208.
assault on pregnant gentlewoman, causing miscarriage, ten shekels,
209.
assault on pregnant poor woman, causing miscarriage, five shekels,
211.
assault on pregnant slave, causing miscarriage, two shekels, 213.
assault on pregnant poor woman, causing her death, half mina, 212.
assault on pregnant slave, causing her death, third mina, 214.
causing death of ox or sheep, by careless operation, quarter price,
225.
distraint on working ox, one-third mina, 241.
mutilation of hired ox, quarter price, 248.
letting vicious ox gore a man to death, half mina, 251.
stealing corn or plants, on metayer, sixty _GUR_ of corn _per GAN_,
255.
letting oxen, taken on metayer, sixty _GUR_ of corn _per GAN_, 255.
theft of watering machine, five shekels, 259.
theft of water bucket, or plough, (harrow?), three shekels, 260.
(_N.B_.--Fines reckoned in silver, 60 shekels to the mina.)
Fires, theft at, 25.
Floods, 45, 46, 48.
Forfeit of price paid in illegal purchase, 35, 37, 177.
oxen and field, for neglect to cultivate, 256.
Forfeiture of claim--
by self-help, 113.
by cruelty, 116.
Fortress of the king, may be 'defeat of the king,' Winckler's tr.
Foster mother, duties and liabilities, 194.
Freedom, of hostage for debt, after three years, 117.
to marry, as she chooses, on part of divorced wife, after bringing up
children, 137.
daughter-in-law, seduced before marriage, 158.
widow, leaving settlement to children, 172.
Free-men sold into slavery, to pay fine, 54.
Fugitive, slave, 16, 17.
poor man, 16.
Ganger, associated with constable, _q.v_.
Gentleman, one of three estates, contrasted with poor man and slave, 196,
197, 199, etc.
Gift. _See_ Favourite son.
Goring by ox, 250, 251.
Gouging out eye, 196.
penalty, 196, 198.
Governor, duties and liabilities, 23, 33 ff.
not to delegate duty, 34.
nor accept substitute, 34.
not to oppress subordinates, 35.
Granary, 113.
Guilty knowledge, by buyer of stolen goods, 10.
Hand of God, 45, 46, 48.
Hands cut off, penalty for--
striking father, 195.
causing death by careless operation on free-man, 218.
branding slave, without owner's knowledge, 226.
Harbouring, fugitive slave, 16.
militiaman, or conscript, 16.
Herdsmen. _See_ Shepherds.
Highway robbery, 22. _See_ Robbery.
Hire, of land, house, garden. _See_ Lease.
scale fixed by king, 44, 51.
wages fixed for--
boatman, 6 _GUR_ of corn _per annum_, 239.
working ox, 4 ,, ,, 242.
cow in milk, (?) 3 ,, ,, 243.
reaper 8 ,, ,, 257.
thresher 6 ,, ,, 258.
herdman, or shepherd, 8 ,, ,, 261.
ox, for threshing, 20 _KA_ of corn _per diem_, 268.
ass, for threshing, 10 ,, ,, 269.
calf, for threshing, 1 _KA_ ,, ,, 270.
oxen, wagon, and driver, 180 ,, ,, 271.
wagon alone, 40 ,, ,, 272.
labourer, first five months, 6 _SE_ silver ,, 273.
,, last seven months, 5 ,, ,, 273.
artisan, 5 ,, ,, 274.
brickmaker, 5 ,, ,, 274.
tailor, 5 ,, ,, 274.
stonecutter, 5 (?) ,, ,, 274.
milkman, 5 ,, ,, 274.
carpenter, 4 ,, ,, 274.
a _SA_, 4 ,, ,, 274.
boat, 3 ,, ,, 275.
passenger boat, 2.5 ,, ,, 276.
freight boat of 60 _GUR_, 1/6 shekel ,, 277.
(_N.B_.--In corn measure, 1 _GUR_=300 _KA_, worth one shekel of
silver, and one shekel=80 _SE_.
Hostage for debt. _See_ Mancipium.
Housebreaking, 21, 125.
Husband. _See_ Re-marriage, Wife, Divorce, Separation.
Hypothecation, of crop, regulated, 49.
Identification of lost property, 9.
Ignorance, plea of, 206, 227.
Illegal purchase, 35, 37.
Impalement, as penalty, 153.
for procuring husband's death, 153.
Incest, 154-158.
of man and daughter, 154.
of man and daughter-in-law, 155, 156.
of man and mother, 157.
of man and stepmother, 158.
Inheritance. _See_ Share.
Innocent wife, separation from bad husband, 142. _See_ Separation.
Interest on loan, etc., 49, 50, 100, X.
abatement, 48.
Intimidation of witnesses, 3.
Jilting, 159.
Judge, duties and liabilities, 5, 9, 127, 167, 168, 172, 177.
Judgement, false. _See_ False.
by default, 10.
Kidnapping, 14.
King's standard, 44, 51. _See_ Hire, Scale.
Lancet, bronze, used in surgical operations, 215, 218, 220.
Landlord's risks, 46.
Lease, of house, Y.
field to cultivate, 42.
,, to reclaim, three years, 44.
,, to plant as garden, five years, 60.
garden to till, 64.
terms, not invalidated by neglect, 52.
damages for not carrying _out_ terms, 63.
_See_ Metayer.
Levy. _See_ Militia.
_Lex talionis_. _See_ Retaliation.
Libel. _See_ Slander.
Lion, referred to, 244, 266.
Local liability for--
compensation for highway robbery, 23, 24.
redemption of captive official, 32.
Loss, by burglary or rebellion, 125.
of hired animal, by lion, 244.
,, by neglect, 245.
,, by blows, 245.
,, by hand of God, 249.
of flock or herd, by hand of God, 266.
,, by lion, 226.
of crop, when shared by landlord, 45.
of interest. _See_ Abatement.
Lost property, recovery by owner, 9.
sale by finder=theft, 9.
Lying, 11, 12.
Magistrate, over township, 23, 24.
Maid, female slave--
given by wife to husband, to bear children, 144.
not to rival mistress, 146.
if so, reckoned slave again, 146.
not sold, if a mother, 146.
may be sold, if not, 146.
children, acknowledged by husband, in his lifetime, share equally with
wife's children, 170.
otherwise, free, but not heirs, 171.
Maintenance, of wife in absence, 133-135.
of divorced wife, 137.
or concubine, 137.
_Malice prepense_ 206.
Malicious abuse of process, 12.
Mancipium, hostage to work off debt--
natural death, 115.
done to death, 116.
free after three years, if free born, 117.
slave, can be sold, by creditor on removal, 118.
but not if mother of debtor's children, 119.
redeemed by debtor, 119.
Mansion, 'great house.' _See_ Palace.
Manslaughter, of mancipium, 116.
if slave, penalty one-third mina of silver, 116.
by blow in quarrel, 207, 208.
Marks, on slave. _See_ Branding.
Marriage portion, given by father to bride--
returned on divorce, 137.
not to bad wife, 141.
returned to injured wife, 142.
,, to invalid wife, who leaves husband, 149.
property of wife's children, 162.
father of bride cannot reclaim, if she has children of the marriage,
162.
returned, if wife dies childless, 163.
less bride-price, if not repaid to husband, 164.
if wife re-marry, shared by children of both marriages, 173.
taken by children of first marriage, if none of second, 174.
free wife of slave, takes her marriage portion, if any on his death,
for self and children, 175.
Master's right over married slave's property, 175, 176.
pays for slave's cure, 217, 223. _See_ Slave.
Merchant, trader, relations with agent, 100-107.
official (?), 40.
as creditor, money-lender, 40, 49, 116, 118, 119, 152, X, Z.
bound to accept goods, for money or corn, Z.
pays fivefold for overcharging agent 107.
likely to change residence, 118.
Metayer, system of lease, landlord finds seed, implements, working
animals, etc. _See_ also Lease, 253.
Militia, or conscript, for _corvee_--
fugitive from, 9.
granted to governor, 33.
Minor, status of, 7.
Miscarriage, 209. _See_ Assault, Fine.
Money, not sealed for, cannot enter account, 105. _See_ Hire, Price,
Fines.
Mortgage. _See_ Debt.
Mortgagor's power of sale, 118.
option to refuse foreclosure, X.
Mother, has custody of children, 29.
incest with, 157.
Mutilation, as penalty. _See_ Branding, Ear, Eye, Hands, Breasts,
Tongue.
of hired ox, 248.
either punishment of offending member, or retaliation for
mutilation. _See_ Retaliation.
Neglect, to cultivate field leased, 42, 43.
to reclaim field leased, 44.
to set up dwelling, 47.
to strengthen dyke, 53.
to plant garden leased, 61-63.
to till garden, 65.
to build house properly, 232.
to cultivate on metayer, 253.
to confine vicious ox, 251, 252.
Oath, in legal process. _See_ Sworn Deposition, 9.
for purgation, 20, 131, 227, 266.
as to loss, 23, 103, 126, 240, 249.
as to deposit, 120.
as to injury, 206.
Office, duty of official, 40.
Officials, _PA-PA_ and _NU-TUR_--
duties and liabilities, 33, 34. _See_ Governor, Ganger, Constable,
Reeve, Bailiff, Runner, Palace, Judge.
Ordeal, by water, nature of, 2.
for witchcraft, 2.
purgation of slander, 132.
Ox, working, not to be distrained on, 241.
,, hire, 242.
furious, 250.
vicious, 251.
Palace, equivalent to state, king, gentleman's residence--
property of, 11.
ransom by, 32.
place of judgement, 109.
Palace official, 'one who stands in the presence'--
child of, may be adopted without demur, 192.
Perjury, 3, 4.
Personal property of official pledged, 39.
Pin-money. _See_ Settlement.
Pledge, of benefice, illegal, 38.
personal property allowed, 39. _See_ Debt.
Poor man, separate estate, contrasted with gentleman and slave--
theft from, 8.
abduction of slave from, 15.
liable to conscription or levy, 16.
reduced charges for divorce, 140.
owned slave, 15, 175, 176.
his eye or limb valued at one mina of silver, 198.
his tooth valued at one-third mina of silver, 201.
assault by poor man, 204.
assault by, 208.
fee for cure of wound or eye, 208.
fee for cure of limb or bowel, 222.
Pregnant woman. _See_ Assault, Fine.
Prescriptive right to benefice acquired by discharge of office, 30.
Presumption, 7.
Price of drink not to be less than corn, 108.
except at harvest time, then five-sixths, 111.
Principal. _See_ Merchant.
Procuration of desertion of slave from master, 15.
Produce rent, 42.
of field, one-half or one-third crop, 46.
of garden, two-thirds crop, 64.
Ransom, of captive official, 32.
by serf, 32.
by town, 32.
by palace, 32.
Rape, of betrothed maiden, 130.
Rebellion, loss by, 125.
Receipt, sealed written document--
to be taken by agent for goods committed, 104.
to be taken by depositor, 124, 125.
Receiving of stolen goods, 10.
Reclaiming lease, 44.
Recovery, of lost property, 9, 10, 126.
of deposit, 124, 125.
Redemption of pledge or mancipium, 119.
debtor must redeem a maid who has borne him children, 119.
Reeve. _See_ Ganger.
Referees. _See_ Witnesses.
Refusal to name owner, 19.
of conjugal rights, 141.
Reimbursement to evicted purchaser, 9.
Re-marriage of divorced woman, 141.
of widow, 173.
her marriage portion shared equally by children of both marriages,
173.
if no children of second marriage, those of first take all, 174.
Remission of penalty, 129.
Rents, usually share of produce, 46, 64.
fixed by Code for--
land leased to be reclaimed, three years free, fourth year ten _GUR
per GAN_, 44; cf. 63.
land leased to plant as garden, four years free, fifth year half-
produce, 60; cf. Lev. xix. 25.
garden leased to till, two-thirds produce, 64.
abatement, if crop destroyed, 45.
no abatement if culpable negligence, 52.
Repatriation of slave, 280, 281.
Repudiation of adoptive parents--
by son of votary, or palace official, 192.
_Res perit domino_, 115.
Restitution, compensation, damages, reimbursement--
simple, 9, 10, 12.
goods for goods, 232.
ox or ass, for same, 245, 246, 263.
slave for slave, 219, 231.
of deposit, 125.
threefold, for cheating principal, 106.
fivefold, for goods lost or stolen by carrier, 112; cf. 12.
sixfold, for over-charging agent, 107.
tenfold, for theft by poor man, 8.
,, for culpable loss by herdsman or shepherd, 265.
twelvefold, for false sentence by judge, 5.
thirtyfold, for theft by gentleman, 5.
Retaliation, eye for eye, 196.
limb for limb, 197.
tooth for tooth, 200.
son for son, 116, 230.
slave for slave, 219, 231.
suitor to bear penalty he sought to bring, 4, 13.
_See_ Restitutions.
Return, of slave purchased--
permissible within one month, for disease, 278.
or other undisclosed defect, 279.
Reward, for capturing fugitive slave, 17.
Risks, landlord's, 45, 46.
lessor's, 244.
warehouseman's, 125.
tenant's, 45.
Robbery, 22, 23.
Runnel, 55.
Runner. _See_ Constable.
Sacrilegious theft--
of first order, 6.
of second order, 8.
Sale of, man and property, to pay fine, 54.
wife or child, for debt, 117.
crops to pay, according to scale, 51.
Scale damages. _See_ King's standard.
Scandal, 132.
Scourging, with cowhide whip, sixty strokes, 202.
Second marriage, 166, 167. _See_ Re-marriage, Widow.
Seduction, of betrothed daughter-in-law, 155.
of slave, from service, 15.
Self-help, forbidden, 113.
Separation, of husband and wife--
grounds for, on part of husband--
gone out, deserted home, 142.
belittled wife, 142.
on part of wife--
set to desert home, 141.
quarrelsome, 141.
ruinous, 141.
belittled husband, 141.
Settlement, or pin-money, estate, or goods settled on wife--
by husband, in lifetime, by written deed, 150.
children not to dispute, 150.
wife has freedom of testamentary devise, 150.
among her children of that marriage, 150.
wife may not leave to brothers, 150.
widow enjoys for life, if she remains in husband's house, 171.
widow bequeaths to children, 171.
,, resigns if she re-marries, 172.
compare gift to favourite child.
Share, of father's property, on his death--
equally by all children, 165.
divorced wife, as one child, 137.
with reservation apart, of gift to favourite, 165.
,, ,, of wife's settlement, 150.
,, ,, bride-price for unmarried son, 166.
,, ,, portion for votary sister, 178.
of mother's marriage portion, on her death, 167.
all her children equally, 167.
children of second wife share own mother's portion, 167.
children of both mothers share equally in father's property, 167.
children of maid, if acknowledged, share equally with children of
wife, latter taking precedence, 170.
Shepherds, duties and liabilities of, 262-267.
Slander, against votary or married woman, 127.
of wife, 132.
of suitor, 161.
judiciary, against referees, 3.
of title, 11.
liability for, passively transmitted, 12.
seditious, 109.
Slave, one of three estates, domestic inferior--
not free to contract except by deed and bond, 6.
seduction from service, penal, 15.
fugitive, harbouring, 16.
,, capturing, 17.
,, retaining, 19.
,, refuses to name owner, 18.
,, re-escape of captured, 20.
subject to levy, 16.
marries free woman, 175.
children free, 175.
woman marries master, bears sons, not to be sold, 119.
cure of, paid for by master, 218, 223.
his eye or limb, valued at half-price, 199.
assault on free-man by slave, 205.
gored by ox, 251.
of poor man, 219.
captured and repatriated, 280.
freed, if native, 281.
rebellious, repudiates master, 282.
Speculation in crops, futures, discouraged, 49, 50, X.
Spell, magical. _See_ Witchcraft.
Stay of case, for production of witnesses, 13.
Stolen goods, guilty purchase of=theft, 10.
Storage. _See_ Warehouse, Deposit.
Strength of a man, crown of the head (?), genitalia--
penalty for wounding the, of--
superior, 202.
equal, 203.
poor man, 204.
free-man by slave, 205.
Striking or wounding. _See_ Assaults.
of father by son, 195.
Sub-letting, not to be objected to, 47.
Subornation, of perjury, 4.
Summons to appear before judge, 127. _See_ Calling to account.
Superior, assault of, 202.
Surgeon. _See_ Doctor.
Sworn deposition, 9, 23, 103, 120, 126, 206, 240, 249.
Tablet, broken, annulment of contract, 37.
wetted, to rewrite date, 48.
Temple, property protected, 6, 8.
bound to ransom captive, 32.
Tenant's risks, 45.
Theft, first order, involving entry, 6.
second order, in the open, 8.
by keeping property found, 9.
by selling property found, 10.
aggravated at fire, 25.
from deposit, 120.
under metayer, 254. _See_ Bailment, Lost property, Sacrilegious,
Stolen goods, Treasonable, Receiving.
Threatening witnesses, 3.
Threshing floor, 113.
Tongue cut out, 192.
Treasonable theft, first order, 6.
second order, 8.
Trespass, to realty, 54.
dolus, 54.
culpa, 55.
Tributary, a beneficed person, paid tribute, 36-41.
benefice inalienable, 36. _See_ Benefice.
Trust, deposit, regulated--
corn in granary, 120.
any goods, 122.
Undertaking. _See_ Lease.
Untitled possession, 9, 10.
Veterinary surgeon, duties and liabilities of, 224, 225.
Vexatious claim of property as lost, 11.
_Vivum vadium_, 49.
Votary, not to open or enter wine shop, 110.
protected from slander, 127.
as wife, 145.
gives maid to husband, to bear children, 146.
not to be rivalled by maid, 147.
dowered as for marriage, 178.
free to leave her portion, if allowed by father's deed, 178, 179.
otherwise, brothers assume charge of her estate and maintain her, 178.
or if they do not content her, she farms it out, 178.
if father gives her no portion, entitled on his death to one child's
share, 180.
but must leave to brothers, 180.
if dedicated by father, and not portioned, entitled to one-third share
at his death, 181.
must leave this to brethren, 181.
if dedicated by father to Marduk of Babylon, and not portioned,
entitled to one-third share at his death, 182.
pays no taxes, 182.
leaves property as she likes, 182.
her child may be adopted, without her consent, 193.
,, if adopted, severely punished for repudiating adopted parents,
193.
usually lived in convent, 110.
cannot alienate or mortgage estate, 178.
unless power granted by father's deed, 179.
when brothers cannot interfere, 179.
Wages. _See_ Hire.
Warden. _See_ Constable.
Wards, children of re-married widow, by first marriage, 177.
Warehousing, 120-126.
fee for, one-sixtieth value, 121.
liability for loss in warehouse, 125.
Waste, 59.
land. _See_ Reclaiming lease, 44, 63.
Weights, great, 108.
Widow, on husband's death--
stays in his house, 171.
takes her portion and settlement, 171.
may not alienate them from children, 171.
if no settlement, takes portion, and one child's share, 172.
children cannot turn her out without legal process, 172.
if she wishes to leave and re-marry, resigns settlement to children,
but takes portion, 172.
on her death, children of both marriages divide her portion equally,
172.
with young children, may marry, but she and husband are bound trustees
for the children, 177.
Wife, of free-man, not to be slandered, 127.
not legally married, without bonds, 128.
adultery by, drowned, 129.
falsely accused, 131.
slandered, 132.
of captive husband, 133-135.
bound to preserve fidelity if provided for, 133.
otherwise, may re-marry, 134.
but must rejoin husband, on return, 135.
children, of second marriage, if any, stay with father, 135.
deserted, 136.
divorce of, who has borne children, 137.
divorced, takes marriage portion, usufruct of field, garden, and
property, only leaves house, has custody and education of children, then
takes one child's share, and is free to re-marry, 137.
,, and if not a mother, takes marriage portion and bride-price,
138.
,, or in lieu of bride-price, fixed sum, 139, 140.
may seek divorce, 141.
bad, divorced without compensation, 141.
,, reduced to status of slave, 141.
denies conjugal rights, 142.
if bad, drowned, 143.
if justified by husband's cruelty, separated, 142.
good, stays at home, is not quarrelsome, economical, does not belittle
her husband, has no vice, 142.
may give maid to husband to bear children, 144.
husband then may not take concubine, 144.
maid may not rival, 145.
childless, does not give maid, husband can take concubine, 145.
concubine not to rival, 145.
invalid, to be maintained, not divorced, 148.
,, husband can marry second wife, 148.
,, may leave husband, taking portion, 149.
second wife only allowed, if first be invalid, or divorced, 137-141,
148.
can leave settlement to any child she prefers, 150.
liability for husband's debts, 151.
procuring death of husband, for love of another, impaled, 153.
of official, no claim on benefice, 38.
deserted, free to marry, 136.
Wine seller, duties and liabilities, 108-110.
not to sell drink cheaper than corn, 108.
relaxation of this rule, 111.
not to suffer brawling or seditious talk, 109.
bound to hale brawlers to palace, 109.
votary not to be, 110.
Wit, 24, 116.
Witchcraft, laws against, 1, 2.
Witnesses--
(1) referees, elders of township, assessors of judge.
(2) knowing facts, recognising property.
(3) to document.
penalty for threatening, death, 3.
,, bribing, to bear sentence, 4.
necessary for legal purchase, 7, 9.
time granted to produce, 13.
to deposit, 122.
knowing lost property, 9.
Working expenses, 49.
Wounds, given in quarrel, 206.
grievous, cure by doctor, 215, 217, 218.
to cattle, cure, 225.
PRINTED BY MORRISON AND GIBB LIMITED, EDINBURGH.
***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE OLDEST CODE OF LAWS IN THE WORLD***
******* This file should be named 17150.txt or 17150.zip *******
This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/7/1/5/17150
Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
will be renamed.
Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules,
set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project
Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you
do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is
subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
redistribution.
*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
https://gutenberg.org/license).
Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic works
1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be
used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few
things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See
paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works. See paragraph 1.E below.
1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the
collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an
individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in
a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check
the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning
the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
States.
1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
copied or distributed:
This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or
re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
1.E.9.
1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked
to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg-tm License.
1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or
distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
that
- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is
owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments
must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License. You must require such a user to return or
destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
Project Gutenberg-tm works.
- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
of receipt of the work.
- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the
Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
1.F.
1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
your equipment.
1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
DAMAGE.
1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you
received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with
the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy
is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
opportunities to fix the problem.
1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER
WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any
provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists
because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
people in all walks of life.
Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
and the Foundation web page at https://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/pglaf.
Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation
The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at
809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
[email protected]. Email contact links and up to date contact
information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
page at https://www.gutenberg.org/about/contact
For additional contact information:
Dr. Gregory B. Newby
Chief Executive and Director
[email protected]
Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation
Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations
($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
status with the IRS.
The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations
where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To
SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
particular state visit https://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate
While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
approach us with offers to donate.
International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other
ways including including checks, online payments and credit card
donations. To donate, please visit:
https://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate
Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works.
Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily
keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
https://www.gutenberg.org
This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
