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Joseph Grinnell
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Title: The Subspecies of the Mountain Chickadee
Vol. 17, No. 17, pp. 505-515
Author: Joseph Grinnell
Release Date: August 25, 2010 [EBook #33531]
Language: English
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UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS
IN
ZOOLOGY
Vol. 17, No. 17, pp. 505-515, 3 figures in text
May 4, 1918
THE SUBSPECIES OF THE
MOUNTAIN CHICKADEE
BY
JOSEPH GRINNELL
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS
BERKELEY
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS
IN
ZOOLOGY
Vol. 17, No. 17, pp. 505-515, 3 figures in text
May 4, 1918
THE SUBSPECIES OF THE MOUNTAIN CHICKADEE
BY
JOSEPH GRINNELL
(Contribution From the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology of the University of
California)
Fieldwork was carried on by the California Museum of Vertebrate Zoology
during 1917 in the Inyo region of eastern California. In going over the
collection of birds obtained, the attention of the writer was arrested
by certain peculiarities evident in the Mountain Chickadees. Comparison
with series from the Sierras showed the Inyo birds to be paler colored
and longer tailed; and in order to appraise these differences in
taxonomic terms it became necessary to assemble material representative
of the entire range of the species, in so far as possible. The results
of the study thus undertaken are presented herewith.
The material involved in the inquiry has amounted to 464 skins of the
Mountain Chickadee, derived from the following sources other than the
Museum of Vertebrate Zoology: United States National Museum, through Dr.
Charles W. Richmond; United States Biological Survey, through Mr. Edward
W. Nelson; and the private collections of Messrs. Edward R. Warren,
Joseph and John W. Mailliard, G. Frean Morcom, Harry S. Swarth, and J.
Grinnell.
As of general interest, and in the nature of an introduction to the
systematic analysis to follow, it may be stated that _Penthestes
gambeli_ including its subspecies is throughout its range non-migratory,
save as a few individuals in pairs or small companies occasionally
descend in fall or early winter to lower levels closely adjacent to
their mountain habitats. The range of the species roughly extends from
and includes the Rocky Mountains to or nearly to the Pacific Coast, and
from Alberta and British Columbia south nearly to the Mexican
line--somewhat south of it in northern Lower California. Within this
general area the Mountain Chickadee is by no means uniformly
distributed. [Page 506] Especially towards the south is its range very
"spotty," the representations on detached mountain tops being wholly
isolated. Two main areas of relatively continuous distribution are,
however, perceivable--the Rocky Mountain area, and the Sierra Nevada
area.
[Illustration: Fig. 1. Map showing distribution of the races of
the Mountain Chickadee in California.]
Close scrutiny of the series of specimens at hand well representing the
entire Rocky Mountain area reveals no variation in phylogenetic
characters from the northernmost to the southernmost stations. All show
in apparently equal degree the long tail and cinnamon tinge of sides and
back, these features together constituting the grounds for separate
subspecific recognition of a Rocky Mountain form. On the other hand, the
Sierra Nevadan center, with its own recognizable race, [Page 507] of
relatively short tail, proves to have two outlying divergent forms.
These three forms are alike in their lack of any cinnamon tinge, this
being replaced in two of them by a buffy tinge and in one form by leaden
gray. The tail in one of the outlying forms is long, in the other short.
The habitats concerned are, respectively, the desert mountains of the
Inyo region of eastern California, and the coastal mountains of southern
California. This differentiation within the Pacific district,
particularly within the state of California, will be better understood
in its geographic bearing by reference to the accompanying map (fig. 1).
The behavior of the tail of _Penthestes gambeli_--long in the Rocky
Mountain district, short in the Pacific district (see figs. 2, 3)--is
paralleled in the _Penthestes atricapillus_ group of chickadees across
the North American continent in about the latitude of the state of
Washington. In the northern Rocky Mountains occurs the race _P. a.
septentrionalis_, with long tail; in the Pacific Coast strip of
Washington and Oregon occurs the race _P. a. occidentalis_, with, among
other characters, relatively short tail. Other parallels are to be found
in the genera _Psaltriparus_, _Thryomanes_ and _Pipilo_.
[Illustration: Fig. 2. Tail of _Penthestes gambeli gambeli_
(no. 27784, Mus. Vert. Zool.; [Male], full-grown juv.;
Sierra Ancha, Gila Co., Arizona; June 26, 1917). × 1.00.]
[Illustration: Fig. 3. Tail of _Penthestes gambeli abbreviatus_
(no. 24059, Mus. Vert. Zool.; [Male], full-grown juv.; Yolla
Bolly Mt., Tehama Co., California; August 5, 1913). × 1.00.]
It is improbable that the fact of subspecific differentiation in
_Penthestes gambeli_ has been altogether overlooked previous to the
present time. A premonition of the geographic variation now formally
pointed out is to be found in the early writings of Baird (1858, p.
394), who remarked that "a specimen, apparently of this species [_Parus
montanus_], from Medicine Bow creek [Wyoming], (5643,) though marked
female, is larger than those from California, as shown by the
measurements." Also, some of the differences in proportions in the
subspecies now recognized are shown in the table of measurements given
by Ridgway (1904, p. 409).
For a detailed description of the Mountain Chickadee as a _species_,
the reader is referred to Ridgway (1904, p. 408).
=Penthestes gambeli gambeli= (Ridgway)
Rocky Mountain Chickadee
_Parus montanus_ Gambel (1843, p. 259); and of authors, part.
This name preoccupied (see Ridgway, 1904, p. 409).
_Parus gambeli_ Ridgway _in_ American Ornithologists' Union
Committee (1886, p. 335); and of authors, part. Substitute
name.
_Parus gambeli thayeri_ Birtwell (1901, p. 166). Based on
adventitiously colored specimen from Albuquerque, New Mexico.
Type in United States National Museum.
_Penthestes gambeli_, of authors, part.
_Type locality._--Santa Fé, New Mexico.
_Diagnosis._--Among the four subspecies of _Penthestes gambeli_ here
recognized, color alone is sufficient for distinguishing _P. gambeli
gambeli_. The flanks, sides of body and back in this form are pervaded
with a distinct tinge of cinnamon--more exactly, the "pinkish buff" of
Ridgway (1912, pl. 29). In addition, this race shows the greatest length
of tail, and slenderest bill.
_Measurements._--Average of 14 males: Wing, 70.5 mm.; tail, 70.2;
exposed culmen, 8.6; depth of bill at base, 3.8. For extremes, see
accompanying table.
_Note._--In this paper the length of wing is the usual chord of the
folded wing as dried at the side of the body in the conventional study
skin. The tail length, however, is measured from the _base_ of the
uropygium to the tip of the longest pair of rectrices. It is found that
in preparing specimens there is a practically uniform place for cutting
off from the body the uropygium with attached feathers, and this is
exactly where the tail bends back at an angle to the body in the fresh
bird. The lateral rectrices are rooted evenly with the base of the dried
uropygium so that the measurement of tail length thus taken becomes the
distance from the extreme proximal ends of the most lateral pair of
rectrices to the tips of the central pair--somewhat greater than the
length of tail as given by Ridgway (1901, p. xv), the latter being the
measurement from the base of the central pair of tail feathers to the
tips of same. My reason for adopting this different procedure here is
that more accuracy seems possible thereby, at least in the kind of
material here dealt with. There is less mussing of the specimen also.
Neither depth of bill nor culmen is a practical index to degree of
slenderness of bill. No ordinary method of measurement will suffice to
indicate the facts as they are perceived by the eye.
As will be seen by the dates in the tables, as a rule only unworn
specimens have been selected for measurement.
_Range._--The Rocky Mountain region of North. America, from
eastern British Columbia and western Alberta south to western Texas,
New Mexico and Arizona. _Specimens examined_, 72, from the following
localities:
Alberta: Smoky Valley, 50 miles north of Jasper House, 1; Henry House, 1;
15 miles west of Henry House, 1.
British Columbia: South fork of Moose River, 1.
Montana: Gallatin County: Jefferson River, 1; Madison River, 2;
Hillsdale, 2; Mystic Lake, 1; Dry Creek, 1.
Idaho: Sawtooth Lake, 1.
Wyoming: Mammoth Hot Springs, 3; Jackey's Creek, 4 miles southwest of
Dubois, 1; Teton Pass, 7200 ft., 2; Salt River Mts., head of Dry Creek,
9200 ft., 1; Medicine Bow Mts., 10 200[**10,200-see Twining NM below]
ft., 1; Medicine Bow Creek, 1.
Utah: Filmore, 1.
Colorado: Loveland, 1; Middle Park, 1; Sangre de Christo Pass, 1; Fort
Garland, 1; Platte Canyon, 1; Pueblo, 2; Estes Park, 1; Boulder, 2; Gold
Hill, 1; Golden, 7300 ft., 1; Colorado Springs, 5; Querida, Custer
County, 1; Salida, Chaffee County, 1; Crested Butte, Gunnison County, 1;
Stamford, 1.
Texas: Guadalupe Mts., 6800 ft., 1; Davis Mts., 1.
New Mexico: Fort Massachusetts, 1; Fort Wingate, 1; Albuquerque, 1; Taos
Mts., 8800 ft., 1; Manzano Mts., 4; Magdalena Mts., 7000 ft., 1;
Cienequilla, 1; Mt. Capitan, 1; Pecos Baldy, 1; Bear Spring Mts., 1;
Shiprock, 1; Corona, 1; Twining, 12,500 ft., 1; Fulton, 1; San Mateo
Mts., 9500 ft., 1.
Arizona: Fort Whipple, 1; Mt. Graham, 1; San Francisco Mt., 2; Bright
Angel Spring, Kaibab Plateau, 1; Canyon Spring, 1; Santa Catalina Mts.,
2; Sierra Ancha, 6500 ft., 1.
=Penthestes gambeli inyoensis=, new subspecies
Inyo Mountain Chickadee
_Parus gambeli_, of authors, part.
_Penthestes gambeli_, of authors, part.
_Penthestes gambeli baileyae_, American Ornithologists' Union
Committee (1910, p. 351), part (?).
_Type locality._--Panamint Mountains (northern part), 3 miles east of
Jackass Spring, 6200 feet altitude, Inyo County, California. _Type_,
male adult, no. 28782, Mus. Vert. Zool.; October 7, 1917; collected by
J. Grinnell, orig. no. 4588.
_Diagnosis._--The palest colored race of the four; sides, flanks and
back, in unworn plumage, pervaded with pale buff--the "cartridge buff"
of Ridgway (1912, pl. 30). Wear or fading, or both, removes most of this
buff tone, so that the resulting effect, in spring and summer birds, is
of an ashy tone of coloration, distinctly lighter than in any of the
other three subspecies, in same stage. It seems probable that there is a
paler tone to the underlying plumage parts and that this becomes
revealed by loss of the superficial pigment-bearing portions through the
gradual progress of feather abrasion. _Inyoensis_ shows nearly as long a
tail as does _gambeli_. Its bill is somewhat smaller.
_Measurements._--Average of 10 males: "Wing, 71.1 mm.; tail, 69.3;
exposed culmen, 8.1; depth of bill at base, 3.7. For extremes, see
accompanying table.
_Range._--The higher mountains of eastern California lying east and
southeast of Owens Valley, from the vicinity of the Mono Craters and the
White Mountains, in Mono County, south to the Panamint Mountains, in
Inyo County. _Specimens examined_, 50, from the following localities,
all in California:
Mono County: Mono Mills, 1; near Benton, 2; near Big Prospector Meadow,
10,000-10,500 ft., White Mts., 15; Cottonwood Creek, 9200 ft., White
Mts., 1. Inyo County: Silver Canyon, 7000-8000 ft., White Mts., 8;
Roberts Ranch, 8300 ft., White Mts., 1; head of Black Canyon, 8000 ft.,
White Mts., 2; Independence, 3900 ft., 1 (vagrant); Mazourka Canyon,
8000-10,000 ft., Inyo Mts., 3; near Jackass Spring, 6000-6200 ft.,
Panamint Mts., 14; Hanaupah Canyon, 7500-9000 ft., Panamint Mts., 2.
=Penthestes gambeli abbreviatus=, new subspecies
Short-tailed Mountain Chickadee
_Parus montanus_, of authors, part.
_Parus gambeli_, of authors, part.
_Penthestes gambeli_, of authors, part.
_Type locality._--Horse Creek, Siskiyou Mountains (near Seiad Valley P.
O.), Siskiyou County, California. _Type_, male, no. 119 (orig. no., in
coll. J. Grinnell); December 12, 1901; collected by Malcolm P. Anderson.
_Diagnosis._--Tone of color on sides, flanks and back the same as in
_inyoensis_, though not quite so pale, namely, in fresh plumage,
cartridge buff. Tail (see figs. 2, 3) much shorter than in either
_gambeli_ or _inyoensis_; and bill averaging smaller than in any of the
other three races.
_Measurements._--Average of 14 males: Wing, 69.7 mm.; tail, 65.0;
exposed culmen, 7.9; depth of bill at base, 3.8. For extremes, see
accompanying table.
_Range._--The higher mountains of central and northern California,
southern Oregon (probably this subspecies), and northwestern[** sic]
Nevada. Occurs west in northern California through the Siskiyou and
Salmon mountains and to South Yolla Bolly Mountain and Mount Sanhedrin;
and south in the Sierra Nevada to the vicinity of Mount Whitney.
_Specimens examined_, 182, from the following localities:
California: Modoc County: Sugar Hill, 4; Warner Mts., 27. Siskiyou
County: Mt. Shasta, 3; Jackson Lake, 5900 ft., 5; South Fork Salmon
River, 5000 ft., 1; head of Rush Creek, 6400 ft., 2; Kangaroo Creek, 3;
Castle Lake, 5400 ft., 1; Horse Creek, Siskiyou Mts., 11; Beswick, 1.
Trinity County: head of Bear Creek, 6400 ft., 4; head of Grizzly Creek,
6000 ft., 6. Tehama County: near South Yolla Bolly Mt., 4. Mendocino
County: near Castle Peak, 1; near Sanhedrin Mt., 4. Lassen County: Eagle
Lake, 6. Plumas County: Meadow Valley, 1. Nevada County: Independence
Lake, 3. Placer County: Summit, 1; Cisco, 6000 ft., 18; Blue Canyon,
4700-5000 ft., 12; Dutch Flat, 1. Eldorado County: Tahoe Valley, 2;
Kyburz Station, 1. Mariposa County: vicinity of Yosemite Valley, 13.
Mono County: Warren Fork of Leevining Creek, 9200 ft., 1; Williams
Butte, 7500 ft., 1. Fresno County: Bullfrog Lake, 10,600 ft., 6. Inyo
County (not typical): near Kearsarge Pass at 8500 ft., 1; Little Onion
Valley, 7500 ft., near Kearsarge Pass, 1; Cottonwood Lakes, 11,000 ft.,
7. Tulare County (not typical): Whitney Creek, 11,000 ft., 3; Whitney
Meadows, 9800 ft., 14; Olancha Peak, 10,000 ft., 1.
Nevada: Pine Forest Mts., Humboldt County, 13.
=Penthestes gambeli baileyae= (Grinnell)
Bailey Mountain Chickadee
_Parus montanus_, of authors, part.
_Parus gambeli_, of authors, part.
_Parus gambeli baileyae_ Grinnell (1908, p. 29).
_Penthestes gambeli baileyae_, American Ornithologists'
Union Committee (1910, p. 351), part (?); and of authors.
_Type locality._--Mount Wilson, 5500 feet altitude, San Gabriel
Mountains, Los Angeles County, California. Type in coll. J. Grinnell.
_Diagnosis._--Tone of coloration on sides, flanks and back distinctly
plumbeous--more exactly, on sides and flanks the "smoke gray" of Ridgway
(1912, pl. 46), and on back near the "mouse gray" of the same authority
(pl. 51). The tail in this race is short as in _abbrevialus_, but the
bill is long and heavy, averaging thicker through than in any of the
other three races.
_Measurements._--Average of 14 males: Wing, 70.0 mm.; tail, 65.4;
exposed culmen, 8.5; depth of bill at base, 4.1. For extremes, see
accompanying table.
_Range._--Higher mountains of southern California, from the extreme
southern Sierra Nevada in Tulare County, and the Santa Lucia Mountains
in Monterey County, south to the Cuyamaca Mountains, San Diego County;
also (probably this subspecies) in the San Pedro Martir Mountains, in
northern Lower California. _Specimens examined_, 160, from the following
localities, all in California:
Monterey County: Headwaters of Big Creek, 2. Ventura County: Mt. Pinos,
2. Kern County: Kiavah Mt., 7000 ft., near Walker Pass, 2. Tulare County
(not typical): Taylor Meadow, 7000 ft., 8; Cannell Meadow, 7500 ft., 1;
Pine Flat, 7500 ft., 1; Long Meadow, 7700 ft., 1; Sirretta Meadows, 9000
ft., 3; Trout Creek, 6000 ft., 10; near Trout Creek, 7500 ft., 2;
Jackass Meadow, 7750 ft., 3; Troy Meadows, 8000 ft., 1. Los Angeles
County: Mt. Wilson, 25; Buckhorn Canyon, near Mt. Waterman, 2; near
Pasadena, 9 (vagrants); Verdugo, 1 (vagrant). San Bernardino County:
near Cucamonga, 1; San Bernardino Mts., 35; Victorville, 3 (vagrants).
Riverside County: San Jacinto Mts., 29; Thomas Mt., 1; Santa Rosa Mts.,
10. Orange County: Santa Ana Mts., 3000 ft., 1 (vagrant?). San Diego
County: Julian, 1; Cuyamaca Mts., 6.
_General remarks._--In making use of the intrinsic color characters,
which are important here in distinguishing subspecies, it is, of course,
essential that the effects of extraneous factors be taken into account.
Prolonged wear and fading evidently serve to weaken the intensity of the
color tones, more especially the buffy ones. Then, too, chickadees seem
peculiarly susceptible to discoloration by smoke, soot and charred wood;
for example, our series from Cisco and Blue Cañon, stations along the
Central Pacific Railway over the Sierra Nevada, even though taken in
September and October almost immediately after completion of the fall
molt, are obviously more or less begrimed with soot. On the other hand,
the autumn- and winter-taken series from the Yosemite region and from
the Siskiyou Mountains are clean, and show their intrinsic color tones
to good advantage.
Intergradation undoubtedly connects the four races of the Mountain
Chickadee into a continuous series of forms. Abundant material at hand
from that portion of the Sierra Nevada immediately south of Mount
Whitney shows complete transition from _Penthestes gambeli baileyae_ to
_P. g. abbreviatus_; in fact, many of the specimens can only be placed
arbitrarily in one category or the other. Several examples from the
vicinity of Mono Lake, in Mono County, California, and from along the
west flank of the Sierras in Inyo County, insensibly bridge the interval
between _P. g. abbreviatus_ and _P. g. inyoensis_, especially when
considered in connection with the individual variation to which each
race is subject in about normal degree.
Material at hand from different parts of the Great Basin is
unsatisfactory either in that it is scanty or because of the worn state
of the plumage. A summer-taken series of 13 Mountain Chickadees (nos.
8952-8964, Mus. Vert. Zool.) from the Pine Forest Mountains, Humboldt
County, Nevada, shows in color no approach to _P. gambeli gambeli_. In
this respect it is like _P. g. inyoensis_, but the tail averages nearly
as short as in _P. g. abbreviatus_. Taking all features into account it
seems best placed under _abbreviatus_. Fresh-plumaged fall specimens
from this locality would make determination more certain.
A specimen ([Male], no. 547, Mus. Vert. Zool.) from Anthony, Baker
County, Oregon, taken October 16, 1907, might be referred to _P. g.
abbreviatus_; but the tone of color of back and sides is much darker
than usual in that form. It is certainly much darker than in _P. g.
inyoensis_. Its tail is but 65.3 mm. long. A skin ([Female], no. 18,
Morcom coll.) from Camp Harney, Harney County, Oregon, February 17,
1875, has a tail length of 67.7 mm., and in depth of color is about
intermediate between _abbreviatus_ and _P. g. gambeli_. A specimen
([Female], no. 136639, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biol. Surv. coll.) from Fort
Spokane, Lincoln County, Washington, September 28, 1890, is almost
identical with _gambeli_ in coloration; but it, too, has a short tail,
only 64.4 mm. long, though there is chance of error here, as several of
the rectrices are missing. The writer prefers to leave these last three
examples for the time being unplaced.
It is clear that intergradation between _Penthestes gambeli gambeli_
and any one of the other three subspecies is less well established than
between any two of these other three. But sufficiency of material from
the proper localities through eastern Oregon and eastern Washington
would likely prove its existence as is the case between the California
forms.
MEASUREMENTS (IN MILLIMETERS) OF SELECTED SPECIMENS REPRESENTING THE
FOUR RACES OF _Penthestes gambeli_
Key to Table Columns:
(A) Wing
(B) Tail
(C) Exposed culmen
(D) Depth of bill
_Penthestes gambeli gambeli_
U.S.N.M. Sex Date Locality [A] [B] [C] [D]
no.
160697 [Male] Nov. 24, Boulder, Colo.
1892 71.7 71.2 8.8 4.0
109948 [Male] Oct. 8, Pueblo, Colo.
1886 72.0 72.4 8.4 3.9
109949 [Male] Oct. 5, Pueblo, Colo.
1886 70.9 70.3 8.5 4.0
176650 [Male] Sept. 23, Madison E.,
1888 Gallatin Co., Mont. 68.0 67.8 8.9 4.1
124151 [Male] Sept. 15, Jefferson E.,
1888 Gallatin Co., Mont. 69.7 67.7 10.0 3.6
188823 [Male] Oct. 15, Mammoth Hot Springs,
1902 Wyo. 68.1 67.0 9.0 3.6
62546 [Male] Nov. 17, Filmore,
1872 Utah 69.8 68.3 8.3 3.5
136638[1] [Male] Sept. 27, Sawtooth Lake,
1890 Idaho 68.1 69.7 8.8 3.8
228227[1] [Male] Sept. 14, Teton Pass,
1910 Wyo. 71.2 70.4 8.3 3.6
193086[1] [Male] Nov. 6, Manzano Mts.,
1903 N. Mex. 71.4 70.6 7.8 4.0
184653[1] [Male] Oct. 22, Corona,
1902 N. Mex. 69.0 71.0 9.0 4.1
192942[1] [Male] Oct. 10, Twining,
1903 N. Mex. 72.0 71.4 8.5 4.0
136637[1] [Male] Sept. 18, San Francisco Mt.,
1889 Ariz. 71.3 70.3 7.8 3.8
205661[1] [Male] Sept. 10, Kaibab Plateau,
1909 Ariz. 73.5 74.3 8.3 4.0
[Footnote 1: Biol. Surv. Coll.]
Mus. _Penthestes gambeli inyoensis_
Vert.
Zool. Sex Date Locality [A] [B] [C] [D]
no.
28751 [Male] July 24, White Mts.,
1917 Mono Co., Calif. 73.0 72.4 7.9 3.7
28760 [Male] July 29, White Mts.,
1917 Mono Co., Calif. 71.0 67.0 8.0 3.6
28766 [Male] July 31, White Mts.,
1917 Mono Co., Calif. 72.4 67.5 8.8 3.5
28767 [Male] Aug. 18, White Mts.,
1917 Inyo Co., Calif. 69.4 68.1 8.0 3.7
28770 [Male] Sept. 29, Panamint Mts.,
1917 Inyo Co., Calif. 68.8 69.8 8.1 3.7
28771 [Male] Oct. 2, Panamint Mts.,
1917 Inyo Co., Calif. 71.4 70.2 7.4 4.0
28773 [Male] Oct. 2, Panamint Mts.,
1917 Inyo Co., Calif. 72.7 71.0 8.4 3.8
28774 [Male] Oct. 2, Panamint Mts.,
1917 Inyo Co., Calif. 69.0 66.0 8.1 3.7
28781 [Male] Oct. 5, Panamint Mts.,
1917 Inyo Co., Calif. 71.0 70.0 8.3 3.7
28782 [Male][2] Oct. 7, Panamint Mts.,
1917 Inyo Co., Calif. 72.0 71.5 8.4 3.5
[Footnote 2: Type.]
_Penthestes gambeli abbreviatus_
No. Sex Date Locality [A] [B] [C] [D]
114[3] [Male] Dec. 9, Horse Cr.,
1901 Siskiyou Mts., Calif. 68.4 63.8 7.3 3.9
117[3] [Male] Dec. 12, Horse Cr.,
1901 Siskiyou Mts., Calif. 69.0 64.7 7.9 3.7
119[3] [Male][4] Dec. 12, Horse Cr.,
1901 Siskiyou Mts., Calif. 70.0 65.0 7.8 3.6
129[3] [Male] Dec. 14, Horse Cr.,
1901 Siskiyou Mts., Calif. 68.4 63.0 8.0 3.6
164[3] [Male] Dec. 29, Horse Cr.,
1901 Siskiyou Mts., Calif. 69.0 64.2 7.2 3.9
178[3] [Male] Jan. 4, Horse Cr.,
1902 Siskiyou Mts., Calif. 66.8 63.0 7.2 3.7
244[3] [Male] Feb. 16, Horse Cr.,
1902 Siskiyou Mts., Calif. 70.8 65.0 7.3 3.6
23307 [Male] Oct. 21, Blue Cañon,
1912 Placer Co., Calif. 71.8 69.5 8.2 3.9
23302 [Male] Oct. 19, Blue Cañon,
1912 Placer Co., Calif. 71.2 64.3 8.8 4.1
23298 [Male] Oct. 14, Blue Cañon,
1912 Placer Co., Calif. 71.6 65.7 7.8 3.5
25263 [Male] Dec. 26, Yosemite Park,
1914 Calif. 69.8 65.9 8.4 3.8
25800 [Male] June 11, Yosemite Park,
1915 Calif. 72.8 67.7 8.7 4.0
26117 [Male] Oct. 22, Yosemite Park,
1915 Calif. 69.0 65.0 8.8 4.0
26342 [Male] Nov. 27, Yosemite Park,
1915 Calif. 67.1 63.6 8.3 3.9
[Footnote 3: Collector's original number, in Grinnell coll.;
rest of numbers, Mus. Vert. Zool.]
[Footnote 4: Type.]
_Penthestes gambeli baileyae_
No. Sex Date Locality [A] [B] [C] [D]
182[5] [Male] Nov. 29, Mt. Wilson,
1895 Los Angeles Co., Calif. 67.0 63.0 8.9 4.3
725[5] [Male] Nov. 1, Mt. Wilson,
1897 Los Angeles Co., Calif. 70.1 66.9 9.0 4.4
963[5] [Male] Oct. 31, Mt. Wilson,
1898 Los Angeles Co., Calif. 67.0 63.3 8.2 4.0
636[6] [Male] Feb. 1, Mt. Wilson,
1896 Los Angeles Co., Calif. 70.3 65.5 8.3 4.1
637[6] [Male] Feb. 1, Mt. Wilson,
1896 Los Angeles Co., Calif. 68.6 65.8 8.2 4.0
1832[6] [Male] Dec. 12, Mt. Wilson,
1896 Los Angeles Co., Calif. 72.3 65.7 7.7 4.0
1834[6] [Male] Dec. 12, Mt. Wilson,
1896 Los Angeles Co., Calif. 65.4 63.7 8.0 3.9
1836[6] [Male] Dec. 12, Mt. Wilson,
1896 Los Angeles Co., Calif. 67.7 63.0 ... 4.0
5516[6] [Male][9] Nov. 27, Mt. Wilson,
1903 Los Angeles Co., Calif. 72.1 66.6 8.6 3.9
6073[6] [Male] Sept. 21, Pasadena,
1904 Los Angeles Co., Calif. 69.7 66.0 9.0 4.3
7458[6] [Male] Dec. 23, Pasadena,
1905 Los Angeles Co., Calif. 70.0 66.7 7.8 3.6
9958[7] [Male] Oct. 31, Mt. Wilson,
1897 Los Angeles Co., Calif. 70.3 67.2 8.6 4.3
3364[7] [Male] Sept. 18, Santa Ana Mts.,
1908 Orange Co., Calif. 70.8 66.0 9.5 4.0
x3325[8] [Male] July 4, Hd. of Big Cr.,
1905 Monterey Co., Calif. 70.5 66.0 9.0 4.2
[Footnote 5: Coll. H. S. Swarth.]
[Footnote 6: Coll. J. Grinnell.]
[Footnote 7: Mus. Vert. Zool.]
[Footnote 8: Coll. J. & J. W. Mailliard.]
[Footnote 9: Type.]
LITERATURE CITED
AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION COMMITTEE.
1886. The code of nomenclature and check list of North American
birds adopted by the American Ornithologists' Union.
(New York, American Ornithologists' Union), viii + 392 pp.
1910. Check-list of North American birds. Ed. 3, revised (New
York, American Ornithologists' Union), 430 pp., 2 maps.
BAIRD, S. F. ("with the co operation of" CASSIN, J., and
LAWRENCE, G. N.)
1858. Birds. Pacific Railroad Reports, 9, lvi + 1005 pp.
BIRTWELL, F. J.
1901. Description of a supposed new subspecies of _Parus_ from New
Mexico. Auk, 18, pp. 165-167.
GAMBEL, W.
1843. Descriptions of some new and rare birds of the Rocky
Mountains and California. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1,
pp. 258-262.
GRINNELL, J.
1908. The southern California chickadee. Condor, 10, pp. 29-30.
RIDGWAY, R.
1901. The birds of North and Middle America. U. S. Nation. Mus.
Bull., 50, part I, xxx + 715 pp., 20 pls.
1904. _Ibid._, part III, xx + 801 pp., 19 pls.
1912. Color standards and color nomenclature. (Washington, D. C.,
Ridgway), iii + 44 pp., 53 pls.
_Transmitted March 3, 1918._
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS
Note.--The University of California Publications are offered in
exchange for the publications of learned societies and institutions,
universities and libraries. Complete lists of all the publications of
the University will be sent upon request. For sample copies, lists of
publications or other information, address the Manager of the
University Press, Berkeley, California, U.S.A. All matter sent in
exchange should be addressed to The Exchange Department, University
Library, Berkeley, California, U.S.A.
ZOOLOGY.--W. E. Ritter and C. A. Kofoid, Editors. Price per volume,
$3.50; beginning with vol. 11, $5.00.
This series contains the contributions from the Department of Zoology,
from the Marine Laboratory of the Scripps Institution for Biological
Research, at La Jolla, California, and from the California Museum of
Vertebrate Zoology in Berkeley.
Cited as Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool.
Volume 1, 1902-1905, 317 pages, with 28 plates $3.50
Volume 2 (Contributions from the Laboratory of the Marine Biological
Association of San Diego), 1904-1906, xvii + 382 pages, with
19 plates $3.50
Volume 3, 1906-1907, 383 pages, with 23 plates $3.50
Volume 4, 1907-1908, 400 pages, with 24 plates $3.50
Volume 5, 1908-1910, 440 pages, with 34 plates $3.50
Volume 6, 1908-1911, 478 pages, with 48 plates $3.50
Volume 7 (Contributions from the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology),
1910-1912, 446 pages, with 12 plates $3.50
Volume 8, 1911, 357 pages, with 25 plates $3.50
Volume 9, 1911-1912, 365 pages, with 24 plates $3.50
Volume 10, 1912-1913, 417 pages, with 10 plates $3.50
Volume 11, 1912-1914, 538 pages, with 26 plates $5.00
Volume 12 (Contributions from the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology),
1913-1916, 558 pages, with 22 plates $5.00
Volume 13, 1914-1916, 529 pages, with 39 plates $5.00
Vol. 14. 1. A Report upon the Physical Conditions in San Francisco
Bay, Based upon the Operations of the United States
Fisheries Steamer "Albatross" during the Years 1912 and
1913, by F. B. Sumner, G. D. Louderback, W. L. Schmitt,
E. C. Johnston. Pp. 1-198, plates 1-13, 20 text figures.
July, 1914 $2.25
Vol. 15, Introduction. Dependence of Marine Biology upon Hydrography
and Necessity of Quantitative Biological Research.
Pp. i-xxiii, June, 1916 .25
1. Hydrographic, Plankton, and Dredging Records of the
Scripps Institution for Biological Research of the
University of California, 1901 to 1912, compiled and
arranged under the supervision of W. E. Ritter by Ellis
L. Michael and George F. McEwen. Pp. 1-206, 4 text
figures and map. July, 1915 2.25
2. Continuation of Hydrographic, Plankton, and Dredging
Records of the Scripps Institution for Biological
Research of the University of California (1913-1915),
compiled, and arranged under the supervision of W. E.
Ritter, by Ellis L. Michael, Zoologist and
Administrative Assistant, George F. McEwen, Hydrographer.
Pp. 207-254, 7 figures in text. November, 1916 .50
3. Summary and Interpretation of the Hydrographic
Observations made by the Scripps Institution for
Biological Research of the University of California,
1908 to 1915, by George F. McEwen, Hydrographer.
Pp. 255-356, plates 1-38. December, 1916 1.00
Vol. 16. 1. An Outline of the Morphology and Life History of
_Crithidia leptocoridis_, sp, nov., by Irene McCulloch.
Pp. 1-22, plates 1-4, 1 text figure. September, 1915 .25
2. On _Giardia microti_, sp. nov., from the Meadow Mouse,
by Charles Atwood Kofoid and Elizabeth Bohn Christiansen.
Pp. 23-29, 1 figure in text.
3. On Binary and Multiple Fission in _Giardia muris_
(Grassi), by Charles Atwood Kofoid and Elizabeth Bohn
Christiansen. Pp. 30-54, plates, 5-8, 1 figure in text.
Nos. 2 and 3 in one cover. November, 1915 .30
4. The Cultivation of Tissues from Amphibians, by John C.
Johnson. Pp. 55-62, 2 figures in text. November, 1915 10
5. Notes on the Tintinnoina. 1. On the Provable Origin of
_Dictyocysta tiara_ Haeckel. 2. On _Petalotricha entzi_,
sp. nov., by Charles Atwood Kofoid. Pp. 68-69,
8 figures in text. December, 1915 .05
6. Binary and Multiple Fission in _Hexamitus_, by Olive
Swezy. Pp. 71-88, plates 9-11.
7. On a New Trichomonad Flagellate, _Trichomitus parvus_,
from the Intestine of Amphibians, by Olive Swezy.
Pp. 89-94, plate 12.
Nos. 6 and 7 in one cover. December, 1915 .25
8. On _Blepharcorys equi_, sp. nov., a New Ciliate from the
Caecum of the Horse, by Irwin C. Schumacher.
Pp. 95-106, plate 13. December, 1915 .10
9. Three New Helices from California, by S. Stillman Berry.
Pp. 107-111. January, 1916 .05
10. On _Trypanosoma triatomae_, a New Flagellate from a
Hemipteran Bug from the Nests of the Wood Rat _Neotoma
fuscipes_, by Charles Atwood Kofoid and Irene McCulloch,
Pp. 113-126, plates 14-15. February, 1916 .15
11. The Genera _Monocercomonas_ and _Polymastix_, by Olive
Swezy. Pp. 127-138, plates 16-17. February, 1916 .10
12. Notes on the Spiny Lobster (_Panulirus interruptus_) of
the California Coast, by Bennet M. Allen. Pp. 139-152,
2 figures in text. March, 1916 .15
13. Notes on the Marine Fishes of California, by Carl L.
Hubbs. Pp. 153-169, plates 18-20. March, 1916 .15
14. The Feeding Habits and Food of Pelagic Copepods and the
Question of Nutrition by Organic Substances in Solution
in the Water, by Calvin O. Esterly. Pp. 171-184,
2 figures in text. March, 1916 .15
15. The Kinetonacleus of Flagellates and the Binuclear
Theory of Hartmann, by Olive Swezy. Pp. 185-240,
58 figures in text. March, 1916 50
16. On the Life-History of a Soil Amoeba, by Charlie Woodruff
Wilson. Pp. 241-292, plates 18-23. July, 1916 .60
17. Distribution of Land Vertebrates of Southeastern
Washington, by Lee Raymond Dice. Pp. 293-348,
plates 24-26. June, 1916 .60
18. The Anatomy of _Heptanchus maculatus_: the Endoskeleton,
by J. Frank Daniel. Pp. 349-370, pls. 27-29, 8 text
figures. December, 1916 .25
19. Some Phases of Spermatogenesis in the Mouse, by Harry B.
Yocom. Pp. 371-380, plate 30. January, 1917 .10
20. Specificity in Behavior and the Relation between Habits
in Nature and Reactions in the Laboratory, by Calvin
O. Esterly. Pp. 381-392. March, 1917 .10
21. The Occurrence of a Rhythm in the Geotropism of Two
Species of Plankton Copepods when Certain Recurring
External Conditions are Absent, by Calvin O. Esterly.
Pp. 393-400. March, 1917 .10
22. On Some New Species of Aphroditidae from the Coast of
California, by Christine Essenberg. Pp. 401-430,
plates 31-37. March, 1917 .35
23. Notes on the Natural History and Behavior of _Emerita
analoga_ (Stimpson), by Harold Tupper Mead.
Pp. 431-438,1 text figure. April, 1917 .10
24. Ascidians of the Littoral Zone of Southern California,
by William E. Ritter and Ruth A. Forsyth. Pp. 439-512,
plates 38-46. August, 1917 1.00
Index in preparation.
Vol. 17. 1. Diagnoses of Seven New Mammals from East-Central
California, by Joseph Grinnell and Tracy I. Storer.
Pp. 1-8.
2. A New Bat of the Genus _Myotis_ from the High Sierra
Nevada of California, by Hilda Wood Grinnell. Pp. 9-10.
Nos. 1 and 2-in one cover. August, 1916 .10
3. _Spelerpes platycephalus_, a New Alpine Salamander from
the Yosemite National Park, California, by Charles Lewis
Camp. Pp. 11-14. September, 1916 .05
4. A New Spermophile from the San Joaquin Valley,
California, with Notes on _Ammospermophilus nelsoni
nelsoni_ Merriam, by Walter P. Taylor. Pp. 15-20,
1 figure in text. October, 1916 .05
5. Habits and Food of the Roadrunner in California, by
Harold C. Bryant. Pp. 21-58, plates 1-4, 2 figures in
text. October, 1916 .35
6. Description of _Bufo canorus_, a New Toad from the
Yosemite National Park, by Charles Lewis Camp.
Pp. 59-62, 4 figures in text. November, 1916 .05
7. The Subspecies of _Sceloporus occidentalis_, with
Description of a New Form from the Sierra Nevada and
Systematic Notes on Other California Lizards, by
Charles Lewis Camp. Pp. 63-74. December, 1916 .10
8. Osteological Relationships of Three Species of Beavers,
by F. Harvey Holden. Pp. 75-114, plates 5-12, 18 text
figures. March, 1917 .40
9. Notes on the Systematic Status of the Toads and Frogs of
California, by Charles Lewis Camp. Pp. 115-125, 3 text
figures. February, 1917 .10
10. A Distributional List of the Amphibians and Reptiles of
California, by Joseph Grinnell and Charles Lewis Camp.
Pp. 127-208. 14 figures in text. July, 1917 .35
11. A Study of the Races of the White-Fronted Goose
(_Anser albifrons_) Occurring in California, by H.
S. Swarth and Harold C. Bryant. Pp. 209-222, 2 figures
in text, plate 13. October, 1917 .15
12. A Synopsis of the Bats of California, by Hilda Wood
Grinnell. Pp. 223-404, plates 14-24, 24 text figures.
January 31, 1918 2.00
13. The Pacific Coast Jays of the Genus _Aphelocoma_,
by H. S. Swarth. Pp. 405-422, 1 figure in text.
February 23, 1918 .20
14. Six New Mammals from the Mohave Desert and Inyo Regions
of California, by Joseph Grinnell. Pp. 423-430.
15. Notes on Some Bats from Alaska and British Columbia,
by Hilda Wood Grinnell. Pp. 431-433.
Nos. 14 and 15 in one cover. April, 1918 .15
16. The Subspecies of the Mountain Chickadee, by Joseph
Grinnell. Pp. 505-515, 3 figures in text.
May 4, 1918 .15
Vol. 18. 1. Mitosis in _Giardia microti_, by William C. Boeck.
Pp. 1-26, plate 1. October, 1917 .35
2. An Unusual Extension of the Distribution of the Shipworm
in San Francisco Bay, California, by Albert L. Barrows.
Pp. 27-43. December, 1917 .20
3. Description of Some New Species of _Polynoidae_ from the
Coast of California, by Christine Essenberg. Pp. 45-60,
plates 2-3. October, 1917 .20
4. New Species of _Amphinomidae_ from the Pacific Coast,
by Christine Essenberg. Pp. 61-74, plates 4-5.
October, 1917 .15
5. _Crithidia euryophthalmi_, sp. nov., from the Hemipteran
Bug, _Euryophthalmus convivus_ Stål, by Irene McCulloch.
Pp. 75-88, 35 text figures. December, 1917 .15
6. On the Orientation of _Erythropsis_, by Charles Atwood
Kofoid and Olive Swezy. Pp. 89-102, 12 figures in test.
December, 1917 \ .15
7. The Transmission of Nervous Impulses in Relation to
Locomotion in the Earthworm, by John T. Bovard.
Pp. 103-134, 14 figures in text. January, 1918 .35
8. The Function of the Giant Fibers in Earthworms, by John
F. Bovard. Pp. 135-144, 1 figure in text.
January, 1918 .10
9. A Rapid Method for the Detection of Protozoan Cysts in
Mammalian Faeces, by William C. Boeck. Pp. 145-149.
December, 1917 .05
10. The Musculature of _Heptanchus maculatus_, by Pirie
Davidson Pp. 151-170, 12 figures in text.
March, 1918 .25
11. The Factors Controlling the Distribution of the
Polynoidae of the Pacific Coast of North America,
by Christine Essenberg. Pp. 171-238, plates 6-8,
2 figures in text. March, 1918 .75
12. Differentials in Behavior of the Two Generations of
_Salpa democratica_ Relative to the Temperature of the
Sea, by Ellis L. Michael. Pp. 239-298, plates 9-11,
1 figure in text. March, 1918 .65
13. A Quantitative Analysis of the Molluscan Fauna of San
Francisco Bay, by E. L. Packard. Pp. 299-336,
plates 12-13, 6 figs, in text. April, 1918 .40
Transcriber's Notes
Emphasis Notation:
_text_ - italicized
=text= - bold
All of the text presented here is a copy of the original article's
text with the following exceptions:<
1. Typographical Corrections
A. Page 509 - Medicine Bow Mts., 10 200 => 10,200
B. Table 1. Added missing period in column 1
U. S N. M. no. => U. S. N. M. no.
C. Vol. 17 number 16 => 15 of the "UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
PUBLICATIONS" listing
2. Placement of UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS Listing
The original publication had this list beginning inside the
front cover and continuing on the back cover (inside and out).
Here it was moved to the end of the book for readability.
Inconsistancies in the formatting of the list (i.e., periods,
commas, etc.) were left as presented in the original (with the
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