The Project Gutenberg EBook of Report on Surgery to the Santa Clara County
Medical Society, by Joseph Bradford Cox
This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or
re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
Title: Report on Surgery to the Santa Clara County Medical Society
Author: Joseph Bradford Cox
Release Date: December 8, 2007 [EBook #23769]
Language: English
*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK REPORT ON SURGERY ***
Produced by Bryan Ness, Anne Storer and the Online
Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
book was produced from scanned images of public domain
material from the Google Print project.)
REPORT
ON
SURGERY
TO THE
SANTA CLARA COUNTY
MEDICAL SOCIETY.
BY
J. BRADFORD COX, M. D.
_READ MARCH 2d, 1880._
SAN JOSE:
MERCURY STEAM PRINT.
1880.
REPORT ON SURGERY.
In presenting this report I will not attempt to give any historical data
connected with the subject of surgery, since that has been ably done in
the report of last year.
I shall assume, and that without hesitation, that surgery is a science,
properly so-called. That it is an art, is also true. But what is science?
What is art? Science is knowledge. Art the application of that knowledge.
To be more explicit, science is the knowledge we possess of nature and her
laws; or, more properly speaking, God and His laws.
When we say that oxygen and iron unite and form ferric oxide, we express a
law of matter: that is, that these elements have an _affinity_ for each
other. A collection of similar facts and their systematic arrangement, we
call chemistry. Or we might say, chemistry is the science or knowledge of
the elementary substances and their laws of combination.
When we say that about one-eighth of the entire weight of the human body
is a fluid, and is continually in motion within certain channels called
blood vessels, we express a law of life, or a vital process. When we say
this fluid is composed of certain anatomical elements, as the plasma, red
corpuscles, leucocytes and granules, we go a step further in the problem
of vitality. When we say that certain nutritious principles are taken into
this circulating fluid by means of digestion and absorption, and that by
assimilation they are converted into the various tissues of the body, we
think we have solved the problem, and know just the essence of life
itself. But what makes the blood hold these nutritious principles in
solution until the very instant they come in contact with the tissue they
are designed to renovate, and then, as it were, precipitate them as new
tissue? You say they are in chemical solution, and the substance of
contact acts as a re-agent, and thus the deposit of new tissue is only in
accordance with the laws of chemistry. Perhaps this is so. Let us see as
to the proofs. In the analysis of the blood plasma, we find chlorides of
sodium, potassium and ammonium, carbonates of potassa, soda, lime and
magnesia, phosphates of lime, magnesia, potassa, and probably iron; also
basic phosphates and neutral phosphates of soda, and sulphates of potassa
and soda. Now in the analysis of those tissues composed principally of
inorganic substances or compounds, it will be seen that these same salts
are found in the tissues themselves.
So also the organic compounds lactate of soda, lactate of lime, pneumate
of soda, margarate of soda, stearate of soda, butyrate of soda, oleine,
margarine, stearine, lecethine, glucose, inosite, plasmine, serine,
peptones, etc., are found alike in the tissues and in the blood plasma.
That they are in solution in the plasma is well known,--that they are in
a solid or precipitated form in the tissues is also true,--and that the
tissues are supplied from the blood is also evident,--because the blood is
the only part that receives supplies of material direct from the food
taken and digested.
That carbonate of lime and phosphate of lime are precipitated or
assimilated from the plasma to form bone, is admitted by all
physiologists. That the carbonates and phosphates already deposited act
as the re-agent to precipitate fresh supplies from the plasma is not a
demonstrated fact, but may be inferred. So also with the other tissues.
Should this be admitted without positive evidence we would not then be at
the end of our problem;--for the question may be asked as to what causes
the first or initial deposit. Here we must stop and acknowledge our
ignorance.
But you may now ask what all this physiology and chemistry of the plasma
has to do with a report on surgery. I propose to use it for the purpose of
explaining some peculiarities in the process of repair in surgical cases.
A few months ago I had a case of delayed union in a fracture of the tibia,
at the hospital, and spent more time in waiting for nature, unassisted, to
accomplish a cure, than I should ever spend again. One week after putting
the patient on the use of ten grain doses of hypophosphite of lime, I had
the pleasure of seeing bony union commencing. And why? Simply because the
quantity of phosphate of lime in solution in the plasma was not sufficient
to supply the waste of bone tissue in all parts of the body, and at the
same time furnish a supply for the provisional callus which is thrown out
in the repair of fractures.
In September, 1878, August G----, aged 18 years, single, a native of
Switzerland, was admitted to the Santa Clara County Hospital with
incipient spinal disease. He was of that peculiar temperament which
indicates a scrofulous cachexia. The fifth dorsal vertebra was
sufficiently prominent to indicate the sight where the attack was being
made by the enemy. There was considerable tenderness on pressure; slightly
accelerated pulse, and elevated temperature;--in other words, a well
defined case;--one which would have resulted in caries and deformity
within a few months. By the administration of ten grain doses of
hypophosphite of lime for several weeks, I had the pleasure of seeing
recovery take place. Reasoning by analogy, I am led to conclude that the
nature of the wound should, to a great extent, govern the kind of food
given the patient during the treatment. In many cases of surgery,
medicines are not necessary. But in some exceptional cases, as in similar
ones to those above noticed, medicine is demanded. And in all cases of
flesh wounds, I believe the patient will be benefited by a liberal diet of
animal food; that is, after the first inflammatory condition has subsided.
Why this is so, is simply because those very materials are furnished to
the system which are required for the repair of the tissues injured, viz.,
the organic compounds. In flesh wounds of weak and debilitated persons
which are slow in healing, a diet of beef tea, eggs, oysters, etc., will
often bring about a rapid improvement. Thus, we see that chemistry,
organic and inorganic, has something to do with surgery.
I will now present the following cases which have seemed of special
interest to me:
CASE FIRST.--In 1874, while in the mountains on the Trinity river,
Dr. ---- was kicked by a mule in such a manner as to rupture the
ligamentum patellae. The tendon of the quadriceps femoris, at once drew
the patella at least two inches above its normal position. Of course he
was unable to walk, but was taken to a house near by. With some assistance
from a brother physician the patella was brought down to its place, but it
would not remain. I suggested the use of a gutta percha mould or covering
for the knee. Without much difficulty, a piece one-fourth of an inch
thick, softened in hot water, was applied, and kept in place by means of
compresses and bandages until it hardened. This made a perfect and firm,
splint fitting all the inequalities of the knee, covering all but the
posterior part of the leg, and extending three or four inches above and
below the patella. With this bound moderately tight to the leg by a roller
bandage, it was simply an impossibility for the patella to move from its
proper position. At the end of about a week the patient left the bed, and
could walk about, but, of course, with a stiff leg. He wore this splint or
cap for the knee for about four weeks, when I found he could leave it off
at night without much pain. Continued to wear it during the day for
perhaps a fortnight, when I found he could leave it off entirely.
I mention this case partly for the purpose of calling the attention of
the members of the society to the use of gutta percha as a material for
splints. It is not adapted to all cases of fracture; but in very many
cases I find nothing else so satisfactory. I have thought that in fracture
of the patella it would be peculiarly valuable, as it is so readily
adjusted to all the inequalities of the knee joint.
CASE SECOND.--Jerome De----, aged fifty-four years, native of France,
single, was admitted to the Santa Clara County Hospital, July 20th, 1878.
He was suffering from rheumatism, or at least complained of pains in
various parts of the body, more particularly the long bones of the arms
and legs. These pains were worse at night, pulse varying between 80 and
90, temperature natural. Suspecting a specific origin for this malady, I
put him on the use of iodide potassium, with increasing doses. He slowly
improved with the exception of a pain in the left humerus, anteriorily,
and in the upper part of the middle third. This became localized to a spot
no larger than a twenty-five cent piece. At times the pain was intense and
excruciating: and about a week from admission this spot seemed quite
tender to the touch. After the use of a blister and tincture of iodine for
a week, he was somewhat relieved. Not entirely, however, for at times the
pain was very severe. On Aug. 7th, he left the hospital thinking he could
do some work. The next day, while attempting to climb a fence, and while
in the act of raising the body by the arms, the left humerus was fractured
transversely at the exact point of his previous suffering.
He was again admitted to the hospital, and the fracture dressed in the
usual manner. After five or six days a gutta percha splint was used which
encircled the arm. Bony union was slow in taking place. However, on Oct.
3d, nearly two months from the date of the fracture, he left the hospital,
the union being complete, and he being entirely relieved from his pain; in
fact, he was relieved from the moment of the fracture.
This case presents a question in pathology which is of interest. Was there
a localized periostitis at this point? If so, why was it not entirely
relieved by the treatment which consisted of blisters and iodine,
externally, and mercury and iodide potassium internally? Was there a
deficiency of nutrition at this point? or anemia from some change in the
nutrient artery,--the result of the periostitis of the long bones? Or was
it incipient necrosis? Prof. Hamilton gives the record of a case of
fracture of the humerus, from muscular action, taking place three several
times in the same individual, each time in a different place.
CASE THIRD.--Dec. 29th, 1878, was called to see Mr. ----, male,
married, aged about 40 years. Has led an out-door, active life. Has always
been healthy. No venerial taint. Nervous temperament, spare built, and
weighs about 140 pounds. Present condition: Has been sick two or three
days; the attack commenced with a chill, followed by fever; has had fever
ever since the chill; complains of pains in the back and legs; has vomited
considerable; bowels costive; tongue coated; severe pain in right side
corresponding to lower part of the lung, which I found solidified; there
is considerable cough.
Ordered a cathartic; to be followed by an anti-pyretic of acetate of
ammonia and aconite, and a blister over the lower part of the right lung.
Continued this treatment for three or four days, when the pneumonia began
to subside, and at the end of about ten days I considered my patient
convalescent. About this time I was sent for in great haste after night.
The patient, who is a very intelligent man, said he had felt worse during
the day, and in the evening, his knee, which had been somewhat painful for
two or three days, had become exceedingly painful. I gave morphine,
hypodermically, and went home, leaving some morphine for the night.
The next day I saw him. The pain had been relieved by the morphine, still
occasionally it was quite severe. There was no redness or heat, or even
tenderness; nothing unnatural about the knee except pain, which was
aggravated by any attempt to move the leg.
Ordered quinine as a tonic, and pill "C. C." as a cathartic. Bandaged the
leg pretty tightly from the toes to above the knee. The urine was natural;
pulse and temperature only slightly elevated. After six or seven days of
these symptoms, the knee began to feel hot and became very slightly
swollen. Ordered a small blister over the inside of the knee as the
greatest amount of pain seemed to be here. Dressed it with tartar-emetic
ointment until the skin was very sore; using iodine on other puts of the
knee. Used iodide potassium and colchicum, internally. This treatment for
five days seemed to do no good. On Jan. 17th, twenty-two days from the
beginning of his illness, and about twelve days from the first appearance
of symptoms denoting any local trouble at the knee, a consultation was
held, the result of which was a blister over the whole of the knee, to
be dressed with unguentuin hydrargiri. The inflammation was but little
influenced by this or any other treatment. The knee continued to slowly
and surely enlarge. And this extended upward without first producing any
great distention of the synovial sack under the patella. There seemed to
be simply enlargement of all the tissues of the lower part of the thigh.
This continued until about the 1st of Feb. when, from the general
appearance of the patient, viz: a typhoid condition, feeble pulse, coated
tongue, emaciation, loss of appetite, as well as from the local appearance
of the inside of the knee, I suspected pus within the joint. Accordingly,
I introduced an exploring needle into the inner part of the joint just
above and anterior to the insertion of the tendon of the semimembranosis
muscle. Finding pus, I made an incision only about half an inch long, and
squeezed out perhaps an ounce of pus. Closed this up and again bandaged
the leg. There was but very little pus discharged from this opening
afterward, not, however, for want of drainage, since the cut was kept
open by introducing the probe occasionally. About the 9th or 10th of Feb.
fluctuation became quite apparent along the outer and lower part of the
thigh. On Feb. 12th, consultation was again had, when fluctuation being
very well marked over a considerable portion of the thigh in its lower and
middle thirds, after giving the patient chloroform, an incision was made
three inches long on the outer and posterior part of the thigh, from
the junction of the lower with the middle third, downward through the
posterior part of the vastus externus muscle. About two quarts of laudable
pus was discharged. By introducing the finger upward and downward, the
periostium could be felt smooth except within the knee joint, for this
could be distinctly felt, the finger passing readily between the ends of
the femur and tibia, and beneath the patella; the crucial and lateral
ligaments seemed to be gone, and the cartilages somewhat roughened. A
drainage tube was put in, the leg bandaged from the toes to the trochanter
major, with compresses so arranged as to obliterate the sack, if possible.
The patient, up to this time, had been slowly losing flesh, and was now
very much emaciated. A general typhoid condition existed, the temperature
ranging from 101 to 103.5; the pulse from 115 to 135, tongue coated, poor
appetite, and in short, the patient in a very critical condition. The use
of chloroform, and the shock from the evacuation of the pus, added to the
gravity of all the symptoms, and for about two weeks the patient was in
great danger of death from asthenia. However, by liberal use of whisky,
quinia, beef tea, cod liver oil, etc., he slowly rallied. Two smaller
abscesses formed below the knee, but those gave no great anxiety, not
so much as some bed sores on the back and hips. The sack or pouch became
gradually obliterated, down as far as the knee. The cavity of the joint,
however, did not seem to be well drained from the opening in the thigh,
notwithstanding it had been kept open freely by tents. About three weeks
from this last operation, the sinus or pouch within the knee-joint being
so imperfectly drained as above indicated, I made an opening directly into
the joint at the outer and posterior part, one inch long, through which I
could introduce the probe between the ends of the femur and tibia, without
any difficulty, through all parts of the joint. However, I discovered no
necrosed bone by so doing. Put a tent into this opening, and let the one
above heal up, which it did in about two weeks. This latter opening into
the joint I kept open by means of tents until the joint became anchilosed
and ceased to discharge pus. The patient made a slow and steady recovery,
and about the middle of April was able to get out doors again.
The special points of interest in this case seem to be the obscure and
insidious mode of attack; the slow progress of the inflammation, it being
rather sub-acute than acute; and the fact of its being a sequela of
pneumonia.
Prof. Gross, in his excellent work on surgery, says, "synovitis, in the
great majority of cases, arises from the effects of rheumatism, gout,
eruptive fevers, syphilis, scrofula, and the inordinate use of mercury."
Prof. Hamilton, in "Principles and Practice of Surgery," says, "synovitis
may be caused by exposure to cold, or may occur as a consequence of a
rheumatic, strumous, or syphilitic cachexia, as a gonorrhoeal
complication, as a sequela of fevers, and from many other causes, whose
relation to the disease in question may not always be easily determined."
Since there was no local injury to the knee in this case which could have
caused the disease, we must seek some other cause for it.
I have thought that its origin might be accounted for on the principle of
metastasis of morbid material. The patient had pneumonia which passed
through its several stages somewhat rapidly, resolution taking place about
the end of the second week. The symptoms of this were well marked, viz: a
chill followed by fever, cough, brick-dust sputa, delirium, pain over
lower half of right lung, which was solidified, and afterward gave the
crepitant and sub-crepitant roles. Could not the morbid material, which
entered the circulation from the re-absorption of the deposit in the
solidified lung, have been carried to the synovial membrane of the knee,
and there found a lodgment, and set up the inflammation which resulted in
the formation of so much pus? If not, Why not? Notwithstanding a tedious
illness, and an anchilosed knee, was not this result better than to have
had suppuration of the lung tissue and destruction of the whole of the
right lung, and perhaps eventually the left also? However, we are not
certain that such a result would have followed, although the patient's
general appearance at the time of the attack, and the typhoid condition
which followed, as also the low grade of inflammation bordering on the
scrofulous, made such a thing probable.
CASE FOURTH.--On Jan. 31st, 1879, Mr. R----, Italian, aged 35 yrs., while
chopping wood near Almaden mines, was injured by a falling tree. The lower
part of the body was very much bruised, both posteriorly and anteriorly.
The only place where the skin was broken was a smooth cut about four
inches long and nearly half an inch deep, following the fold or crease
between the right testicle and thigh, and extending from the anterior part
of the testicle to the perineum in a straight line just where the scrotal
integument joins that of the thigh.
The main injury was in the lumbar region over the upper lumbar vertebræ.
The spinous process of the lower dorsal vertebra seemed to be unusually
prominent, leading to the supposition that the spinous process of the
upper lumbar vertebra might be fractured and depressed. However, I was
unable to detect mobility or crepitus in any of the processes, spinous or
transverse, either of the dorsal or lumbar vertebræ.
There was considerable tenderness over the lumbar region. I would here
state that the examination was made about twenty hours after the receipt
of the injury. There was but little discoloration of the skin, not very
much pain, no paralysis of any part, the bladder evacuating itself
naturally, and a cathartic producing its ordinary effect in the usual
time.
The patient did well; complained of but little pain; did not use opiates.
On Wednesday and Thursday following, the patient felt well enough to walk
about the wards, eating well and having no constitutional disturbance,
pulse never higher than eighty per minute, and the temperature not above
99 degrees F.
On Friday morning the nurse remarked that this patient had complained of
pain in the back during the previous night, and that there seemed to be a
soft spot on his rump. By examining, I found below the bandage which I had
put around the patient, a fluctuating mass, immediately beneath the skin
and superficial fascia, extending from the tenth dorsal vertebra above, to
the coccyx below, and from the crest of the right ilium to that of the
left.
I was at a loss to know how to account for this fluid, for there was at
least a quart. I removed the bandage and examined more carefully. There
was no inflammation to amount to anything, nor had there been. Here it is
only the seventh day from the receipt of the injury, and it surely cannot
be pus. However, to satisfy myself, I used an exploring needle; and not
very much to my surprise, I discovered light colored arterial blood! Could
I be mistaken? I twisted the needle about, pressed it to one side, until
nearly a drachm of the blood had escaped. Fully convinced now that I had
a secondary hemorrhage to deal with, the question arose what to do. I
supposed that it came from one of the lumbar or inter-costal arteries that
had been injured by the supposed fracture of the process of the vertebra.
If so, it comes from an artery inclosed in a bony cavity, and one that
cannot contract and close spontaneously, and since its origin is so close
to the aorta, it will continue to bleed until the patient dies of
hemorrhage.
While I was thus examining the fluctuating mass, and conjecturing as to
origin and results, I fancied that the quantity of fluid was sensibly
increasing. However, I will not be positive that my imagination did not
assist in this accumulation.
But what shall I do? Cut down into this sinus, and hunt the bleeding
artery, and tie it? Could I find it? And could I tie it if I did find it?
Probably not; and more especially if it is a lumbar artery, and injured in
the foramen through which it passes from the vertebra. But the man will
probably bleed to death; and must I do nothing to prevent it? I concluded
to use pressure with a bandage for the present, and ask for the advice of
my brethren. Accordingly, compresses were placed along the spine, and the
body bandaged snugly.
On returning to town, I stated the case to doctors Brown and Thorne,
giving my theory for the hemorrhage,--that it was secondary, and probably
from a lumbar artery. They were of opinion that it would be almost an
impossibility to find the artery and tie it, and without seeing each
other, concluded that pressure was the remedy to be used. I would state
that at the last visit the pulse was 74, and temperature 99. This was at
about 9 A. M. I visited him again about 5 P. M., and found the pulse and
temperature the same. There was by this time considerable increase in the
quantity of fluid. I re-adjusted my compresses and bandaged again. On
Saturday morning I found the quantity of fluid about the same, perhaps
slightly increased. There was now considerable inflammation of the
integument, over a large part of the sinus, the skin appearing tense, and
the small blood vessels distinct and purple. The patient had a slight
chill last night, pulse 100, temp. 102; did not remove the compresses.
Saturday evening, Feb. 7th, condition worse, pulse 112, temp. 103, tongue
furred ash-colored, countenance typhoid in expression, loss of appetite,
no abdominal symptoms, mind clear. Sunday, Feb 8th. pulse 120, temp.
105.4, tongue same as yesterday, had a chill last night. The skin over the
sinus is inflamed somewhat more than it was yesterday. With the advice and
assistance of doctors Brown, Thorne, Benj. Cory and Kelly, sixty-eight
ounces of blood was removed from the sinus, by aspiration. One hour after
this operation, the pulse was 140 and the temp. 104. The specific gravity
of the blood removed was 1030, and after standing for two or three hours,
a grey or ash-colored sediment settled, the proportion of this being about
20 per cent. of the whole amount of the blood. This sediment consisted of
corpuscles that seemed to be undergoing decomposition; they were a little
larger than the red corpuscles; contained granules or spots, from three to
four and seven and eight in each corpuscle. Some of them seemed to be
simply swollen red blood corpuscles, ready to burst, or as it were,
suppurate. If there be such a thing as inflammation of the blood,--and I
believe there is,--then this change must effect the red corpuscles
themselves, as to size, temperature and perhaps pain, thus supplying three
of the well known characteristics of inflammation, expressed so tersely by
the old latin formula, _rubor, tumor, calor cum dolore_. Owing to the
color of the blood, the rubor, or redness, is not produced by inflammation
here as it already exists.
But to return to the patient. After the blood was withdrawn, compresses
were carefully applied, and the body bandaged from the lower ribs as low
down as the bandage could be applied with the legs flexed at right angles
to the body. The patient stood on all fours, as it is called, while the
bandage was applied.
Monday, Feb. 9th, 9:30 A. M., pulse 100, temp. 103.8. There appeared to be
about one-half a pint of fluid in the sack. Monday, Feb. 9th, 6:30 P. M.,
pulse 100, temp. 102. Tuesday, Feb. 10th, 9:30 A. M.,--the fluid in the
sack has increased--perhaps a pint now in it, pulse 110, temp. 104.
Wednesday, Feb 11th, 9:30 A. M.,--pulse 90, temp. not taken. Condition
good. Ordered a laxative.
Friday, Feb 13th,--considerable inflammation over the left iliac crest, in
the centre of which, a spot as large as the thumb nail, looks gangrenous.
The inflammation extends over a surface as large as the two hands. Some
bullae or blebs have formed in the vicinity of the gangrenous spot.
Ordered a large flaxseed poultice applied, expecting an abscess would form
at this place. The cathartic moved the bowels two or three times. I will
here state that the patient, after the withdrawal of the blood on Sunday,
was ordered iron, quinine and whisky; twenty minims of Tr. Ferri Muriat.,
three grs quinia, in a tablespoonful of glycerine and a little whisky. I
afterward had the quinia made into pill and left off the iron, as the
latter seemed to disagree with the stomach.
Saturday, Feb. 14th, 5 P. M.,--pulse 112, temp. 102.4. The inflammation
over the left ilium is much better; but there is now as much inflammation
over the right ilium as there was over the left. The fluid in the sinus
has increased gradually since the evacuation of it with the aspirator. The
inflammation that has now existed for two or three days over these parts
of the sinus, led me to conclude that the blood which was left and that
which had accumulated, had undergone decomposition and was now pus. I used
an exploring needle and found this to be the case. I then introduced a
trocar and canula, and drew off fifty ounces of pus, slightly tinged with
blood. I re-adjusted the compresses and bandage over the sinus, hoping
that a part of it at least would become obliterated before it became
necessary to open it more freely.
Feb. 15th, 5 P. M.,--pulse 112, temp. 102.5. The inflammation over that
part of the sinus to the right of the spine is still about the same as
yesterday; also that over the left ilium. The fluid has increased during
the last twenty-four hours so that there is now nearly as much as was
drawn off through the canula yesterday. I concluded that further delay to
a free opening was useless; consequently with the patient lying on his
right side, and near the edge of the bed, I made an opening one inch long
in the lower portion of the abscess,--for I now considered it one,--near
the spot where the needle of the aspirator and the trocar had been
previously introduced.
After the discharge of about a pint of bloody pus, the stream was checked
by a clot of blood coming into the opening. I enlarged the opening, making
it about two inches long, when a clot the size of a hen's egg came
through, followed by about a pint more of bloody pus. After syringing the
cavity with a five per cent. solution of carbolic acid in distilled water,
and introducing a tent about four inches long, I applied compresses and
bandages. Ordered the quinia continued, and whisky and beef tea.
Feb. 16th, 9 A. M.,--pulse 100, but feeble; temp. 97.8. Removed dressings
which were saturated with pus and blood. The latter had excited the
anxiety of the Superintendent during the night, and he applied an
additional bandage. There was perhaps five or six ounces of thick, flaky,
yellow pus discharged. No hemorrhage; syringed the cavity with a five per
cent. solution as before, and introduced a clean tent.
On examining the inflamed spot over the left ilium, I detected fluctuation
over the anterior part of the crest of the ilium, near the gangrenous
spot, and extending down over the abdomen. However, it seemed to be
superficial, at least, not deeper than the connective tissue between the
external and internal oblique muscles, and not more than one inch by two
in size. This I opened, and squeezed out about half a ounce of pus.
Introduced a tent and applied oakum over both tents, for the purpose of
absorbing the pus, and applied a compress over the main sinus or pouch,
and a bandage over the whole lower part of the body.
Feb. 17th, 9 A. M.,--pulse 96, temp. 99. Ordered a laxative of carbonate
of magnesia. Both openings discharging very freely. The gangrenous spot
over the left ilium is separating from the surrounding tissues. Removed
considerable dead flesh from this spot, leaving an opening or pouch one
inch in diameter, leading down to the pubis, just beneath the oblique
muscles.
Feb. 19th, 9 A. M.,--pulse 106, temp. 99.5. Both sinuses discharging very
freely. Made an opening in the lower part of the pouch to the left of the
pubis for better drainage, as the patient usually lies on the right side.
Laxative has operated. After washing out both sinuses with a five per
cent. solution of carbolic acid, I inject the smaller sinus with liquid
vasaline.
Feb. 20th, 9 A. M.,--pulse 112, temp. 103.5. There is a great amount of
pus being discharged from the large sinus on the back, not so much from
the small one. Patient had a chill last night. After the usual washing out
of the sinuses with the carbolic solution, I inject both of them in with
liquid vasaline. This I do, a well as the washing out, by means of a No.
10 catheter, attached to the end of a Davidson's syringe. The sinus on the
back extends from the coccyx to the ribs, and from one ilium to the other.
The skin and fascia of the external wall being so thin that the catheter
can be seen over the entire extent, as I push it from one part to another
for the purpose of washing out all parts of the sack. Patient has been
complaining of pain and want of sleep; had a chill last night. He still
takes beef tea twice a day, and eggs and other food twice a day, making
four meals a day; also, continues the quinine and whisky.
Feb. 21st, 9:30 A. M.,--pulse 98, temp. 101. Feels more comfortable.
Discharge of pus much less than yesterday. Wash out the sinuses and inject
liquid vasaline.
Feb. 23d, 9:30 A. M.,--pulse 98, temp. 101. Complains of being "very
sick." Speaks English but poorly. Considerable discharge of laudable pus,
but not so much as before the use of the liquid vasaline. There is one
point near the left hand side of the large sinus on the back, where the
walls are adherent. I wash them out with a five per cent. solution of
carbolic acid in water, and again inject the liquid vasaline. By gentle
pressure made over the upper part of the pouch, I force everything out of
it at the opening below, bringing the walls of the sack together over the
greater part of the surface. Hoping that the adhesion between the walls,
which has commenced, will continue, and soon obliterate, at least, all the
upper part of the pouch. Put on the usual compresses; this time using
oakum instead of folded cloths.
Feb. 24th, 9:30 A. M.,--pulse 108, temp. 101. Did not wash out the upper
or left hand part of the pouch on the back, for fear of disturbing
adhesions that are taking place. Washed out the lower part and injected
vasaline. A small spot, as large as a ten cent piece, has sloughed, making
a hole into the pouch over the lower lumbar vertebra. Another spot
immediately above this, and about the same size, looks as if it would
slough.
Feb. 25th, 9:30 A. M.,--pulse 100, temp. 100.
Feb. 27th, 9:30 A. M.,--pulse 115, temp. 99.2. Adhesion is taking place
between the walls of the sinus, on the left of the vertebræ.
Feb. 29th, 9:30, A. M.,--pulse 104, temp. 100. The sacks, or sinuses, have
been washed out regularly every day, and dressed with vasaline.
This case presents several features of interest. The first is the very
large amount of secondary hemorrhage, and its location, there being
sixty-eight ounces removed at one time and fifty at another, and perhaps
thirty or forty at another, from just beneath the skin and superficial
fascia of the lower part of the back. The second point of interest would
be to know from what vessel this hemorrhage took place. The third
interesting feature of the case is its progress and treatment.
At the time of the aspiration the patient was in a critical condition;
temp. 105.4, pulse 120; the tongue and chill denoting danger of pyemia.
This danger was avoided by drawing off the decomposing blood, and giving
the patient a new lease of life. This was but temporary, for six days
afterward the same danger presented itself again. This was also avoided by
opening the sinus freely, by an incision two inches long, which could not
have been done sooner for fear of adding to the hemorrhage.
At the end of six days from this last critical period, the temperature
again went up to 103.5, and the pulse and condition of the patient
indicated great danger of death from exhaustion--the result of the
formation of so much pus. This was avoided by preventing the excessive
formation of pus by washing out the sinus with liquid vasaline. The
patient is still under treatment in the hospital now under the care of
my esteemed friend, Dr. Benj. Cory.
The patient will probably recover. It will be simply a question of
endurance with him. That is, if the supply of nourishment can be kept up,
and the waste prevented, which must result from the formation of such a
large quantity of pus, there is no reason why he should not recover.[A]
[A] On March 25th, date of publication of this report, the
patient is considered convalescent.
At the time of putting him under the care of Dr. Cory, he was taking nine
grains of quinia daily, about six ounces of whisky, beef tea twice a day,
and eggs twice, with such other food as he might relish; taking four meals
a day.
Thus you see I was carrying out the theory mentioned in the first part of
this paper:--that of supplying the system with all the flesh producing
food the stomach would digest, and using whisky and quinia to prevent
disassimilation or waste; also vasaline locally for a similar reason.
With this case I conclude my report; only adding that perhaps the thought
of a poet, who evidently knows much of human nature, is applicable to this
hastily written paper. This poet says:
"A fool will pass for such through one mistake,
While a philosopher will pass for such,
Through said mistakes being ventured in the gross
And heaped up to a system."
Thus I, as one or the other of the personages here mentioned, offer this,
my mite, to the literature of surgery, leaving you to decide which of the
titles I deserve.
End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Report on Surgery to the Santa Clara
County Medical Society, by Joseph Bradford Cox
*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK REPORT ON SURGERY ***
***** This file should be named 23769-8.txt or 23769-8.zip *****
This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
http://www.gutenberg.org/2/3/7/6/23769/
Produced by Bryan Ness, Anne Storer and the Online
Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
book was produced from scanned images of public domain
material from the Google Print project.)
Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
will be renamed.
Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules,
set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project
Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you
do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is
subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
redistribution.
*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
http://gutenberg.org/license).
Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic works
1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be
used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few
things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See
paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works. See paragraph 1.E below.
1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the
collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an
individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in
a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check
the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning
the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
States.
1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
copied or distributed:
This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or
re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
1.E.9.
1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked
to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg-tm License.
1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or
distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
that
- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is
owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments
must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License. You must require such a user to return or
destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
Project Gutenberg-tm works.
- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
of receipt of the work.
- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the
Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
1.F.
1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
your equipment.
1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
DAMAGE.
1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you
received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with
the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy
is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
opportunities to fix the problem.
1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any
provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists
because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
people in all walks of life.
Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org.
Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation
The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
http://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at
809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
[email protected]. Email contact links and up to date contact
information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
page at http://pglaf.org
For additional contact information:
Dr. Gregory B. Newby
Chief Executive and Director
[email protected]
Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation
Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations
($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
status with the IRS.
The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations
where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To
SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
particular state visit http://pglaf.org
While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
approach us with offers to donate.
International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other
ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations.
To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate
Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works.
Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily
keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
http://www.gutenberg.org
This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
