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Title: Notes on Old Edinburgh
Author: Isabella L. Bird
Release Date: May 2, 2011 [EBook #36014]
Language: English
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EDINBURGH: EDMONSTON AND DOUGLAS.
NOTES ON OLD EDINBURGH
BY THE AUTHOR OF
'THE ENGLISHWOMAN IN AMERICA.'
[Illustration: INSCRIPTION OVER DOORWAY IN BLACKFRIARS WYND.
_English Visitor._--'So this is Blackfriars Wynd!'
_Woman._--'No, it's hell's mouth.']
EDINBURGH
EDMONSTON AND DOUGLAS
1869.
PREFATORY NOTE BY THE REV. DR. HANNA.
Was ever a more vivid picture of more revolting scenes offered to the
reader's eye than that which the following pages present? If any doubt
creep into his mind as to the accuracy of its details, he has but to read
the reports of Dr. LITTLEJOHN and Dr. ALEXANDER WOOD, in which everything
here stated, not vouched for by the writer herself, is authenticated. Can
nothing be done, shall nothing be done, to wipe out such foul blots from
the face of our fair city? One effort among others is being made in this
direction by the Association recently organized for improving the
condition of the poor. It is in the hope of winning for this Association
the support of all the humane among us that these "Notes" are published.
It would be a happy, and not surely hopeless issue, if, by the combined
and concentrated endeavours of all interested in the welfare of the poor,
such a change were effected that, fifty years hence, it were doubted or
denied that ever such a state of things existed as is here so graphically
portrayed.
W. H.
6, CASTLE TERRACE,
_Jan. 20, 1869_.
NOTES ON OLD EDINBURGH.
CHAPTER I.
It has been my fortune to see the worst slums of the Thames district of
London, of Birmingham, and other English and foreign cities, the
"water-side" of Quebec, and the Five Points and mud huts of New York, and
a short time ago a motive stronger than curiosity induced me to explore
some of the worst parts of Edinburgh--not the very worst, however. Honest
men can have no desire to blink facts, and no apology is necessary for
stating the plain truth, as it appears to me, that there are strata of
misery and moral degradation under the shadow of St. Giles's crown and
within sight of Knox's house, more concentrated and unbroken than are to
be met with elsewhere, even in a huge city which, by reason of a district
often supposed to have no match for vice and abjectness, is continually
held up to public reprobation. The Rev. R. Maguire, rector of St. James's,
Clerkenwell, accompanied me through a portion only of the district
visited, and he expressed his opinion then, and since more formally in
print, that more dirt, degradation, overcrowding, and consequent
shamelessness and unutterable wretchedness, exist in Edinburgh than in any
town of twice its size, or in any area of similar extent to the one
explored, taken from the worst part of London. With this opinion my own
convictions cordially concur. We have plenty of awful guilt-centres in
London--as, for instance, the alleys leading out of Liquorpond Street and
the New Cut, but even the worst are broken in upon by healthy
neighbourhoods. Here there is a loathsome infectious sore, occupying a
larger area than anywhere else--a district given up in great measure to
moral degradation, which extends from the Lawnmarket to Holyrood, from
Holyrood along the parallel streets of the Cowgate, the Grassmarket, and
the West Port, including most of the adjacent wynds and closes, and only
terminating with Cowfeeder Row.
My object was to compare a certain section of Edinburgh, both by day and
night, with a similar area in the city before alluded to. In company with
two philanthropic gentlemen, who did not hesitate to expose these social
plague-spots, and guided in one mysterious locality by one of the
lieutenants of police, I explored at various times several closes in the
High Street, Cowgate, and West Port, going by "house-row." In all cases
the people were civil and willing to admit us, and few allowed us to
depart without expressing a hope that some good would come out of the
efforts proposed to be made for them. In many houses only the children
were at home, but they answered our questions with such quick
comprehension and painfully precocious intelligence that we were not left
in doubt as to the circumstances of their parents.
It was a dry, warm morning. No rain had fallen for some weeks. There was a
rumour of cholera on the Rhine, and under its salutary influence various
sanitary precautions, such as lime-washing closes and stairs, had been
recently resorted to. The district might have looked cheerful had
cheerfulness been possible, so great was the contrast between its aspect
now and its look on a wet, murky, autumn day. The appearance of the lower
part of the High Street was as little pleasant as usual. Knots of men who
never seem to "move on" stared at the passers-by on the South Bridge, bold
girls lounged about and chaffed the soldiers, careworn women, and little
girls hardly less careworn, stood round the well with their pails--some of
the last, we learned, having stood there for two and three hours. There
were dirty little children as usual rolling in the gutter or sitting
stolidly on the kerb-stone; as usual, haggard, wrinkled, vicious faces
were looking out of the dusty windows above, and an air of joylessness,
weariness, and struggle hung over all. Truly has this street been named
the _Via Dolorosa_.
The above-named well, close by John Knox's house, is a sign of one of the
standing grievances of this district of Edinburgh. It is the "water
supply" of the large population living in those many-storeyed houses which
give the immediate neighbourhood its picturesqueness. If it could tell the
tale of one day, we should have plenty of the sensational element, but it
would be the true tragedy of the real, suffering, everyday life of the
poor. From six in the morning till nearly midnight, it is the centre of a
throng, feminine mainly, but often essentially unwomanly in its language
and manners. As a horde of thirsty pilgrims struggles for the first
draught of the water of the bright oasis of the desert, so this crowd
often struggles for the first turn at the tap. In its more usual
condition, it is sad rather than belligerent, feeble in its scuffling,
loud-voiced in its abuse. Here the weakest go to the wall. Here children
carrying buckets nearly as big as themselves are sometimes known to wait
from one to five hours for the water which is to wash the faces, cook the
food, and quench the thirst of the family for the day. Here they wait,
losing time and gaining a precocious familiarity with evil from the
profanity and depravity of the talk and chaffing around them. To this well
the aged widow, who struggles hard to keep up appearances, with her white
mutch and neatly-pinned black shawl, totters with her pail down her dark
stair of 150 steps, up the steep close, and down the street, waiting with
the patience born of necessity in the heat, or rain, or snow, as the case
may be, till the younger and stronger have got their "turn," and then
stumbles with failing breath up her stair, the water, which is precious as
that of the well of Bethlehem, spilling as she goes. At what a cost does
she buy the whiteness of her mutch! Hither comes the young, weary-looking
mother, having locked up her young family in her eyrie. Heavily burdened
with care she looks. We may trust she forgets the perils of fire and
window at home; she scuffles feebly; street brawling is a new and
uncongenial thing to her, and she usually ends by losing the best part of
the morning. She is slowly dropping out of her cleanly habits. Can we
wonder? She thinks twice at least about scrubbing the floor, and it isn't
much use to wash her children's clothes when they have no place to play in
but the gutter. Here also come the small children with jugs, and hang
about for a frolic, learning to curse and swear and imitate the vices of
their elders, if they have not learned them before.
It is a pitiful sight in the street, but followed to the homes this lack
of water helps to degrade, pity for the sufferers mingles with indignant
surprise that proprietors of the _best paying property_ to be found (for
so the closes are) have not been compelled ere this to have at least a
pipe and tap in every close. Outside the great Reformer's house is the
well of pure water, difficult of access for most, nearly inaccessible at
times to the feeble, the diffident, and the old. Under the same house is
the whisky-shop, easy enough to reach, and the whisky all too easy to
procure--only the laying down a few pence, and the fluid which makes life
brighter for an hour is at the lips without waiting or scuffling. How can
our sad and sorely-tempted ones escape the snare? Limited water and
unlimited whisky, crowded dens and unwholesome air; we need nothing more
to make a city full of drunkards.
We followed this water grievance into thirty-seven houses that day, and
there was scarcely one in which it was not enlarged upon. Did our eyes
wander round a room ever so stealthily, its occupier was ready to
forestall the glance by saying, "Ah, sirs, it's the dirt ye're looking at,
but how's puir folk like us to be clean as has to haul every drop of water
from that well?" Did we shrink ever so slightly from a child whose head
and clothing were one mass of dirt, the movement was perceived, and the
want of water, the distance from the well, and the long long stair, were
the apologies offered.
I merely give one instance, which might be multiplied almost indefinitely,
of the distress arising from this comparatively little thought-of cause.
In a wretched den on the seventh storey, none the brighter or lighter for
being nearer the skies, for it had no direct light, a family, consisting
of father, mother, and child of three years old, were fighting a hard
battle for life. On the floor, on a straw bed, the husband had been "down
with fever" for six weeks. He was wandering and murmuring incessantly,
"Drink! drink!" clutching all the time at a tin pitcher by his side which
contained water. He was too weak to lift it, and his wife, who expected
shortly to become a mother, was helping him to it every three or four
minutes. The bairn was crippled and mentally deficient, and kept crawling
into the ashes, so that between it and her husband the poor woman had not
a moment's rest. On a line across the room a half-washed sheet was
hanging, steaming as it dried. The atmosphere in the room was poisonous.
The woman said, "Ah, you are feeling the smell. Sometimes I think he'd get
better if we could have things clean about us. He's got bed-sores, and you
see they run a good deal, and I'm such a weak body, I can't haul water
enough to wash it out of the sheets. He drinks nearly all I bring--quarts
a day. He was always so fond of the water, he never tasted the whisky in
his life. He's been a good husband to me; and since we've come here I
can't get the water to keep him clean." In answer to inquiry, she said she
had waited half an hour at the well the night before, and in coming up the
long dark stair a drunk man had pushed against her and upset the whole
pailful. On our expressing some sympathy, she burst into tears, sobbing
out, "Oh, God only knows what it is to _slave_ after the water--it's
killing me and him too, _and in the glen we came from the bonnie burn ran
by the door_." In that moment, some cruel memory contrasted that foul
steaming sheet, whose poisonous fumes nearly overcame the strong, with the
linen washed on the grass by the burn, over which the birch and harebell
trembled, and bleached afterwards by the sun to the whiteness of snow.
They were evicted crofters from Perthshire, and misfortune, not drink or
vice, had brought them so low. Our sanitary reforms are too late for them,
for both went shortly afterwards to the land where "they shall thirst no
more."
Travellers have often enlarged upon the hardships suffered by the
fellaheen of Egypt in carrying water for irrigating purposes. It is from
the free, pure Nile they draw it at will, and over the pure alluvial soil
they carry it. But this water grievance, which exists not only in the
Canongate and High Street, but in the Cowgate, the Grassmarket, the West
Port, and elsewhere, involves _female slavery_ in Edinburgh of the most
grinding description, and consequences from which the moralist and the
philanthropist may well shrink. This want of water involves not alone a
slavery which in many cases knows no Sabbath, and dirt which is a help to
degradation, but an absence of all arrangements for decency. Looking at
this subject from a stranger's stand-point, it seems perfectly credible
that the lack of all proper water supply in these crowded districts, the
impossibility which it creates of preserving physical self-respect, and
the evil influence on the young of the "wait" at the wells, is one among
the many causes of the lapsing of the masses in Edinburgh. The subject of
the water supply is beset with difficulties, but there is a possibility of
grappling with and overcoming them. The matter is more closely connected
with moral reform than we might think at first sight. In England we have a
proverb, "Cleanliness is next to godliness," and without indorsing it
fully, we may agree that physically filthy habits and moral impurity,
among the poor at least, are intimately associated. _It is impossible for
these people to be clean in their dwellings, clothes, or persons under
present circumstances._ It is inevitable that infectious diseases of the
most fatal kind must be generated and diffused. It is certain that the
spirit of murmuring against God is fostered by this lack of an element
which these female water-carriers suppose should be free to them as light
and air. The evil is becoming worse and worse as a larger and larger
population crowds into these subdivided dwellings, there, perforce almost,
to fall into habits lower than those of the beasts. It is well known that
drunkenness, disease, and degradation are the results of a deficient water
supply. It is more difficult to estimate statistically the broken health
and hearts of the female water-carriers. There is an economy of water and
a most prodigal expenditure of human suffering.
CHAPTER II.
In the Old Town, where the population of a village or a fashionable square
is constantly crammed into the six or seven storeys of one house,
_room-to-room_ visitation, for it is nothing else, affords a visitor in
one morning a glimpse of a state of things without a parallel. In no other
city could tenements be found without gas, without water-pipes,
water-closet, or sink, or temporary receptacle for ashes, and entered only
by one long dark stone stair, which return such enormous profits to their
owners as from 45 to 60 per cent. Scarcely elsewhere does one roof cover a
population of 290, 248, 240 persons, living in dens, honeycombed out of
larger rooms, without ventilation, without privacy, and often without
direct light. In no other city is the respectable mechanic compelled, for
want of house accommodation of a proper kind, to bring up his family in a
tenement which deserves indictment as a nuisance, or to pay £5, £6, or £8
a year for a den swarming with vermin, with only a wooden partition to
keep off the sights and admit all the sounds of haunts of the most
degraded vice. In Edinburgh, which, in more respects than one, is set on a
hill and cannot be hid, there are 13,209 families, comprising not only the
vicious and abject, but large numbers of the poorer labouring class,
living in houses of but one room, and of these single rooms, 1530 are
inhabited by from six to fifteen persons! Further, by the last census, 120
of these _shelters_, for they are not houses, were reported as without
windows, and 900 were cellars, nearly all of them dark, and many damp.
_These_ figures give the astounding result that the families living in one
room, and often herding together in closer proximity than animals would
endure, comprehend 66,000 persons, or considerably more than one-third of
the population of Edinburgh![1]
The notes which follow are merely a commentary upon the above facts. My
room-to-room visitation on a single day included thirty-seven families
residing in a close south of the High Street and ten families in a close
south of the Cowgate. I do not give the names of either, in deference to
the feelings of respectable persons who are compelled by various causes to
reside in them.
The entrance of the close which we selected is long and narrow, and so low
as to compel a man of average height to stoop. It is paved with round
stones, and from the slime in which they were embedded, and from a grating
on one side almost choked up with fish heads and insides, and other offal,
a pungent and disgusting effluvium was emitted. The width of this close is
four feet at the bottom, but the projecting storeys of the upper houses
leave only a narrow strip of quiet sky to give light below. A gutter ran
along one side of the close against the wall, and this, though so early in
the day, was in a state of loathsomeness not to be described. Very ragged
children, infinitely more ragged and dirty than those which offend our
eyes in the open street, were sitting on the edge of this gutter, sitting
as if they meant to sit there all day; not playing, not even quarrelling,
just _stupefying_. Foul air, little light, and bad food had already done
their work on most of them. Blear eyes, sore faces, and sore feet were
almost universal. Their matted hair and filthy rags were full of vermin.
Their faces were thin, pinched, and precocious. Many of them had been
locked out in the morning when their mothers went to their hawking,
washing, and other occupations, and might be locked out till midnight, or
later, as we found on the following night. There they sat, letting the
slow, vile stream in the gutter run over their feet, and there they were
sitting three hours later. They were from three to ten years old. It is
all the same if the rain or snow is falling, except that they leave the
gutters to huddle together in the foul shelter of the stair-foot. Some of
these will die, many will be educated into the hardened criminality of the
often-imprisoned street boy, many will slide naturally into a life of
shame, and a fortunate few will be sentenced to reformatories, from whence
they come out decent members of society at the rate of 70 per cent. "God
help them!" exclaimed a mother, so drunk that her own babe seemed in peril
in her arms. Ay, God help them! But our Father which is in heaven charges
the responsibility of their destiny on the respectable men and women of
Edinburgh.
We entered the first room by descending two steps. It seemed to be an old
coal-cellar, with an earthen floor, shining in many places from damp, and
from a greenish ooze which drained through the wall from a noxious
collection of garbage outside, upon which a small window could have looked
had it not been filled up with brown paper and rags. There was no grate,
but a small fire smouldered on the floor, surrounded by heaps of ashes.
The roof was unceiled, the walls were rough and broken, the only light
came in from the open door, which let in unwholesome smells and sounds. No
cow or horse could thrive in such a hole. It was abominable. It measured
eleven feet by six feet, and the rent was 10d. per week, paid in advance.
It was nearly dark at noon, even with the door open; but as my eyes became
accustomed to the dimness, I saw that the plenishings consisted of an old
bed, a barrel with a flagstone on the top of it for a table, a
three-legged stool, and an iron pot. A very ragged girl, sorely afflicted
with ophthalmia, stood among the ashes doing nothing. She had never been
inside a school or church. She did not know how to do anything, but "did
for her father and brother." On a heap of straw, partly covered with
sacking, which was the bed in which father, son, and daughter slept, the
brother, ill with rheumatism and sore legs, was lying moaning from under a
heap of filthy rags. He had been a baker "over in the New Town," but
seemed not very likely to recover. It looked as if the sick man had crept
into his dark, damp lair, just to die of hopelessness. The father was past
work, but "sometimes got an odd job to do." The sick man had supported the
three. It was hard to be godly, impossible to be cleanly, impossible to be
healthy in such circumstances.
The next room was entered by a low, dark, impeded passage about twelve
feet long, too filthy to be traversed without a light. At the extremity of
this was a dark winding stair which led up to four superincumbent storeys
of crowded subdivided rooms; and beyond this, to the right, a pitch-dark
passage with a "room" on either side. It was not possible to believe that
the most grinding greed could extort money from human beings for the
tenancy of such dens as those to which this passage led. They were lairs
into which a starving dog might creep to die, but nothing more. Opening a
dilapidated door, we found ourselves in a recess nearly 6 feet high, and 9
feet in length by 5 in breadth. It was not absolutely dark, yet matches
aided our investigations even at noon-day. There was an earthen floor
full of holes, in some of which water had collected. The walls were black
and rotten, and alive with wood-lice. There was no grate. The rent paid
for this evil den, which was only ventilated by the chimney, is 1s. per
week, or £2, 12s. annually! The occupier was a mason's labourer, with a
wife and three children. He had come to Edinburgh in search of work, and
could not afford a "higher rent." The wife said that her husband took the
"wee drap." So would the President of the Temperance League himself if he
were hidden away in such a hole. The contents of this lair on our first
visit were a great heap of ashes and other refuse in one corner, some damp
musty straw in another, a broken box in the third, with a battered tin
pannikin upon it, and nothing else of any kind, saving two small children,
nearly nude, covered with running sores, and pitiable from some eye
disease. Their hair was not long, but felted into wisps, and alive with
vermin. When we went in they were sitting among the ashes of an extinct
fire, and blinked at the light from our matches. Here a neighbour said
they sat all day, unless their mother was merciful enough to turn them
into the gutter. We were there at eleven the following night, and found
the mother, a decent, tidy body, at "_hame_." There was a small fire then,
but no other light. She complained of little besides the darkness of the
house, and said, in a tone of dull discontent, she supposed it was "as
good as such as they could expect in Edinburgh." The two children we had
seen before were crouching near the embers, blinking at a light we
carried, and on the musty straw in the corner a third, about ten years
old, was doubled up. This child had not a particle of clothing, but was
partially covered with a rag of carpet. She was ill of scrofula, and the
straw she lay on seemed to be considered a luxury. Three adults (including
a respectable-looking grandmother) and three children slept on that
unwholesome floor, in a room, be it remembered, 9 by 5, and under 6 feet
high. We allow each convict 500 cubic feet of air in his cell. "We
consider him as one to be washed, clothed, covered, ventilated; secularly,
technically, and religiously taught, regularly exercised, and profitably
employed. We do not fling him into a dark hole, even when he misbehaves
himself, and we do not leave him there for years to fester in
filth."--_Daily Telegraph_, April 3, 1868. This reads like a bitter satire
on what we do to such families as these. On the other side of the dark
passage there was a room somewhat larger, for which _a rent of 1s. 6d.
per week was obtained_. This had no window or outer wall, and its sole
ventilation was by means of a hole in the door.
These two lairs were the worst specimens of basement-storey rooms in that
close, but the rest were not much better, and their occupiers (all Scotch)
were equally poor. Medical men, with that noble spirit of philanthropy
which adorns the profession in Edinburgh, know these dens, and the city
and parochial missionaries, wearied and discouraged, still speak to the
dwellers in them of One who is mighty to save. But they have long cried to
the rich, to the men and women of leisure, to the Churches, "Come over and
help us." They ask people to throw aside their theories, to cease
wrangling over the cause, and try a rational cure; to give the poor not
what the rich and benevolent _like_, but what the poor _know they
need_--and that is, houses to dwell in, not dens to rot and perish in,
morally and physically. Blissful ignorance of the abyss of preventible
misery which exists in Edinburgh is impossible now. There are many divers
at work, and not one returns to the surface without bringing some
cumulative proof of the wreck and ruin below. No person, stranger or
citizen, who believes the facts can shirk an individual responsibility
concerning them. If sanitary reforms and city improvement schemes come too
late to save a lapsed generation of adults, kindly contact with the rich,
discriminating charity, houses in which cleanliness and decency are
possible, may redeem the children. It was with a little hope for them, at
least, that we turned from the close that day; a _little_ hope, I say, for
the dawn of the day which is to save them has not yet appeared. After the
many diseased dismal infants crouching in their dark dens on the sunny
day, the children of the gutters seemed almost happy, for they could see
above the lofty houses a blue strip of sky, beyond which, they might have
heard, dwells their Father. But hideous blasphemies all around came forth
from infant lips, and of that stinted, joyless, loveless, misused
childhood, if left to itself, an impure, unholy manhood and womanhood can
be the only end. Did the Master declare of these, and the legion of these,
"of such is the kingdom of heaven?" What then?
Leaving these basement dens we entered another close, whose lofty houses,
with overhanging wooden fronts, give a certain amount of picturesqueness,
while they exclude light to such a degree that it is never much more than
twilight below, even on a sunny day. It is said that these projecting
fronts were built of wood from Boroughmuir, presented by a devout King
wherewith to provide oratories for the inhabitants of this close--so that
every one of them might be in circumstances to obey the command, "But
thou, when thou prayest, enter into thy closet, and when thou hast shut
thy door, pray to thy Father which is in secret." If the tradition be
true, it renders the use to which these oratories are now applied, and the
condition of the occupants of these dwellings, more sad and revolting by
contrast. Though the light in the close was little better than twilight,
several women were standing outside the houses mending and patching. They
said they could not see to do a stitch indoors. There were many children
sitting in the gutters, very dirty, ragged, and sore-eyed. These, the
women said, were the children of parents too poor to provide them with
clothes fit to go into the street. Out of sixty-two children of families
visited in this close, twenty only are reported as attending school. This
statement, probably, is above the real number, as among the thirty-two
families visited by myself, there was only one child reported as attending
school. So these children, who don't go to school, and are too ragged to
be sent to disport themselves in the street, spend their time between
their crowded dens upstairs and the narrow, filthy close--for filthy it
was, even at midday, although it was paved, and the scavengers had not
finished their work more than five hours before. These children have never
known cleanliness or decency. The happiness which comes from chasing
butterflies, rooting up pig-nuts, and making daisy wreaths, has never come
their way; or even the less Arcadian jollities of trundling hoops, playing
at marbles, and making dirt-pies, in which city children delight
themselves elsewhere. But these are "cribbed, cabined, and confined" by
the high black walls, and, as a mother said, "they are learning the
devil's lessons well." It is no exaggeration to add that many of them are
as absolutely ignorant of _love_ as they are of cleanliness, decency, and
happiness. Locked out into the cold or wet, scantily clad, meanly fed,
kicked about in the morning, kicked about at night, cursed instead of
kissed, utterly neglected in body and soul, they grow up attaching no
meaning whatever to the words _love_ and _home_. The wynds and closes are
swarming with them, the ragged and industrial schools, when they get hold
of them, are fain to withdraw them by night as well as by day from what in
mockery are called their homes, if they are to do anything with them. As
long as these are suffered to be born and reared in _dens_, so long must
we build prisons, reformatories, and Magdalene asylums to teach them, at
enormous cost, the decencies they have never known. In going through this
close, and several of the poorer districts, I have become aware that a
very large number of the parents of these forlorn infants are literally
and consciously "_lapsed_." By their willing and frequently regretful
admission they were "well-doing before they came to Edinburgh," or they
were once better off in Edinburgh, and "have come down in the world;" they
were Church members, and had the friendly recognition of ministers and
elders; they "paid their way," etc. etc. From one and all of these they
have "lapsed," some by drink, others by misfortune; and this was the case
with a large proportion of the inhabitants of this "land," in whose deep
wretchedness and degradation they are wallowing, and on whose threshold
the reader is being detained. But be it solemnly remembered, the children
who "are learning the devil's lessons" in the gutter _start not from the
platform of well-doing_ from which many of the parents fell, _but from the
platform of vice, intemperance, godlessness, recklessness, and filth to
which the parents have fallen_.
Of such as these, one who claims a hearing for their woes and their
helplessness (Dr. Guthrie), writes--"I know the lapsed and wretched
classes well. I believe if I was as poor as they I should be as deceitful.
Circumstances make people what they are much more than many suppose. There
is not a wretched child in this town but if my children had been born and
bred up in its unhappy circumstances they might have been as bad."
The smell of this close was intolerable. How can it be otherwise when all
the solid and liquid refuse which has been accumulating in the densely
packed habitations during the day, lies in the narrow close from ten at
night, in such quantities that the scavengers not unfrequently remove
nearly a ton of it at seven in the morning, and the ground and the
foundations of the houses are saturated with the liquid refuse and
drainage?[2]
I only give a sketch of the general conformation and circumstances of the
lands in this close, premising that the description--often very much
darkened in tint, however--applies to a majority of the Old Town abodes
which, in Edinburgh, are considered good property, and fit for the stowage
of human beings, in Murdoch's Close, Hume's Close, Skinner's Close,
Hyndford's Close, South Foulis' Close, Cant's Close, Blackfriars Wynd,
Todrick's Wynd, Plainstone Close, Campbell's Close, Brown's Close, etc.,
to which citizens who take an interest in this painful subject can add
various other closes on both sides of the High Street and Canongate, many
stairs in the Cowgate, and various entries and closes in the Grassmarket
and West Port. It is supposed that not fewer than 40,000 people live in
habitations not superior to, and often much inferior to, the lands
hereafter described.
The entrance to the first "land" visited was by a very long, narrow,
winding stair, with steps so worn as to be unsafe. The stair was as dark
by day as by night until near the top, and there was nothing to assist an
unsteady walker in his ascent or descent. The wall was broken, and, as we
found on striking a light, the cracks swarmed with bugs and other vermin,
as, indeed, does every fissure and cranny of the dilapidated tenements
above. We had not gone far before the stench which assailed us was worse
than that from the worst-kept pigstye, and we found the state of the stair
too disgusting for description. It is disgraceful, degrading, shameful;
and who is to blame? A stranger at once supposes that it is due partly to
the filthy habits of the people, and also to the crime of the landlords in
not lighting the stairs. This last is a criminal act as regards
cleanliness, morals, and safety, and its continuance ought not to be
permitted for another month. The regulation concerning the cleaning of
stairs cannot be carried out in the dark, even if the people had brooms,
which most of them have not, and if they had a "spigot" in the close
instead of having to haul every drop of water from a public well at some
distance. There is an infinite injustice and degradation in such a mode of
access and egress for frail old age, and infancy scarcely less frail, for
females heavily laden with water or refuse-buckets, for young girls, and
for men savagely or boisterously drunk, in many cases for a population
over 200.
On each landing there was a passage branching into several smaller ones,
very much like the galleries in a coal-pit, burrowing in and out among
endlessly subdivided rooms, measuring from 18 feet by 10 feet to 9 feet by
5 feet, separated by skeleton partitions filled up with plaster, through
which any man can put his foot. In this case the long passage was
_outside_ the congeries of habitations, and was lighted on two floors by
the windows of the recesses before alluded to as having been the oratories
of past generations. They had served the greed of late proprietors, for a
great number of the rooms partitioned off from the passage were dimly
lighted by windows looking upon it. Ventilated they could not be, for the
smell in this passage was poisonous. Nothing shows more forcibly the
lapsing of houses, as well as of human beings, than the fact that these
recesses, once prized as places for prayer, are now highly valued for
another purpose, being receptacles during the day for multitudes of
battered pails, containing the ashes and refuse hourly accumulating in the
rooms. Those persons consider themselves well off who have any such public
recesses or corners which can be used for this purpose. In general, in
these tenements, the inhabitants are compelled to keep the pail and
"backet," containing the unwholesome accumulations of the day, under the
bed, if there be one, and, failing that, in any corner, from seven in the
morning till ten at night. In large young families, and in sickness and
old age, the result may be imagined, when these accumulations of refuse of
all descriptions are shut up in rooms without ventilation, along with the
steam of half-washed clothes, in air contaminated by the respiration of
several persons. In this land the average size of the rooms is 12 feet by
7 feet. If, on the one hand, drink brings people into these abodes, on the
other, the foul, vile, depressing air, joined to the want of light and
water, drives them in thousands to the dram-shop. There was scarcely a
woman whose face did not testify, by its depression, yellowness, and
emaciation, to the air she is compelled to breathe by day and night.
Besides that the absence of temporary receptacles for refuse is utterly
disgusting and injurious to health, it inflicts sore toil on the women,
who are more than sufficiently burdened with drawing water from the public
wells. It is not a small thing for the mother of a family, or a frail old
wife, to come down the dark filthy stair late at night with the
"ashbacket," even if there be a window half-way down from which she may
discharge the contents on the pavement below.
All along the passages there were thin partitions stuffed with rags, where
the plaster had fallen out, or had been kicked through in some drunken
frenzy--doors so broken all round that privacy even from the gaze of
passing strangers is impossible--a roof, in part, nothing better than old
boards, strengthened with pieces of iron and tin, which, like everything
else here, had "seen better days"--floors rotten--so rotten as to require
big stones to fill up holes larger than a man's head--windows with hardly
any glass left in them--wind and rain coming in in many places--the whole
pile apparently little more than just holding together by sheer force of
habit, utterly unfit for human habitation _as it is_--a disgrace which
public opinion ought to be strong enough to condemn. But it is one of a
legion of similar disgraces; it is a lucrative sin, a paying shame; in
politer language, it is "a good investment!" Ay, a good investment! For
these cabins, which, by a pernicious fiction, are called "houses," are
rack-rented at from £2, 10s. to £5 each, and pay the _fortunate_
proprietors from 40 to 60 per cent. Here are "vested interests" with a
vengeance!
CHAPTER III.
This rickety "land" is not by any means in one of the worst closes in
Edinburgh. It is not a haunt of the criminal classes. Vice and virtue live
side by side, though the virtuous are in a miserable minority, and their
children are in grievous peril of vice. I was given to understand, by
those well acquainted with the city, that it was a good representative
specimen of an average "land" in a High Street close. On that and another
occasion we visited thirty-two families, going by room-row. I propose to
give the circumstances of a few families, taken after this fashion. All
the rooms were in themselves wretched, few more than half-lighted,
scarcely any capable of ventilation, some on the second-floor requiring
candles at mid-day, floors and partitions in a shameful condition, the
former in many instances containing holes as big as a man's head, stuffed
with stones; the latter very thin and dilapidated, mended with rags, bits
of canvas, tin, and paper. The doors were usually made of odds and ends of
old boards, so rudely put together that in some rooms the people had
nailed canvas over them to prevent strangers from looking in. The windows
were nearly all bad, and patched with brown paper; no gas or water. The
landlord had never repaired anything within the memory of the "oldest
inhabitant." Among all the people visited the complaints were the
same--rapacious landlords charging from £2, 10s. to £5; no repairs
executed; borrowed light, involving an addition to the rent in the shape
of 1s. per week for candles; want of privacy; distance of water supply;
dark stairs; increasing subdivision of rooms, involving, in some cases,
the intense hardship of a right of way through the outer room. It is due
to all these people to say, that while they readily answered all our
questions, they never begged of us, or even hinted that charity would be
acceptable. It is due to some of them also to say, that their attempts to
keep their wretched dwellings clean were most praiseworthy.
First room, 11 feet by 5 feet. A box-bed took up a third of it. No grate;
fire burning on a stone. The furniture consisted of the bed, a table with
three legs, and a "creepie." The room had direct light from a small
patched window, which was not made to open. The walls were broken, and
almost to pieces. There was a hole in the floor filled up with a large
stone. The occupier, a mason's labourer, was out seeking work, and his
wife was at the well. These two adults and five children between three and
fourteen years old slept on the floor, the eldest child said. "But don't
your father and mother sleep on the bed?" we asked. "No, they can't for
the bugs; we just lies on the floor, all of a heap." "In your clothes?"
"No; we takes them off." "Do you put anything on?" "No; we's just naked."
Truly, they had nothing to put on if they did succeed in getting out of
the wonderful aggregation of rags which hung on to them. For there were no
blankets, or any covering but an old piece of carpet. The rent was £3,
10s. a year. The girl who made this frank revelation was extremely pretty
and intelligent. Her young brother and sisters were beautiful, but
absolutely filthy; their arms and legs were covered with sores, and their
matted hair alive with vermin. The father was the only one of the family
who could read. The girl said that her father's leg had gone through the
floor up to the knee, and then they put the stone in the hole. From this
account it appears that, after deducting the space occupied by the bed,
seven individuals huddle together all of a heap in an area 6 feet by 5
feet. The room was damp and draughty.
The next room was 18 feet by 10 feet; shamefully out of repair, the wooden
partition falling to pieces. Some of the holes in it were carefully
patched with paper, but the neighbours constantly tear this off to look
in. One of the so-called panels of the door had been kicked in by a
drunken man; the landlord would not repair it, so the occupant had nailed
a piece of canvas over it. The window-glass was mostly gone, and though
the window had originally been made to open, the sash was too rotten to be
touched. The floor was in holes in several places. The rain came in along
one wall. The rent is £4. The family consisted of an elderly father and
mother, and two sons, plumbers. The father and eldest son had been out of
work for some time, and the youngest was only getting better from a fever.
They were very reticent about their circumstances, but we gathered that
two daughters in service were supporting them. Both father and mother were
rheumatic from the damp of the house, they said. There were two beds, but
they "can't sleep on either,--alive with bugs from the walls," so take
refuge on the floor. The woman pulled aside a patch of canvas, and showed
the wall swarming with these pests. They had taken every means of
destroying them, but in vain. The room was scrupulously clean. The next
measured 11 feet by 5, and 6 feet at the highest part. A single pane of
glass in a corner under the roof let in as much light as made objects
discernible. The plenishings consisted of a filthy straw bed, a bit of
carpet, and an iron pot. The floor was almost covered with cinders, and
mended in three places with stones. The room was loathsome, the smell
overpowering, the look of abject and uncared-for misery sickening. The
occupants were a widow, a cinder-picker, and her two children, very poor.
The children were "learning the devil's lessons" in the close below. A
neighbour told us that the mother often locks them into the room from five
o'clock in the morning till ten or eleven at night. The rent is £2, 12s.
The next room was a house of ill-fame, with seven occupants, very
disorderly, and much complained of by the neighbours on each side, who
were separated from it only by a wretched partition.
The next room was almost dark; 11 feet by 5 feet; rent, 1s. per week. Its
sole occupant was a frightful-looking hag, apparently more than seventy
years old, a mass of rags and filth, with an uncovered hoary head, whose
long locks were tangled with neglect and dirt. She was sleeping off the
effects of a drunken debauch on some old straw, but woke up sufficiently
to mutter a curse, and glower upon us a moment with her bloodshot eyes.
She had received the parish allowance the day before, and this was the
result--a whisky-bottle, without a cork, but not quite empty, was lying
beside her. There was no other sign of human habitation, and in the
wretched object lying on the straw we could hardly recognise humanity.
Our next visit was of a different kind. Reaching the topmost floor, we
came upon a passage, very dilapidated, but lighted by a large projecting
window. A very respectable artisan was lime-washing the passage, the roof,
and the top of the stair. He said it was the best he could do, and he did
it once a fortnight. He had two rooms, only one of which had direct light.
They were like all the rest, in utter disrepair. He leant against the
outer partition, which swerved considerably from the perpendicular as he
did so, and said, "The weight of two men would bring it down." He came to
a situation in Edinburgh, has good wages, and could meet with nothing
better than this at the term. The rent is £9 a year. He gave a revolting
account of the immorality of the stair. He had three young children, he
said; if he couldn't get into a decent neighbourhood he'd rather see them
in their graves than grow up there. "What can I hope for my bairns," he
added, "when they can't get a breath of fresh air without seeing such as
yon?" Looking out, we saw in a window, not a pistol-shot off, three
debased women, sitting in the broad daylight, absolutely nude, as far as
we could see of them. The worthy citizens who were with me blushed for the
city called so fair, in which an honest artisan, with money in his pocket,
was compelled to shelter his family where all sights and sounds were
polluting, feeling, as he did, the abhorrent shame. The top of the stair
was much broken, and destitute of any protection. A fall would have been
into about forty feet of darkness. On our alluding to this as a great
peril for the young children, the man said, with a bitter smile, "Bairns
reared in such places are like lambs born among precipices--they early
learn to take care of themselves." This is true, or the juvenile
population of these closes would be decimated. Of the sad sights we saw
that morning, that was about the saddest--the honest man and his shame,
and the helplessness of his circumstances. It was enough to make even
"polite indifference" put forth some redeeming effort.
First room on fifth floor, 12 by 14 feet. Rent £2, 10s. Very cold; roof
out of repair, and admitting rain; the partitions much broken. The
occupiers were a very decent-looking man, seventy-six years old, by trade
a shoemaker, his wife, aged seventy-three, and a dumb grandson, who was
mending a shoe on the stool on which his grandfather "had sat for
sixty-two years." They had parish relief. The woman had been in bed twelve
months with paralysis, and suffered much from being removed. The dirt and
vermin were perfectly awful. She was a miserable object; apparently she
had no bed-gown, and her skeleton chest and ribs, which were exposed to
view, might have served as a model for death. Both she and her husband had
the speech and air of having seen better days. They had lived in this
attic for twenty years, and had had typhus fever twice during the last
ten. The rent had been raised £1 during the same period. They had five
children, scattered in Australia and America, but letters addressed to
them were returned with the notice "Not found." They seemed very poor, but
made no complaint of anything but the wretched condition of the room, the
cold and damp, the want of privacy, and the distance from which the old
man had to bring the water up the long dark stair. The room was clean,
with the exception of the bed, but the cracks in the partitions there, as
everywhere else, were "alive with bugs." The old man _said_ he was a
church-member, and paid 2s. 6d. a year for a seat at a U.P. church. This
was their own account of themselves, and the general appearance of things
bore it out. Such are the cases in which much may be done, by systematic
visitation, in the way of arresting a downward course. These people are
now in the Poor-house, the dram-shop having proved too much for the old
man.
Next room, 8 feet by 9 feet. A most wretched place, only fit to be pulled
down; borrowed light. A joiner, in very bad health, and consequently out
of work for two years, with his wife and four children, and a daughter by
a former marriage, with an illegitimate child, were the occupants. The
wife and grown-up daughter earn 7s. 6d. per week by washing. The rent is
£2 a year. A most miserable family, utterly gone to wreck.
Next room.--A blind labourer, very frail, with a wife, who supports the
family and four children. After an illness, were ordered into the
Poor-house, then out again, and were quite broken up by it. This room was
wretched in every respect--9 feet by 10 feet, very low, and rented at £2.
In the next room there was a very sad case--a compositor, with a wife and
two children, living in a room, requiring a candle at mid-day, 12 feet by
8 feet; roof mended with tin, letting in the rain; floor broken and mended
with stones, so rotten that a walking-stick went through it in two places.
The man's joints were stiff with rheumatism, caught in the damp cold of
the room. Work had slackened, and after having had a good room in
Carrubbers Close, they had come here. The man had had no work for a long
time, and they had pledged everything, till they had only "the clothes
they stood in." They had had good furniture, but it "was all gone to keep
life in them." They spoke of their poverty very reluctantly, and very
warmly of the kindness of the missionary. Both man and wife were steady.
Her earnings supported them; but she was expecting her confinement
shortly.
The next room was 14 feet by 8 feet, and the remains of a cornice held on
to the outer wall. The side walls were skeleton partitions, dilapidated
and swarming with bugs. There were three doors. The occupant was a
fish-hawker, an Irishwoman--cheery and self-asserting, voluble as to
herself and her neighbours. Had she been of smaller size and milder tongue
the hardship of which she complained would have had more pathos about it;
but even as it is, a more infamous injustice could scarcely be perpetrated
by the proprietors of these ruinous fabrics: her room had been subdivided
since she came; she continued to pay the old rent--£4. The occupants of
the inner room were a man and woman, with two lodgers, apparently of most
irregular habits, who came through her room with a passkey, drunk and
sober, at all hours of day and night. This is one of eleven instances of
passage-rooms that I have seen in Edinburgh. In the Cowgate this infamous
system flourishes, and occasionally to such an extent that the outer room
is the only mode of ingress and egress for three or four others. The
insult and hardship this plan entails upon the virtuous, and the
facilities for immorality that it affords to the vicious cannot be recited
here.
Outside this woman's room there was a perfect labyrinth of passages, all
dark, but on opening a door we entered a room 12 feet square, with direct
light, but with rotten partitions, like all the rest, and so pervious to
sound that we heard every word of a narrative of our visit which the
"decent widder" before mentioned was giving to an incomer. This room was
miserable. Ashes, the accumulation of days, heaped the floor round the
fire. There was no other furniture than a bedstead with a straw mattress
upon it, a table, and a stool; but it was the occupants, rather than the
apparent poverty, who claimed our attention. A girl about eighteen, very
poorly dressed, was sitting on the stool; two others, older and very much
undressed, were sitting on the floor, and the three were eating, in most
swinish fashion, out of a large black pot containing fish. I have shared a
similar meal, in a similar primitive fashion, in an Indian wigwam in the
Hudson's Bay Territory, but there the women who worshipped the Great
Spirit were modest in their dress and manner, and looked _human_, which
these "Christian" young women did not. An infant of about a month old,
perfect in its beauty, and smiling in its sleep, "as though heaven lay
about it," was on the bed, not dressed, but partly covered with a rug.
What better could be desired for it than that the angels might take it
speedily away from that shameful birth-chamber to behold its Father's face
in heaven? Easier by far to trust it in death to His mercy, than in life
to the zeal of the Christianity of Edinburgh. Death for these is better
than life; and, in many cases, drugs and neglect soon bring it about.
"Where are you from?" one of my philanthropic companions asked of the girl
of eighteen, the mother. "Dundee; mother and I came here five weeks ago. I
was a mill-worker." "Will the father of your child marry you?" "No, sir."
"Have you got work here?" "No, sir; I can't get any." "What are you going
to do, then?" "I suppose I must do as the others." She gave this answer
without shame, and without effrontery. An upbringing in a Dundee "pend"
had not acquainted her with shame as an attendant upon sin. Alas for the
hundreds of girl-children growing up among the debasing circumstances of
the crowded "lands" of our wynds and closes, without even the instincts of
virtue!
The next room, though miserable in itself, was clean and well furnished,
with pictures hanging upon the partitions. A mother and daughter, both
widows, but earning a good living by needlework, were the occupants. They
complained bitterly of the gross viciousness of the stair, and of the
"awful riot" kept up all night by those newcomers. They told us that the
wretched old hag who had come from Dundee had five female lodgers, with
only two gowns among them all, and that they were of the poorest and most
degraded class. These respectable widows, both elderly women, had lived in
that room for seven years, and in the main had had quiet neighbours. They
now found themselves in this close proximity to a den of vice, unable to
exclude the sounds which came through the thin partition, and too
terrified at night by the drinking and uproar to be able to sleep. The
term was lately passed, so they were compelled to bear it.
A few sentences more will take us through the remaining rooms on the two
floors we are investigating. There follow a widow, who binds shoes, with
two children, sleeping in a large bed in a room 11 feet by 9 feet, with a
small window, letting in air too impure to breathe; rent, £2, 12s. A
widow, with a brother seventy-two years old, poor, but clean, chiefly
dependent on a daughter in service. A mason's labourer, who once farmed
six acres of land, now earns 12s. per week; wife with bad eyes, and health
too delicate for work, having fretted herself into decline for two
children who had died of the cholera; room, 12 feet by 8 feet, rented at
1s. 2d. per week. Three adults and six children in a room 12 feet by 10
feet, without direct light. Drunken labourer, earning 15s. per week--two
sons in prison; two daughters living with him, with three illegitimate
children; room, 14 feet by 15 feet; rent, £3, 18s. a year. Pauper widow,
with one child and two unregistered lodgers. Married labourer, with two
children, earning 15s. per week; three lodgers (prostitutes) in the same
room, 14 feet by 12 feet; rent, £3, 18s.; borrowed light; no furniture;
all drunken together. Then follow five families, all wretched; and we have
completed our room-to-room visitation of two floors in an average land in
an average close in the High Street.
As seen thus, in broad daylight, except for the filth, dilapidation,
vermin, darkness, and poverty, combined with the suggestions of immoral
conduct on the part of most of the people, there was nothing peculiarly
startling to any one at all acquainted with the Old Town of Edinburgh. I
have taken this particular close, for the especial reason that what is
said of it and its inhabitants applies to dwellings and circumstances in
which possibly 40,000 people pass their days. I have given the impression
made by it upon a stranger, in preference to depicting entries in a part
of the town with which I am well acquainted, and which, in many of their
aspects, are far worse. There are cellar-dwellings, damp and dark, old
byres with open drains still running through them, let for human beings;
garrets, damp and draughty, in which a man can scarcely stand upright; and
cabins, of which stairs, roofs, and walls are mainly of wood. There are
rooms as small as any I have mentioned, occupied by one, two, and three
families, only reached by passage-rooms as small and crowded as
themselves; and in these dens the whole round of human life goes
on--agonies of birth and death, miseries of sickness and sorrow, marriage
jollifications, funeral revels, the cold remains of mortality lying on the
same straw with the living; the miserable meal on the table, the
unshrouded corpse on the floor. Are such woes as these, such absolute
savage degradation, the inevitable deposit of the highest Christian
civilisation? Is there, indeed, no balm in Gilead--is there no physician
there? Is it the curse of God's indignation, or the curse of man's
selfishness, avarice, and neglect, under which those thousands are lying?
Is this the "good ground" on which the gospel seed is to spring up and
bear fruit one hundredfold? Are the rich and godly to send missionaries
and Bible-women among these masses, and save their own souls by giving the
necessary funds? Shall they not rather go down themselves among the lost,
as Christ went, and learn their needs, and find from themselves that
foremost among these are decent dwellings in which it might be possible to
live and die otherwise than as swine. We might then hear less of money
lying at two per cent. in the banks, or lost in insolvent railroads, and
more of 8, 10, and 12 per cent. as a certain return. Talk of the risk of
house property! Is it greater than the risks people have contentedly run
for years in railroads, mines, and cotton? Possibly every £100 spent on
improving the dwellings of the poor might do something towards
accumulating a treasure in the heavens that faileth not, where no thief
approacheth, or moth corrupteth.
The walls of the Old Town houses are generally strong. Such a "land" as
that which I have described, gutted from cellar to roof, and supplied with
water, gas, and a temporary receptacle for rubbish, would make a good
substantial house at a comparatively small cost, with a certain return of
from 8 to 10 per cent. The removal of the subdividing partitions, new
floors, doors, and windows would be a necessity. The good result of such
an undertaking in every close and wynd would not be only the placing of
sixteen or eighteen families in a position in which, if they were so
minded, they could be moral and religious, but the insertion of a _wedge_
into this hardened stratum of viciousness and poverty. The bad could not
be so bad in close proximity to the virtuous. The filthy would aspire to
be something better. The landlords, the hardest class of all to deal with,
would be compelled, by competition and opinion, to amend their property
and their ways. Decent houses in St. Bernard's or St. Leonard's have no
more influence over the manners and morals of Hume's Close or Todrick's
Wynd than decent houses in Moray Place or Chester Street; but decent lands
put down in Cant's Close or Skinner's Close, with rooms rented from £2,
10s. to £4, would do a better work of reformation around them than all the
agencies which are at work.
It is only necessary to refer to the complete renovation of Warden's
Close, Grassmarket, by Dr. Foulis, as a proof of what is to be done by
energetic individual action. The restored fabric, as arranged for _human
beings_, pays 14 per cent. Of course, the still greater overcrowding of
other dens during the renovation of even one "land" requires to be
carefully provided against.
It has been frequently stated that a third of the inhabitants of Edinburgh
are not in connexion with any Christian Church. In the thirty-two families
visited in ---- Close, two women were the only persons who professed to
attend any place of worship. In another small close which we visited none
but a Catholic family professed to attend any church. Eight years ago, in
two populous stairs in another part of the town with which I was well
acquainted, there was a total of nine persons attending church out of an
adult population of forty. At the present time this number is reduced to
one woman, who, "when she goes anywhere, goes to Lady Yester's." Of the
thirty-two families before spoken of, most of the women and some of the
men had formerly been church-goers. Where is this "lapsing" to end?
CHAPTER IV.
I have given the aspect of the houses and population of a particular
district by daylight, avoiding all sensational details. The "night side"
of the same is well known from description--the High Street filled with a
densely compacted, loitering, brawling, buying, selling, singing, cursing,
quarrelsome crowd--every fifth man and woman the worse for drink so early
as ten at night--a nocturnal market vigorously proceeds under
difficulties--men and women puff their wares with stentorian tones and
coarse wit--barrows with flaring lights, from which the poorest of the
poor are buying the unwholesome refuse of the shops, stale fish, and stale
vegetables--boys vending laces, nuts, whistles--women hawking tin and
crockery ware, all eager, pushing, poor. Add to these, the exhibitors of
penny-shows and penny cheats, the singers of low and improper songs, the
vendors of popular melodies and penny narrations of crime, and an idea may
be formed of the noisy traffic of the High Street. As the night goes on,
the crowd becomes more drunk and criminal until the legal hour of closing
the spirit-shops, when hundreds of pallid, ragged wretches are vomited
forth upon the street to carry terrors into their dark, crowded homes. The
majority are half-mad, and almost wholly desperate. Men and women, savage
with drink, are biting, scratching, mauling each other; the air is laden
with blasphemies, brutal shouts from the strong; cries from the weak;
blows are dealt aimlessly; infants at midnight cry in the wet street for
mothers drunk in the gutters or police cells; young girls and boys are
locked out for the night by parents frantic with drink, viragos storm,
policemen here and there drag an offender out of the crowd amidst the
chaffing and coarse laughter of young girls bearing the outward marks of a
life of degradation; mothers with infants in their arms lie helpless in
the gutters, to be trundled off to the final ignominy of the police cell,
wretches scarcely clothed, whom the daylight knows not, slink stealthily
to some foul cellar lair,--and all this, and worse than this, from the
Tron down the Canongate, and along the Cowgate, and in the Grassmarket,
and in numbers of the lanes and alleys, broad and narrow, which border
upon them. The district we visited by day we visited also by night, to
find that at 11 P.M. the whole population of the lands previously
described was astir, mostly from evil, partly from the impossibility of
quiet; that small children were still out among the influences of the
closes and the street, and that there was no sign that the night had come,
except the darkness and the increased overcrowding of many of the rooms.
The dark, narrow passages were in several places almost impassable, owing
to the dead-drunk men who lay across them; the rooms were thronged and
stifling, and sick and well, drunk and sober, vicious and virtuous, were
all huddled together with only a pretence of separation. Whole families
were sitting in the dark, or cowering round fires which only rendered the
darkness visible. "A horror of great darkness" rested on all the houses.
The noise was hideous. Decent people might well be afraid of going to bed.
Half the inmates were under the influence of drink. Drunkards tumbled up
the long dark stairs, and reeled down the dark passages, with shouts and
imprecations, destitute even of the instinct which teaches a wild beast
the way to its own den. Sounds of brawling, fighting, and revelry came
from many of the rooms. Here a drunkard was kicking through the panels of
a neighbour's door; there two dead-drunk women lay on a heap of straw;
here a half-tipsy virago protested to us, with the air of a tragedy
queen, that she "took in none but respectable lodgers;" there a man mad
with drink tore his wife's throat with his nails. One room presented a
scene of disgusting revelry and vice. In the next a feeble woman was
stilling the moans of a dying child. "And that day was the preparation."
It was the Edinburgh Saturday night, and over the din and discord of city
sins, and over the wail of city sorrows, came the sweet sound of St.
Giles's bells announcing that the Sabbath had begun.
Of that Saturday night in Edinburgh the Rev. R. Maguire, rector of
Clerkenwell, who was one of our party, writes, in the _Church of England
Temperance Magazine_--"We can but say that all we saw that night has left
upon our mind the painful feeling, that of all the dark and desolate
places of the earth the Old Town is about the darkest and the most
desolate." He adds, in the same paper, after a description of some of the
dwellings in Hume's Close--"We can scarcely feel surprised to know that
the condition of these thousands is far past all hope."
Clerkenwell itself, Whitechapel, and Lambeth can furnish enough of misery
and crime, but it is not believed that any city in Europe contains an area
of wretchedness so large and unbroken as Edinburgh. In other cities the
miserable dwellings and their inhabitants hide themselves out of sight in
obscure purlieus, scarcely known to the rich by name, much less by
observation. Here the very core of all is the High Street of the city,
with a royal palace at one end and a royal castle at the other, and
studded down the whole of its picturesque length with public buildings.
Here are the Courts of Law, the Parliament House, the City Chambers, the
Assembly Halls of the Established and Free Churches, the Cathedral,
numerous places of worship, some of which at least are, or were,
fashionable, newspaper offices, printing establishments, and one of the
most frequented shops in the city, the wholesale and retail establishment
of Duncan M'Laren and Son. Thus, instead of being hidden away, the
wretchedness and vice of the High Street and Canongate obtrude themselves
on all passers-by, from the representative of royalty who in semi-regal
state passes up and down the whole extent of this _Via Dolorosa_, several
times annually, to the summer swarm of tourists from all parts of the
world, who return to their own cities rejoicing that they are not as the
metropolis of Scotland. But it is not from such casual visitors that the
amelioration of the condition of the poor is to be expected--not on them
that the responsibility rests. It is on the gentlemen who cross the High
Street daily to lounge in the Parliament House, on the _literati_ who
frequent one of the finest libraries in Britain, on the antiquarians who
explore the wynds and closes in search of an ancient inscription or a
remnant of a cornice, on the hundreds, both of ladies and gentlemen, whose
avocations continually carry them to the various public offices in the
High Street, on all who see and all who hear. Can it be that the feelings
of all these are blunted by familiarity with sights which shock a
stranger; or that the upper classes in Edinburgh are steeped in an
unwholesome indifferentism; or that the Christianity of the city is waxing
feeble and old? Without admitting one or all of these defects, it is
difficult to account for the extreme complacency with which the majority
of the upper classes are acting out the creed, "Forget the painful,
suppress the disagreeable, banish the ugly;" content to add luxury to
luxury, and to throw away money on ill-considered alms, while the poor are
perishing from neglect. It is difficult to comprehend such intense apathy,
after all that has been written by the daily press, private individuals,
and lastly by the "Society for Improving the Condition of the Poor," to
show the thinly-crusted abyss over which people are disporting themselves.
It might have been supposed that when facts similar to those stated in
these Notes have been reiterated from various quarters, so that no adult
in Edinburgh can plead ignorance concerning the state of the poor, that
the appeal for visitors made by the Society aforesaid would have met a
tremendous and immediate response, and that the gentlemen of Edinburgh
would have come forward, as those of other and busier cities have done, to
offer willing aid. If there be another thing more mournful than the
poverty and immorality of the poor, it is the vicious selfishness of the
rich. It is observable in Edinburgh, as well as elsewhere, that the upper
classes indulge very freely in the expression of opinion on the "dirt,
vice, and improvidence of the poor," but the lapsed masses of the Old Town
have a "public opinion" also regarding the selfishness, heartlessness, and
indifference of the rich, and express it without much reticence of
phraseology. Indeed, it is doubtful whether there is a man or woman who
looks across the green ravine which separates the Old Town from the New,
who has not a very decided opinion, right or wrong, that the negative and
positive delinquencies of the best-instructed class have a great deal to
do with the lapsing of the masses in this city. Almost the first steps
have yet to be taken towards removing this baneful hostility of class,
and promoting a healthy feeling on each side.
In "house-to-house visitation" in Edinburgh, I have observed with much
surprise that among 145 families visited 143 were _Scotch_. In almost the
whole of these the influence of a decent upbringing, and the restraints
which connexion with a church imposes, had been thrown away, and the
people, utterly debased and pauperized, had not a rag of Scottish pride
left. It appears from all that can be observed that the mere existence of
these unbroken masses of poverty, overcrowding, and vice, has a tendency
to _denationalize_ the people, and to produce a population which shall be
absolutely barren of those virtues which have been considered peculiarly
Scotch--a population, in fact, knowing nothing of truthfulness, modesty,
reverence for parents and old age, independence, Sabbath observance, and
thrift. These masses, which are sinking lower and lower, in spite of
existing agencies, have little to distinguish them from the "dangerous
classes" of London, Paris, or New York, except that they are more drunken
and dirty. Their mere existence, to say nothing of their increase, is
sapping the foundations of "Scottish nationality."
Another thing which impresses a stranger is a peculiar habit of speech
common to nearly all these people, and is possibly nearly the only relic
of their more religious days. "God-forgotten" was the phrase they nearly
all used, an expression which gives occasion to the question, "Have
Christians, who are the representatives of God upon earth, misrepresented
Him to these people by their neglect?" A grudge against God, an idea as if
He were the author of evil and not good to them, seemed general. Many of
the phrases used showed a sort of reckless belief, which, under the
circumstances, was worse than unbelief. Coming down a long dark stair late
at night, from an overcrowded land, a frightful hag clutched my arm with
her skinny hand, and hissed into my ear, "_Is it God's elect you are
seeking here? It's the devil's elect you'll find_," laughing fiendishly at
her own wit. "So this is Blackfriars Wynd," remarked one of our party, as
we passed down the crowded alley. "_No, it's hell's mouth_," exclaimed a
forlorn woman, who was dragging a drunken man to his joyless home. "Do you
think the missionary would dare to mock me by telling me of God's love?
Could he have the face to do it _here_?" a poor woman exclaimed, whose
three fatherless children lay ill on some straw, which served for a bed
in a cellar, of which it and a kettle were the only "furniture."
It is one thing to hear unpleasant facts stated by unwelcome speakers, or
to meet with them fossilized in statistical tables, but altogether another
to confront them in beings clothed in kindred flesh and blood, in men,
women, and children claiming a common Fatherhood, and asserting their
right to be heard. These our brethren, haggard, hopeless, hardened,
vicious, on whose faces sin has graved deeper lines than either sorrow or
poverty; this old age which is not venerable, this infancy which is not
loveable, these childish faces, or faces which should have been childish,
peering from amidst elvish locks, and telling of a precocious familiarity
with sin,--these glowering upon us from the tottering West Bow, with its
patched and dirty windows, from the still picturesque Lawnmarket, from the
many-storeyed houses of the High Street,--these are spectres not easily to
be laid to rest, and "polite society," which has become perfect in the
polite art of indifference, must encounter them, sooner or later, in one
way or another.
Surely it is possible to raise these our brethren, who are living and
dying like brutes, to a platform on which the gospel of Him who came to
preach glad tidings to the poor would not be met by nearly insuperable
obstacles. Though more wretches have been pulled out of the mire by
mission churches than by any other agency, the masses are "lapsed," "gone
under," sunk on the whole to lower depths than the ministerial plummet can
sound, and the ministers, most of whom are hampered by the existing
necessities of large congregations, are not _directly_ responsible for a
condition of things which is a disgrace to Scottish Christianity. My own
experience leads me to believe that these lapsed masses must be raised out
of the "Slough of Despond" before they can hear or see; that these
miserable thousands must have at least as much light, air, and space as we
give our brutes, before a ministerial visit can be aught but a
mockery,--before they can rise to manhood and womanhood in Christ. The
ministers are not to be altogether blamed for failing to carry the tidings
of peace to those who are too deaf, from drink and demoralization, to hear
them. Condemn them if they fail to thunder into ears scarcely less dull,
that the blood of those who are going down alive into the pit will be
required of a church-membership which is bound to aim at no lesser measure
of devotion than His who laid down His life for the brethren. Let them
demand the lives of these godless ones from the respectable who enjoy the
Sabbath luxury of sermons; let them declare a crusade against the
Christlessness and apathy of those who sit at ease at communion-tables,
content to leave those to the outer darkness for whom that same body and
blood were broken and shed, and they will be guiltless.
It was by a life of sacrifice and a death of shame that the redemption of
this world was wrought; and it is by a life of sacrifice alone--if loving
search after the lost, if personal sympathy with the wretched, if stooping
to raise and aid the poor are to be called sacrifice--that the Master's
steps can be followed and His work on the earth be completed.
I. L. B.
EDINBURGH: T. CONSTABLE,
PRINTER TO THE QUEEN, AND TO THE UNIVERSITY.
FOOTNOTES:
[1] Report on the Condition of the Poorer Classes in Edinburgh, 1868, p.
19.
[2] Report on the Condition of the Poorer Classes of Edinburgh, 1868, p.
49.
Now ready, Sixth Edition, in One Vol., Extra Foolscap 8vo, 7s. 6d.
HORÆ SUBSECIVÆ.
BY JOHN BROWN, M.D., F.R.S.E.
FELLOW OF THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS, EDINBURGH.
CONTENTS.
LETTER TO JOHN CAIRNS, D.D.
DR. CHALMERS.
DR. GEORGE WILSON.
HER LAST HALF-CROWN.
QUEEN MARY'S CHILD-GARDEN.
OUR DOGS.
NOTES ON ART.
"OH, I'M WAT, WAT!"
EDUCATION THROUGH THE SENSES.
[Greek: AGCHINOIA]--NEARNESS OF THE [Greek: NOTS]--PRESENCE
OF MIND--[Greek: EUSTOCHIA]: HAPPY GUESSING.
THE BLACK DWARF'S BONES.
RAB AND HIS FRIENDS.
"WITH BRAINS, SIR!"
ARTHUR H. HALLAM.
Of all the John Browns, commend as to Dr. John Brown, the physician, the
man of genius, the humorist, the student of men, women, and dogs. By means
of two beautiful volumes, he has given the public a share of his by-hours,
and more pleasant hours it would be difficult to find in any life. Dr.
Brown's master-piece is the story of a dog called 'Rab.' The tale moves
from the most tragic pathos to the most reckless humour, and could not
have been written but by a man of genius. Whether it moves to laughter or
tears, it is perfect in its way, and immortalizes its author. The contents
of these _Horæ Subsecivæ_ are very miscellaneous. From stories of dogs,
biographies of doctors and ministers, hints on medical education and
practice, we turn to criticisms on poetry and art. One of the volumes
contains the best account of Arthur Hallam, the hero of Mr. Tennyson's
_Elegiacs_, that is anywhere to be found. In the other, there is a very
curious and racy criticism on the poems of Henry Vaughan.--_Times._
There is a pleasant article on the Arthur Henry Hallam of '_In
Memoriam_.'... The story of "Rab and his Friends" is a veritable gem. It
is true, simple, pathetic, and touched with an antique grace, which, in
such vicinity, charms and surprises. If any pre-Raphaelite aspirant would
learn how Doric homeliness may be united with the utmost perfection and
symmetry of form, let him read this beautiful episode.... A book of much
wisdom and beauty, and we most heartily recommend it--its cause as well as
its execution.--_Fraser's Mag._
ODDS AND ENDS.
Now Ready, Vol. I., in Cloth, price 4s. 6d., containing Nos. 1-10:
1. Sketches of Highland Character.--SHEEP FARMERS AND DROVERS.
2. Convicts. By a PRACTICAL HAND.
3. Wayside Thoughts of an Asophophilosopher. By D'ARCY W. THOMPSON. No. 1.
RAINY WEATHER; or, the Philosophy of Sorrow. GOOSESKIN; or, the Philosophy
of Horror. TE DEUM LAUDAMUS; Or, the Philosophy of Joy.
4. The Enterkin. By JOHN BROWN, M.D.
5. Wayside Thoughts of an Asophophilosopher. By D'ARCY W. THOMPSON. No. 2.
ASSES--HISTORY--PLAGUES.
6. Penitentiaries and Reformatories.
7. Notes from Paris; or, Why are Frenchmen and Englishmen different?
8. Essays by an Old Man. No. 1. IN MEMORIAM--VANITAS VANITATUM--FRIENDS.
9. Wayside Thoughts of an Asophophilosopher. By D'ARCY W. THOMPSON. No. 3.
NOT GODLESS, BUT GODLY; A TRIANGULAR TREATISE ON EDUCATION.
10. The Influence of the Reformation on the Scottish Character. By J. A.
FROUDE, Author of the 'History of England.'
Now Ready, Vol. II., in Cloth, price 4s. 6d., containing Nos. 11-19:
11. The Cattle Plague. By LYON PLAYFAIR, C.B., LL.D, F.R.S., ETC.
12. Rough Nights' Quarters. By ONE OF THE PEOPLE WHO HAVE ROUGHED IT.
13. Letters on the Education of Young Children. By S. G. O.
14. The Stormontfield Piscicultural Experiments. 1853-1866. By ROBERT
BUIST.
15. A Tract for the Times.
16. Spain in 1866.
17. The Highland Shepherd. By the Author of 'The Two Queys.'
18. The Doctrine of the Correlation of Forces: its Development and
Evidence. By the Rev. JAMES CRANBROOK, Edinburgh.
19. 'Bibliomania.'
20. A Tract on Twigs, and on the Best Way to Bend them.
EDINBURGH: EDMONSTON AND DOUGLAS.
Transcriber's Notes:
Passages in italics are indicated by _italics_.
One advertisement in the original text includes Greek characters. For this
text version these letters have been replaced with transliterations.
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