The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Iliad, by Homer This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook. Title: The Iliad Translated into English Blank Verse Author: Homer Translator: William Cowper Release Date: August 5, 2005 [eBook #16452] [Most recently updated: September 4, 2021] Language: English Produced by: Ted Garvin, Melissa Er-Raqabi, Fred Robinson and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team *** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ILIAD *** There are several editions of this ebook in the Project Gutenberg collection. Various characteristics of each ebook are listed to aid in selecting the preferred file. Click on any of the filenumbers below to quickly view each ebook. 22382 (With 800 linked footnotes, No illustrations) 16452 (In blank verse, Many footnotes.) 2199 (No footnotes or illustrations) 6130 (Many line drawings, and 300 footnotes) 3059 6150 THE ILIAD OF HOMER, TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH BLANK VERSE BY WILLIAM COWPER. Zeus (Jupiter), seated upon an eagle EDITED BY ROBERT SOUTHEY. LL.D. WITH NOTES, BY M.A. DWIGHT, AUTHOR OF “GRECIAN AND ROMAN MYTHOLOGY.” NEW-YORK: D. APPLETON & CO., 346 & 348 BROADWAY. M.DCCC.LX. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1849, By M.A. DWIGHT, in the Clerk’s Office of the District Court for the Southern District of New York. TO THE RIGHT HONORABLE EARL COWPER, THIS TRANSLATION OF THE ILIAD, THE INSCRIPTION OF WHICH TO HIMSELF, THE LATE LAMENTED EARL, BENEVOLENT TO ALL, AND ESPECIALLY KIND TO THE AUTHOR, HAD NOT DISDAINED TO ACCEPT IS HUMBLY OFFERED, AS A SMALL BUT GRATEFUL TRIBUTE, TO THE MEMORY OF HIS FATHER, BY HIS LORDSHIP’S AFFECTIONATE KINSMAN AND SERVANT WILLIAM COWPER. _June 4, 1791._ PREFACE. Whether a translation of Homer may be best executed in blank verse or in rhyme, is a question in the decision of which no man can find difficulty, who has ever duly considered what translation ought to be, or who is in any degree practically acquainted with those very different kinds of versification. I will venture to assert that a just translation of any ancient poet in rhyme, is impossible. No human ingenuity can be equal to the task of closing every couplet with sounds homotonous, expressing at the same time the full sense, and only the full sense of his original. The translator’s ingenuity, indeed, in this case becomes itself a snare, and the readier he is at invention and expedient, the more likely he is to be betrayed into the widest departures from the guide whom he professes to follow. Hence it has happened, that although the public have long been in possession of an English Homer by a poet whose writings have done immortal honor to his country, the demand of a new one, and especially in blank verse, has been repeatedly and loudly made by some of the best judges and ablest writers of the present day. I have no contest with my predecessor. None is supposable between performers on different instruments. Mr. Pope has surmounted all difficulties in his version of Homer that it was possible to surmount in rhyme. But he was fettered, and his fetters were his choice. Accustomed always to rhyme, he had formed to himself an ear which probably could not be much gratified by verse that wanted it, and determined to encounter even impossibilities, rather than abandon a mode of writing in which he had excelled every body, for the sake of another to which, unexercised in it as he was, he must have felt strong objections. I number myself among the warmest admirers of Mr. Pope as an original writer, and I allow him all the merit he can justly claim as the translator of this chief of poets. He has given us the _Tale of Troy divine_ in smooth verse, generally in correct and elegant language, and in diction often highly poetical. But his deviations are so many, occasioned chiefly by the cause already mentioned, that, much as he has done, and valuable as his work is on some accounts, it was yet in the humble province of a translator that I thought it possible even for me to fellow him with some advantage. That he has sometimes altogether suppressed the sense of his author, and has not seldom intermingled his own ideas with it, is a remark which, on this occasion, nothing but necessity should have extorted from me. But we differ sometimes so widely in our matter, that unless this remark, invidious as it seems, be premised, I know not how to obviate a suspicion, on the one hand, of careless oversight, or of factitious embellishment on the other. On this head, therefore, the English reader is to be admonished, that the matter found in me, whether he like it or not, is found also in Homer, and that the matter not found in me, how much soever he may admire it, is found only in Mr. Pope. I have omitted nothing; I have invented nothing. There is indisputably a wide difference between the case of an original writer in rhyme and a translator. In an original work the author is free; if the rhyme be of difficult attainment, and he cannot find it in one direction, he is at liberty to seek it in another; the matter that will not accommodate itself to his occasions he may discard, adopting such as will. But in a translation no such option is allowable; the sense of the author is required, and we do not surrender it willingly even to the plea of necessity. Fidelity is indeed of the very essence of translation, and the term itself implies it. For which reason, if we suppress the sense of our original, and force into its place our own, we may call our work an _imitation_, if we please, or perhaps a _paraphrase_, but it is no longer the same author only in a different dress, and therefore it is not translation. Should a painter, professing to draw the likeness of a beautiful woman, give her more or fewer features than belong to her, and a general cast of countenance of his own invention, he might be said to have produced a _jeu d’esprit_, a curiosity perhaps in its way, but by no means the lady in question. It will however be necessary to speak a little more largely to this subject, on which discordant opinions prevail even among good judges. The free and the close translation have, each, their advocates. But inconveniences belong to both. The former can hardly be true to the original author’s style and manner, and the latter is apt to be servile. The one loses his peculiarities, and the other his spirit. Were it possible, therefore, to find an exact medium, a manner so close that it should let slip nothing of the text, nor mingle any thing extraneous with it, and at the same time so free as to have an air of originality, this seems precisely the mode in which an author might be best rendered. I can assure my readers from my own experience, that to discover this very delicate line is difficult, and to proceed by it when found, through the whole length of a poet voluminous as Homer, nearly impossible. I can only pretend to have endeavored it. It is an opinion commonly received, but, like many others, indebted for its prevalence to mere want of examination, that a translator should imagine to himself the style which his author would probably have used, had the language into which he is rendered been his own. A direction which wants nothing but practicability to recommend it. For suppose six persons, equally qualified for the task, employed to translate the same Ancient into their own language, with this rule to guide them. In the event it would be found, that each had fallen on a manner different from that of all the rest, and by probable inference it would follow that none had fallen on the right. On the whole, therefore, as has been said, the translation which partakes equally of fidelity and liberality, that is close, but not so close as to be servile, free, but not so free as to be licentious, promises fairest; and my ambition will be sufficiently gratified, if such of my readers as are able, and will take the pains to compare me in this respect with Homer, shall judge that I have in any measure attained a point so difficult. As to energy and harmony, two grand requisites in a translation of this most energetic and most harmonious of all poets, it is neither my purpose nor my wish, should I be found deficient in either, or in both, to shelter myself under an unfilial imputation of blame to my mother-tongue. Our language is indeed less musical than the Greek, and there is no language with which I am at all acquainted that is not. But it is musical enough for the purposes of melodious verse, and if it seem to fail, on whatsoever occasion, in energy, the blame is due, not to itself, but to the unskilful manager of it. For so long as Milton’s works, whether his prose or his verse, shall exist, so long there will be abundant proof that no subject, however important, however sublime, can demand greater force of expression than is within the compass of the English language. I have no fear of judges familiar with original Homer. They need not be told that a translation of him is an arduous enterprise, and as such, entitled to some favor. From these, therefore, I shall expect, and shall not be disappointed, considerable candor and allowance. Especially _they_ will be candid, and I believe that there are many such, who have occasionally tried their own strength in this _bow of Ulysses_. They have not found it supple and pliable, and with me are perhaps ready to acknowledge that they could not always even approach with it the mark of their ambition. But I would willingly, were it possible, obviate uncandid criticism, because to answer it is lost labor, and to receive it in silence has the appearance of stately reserve, and self-importance. To those, therefore, who shall be inclined to tell me hereafter that my diction is often plain and unelevated, I reply beforehand that I know it,—that it would be absurd were it otherwise, and that Homer himself stands in the same predicament. In fact, it is one of his numberless excellences, and a point in which his judgment never fails him, that he is grand and lofty always in the right place, and knows infallibly how to rise and fall with his subject. _Big words on small matters_ may serve as a pretty exact definition of the burlesque; an instance of which they will find in the Battle of the Frogs and Mice, but none in the Iliad. By others I expect to be told that my numbers, though here and there tolerably smooth, are not always such, but have, now and then, an ugly hitch in their gait, ungraceful in itself, and inconvenient to the reader. To this charge also I plead guilty, but beg leave in alleviation of judgment to add, that my limping lines are not numerous, compared with those that limp not. The truth is, that not one of them all escaped me, but, such as they are, they were all made such with a wilful intention. In poems of great length there is no blemish more to be feared than sameness of numbers, and every art is useful by which it may be avoided. A line, rough in itself, has yet its recommendations; it saves the ear the pain of an irksome monotony, and seems even to add greater smoothness to others. Milton, whose ear and taste were exquisite, has exemplified in his Paradise Lost the effect of this practice frequently. Having mentioned Milton, I cannot but add an observation on the similitude of his manner to that of Homer. It is such, that no person familiar with both, can read either without being reminded of the other; and it is in those breaks and pauses, to which the numbers of the English poet are so much indebted both for their dignity and variety, that he chiefly copies the Grecian. But these are graces to which rhyme is not competent; so broken, it loses all its music; of which any person may convince himself by reading a page only of any of our poets anterior to Denham, Waller, and Dryden. A translator of Homer, therefore, seems directed by Homer himself to the use of blank verse, as to that alone in which he can be rendered with any tolerable representation of his manner in this particular. A remark which I am naturally led to make by a desire to conciliate, if possible, some, who, rather unreasonably partial to rhyme, demand it on all occasions, and seem persuaded that poetry in our language is a vain attempt without it. Verse, that claims to be verse in right of its metre only, they judge to be such rather by courtesy than by kind, on an apprehension that it costs the writer little trouble, that he has only to give his lines their prescribed number of syllables, and so far as the mechanical part is concerned, all is well. Were this true, they would have reason on their side; for the author is certainly best entitled to applause who succeeds against the greatest difficulty, and in verse that calls for the most artificial management in its construction. But the case is not as they suppose. To rhyme, in our language, demands no great exertion of ingenuity, but is always easy to a person exercised in the practice. Witness the multitudes who rhyme, but have no other poetical pretensions. Let it be considered too, how merciful we are apt to be to unclassical and indifferent language for the sake of rhyme, and we shall soon see that the labor lies principally on the other side. Many ornaments of no easy purchase are required to atone for the absence of this single recommendation. It is not sufficient that the lines of blank verse be smooth in themselves, they must also be harmonious in the combination. Whereas the chief concern of the rhymist is to beware that his couplets and his sense be commensurate, lest the regularity of his numbers should be (too frequently at least) interrupted. A trivial difficulty this, compared with those which attend the poet unaccompanied by his bells. He, in order that he may be musical, must exhibit all the variations, as he proceeds, of which ten syllables are susceptible; between the first syllable and the last there is no place at which he must not occasionally pause, and the place of the pause must be perpetually shifted. To effect this variety, his attention must be given, at one and the same time, to the pauses he has already made in the period before him, as well as to that which he is about to make, and to those which shall succeed it. On no lighter terms than these is it possible that blank verse can be written which will not, in the course of a long work, fatigue the ear past all endurance. If it be easier, therefore, to throw five balls into the air and to catch them in succession, than to sport in that manner with one only, then may blank verse be more easily fabricated than rhyme. And if to these labors we add others equally requisite, a style in general more elaborate than rhyme requires, farther removed from the vernacular idiom both in the language itself and in the arrangement of it, we shall not long doubt which of these two very different species of verse threatens the composer with most expense of study and contrivance. I feel it unpleasant to appeal to my own experience, but, having no other voucher at hand, am constrained to it. As I affirm, so I have found. I have dealt pretty largely in both kinds, and have frequently written more verses in a day, with tags, than I could ever write without them. To what has been here said (which whether it have been said by others or not, I cannot tell, having never read any modern book on the subject) I shall only add, that to be poetical without rhyme, is an argument of a sound and classical constitution in any language. A word or two on the subject of the following translation, and I have done. My chief boast is that I have adhered closely to my original, convinced that every departure from him would be punished with the forfeiture of some grace or beauty for which I could substitute no equivalent. The epithets that would consent to an English form I have preserved as epithets; others that would not, I have melted into the context. There are none, I believe, which I have not translated in one way or other, though the reader will not find them repeated so often as most of them are in Homer, for a reason that need not be mentioned. Few persons of any consideration are introduced either in the Iliad or Odyssey by their own name only, but their patronymic is given also. To this ceremonial I have generally attended, because it is a circumstance of my author’s manner. Homer never allots less than a whole line to the introduction of a speaker. No, not even when the speech itself is no longer than the line that leads it. A practice to which, since he never departs from it, he must have been determined by some cogent reason. He probably deemed it a formality necessary to the majesty of his narration. In this article, therefore, I have scrupulously adhered to my pattern, considering these introductory lines as heralds in a procession; important persons, because employed to usher in persons more important than themselves. It has been my point every where to be as little verbose as possible, though; at the same time, my constant determination not to sacrifice my author’s full meaning to an affected brevity. In the affair of style, I have endeavored neither to creep nor to bluster, for no author is so likely to betray his translator into both these faults, as Homer, though himself never guilty of either. I have cautiously avoided all terms of new invention, with an abundance of which, persons of more ingenuity than judgment have not enriched our language, but incumbered it. I have also every where used an unabbreviated fullness of phrase as most suited to the nature of the work, and, above all, have studied perspicuity, not only because verse is good for little that wants it, but because Homer is the most perspicuous of all poets. In all difficult places I have consulted the best commentators, and where they have differed, or have given, as is often the case, a variety of solutions, I have ever exercised my best judgment, and selected that which appears, at least to myself, the most probable interpretation. On this ground, and on account of the fidelity which I have already boasted, I may venture, I believe, to recommend my work as promising some usefulness to young students of the original. The passages which will be least noticed, and possibly not at all, except by those who shall wish to find me at a fault, are those which have cost me abundantly the most labor. It is difficult to kill a sheep with dignity in a modern language, to flay and to prepare it for the table, detailing every circumstance of the process. Difficult also, without sinking below the level of poetry, to harness mules to a wagon, particularizing every article of their furniture, straps, rings, staples, and even the tying of the knots that kept all together. Homer, who writes always to the eye, with all his sublimity and grandeur, has the minuteness of a Flemish painter. But in what degree I have succeeded in my version either of these passages, and such as these, or of others more buoyant and above-ground, and especially of the most sublime, is now submitted to the decision of the reader, to whom I am ready enough to confess that I have not at all consulted their approbation, who account nothing grand that is not turgid, or elegant that is not bedizened with metaphor. I purposely decline all declamation on the merits of Homer, because a translator’s praises of his author are liable to a suspicion of dotage, and because it were impossible to improve on those which this author has received already. He has been the wonder of all countries that his works have ever reached, even deified by the greatest names of antiquity, and in some places actually worshipped. And to say truth, were it possible that mere man could entitle himself by pre-eminence of any kind to divine honors, Homer’s astonishing powers seem to have given him the best pretensions. I cannot conclude without due acknowledgments to the best critic in Homer I have ever met with, the learned and ingenious Mr. Fuseli. Unknown as he was to me when I entered on this arduous undertaking (indeed to this moment I have never seen him) he yet voluntarily and generously offered himself as my revisor. To his classical taste and just discernment I have been indebted for the discovery of many blemishes in my own work, and of beauties, which would otherwise have escaped me, in the original. But his necessary avocations would not suffer him to accompany me farther than to the latter books of the Iliad, a circumstance which I fear my readers, as well as myself, will regret with too much reason.[1] I have obligations likewise to many friends, whose names, were it proper to mention them here, would do me great honor. They have encouraged me by their approbation, have assisted me with valuable books, and have eased me of almost the whole labor of transcribing. And now I have only to regret that my pleasant work is ended. To the illustrious Greek I owe the smooth and easy flight of many thousand hours. He has been my companion at home and abroad, in the study, in the garden, and in the field; and no measure of success, let my labors succeed as they may, will ever compensate to me the loss of the innocent luxury that I have enjoyed, as a translator of Homer. Footnote: Some of the few notes subjoined to my translation of the Odyssey are by Mr. Fuseli, who had a short opportunity to peruse the MSS. while the Iliad was printing. They are marked with his initial. PREFACE PREPARED BY MR. COWPER, FOR A SECOND EDITION. Soon after my publication of this work, I began to prepare it for a second edition, by an accurate revisal of the first. It seemed to me, that here and there, perhaps a slight alteration might satisfy the demands of some, whom I was desirous to please; and I comforted myself with the reflection, that if I still failed to conciliate all, I should yet have no cause to account myself in a singular degree unfortunate. To please an unqualified judge, an author must sacrifice too much; and the attempt to please an uncandid one were altogether hopeless. In one or other of these classes may be ranged all such objectors, as would deprive blank verse of one of its principal advantages, the variety of its pauses; together with all such as deny the good effect, on the whole, of a line, now and then, less harmonious than its fellows. With respect to the pauses, it has been affirmed with an unaccountable rashness, that Homer himself has given me an example of verse without them. Had this been true, it would by no means have concluded against the use of them in an English version of Homer; because, in one language, and in one species of metre, that may be musical, which in another would be found disgusting. But the assertion is totally unfounded. The pauses in Homer’s verse are so frequent and various, that to name another poet, if pauses are a fault, more faulty than he, were, perhaps, impossible. It may even be questioned, if a single passage of ten lines flowing with uninterrupted smoothness could be singled out from all the thousands that he has left us. He frequently pauses at the first word of the line, when it consists of three or more syllables; not seldom when of two; and sometimes even when of one only. In this practice he was followed, as was observed in my Preface to the first edition, by the Author of the Paradise Lost. An example inimitable indeed, but which no writer of English heroic verse without rhyme can neglect with impunity. Similar to this is the objection which proscribes absolutely the occasional use of a line irregularly constructed. When Horace censured Lucilius for his lines _incomposite pede currentes_, he did not mean to say, that he was chargeable with such in some instances, or even in many, for then the censure would have been equally applicable to himself; but he designed by that expression to characterize all his writings. The censure therefore was just; Lucilius wrote at a time when the Roman verse had not yet received its polish, and instead of introducing artfully his rugged lines, and to serve a particular purpose, had probably seldom, and never but by accident, composed a smooth one. Such has been the versification of the earliest poets in every country. Children lisp, at first, and stammer; but, in time, their speech becomes fluent, and, if they are well taught, harmonious. Homer himself is not invariably regular in the construction of his verse. Had he been so, Eustathius, an excellent critic and warm admirer of Homer, had never affirmed, that some of his lines want a head, some a tail, and others a middle. Some begin with a word that is neither dactyl nor spondee, some conclude with a dactyl, and in the intermediate part he sometimes deviates equally from the established custom. I confess that instances of this sort are rare; but they are surely, though few, sufficient to warrant a sparing use of similar license in the present day. Unwilling, however, to seem obstinate in both these particulars, I conformed myself in some measure to these objections, though unconvinced myself of their propriety. Several of the rudest and most unshapely lines I composed anew; and several of the pauses least in use I displaced for the sake of an easier enunciation.—And this was the state of the work after the revisal given it about seven years since. Between that revisal and the present a considerable time intervened, and the effect of long discontinuance was, that I became more dissatisfied with it myself, than the most difficult to be pleased of all my judges. Not for the sake of a few uneven lines or unwonted pauses, but for reasons far more substantial. The diction seemed to me in many passages either not sufficiently elevated, or deficient in the grace of ease, and in others I found the sense of the original either not adequately expressed or misapprehended. Many elisions still remained unsoftened; the compound epithets I found not always happily combined, and the same sometimes too frequently repeated. There is no end of passages in Homer, which must creep unless they are lifted; yet in such, all embellishment is out of the question. The hero puts on his clothes, or refreshes himself with food and wine, or he yokes his steed, takes a journey, and in the evening preparation is made for his repose. To give relief to subjects prosaic as these without seeming unreasonably tumid is extremely difficult. Mr. Pope much abridges some of them, and others he omits; but neither of these liberties was compatible with the nature of my undertaking. These, therefore, and many similar to these, have been new-modeled; somewhat to their advantage I hope, but not even now entirely to my satisfaction. The lines have a more natural movement, the pauses are fewer and less stately, the expression as easy as I could make it without meanness, and these were all the improvements that I could give them. The elisions, I believe, are all cured, with only one exception. An alternative proposes itself to a modern versifier, from which there is no escape, which occurs perpetually, and which, choose as he may, presents him always with an evil. I mean in the instance of the particle (_the_). When this particle precedes a vowel, shall he melt it into the substantive, or leave the _hiatus_ open? Both practices are offensive to a delicate ear. The particle absorbed occasions harshness, and the open vowel a vacuity equally inconvenient. Sometimes, therefore, to leave it open, and sometimes to ingraft it into its adjunct seems most advisable; this course Mr. Pope has taken, whose authority recommended it to me; though of the two evils I have most frequently chosen the elision as the least. Compound epithets have obtained so long in the poetical language of our country, that I employed them without fear or scruple. To have abstained from them in a blank verse translation of Homer, who abounds with them, and from whom our poets probably first adopted them, would have been strange indeed. But though the genius of our language favors the formation of such words almost as much as that of the Greek, it happens sometimes, that a Grecian compound either cannot be rendered in English at all, or, at best, but awkwardly. For this reason, and because I found that some readers much disliked them, I have expunged many; retaining, according to my best judgment, the most eligible only, and making less frequent the repetitions even of these. I know not that I can add any thing material on the subject of this last revisal, unless it be proper to give the reason why the Iliad, though greatly altered, has undergone much fewer alterations than the Odyssey. The true reason I believe is this. The Iliad demanded my utmost possible exertions; it seemed to meet me like an ascent almost perpendicular, which could not be surmounted at less cost than of all the labor that I could bestow on it. The Odyssey on the contrary seemed to resemble an open and level country, through which I might travel at my ease. The latter, therefore, betrayed me into some negligence, which, though little conscious of it at the time, on an accurate search, I found had left many disagreeable effects behind it. I now leave the work to its fate. Another may labor hereafter in an attempt of the same kind with more success; but more industriously, I believe, none ever will. PREFACE BY J. JOHNSON, LL.B. CHAPLAIN TO THE BISHOP OF PETERBOROUGH. I have no other pretensions to the honorable name of Editor on this occasion, than as a faithful transcriber of the Manuscript, and a diligent corrector of the Press, which are, doubtless, two of the very humblest employments in that most extensive province. I have wanted the ability to attempt any thing higher; and, fortunately for the reader, I have also wanted the presumption. What, however, I can do, I will. Instead of critical remark, I will furnish him with anecdote. He shall trace from beginning to end the progress of the following work; and in proportion as I have the happiness to engage his attention, I shall merit the name of a fortunate editor. It was in the darkest season of a most calamitous depression of his spirits, that I was summoned to the house of my inestimable friend the Translator, in the month of January, 1794. He had happily completed a revisal of his Homer, and was thinking of the preface to his new edition, when all his satisfaction in the one, and whatever he had projected for the other, in a moment vanished from his mind. He had fallen into a deplorable illness; and though the foremost wish of my heart was to lessen the intenseness of his misery, I was utterly unable to afford him any aid. I had, however, a pleasing though a melancholy opportunity of tracing his recent footsteps in the Field of Troy, and in the Palace of Ithaca. He had materially altered both the Iliad and Odyssey; and, so far as my ability allowed me to judge, they were each of them greatly improved. He had also, at the request of his bookseller, interspersed the two poems with copious notes; for the most part translations of the ancient Scholia, and gleaned, at the cost of many valuable hours, from the pages of Barnes, Clarke, and Villoisson. It has been a constant subject of regret to the admirers of “The Task,” that the exercise of such marvelous original powers, should have been so long suspended by the drudgery of translation; and in this view, their quarrel with the illustrious Greek will be, doubtless, extended to his commentators.[1] During two long years from this most anxious period, the translation continued as it was; and though, in the hope of its being able to divert his melancholy, I had attempted more than once to introduce it to its Author, I was every time painfully obliged to desist. But in the summer of ninety-six, when he had resided with me in Norfolk twelve miserable months, the introduction long wished for took place. To my inexpressible astonishment and joy, I surprised him, one morning, with the Iliad in his hand; and with an excess of delight, which I am still more unable to describe, I the next day discovered that he had been writing.—Were I to mention one of the happiest moments of my life, it might be that which introduced me to the following lines:— Mistaken meanings corrected, admonente G. Wakefield. B. XXIII. L. 429. that the nave Of thy neat wheel seem e’en to grind upon it. L. 865. As when (the north wind freshening) near the bank Up springs a fish in air, then falls again And disappears beneath the sable flood, So at the stroke, he bounded. L. 1018. Thenceforth Tydides o’er his ample shield Aim’d and still aim’d to pierce him in the neck. Or better thus— Tydides, in return, with spear high-poised O’er the broad shield, aim’d ever at his neck, Or best of all— Then Tydeus’ son, with spear high-poised above The ample shield, stood aiming at his neck. He had written these lines with a pencil, on a leaf at the end of his Iliad; and when I reflected on the cause which had given them birth, I could not but admire its disproportion to the effect. What the voice of persuasion had failed in for a year, accident had silently accomplished in a single day. The circumstance I allude to was this: I received a copy of the Iliad and Odyssey of Pope, then recently published by the Editor above mentioned, with illustrative and critical notes of his own. As it commended Mr. Cowper’s Translation in the Preface, and occasionally pointed out its merits in the Notes, I was careful to place it in his way; though it was more from a habit of experiment which I had contracted, than from well-grounded hopes of success. But what a fortunate circumstance was the arrival of this Work! and by what name worthy of its influence shall I call it? In the mouth of an indifferent person it might be Chance; but in mine; whom it rendered so peculiarly happy, common gratitude requires that it should be Providence. As I watched him with an indescribable interest in his progress, I had the satisfaction to find, that, after a few mornings given to promiscuous correction, and to frequent perusal of the above-mentioned Notes, he was evidently settling on the sixteenth Book. This he went regularly through, and the fruits of an application so happily resumed were, one day with another, about sixty new lines. But with the end of the sixteenth Book he had closed the corrections of the year. An excursion to the coast, which immediately followed, though it promised an accession of strength to the body, could not fail to interfere with the pursuits of the mind. It was therefore with much less surprise than regret, that I saw him relinquish the “_Tale of Troy Divine_.” Such was the prelude to the last revisal, which, in the month of January, ninety-seven, Mr. Cowper was persuaded to undertake; and to a faithful copy, as I trust, of which, I have at this time the honor to conduct the reader. But it may not be amiss to observe, that with regard to the earlier books of the Iliad, it was less a revisal of the altered text, than of the text as it stands in the first edition. For though the interleaved copy was always at hand, and in the multitude of its altered places could hardly fail to offer some things worthy to be preserved, but which the ravages of illness and the lapse of time might have utterly effaced from his mind, I could not often persuade the Translator to consult it. I was therefore induced, in the course of transcribing, to compare the two revisals as I went along, and to plead for the continuance of the first correction, when it forcibly struck me as better than the last. This, however, but seldom occurred; and the practice, at length, was completely left off, by his consenting to receive into the number of the books which were daily laid open before him, the interleaved copy to which I allude. At the end of the first six books of the Iliad, the arrival of spring brought the usual interruptions of exercise and air, which increased as the summer advanced to a degree so unfavorable to the progress of Homer, that in the requisite attention to their salutary claims, the revisal was, at one time, altogether at a stand. Only four books were added in the course of nine months; but opportunity returning as the winter set in, there were added, in less than seven weeks, four more: and thus ended the year ninety-seven. As the spring that succeeded was a happier spring, so it led to a happier summer. We had no longer air and exercise alone, but exercise and Homer hand in hand. He even followed us thrice to the sea: and whether our walks were “on the margin of the land, O’er the green summit of the” cliffs, “whose base Beats back the roaring surge,” “or on the shore Of the untillable and barren deep,” they were always within hearing of his magic song. About the middle of this busy summer, the revisal of the Iliad was brought to a close; and on the very next day, the 24th of July, the correction of the Odyssey commenced,—a morning rendered memorable by a kind and unexpected visit from the patroness of that work, the Dowager Lady Spencer! It is not my intention to detain the reader with a progressive account of the Odyssey revised, as circumstantial as that of the Iliad, because it went on smoothly from beginning to end, and was finished in less than eight months. I cannot deliver these volumes to the public without feeling emotions of gratitude toward Heaven, in recollecting how often this corrected Work has appeared to me an instrument of Divine mercy, to mitigate the sufferings of my excellent relation. Its progress in our private hours was singularly medicinal to his mind: may its presentment to the Public prove not less conducive to the honor of the departed Author, who has every claim to my veneration! As a copious life of the Poet is already in the press, from the pen of his intimate friend Mr. Hayley, it is unnecessary for me to enter on such extensive commendation of his character, as my own intimacy with him might suggest; but I hope the reader will kindly allow me the privilege of indulging, in some degree, the feelings of my heart, by applying to him, in the close of this Preface, an expressive verse (borrowed from Homer) which he inscribed himself, with some little variation, on a bust of his Grecian Favorite. Ως τε πατηρ ω παιδι, και ουποτε λησομαι αυτε. Loved as his Son, in him I early found A Father, such as I will ne’er forget. Footnote: Very few signatures had at this time been affixed to the notes; but I afterward compared them with the Greek, note by note, and endeavored to supply the defect; more especially in the last three Volumes, where the reader will be pleased to observe that all the notes without signatures are Mr. Cowper’s, and that those marked B.C.V. are respectively found in the editions of Homer by Barnes, Clarke, and Villoisson. But the employment was so little to the taste and inclination of the poet, that he never afterward revised them, or added to their number more than these which follow;—In the Odyssey, Vol. I. Book xi., the note 32.—Vol. II. Book xv., the note 13.—The note10 Book xvi., of that volume, and the note 14, Book xix., of the same. ADVERTISEMENT TO SOUTHEY’S EDITION It is incumbent upon the present Editor to state the reasons which have induced him, between two editions of Cowper’s Homer, differing so materially from each other that they might almost be deemed different versions, to prefer the first. Whoever has perused the Translator’s letters, must have perceived that he had considered with no ordinary care the scheme of his versification, and that when he resolved upon altering it in a second edition, it was in deference to the opinion of others. It seems to the Editor that Cowper’s own judgment is entitled to more respect, than that of any, or all his critics; and that the version which he composed when his faculties were most active and his spirits least subject to depression,—indeed in the happiest part of his life,—ought not to be superseded by a revisal, or rather reconstruction, which was undertaken three years before his death,—not like the first translation as “a pleasant work, an innocent luxury,” the cheerful and delightful occupation of hope and ardor and ambition,—but as a “hopeless employment,” a task to which he gave “all his miserable days, and often many hours of the night,” seeking to beguile the sense of utter wretchedness, by altering as if for the sake of alteration. The Editor has been confirmed in this opinion by the concurrence of every person with whom he has communicated on the subject. Among others he takes the liberty of mentioning Mr. Cary, whose authority upon such a question is of especial weight, the Translator of Dante being the only one of our countrymen who has ever executed a translation of equal magnitude and not less difficulty, with the same perfect fidelity and admirable skill. In support of this determination, the case of Tasso may be cited as curiously in point. The great Italian poet altered his Jerusalem like Cowper, against his own judgment, in submission to his critics: he made the alteration in the latter years of his life, and in a diseased state of mind; and he proceeded upon the same prescribed rule of smoothing down his versification, and removing all the elisions. The consequence has been that the reconstructed poem is utterly neglected, and has rarely, if ever, been reprinted, except in the two great editions of his collected works; while the original poem has been and continues to be in such demand, that the most diligent bibliographer might vainly attempt to enumerate all the editions through which it has passed. EDITOR’S NOTE. It will be seen by the Advertisement to Southey’s edition of Cowper’s Translation of the Iliad, that he has the highest opinion of its merits, and that he also gives the preference to Cowper’s unrevised edition. The Editor of the present edition is happy to offer it to the public under the sanction of such high authority. In the addition of notes I have availed myself of the learning of various commentators (Pope, Coleridge, Müller, etc.) and covet no higher praise than the approval of my judgment in the selection. Those bearing the signature E.P.P., were furnished by my friend Miss Peabody, of Boston. I would also acknowledge my obligations to C.C. Felton, Eliot Professor of Greek in Harvard University. It should be observed, that the remarks upon the language of the poem refer to it in the original. For a definite treatment of the character of each deity introduced in the Iliad, and for the fable of the Judgment of Paris, which was the primary cause of the Trojan war, the reader is referred to “Grecian and Roman Mythology.” It is intended that this edition of the Iliad shall be followed by a similar one of the Odyssey, provided sufficient encouragement is given by the demand for the present volume. CONTENTS. BOOK I. BOOK II. BOOK III. BOOK IV. BOOK V. BOOK VI. BOOK VII. BOOK VIII. BOOK IX. BOOK X. BOOK XI. BOOK XII. BOOK XIII. BOOK XIV. BOOK XV. BOOK XVI. BOOK XVII. BOOK XVIII. BOOK XIX. BOOK XX. BOOK XXI. BOOK XXII. BOOK XXIII. BOOK XXIV. THE ILIAD OF HOMER, TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH BLANK VERSE. BOOK I. ARGUMENT OF THE FIRST BOOK. The book opens with an account of a pestilence that prevailed in the Grecian camp, and the cause of it is assigned. A council is called, in which fierce altercation takes place between Agamemnon and Achilles. The latter solemnly renounces the field. Agamemnon, by his heralds, demands Brisëis, and Achilles resigns her. He makes his complaint to Thetis, who undertakes to plead his cause with Jupiter. She pleads it, and prevails. The book concludes with an account of what passed in Heaven on that occasion. [The reader will please observe, that by Achaians, Argives, Danaï, are signified Grecians. Homer himself having found these various appellatives both graceful and convenient, it seemed unreasonable that a Translator of him should be denied the same advantage.—Tr.] BOOK I. Achilles sing, O Goddess! Peleus’ son; His wrath pernicious, who ten thousand woes Caused to Achaia’s host, sent many a soul Illustrious into Ades premature, And Heroes gave (so stood the will of Jove)5 To dogs and to all ravening fowls a prey, When fierce dispute had separated once The noble Chief Achilles from the son Of Atreus, Agamemnon, King of men. Who them to strife impell’d? What power divine?10 Latona’s son and Jove’s.[1] For he, incensed Against the King, a foul contagion raised In all the host, and multitudes destroy’d, For that the son of Atreus had his priest Dishonored, Chryses. To the fleet he came15 Bearing rich ransom glorious to redeem His daughter, and his hands charged with the wreath And golden sceptre[2] of the God shaft-arm’d. His supplication was at large to all The host of Greece, but most of all to two,20 The sons of Atreus, highest in command. Ye gallant Chiefs, and ye their gallant host, (So may the Gods who in Olympus dwell Give Priam’s treasures to you for a spoil And ye return in safety,) take my gifts25 And loose my child, in honor of the son Of Jove, Apollo, archer of the skies.[3] At once the voice of all was to respect The priest, and to accept the bounteous price; But so it pleased not Atreus’ mighty son,30 Who with rude threatenings stern him thence dismiss’d. Beware, old man! that at these hollow barks I find thee not now lingering, or henceforth Returning, lest the garland of thy God And his bright sceptre should avail thee nought.35 I will not loose thy daughter, till old age Steal on her. From her native country far, In Argos, in my palace, she shall ply The loom, and shall be partner of my bed. Move me no more. Begone; hence while thou may’st.40 He spake, the old priest trembled and obey’d. Forlorn he roamed the ocean’s sounding shore, And, solitary, with much prayer his King Bright-hair’d Latona’s son, Phœbus, implored.[4] God of the silver bow, who with thy power45 Encirclest Chrysa, and who reign’st supreme In Tenedos and Cilla the divine, Sminthian[5] Apollo![6] If I e’er adorned Thy beauteous fane, or on the altar burn’d The fat acceptable of bulls or goats,50 Grant my petition. With thy shafts avenge On the Achaian host thy servant’s tears. Such prayer he made, and it was heard.[7] The God, Down from Olympus with his radiant bow And his full quiver o’er his shoulder slung,55 Marched in his anger; shaken as he moved His rattling arrows told of his approach. Gloomy he came as night; sat from the ships Apart, and sent an arrow. Clang’d the cord [8]Dread-sounding, bounding on the silver bow.[9]60 Mules first and dogs he struck,[10] but at themselves Dispatching soon his bitter arrows keen, Smote them. Death-piles on all sides always blazed. Nine days throughout the camp his arrows flew; The tenth, Achilles from all parts convened65 The host in council. Juno the white-armed Moved at the sight of Grecians all around Dying, imparted to his mind the thought.[11] The full assembly, therefore, now convened, Uprose Achilles ardent, and began.70 Atrides! Now, it seems, no course remains For us, but that the seas roaming again, We hence return; at least if we survive; But haste, consult we quick some prophet here Or priest, or even interpreter of dreams,75 (For dreams are also of Jove,) that we may learn By what crime we have thus incensed Apollo, What broken vow, what hecatomb unpaid He charges on us, and if soothed with steam Of lambs or goats unblemish’d, he may yet80 Be won to spare us, and avert the plague. He spake and sat, when Thestor’s son arose Calchas, an augur foremost in his art, Who all things, present, past, and future knew, And whom his skill in prophecy, a gift85 Conferred by Phœbus on him, had advanced To be conductor of the fleet to Troy; He, prudent, them admonishing, replied.[12] Jove-loved Achilles! Wouldst thou learn from me What cause hath moved Apollo to this wrath,90 The shaft-arm’d King? I shall divulge the cause. But thou, swear first and covenant on thy part That speaking, acting, thou wilt stand prepared To give me succor; for I judge amiss, Or he who rules the Argives, the supreme95 O’er all Achaia’s host, will be incensed. Wo to the man who shall provoke the King For if, to-day, he smother close his wrath, He harbors still the vengeance, and in time Performs it. Answer, therefore, wilt thou save me?100 To whom Achilles, swiftest of the swift. What thou hast learn’d in secret from the God That speak, and boldly. By the son of Jove, Apollo, whom thou, Calchas, seek’st in prayer Made for the Danaï, and who thy soul105 Fills with futurity, in all the host The Grecian lives not, who while I shall breathe, And see the light of day, shall in this camp Oppress thee; no, not even if thou name Him, Agamemnon, sovereign o’er us all.110 Then was the seer embolden’d, and he spake. Nor vow nor hecatomb unpaid on us He charges, but the wrong done to his priest Whom Agamemnon slighted when he sought His daughter’s freedom, and his gifts refused.115 He is the cause. Apollo for his sake Afflicts and will afflict us, neither end Nor intermission of his heavy scourge Granting, till unredeem’d, no price required, The black-eyed maid be to her father sent,120 And a whole hecatomb in Chrysa bleed. Then, not before, the God may be appeased. He spake and sat; when Atreus’ son arose, The Hero Agamemnon, throned supreme. Tempests of black resentment overcharged125 His heart, and indignation fired his eyes. On Calchas lowering, him he first address’d. Prophet of mischief! from whose tongue no note Of grateful sound to me, was ever heard; Ill tidings are thy joy, and tidings glad130 Thou tell’st not, or thy words come not to pass. And now among the Danaï thy dreams Divulging, thou pretend’st the Archer-God For his priest’s sake, our enemy, because I scorn’d his offer’d ransom of the maid135 Chrysëis, more desirous far to bear Her to my home, for that she charms me more Than Clytemnestra, my own first espoused, With whom, in disposition, feature, form, Accomplishments, she may be well compared.140 Yet, being such, I will return her hence If that she go be best. Perish myself— But let the people of my charge be saved Prepare ye, therefore, a reward for me, And seek it instant. It were much unmeet145 That I alone of all the Argive host Should want due recompense, whose former prize Is elsewhere destined, as ye all perceive. To whom Achilles, matchless in the race. Atrides, glorious above all in rank,150 And as intent on gain as thou art great, Whence shall the Grecians give a prize to thee? The general stock is poor; the spoil of towns Which we have taken, hath already passed In distribution, and it were unjust155 To gather it from all the Greeks again. But send thou back this Virgin to her God, And when Jove’s favor shall have given us Troy, A threefold, fourfold share shall then be thine. To whom the Sovereign of the host replied.160 Godlike Achilles, valiant as thou art, Wouldst thou be subtle too? But me no fraud Shall overreach, or art persuade, of thine. Wouldst thou, that thou be recompensed, and I Sit meekly down, defrauded of my due?165 And didst thou bid me yield her? Let the bold Achaians give me competent amends, Such as may please me, and it shall be well. Else, if they give me none, I will command Thy prize, the prize of Ajax, or the prize170 It may be of Ulysses to my tent, And let the loser chafe. But this concern Shall be adjusted at convenient time. Come—launch we now into the sacred deep A bark with lusty rowers well supplied;175 Then put on board Chrysëis, and with her The sacrifice required. Go also one High in authority, some counsellor, Idomeneus, or Ajax, or thyself, Thou most untractable of all mankind;180 And seek by rites of sacrifice and prayer To appease Apollo on our host’s behalf. Achilles eyed him with a frown, and spake. Ah! clothed with impudence as with a cloak, And full of subtlety, who, thinkest thou—185 What Grecian here will serve thee, or for thee Wage covert war, or open? Me thou know’st, Troy never wronged; I came not to avenge Harm done to me; no Trojan ever drove My pastures, steeds or oxen took of mine,190 Or plunder’d of their fruits the golden fields Of Phthia[13] the deep-soil’d. She lies remote, And obstacles are numerous interposed, Vale-darkening mountains, and the dashing sea. No, [14]Shameless Wolf! For thy good pleasure’s sake195 We came, and, [15]Face of flint! to avenge the wrongs By Menelaus and thyself sustain’d, On the offending Trojan—service kind, But lost on thee, regardless of it all. And now—What now? Thy threatening is to seize200 Thyself, the just requital of my toils, My prize hard-earn’d, by common suffrage mine. I never gain, what Trojan town soe’er We ransack, half thy booty. The swift march And furious onset—these I largely reap,205 But, distribution made, thy lot exceeds Mine far; while I, with any pittance pleased, Bear to my ships the little that I win After long battle, and account it much. But I am gone, I and my sable barks210 (My wiser course) to Phthia, and I judge, Scorn’d as I am, that thou shalt hardly glean Without me, more than thou shalt soon consume.[16] He ceased, and Agamemnon thus replied Fly, and fly now; if in thy soul thou feel215 Such ardor of desire to go—begone! I woo thee not to stay; stay not an hour On my behalf, for I have others here Who will respect me more, and above all All-judging Jove. There is not in the host220 King or commander whom I hate as thee, For all thy pleasure is in strife and blood, And at all times; yet valor is no ground Whereon to boast, it is the gift of Heaven Go, get ye back to Phthia, thou and thine!225 There rule thy Myrmidons.[17] I need not thee, Nor heed thy wrath a jot. But this I say, Sure as Apollo takes my lovely prize Chrysëis, and I shall return her home In mine own bark, and with my proper crew,230 So sure the fair Brisëis shall be mine. I shall demand her even at thy tent. So shalt thou well be taught, how high in power I soar above thy pitch, and none shall dare Attempt, thenceforth, comparison with me.235 He ended, and the big, disdainful heart Throbbed of Achilles; racking doubt ensued And sore perplex’d him, whether forcing wide A passage through them, with his blade unsheathed To lay Atrides breathless at his foot,240 Or to command his stormy spirit down. So doubted he, and undecided yet Stood drawing forth his falchion huge; when lo! Down sent by Juno, to whom both alike Were dear, and who alike watched over both,245 Pallas descended. At his back she stood To none apparent, save himself alone, And seized his golden locks. Startled, he turned, And instant knew Minerva. Flashed her eyes Terrific;[18] whom with accents on the wing250 Of haste, incontinent he questioned thus. Daughter of Jove, why comest thou? that thyself May’st witness these affronts which I endure From Agamemnon? Surely as I speak, This moment, for his arrogance, he dies.255 To whom the blue-eyed Deity. From heaven Mine errand is, to sooth, if thou wilt hear, Thine anger. Juno the white-arm’d alike To him and thee propitious, bade me down: Restrain thy wrath. Draw not thy falchion forth.260 Retort, and sharply, and let that suffice. For I foretell thee true. Thou shalt receive, Some future day, thrice told, thy present loss For this day’s wrong. Cease, therefore, and be still. To whom Achilles. Goddess, although much265 Exasperate, I dare not disregard Thy word, which to obey is always best.[19] Who hears the Gods, the Gods hear also him. He said; and on his silver hilt the force Of his broad hand impressing, sent the blade270 Home to its rest, nor would the counsel scorn Of Pallas. She to heaven well-pleased return’d, And in the mansion of Jove Ægis[20]-armed Arriving, mingled with her kindred Gods. But though from violence, yet not from words275 Abstained Achilles, but with bitter taunt Opprobrious, his antagonist reproached. Oh charged with wine, in steadfastness of face Dog unabashed, and yet at heart a deer! Thou never, when the troops have taken arms,280 Hast dared to take thine also; never thou Associate with Achaia’s Chiefs, to form The secret ambush.[21] No. The sound of war Is as the voice of destiny to thee. Doubtless the course is safer far, to range285 Our numerous host, and if a man have dared Dispute thy will, to rob him of his prize. King! over whom? Women and spiritless— Whom therefore thou devourest; else themselves Would stop that mouth that it should scoff no more.290 But hearken. I shall swear a solemn oath. By this same sceptre,[22] which shall never bud, Nor boughs bring forth as once, which having left Its stock on the high mountains, at what time The woodman’s axe lopped off its foliage green,295 And stript its bark, shall never grow again; Which now the judges of Achaia bear, Who under Jove, stand guardians of the laws, By this I swear (mark thou the sacred oath) Time shall be, when Achilles shall be missed;300 When all shall want him, and thyself the power To help the Achaians, whatsoe’er thy will; When Hector at your heels shall mow you down: The Hero-slaughtering Hector! Then thy soul, Vexation-stung, shall tear thee with remorse,305 That thou hast scorn’d, as he were nothing worth, A Chief, the soul and bulwark of your cause. So saying, he cast his sceptre on the ground Studded with gold, and sat. On the other side The son of Atreus all impassion’d stood,310 When the harmonious orator arose Nestor, the Pylian oracle, whose lips Dropped eloquence—the honey not so sweet. Two generations past of mortals born In Pylus, coëtaneous with himself,315 He govern’d now the third—amid them all He stood, and thus, benevolent, began. Ah! what calamity hath fall’n on Greece! Now Priam and his sons may well exult, Now all in Ilium shall have joy of heart320 Abundant, hearing of this broil, the prime Of Greece between, in council and in arms. But be persuaded; ye are younger both Than I, and I was conversant of old With Princes your superiors, yet from them325 No disrespect at any time received. Their equals saw I never; never shall; Exadius, Cœneus, and the Godlike son Of Ægeus, mighty Theseus; men renown’d For force superior to the race of man,330 Brave Chiefs they were, and with brave foes they fought, With the rude dwellers on the mountain-heights The Centaurs,[23] whom with havoc such as fame Shall never cease to celebrate, they slew. With these men I consorted erst, what time335 From Pylus, though a land from theirs remote, They called me forth, and such as was my strength, With all that strength I served them. Who is he? What Prince or Chief of the degenerate race Now seen on earth who might with these compare?340 Yet even these would listen and conform To my advice in consultation given, Which hear ye also; for compliance proves Oft times the safer and the manlier course. Thou, Agamemnon! valiant as thou art,345 Seize not the maid, his portion from the Greeks, But leave her his; nor thou, Achilles, strive With our imperial Chief; for never King Had equal honor at the hands of Jove With Agamemnon, or was throned so high.350 Say thou art stronger, and art Goddess-born, How then? His territory passes thine, And he is Lord of thousands more than thou. Cease, therefore, Agamemnon; calm thy wrath; And it shall be mine office to entreat355 Achilles also to a calm, whose might The chief munition is of all our host. To whom the sovereign of the Greeks replied, The son of Atreus. Thou hast spoken well, Old Chief, and wisely. But this wrangler here—360 Nought will suffice him but the highest place: He must control us all, reign over all, Dictate to all; but he shall find at least One here, disposed to question his commands. If the eternal Gods have made him brave,365 Derives he thence a privilege to rail? Whom thus Achilles interrupted fierce. Could I be found so abject as to take The measure of my doings at thy lips, Well might they call me coward through the camp,370 A vassal, and a fellow of no worth. Give law to others. Think not to control Me, subject to thy proud commands no more. Hear yet again! And weigh what thou shalt hear. I will not strive with thee in such a cause,375 Nor yet with any man; I scorn to fight For her, whom having given, ye take away. But I have other precious things on board; Of those take none away without my leave. Or if it please thee, put me to the proof380 Before this whole assembly, and my spear Shall stream that moment, purpled with thy blood. Thus they long time in opposition fierce Maintained the war of words; and now, at length, (The grand consult dissolved,) Achilles walked385 (Patroclus and the Myrmidons his steps Attending) to his camp and to his fleet. But Agamemnon order’d forth a bark, A swift one, manned with twice ten lusty rowers; He sent on board the Hecatomb:[24] he placed390 Chrysëis with the blooming cheeks, himself, And to Ulysses gave the freight in charge. So all embarked, and plow’d their watery way. Atrides, next, bade purify the host; The host was purified, as he enjoin’d,395 And the ablution cast into the sea. Then to Apollo, on the shore they slew, Of the untillable and barren deep, Whole Hecatombs of bulls and goats, whose steam Slowly in smoky volumes climbed the skies.400 Thus was the camp employed; nor ceased the while The son of Atreus from his threats denounced At first against Achilles, but command Gave to Talthybius and Eurybates His heralds, ever faithful to his will.405 Haste—Seek ye both the tent of Peleus’ son Achilles. Thence lead hither by the hand Blooming Brisëis, whom if he withhold, Not her alone, but other spoil myself Will take in person—He shall rue the hour.410 With such harsh message charged he them dismissed They, sad and slow, beside the barren waste Of Ocean, to the galleys and the tents Moved of the Myrmidons. Him there they found Beneath the shadow of his bark reclined,415 Nor glad at their approach. Trembling they stood, In presence of the royal Chief, awe-struck, Nor questioned him or spake. He not the less Knew well their embassy, and thus began. Ye heralds, messengers of Gods and men,420 Hail, and draw near! I bid you welcome both. I blame not you; the fault is his alone Who sends you to conduct the damsel hence Brisëis. Go, Patroclus, generous friend! Lead forth, and to their guidance give the maid.425 But be themselves my witnesses before The blessed Gods, before mankind, before The ruthless king, should want of me be felt To save the host from havoc[25]—Oh, his thoughts Are madness all; intelligence or skill,430 Forecast or retrospect, how best the camp May be secured from inroad, none hath he. He ended, nor Patroclus disobey’d, But leading beautiful Brisëis forth Into their guidance gave her; loth she went435 From whom she loved, and looking oft behind. Then wept Achilles, and apart from all, With eyes directed to the gloomy Deep And arms outstretch’d, his mother suppliant sought. Since, mother, though ordain’d so soon to die,440 I am thy son, I might with cause expect Some honor at the Thunderer’s hands, but none To me he shows, whom Agamemnon, Chief Of the Achaians, hath himself disgraced, Seizing by violence my just reward.445 So prayed he weeping, whom his mother heard Within the gulfs of Ocean where she sat Beside her ancient sire. From the gray flood Ascending sudden, like a mist she came, Sat down before him, stroked his face, and said.450 Why weeps my son? and what is thy distress? Hide not a sorrow that I wish to share. To whom Achilles, sighing deep, replied. Why tell thee woes to thee already known? At Thebes, Eëtion’s city we arrived,455 Smote, sack’d it, and brought all the spoil away. Just distribution made among the Greeks, The son of Atreus for his lot received Blooming Chrysëis. Her, Apollo’s priest Old Chryses followed to Achaia’s camp,460 That he might loose his daughter. Ransom rich He brought, and in his hands the hallow’d wreath And golden sceptre of the Archer God Apollo, bore; to the whole Grecian host, But chiefly to the foremost in command465 He sued, the sons of Atreus; then, the rest All recommended reverence of the Seer, And prompt acceptance of his costly gifts. But Agamemnon might not so be pleased, Who gave him rude dismission; he in wrath470 Returning, prayed, whose prayer Apollo heard, For much he loved him. A pestiferous shaft He instant shot into the Grecian host, And heap’d the people died. His arrows swept The whole wide camp of Greece, till at the last475 A Seer, by Phœbus taught, explain’d the cause. I first advised propitiation. Rage Fired Agamemnon. Rising, he denounced Vengeance, and hath fulfilled it. She, in truth, Is gone to Chrysa, and with her we send480 Propitiation also to the King Shaft-arm’d Apollo. But my beauteous prize Brisëis, mine by the award of all, His heralds, at this moment, lead away. But thou, wherein thou canst, aid thy own son!485 Haste hence to Heaven, and if thy word or deed Hath ever gratified the heart of Jove, With earnest suit press him on my behalf. For I, not seldom, in my father’s hall Have heard thee boasting, how when once the Gods,490 With Juno, Neptune, Pallas at their head, Conspired to bind the Thunderer, thou didst loose His bands, O Goddess! calling to his aid The Hundred-handed warrior, by the Gods Briareus, but by men, Ægeon named.[26]495 For he in prowess and in might surpassed His father Neptune, who, enthroned sublime, Sits second only to Saturnian Jove, Elate with glory and joy. Him all the Gods Fearing from that bold enterprise abstained.500 Now, therefore, of these things reminding Jove, Embrace his knees; entreat him that he give The host of Troy his succor, and shut fast The routed Grecians, prisoners in the fleet, That all may find much solace[27] in their King,505 And that the mighty sovereign o’er them all, Their Agamemnon, may himself be taught His rashness, who hath thus dishonor’d foul The life itself, and bulwark of his cause. To him, with streaming eyes, Thetis replied.510 Born as thou wast to sorrow, ah, my son! Why have I rear’d thee! Would that without tears, Or cause for tears (transient as is thy life, A little span) thy days might pass at Troy! But short and sorrowful the fates ordain515 Thy life, peculiar trouble must be thine, Whom, therefore, oh that I had never borne! But seeking the Olympian hill snow-crown’d, I will myself plead for thee in the ear Of Jove, the Thunderer. Meantime at thy fleet520 Abiding, let thy wrath against the Greeks Still burn, and altogether cease from war. For to the banks of the Oceanus,[28] Where Æthiopia holds a feast to Jove,[29] He journey’d yesterday, with whom the Gods525 Went also, and the twelfth day brings them home. Then will I to his brazen-floor’d abode, That I may clasp his knees, and much misdeem Of my endeavor, or my prayer shall speed. So saying, she went; but him she left enraged530 For fair Brisëis’ sake, forced from his arms By stress of power. Meantime Ulysses came To Chrysa with the Hecatomb in charge. Arrived within the haven[30] deep, their sails Furling, they stowed them in the bark below.535 Then by its tackle lowering swift the mast Into its crutch, they briskly push’d to land, Heaved anchors out, and moor’d the vessel fast. Forth came the mariners, and trod the beach; Forth came the victims of Apollo next,540 And, last, Chrysëis. Her Ulysses led Toward the altar, gave her to the arms Of her own father, and him thus address’d. O Chryses! Agamemnon, King of men, Hath sent thy daughter home, with whom we bring545 A Hecatomb on all our host’s behalf To Phœbus, hoping to appease the God By whose dread shafts the Argives now expire. So saying, he gave her to him, who with joy Received his daughter. Then, before the shrine550 Magnificent in order due they ranged The noble Hecatomb.[31] Each laved his hands And took the salted meal, and Chryses made His fervent prayer with hands upraised on high. God of the silver bow, who with thy power555 Encirclest Chrysa, and who reign’st supreme In Tenedos, and Cilla the divine! Thou prov’dst propitious to my first request, Hast honor’d me, and punish’d sore the Greeks; Hear yet thy servant’s prayer; take from their host560 At once the loathsome pestilence away! So Chryses prayed, whom Phœbus heard well-pleased; Then prayed the Grecians also, and with meal Sprinkling the victims, their retracted necks First pierced, then flay’d them; the disjointed thighs565 They, next, invested with the double caul, Which with crude slices thin they overspread. The priest burned incense, and libation poured Large on the hissing brands, while, him beside, Busy with spit and prong, stood many a youth570 Trained to the task. The thighs with fire consumed, They gave to each his portion of the maw, Then slashed the remnant, pierced it with the spits, And managing with culinary skill The roast, withdrew it from the spits again.575 Their whole task thus accomplish’d, and the board Set forth, they feasted, and were all sufficed. When neither hunger more nor thirst remained Unsatisfied, boys crown’d the beakers high With wine delicious, and from right to left580 Distributing the cups, served every guest. Thenceforth the youths of the Achaian race To song propitiatory gave the day, Pæans[32] to Phœbus, Archer of the skies, Chaunting melodious. Pleased, Apollo heard.585 But, when, the sun descending, darkness fell, They on the beach beside their hawsers slept; And, when the day-spring’s daughter rosy-palm’d Aurora look’d abroad, then back they steer’d To the vast camp. Fair wind, and blowing fresh,590 Apollo sent them; quick they rear’d the mast, Then spread the unsullied canvas to the gale, And the wind filled it. Roared the sable flood Around the bark, that ever as she went Dash’d wide the brine, and scudded swift away.595 Thus reaching soon the spacious camp of Greece, Their galley they updrew sheer o’er the sands From the rude surge remote, then propp’d her sides With scantlings long,[33] and sought their several tents. But Peleus’ noble son, the speed-renown’d600 Achilles, he, his well-built bark beside, Consumed his hours, nor would in council more, Where wise men win distinction, or in fight Appear, to sorrow and heart-withering wo Abandon’d; though for battle, ardent, still605 He panted, and the shout-resounding field. But when the twelfth fair morrow streak’d the East, Then all the everlasting Gods to Heaven Resorted, with the Thunderer at their head, And Thetis, not unmindful of her son,610 Prom the salt flood emerged, seeking betimes Olympus and the boundless fields of heaven. High, on the topmost eminence sublime Of the deep-fork’d Olympian she perceived The Thunderer seated, from the Gods apart.615 She sat before him, clasp’d with her left hand His knees, her right beneath his chin she placed, And thus the King, Saturnian Jove, implored. Father of all, by all that I have done Or said that ever pleased thee, grant my suit.620 Exalt my son, by destiny short-lived Beyond the lot of others. Him with shame The King of men hath overwhelm’d, by force Usurping his just meed; thou, therefore, Jove, Supreme in wisdom, honor him, and give625 Success to Troy, till all Achaia’s sons Shall yield him honor more than he hath lost! She spake, to whom the Thunderer nought replied, But silent sat long time. She, as her hand Had grown there, still importunate, his knees630 Clasp’d as at first, and thus her suit renew’d.[34] Or grant my prayer, and ratify the grant, Or send me hence (for thou hast none to fear) Plainly refused; that I may know and feel By how much I am least of all in heaven.635 To whom the cloud-assembler at the last Spake, deep-distress’d. Hard task and full of strife Thou hast enjoined me; Juno will not spare For gibe and taunt injurious, whose complaint Sounds daily in the ears of all the Gods,640 That I assist the Trojans; but depart, Lest she observe thee; my concern shall be How best I may perform thy full desire. And to assure thee more, I give the sign Indubitable, which all fear expels645 At once from heavenly minds. Nought, so confirmed, May, after, be reversed or render’d vain. He ceased, and under his dark brows the nod Vouchsafed of confirmation. All around The Sovereign’s everlasting head his curls650 Ambrosial shook,[35] and the huge mountain reeled. Their conference closed, they parted. She, at once, From bright Olympus plunged into the flood Profound, and Jove to his own courts withdrew. Together all the Gods, at his approach,655 Uprose; none sat expectant till he came, But all advanced to meet the Eternal Sire. So on his throne he sat. Nor Juno him Not understood; she, watchful, had observed, In consultation close with Jove engaged660 Thetis, bright-footed daughter of the deep, And keen the son of Saturn thus reproved. Shrewd as thou art, who now hath had thine ear? Thy joy is ever such, from me apart To plan and plot clandestine, and thy thoughts,665 Think what thou may’st, are always barred to me. To whom the father, thus, of heaven and earth. Expect not, Juno, that thou shalt partake My counsels at all times, which oft in height And depth, thy comprehension far exceed,670 Jove’s consort as thou art. When aught occurs Meet for thine ear, to none will I impart Of Gods or men more free than to thyself. But for my secret thoughts, which I withhold From all in heaven beside, them search not thou675 With irksome curiosity and vain. Him answer’d then the Goddess ample-eyed.[36] What word hath passed thy lips, Saturnian Jove, Thou most severe! I never search thy thoughts, Nor the serenity of thy profound680 Intentions trouble; they are safe from me: But now there seems a cause. Deeply I dread Lest Thetis, silver-footed daughter fair Of Ocean’s hoary Sovereign, here arrived At early dawn to practise on thee, Jove!685 I noticed her a suitress at thy knees, And much misdeem or promise-bound thou stand’st To Thetis past recall, to exalt her son, And Greeks to slaughter thousands at the ships. To whom the cloud-assembler God, incensed.690 Ah subtle! ever teeming with surmise, And fathomer of my concealed designs, Thy toil is vain, or (which is worse for thee,) Shall but estrange thee from mine heart the more. And be it as thou sayest,—I am well pleased695 That so it should be. Be advised, desist, Hold thou thy peace. Else, if my glorious hands Once reach thee, the Olympian Powers combined To rescue thee, shall interfere in vain. He said,—whom Juno, awful Goddess, heard700 Appall’d, and mute submitted to his will. But through the courts of Jove the heavenly Powers All felt displeasure; when to them arose Vulcan, illustrious artist, who with speech Conciliatory interposed to sooth705 His white-armed mother Juno, Goddess dread. Hard doom is ours, and not to be endured, If feast and merriment must pause in heaven While ye such clamor raise tumultuous here For man’s unworthy sake: yet thus we speed710 Ever, when evil overpoises good. But I exhort my mother, though herself Already warn’d, that meekly she submit To Jove our father, lest our father chide More roughly, and confusion mar the feast.715 For the Olympian Thunderer could with ease Us from our thrones precipitate, so far He reigns to all superior. Seek to assuage His anger therefore; so shall he with smiles Cheer thee, nor thee alone, but all in heaven.720 So Vulcan, and, upstarting, placed a cup Full-charged between his mother’s hands, and said, My mother, be advised, and, though aggrieved, Yet patient; lest I see thee whom I love So dear, with stripes chastised before my face,725 Willing, but impotent to give thee aid.[37] Who can resist the Thunderer? Me, when once I flew to save thee, by the foot he seized And hurl’d me through the portal of the skies. “From morn to eve I fell, a summer’s day,”730 And dropped, at last, in Lemnos. There half-dead The Sintians found me, and with succor prompt And hospitable, entertained me fallen. So He; then Juno smiled, Goddess white-arm’d, And smiling still, from his unwonted hand[38]735 Received the goblet. He from right to left Rich nectar from the beaker drawn, alert Distributed to all the powers divine. Heaven rang with laughter inextinguishable Peal after peal, such pleasure all conceived740 At sight of Vulcan in his new employ. So spent they in festivity the day, And all were cheered; nor was Apollo’s harp Silent, nor did the Muses spare to add Responsive melody of vocal sweets.745 But when the sun’s bright orb had now declined, Each to his mansion, wheresoever built By the lame matchless Architect, withdrew.[39] Jove also, kindler of the fires of heaven, His couch ascending as at other times750 When gentle sleep approach’d him, slept serene, With golden-sceptred Juno at his side. The first book contains the preliminaries to the commencement of serious action. First, the visit of the priest of Apollo to ransom his captive daughter, the refusal of Agamemnon to yield her up, and the pestilence sent by the god upon the Grecian army in consequence. Secondly, the restoration, the propitiation of Apollo, the quarrel of Agamemnon and Achilles, and the withdrawing of the latter from the Grecian army. Thirdly, the intercession of Thetis with Jupiter; his promise, unwillingly given, to avenge Achilles; and the assembly of the gods, in which the promise is angrily alluded to by Juno, and the discussion peremptorily checked by Jupiter. The poet, throughout this book, maintains a simple, unadorned style, but highly descriptive, and happily adapted to the nature of the subject.—Felton. BOOK II. ARGUMENT OF THE SECOND BOOK. Jupiter, in pursuance of his purpose to distress the Grecians in answer to the prayer of Thetis, deceives Agamemnon by a dream. He, in consequence of it, calls a council, the result of which is that the army shall go forth to battle. Thersites is mutinous, and is chastised by Ulysses. Ulysses, Nestor, and Agamemnon, harangue the people; and preparation is made for battle. An exact account follows of the forces on both sides. BOOK II. [1]All night both Gods and Chiefs equestrian slept, But not the Sire of all. He, waking soon, Mused how to exalt Achilles, and destroy No few in battle at the Grecian fleet. This counsel, at the last, as best he chose5 And likeliest; to dispatch an evil Dream To Agamemnon’s tent, and to his side The phantom summoning, him thus addressed. Haste, evil Dream! Fly to the Grecian fleet, And, entering royal Agamemnon’s tent,10 His ear possess thou thus, omitting nought Of all that I enjoin thee. Bid him arm His universal host, for that the time When the Achaians shall at length possess Wide Ilium, hath arrived. The Gods above15 No longer dwell at variance. The request Of Juno hath prevail’d; now, wo to Troy! So charged, the Dream departed. At the ships Well-built arriving of Achaia’s host, He Agamemnon, son of Atreus, sought.20 Him sleeping in his tent he found, immersed In soft repose ambrosial. At his head The shadow stood, similitude exact Of Nestor, son of Neleus; sage, with whom In Agamemnon’s thought might none compare.25 His form assumed, the sacred Dream began. Oh son of Atreus the renown’d in arms And in the race! Sleep’st thou? It ill behoves To sleep all night the man of high employ, And charged, as thou art, with a people’s care.30 Now, therefore, mark me well, who, sent from Jove, Inform thee, that although so far remote, He yet compassionates and thinks on thee With kind solicitude. He bids thee arm Thy universal host, for that the time35 When the Achaians shall at length possess Wide Ilium, hath arrived. The Gods above No longer dwell at variance. The requests Of Juno have prevail’d. Now, wo to Troy From Jove himself! Her fate is on the wing.40 Awaking from thy dewy slumbers, hold In firm remembrance all that thou hast heard. So spake the Dream, and vanishing, him left In false hopes occupied and musings vain. Full sure he thought, ignorant of the plan45 By Jove design’d, that day the last of Troy. Fond thought! For toils and agonies to Greeks And Trojans both, in many a bloody field To be endured, the Thunderer yet ordain’d. Starting he woke, and seeming still to hear50 The warning voice divine, with hasty leap Sprang from his bed, and sat.[2] His fleecy vest New-woven he put on, and mantle wide; His sandals fair to his unsullied feet He braced, and slung his argent-studded sword.55 Then, incorruptible for evermore The sceptre of his sires he took, with which He issued forth into the camp of Greece. Aurora now on the Olympian heights Proclaiming stood new day to all in heaven,60 When he his clear-voiced heralds bade convene The Greeks in council. Went the summons forth Into all quarters, and the throng began. First, at the ship of Nestor, Pylian King,[3] The senior Chiefs for high exploits renown’d65 He gather’d, whom he prudent thus address’d. My fellow warriors, hear! A dream from heaven, Amid the stillness of the vacant night Approach’d me, semblance close in stature, bulk, And air, of noble Nestor. At mine head70 The shadow took his stand, and thus he spake. Oh son of Atreus the renown’d in arms And in the race, sleep’st thou? It ill behoves To sleep all night the man of high employ, And charged as thou art with a people’s care.75 Now, therefore, mark me well, who, sent from Jove, Inform thee, that although so far remote, He yet compassionates and thinks on thee With kind solicitude. He bids thee arm Thy universal host; for that the time80 When the Achaians shall at length possess Wide Ilium, hath arrived. The Gods above No longer dwell at variance. The requests Of Juno have prevail’d. Now, wo to Troy From Jove himself! Her fate is on the wing.85 Charge this on thy remembrance. Thus he spake, Then vanished suddenly, and I awoke. Haste therefore, let us arm, if arm we may,[4] The warlike sons of Greece; but first, myself Will prove them, recommending instant flight90 With all our ships, and ye throughout the host Dispersed, shall, next, encourage all to stay. He ceased, and sat; when in the midst arose Of highest fame for wisdom, Nestor, King Of sandy Pylus, who them thus bespake.95 Friends, Counsellors, and Leaders of the Greeks! Had any meaner Argive told his dream, We had pronounced it false, and should the more Have shrunk from battle; but the dream is his Who boasts himself our highest in command.100 Haste, arm we, if we may, the sons of Greece. So saying, he left the council; him, at once The sceptred Chiefs, obedient to his voice, Arising, follow’d; and the throng began. As from the hollow rock bees stream abroad,105 And in succession endless seek the fields, Now clustering, and now scattered far and near, In spring-time, among all the new-blown flowers, So they to council swarm’d, troop after troop, Grecians of every tribe, from camp and fleet110 Assembling orderly o’er all the plain Beside the shore of Ocean. In the midst A kindling rumor, messenger of Jove, Impell’d them, and they went. Loud was the din Of the assembling thousands; groan’d the earth115 When down they sat, and murmurs ran around. Nine heralds cried aloud—Will ye restrain Your clamors, that your heaven-taught Kings may speak? Scarce were they settled, and the clang had ceased, When Agamemnon, sovereign o’er them all,120 Sceptre in hand, arose. (That sceptre erst Vulcan with labor forged, and to the hand Consign’d it of the King, Saturnian Jove; Jove to the vanquisher[5] of Ino’s[6] guard, And he to Pelops; Pelops in his turn,125 To royal Atreus; Atreus at his death Bequeath’d it to Thyestes rich in flocks, And rich Thyestes left it to be borne By Agamemnon, symbol of his right To empire over Argos and her isles)130 On that he lean’d, and rapid, thus began.[7] Friends, Grecian Heroes, ministers of Mars! Ye see me here entangled in the snares Of unpropitious Jove. He promised once, And with a nod confirm’d it, that with spoils135 Of Ilium laden, we should hence return; But now, devising ill, he sends me shamed, And with diminished numbers, home to Greece. So stands his sovereign pleasure, who hath laid The bulwarks of full many a city low,140 And more shall level, matchless in his might. That such a numerous host of Greeks as we, Warring with fewer than ourselves, should find No fruit of all our toil, (and none appears) Will make us vile with ages yet to come.145 For should we now strike truce, till Greece and Troy Might number each her own, and were the Greeks Distributed in bands, ten Greeks in each, Our banded decads should exceed so far Their units, that all Troy could not supply150 For every ten, a man, to fill us wine; So far the Achaians, in my thought, surpass The native Trojans. But in Troy are those Who baffle much my purpose; aids derived From other states, spear-arm’d auxiliars, firm155 In the defence of Ilium’s lofty towers. Nine years have passed us over, nine long years; Our ships are rotted, and our tackle marr’d, And all our wives and little-ones at home Sit watching our return, while this attempt160 Hangs still in doubt, for which that home we left. Accept ye then my counsel. Fly we swift With all our fleet back to our native land, Hopeless of Troy, not yet to be subdued. So spake the King, whom all the concourse heard165 With minds in tumult toss’d; all, save the few, Partners of his intent. Commotion shook The whole assembly, such as heaves the flood Of the Icarian Deep, when South and East Burst forth together from the clouds of Jove.170 And as when vehement the West-wind falls On standing corn mature, the loaded ears Innumerable bow before the gale, So was the council shaken. With a shout All flew toward the ships; uprais’d, the dust175 Stood o’er them; universal was the cry, “Now clear the passages, strike down the props, Set every vessel free, launch, and away!” Heaven rang with exclamation of the host All homeward bent, and launching glad the fleet.180 Then baffled Fate had the Achaians seen Returning premature, but Juno thus, With admonition quick to Pallas spake. Unconquer’d daughter of Jove Ægis-arm’d! Ah foul dishonor! Is it thus at last185 That the Achaians on the billows borne, Shall seek again their country, leaving here, To be the vaunt of Ilium and her King, Helen of Argos, in whose cause the Greeks Have numerous perish’d from their home remote?190 Haste! Seek the mail-arm’d multitude, by force Detain them of thy soothing speech, ere yet All launch their oary barks into the flood. She spake, nor did Minerva not comply, But darting swift from the Olympian heights,195 Reach’d soon Achaia’s fleet. There, she perceived Prudent as Jove himself, Ulysses; firm He stood; he touch’d not even with his hand His sable bark, for sorrow whelm’d his soul. The Athenæan Goddess azure-eyed200 Beside him stood, and thus the Chief bespake. Laertes’ noble son, for wiles renown’d! Why seek ye, thus precipitate, your ships? Intend ye flight? And is it thus at last, That the Achaians on the billows borne,205 Shall seek again their country, leaving here, To be the vaunt of Ilium and her King, Helen of Argos, in whose cause the Greeks Have numerous perish’d from their home remote? Delay not. Rush into the throng; by force210 Detain them of thy soothing speech, ere yet All launch their oary barks into the flood. She ceased, whom by her voice Ulysses knew, Casting his mantle from him, which his friend Eurybates the Ithacensian caught,215 He ran; and in his course meeting the son Of Atreus, Agamemnon, from his hand The everlasting sceptre quick received, Which bearing, through Achaia’s fleet he pass’d. What King soever, or distinguish’d Greek220 He found, approaching to his side, in terms Of gentle sort he stay’d him. Sir, he cried, It is unseemly that a man renown’d As thou, should tremble. Go—Resume the seat Which thou hast left, and bid the people sit.225 Thou know’st not clearly yet the monarch’s mind. He proves us now, but soon he will chastize. All were not present; few of us have heard His speech this day in council. Oh, beware, Lest in resentment of this hasty course230 Irregular, he let his anger loose. Dread is the anger of a King; he reigns By Jove’s own ordinance, and is dear to Jove, But what plebeian base soe’er he heard Stretching his throat to swell the general cry,235 He laid the sceptre smartly on his back, With reprimand severe. Fellow, he said, Sit still; hear others; thy superiors hear. For who art thou? A dastard and a drone, Of none account in council, or in arms.240 By no means may we all alike bear sway At Ilium; such plurality of Kings Were evil. One suffices. One, to whom The son of politic Saturn hath assign’d The sceptre, and inforcement of the laws,245 That he may rule us as a monarch ought.[8] With such authority the troubled host He sway’d; they, quitting camp and fleet again Rush’d back to council; deafening was the sound As when a billow of the boisterous deep250 Some broad beach dashes, and the Ocean roars. The host all seated, and the benches fill’d, Thersites only of loquacious tongue Ungovern’d, clamor’d mutinous; a wretch Of utterance prompt, but in coarse phrase obscene255 Deep learn’d alone, with which to slander Kings. Might he but set the rabble in a roar, He cared not with what jest; of all from Greece To Ilium sent, his country’s chief reproach. Cross-eyed he was, and halting moved on legs260 Ill-pair’d; his gibbous shoulders o’er his breast Contracted, pinch’d it; to a peak his head Was moulded sharp, and sprinkled thin with hair Of starveling length, flimsy and soft as down. Achilles and Ulysses had incurr’d265 Most his aversion; them he never spared; But now, imperial Agamemnon self In piercing accents stridulous he charged With foul reproach. The Grecians with contempt Listen’d, and indignation, while with voice270 At highest pitch, he thus the monarch mock’d. What wouldst thou now? Whereof is thy complaint Now, Agamemnon? Thou hast fill’d thy tents With treasure, and the Grecians, when they take A city, choose the loveliest girls for thee.275 Is gold thy wish? More gold? A ransom brought By some chief Trojan for his son’s release Whom I, or other valiant Greek may bind? Or wouldst thou yet a virgin, one, by right Another’s claim, but made by force thine own?280 It was not well, great Sir, that thou shouldst bring A plague on the Achaians, as of late. But come, my Grecian sisters, soldiers named Unfitly, of a sex too soft for war, Come, let us homeward: let him here digest285 What he shall gorge, alone; that he may learn If our assistance profit him or not. For when he shamed Achilles, he disgraced A Chief far worthier than himself, whose prize He now withholds. But tush,—Achilles lacks290 Himself the spirit of a man; no gall Hath he within him, or his hand long since Had stopp’d that mouth,[9] that it should scoff no more. Thus, mocking royal Agamemnon, spake Thersites. Instant starting to his side, 295 Noble Ulysses with indignant brows Survey’d him, and him thus reproved severe. Thersites! Railer!—peace. Think not thyself, Although thus eloquent, alone exempt From obligation not to slander Kings.300 I deem thee most contemptible, the worst Of Agamemnon’s followers to the war; Presume not then to take the names revered Of Sovereigns on thy sordid lips, to asperse Their sacred character, and to appoint305 The Greeks a time when they shall voyage home. How soon, how late, with what success at last We shall return, we know not: but because Achaia’s heroes numerous spoils allot To Agamemnon, Leader of the host,310 Thou therefore from thy seat revilest the King. But mark me. If I find thee, as even now, Raving and foaming at the lips again, May never man behold Ulysses’ head On these my shoulders more, and may my son315 Prove the begotten of another Sire, If I not strip thee to that hide of thine As bare as thou wast born, and whip thee hence Home to thy galley, sniveling like a boy. He ceased, and with his sceptre on the back320 And shoulders smote him. Writhing to and fro, He wept profuse, while many a bloody whelk Protuberant beneath the sceptre sprang. Awe-quell’d he sat, and from his visage mean, Deep-sighing, wiped the rheums. It was no time325 For mirth, yet mirth illumined every face, And laughing, thus they spake. A thousand acts Illustrious, both by well-concerted plans And prudent disposition of the host Ulysses hath achieved, but this by far330 Transcends his former praise, that he hath quell’d Such contumelious rhetoric profuse. The valiant talker shall not soon, we judge, Take liberties with royal names again.[10] So spake the multitude. Then, stretching forth335 The sceptre, city-spoiler Chief, arose Ulysses. Him beside, herald in form, Appeared Minerva. Silence she enjoined To all, that all Achaia’s sons might hear, Foremost and rearmost, and might weigh his words.340 He then his counsel, prudent, thus proposed. Atrides! Monarch! The Achaians seek To make thee ignominious above all In sight of all mankind. None recollects His promise more in steed-famed Argos pledged,345 Here to abide till Ilium wall’d to heaven Should vanquish’d sink, and all her wealth be ours. No—now, like widow’d women, or weak boys, They whimper to each other, wishing home. And home, I grant, to the afflicted soul350 Seems pleasant.[11] The poor seaman from his wife One month detain’d, cheerless his ship and sad Possesses, by the force of wintry blasts, And by the billows of the troubled deep Fast lock’d in port. But us the ninth long year355 Revolving, finds camp’d under Ilium still. I therefore blame not, if they mourn beside Their sable barks, the Grecians. Yet the shame That must attend us after absence long Returning unsuccessful, who can bear?360 Be patient, friends! wait only till we learn If Calchas truly prophesied, or not; For well we know, and I to all appeal, Whom Fate hath not already snatch’d away, (It seems but yesterday, or at the most365 A day or two before) that when the ships Wo-fraught for Priam, and the race of Troy, At Aulis met, and we beside the fount With perfect hecatombs the Gods adored Beneath the plane-tree, from whose root a stream370 Ran crystal-clear, there we beheld a sign Wonderful in all eyes. A serpent huge, Tremendous spectacle! with crimson spots His back all dappled, by Olympian Jove Himself protruded, from the altar’s foot375 Slipp’d into light, and glided to the tree. There on the topmost bough, close-cover’d sat With foliage broad, eight sparrows, younglings all, Then newly feather’d, with their dam, the ninth. The little ones lamenting shrill he gorged,380 While, wheeling o’er his head, with screams the dam Bewail’d her darling brood. Her also next, Hovering and clamoring, he by the wing Within his spiry folds drew, and devoured. All eaten thus, the nestlings and the dam,385 The God who sent him, signalized him too, For him Saturnian Jove transform’d to stone. We wondering stood, to see that strange portent Intrude itself into our holy rites, When Calchas, instant, thus the sign explain’d.390 Why stand ye, Greeks, astonish’d? Ye behold A prodigy by Jove himself produced, An omen, whose accomplishment indeed Is distant, but whose fame shall never die.[12] E’en as this serpent in your sight devour’d395 Eight youngling sparrows, with their dam, the ninth, So we nine years must war on yonder plain, And in the tenth, wide-bulwark’d Troy is ours. So spake the seer, and as he spake, is done. Wait, therefore, brave Achaians! go not hence400 Till Priam’s spacious city be your prize. He ceased, and such a shout ensued, that all The hollow ships the deafening roar return’d Of acclamation, every voice the speech Extolling of Ulysses, glorious Chief.405 Then Nestor the Gerenian,[13] warrior old, Arising, spake; and, by the Gods, he said, Ye more resemble children inexpert In war, than disciplined and prudent men. Where now are all your promises and vows,410 Councils, libations, right-hand covenants?[14] Burn them, since all our occupation here Is to debate and wrangle, whereof end Or fruit though long we wait, shall none be found. But, Sovereign, be not thou appall’d. Be firm.415 Relax not aught of thine accustomed sway, But set the battle forth as thou art wont. And if there be a Grecian, here and there, One,[15] adverse to the general voice, let such Wither alone. He shall not see his wish420 Gratified, neither will we hence return To Argos, ere events shall yet have proved Jove’s promise false or true. For when we climb’d Our gallant barks full-charged with Ilium’s fate, Saturnian Jove omnipotent, that day,425 (Omen propitious!) thunder’d on the right. Let no man therefore pant for home, till each Possess a Trojan spouse, and from her lips Take sweet revenge for Helen’s pangs of heart. Who then? What soldier languishes and sighs430 To leave us? Let him dare to lay his hand On his own vessel, and he dies the first. But hear, O King! I shall suggest a course Not trivial. Agamemnon! sort the Greeks By districts and by tribes, that tribe may tribe435 Support, and each his fellow. This performed, And with consent of all, thou shalt discern With ease what Chief, what private man deserts, And who performs his part. The base, the brave, Such disposition made, shall both appear;440 And thou shalt also know, if heaven or we, The Gods, or our supineness, succor Troy. To whom Atrides, King of men, replied. Old Chief! Thou passest all Achaia’s sons In consultation; would to Jove our Sire,445 To Athenæan Pallas, and Apollo! That I had ten such coadjutors, wise As thou art, and the royal city soon Of Priam, with her wealth, should all be ours.[16] But me the son of Saturn, Jove supreme450 Himself afflicts, who in contentious broils Involves me, and in altercation vain. Thence all that wordy tempest for a girl Achilles and myself between, and I The fierce aggressor. Be that breach but heal’d!455 And Troy’s reprieve thenceforth is at an end. Go—take refreshment now that we may march Forth to our enemies. Let each whet well His spear, brace well his shield, well feed his brisk High-mettled horses, well survey and search460 His chariot on all sides, that no defect Disgrace his bright habiliments of war. So will we give the day from morn to eve To dreadful battle. Pause there shall be none Till night divide us. Every buckler’s thong465 Shall sweat on the toil’d bosom, every hand That shakes the spear shall ache, and every steed Shall smoke that whirls the chariot o’er the plain. Wo then to whom I shall discover here Loitering among the tents; let him escape470 My vengeance if he can. The vulture’s maw Shall have his carcase, and the dogs his bones. He spake; whom all applauded with a shout Loud as against some headland cliff the waves Roll’d by the stormy South o’er rocks that shoot475 Afar into the deep, which in all winds The flood still overspreads, blow whence they may. Arising, forth they rush’d, among the ships All scatter’d; smoke from every tent arose, The host their food preparing; next, his God480 Each man invoked (of the Immortals him Whom he preferr’d) with sacrifice and prayer For safe escape from danger and from death. But Agamemnon to Saturnian Jove Omnipotent, an ox of the fifth year485 Full-flesh’d devoted, and the Princes call’d Noblest of all the Grecians to his feast. First, Nestor with Idomeneus the King, Then either Ajax, and the son he call’d Of Tydeus, with Ulysses sixth and last,490 Jove’s peer in wisdom. Menelaus went, Heroic Chief! unbidden, for he knew His brother’s mind with weight of care oppress’d. The ox encircling, and their hands with meal Of consecration fill’d, the assembly stood,495 When Agamemnon thus his prayer preferred. Almighty Father! Glorious above all! Cloud-girt, who dwell’st in heaven thy throne sublime, Let not the sun go down, till Priam’s roof Fall flat into the flames; till I shall burn500 His gates with fire; till I shall hew away His hack’d and riven corslet from the breast Of Hector, and till numerous Chiefs, his friends, Around him, prone in dust, shall bite the ground. So prayed he, but with none effect, The God505 Received his offering, but to double toil Doom’d them, and sorrow more than all the past. They then, the triturated barley grain First duly sprinkling, the sharp steel infix’d Deep in the victim’s neck reversed, then stripp’d510 The carcase, and divided at their joint The thighs, which in the double caul involved They spread with slices crude, and burn’d with fire Ascending fierce from billets sere and dry. The spitted entrails next they o’er the coals515 Suspended held. The thighs with fire consumed, They gave to each his portion of the maw, Then slash’d the remnant, pierced it with the spits, And managing with culinary skill The roast, withdrew it from the spits again.520 Thus, all their task accomplished, and the board Set forth, they feasted, and were all sufficed. When neither hunger more nor thirst remain’d Unsatisfied, Gerenian Nestor spake. Atrides! Agamemnon! King of men!525 No longer waste we time in useless words, Nor to a distant hour postpone the work To which heaven calls thee. Send thine heralds forth. Who shall convene the Achaians at the fleet, That we, the Chiefs assembled here, may range,530 Together, the imbattled multitude, And edge their spirits for immediate fight. He spake, nor Agamemnon not complied. At once he bade his clear-voiced heralds call The Greeks to battle. They the summons loud535 Gave forth, and at the sound the people throng’d. Then Agamemnon and the Kings of Greece Dispatchful drew them into order just, With whom Minerva azure-eyed advanced, The inestimable Ægis on her arm,540 Immortal, unobnoxious to decay A hundred braids, close twisted, all of gold, Each valued at a hundred beeves,[17] around Dependent fringed it. She from side to side Her eyes cerulean rolled, infusing thirst545 Of battle endless into every breast. War won them now, war sweeter now to each Than gales to waft them over ocean home.[18] As when devouring flames some forest seize On the high mountains, splendid from afar550 The blaze appears, so, moving on the plain, The steel-clad host innumerous flash’d to heaven. And as a multitude of fowls in flocks Assembled various, geese, or cranes, or swans Lithe-neck’d, long hovering o’er Caÿster’s banks555 On wanton plumes, successive on the mead Alight at last, and with a clang so loud That all the hollow vale of Asius rings; In number such from ships and tents effused, They cover’d the Scamandrian plain; the earth560 Rebellow’d to the feet of steeds and men. They overspread Scamander’s grassy vale, Myriads, as leaves, or as the flowers of spring. As in the hovel where the peasant milks His kine in spring-time, when his pails are fill’d,565 Thick clouds of humming insects on the wing Swarm all around him, so the Grecians swarm’d An unsumm’d multitude o’er all the plain, Bright arm’d, high crested, and athirst for war. As goat-herds separate their numerous flocks570 With ease, though fed promiscuous, with like ease Their leaders them on every side reduced To martial order glorious;[19] among whom Stood Agamemnon “with an eye like Jove’s, To threaten or command,” like Mars in girth,575 And with the port of Neptune. As the bull Conspicuous among all the herd appears, For he surpasses all, such Jove ordain’d That day the son of Atreus, in the midst Of Heroes, eminent above them all.580 Tell me, (for ye are are heavenly, and beheld[20] A scene, whereof the faint report alone Hath reached our ears, remote and ill-informed,) Tell me, ye Muses, under whom, beneath What Chiefs of royal or of humbler note585 Stood forth the embattled Greeks? The host at large; _They_ were a multitude in number more Than with ten tongues, and with ten mouths, each mouth Made vocal with a trumpet’s throat of brass I might declare, unless the Olympian nine,590 Jove’s daughters, would the chronicle themselves Indite, of all assembled, under Troy. I will rehearse the Captains and their fleets. [21]Bœotia’s sturdy sons Peneleus led, And Leïtus, whose partners in command595 Arcesilaus and Prothoenor came, And Clonius. Them the dwellers on the rocks Of Aulis followed, with the hardy clans Of Hyrie, Schoenos, Scholos, and the hills Of Eteon; Thespia, Græa, and the plains600 Of Mycalessus them, and Harma served, Eleon, Erythræ, Peteon; Hyle them, Hesius and Ocalea, and the strength Of Medeon; Copæ also in their train Marched, with Eutresis and the mighty men605 Of Thisbe famed for doves; nor pass unnamed Whom Coronæa, and the grassy land Of Haliartus added to the war, Nor whom Platæa, nor whom Glissa bred, And Hypothebæ,[22] and thy sacred groves610 To Neptune, dark Onchestus. Arne claims A record next for her illustrious sons, Vine-bearing Arne. Thou wast also there Mideia, and thou Nissa; nor be thine Though last, Anthedon, a forgotten name.615 These in Bœotia’s fair and gallant fleet Of fifty ships, each bearing o’er the waves Thrice forty warriors, had arrived at Troy. In thirty ships deep-laden with the brave, Aspledon and Orchomenos had sent620 Their chosen youth; them ruled a noble pair, Sons of Astyoche; she, lovely nymph, Received by stealth, on Actor’s stately roof, The embraces of a God, and bore to Mars Twins like himself, Ascalaphus the bold,625 And bold Iälmenus, expert in arms. Beneath Epistrophus and Schedius, took Their destined station on Bœotia’s left, The brave Phocensians; they in forty ships From Cyparissus came, and from the rocks630 Of Python, and from Crissa the divine; From Anemoria, Daulis, Panopeus, And from Hyampolis, and from the banks Of the Cephissus, sacred stream, and from Lilæa, seated at its fountain-head.635 Next from beyond Eubœa’s happy isle In forty ships conveyed, stood forth well armed The Locrians; dwellers in Augeia some The pleasant, some of Opoëis possessed, Some of Calliarus; these Scarpha sent,640 And Cynus those; from Bessa came the rest, From Tarpha, Thronius, and from the brink Of loud Boagrius; Ajax them, the swift, Son of Oïleus led, not such as he From Telamon, big-boned and lofty built,645 But small of limb, and of an humbler crest; Yet he, competitor had none throughout The Grecians of what land soe’er, for skill In ushering to its mark the rapid lance. Elphenor brought (Calchodon’s mighty son)650 The Eubœans to the field. In forty ships From Histrïæa for her vintage famed, From Chalcis, from Iretria, from the gates Of maritime Cerinthus, from the heights Of Dios rock-built citadel sublime,655 And from Caristus and from Styra came His warlike multitudes, all named alike Abantes, on whose shoulders fell behind Their locks profuse,[23] and they were eager all To split the hauberk with the pointed spear.660 Nor Athens had withheld her generous sons, The people of Erectheus. Him of old The teeming glebe produced, a wondrous birth! And Pallas rear’d him: her own unctuous fane She made his habitation, where with bulls665 The youth of Athens, and with slaughter’d lambs Her annual worship celebrate. Then led Menestheus, whom, (sage Nestor’s self except, Thrice school’d in all events of human life,) None rivall’d ever in the just array670 Of horse and man to battle. Fifty ships Black-prowed, had borne them to the distant war. Ajax from Salamis twelve vessels brought, And where the Athenian band in phalanx stood Marshall’d compact, there station’d he his powers.675 The men of Argos and Tyrintha next, And of Hermione, that stands retired With Asine, within her spacious bay; Of Epidaurus, crown’d with purple vines, And of Trœzena, with the Achaian youth680 Of sea-begirt Ægina, and with thine, Maseta, and the dwellers on thy coast, Wave-worn Eïonæ; these all obeyed The dauntless Hero Diomede, whom served Sthenelus, son of Capaneus, a Chief685 Of deathless fame, his second in command, And godlike man, Euryalus, the son Of King Mecisteus, Talaüs’ son, his third. But Diomede controll’d them all, and him Twice forty sable ships their leader own’d.690 Came Agamemnon with a hundred ships, Exulting in his powers; more numerous they, And more illustrious far than other Chief Could boast, whoever. Clad in burnish’d brass, And conscious of pre-eminence, he stood.695 He drew his host from cities far renown’d, Mycenæ, and Corinthus, seat of wealth, Orneia, and Cleonæ bulwark’d strong, And lovely Aræthyria; Sicyon, where His seat of royal power held at the first700 Adrastus: Hyperesia, and the heights Of Gonoëssa; Ægium, with the towns That sprinkle all that far-extended coast, Pellene also and wide Helice With all their shores, were number’d in his train.705 From hollow Lacedæmon’s glen profound, From Phare, Sparta, and from Messa, still Resounding with the ring-dove’s amorous moan, From Brysia, from Augeia, from the rocks Of Laas, from Amycla, Otilus,710 And from the towers of Helos, at whose foot The surf of Ocean falls, came sixty barks With Menelaus. From the monarch’s host The royal brother ranged his own apart, and panted for revenge of Helen’s wrongs,715 And of her sighs and tears.[24] From rank to rank, Conscious of dauntless might he pass’d, and sent Into all hearts the fervor of his own. Gerenian Nestor in thrice thirty ships Had brought his warriors; they from Pylus came,720 From blithe Arene, and from Thryos, built Fast by the fords of Alpheus, and from steep And stately Æpy. Their confederate powers Sent Amphigenia, Cyparissa veiled With broad redundance of funereal shades,725 Pteleos and Helos, and of deathless fame Dorion. In Dorion erst the Muses met Threïcian Thamyris, on his return From Eurytus, Oechalian Chief, and hush’d His song for ever; for he dared to vaunt730 That he would pass in song even themselves The Muses, daughters of Jove Ægis-arm’d. They therefore, by his boast incensed, the bard Struck blind, and from his memory dash’d severe All traces of his once celestial strains.735 Arcadia’s sons, the dwellers at the foot Of mount Cyllene, where Æpytus sleeps Intomb’d; a generation bold in fight, And warriors hand to hand; the valiant men Of Pheneus, of Orchomenos by flocks740 Grazed numberless, of Ripe, Stratia, bleak Enispe; Mantinea city fair, Stymphelus and Parrhasia, and the youth Of Tegea; royal Agapenor these, Ancæus’ offspring, had in sixty ships745 To Troy conducted; numerous was the crew, And skilled in arms, which every vessel brought, And Agamemnon had with barks himself Supplied them, for, of inland realms possessed, They little heeded maritime employs.[25]750 The dwellers in Buprasium, on the shores Of pleasant Elis, and in all the land Myrsinus and the Hyrminian plain between, The rock Olenian, and the Alysian fount; These all obey’d four Chiefs, and galleys ten755 Each Chief commanded, with Epeans filled. Amphimachus and Thalpius govern’d these, This, son of Cteatus, the other, sprung From Eurytus, and both of Actor’s house. Diores, son of Amarynceus, those760 Led on, and, for his godlike form renown’d, Polyxenus was Chieftain o’er the rest, Son of Agasthenes, Augeias’ son. Dulichium, and her sister sacred isles The Echinades, whose opposite aspect765 Looks toward Elis o’er the curling waves, Sent forth their powers with Meges at their head, Brave son of Phyleus, warrior dear to Jove. Phyleus in wrath, his father’s house renounced, And to Dulichium wandering, there abode.770 Twice twenty ships had follow’d Meges forth. Ulysses led the Cephallenians bold. From Ithaca, and from the lofty woods Of Neritus they came, and from the rocks Of rude Ægilipa. Crocylia these,775 And these Zacynthus own’d; nor yet a few From Samos, from Epirus join’d their aid, And from the opposite Ionian shore. Them, wise as Jove himself, Ulysses led In twelve fair ships, with crimson prows adorn’d.780 From forty ships, Thoas, Andræmon’s son, Had landed his Ætolians; for extinct Was Meleager, and extinct the house Of Oeneus all, nor Oeneus self survived; To Thoas therefore had Ætolia fallen;785 Him Olenos, Pylene, Chalcis served, With Pleuro, and the rock-bound Calydon. Idomeneus, spear-practised warrior, led The numerous Cretans. In twice forty ships He brought his powers to Troy. The warlike bands790 Of Cnossus, of Gortyna wall’d around, Of Lyctus, of Lycastus chalky-white, Of Phæstus, of Miletus, with the youth Of Rhytius him obey’d; nor these were all, But others from her hundred cities Crete795 Sent forth, all whom Idomeneus the brave Commanded, with Meriones in arms Dread as the God of battles blood-imbrued. Nine ships Tlepolemus, Herculean-born, For courage famed and for superior size,800 Fill’d with his haughty Rhodians. They, in tribes Divided, dwelt distinct. Jelyssus these, Those Lindus, and the rest the shining soil Of white Camirus occupied. Him bore To Hercules, (what time he led the nymph805 From Ephyre, and from Sellea’s banks, After full many a city laid in dust.) Astyocheia. In his father’s house Magnificent, Tlepolemus spear-famed Had scarce up-grown to manhood’s lusty prime810 When he his father’s hoary uncle slew Lycimnius, branch of Mars. Then built he ships, And, pushing forth to sea, fled from the threats Of the whole house of Hercules. Huge toil And many woes he suffer’d, till at length815 At Rhodes arriving, in three separate bands He spread himself abroad, Much was he loved Of all-commanding Jove, who bless’d him there, And shower’d abundant riches on them all. Nireus of Syma, with three vessels came;820 Nireus, Aglæa’s offspring, whom she bore To Charopus the King; Nireus in form, (The faultless son of Peleus sole except,) Loveliest of all the Grecians call’d to Troy. But he was heartless and his men were few.[26]825 Nisyrus, Casus, Crapathus, and Cos Where reign’d Eurypylus, with all the isles Calydnæ named, under two valiant Chiefs Their troops disposed; Phidippus one, and one, His brother Antiphus, begotten both830 By Thessalus, whom Hercules begat. In thirty ships they sought the shores of Troy. The warriors of Pelasgian Argos next, Of Alus, and Alope, and who held Trechina, Phthia, and for women fair835 Distinguish’d, Hellas; known by various names Hellenes, Myrmidons, Achæans, them In fifty ships embark’d, Achilles ruled. But these were deaf to the hoarse-throated war, For there was none to draw their battle forth,840 And give them just array. Close in his ships Achilles, after loss of the bright-hair’d Brisëis, lay, resentful; her obtained Not without labor hard, and after sack Of Thebes and of Lyrnessus, where he slew845 Two mighty Chiefs, sons of Evenus both, Epistrophus and Mynes, her he mourn’d, And for her sake self-prison’d in his fleet And idle lay, though soon to rise again. From Phylace, and from the flowery fields850 Of Pyrrhasus, a land to Ceres given By consecration, and from Iton green, Mother of flocks; from Antron by the sea, And from the grassy meads of Pteleus, came A people, whom while yet he lived, the brave855 Protesilaüs led; but him the earth Now cover’d dark and drear. A wife he left, To rend in Phylace her bleeding cheeks, And an unfinish’d mansion. First he died Of all the Greeks; for as he leap’d to land860 Foremost by far, a Dardan struck him dead. Nor had his troops, though filled with deep regret, No leader; them Podarces led, a Chief Like Mars in battle, brother of the slain, But younger born, and from Iphiclus sprung865 Who sprang from Phylacus the rich in flocks. But him Protesilaüs, as in years, So also in desert of arms excell’d Heroic, whom his host, although they saw Podarces at their head, still justly mourn’d;870 For he was fierce in battle, and at Troy With forty sable-sided ships arrived. Eleven galleys, Pheræ on the lake, And Boebe, and Iölchus, and the vale Of Glaphyræ supplied with crews robust875 Under Eumelus; him Alcestis, praised For beauty above all her sisters fair, In Thessaly to King Admetus bore. Methone, and Olizon’s craggy coast, With Melibœa and Thaumasia sent880 Seven ships; their rowers were good archers all, And every vessel dipped into the wave Her fifty oars. Them Philoctetes, skill’d To draw with sinewy arm the stubborn bow, Commanded; but he suffering anguish keen885 Inflicted by a serpent’s venom’d tooth, Lay sick in Lemnos; him the Grecians there Had left sore-wounded, but were destined soon To call to dear remembrance whom they left. Meantime, though sorrowing for his sake, his troops890 Yet wanted not a chief; them Medon ruled, Whom Rhena to the far-famed conqueror bore Oïleus, fruit of their unsanction’d loves. From Tricca, from Ithome rough and rude With rocks and glens, and from Oechalia, town895 Of Eurytus Oechalian-born, came forth Their warlike youth by Podalirius led And by Machaon, healers both expert Of all disease, and thirty ships were theirs. The men of Ormenus, and from beside900 The fountain Hypereia, from the tops Of chalky Titan, and Asteria’s band; Them ruled Eurypylus, Evæmon’s son Illustrious, whom twice twenty ships obeyed. Orthe, Gyrtone, Oloösson white,905 Argissa and Helone; they their youth Gave to control of Polypœtes, son Undaunted of Pirithoüs, son of Jove. Him, to Pirithoüs, (on the self-same day When he the Centaurs punish’d and pursued910 Sheer to Æthicæ driven from Pelion’s heights The shaggy race) Hippodamia bore. Nor he alone them led. With him was join’d Leonteus dauntless warrior, from the bold Coronus sprung, who Cæneus call’d his sire.915 Twice twenty ships awaited their command. Guneus from Cyphus twenty and two ships Led forth; the Enienes him obey’d, And the robust Perœbi, warriors bold, And dwellers on Dodona’s wintry brow.920 To these were join’d who till the pleasant fields Where Titaresius winds; the gentle flood Pours into Peneus all his limpid stores, But with the silver-eddied Peneus flows Unmixt as oil;[27] for Stygian is his stream,925 And Styx is the inviolable oath. Last with his forty ships, Tenthredon’s son, The active Prothoüs came. From the green banks Of Peneus his Magnesians far and near He gather’d, and from Pelion forest-crown’d.930 These were the princes and the Chiefs of Greece. Say, Muse, who most in personal desert Excell’d, and whose were the most warlike steeds And of the noblest strain. Their hue, their age, Their height the same, swift as the winds of heaven935 And passing far all others, were the mares Which drew Eumelus; on Pierian hills The heavenly Archer of the silver bow, Apollo, bred them. But of men, the chief Was Telamonian Ajax, while wrath-bound940 Achilles lay; for he was worthier far, And more illustrious were the steeds which bore The noble son of Peleus; but revenge On Agamemnon leader of the host Was all his thought, while in his gallant ships945 Sharp-keel’d to cut the foaming flood, he lay. Meantime, along the margin of the deep His soldiers hurled the disk, or bent the bow. Or to its mark dispatch’d the quivering lance. Beside the chariots stood the unharness’d steeds950 Cropping the lotus, or at leisure browsed On celery wild, from watery freshes gleaned. Beneath the shadow of the sheltering tent The chariot stood, while they, the charioteers Roam’d here and there the camp, their warlike lord955 Regretting sad, and idle for his sake. As if a fire had burnt along the ground, Such seem’d their march; earth groan’d their steps beneath; As when in Arimi, where fame reports Typhoëus stretch’d, the fires of angry Jove960 Down darted, lash the ground, so groan’d the earth Beneath them, for they traversed swift the plain. And now from Jove, with heavy tidings charged, Wind-footed Iris to the Trojans came. It was the time of council, when the throng965 At Priam’s gate assembled, young and old: Them, standing nigh, the messenger of heaven Accosted with the voice of Priam’s son, Polites. He, confiding in his speed For sure deliverance, posted was abroad970 On Æsyeta’s tomb,[28] intent to watch When the Achaian host should leave the fleet. The Goddess in his form thus them address’d. Oh, ancient Monarch! Ever, evermore Speaking, debating, as if all were peace;975 I have seen many a bright-embattled field, But never one so throng’d as this to-day. For like the leaves, or like the sands they come Swept by the winds, to gird the city round. But Hector! chiefly thee I shall exhort.980 In Priam’s spacious city are allies Collected numerous, and of nations wide Disseminated various are the tongues. Let every Chief his proper troop command, And marshal his own citizens to war.985 She ceased; her Hector heard intelligent, And quick dissolved the council. All took arms. Wide flew the gates; forth rush’d the multitude, Horsemen and foot, and boisterous stir arose. In front of Ilium, distant on the plain,990 Clear all around from all obstruction, stands An eminence high-raised, by mortal men Call’d Bateia, but the Gods the tomb Have named it of Myrinna swift in fight. Troy and her aids there set the battle forth.995 Huge Priameian Hector, fierce in arms, Led on the Trojans; with whom march’d the most And the most valiant, dexterous at the spear. Æneas, (on the hills of Ida him The lovely Venus to Anchises bore,1000 A Goddess by a mortal man embraced) Led the Dardanians; but not he alone; Archilochus with him and Acamas Stood forth, the offspring of Antenor, each, And well instructed in all forms of war.1005 Fast by the foot of Ida, where they drank The limpid waters of Æsepus, dwelt The Trojans of Zeleia. Rich were they And led by Pandarus, Lycaon’s son, Whom Phœbus self graced with the bow he bore.1010 Apæsus, Adrastea, Terie steep, And Pitueia—them, Amphius clad In mail thick-woven, and Adrastus, ruled. They were the sons of the Percosian seer Merops, expert in the soothsayers’ art1015 Above all other; he his sons forbad The bloody fight, but disobedient they Still sought it, for their destiny prevailed. The warriors of Percote, and who dwelt In Practius, in Arisba, city fair,1020 In Sestus, in Abydus, march’d behind Princely Hyrtacides; his tawny steeds, Strong-built and tall, from Sellcentes’ bank And from Arisba, had him borne to Troy. Hippothous and Pilmus, branch of Mars,1025 Both sons of Lethus the Pelasgian, they, Forth from Larissa for her fertile soil Far-famed, the spear-expert Pelasgians brought. The Thracians (all whom Hellespont includes Within the banks of his swift-racing tide)1030 Heroic Acamas and Pirous led. Euphemus, offspring of Trœzenus, son Of Jove-protected Ceas, was the Chief Whom the spear-arm’d Ciconian band obey’d. Pæonia’s archers follow’d to the field1035 Pyræchmes; they from Amydon remote Were drawn, where Axius winds; broad Axius, stream Diffused delightful over all the vale. Pylæmenes, a Chief of giant might From the Eneti for forest-mules renowned1040 March’d with his Paphlagonians; dwellers they In Sesamus and in Cytorus were, And by the stream Parthenius; Cromna these Sent forth, and those Ægialus on the lip And margin of the land, and some, the heights1045 Of Erythini, rugged and abrupt. Epistrophus and Odius from the land Of Alybe, a region far remote, Where veins of silver wind, led to the field The Halizonians. With the Mysians came1050 Chromis their Chief, and Ennomus; him skill’d In augury, but skill’d in vain, his art Saved not, but by Æacides[29] the swift, With others in the Xanthus[30] slain, he died. Ascanius, lovely youth, and Phorcis, led1055 The Phrygians from Ascania far remote, Ardent for battle. The Mœonian race, (All those who at the foot of Tmolus dwelt,) Mesthles and Antiphus, fraternal pair, Sons of Pylæmenes commanded, both1060 Of the Gygæan lake in Lydia born. Amphimachus and Nastes led to fight The Carians, people of a barbarous speech,[31] With the Milesians, and the mountain-race Of wood-crown’d Phthira, and who dwelt beside1065 Mæander, or on Mycale sublime. Them led Amphimachus and Nastes, sons Renown’d of Nomion. Like a simple girl Came forth Amphimachus with gold bedight, But him his trappings from a woful death1070 Saved not, when whirled beneath the bloody tide To Peleus’ stormy son his spoils he left. Sarpedon with the noble Glaucus led Their warriors forth from farthest Lycia, where Xanthus deep-dimpled rolls his oozy tide.1075 BOOK III. ARGUMENT OF THE THIRD BOOK. The armies meet. Paris throws out a challenge to the Grecian Princes. Menelaus accepts it. The terms of the combat are adjusted solemnly by Agamemnon on the part of Greece, and by Priam on the part of Troy. The combat ensues, in which Paris is vanquished, whom yet Venus rescues. Agamemnon demands from the Trojans a performance of the covenant. BOOK III. [1]Now marshall’d all beneath their several chiefs, With deafening shouts, and with the clang of arms, The host of Troy advanced. Such clang is heard Along the skies, when from incessant showers Escaping, and from winter’s cold, the cranes5 Take wing, and over Ocean speed away;[2] Wo to the land of dwarfs! prepared they fly For slaughter of the small Pygmæan race. Not so the Greeks; they breathing valor came, But silent all, and all with faithful hearts10 On succor mutual to the last, resolved. As when the south wind wraps the mountain top In mist the shepherd’s dread, but to the thief Than night itself more welcome, and the eye Is bounded in its ken to a stone’s cast,15 Such from beneath their footsteps dun and dense Uprose the dust, for swift they cross the plain. When, host to host opposed, full nigh they stood, Then Alexander[3] in the Trojan van Advanced was seen, all beauteous as a God;20 His leopard’s skin, his falchion and his bow Hung from his shoulder; bright with heads of brass He shook two spears, and challenged to the fight The bravest Argives there, defying all. Him, striding haughtily his host before25 When Menelaus saw, such joy he felt As hunger-pinch’d the lion feels, by chance Conducted to some carcase huge, wild goat, Or antler’d stag; huntsmen and baying hounds Disturb not _him_, he gorges in their sight.30 So Menelaus at the view rejoiced Of lovely Alexander, for he hoped His punishment at hand. At once, all armed, Down from his chariot to the ground he leap’d When godlike Paris him in front beheld35 Conspicuous, his heart smote him, and his fate Avoiding, far within the lines he shrank.[4] As one, who in some woodland height descrying A serpent huge, with sudden start recoils, His limbs shake under him; with cautious step40 He slow retires; fear blanches cold his cheeks; So beauteous Alexander at the sight Of Atreus’ son dishearten’d sore, the ranks Of haughty Trojans enter’d deep again: Him Hector eyed, and thus rebuked severe.45 Curst Paris! Fair deceiver! Woman-mad! I would to all in heaven that thou hadst died Unborn, at least unmated! happier far Than here to have incurr’d this public shame! Well may the Grecians taunt, and laughing loud,50 Applaud the champion, slow indeed to fight And pusillanimous, but wondrous fair. Wast thou as timid, tell me, when with those Thy loved companions in that famed exploit, Thou didst consort with strangers, and convey55 From distant lands a warrior’s beauteous bride To be thy father’s and his people’s curse, Joy to our foes, but to thyself reproach? Behold her husband! Darest thou not to face The warlike prince? Now learn how brave a Chief60 Thou hast defrauded of his blooming spouse. Thy lyre, thy locks, thy person, specious gifts Of partial Venus, will avail thee nought, Once mixt by Menelaus with the dust. But we are base ourselves, or long ago,65 For all thy numerous mischiefs, thou hadst slept Secure beneath a coverlet[5] of stone.[6] Then godlike Alexander thus replied. Oh Hector, true in temper as the axe Which in the shipwright’s hand the naval plank70 Divides resistless, doubling all his force, Such is thy dauntless spirit whose reproach Perforce I own, nor causeless nor unjust. Yet let the gracious gifts uncensured pass Of golden Venus; man may not reject75 The glorious bounty by the Gods bestow’d, Nor follows their beneficence our choice. But if thy pleasure be that I engage With Menelaus in decision fierce Of desperate combat bid the host of Troy80 And bid the Grecians sit; then face to face Commit us, in the vacant field between, To fight for Helen and for all her wealth. Who strongest proves, and conquers, he, of her And hers possess’d shall bear them safe away;85 While ye (peace sworn and firm accord) shall dwell At Troy, and these to Argos shall return And to Achaia praised for women fair. He ceased, whom Hector heard with joy; he moved Into the middle space, and with his spear90 Advanced athwart push’d back the Trojan van, And all stood fast. Meantime at him the Greeks Discharged full volley, showering thick around From bow and sling;[7] when with a mighty voice Thus Agamemnon, leader of the host.95 Argives! Be still—shoot not, ye sons of Greece! Hector bespeaks attention. Hear the Chief! He said, at once the Grecians ceased to shoot, And all sat silent. Hector then began. Hear me, ye Trojans, and ye Greeks mail-arm’d,100 While I shall publish in your ears the words Of Alexander, author of our strife. Trojans, he bids, and Grecians on the field Their arms dispose; while he, the hosts between, With warlike Menelaus shall in fight105 Contend for Helen, and for all her wealth. Who strongest proves, and conquers, he, of her And hers possess’d, shall bear them safe away, And oaths of amity shall bind the rest. He ceased, and all deep silence held, amazed;110 When valiant Menelaus thus began. Hear now me also, on whose aching heart These woes have heaviest fallen. At last I hope Decision near, Trojans and Greeks between, For ye have suffer’d in my quarrel much,115 And much by Paris, author of the war. Die he who must, and peace be to the rest. But ye shall hither bring two lambs, one white, The other black;[8] this to the Earth devote, That to the Sun. We shall ourselves supply120 A third for Jove. Then bring ye Priam forth, Himself to swear the covenant, (for his sons Are faithless) lest the oath of Jove be scorn’d. Young men are ever of unstable mind; But when an elder interferes, he views125 Future and past together, and insures The compact, to both parties, uninfringed. So Menelaus spake; and in all hearts Awaken’d joyful hope that there should end War’s long calamities. Alighted each,130 And drew his steeds into the lines. The field Glitter’d with arms put off, and side by side, Ranged orderly, while the interrupted war Stood front to front, small interval between. Then Hector to the city sent in haste135 Two heralds for the lambs, and to invite Priam; while Agamemnon, royal Chief, Talthybius to the Grecian fleet dismiss’d For a third lamb to Jove; nor he the voice Of noble Agamemnon disobey’d.140 Iris, ambassadress of heaven, the while, To Helen came. Laödice she seem’d, Loveliest of all the daughters of the house Of Priam, wedded to Antenor’s son, King Helicäon. Her she found within,145 An ample web magnificent she wove,[9] Inwrought with numerous conflicts for her sake Beneath the hands of Mars endured by Greeks Mail-arm’d, and Trojans of equestrian fame. Swift Iris, at her side, her thus address’d.150 Haste, dearest nymph! a wondrous sight behold! Greeks brazen-mail’d, and Trojans steed-renown’d. So lately on the cruel work of Mars Intent and hot for mutual havoc, sit Silent; the war hath paused, and on his shield155 Each leans, his long spear planted at his side. Paris and Menelaus, warrior bold, With quivering lances shall contend for thee, And thou art his who conquers; his for ever. So saying, the Goddess into Helen’s soul160 Sweetest desire infused to see again Her former Lord, her parents, and her home. At once o’ermantled with her snowy veil She started forth, and as she went let fall A tender tear; not unaccompanied165 She went, but by two maidens of her train Attended, Æthra, Pittheus’ daughter fair, And soft-eyed Clymene. Their hasty steps Convey’d them quickly to the Scæan gate. There Priam, Panthous, Clytius, Lampus sat,170 Thymoetes, Hicetaon, branch of Mars, Antenor and Ucalegon the wise, All, elders of the people; warriors erst, But idle now through age, yet of a voice Still indefatigable as the fly’s[10]175 Which perch’d among the boughs sends forth at noon Through all the grove his slender ditty sweet. Such sat those Trojan leaders on the tower, Who, soon as Helen on the steps they saw, In accents quick, but whisper’d, thus remark’d.180 Trojans and Grecians wage, with fair excuse, Long war for so much beauty.[11] Oh, how like In feature to the Goddesses above! Pernicious loveliness! Ah, hence away, Resistless as thou art and all divine,185 Nor leave a curse to us, and to our sons. So they among themselves; but Priam call’d Fair Helen to his side.[12] My daughter dear! Come, sit beside me. Thou shalt hence discern Thy former Lord, thy kindred and thy friends.190 I charge no blame on thee. The Gods have caused, Not thou, this lamentable war to Troy.[13] Name to me yon Achaian Chief for bulk Conspicuous, and for port. Taller indeed I may perceive than he; but with these eyes195 Saw never yet such dignity, and grace. Declare his name. Some royal Chief he seems. To whom thus Helen, loveliest of her sex, My other Sire! by me for ever held In reverence, and with filial fear beloved!200 Oh that some cruel death had been my choice, Rather than to abandon, as I did, All joys domestic, matrimonial bliss, Brethren, dear daughter, and companions dear, A wanderer with thy son. Yet I alas!205 Died not, and therefore now, live but to weep. But I resolve thee. Thou behold’st the son Of Atreus, Agamemnon, mighty king, In arms heroic, gracious in the throne, And, (though it shame me now to call him such,)210 By nuptial ties a brother once to me. Then him the ancient King-admiring, said. Oh blest Atrides, happy was thy birth, And thy lot glorious, whom this gallant host So numerous, of the sons of Greece obey!215 To vine-famed Phrygia, in my days of youth, I journey’d; many Phrygians there I saw, Brave horsemen, and expert; they were the powers Of Otreus and of Mygdon, godlike Chief, And on the banks of Sangar’s stream encamp’d.220 I march’d among them, chosen in that war Ally of Phrygia, and it was her day Of conflict with the man-defying race, The Amazons; yet multitudes like these Thy bright-eyed Greeks, I saw not even there.225 The venerable King observing next Ulysses, thus inquired. My child, declare Him also. Shorter by the head he seems Than Agamemnon, Atreus’ mighty son, But shoulder’d broader, and of ampler chest;230 He hath disposed his armor on the plain, But like a ram, himself the warrior ranks Ranges majestic; like a ram full-fleeced By numerous sheep encompass’d snowy-white. To whom Jove’s daughter Helen thus replied.235 In him the son of old Laërtes know, Ulysses; born in Ithaca the rude, But of a piercing wit, and deeply wise. Then answer thus, Antenor sage return’d. Princess thou hast described him: hither once240 The noble Ithacan, on thy behalf Ambassador with Menelaus, came: Beneath my roof, with hospitable fare Friendly I entertained them. Seeing then Occasion opportune, I closely mark’d245 The genius and the talents of the Chiefs, And this I noted well; that when they stood Amid the assembled counsellors of Troy, Then Menelaus his advantage show’d, Who by the shoulders overtopp’d his friend.250 But when both sat, Ulysses in his air Had more of state and dignity than he. In the delivery of a speech address’d To the full senate, Menelaus used Few words, but to the matter, fitly ranged,255 And with much sweetness utter’d; for in loose And idle play of ostentatious terms He dealt not, thhugh he were the younger man. But when the wise Ulysses from his seat Had once arisen, he would his downcast eyes260 So rivet on the earth, and with a hand That seem’d untutor’d in its use, so hold His sceptre, swaying it to neither side, That hadst thou seen him, thou hadst thought him, sure, Some chafed and angry idiot, passion-fixt.265 Yet, when at length, the clear and mellow base Of his deep voice brake forth, and he let fall His chosen words like flakes of feather’d snow, None then might match Ulysses; leisure, then, Found none to wonder at his noble form.270 The third of whom the venerable king Inquired, was Ajax.—Yon Achaian tall, Whose head and shoulders tower above the rest, And of such bulk prodigious—who is he? Him answer’d Helen, loveliest of her sex.275 A bulwark of the Greeks. In him thou seest Gigantic Ajax. Opposite appear The Cretans, and among the Chiefs of Crete stands, like a God, Idomeneus. Him oft From Crete arrived, was Menelaüs wont280 To entertain; and others now I see, Achaians, whom I could recall to mind, And give to each his name; but two brave youths I yet discern not; for equestrian skill One famed, and one a boxer never foiled;285 My brothers; born of Leda; sons of Jove; Castor and Pollux. Either they abide In lovely Sparta still, or if they came, Decline the fight, by my disgrace abash’d And the reproaches which have fallen on me.[14]290 She said; but they already slept inhumed In Lacedemon, in their native soil. And now the heralds, through the streets of Troy Charged with the lambs, and with a goat-skin filled With heart-exhilarating wine prepared295 For that divine solemnity, return’d. Idæus in his hand a beaker bore Resplendent, with its fellow cups of gold, And thus he summon’d ancient Priam forth. Son of Laömedon, arise. The Chiefs300 Call thee, the Chiefs of Ilium and of Greece. Descend into the plain. We strike a truce, And need thine oath to bind it. Paris fights With warlike Menelaüs for his spouse; Their spears decide the strife. The conqueror wins305 Helen and all her treasures. We, thenceforth, (Peace sworn and amity) shall dwell secure In Troy, while they to Argos shall return And to Achaia praised for women fair. He spake, and Priam, shuddering, bade his train310 Prepare his steeds; they sedulous obey’d. First, Priam mounting, backward stretch’d the reins; Antenor, next, beside him sat, and through The Scæan gate they drove into the plain. Arriving at the hosts of Greece and Troy315 They left the chariot, and proceeded both Into the interval between the hosts. Then uprose Agamemnon, and uprose All-wise Ulysses. Next, the heralds came Conspicuous forward, expediting each320 The ceremonial; they the beaker fill’d With wine, and to the hands of all the kings Minister’d water. Agamemnon then Drawing his dagger which he ever bore Appendant to his heavy falchion’s sheath,325 Cut off the forelocks of the lambs,[15] of which The heralds gave to every Grecian Chief A portion, and to all the Chiefs of Troy. Then Agamemnon raised his hands, and pray’d. Jove, Father, who from Ida stretchest forth330 Thine arm omnipotent, o’erruling all, And thou, all-seeing and all-hearing Sun, Ye Rivers, and thou conscious Earth, and ye Who under earth on human kind avenge Severe, the guilt of violated oaths,335 Hear ye, and ratify what now we swear! Should Paris slay the hero amber-hair’d, My brother Menelaüs, Helen’s wealth And Helen’s self are his, and all our host Shall home return to Greece; but should it chance340 That Paris fall by Menelaüs’ hand, Then Troy shall render back what she detains, With such amercement as is meet, a sum To be remember’d in all future times. Which penalty should Priam and his sons345 Not pay, though Paris fall, then here in arms I will contend for payment of the mulct My due, till, satisfied, I close the war. He said, and with his ruthless steel the lambs Stretch’d panting all, but soon they ceased to pant,350 For mortal was the stroke.[16] Then drawing forth Wine from the beaker, they with brimming cups Hail’d the immortal Gods, and pray’d again, And many a Grecian thus and Trojan spake. All-glorious Jove, and ye the powers of heaven,355 Whoso shall violate this contract first, So be the brains of them and of their sons Pour’d out, as we this wine pour on the earth, And may their wives bring forth to other men! So they: but them Jove heard not. Then arose360 Priam, the son of Dardanus, and said, Hear me, ye Trojans and ye Greeks well-arm’d. Hence back to wind-swept Ilium I return, Unable to sustain the sight, my son With warlike Menelaüs match’d in arms.365 Jove knows, and the immortal Gods, to whom Of both, this day is preordain’d the last. So spake the godlike monarch, and disposed Within the royal chariot all the lambs; Then, mounting, check’d the reins; Antenor next370 Ascended, and to Ilium both return’d. First, Hector and Ulysses, noble Chief, Measured the ground; then taking lots for proof Who of the combatants should foremost hurl His spear, they shook them in a brazen casque;375 Meantime the people raised their hands on high, And many a Grecian thus and Trojan prayed. Jove, Father, who on Ida seated, seest And rulest all below, glorious in power! Of these two champions, to the drear abodes380 Of Ades him appoint who furnish’d first The cause of strife between them, and let peace Oath-bound, and amity unite the rest! So spake the hosts; then Hector shook the lots, Majestic Chief, turning his face aside.385 Forth sprang the lot of Paris. They in ranks Sat all, where stood the fiery steeds of each, And where his radiant arms lay on the field. Illustrious Alexander his bright arms Put on, fair Helen’s paramour. [17]He clasp’d390 His polish’d greaves with silver studs secured; His brother’s corselet to his breast he bound, Lycaon’s, apt to his own shape and size, And slung athwart his shoulders, bright emboss’d, His brazen sword; his massy buckler broad395 He took, and to his graceful head his casque Adjusted elegant, which, as he moved, Its bushy crest waved dreadful; last he seized, Well fitted to his gripe, his ponderous spear. Meantime the hero Menelaüs made400 Like preparation, and his arms put on. When thus, from all the multitude apart, Both combatants had arm’d, with eyes that flash’d Defiance, to the middle space they strode, Trojans and Greeks between. Astonishment405 Seized all beholders. On the measured ground Full near they stood, each brandishing on high His massy spear, and each was fiery wroth. First, Alexander his long-shadow’d spear Sent forth, and on his smooth shield’s surface struck410 The son of Atreus, but the brazen guard Pierced not, for at the disk, with blunted point Reflex, his ineffectual weapon stay’d. Then Menelaüs to the fight advanced Impetuous, after prayer offer’d to Jove.[18]415 King over all! now grant me to avenge My wrongs on Alexander; now subdue The aggressor under me; that men unborn May shudder at the thought of faith abused, And hospitality with rape repaid.420 He said, and brandishing his massy spear, Dismiss’d it. Through the burnish’d buckler broad Of Priam’s son the stormy weapon flew, Transpierced his costly hauberk, and the vest Ripp’d on his flank; but with a sideward bend425 He baffled it, and baulk’d the dreadful death. Then Menelaüs drawing his bright blade, Swung it aloft, and on the hairy crest Smote him; but shiver’d into fragments small The falchion at the stroke fell from his hand.430 Vexation fill’d him; to the spacious heavens He look’d, and with a voice of wo exclaim’d— Jupiter! of all powers by man adored To me most adverse! Confident I hoped Revenge for Paris’ treason, but my sword435 Is shivered, and I sped my spear in vain. So saying, he sprang on him, and his long crest Seized fast; then, turning, drew him by that hold Toward the Grecian host. The broider’d band That underbraced his helmet at the chin,440 Strain’d to his smooth neck with a ceaseless force, Chok’d him; and now had Menelaus won Deathless renown, dragging him off the field, But Venus, foam-sprung Goddess, feeling quick His peril imminent, snapp’d short the brace445 Though stubborn, by a slaughter’d[19] ox supplied, And the void helmet follow’d as he pull’d. That prize the Hero, whirling it aloft, Threw to his Greeks, who caught it and secured, Then with vindictive strides he rush’d again450 On Paris, spear in hand; but him involved In mist opaque Venus with ease divine Snatch’d thence, and in his chamber placed him, fill’d With scents odorous, spirit-soothing sweets. Nor stay’d the Goddess, but at once in quest455 Of Helen went; her on a lofty tower She found, where many a damsel stood of Troy, And twitch’d her fragrant robe. In form she seem’d An ancient matron, who, while Helen dwelt In Lacedæmon, her unsullied wool460 Dress’d for her, faithfullest of all her train. Like her disguised the Goddess thus began. Haste—Paris calls thee—on his sculptured couch, (Sparkling alike his looks and his attire) He waits thy wish’d return. Thou wouldst not dream465 That he had fought; he rather seems prepared For dance, or after dance, for soft repose. So saying, she tumult raised in Helen’s mind. Yet soon as by her symmetry of neck, By her love-kindling breasts and luminous eyes470 She knew the Goddess, her she thus bespake. Ah whence, deceitful deity! thy wish Now to ensnare me? Wouldst thou lure me, say, To some fair city of Mæonian name Or Phrygian, more remote from Sparta still?475 Hast thou some human favorite also there? Is it because Atrides hath prevailed To vanquish Paris, and would bear me home Unworthy as I am, that thou attempt’st Again to cheat me? Go thyself—sit thou480 Beside him—for his sake renounce the skies; Watch him, weep for him; till at length his wife He deign to make thee, or perchance his slave. I go not (now to go were shame indeed) To dress his couch; nor will I be the jest485 Of all my sex in Ilium. Oh! my griefs Are infinite, and more than I can bear. To whom, the foam-sprung Goddess, thus incensed. Ah wretch! provoke not me; lest in my wrath Abandoning thee, I not hate thee less490 Than now I fondly love thee, and beget Such detestation of thee in all hearts, Grecian and Trojan, that thou die abhorr’d. The Goddess ceased. Jove’s daughter, Helen, fear’d, And, in her lucid veil close wrapt around,495 Silent retired, of all those Trojan dames Unseen, and Venus led, herself, the way. Soon then as Alexander’s fair abode They reach’d, her maidens quick their tasks resumed, And she to her own chamber lofty-roof’d500 Ascended, loveliest of her sex. A seat For Helen, daughter of Jove Ægis-arm’d, To Paris opposite, the Queen of smiles Herself disposed; but with averted eyes She sat before him, and him keen reproach’d.505 Thou hast escaped.—Ah would that thou hadst died By that heroic arm, mine husband’s erst! Thou once didst vaunt thee in address and strength Superior. Go then—challenge yet again The warlike Menelaüs forth in fight.510 But hold. The hero of the amber locks Provoke no more so rashly, lest the point Of his victorious spear soon stretch thee dead. She ended, to whom Paris thus replied. Ah Helen, wound me not with taunt severe!515 Me, Menelaüs, by Minerva’s aid, Hath vanquish’d now, who may hereafter, him. We also have our Gods. But let us love. For never since the day when thee I bore From pleasant Lacedæmon o’er the waves520 To Cranäe’s fair isle, and first enjoy’d Thy beauty, loved I as I love thee now, Or felt such sweetness of intense desire. He spake, and sought his bed, whom follow’d soon Jove’s daughter, reconciled to his embrace.525 But Menelaüs like a lion ranged The multitude, inquiring far and near For Paris lost. Yet neither Trojan him Nor friend of Troy could show, whom, else, through love None had conceal’d, for him as death itself530 All hated, but his going none had seen. Amidst them all then spake the King of men. Trojans, and Dardans, and allies of Troy! The warlike Menelaüs hath prevailed, As is most plain. Now therefore bring ye forth535 Helen with all her treasures, also bring Such large amercement as is meet, a sum To be remember’d in all future times. So spake Atrides, and Achaia’s host With loud applause confirm’d the monarch’s claim.540 BOOK IV. ARGUMENT OF THE FOURTH BOOK. In a Council of the Gods, a dispute arises between Jupiter and Juno, which is at last compromised, Jove consenting to dispatch Minerva with a charge to incite some Trojan to a violation of the truce. Minerva descends for that purpose, and in the form of Laodocus, a son of Priam, exhorts Pandarus to shoot at Menelaus, and succeeds. Menelaus is wounded, and Agamemnon having consigned him to the care of Machaon, goes forth to perform the duties of commander-in-chief, in the encouragement of his host to battle. The battle begins. BOOK IV. Now, on the golden floor of Jove’s abode The Gods all sat consulting; Hebe them, Graceful, with nectar served;[1] they pledging each His next, alternate quaff’d from cups of gold, And at their ease reclined, look’d down on Troy,5 When, sudden, Jove essay’d by piercing speech Invidious, to enkindle Juno’s ire. Two Goddesses on Menelaus’ part Confederate stand, Juno in Argos known, Pallas in Alalcomene;[2] yet they10 Sequester’d sit, look on, and are amused. Not so smile-loving Venus; she, beside Her champion station’d, saves him from his fate, And at this moment, by her aid, he lives. But now, since victory hath proved the lot15 Of warlike Menelaus, weigh ye well The matter; shall we yet the ruinous strife Prolong between the nations, or consent To give them peace? should peace your preference win, And prove alike acceptable to all,20 Stand Ilium, and let Menelaus bear Helen of Argos back to Greece again. He ended; Juno and Minerva heard, Low-murmuring deep disgust; for side by side They forging sat calamity to Troy.25 Minerva through displeasure against Jove Nought utter’d, for with rage her bosom boil’d; But Juno check’d not hers, who thus replied. What word hath pass’d thy lips, Jove most severe! How? wouldst thou render fruitless all my pains?30 The sweat that I have pour’d? my steeds themselves Have fainted while I gather’d Greece in arms For punishment of Priam and his sons. Do it. But small thy praise shall be in heaven. Then her the Thunderer answer’d sore displeased.35 Ah shameless! how have Priam and his sons So much transgress’d against thee, that thou burn’st With ceaseless rage to ruin populous Troy? Go, make thine entrance at her lofty gates, Priam and all his house, and all his host40 Alive devour; then, haply, thou wilt rest; Do even as thou wilt, that this dispute Live not between us a consuming fire For ever. But attend; mark well the word. When I shall also doom in future time45 Some city to destruction, dear to thee, Oppose me not, but give my fury way As I give way to thine, not pleased myself, Yet not unsatisfied, so thou be pleased. For of all cities of the sons of men,50 And which the sun and stars from heaven behold, Me sacred Troy most pleases, Priam me Most, and the people of the warrior King. Nor without cause. They feed mine altar well; Libation there, and steam of savory scent55 Fail not, the tribute which by lot is ours. Him answer’d, then, the Goddess ample-eyed,[3] Majestic Juno: Three fair cities me, Of all the earth, most interest and engage, Mycenæ for magnificence renown’d,60 Argos, and Sparta. Them, when next thy wrath Shall be inflamed against them, lay thou waste; I will not interpose on their behalf; Thou shalt not hear me murmur; what avail Complaint or force against thy matchless arm?65 Yet were it most unmeet that even I Should toil in vain; I also boast a birth Celestial; Saturn deeply wise, thy Sire, Is also mine; our origin is one. Thee I acknowledge Sovereign, yet account70 Myself entitled by a twofold claim To veneration both from Gods and men, The daughter of Jove’s sire, and spouse of Jove. Concession mutual therefore both thyself Befits and me, whom when the Gods perceive75 Disposed to peace, they also shall accord. Come then.—To yon dread field dispatch in haste Minerva, with command that she incite The Trojans first to violate their oath By some fresh insult on the exulting Greeks.80 So Juno; nor the sire of all refused, But in wing’d accents thus to Pallas spake. Begone; swift fly to yonder field; incite The Trojans first to violate their oath By some fresh insult on the exulting Greeks.85 The Goddess heard, and what she wish’d, enjoin’d, Down-darted swift from the Olympian heights, In form a meteor, such as from his hand Not seldom Jove dismisses, beaming bright And breaking into stars, an omen sent90 To mariners, or to some numerous host. Such Pallas seem’d, and swift descending, dropp’d Full in the midst between them. They with awe That sign portentous and with wonder view’d, Achaians both and Trojans, and his next95 The soldier thus bespake. Now either war And dire hostility again shall flame, Or Jove now gives us peace. Both are from Jove. So spake the soldiery; but she the form Taking of brave Laodocus, the son100 Of old Antenor, throughout all the ranks Sought godlike Pandarus.[4] Ere long she found The valiant son illustrious of Lycaon, Standing encompass’d by his dauntless troops, Broad-shielded warriors, from Æsepus’ stream105 His followers; to his side the Goddess came, And in wing’d accents ardent him bespake. Brave offspring of Lycaon, is there hope That thou wilt hear my counsel? darest thou slip A shaft at Menelaus? much renown110 Thou shalt and thanks from all the Trojans win, But most of all, from Paris, prince of Troy. From him illustrious gifts thou shalt receive Doubtless, when Menelaus he shall see The martial son of Atreus by a shaft115 Subdued of thine, placed on his funeral pile. Come. Shoot at Menelaus, glorious Chief! But vow to Lycian Phœbus bow-renown’d A hecatomb, all firstlings of the flock, To fair Zeleia’s[5] walls once safe restored.120 So Pallas spake, to whom infatuate he Listening, uncased at once his polished bow.[6] That bow, the laden brows of a wild goat Salacious had supplied; him on a day Forth-issuing from his cave, in ambush placed125 He wounded with an arrow to his breast Dispatch’d, and on the rock supine he fell. Each horn had from his head tall growth attain’d, Full sixteen palms; them shaven smooth the smith Had aptly join’d, and tipt their points with gold.130 That bow he strung, then, stooping, planted firm The nether horn, his comrades bold the while Screening him close with shields, lest ere the prince Were stricken, Menelaus brave in arms, The Greeks with fierce assault should interpose.135 He raised his quiver’s lid; he chose a dart Unflown, full-fledged, and barb’d with pangs of death. He lodged in haste the arrow on the string, And vow’d to Lycian Phœbus bow-renown’d A hecatomb, all firstlings of the flock,140 To fair Zeleia’s walls once safe restored. Compressing next nerve and notch’d arrow-head He drew back both together, to his pap Drew home the nerve, the barb home to his bow, And when the horn was curved to a wide arch,145 He twang’d it. Whizz’d the bowstring, and the reed Leap’d off, impatient for the distant throng. Thee, Menelaus, then the blessed Gods Forgat not; Pallas huntress of the spoil, Thy guardian then, baffled the cruel dart.150 Far as a mother wafts the fly aside[7] That haunts her slumbering babe, so far she drove Its course aslant, directing it herself Against the golden clasps that join’d his belt; For there the doubled hauberk interposed.155 The bitter arrow plunged into his belt. It pierced his broider’d belt, stood fixt within His twisted hauberk, nor the interior quilt, Though penetrable least to arrow-points And his best guard, withheld it, but it pass’d160 That also, and the Hero’s skin inscribed. Quick flowed a sable current from the wound. As when a Carian or Mæonian maid Impurples ivory ordain’d to grace The cheek of martial steed; safe stored it lies,165 By many a Chief desired, but proves at last The stately trapping of some prince,[8] the pride Of his high pamper’d steed, nor less his own; Such, Menelaus, seem’d thy shapely thighs, Thy legs, thy feet, stained with thy trickling blood.170 Shudder’d King Agamemnon when he saw The blood fast trickling from the wound, nor less Shudder’d himself the bleeding warrior bold. But neck and barb observing from the flesh Extant, he gather’d heart, and lived again.175 The royal Agamemnon, sighing, grasp’d The hand of Menelaus, and while all Their followers sigh’d around them, thus began.[9] I swore thy death, my brother, when I swore This truce, and set thee forth in sight of Greeks180 And Trojans, our sole champion; for the foe Hath trodden underfoot his sacred oath, And stained it with thy blood. But not in vain, The truce was ratified, the blood of lambs Poured forth, libation made, and right hands join’d185 In holy confidence. The wrath of Jove May sleep, but will not always; they shall pay Dear penalty; their own obnoxious heads Shall be the mulct, their children and their wives. For this I know, know surely; that a day190 Shall come, when Ilium, when the warlike King Of Ilium and his host shall perish all. Saturnian Jove high-throned, dwelling in heaven, Resentful of this outrage, then shall shake His storm-clad Ægis over them. He will;195 I speak no fable. Time shall prove me true. But, oh my Menelaus, dire distress Awaits me, if thy close of life be come, And thou must die. Then ignominy foul Shall hunt me back to Argos long-desired;200 For then all here will recollect their home, And, hope abandoning, will Helen yield To be the boast of Priam, and of Troy. So shall our toils be vain, and while thy bones Shall waste these clods beneath, Troy’s haughty sons205 The tomb of Menelaus glory-crown’d Insulting barbarous, shall scoff at me. So may Atrides, shall they say, perform His anger still as he performed it here, Whither he led an unsuccessful host,210 Whence he hath sail’d again without the spoils, And where he left his brother’s bones to rot. So shall the Trojan speak; then open earth Her mouth, and hide me in her deepest gulfs! But him, the hero of the golden locks215 Thus cheer’d. My brother, fear not, nor infect With fear the Grecians; the sharp-pointed reed Hath touch’d no vital part. The broider’d zone, The hauberk, and the tough interior quilt, Work of the armorer, its force repress’d.220 Him answer’d Agamemnon, King of men. So be it brother! but the hand of one Skilful to heal shall visit and shall dress The wound with drugs of pain-assuaging power. He ended, and his noble herald, next,225 Bespake, Talthybius. Haste, call hither quick The son of Æsculapius, leech renown’d, The prince Machaon. Bid him fly to attend The warlike Chieftain Menelaus; him Some archer, either Lycian or of Troy,230 A dexterous one, hath stricken with a shaft To his own glory, and to our distress. He spake, nor him the herald disobey’d, But through the Greeks bright-arm’d his course began The Hero seeking earnest on all sides235 Machaon. Him, ere long, he station’d saw Amid the shielded-ranks of his brave band From steed-famed Tricca drawn, and at his side With accents ardor-wing’d, him thus address’d. Haste, Asclepiades! The King of men240 Calls thee. Delay not. Thou must visit quick Brave Menelaus, Atreus’ son, for him Some archer, either Lycian or of Troy, A dexterous one, hath stricken with a shaft To his own glory, and to our distress.245 So saying, he roused Machaon, who his course Through the wide host began. Arriving soon Where wounded Menelaus stood, while all The bravest of Achaia’s host around The godlike hero press’d, he strove at once250 To draw the arrow from his cincture forth. But, drawing, bent the barbs. He therefore loosed His broider’d belt, his hauberk and his quilt, Work of the armorer, and laying bare His body where the bitter shaft had plow’d255 His flesh, he suck’d the wound, then spread it o’er With drugs of balmy power, given on a time For friendship’s sake by Chiron to his sire. While Menelaus thus the cares engross’d Of all those Chiefs, the shielded powers of Troy260 ’Gan move toward them, and the Greeks again Put on their armor, mindful of the fight. Then hadst thou[10] not great Agamemnon seen Slumbering, or trembling, or averse from war, But ardent to begin his glorious task.265 His steeds, and his bright chariot brass-inlaid He left; the snorting steeds Eurymedon, Offspring of Ptolemy Piraïdes Detain’d apart; for him he strict enjoin’d Attendance near, lest weariness of limbs270 Should seize him marshalling his numerous host. So forth he went, and through the files on foot Proceeding, where the warrior Greeks he saw Alert, he roused them by his words the more.[11] Argives! abate no spark of all your fire.275 Jove will not prosper traitors. Them who first Transgress’d the truce the vultures shall devour, But we (their city taken) shall their wives Lead captive, and their children home to Greece. So cheer’d he them. But whom he saw supine,280 Or in the rugged work of war remiss, In terms of anger them he stern rebuked. Oh Greeks! The shame of Argos! Arrow-doom’d! Blush ye not? Wherefore stand ye thus aghast, Like fawns which wearied after scouring wide285 The champain, gaze and pant, and can no more? Senseless like them ye stand, nor seek the fight. Is it your purpose patient here to wait Till Troy invade your vessels on the shore Of the grey deep, that ye may trial make290 Of Jove, if he will prove, himself, your shield? Thus, in discharge of his high office, pass’d Atrides through the ranks, and now arrived Where, hardy Chief! Idomeneus in front Of his bold Cretans stood, stout as a boar295 The van he occupied, while in the rear Meriones harangued the most remote. Them so prepared the King of men beheld With joyful heart, and thus in courteous terms Instant the brave Idomeneus address’d.300 Thee fighting, feasting, howsoe’er employed, I most respect, Idomeneus, of all The well-horsed Danäi; for when the Chiefs Of Argos, banqueting, their beakers charge With rosy wine the honorable meed305 Of valor, thou alone of all the Greeks Drink’st not by measure.[12] No—thy goblet stands Replenish’d still, and like myself thou know’st No rule or bound, save what thy choice prescribes. March. Seek the foe. Fight now as heretofore,310 To whom Idomeneus of Crete replied, Atrides! all the friendship and the love Which I have promised will I well perform. Go; animate the rest, Chief after Chief Of the Achaians, that the fight begin.315 For Troy has scatter’d to the winds all faith, All conscience; and for such her treachery foul Shall have large recompence of death and wo. He said, whom Agamemnon at his heart Exulting, pass’d, and in his progress came320 Where stood each Ajax; them he found prepared With all their cloud of infantry behind. As when the goat-herd on some rocky point Advanced, a cloud sees wafted o’er the deep By western gales, and rolling slow along,325 To him, who stands remote, pitch-black it seems, And comes with tempest charged; he at the sight Shuddering, his flock compels into a cave; So moved the gloomy phalanx, rough with spears, And dense with shields of youthful warriors bold,330 Close-following either Ajax to the fight. Them also, pleased, the King of men beheld, And in wing’d accents hail’d them as he pass’d. Brave leaders of the mail-clad host of Greece! I move not you to duty; ye yourselves335 Move others, and no lesson need from me. Jove, Pallas, and Apollo! were but all Courageous as yourselves, soon Priam’s towers Should totter, and his Ilium storm’d and sack’d By our victorious bands, stoop to the dust.340 He ceased, and still proceeding, next arrived Where stood the Pylian orator, his band Marshalling under all their leaders bold Alastor, Chromius, Pelagon the vast, Hæmon the prince, and Bias, martial Chief.345 Chariot and horse he station’d in the front; His numerous infantry, a strong reserve Right valiant, in the rear; the worst, and those In whom he trusted least, he drove between, That such through mere necessity might act.350 First to his charioteers he gave in charge Their duty; bade them rein their horses hard, Shunning confusion. Let no warrior, vain And overweening of his strength or skill, Start from his rank to dare the fight alone,355 Or fall behind it, weakening whom he leaves. [13]And if, dismounted from his own, he climb Another’s chariot, let him not affect Perverse the reins, but let him stand, his spear Advancing firm, far better so employ’d.360 Such was the discipline, in ancient times, Of our forefathers; by these rules they fought Successful, and laid many a city low. So counsell’d them the venerable Chief Long time expert in arms; him also saw365 King Agamemnon with delight, and said, Old Chief! ah how I wish, that thy firm heart Were but supported by as firm a knee! But time unhinges all. Oh that some youth Had thine old age, and thou wast young again!370 To whom the valiant Nestor thus replied. Atrides, I could also ardent wish That I were now robust as when I struck Brave Ereuthalion[14] breathless to the ground! But never all their gifts the Gods confer375 On man at once; if then I had the force Of youth, I suffer now the effects of age. Yet ancient as I am, I will be seen Still mingling with the charioteers, still prompt To give them counsel; for to counsel youth380 Is the old warrior’s province. Let the green In years, my juniors, unimpaired by time, Push with the lance, for they have strength to boast. So he, whom Agamemnon joyful heard, And passing thence, the son of Peteos found385 Menestheus, foremost in equestrian fame, Among the brave Athenians; near to him Ulysses held his station, and at hand The Cephallenians stood, hardy and bold; For rumor none of the approaching fight390 Them yet had reach’d, so recent had the stir Arisen in either host; they, therefore, watch’d Till the example of some other band Marching, should prompt them to begin the fight, But Agamemnon, thus, the King of men395 Them seeing, sudden and severe reproved. Menestheus, son of Peteos prince renown’d, And thou, deviser of all evil wiles! Adept in artifice! why stand ye here Appall’d? why wait ye on this distant spot400 Till others move? I might expect from you More readiness to meet the burning war, Whom foremost I invite of all to share The banquet, when the Princes feast with me. There ye are prompt; ye find it pleasant there405 To eat your savory food, and quaff your wine Delicious till satiety ensue; But here you could be well content to stand Spectators only, while ten Grecian troops Should wage before you the wide-wasting war.410 To whom Ulysses, with resentful tone Dark-frowning, thus replied. What words are these Which have escaped thy lips; and for what cause, Atrides, hast thou call’d me slow to fight? When we of Greece shall in sharp contest clash415 With you steed-tamer Trojans, mark me then; Then thou shalt see (if the concerns of war So nearly touch thee, and thou so incline) The father of Telemachus, engaged Among the foremost Trojans. But thy speech420 Was light as is the wind, and rashly made. When him thus moved he saw, the monarch smiled Complacent, and in gentler terms replied. Laërtes’ noble son, for wiles renown’d! Short reprimand and exhortation short425 Suffice for thee, nor did I purpose more. For I have known thee long, that thou art one Of kindest nature, and so much my friend That we have both one heart. Go therefore thou, Lead on, and if a word have fallen amiss,430 We will hereafter mend it, and may heaven Obliterate in thine heart its whole effect! He ceased, and ranging still along the line, The son of Tydeus, Diomede, perceived, Heroic Chief, by chariots all around435 Environ’d, and by steeds, at side of whom Stood Sthenelus, the son of Capaneus. Him also, Agamemnon, King of men, In accents of asperity reproved. Ah, son of Tydeus, Chief of dauntless heart440 And of equestrian fame! why standest thou Appall’d, and peering through the walks of war? So did not Tydeus. In the foremost fight His favorite station was, as they affirm Who witness’d his exploits; I never saw445 Or met him, but by popular report He was the bravest warrior of his day. Yet came he once, but not in hostile sort, To fair Mycenæ, by the godlike prince Attended, Polynices, at what time450 The host was called together, and the siege Was purposed of the sacred city Thebes. Earnest they sued for an auxiliar band, Which we had gladly granted, but that Jove By unpropitious tokens interfered.455 So forth they went, and on the reedy banks Arriving of Asopus, there thy sire By designation of the Greeks was sent Ambassador, and enter’d Thebes. He found In Eteocles’ palace numerous guests,460 The sons of Cadmus feasting, among whom, Although a solitary stranger, stood Thy father without fear, and challenged forth Their best to cope with him in manly games. Them Tydeus vanquish’d easily, such aid465 Pallas vouchsafed him. Then the spur-arm’d race Of Cadmus was incensed, and fifty youths In ambush close expected his return. Them, Lycophontes obstinate in fight, Son of Autophonus, and Mæon, son470 Of Hæmon, Chief of godlike stature, led. Those also Tydeus slew; Mæon except, (Whom, warned from heaven, he spared, and sent him home With tidings of the rest) he slew them all. Such was Ætolian Tydeus; who begat475 A son in speech his better, not in arms. He ended, and his sovereign’s awful voice Tydides reverencing, nought replied; But thus the son of glorious Capaneus. Atrides, conscious of the truth, speak truth.480 We with our sires compared, superior praise Claim justly.[15] We, confiding in the aid Of Jove, and in propitious signs from heaven, Led to the city consecrate to Mars Our little host, inferior far to theirs,485 And took seven-gated Thebes, under whose walls Our fathers by their own imprudence fell. Their glory, then, match never more with ours. He spake, whom with a frowning brow the brave Tydides answer’d. Sthenelus, my friend!490 I give thee counsel. Mark it. Hold thy peace. If Agamemnon, who hath charge of all, Excite his well-appointed host to war, He hath no blame from me. For should the Greeks (Her people vanquished) win imperial Troy,495 The glory shall be his; or, if his host O’erpower’d in battle perish, his the shame. Come, therefore; be it ours to rouse at once To action all the fury of our might. He said, and from his chariot to the plain500 Leap’d ardent; rang the armor on the breast Of the advancing Chief; the boldest heart Had felt emotion, startled at the sound. As when the waves by Zephyrus up-heaved Crowd fast toward some sounding shore, at first,505 On the broad bosom of the deep their heads They curl on high, then breaking on the land Thunder, and o’er the rocks that breast the flood Borne turgid, scatter far the showery spray; So moved the Greeks successive, rank by rank,510 And phalanx after phalanx, every Chief His loud command proclaiming, while the rest, As voice in all those thousands none had been Heard mute; and, in resplendent armor clad, With martial order terrible advanced.515 Not so the Trojans came. As sheep, the flock Of some rich man, by thousands in his court Penn’d close at milking time, incessant bleat, Loud answering all their bleating lambs without, Such din from Ilium’s wide-spread host arose.520 Nor was their shout, nor was their accent one, But mingled languages were heard of men From various climes. These Mars to battle roused, Those Pallas azure-eyed; nor Terror thence Nor Flight was absent, nor insatiate Strife,525 Sister and mate of homicidal Mars, Who small at first, but swift to grow, from earth Her towering crest lifts gradual to the skies. She, foe alike to both, the brands dispersed Of burning hate between them, and the woes530 Enhanced of battle wheresoe’er she pass’d. And now the battle join’d. Shield clash’d with shield[16] And spear with spear, conflicting corselets rang, Boss’d bucklers met, and tumult wild arose. Then, many a yell was heard, and many a shout535 Loud intermix’d, the slayer o’er the maim’d Exulting, and the field was drench’d with blood. As when two winter torrents rolling down The mountains, shoot their floods through gulleys huge Into one gulf below, station’d remote540 The shepherd in the uplands hears the roar; Such was the thunder of the mingling hosts. And first, Antilochus a Trojan Chief Slew Echepolus, from Thalysias sprung, Contending valiant in the van of Troy.545 Him smiting on his crested casque, he drove The brazen lance into his front, and pierced The bones within; night overspread his eyes, And in fierce battle, like a tower, he fell. Him fallen by both feet Calchodon’s son550 Seized, royal Elephenor, leader brave Of the Abantes, and in haste to strip His armor, drew him from the fight aside. But short was that attempt. Him so employ’d Dauntless Agenor mark’d, and as he stoop’d,555 In his unshielded flank a pointed spear Implanted deep; he languid sunk and died. So Elephenor fell, for whom arose Sharp conflict; Greeks and Trojans mutual flew Like wolves to battle, and man grappled man.560 Then Telamonian Ajax, in his prime Of youthful vigor Simöisius slew,[17] Son of Anthemion. Him on Simoïs’ banks His mother bore, when with her parents once She came from Ida down to view the flocks,565 And thence they named him; but his parents’ He lived not to requite, in early youth Slain by the spear of Ajax famed in arms. For him advancing Ajax at the pap Wounded; right through his shoulder driven the point570 Stood forth behind; he fell, and press’d the dust. So in some spacious marsh the poplar falls Smooth-skinn’d, with boughs unladen save aloft; Some chariot-builder with his axe the trunk Severs, that he may warp it to a wheel575 Of shapely form; meantime exposed it lies To parching airs beside the running stream; Such Simöisius seemed, Anthemion’s son, Whom noble Ajax slew. But soon at him Antiphus, son of Priam, bright in arms,580 Hurl’d through the multitude his pointed spear. He erred from Ajax, but he pierced the groin Of Leucus, valiant warrior of the band Led by Ulysses. He the body dragg’d Apart, but fell beside it, and let fall,585 Breathless himself, the burthen from his hand. Then burn’d Ulysses’ wrath for Leucus slain, And through the foremost combatants, array’d In dazzling arms, he rush’d. Full near he stood, And, looking keen around him, hurl’d a lance.590 Back fell the Trojans from before the face Dispersed of great Ulysses. Not in vain His weapon flew, but on the field outstretch’d A spurious son of Priam, from the shores Call’d of Abydus famed for fleetest mares,595 Democoon; him, for Leucus’ sake enraged, Ulysses through both temples with his spear Transpierced. The night of death hung on his eyes, And sounding on his batter’d arms he fell. Then Hector and the van of Troy retired;600 Loud shout the Grecians; these draw off the dead, Those onward march amain, and from the heights Of Pergamus Apollo looking down In anger, to the Trojans called aloud. Turn, turn, ye Trojans! face your Grecian foes.605 They, like yourselves, are vulnerable flesh, Not adamant or steel. Your direst dread Achilles, son of Thetis radiant-hair’d, Fights not, but sullen in his fleet abides.[18] Such from the citadel was heard the voice610 Of dread Apollo. But Minerva ranged Meantime, Tritonian progeny of Jove, The Grecians, rousing whom she saw remiss. Then Amarynceus’ son, Diores, felt The force of fate, bruised by a rugged rock615 At his right heel, which Pirus, Thracian Chief, The son of Imbrasus of Ænos, threw. Bones and both tendons in its fall the mass Enormous crush’d. He, stretch’d in dust supine, With palms outspread toward his warrior friends620 Lay gasping life away. But he who gave The fatal blow, Pirus, advancing, urged Into his navel a keen lance, and shed His bowels forth; then, darkness veil’d his eyes. Nor Pirus long survived; him through the breast625 Above the pap, Ætolian Thoas pierced, And in his lungs set fast the quivering spear. Then Thoas swift approach’d, pluck’d from the wound His stormy spear, and with his falchion bright Gashing his middle belly, stretch’d him dead.630 Yet stripp’d he not the slain, whom with long spears His Thracians hairy-scalp’d[19] so round about Encompassed, that though bold and large of limb Were Thoas, from before them him they thrust Staggering and reeling in his forced retreat.635 They therefore in the dust, the Epean Chief Diores, and the Thracian, Pirus lay Stretch’d side by side, with numerous slain around. Then had Minerva led through all that field Some warrior yet unhurt, him sheltering safe640 From all annoyance dread of dart or spear, No cause of blame in either had he found That day, so many Greeks and Trojans press’d, Extended side by side, the dusty plain. BOOK V. ARGUMENT OF THE FIFTH BOOK. Diomede is extraordinarily distinguished. He kills Pandarus, who had violated the truce, and wounds first Venus and then Mars. BOOK V. Then Athenæan Pallas on the son Of Tydeus,[1] Diomede, new force conferr’d And daring courage, that the Argives all He might surpass, and deathless fame achieve. Fires on his helmet and his shield around5 She kindled, bright and steady as the star Autumnal,[2] which in Ocean newly bathed Assumes fresh beauty; with such glorious beams His head encircling and his shoulders broad, She urged him forth into the thickest fight.10 There lived a man in Troy, Dares his name, The priest of Vulcan; rich he was and good, The father of two sons, Idæus this, That, Phegeus call’d; accomplish’d warriors both. These, issuing from their phalanx, push’d direct15 Their steeds at Diomede, who fought on foot. When now small interval was left between, First Phegeus his long-shadow’d spear dismiss’d; But over Diomede’s left shoulder pass’d The point, innocuous. Then his splendid lance20 Tydides hurl’d; nor ineffectual flew The weapon from his hand, but Phegeus pierced His paps between, and forced him to the ground. At once, his sumptuous chariot left, down leap’d Idæsus, wanting courage to defend25 His brother slain; nor had he scaped himself His louring fate, but Vulcan, to preserve His ancient priest from unmixt sorrow, snatch’d The fugitive in darkness wrapt, away. Then brave Tydides, driving off the steeds,30 Consign’d them to his fellow-warriors’ care, That they might lead them down into the fleet. The valiant Trojans, when they saw the sons Of Dares, one beside his chariot slain, And one by flight preserved, through all their host35 Felt consternation. Then Minerva seized The hand of fiery Mars, and thus she spake. Gore-tainted homicide, town-battering Mars! Leave we the Trojans and the Greeks to wage Fierce fight alone, Jove prospering whom he will,40 So shall we not provoke our father’s ire. She said, and from the fight conducted forth The impetuous Deity, whom on the side She seated of Scamander deep-embank’d.[3] And now the host of Troy to flight inclined45 Before the Grecians, and the Chiefs of Greece Each slew a warrior. Agamemnon first Gigantic Odius from his chariot hurl’d. Chief of the Halizonians. He to flight Turn’d foremost, when the monarch in his spine50 Between the shoulder-bones his spear infixt, And urged it through his breast. Sounding he fell, And loud his batter’d armor rang around. By brave Idomeneus a Lydian died, Phæstus, from fruitful Tarne sent to Troy,55 Son of Mæonian Borus; him his steeds Mounting, Idomeneus the spear-renown’d Through his right shoulder pierced; unwelcome night Involved him; from his chariot down he fell,[4] And the attendant Cretans stripp’d his arms.60 But Menelaus, son of Atreus slew With his bright spear Scamandrius, Stropius’ son, A skilful hunter; for Diana him, Herself, the slaughter of all savage kinds Had taught, on mountain or in forest bred.65 But she, shaft-aiming Goddess, in that hour Avail’d him not, nor his own matchless skill; For Menelaus, Atreus son spear-famed, Him flying wounded in the spine between His shoulders, and the spear urged through his breast.70 Prone on his loud-resounding arms he fell. Next, by Meriones, Phereclus died, Son of Harmonides. All arts that ask A well-instructed hand his sire had learn’d, For Pallas dearly loved him. He the fleet,75 Prime source of harm to Troy and to himself, For Paris built, unskill’d to spell aright The oracles predictive of the wo. Phereclus fled; Meriones his flight Outstripping, deep in his posterior flesh80 A spear infix’d; sliding beneath the bone It grazed his bladder as it pass’d, and stood Protruded far before. Low on his knees Phereclus sank, and with a shriek expired. Pedæus, whom, although his spurious son,85 Antenor’s wife, to gratify her lord, Had cherish’d as her own—him Meges slew. Warlike Phylides[5] following close his flight, His keen lance drove into his poll, cut sheer His tongue within, and through his mouth enforced90 The glittering point. He, prostrate in the dust, The cold steel press’d between his teeth and died. Eurypylus, Evemon’s son, the brave Hypsenor slew; Dolopion was his sire, Priest of Scamander, reverenced as a God.95 In vain before Eurypylus he fled; He, running, with his falchion lopp’d his arm Fast by the shoulder; on the field his hand Fell blood-distained, and destiny severe With shades of death for ever veil’d his eyes.100 Thus strenuous they the toilsome battle waged. But where Tydides fought, whether in aid Of Ilium’s host, or on the part of Greece, Might none discern. For as a winter-flood Impetuous, mounds and bridges sweeps away;[6]105 The buttress’d bridge checks not its sudden force, The firm inclosure of vine-planted fields Luxuriant, falls before it; finish’d works Of youthful hinds, once pleasant to the eye, Now levell’d, after ceaseless rain from Jove;110 So drove Tydides into sudden flight The Trojans; phalanx after phalanx fled Before the terror of his single arm. When him Lycaon’s son illustrious saw Scouring the field, and from before his face115 The ranks dispersing wide, at once he bent Against Tydides his elastic bow. The arrow met him in his swift career Sure-aim’d; it struck direct the hollow mail Of his right shoulder, with resistless force120 Transfix’d it, and his hauberk stain’d with blood. Loud shouted then Lycaon’s son renown’d. Rush on, ye Trojans, spur your coursers hard. Our fiercest foe is wounded, and I deem His death not distant far, if me the King[7]125 Jove’s son, indeed, from Lycia sent to Troy. So boasted Pandarus. Yet him the dart Quell’d not. Retreating, at his coursers’ heads He stood, and to the son of Capaneus His charioteer and faithful friend he said.130 Arise, sweet son of Capaneus, dismount, And from my shoulder draw this bitter shaft. He spake; at once the son of Capaneus Descending, by its barb the bitter shaft Drew forth; blood spouted through his twisted mail135 Incontinent, and thus the Hero pray’d. Unconquer’d daughter of Jove Ægis-arm’d! If ever me, propitious, or my sire Thou hast in furious fight help’d heretofore, Now aid me also. Bring within the reach140 Of my swift spear, Oh grant me to strike through The warrior who hath check’d my course, and boasts The sun’s bright beams for ever quench’d to me![8] He prayed, and Pallas heard; she braced his limbs, She wing’d him with alacrity divine,145 And, standing at his side, him thus bespake. Now Diomede, be bold! Fight now with Troy. To thee, thy father’s spirit I impart Fearless; shield-shaking Tydeus felt the same. I also from thine eye the darkness purge150 Which dimm’d thy sight[9] before, that thou may’st know Both Gods and men; should, therefore, other God Approach to try thee, fight not with the powers Immortal; but if foam-born Venus come, Her spare not. Wound her with thy glittering spear.155 So spake the blue-eyed Deity, and went, Then with the champions in the van again Tydides mingled; hot before, he fights With threefold fury now, nor less enraged Than some gaunt lion whom o’erleaping light160 The fold, a shepherd hath but gall’d, not kill’d, Him irritating more; thenceforth the swain Lurks unresisting; flies the abandon’d flock; Heaps slain on heaps he leaves, and with a bound Surmounting all impediment, escapes;165 Such seem’d the valiant Diomede incensed To fury, mingling with the host of Troy. Astynoüs and Hypenor first he slew; One with his brazen lance above the pap He pierced, and one with his huge falchion smote170 Fast by the key-bone,[10] from the neck and spine His parted shoulder driving at a blow. Them leaving, Polyides next he sought And Abas, sons of a dream-dealing seer, Eurydamas; their hoary father’s dreams175 Or not interpreted, or kept concealed, Them saved not, for by Diomede they died. Xanthus and Thöon he encounter’d next, Both sons of Phænops, sons of his old age, Who other heir had none of all his wealth,180 Nor hoped another, worn with many years. Tydides slew them both; nor aught remain’d To the old man but sorrow for his sons For ever lost, and strangers were his heirs. Two sons of Priam in one chariot borne185 Echemon next, and Chromius felt his hand Resistless. As a lion on the herd Leaping, while they the shrubs and bushes browse, Breaks short the neck of heifer or of steer, So them, though clinging fast and loth to fall,190 Tydides hurl’d together to the ground, Then stripp’d their splendid armor, and the steeds Consigned and chariot to his soldiers’ care. Æneas him discern’d scattering the ranks, And through the battle and the clash of spears195 Went seeking godlike Pandarus; ere long Finding Lycaon’s martial son renown’d, He stood before him, and him thus address’d. Thy bow, thy feather’d shafts, and glorious name Where are they, Pandarus? whom none of Troy200 Could equal, whom of Lycia, none excel. Come. Lift thine hands to Jove, and at yon Chief Dispatch an arrow, who afflicts the host Of Ilium thus, conquering where’er he flies, And who hath slaughter’d numerous brave in arms,205 But him some Deity I rather deem Avenging on us his neglected rites, And who can stand before an angry God? Him answer’d then Lycaon’s son renown’d. Brave leader of the Trojans brazen-mail’d,210 Æneas! By his buckler which I know, And by his helmet’s height, considering, too His steeds, I deem him Diomede the bold; Yet such pronounce him not, who seems a God. But if bold Diomede indeed he be215 Of whom I speak, not without aid from heaven His fury thus prevails, but at his side Some God, in clouds enveloped, turns away From him the arrow to a devious course. Already, at his shoulder’s hollow mail220 My shaft hath pierced him through, and him I deem’d Dismiss’d full sure to Pluto ere his time But he survives; whom therefore I at last Perforce conclude some angry Deity. Steeds have I none or chariot to ascend,225 Who have eleven chariots in the stands Left of Lycaon, with fair hangings all O’ermantled, strong, new finish’d, with their steeds In pairs beside them, eating winnow’d grain. Me much Lycaon my old valiant sire230 At my departure from his palace gates Persuaded, that my chariot and my steeds Ascending, I should so conduct my bands To battle; counsel wise, and ill-refused! But anxious, lest (the host in Troy so long235 Immew’d) my steeds, fed plenteously at home, Should here want food, I left them, and on foot To Ilium came, confiding in my bow Ordain’d at last to yield me little good. Twice have I shot, and twice I struck the mark,240 First Menelaus, and Tydides next; From each I drew the blood, true, genuine blood, Yet have but more incensed them. In an hour Unfortunate, I therefore took my bow Down from the wall that day, when for the sake245 Of noble Hector, to these pleasant plains I came, a leader on the part of Troy. But should I once return, and with these eyes Again behold my native land, my sire, My wife, my stately mansion, may the hand,250 That moment, of some adversary there Shorten me by the head, if I not snap This bow with which I charged myself in vain, And burn the unprofitable tool to dust. To whom Æneas, Trojan Chief, replied.255 Nay, speak not so. For ere that hour arrive We will, with chariot and with horse, in arms Encounter him, and put his strength to proof. Delay not, mount my chariot. Thou shalt see With what rapidity the steeds of Troy260 Pursuing or retreating, scour the field. If after all, Jove purpose still to exalt The son of Tydeus, these shall bear us safe Back to the city. Come then. Let us on. The lash take thou, and the resplendent reins,265 While I alight for battle, or thyself Receive them, and the steeds shall be my care. Him answer’d then Lycaon’s son renown’d. Æneas! manage thou the reins, and guide Thy proper steeds. If fly at last we must270 The son of Tydeus, they will readier draw Directed by their wonted charioteer. Else, terrified, and missing thy control, They may refuse to bear us from the fight, And Tydeus’ son assailing us, with ease275 Shall slay us both, and drive thy steeds away. Rule therefore thou the chariot, and myself With my sharp spear will his assault receive. So saying, they mounted both, and furious drove Against Tydides. Them the noble son280 Of Capaneus observed, and turning quick His speech to Diomede, him thus address’d. Tydides, Diomede, my heart’s delight! Two warriors of immeasurable force In battle, ardent to contend with thee,285 Come rattling on. Lycaon’s offspring one, Bow-practised Pandarus; with whom appears Æneas; he who calls the mighty Chief Anchises father, and whom Venus bore. Mount—drive we swift away—lest borne so far290 Beyond the foremost battle, thou be slain. To whom, dark-frowning, Diomede replied Speak not of flight to me, who am disposed To no such course. I am ashamed to fly Or tremble, and my strength is still entire;295 I cannot mount. No. Rather thus, on foot, I will advance against them. Fear and dread Are not for me; Pallas forbids the thought. One falls, be sure; swift as they are, the steeds That whirl them on, shall never rescue both.300 But hear my bidding, and hold fast the word. Should all-wise Pallas grant me my desire To slay them both, drive not my coursers hence, But hook the reins, and seizing quick the pair That draw Æneas, urge them from the powers305 Of Troy away into the host of Greece. For they are sprung from those which Jove to Tros In compensation gave for Ganymede; The Sun himself sees not their like below. Anchises, King of men, clandestine them310 Obtain’d, his mares submitting to the steeds Of King Laomedon. Six brought him foals; Four to himself reserving, in his stalls He fed them sleek, and two he gave his son: These, might we win them, were a noble prize.315 Thus mutual they conferr’d; those Chiefs, the while, With swiftest pace approach’d, and first his speech To Diomede Lycaon’s son address’d. Heroic offspring of a noble sire, Brave son of Tydeus! false to my intent320 My shaft hath harm’d thee little. I will now Make trial with my spear, if that may speed. He said, and shaking his long-shadow’d spear, Dismiss’d it. Forceful on the shield it struck Of Diomede, transpierced it, and approach’d325 With threatening point the hauberk on his breast. Loud shouted Pandarus—Ah nobly thrown! Home to thy bowels. Die, for die thou must, And all the glory of thy death is mine. Then answer thus brave Diomede return’d330 Undaunted. I am whole. Thy cast was short. But ye desist not, as I plain perceive, Till one at least extended on the plain Shall sate the God of battles with his blood. He said and threw. Pallas the spear herself335 Directed; at his eye fast by the nose Deep-entering, through his ivory teeth it pass’d, At its extremity divided sheer His tongue, and started through his chin below. He headlong fell, and with his dazzling arms340 Smote full the plain. Back flew the fiery steeds With swift recoil, and where he fell he died. Then sprang Æneas forth with spear and shield, That none might drag the body;[11] lion-like He stalk’d around it, oval shield and spear345 Advancing firm, and with incessant cries Terrific, death denouncing on his foes. But Diomede with hollow grasp a stone Enormous seized, a weight to overtask Two strongest men of such as now are strong,350 Yet he, alone, wielded the rock with ease. Full on the hip he smote him, where the thigh Rolls in its cavity, the socket named. He crushed the socket, lacerated wide Both tendons, and with that rough-angled mass355 Flay’d all his flesh, The Hero on his knees Sank, on his ample palm his weight upbore Laboring, and darkness overspread his eyes. There had Æneas perish’d, King of men, Had not Jove’s daughter Venus quick perceived360 His peril imminent, whom she had borne Herself to Anchises pasturing his herds. Her snowy arras her darling son around She threw maternal, and behind a fold Of her bright mantle screening close his breast365 From mortal harm by some brave Grecian’s spear, Stole him with eager swiftness from the fight. Nor then forgat brave Sthenelus his charge Received from Diomede, but his own steeds Detaining distant from the boisterous war,370 Stretch’d tight the reins, and hook’d them fast behind. The coursers of Æneas next he seized Ardent, and them into the host of Greece Driving remote, consign’d them to his care, Whom far above all others his compeers375 He loved, Deipylus, his bosom friend Congenial. Him he charged to drive them thence Into the fleet, then, mounting swift his own, Lash’d after Diomede; he, fierce in arms, Pursued the Cyprian Goddess, conscious whom,380 Not Pallas, not Enyo, waster dread Of cities close-beleaguer’d, none of all Who o’er the battle’s bloody course preside, But one of softer kind and prone to fear. When, therefore, her at length, after long chase385 Through all the warring multitude he reach’d, With his protruded spear her gentle hand He wounded, piercing through her thin attire Ambrosial, by themselves the graces wrought, Her inside wrist, fast by the rosy palm.390 Blood follow’d, but immortal; ichor pure, Such as the blest inhabitants of heaven May bleed, nectareous; for the Gods eat not Man’s food, nor slake as he with sable wine Their thirst, thence bloodless and from death exempt.395 She, shrieking, from her arms cast down her son, And Phœbus, in impenetrable clouds Him hiding, lest the spear of some brave Greek Should pierce his bosom, caught him swift away. Then shouted brave Tydides after her—400 Depart, Jove’s daughter! fly the bloody field. Is’t not enough that thou beguilest the hearts Of feeble women? If thou dare intrude Again into the war, war’s very name Shall make thee shudder, wheresoever heard.405 He said, and Venus with excess of pain Bewilder’d went; but Iris tempest-wing’d Forth led her through the multitude, oppress’d With anguish, her white wrist to livid changed. They came where Mars far on the left retired410 Of battle sat, his horses and his spear In darkness veil’d. Before her brother’s knees She fell, and with entreaties urgent sought The succor of his coursers golden-rein’d. Save me, my brother! Pity me! Thy steeds415 Give me, that they may bear me to the heights Olympian, seat of the immortal Gods! Oh! I am wounded deep; a mortal man Hath done it, Diomede; nor would he fear This day in fight the Sire himself of all.420 Then Mars his coursers gold-caparison’d Resign’d to Venus; she, with countenance sad, The chariot climb’d, and Iris at her side The bright reins seizing lash’d the ready steeds. Soon as the Olympian heights, seat of the Gods,425 They reach’d, wing-footed Iris loosing quick The coursers, gave them large whereon to browse Ambrosial food; but Venus on the knees Sank of Dione, who with folded arms Maternal, to her bosom straining close430 Her daughter, stroked her cheek, and thus inquired. My darling child! who? which of all the Gods Hath rashly done such violence to thee As if convicted of some open wrong? Her then the Goddess of love-kindling smiles435 Venus thus answer’d; Diomede the proud, Audacious Diomede; he gave the wound, For that I stole Æneas from the fight My son of all mankind my most beloved; Nor is it now the war of Greece with Troy,440 But of the Grecians with the Gods themselves. Then thus Dione, Goddess all divine. My child! how hard soe’er thy sufferings seem Endure them patiently. Full many a wrong From human hands profane the Gods endure,445 And many a painful stroke, mankind from ours. Mars once endured much wrong, when on a time Him Otus bound and Ephialtes fast, Sons of Alöeus, and full thirteen moons In brazen thraldom held him. There, at length,450 The fierce blood-nourished Mars had pined away, But that Eëribœa, loveliest nymph, His step-mother, in happy hour disclosed To Mercury the story of his wrongs; He stole the prisoner forth, but with his woes455 Already worn, languid and fetter-gall’d. Nor Juno less endured, when erst the bold Son of Amphytrion with tridental shaft Her bosom pierced; she then the misery felt Of irremediable pain severe.460 Nor suffer’d Pluto less, of all the Gods Gigantic most, by the same son of Jove Alcides, at the portals of the dead Transfix’d and fill’d with anguish; he the house Of Jove and the Olympian summit sought465 Dejected, torture-stung, for sore the shaft Oppress’d him, into his huge shoulder driven. But Pæon[12] him not liable to death With unction smooth of salutiferous balms Heal’d soon. Presumptuous, sacrilegious man!470 Careless what dire enormities he wrought, Who bent his bow against the powers of heaven! But blue-eyed Pallas instigated him By whom thou bleed’st. Infatuate! he forgets That whoso turns against the Gods his arm475 Lives never long; he never, safe escaped From furious fight, the lisp’d caresses hears Of his own infants prattling at his knees. Let therefore Diomede beware, lest strong And valiant as he is, he chance to meet490 Some mightier foe than thou, and lest his wife, Daughter of King Adrastus, the discrete Ægialea, from portentous dreams Upstarting, call her family to wail Her first-espoused, Achaia’s proudest boast,485 Diomede, whom she must behold no more. She said, and from her wrist with both hands wiped The trickling ichor; the effectual touch Divine chased all her pains, and she was heal’d. Them Juno mark’d and Pallas, and with speech490 Sarcastic pointed at Saturnian Jove To vex him, blue-eyed Pallas thus began. Eternal father! may I speak my thought, And not incense thee, Jove? I can but judge That Venus, while she coax’d some Grecian fair495 To accompany the Trojans whom she loves With such extravagance, hath heedless stroked Her golden clasps, and scratch’d her lily hand. So she; then smiled the sire of Gods and men, And calling golden Venus, her bespake.500 War and the tented field, my beauteous child, Are not for thee. Thou rather shouldst be found In scenes of matrimonial bliss. The toils Of war to Pallas and to Mars belong. Thus they in heaven. But Diomede the while505 Sprang on Æneas, conscious of the God Whose hand o’ershadow’d him, yet even him Regarding lightly; for he burn’d to slay Æneas, and to seize his glorious arms. Thrice then he sprang impetuous to the deed,510 And thrice Apollo with his radiant shield Repulsed him. But when ardent as a God The fourth time he advanced, with thundering-voice Him thus the Archer of the skies rebuked. Think, and retire, Tydides! nor affect515 Equality with Gods; for not the same Our nature is and theirs who tread the ground. He spake, and Diomede a step retired, Not more; the anger of the Archer-God Declining slow, and with a sullen awe.520 Then Phœbus, far from all the warrior throng To his own shrine the sacred dome beneath Of Pergamus, Æneas bore; there him Latona and shaft-arm’d Diana heal’d And glorified within their spacious fane.525 Meantime the Archer of the silver bow A visionary form prepared; it seem’d Himself Æneas, and was arm’d as he. At once, in contest for that airy form, Grecians and Trojans on each other’s breasts530 The bull-hide buckler batter’d and light targe. Then thus Apollo to the warrior God. Gore-tainted homicide, town-batterer Mars! Wilt thou not meet and from the fight withdraw This man Tydides, now so fiery grown535 That he would even cope with Jove himself? First Venus’ hand he wounded, and assail’d Impetuous as a God, next, even me. He ceased, and on the topmost turret sat Of Pergamus. Then all-destroyer Mars540 Ranging the Trojan host, rank after rank Exhorted loud, and in the form assumed Of Acamas the Thracian leader bold, The godlike sons of Priam thus harangued. Ye sons of Priam, monarch Jove-beloved!545 How long permit ye your Achaian foes To slay the people?—till the battle rage (Push’d home to Ilium) at her solid gates? Behold—a Chief disabled lies, than whom We reverence not even Hector more,550 Æneas; fly, save from the roaring storm The noble Anchisiades your friend. He said; then every heart for battle glow’d; And thus Sarpedon with rebuke severe Upbraiding generous Hector, stern began.555 Where is thy courage, Hector? for thou once Hadst courage. Is it fled? In other days Thy boast hath been that without native troops Or foreign aids, thy kindred and thyself Alone, were guard sufficient for the town.560 But none of all thy kindred now appears; I can discover none; they stand aloof Quaking, as dogs that hear the lion’s roar. We bear the stress, who are but Troy’s allies; Myself am such, and from afar I came;565 For Lycia lies far distant on the banks Of the deep-eddied Xanthus. There a wife I left and infant son, both dear to me, With plenteous wealth, the wish of all who want. Yet urge I still my Lycians, and am prompt570 Myself to fight, although possessing here Nought that the Greeks can carry or drive hence. But there stand’st thou, neither employed thyself, Nor moving others to an active part For all their dearest pledges. Oh beware!575 Lest, as with meshes of an ample net, At one huge draught the Grecians sweep you all, And desolate at once your populous Troy! By day, by night, thoughts such as these should still Thy conduct influence, and from Chief to Chief580 Of the allies should send thee, praying each To make firm stand, all bickerings put away. So spake Sarpedon, and his reprimand Stung Hector; instant to the ground he leap’d All arm’d, and shaking his bright spears his host585 Ranged in all quarters animating loud His legions, and rekindling horrid war. Then, rolling back, the powers of Troy opposed Once more the Grecians, whom the Grecians dense Expected, unretreating, void of fear.590 As flies the chaff wide scatter’d by the wind O’er all the consecrated floor, what time Ripe Ceres[13] with brisk airs her golden grain Ventilates, whitening with its husk the ground; So grew the Achaians white, a dusty cloud595 Descending on their arms, which steeds with steeds Again to battle mingling, with their hoofs Up-stamp’d into the brazen vault of heaven; For now the charioteers turn’d all to fight. Host toward host with full collected force600 They moved direct. Then Mars through all the field Took wide his range, and overhung the war With night, in aid of Troy, at the command Of Phœbus of the golden sword; for he Perceiving Pallas from the field withdrawn,605 Patroness of the Greeks, had Mars enjoin’d To rouse the spirit of the Trojan host. Meantime Apollo from his unctuous shrine Sent forth restored and with new force inspired Æneas. He amidst his warriors stood,610 Who him with joy beheld still living, heal’d, And all his strength possessing unimpair’d. Yet no man ask’d him aught. No leisure now For question was; far other thoughts had they; Such toils the archer of the silver bow,615 Wide-slaughtering Mars, and Discord as at first Raging implacable, for them prepared. Ulysses, either Ajax, Diomede— These roused the Greeks to battle, who themselves The force fear’d nothing, or the shouts of Troy,620 But steadfast stood, like clouds by Jove amass’d On lofty mountains, while the fury sleeps Of Boreas, and of all the stormy winds Shrill-voiced, that chase the vapors when they blow, So stood the Greeks, expecting firm the approach625 Of Ilium’s powers, and neither fled nor fear’d. Then Agamemnon the embattled host On all sides ranging, cheer’d them. Now, he cried, Be steadfast, fellow warriors, now be men! Hold fast a sense of honor. More escape630 Of men who fear disgrace, than fall in fight, While dastards forfeit life and glory both. He said, and hurl’d his spear. He pierced a friend Of brave Æneas, warring in the van, Deicöon son of Pergasus, in Troy635 Not less esteem’d than Priam’s sons themselves, Such was his fame in foremost fight acquired. Him Agamemnon on his buckler smote, Nor stayed the weapon there, but through his belt His bowels enter’d, and with hideous clang640 And outcry[14] of his batter’d arms he fell. Æneas next two mightiest warriors slew, Sons of Diocles, of a wealthy sire, Whose house magnificent in Phæræ stood, Orsilochus and Crethon. Their descent645 From broad-stream’d Alpheus, Pylian flood, they drew. Alpheus begat Orsilochus, a prince Of numerous powers. Orsilochus begat Warlike Diodes. From Diodes sprang Twins, Crethon and Orsilochus, alike650 Valiant, and skilful in all forms of war. Their boyish prime scarce past, they, with the Greeks Embarking, in their sable ships had sail’d To steed-fam’d Ilium; just revenge they sought For Atreus’ sons, but perished first themselves.655 As two young lions, in the deep recess Of some dark forest on the mountain’s brow Late nourished by their dam, forth-issuing, seize The fatted flocks and kine, both folds and stalls Wasting rapacious, till, at length, themselves660 Deep-wounded perish by the hand of man, So they, both vanquish’d by Æneas, fell, And like two lofty pines uprooted, lay. Them fallen in battle Menelaus saw With pity moved; radiant in arms he shook665 His brazen spear, and strode into the van. Mars urged him furious on, conceiving hope Of his death also by Æneas’ hand. But him the son of generous Nestor mark’d Antilochus, and to the foremost fight670 Flew also, fearing lest some dire mischance The Prince befalling, at one fatal stroke Should frustrate all the labors of the Greeks. They, hand to hand, and spear to spear opposed, Stood threatening dreadful onset, when beside675 The Spartan chief Antilochus appear’d. Æneas, at the sight of two combined, Stood not, although intrepid. They the dead Thence drawing far into the Grecian host To their associates gave the hapless pair,680 Then, both returning, fought in front again. Next, fierce as Mars, Pylæmenes they slew, Prince of the shielded band magnanimous Of Paphlagonia. Him Atrides kill’d Spear-practised Menelaus, with a lance685 His throat transpiercing while erect he rode. Then, while his charioteer, Mydon the brave, Son of Atymnias, turn’d his steeds to flight, Full on his elbow-point Antilochus, The son of Nestor, dash’d him with a stone.690 The slack reins, white as ivory,[15] forsook His torpid hand and trail’d the dust. At once Forth sprang Antilochus, and with his sword Hew’d deep his temples. On his head he pitch’d Panting, and on his shoulders in the sand695 (For in deep sand he fell) stood long erect, Till his own coursers spread him in the dust; The son of Nestor seized, and with his scourge Drove them afar into the host of Greece. Them Hector through the ranks espying, flew700 With clamor loud to meet them; after whom Advanced in phalanx firm the powers of Troy, Mars led them, with Enyo terror-clad; She by the maddening tumult of the fight Attended, he, with his enormous spear705 in both hands brandish’d, stalking now in front Of Hector, and now following his steps. Him Diomede the bold discerning, felt Himself no small dismay; and as a man Wandering he knows not whither, far from home,710 If chance a rapid torrent to the sea Borne headlong thwart his course, the foaming flood Obstreperous views awhile, then quick retires, So he, and his attendants thus bespake. How oft, my countrymen! have we admired715 The noble Hector, skillful at the spear And unappall’d in fight? but still hath he Some God his guard, and even now I view In human form Mars moving at his side. Ye, then, with faces to the Trojans turn’d,720 Ceaseless retire, and war not with the Gods. He ended; and the Trojans now approach’d. Then two bold warriors in one chariot borne, By valiant Hector died, Menesthes one, And one, Anchialus. Them fallen in fight725 Ajax the vast, touch’d with compassion saw; Within small space he stood, his glittering spear Dismiss’d, and pierced Amphius. Son was he Of Selagus, and Pæsus was his home, Where opulent he dwelt, but by his fate730 Was led to fight for Priam and his sons. Him Telamonian Ajax through his belt Wounded, and in his nether bowels deep Fix’d his long-shadow’d spear. Sounding he fell. Illustrious Ajax running to the slain735 Prepared to strip his arms, but him a shower Of glittering-weapons keen from Trojan hands Assail’d, and numerous his broad shield received. He, on the body planting firm his heel, Forth drew the polish’d spear, but his bright arms740 Took not, by darts thick-flying sore annoy’d, Nor fear’d he little lest his haughty foes, Spear-arm’d and bold, should compass him around; Him, therefore, valiant though he were and huge, They push’d before them. Staggering he retired.745 Thus toil’d both hosts in that laborious field. And now his ruthless destiny impell’d Tlepolemus, Alcides’ son, a Chief Dauntless and huge, against a godlike foe Sarpedon. They approaching face to face750 Stood, son and grandson of high-thundering Jove, And, haughty, thus Tlepolemus began. Sarpedon, leader of the Lycian host, Thou trembler! thee what cause could hither urge A man unskill’d in arms? They falsely speak755 Who call thee son of Ægis-bearing Jove, So far below their might thou fall’st who sprang From Jove in days of old. What says report Of Hercules (for him I boast my sire) All-daring hero with a lion’s heart?760 With six ships only, and with followers few, He for the horses of Laomedon Lay’d Troy in dust, and widow’d all her streets. But thou art base, and thy diminish’d powers Perish around thee; think not that thou earnest765 For Ilium’s good, but rather, whatsoe’er Thy force in fight, to find, subdued by me, A sure dismission to the gates of hell. To whom the leader of the Lycian band. Tlepolemus! he ransack’d sacred Troy,770 As thou hast said, but for her monarch’s fault Laomedon, who him with language harsh Requited ill for benefits received, Nor would the steeds surrender, seeking which He voyaged from afar. But thou shalt take775 Thy bloody doom from this victorious arm, And, vanquish’d by my spear, shalt yield thy fame To me, thy soul to Pluto steed-renown’d. So spake Sarpedon, and his ashen beam Tlepolemus upraised. Both hurl’d at once780 Their quivering spears. Sarpedon’s through the neck Pass’d of Tlepolemus, and show’d beyond Its ruthless point; thick darkness veil’d his eyes. Tlepolemus with his long lance the thigh Pierced of Sarpedon; sheer into his bone785 He pierced him, but Sarpedon’s father, Jove, Him rescued even on the verge of fate. His noble friends conducted from the field The godlike Lycian, trailing as he went The pendent spear, none thinking to extract790 For his relief the weapon from his thigh, Through eagerness of haste to bear him thence. On the other side, the Grecians brazen-mail’d Bore off Tlepolemus. Ulysses fill’d With earnest thoughts tumultuous them observed,795 Danger-defying Chief! Doubtful he stood Or to pursue at once the Thunderer’s son Sarpedon, or to take more Lycian lives. But not for brave Ulysses had his fate That praise reserved, that he should slay the son800 Renown’d of Jove; therefore his wavering mind Minerva bent against the Lycian band. Then Cœranus, Alastor, Chromius fell, Alcander, Halius, Prytanis, and brave Noëmon; nor had these sufficed the Chief805 Of Ithaca, but Lycians more had fallen, Had not crest-tossing Hector huge perceived The havoc; radiant to the van he flew, Filling with dread the Grecians; his approach Sarpedon, son of Jove, joyful beheld,810 And piteous thus address’d him as he came. Ah, leave not me, Priamides! a prey To Grecian hands, but in your city, at least, Grant me to die: since hither, doom’d, I came Never to gratify with my return815 To Lycia, my loved spouse, or infant child. He spake; but Hector unreplying pass’d Impetuous, ardent to repulse the Greeks That moment, and to drench his sword in blood. Then, under shelter of a spreading beech820 Sacred to Jove, his noble followers placed The godlike Chief Sarpedon, where his friend Illustrious Pelagon, the ashen spear Extracted. Sightless, of all thought bereft, He sank, but soon revived, by breathing airs825 Refresh’d, that fann’d him gently from the North. Meantime the Argives, although press’d alike By Mars himself and Hector brazen-arm’d, Neither to flight inclined, nor yet advanced To battle, but inform’d that Mars the fight830 Waged on the side of Ilium, slow retired.[16] Whom first, whom last slew then the mighty son Of Priam, Hector, and the brazen Mars! First godlike Teuthras, an equestrian Chief, Orestes, Trechus of Ætolian race,835 Œnomaüs, Helenus from Œnops’ sprung, And brisk[17] in fight Oresbius; rich was he, And covetous of more; in Hyla dwelt Fast by the lake Cephissus, where abode Bœotian Princes numerous, rich themselves840 And rulers of a people wealth-renown’d. But Juno, such dread slaughter of the Greeks Noting, thus, ardent, to Minerva spake. Daughter of Jove invincible! Our word That Troy shall perish, hath been given in vain845 To Menelaus, if we suffer Mars To ravage longer uncontrol’d. The time Urges, and need appears that we ourselves Now call to mind the fury of our might. She spake; nor blue-eyed Pallas not complied.850 Then Juno, Goddess dread, from Saturn sprung, Her coursers gold-caparison’d prepared Impatient. Hebe to the chariot roll’d The brazen wheels,[18] and joined them to the smooth Steel axle; twice four spokes divided each855 Shot from the centre to the verge. The verge Was gold by fellies of eternal brass Guarded, a dazzling show! The shining naves Were silver; silver cords and cords of gold The seat upbore; two crescents[19] blazed in front.860 The pole was argent all, to which she bound The golden yoke, and in their place disposed The breast-bands incorruptible of gold; But Juno to the yoke, herself, the steeds Led forth, on fire to reach the dreadful field.865 Meantime, Minerva, progeny of Jove, On the adamantine floor of his abode Let fall profuse her variegated robe, Labor of her own hands. She first put on The corselet of the cloud-assembler God,870 Then arm’d her for the field of wo complete. She charged her shoulder with the dreadful shield The shaggy Ægis,[20] border’d thick around With terror; there was Discord, Prowess there, There hot Pursuit, and there the feature grim875 Of Gorgon, dire Deformity, a sign Oft borne portentous on the arm of Jove. Her golden helm, whose concave had sufficed The legions of an hundred cities, rough With warlike ornament superb, she fix’d880 On her immortal head. Thus arm’d, she rose Into the flaming chariot, and her spear Seized ponderous, huge, with which the Goddess sprung From an Almighty father, levels ranks Of heroes, against whom her anger burns.885 Juno with lifted lash urged quick the steeds; At her approach, spontaneous roar’d the wide- Unfolding gates of heaven;[21] the heavenly gates Kept by the watchful Hours, to whom the charge Of the Olympian summit appertains,890 And of the boundless ether, back to roll, And to replace the cloudy barrier dense. Spurr’d through the portal flew the rapid steeds; Apart from all, and seated on the point Superior of the cloven mount, they found895 The Thunderer. Juno the white-arm’d her steeds There stay’d, and thus the Goddess, ere she pass’d, Question’d the son of Saturn, Jove supreme. Jove, Father, seest thou, and art not incensed, These ravages of Mars? Oh what a field,900 Drench’d with what Grecian blood! All rashly spilt, And in despite of me. Venus, the while, Sits, and the Archer of the silver bow Delighted, and have urged, themselves, to this The frantic Mars within no bounds confined905 Of law or order. But, eternal sire! Shall I offend thee chasing far away Mars deeply smitten from the field of war? To whom the cloud-assembler God replied. Go! but exhort thou rather to the task910 Spoil-huntress Athenæan Pallas, him Accustom’d to chastise with pain severe. He spake, nor white-arm’d Juno not obey’d. She lash’d her steeds; they readily their flight Began, the earth and starry vault between.915 Far as from his high tower the watchman kens O’er gloomy ocean, so far at one bound Advance the shrill-voiced coursers of the Gods. But when at Troy and at the confluent streams Of Simoïs and Scamander they arrived,920 There Juno, white-arm’d Goddess, from the yoke Her steeds releasing, them in gather’d shades Conceal’d opaque, while Simoïs caused to spring Ambrosia from his bank, whereon they browsed. Swift as her pinions waft the dove away925 They sought the Grecians, ardent to begin: Arriving where the mightiest and the most Compass’d equestrian Diomede around, In aspect lion-like, or like wild boars Of matchless force, there white-arm’d Juno stood,930 And in the form of Stentor for his voice Of brass renown’d, audible as the roar Of fifty throats, the Grecians thus harangued. Oh shame, shame, shame! Argives in form alone, Beautiful but dishonorable race!935 While yet divine Achilles ranged the field, No Trojan stepp’d from yon Dardanian gates Abroad; all trembled at his stormy spear; But now they venture forth, now at your ships Defy you, from their city far remote.940 She ceased, and all caught courage from the sound. But Athenæan Pallas eager sought The son of Tydeus; at his chariot side She found the Chief cooling his fiery wound Received from Pandarus; for him the sweat945 Beneath the broad band of his oval shield Exhausted, and his arm fail’d him fatigued; He therefore raised the band and wiped the blood Coagulate; when o’er his chariot yoke Her arm the Goddess threw, and thus began.950 Tydeus, in truth, begat a son himself Not much resembling. Tydeus was of size Diminutive, but had a warrior’s heart. When him I once commanded to abstain From furious fight (what time he enter’d Thebes955 Ambassador, and the Cadmeans found Feasting, himself the sole Achaian there) And bade him quietly partake the feast. He, fired with wonted ardor, challenged forth To proof of manhood the Cadmean youth,960 Whom easily, through my effectual aid, In contests of each kind he overcame. But thou, whom I encircle with my power, Guard vigilant, and even bid thee forth To combat with the Trojans, thou, thy limbs965 Feel’st wearied with the toils of war, or worse, Indulgest womanish and heartless fear. Henceforth thou art not worthy to be deem’d Son of Oenides, Tydeus famed in arms. To whom thus valiant Diomede replied.970 I know thee well, oh Goddess sprung from Jove! And therefore willing shall, and plain, reply. Me neither weariness nor heartless fear Restrains, but thine injunctions which impress My memory, still, that I should fear to oppose975 The blessed Gods in fight, Venus except, Whom in the battle found thou badest me pierce With unrelenting spear; therefore myself Retiring hither, I have hither call’d The other Argives also, for I know980 That Mars, himself in arms, controls the war. Him answer’d then the Goddess azure-eyed. Tydides! Diomede, my heart’s delight! Fear not this Mars,[22] nor fear thou other power Immortal, but be confident in me.985 Arise. Drive forth. Seek Mars; him only seek; Him hand to hand engage; this fiery Mars Respect not aught, base implement of wrong And mischief, shifting still from side to side. He promised Juno lately and myself990 That he would fight for Greece, yet now forgets His promise, and gives all his aid to Troy. So saying, she backward by his hand withdrew The son of Capaneus, who to the ground Leap’d instant; she, impatient to his place995 Ascending, sat beside brave Diomede. Loud groan’d the beechen axle, under weight Unwonted, for it bore into the fight An awful Goddess, and the chief of men. Quick-seizing lash and reins Minerva drove1000 Direct at Mars. That moment he had slain Periphas, bravest of Ætolia’s sons, And huge of bulk; Ochesius was his sire. Him Mars the slaughterer had of life bereft Newly, and Pallas to elude his sight1005 The helmet fixed of Ades on her head.[23] Soon as gore-tainted Mars the approach perceived Of Diomede, he left the giant length Of Periphas extended where he died, And flew to cope with Tydeus’ valiant son.1010 Full nigh they came, when Mars on fire to slay The hero, foremost with his brazen lance Assail’d him, hurling o’er his horses’ heads. But Athenæan Pallas in her hand The flying weapon caught and turn’d it wide,1015 Baffling his aim. Then Diomede on him Rush’d furious in his turn, and Pallas plunged The bright spear deep into his cinctured waist Dire was the wound, and plucking back the spear She tore him. Bellow’d brazen-throated Mars1020 Loud as nine thousand warriors, or as ten Join’d in close combat. Grecians, Trojans shook Appall’d alike at the tremendous voice Of Mars insatiable with deeds of blood. Such as the dimness is when summer winds1025 Breathe hot, and sultry mist obscures the sky, Such brazen Mars to Diomede appear’d By clouds accompanied in his ascent Into the boundless ether. Reaching soon The Olympian heights, seat of the Gods, he sat1030 Beside Saturnian Jove; wo fill’d his heart; He show’d fast-streaming from the wound his blood Immortal, and impatient thus complain’d. Jove, Father! Seest thou these outrageous acts Unmoved with anger? Such are day by day1035 The dreadful mischiefs by the Gods contrived Against each other, for the sake of man. Thou art thyself the cause. Thou hast produced A foolish daughter petulant, addict To evil only and injurious deeds;1040 There is not in Olympus, save herself, Who feels not thy control; but she her will Gratifies ever, and reproof from thee Finds none, because, pernicious as she is, She is thy daughter. She hath now the mind1045 Of haughty Diomede with madness fill’d Against the immortal Gods; first Venus bled; Her hand he pierced impetuous, then assail’d, As if himself immortal, even me, But me my feet stole thence, or overwhelm’d1050 Beneath yon heaps of carcases impure, What had I not sustain’d? And if at last I lived, had halted crippled by the sword. To whom with dark displeasure Jove replied. Base and side-shifting traitor! vex not me1055 Here sitting querulous; of all who dwell On the Olympian heights, thee most I hate Contentious, whose delight is war alone. Thou hast thy mother’s moods, the very spleen Of Juno, uncontrolable as she.1060 Whom even I, reprove her as I may, Scarce rule by mere commands; I therefore judge Thy sufferings a contrivance all her own. But soft. Thou art my son whom I begat. And Juno bare thee. I can not endure1065 That thou shouldst suffer long. Hadst thou been born Of other parents thus detestable, What Deity soe’er had brought thee forth, Thou shouldst have found long since a humbler sphere. He ceased, and to the care his son consign’d1070 Of Pæon; he with drugs of lenient powers, Soon heal’d whom immortality secured From dissolution. As the juice from figs Express’d what fluid was in milk before Coagulates, stirr’d rapidly around,1075 So soon was Mars by Pæon skill restored. Him Hebe bathed, and with divine attire Graceful adorn’d; when at the side of Jove Again his glorious seat sublime he took. Meantime to the abode of Jove supreme1080 Ascended Juno throughout Argos known And mighty Pallas; Mars the plague of man, By their successful force from slaughter driven. BOOK VI. ARGUMENT OF THE SIXTH BOOK. The battle is continued. The Trojans being closely pursued, Hector by the advice of Helenus enters Troy, and recommends it to Hecuba to go in solemn procession to the temple of Minerva; she with the matrons goes accordingly. Hector takes the opportunity to find out Paris, and exhorts him to return to the field of battle. An interview succeeds between Hector and Andromache, and Paris, having armed himself in the mean time, comes up with Hector at the close of it, when they sally from the gate together. BOOK VI. Thus was the field forsaken by the Gods. And now success proved various; here the Greeks With their extended spears, the Trojans there Prevail’d alternate, on the champain spread The Xanthus and the Simoïs between.[1]5 First Telamonian Ajax,[2] bulwark firm Of the Achaians, broke the Trojan ranks, And kindled for the Greeks a gleam of hope, Slaying the bravest of the Thracian band, Huge Acamas, Eusorus’ son; him first10 Full on the shaggy crest he smote, and urged The spear into his forehead; through his skull The bright point pass’d, and darkness veil’d his eyes. But Diomede, heroic Chief, the son Of Teuthras slew, Axylus.[3] Rich was he,15 And in Arisba (where he dwelt beside The public road, and at his open door Made welcome all) respected and beloved. But of his numerous guests none interposed To avert his woful doom; nor him alone20 He slew, but with him also to the shades Calesius sent, his friend and charioteer. Opheltius fell and Dresus, by the hand Slain of Euryalus, who, next, his arms On Pedasus and on Æsepus turned25 Brethren and twins. Them Abarbarea bore, A Naiad, to Bucolion, son renown’d Of King Laomedon, his eldest born, But by his mother, at his birth, conceal’d. Bucolion pasturing his flocks, embraced30 The lovely nymph; she twins produced, both whom, Brave as they were and beautiful, thy son[4] Mecisteus! slew, and from their shoulders tore Their armor. Dauntless Polypœtes slew Astyalus. Ulysses with his spear35 Transfixed Pydites, a Percosian Chief, And Teucer Aretaön; Nestor’s pride Antilochus, with his bright lance, of life Bereft Ablerus, and the royal arm Of Agamemnon, Elatus; he dwelt40 Among the hills of lofty Pedasus, On Satnio’s banks, smooth-sliding river pure Phylacus fled, whom Leïtus as swift Soon smote. Melanthius at the feet expired Of the renown’d Eurypylus, and, flush’d45 With martial ardor, Menelaus seized And took alive Adrastus. As it chanced A thicket his affrighted steeds detain’d Their feet entangling; they with restive force At its extremity snapp’d short the pole,50 And to the city, whither others fled, Fled also. From his chariot headlong hurl’d, Adrastus press’d the plain fast by his wheel. Flew Menelaus, and his quivering spear Shook over him; he, life imploring, clasp’d55 Importunate his knees, and thus exclaim’d. Oh, son of Atreus, let me live! accept Illustrious ransom! In my father’s house Is wealth abundant, gold, and brass, and steel Of truest temper, which he will impart60 Till he have gratified thine utmost wish, Inform’d that I am captive in your fleet. He said, and Menelaus by his words Vanquish’d, him soon had to the fleet dismiss’d Given to his train in charge, but swift and stern65 Approaching, Agamemnon interposed. Now, brother, whence this milkiness of mind, These scruples about blood? Thy Trojan friends Have doubtless much obliged thee. Die the race! May none escape us! neither he who flies,70 Nor even the infant in his mother’s womb Unconscious. Perish universal Troy Unpitied, till her place be found no more![5] So saying, his brother’s mind the Hero turn’d, Advising him aright; he with his hand75 Thrust back Adrastus, and himself, the King, His bowels pierced. Supine Adrastus fell, And Agamemnon, with his foot the corse Impressing firm, pluck’d forth his ashen spear. Then Nestor, raising high his voice, exclaim’d.80 Friends, Heroes, Grecians, ministers of Mars! Let none, desirous of the spoil, his time Devote to plunder now; now slay your foes, And strip them when the field shall be your own.[6] He said, and all took courage at his word.85 Then had the Trojans enter’d Troy again By the heroic Grecians foul repulsed, So was their spirit daunted, but the son Of Priam, Helenus, an augur far Excelling all, at Hector’s side his speech90 To him and to Æneas thus address’d. Hector, and thou, Æneas, since on you The Lycians chiefly and ourselves depend, For that in difficult emprize ye show Most courage; give best counsel; stand yourselves,95 And, visiting all quarters, cause to stand Before the city-gates our scatter’d troops, Ere yet the fugitives within the arms Be slaughter’d of their wives, the scorn of Greece. When thus ye shall have rallied every band100 And roused their courage, weary though we be, Yet since necessity commands, even here Will we give battle to the host of Greece. But, Hector! to the city thou depart; There charge our mother, that she go direct,105 With the assembled matrons, to the fane Of Pallas in the citadel of Troy. Opening her chambers’ sacred doors, of all Her treasured mantles there, let her select The widest, most magnificently wrought,110 And which she values most; _that_ let her spread On Athenæan Pallas’ lap divine.[7] Twelve heifers of the year yet never touch’d With puncture of the goad, let her alike Devote to her, if she will pity Troy,115 Our wives and little ones, and will avert The son of Tydeus from these sacred towers, That dreadful Chief, terror of all our host, Bravest, in my account, of all the Greeks. For never yet Achilles hath himself120 So taught our people fear, although esteemed Son of a Goddess. But this warrior’s rage Is boundless, and his strength past all compare. So Helenus; nor Hector not complied. Down from his chariot instant to the ground125 All arm’d he leap’d, and, shaking his sharp spears, Through every phalanx pass’d, rousing again Their courage, and rekindling horrid war. They, turning, faced the Greeks; the Greeks repulsed, Ceased from all carnage, nor supposed they less130 Than that some Deity, the starry skies Forsaken, help’d their foes, so firm they stood. But Hector to the Trojans call’d aloud. Ye dauntless Trojans and confederate powers Call’d from afar! now be ye men, my friends,135 Now summon all the fury of your might! I go to charge our senators and wives That they address the Gods with prayers and vows For our success, and hecatombs devote. So saying the Hero went, and as he strode140 The sable hide that lined his bossy shield Smote on his neck and on his ancle-bone. And now into the middle space between Both hosts, the son of Tydeus and the son Moved of Hippolochus, intent alike145 On furious combat; face to face they stood, And thus heroic Diomede began. Most noble Champion! who of human kind Art thou,[8] whom in the man-ennobling fight I now encounter first? Past all thy peers150 I must esteem thee valiant, who hast dared To meet my coming, and my spear defy. Ah! they are sons of miserable sires Who dare my might; but if a God from heaven Thou come, behold! I fight not with the Gods.155 That war Lycurgus son of Dryas waged, And saw not many years. The nurses he Of brain-disturbing Bacchus down the steep Pursued of sacred Nyssa; they their wands Vine-wreathed cast all away, with an ox-goad160 Chastised by fell Lycurgus. Bacchus plunged Meantime dismay’d into the deep, where him Trembling, and at the Hero’s haughty threats Confounded, Thetis in her bosom hid.[9] Thus by Lycurgus were the blessed powers165 Of heaven offended, and Saturnian Jove Of sight bereaved him, who not long that loss Survived, for he was curst by all above. I, therefore, wage no contest with the Gods; But if thou be of men, and feed on bread170 Of earthly growth, draw nigh, that with a stroke Well-aim’d, I may at once cut short thy days.[10] To whom the illustrious Lycian Chief replied. Why asks brave Diomede of my descent? For, as the leaves, such is the race of man.[11]175 The wind shakes down the leaves, the budding grove Soon teems with others, and in spring they grow. So pass mankind. One generation meets Its destined period, and a new succeeds. But since thou seem’st desirous to be taught180 My pedigree, whereof no few have heard, Know that in Argos, in the very lap Of Argos, for her steed-grazed meadows famed, Stands Ephyra;[12] there Sisyphus abode, Shrewdest of human kind; Sisyphus, named185 Æolides. Himself a son begat, Glaucus, and he Bellerophon, to whom The Gods both manly force and beauty gave. Him Prœtus (for in Argos at that time Prœtus was sovereign, to whose sceptre Jove190 Had subjected the land) plotting his death, Contrived to banish from his native home. For fair Anteia, wife of Prœtus, mad Through love of young Bellerophon, him oft In secret to illicit joys enticed;195 But she prevail’d not o’er the virtuous mind Discrete of whom she wooed; therefore a lie Framing, she royal Prœtus thus bespake. Die thou, or slay Bellerophon, who sought Of late to force me to his lewd embrace.200 So saying, the anger of the King she roused. Slay him himself he would not, for his heart Forbad the deed; him therefore he dismiss’d To Lycia, charged with tales of dire import Written in tablets,[13] which he bade him show,205 That he might perish, to Anteia’s sire. To Lycia then, conducted by the Gods, He went, and on the shores of Xanthus found Free entertainment noble at the hands Of Lycia’s potent King. Nine days complete210 He feasted him, and slew each day an ox. But when the tenth day’s ruddy morn appear’d, He asked him then his errand, and to see Those written tablets from his son-in-law. The letters seen, he bade him, first, destroy215 Chimæra, deem’d invincible, divine In nature, alien from the race of man, Lion in front, but dragon all behind, And in the midst a she-goat breathing forth Profuse the violence of flaming fire.220 Her, confident in signs from heaven, he slew. Next, with the men of Solymæ[14] he fought, Brave warriors far renown’d, with whom he waged, In his account, the fiercest of his wars. And lastly, when in battle he had slain225 The man-resisting Amazons, the king Another stratagem at his return Devised against him, placing close-conceal’d An ambush for him from the bravest chosen In Lycia; but they saw their homes no more;230 Bellerophon the valiant slew them all. The monarch hence collecting, at the last, His heavenly origin, him there detain’d, And gave him his own daughter, with the half Of all his royal dignity and power.235 The Lycians also, for his proper use, Large lot assigned him of their richest soil,[15] Commodious for the vine, or for the plow. And now his consort fair three children bore To bold Bellerophon; Isandrus one,240 And one, Hippolochus; his youngest born Laodamia was for beauty such That she became a concubine of Jove. She bore Sarpedon of heroic note. But when Bellerophon, at last, himself245 Had anger’d all the Gods, feeding on grief He roam’d alone the Aleian field, exiled, By choice, from every cheerful haunt of man. Mars, thirsty still for blood, his son destroy’d Isandrus, warring with the host renown’d250 Of Solymæ; and in her wrath divine Diana from her chariot golden-rein’d Laodamia slew. Myself I boast Sprung from Hippolochus; he sent me forth To fight for Troy, charging me much and oft255 That I should outstrip always all mankind In worth and valor, nor the house disgrace Of my forefathers, heroes without peer In Ephyra, and in Lycia’s wide domain. Such is my lineage; such the blood I boast.260 He ceased. Then valiant Diomede rejoiced. He pitch’d his spear, and to the Lycian Prince In terms of peace and amity replied. Thou art my own hereditary friend, Whose noble grandsire was the guest of mine.[16]265 For Oeneus, on a time, full twenty days Regaled Bellerophon, and pledges fair Of hospitality they interchanged. Oeneus a belt radiant with purple gave To brave Bellerophon, who in return270 Gave him a golden goblet. Coming forth I left the kind memorial safe at home. A child was I when Tydeus went to Thebes, Where the Achaians perish’d, and of him Hold no remembrance; but henceforth, my friend,275 Thine host am I in Argos, and thou mine In Lycia, should I chance to sojourn there. We will not clash. Trojans or aids of Troy No few the Gods shall furnish to my spear, Whom I may slaughter; and no want of Greeks280 On whom to prove thy prowess, thou shalt find. But it were well that an exchange ensued Between us; take mine armor, give me thine, That all who notice us may understand Our patrimonial[17] amity and love.285 So they, and each alighting, hand in hand Stood lock’d, faith promising and firm accord. Then Jove of sober judgment so bereft Infatuate Glaucus that with Tydeus’ son He barter’d gold for brass, an hundred beeves290 In value, for the value small of nine. But Hector at the Scæan gate and beech[18] Meantime arrived, to whose approach the wives And daughters flock’d of Troy, inquiring each The fate of husband, brother, son, or friend.295 He bade them all with solemn prayer the Gods Seek fervent, for that wo was on the wing. But when he enter’d Priam’s palace, built With splendid porticoes, and which within Had fifty chambers lined with polish’d stone,300 Contiguous all, where Priam’s sons reposed And his sons’ wives, and where, on the other side. In twelve magnificent chambers also lined With polish’d marble and contiguous all, The sons-in-law of Priam lay beside305 His spotless daughters, there the mother queen Seeking the chamber of Laodice, Loveliest of all her children, as she went Met Hector. On his hand she hung and said: Why leavest thou, O my son! the dangerous field?310 I fear that the Achaians (hateful name!) Compass the walls so closely, that thou seek’st Urged by distress the citadel, to lift Thine hands in prayer to Jove? But pause awhile Till I shall bring thee wine, that having pour’d315 Libation rich to Jove and to the powers Immortal, thou may’st drink and be refresh’d. For wine is mighty to renew the strength Of weary man, and weary thou must be Thyself, thus long defending us and ours.320 To whom her son majestic thus replied. My mother, whom I reverence! cheering wine Bring none to me, lest I forget my might.[19] I fear, beside, with unwash’d hands to pour Libation forth of sable wine to Jove,325 And dare on none account, thus blood-defiled,[20] Approach the tempest-stirring God in prayer. Thou, therefore, gathering all our matrons, seek The fane of Pallas, huntress of the spoil, Bearing sweet incense; but from the attire330 Treasured within thy chamber, first select The amplest robe, most exquisitely wrought, And which thou prizest most—then spread the gift On Athenæan Pallas’ lap divine. Twelve heifers also of the year, untouch’d335 With puncture of the goad, promise to slay In sacrifice, if she will pity Troy, Our wives and little ones, and will avert The son of Tydeus from these sacred towers, That dreadful Chief, terror of all our host.340 Go then, my mother, seek the hallowed fane Of the spoil-huntress Deity. I, the while, Seek Paris, and if Paris yet can hear, Shall call him forth. But oh that earth would yawn And swallow him, whom Jove hath made a curse345 To Troy, to Priam, and to all his house; Methinks, to see him plunged into the shades For ever, were a cure for all my woes. He ceased; the Queen, her palace entering, charged Her maidens; they, incontinent, throughout350 All Troy convened the matrons, as she bade. Meantime into her wardrobe incense-fumed, Herself descended; there her treasures lay, Works of Sidonian women,[21] whom her son The godlike Paris, when he cross’d the seas355 With Jove-begotten Helen, brought to Troy. The most magnificent, and varied most With colors radiant, from the rest she chose For Pallas; vivid as a star it shone, And lowest lay of all. Then forth she went,360 The Trojan matrons all following her steps. But when the long procession reach’d the fane Of Pallas in the heights of Troy, to them The fair Theano ope’d the portals wide, Daughter of Cisseus, brave Antenor’s spouse,365 And by appointment public, at that time, Priestess of Pallas. All with lifted hands[22] In presence of Minerva wept aloud. Beauteous Theano on the Goddess’ lap Then spread the robe, and to the daughter fair370 Of Jove omnipotent her suit address’d. Goddess[23] of Goddesses, our city’s shield, Adored Minerva, hear! oh! break the lance Of Diomede, and give himself to fall Prone in the dust before the Scæan gate.375 So will we offer to thee at thy shrine, This day twelve heifers of the year, untouch’d By yoke or goad, if thou wilt pity show To Troy, and save our children and our wives. Such prayer the priestess offer’d, and such prayer380 All present; whom Minerva heard averse. But Hector to the palace sped meantime Of Alexander, which himself had built, Aided by every architect of name Illustrious then in Troy. Chamber it had,385 Wide hall, proud dome, and on the heights of Troy Near-neighboring Hector’s house and Priam’s stood. There enter’d Hector, Jove-beloved, a spear Its length eleven cubits in his hand, Its glittering head bound with a ring of gold.390 He found within his chamber whom he sought, Polishing with exactest care his arms Resplendent, shield and hauberk fingering o’er With curious touch, and tampering with his bow.[24] Helen of Argos with her female train395 Sat occupied, the while, to each in turn Some splendid task assigning. Hector fix’d His eyes on Paris, and him stern rebuked. Thy sullen humors, Paris, are ill-timed. The people perish at our lofty walls;400 The flames of war have compass’d Troy around And thou hast kindled them; who yet thyself That slackness show’st which in another seen Thou would’st resent to death. Haste, seek the field This moment, lest, the next, all Ilium blaze.405 To whom thus Paris, graceful as a God. Since, Hector, thou hast charged me with a fault, And not unjustly, I will answer make, And give thou special heed. That here I sit, The cause is sorrow, which I wish’d to soothe410 In secret, not displeasure or revenge. I tell thee also, that even now my wife Was urgent with me in most soothing terms That I would forth to battle; and myself, Aware that victory oft changes sides,415 That course prefer. Wait, therefore, thou awhile, Till I shall dress me for the fight, or go Thou first, and I will overtake thee soon. He ceased, to whom brave Hector answer none Return’d, when Helen him with lenient speech420 Accosted mild.[25] My brother! who in me Hast found a sister worthy of thy hate, Authoress of all calamity to Troy, Oh that the winds, the day when I was born, Had swept me out of sight, whirl’d me aloft425 To some inhospitable mountain-top, Or plunged me in the deep; there I had sunk O’erwhelm’d, and all these ills had never been. But since the Gods would bring these ills to pass, I should, at least, some worthier mate have chosen,430 One not insensible to public shame. But this, oh this, nor hath nor will acquire Hereafter, aught which like discretion shows Or reason, and shall find his just reward. But enter; take this seat; for who as thou435 Labors, or who hath cause like thee to rue The crime, my brother, for which Heaven hath doom’d Both Paris and my most detested self To be the burthens of an endless song? To whom the warlike Hector huge[26] replied.440 Me bid not, Helen, to a seat, howe’er Thou wish my stay, for thou must not prevail. The Trojans miss me, and myself no less Am anxious to return. But urge in haste This loiterer forth; yea, let him urge himself445 To overtake me ere I quit the town. For I must home in haste, that I may see My loved Andromache, my infant boy, And my domestics, ignorant if e’er I shall behold them more, or if my fate450 Ordain me now to fall by Grecian hands. So spake the dauntless hero, and withdrew. But reaching soon his own well-built abode He found not fair Andromache; she stood Lamenting Hector, with the nurse who bore455 Her infant, on a turret’s top sublime. He then, not finding his chaste spouse within, Thus from the portal, of her train inquired. Tell me, ye maidens, whither went from home Andromache the fair?[27] Went she to see460 Her female kindred of my father’s house, Or to Minerva’s temple, where convened The bright-hair’d matrons of the city seek To soothe the awful Goddess? Tell me true. To whom his household’s governess discreet.465 Since, Hector, truth is thy demand, receive True answer. Neither went she forth to see Her female kindred of thy father’s house, Nor to Minerva’s temple, where convened The bright-haired matrons of the city seek470 To soothe the awful Goddess; but she went Hence to the tower of Troy: for she had heard That the Achaians had prevail’d, and driven The Trojans to the walls; she, therefore, wild With grief, flew thither, and the nurse her steps475 Attended, with thy infant in her arms. So spake the prudent governess; whose words When Hector heard, issuing from his door He backward trod with hasty steps the streets Of lofty Troy, and having traversed all480 The spacious city, when he now approach’d The Scæan gate, whence he must seek the field, There, hasting home again his noble wife Met him, Andromache the rich-endow’d Fair daughter of Eëtion famed in arms.485 Eëtion, who in Hypoplacian Thebes Umbrageous dwelt, Cilicia’s mighty lord— His daughter valiant Hector had espoused. There she encounter’d him, and with herself The nurse came also, bearing in her arms490 Hectorides, his infant darling boy, Beautiful as a star. Him Hector called Scamandrios, but Astyanax[28] all else In Ilium named him, for that Hector’s arm Alone was the defence and strength of Troy.495 The father, silent, eyed his babe, and smiled. Andromache, meantime, before him stood, With streaming cheeks, hung on his hand, and said. Thy own great courage will cut short thy days, My noble Hector! neither pitiest thou500 Thy helpless infant, or my hapless self, Whose widowhood is near; for thou wilt fall Ere long, assail’d by the whole host of Greece. Then let me to the tomb, my best retreat When thou art slain. For comfort none or joy505 Can I expect, thy day of life extinct, But thenceforth, sorrow. Father I have none; No mother. When Cilicia’s city, Thebes The populous, was by Achilles sack’d. He slew my father; yet his gorgeous arms510 Stripp’d not through reverence of him, but consumed, Arm’d as it was, his body on the pile, And heap’d his tomb, which the Oreades, Jove’s daughters, had with elms inclosed around.[29] My seven brothers, glory of our house,515 All in one day descended to the shades; For brave Achilles,[30] while they fed their herds And snowy flocks together, slew them all. My mother, Queen of the well-wooded realm Of Hypoplacian Thebes, her hither brought520 Among his other spoils, he loosed again At an inestimable ransom-price, But by Diana pierced, she died at home. Yet Hector—oh my husband! I in thee Find parents, brothers, all that I have lost.525 Come! have compassion on us. Go not hence, But guard this turret, lest of me thou make A widow, and an orphan of thy boy. The city walls are easiest of ascent At yonder fig-tree; station there thy powers;530 For whether by a prophet warn’d, or taught By search and observation, in that part Each Ajax with Idomeneus of Crete, The sons of Atreus, and the valiant son Of Tydeus, have now thrice assail’d the town.535 To whom the leader of the host of Troy. These cares, Andromache, which thee engage, All touch me also; but I dread to incur The scorn of male and female tongues in Troy, If, dastard-like, I should decline the fight.540 Nor feel I such a wish. No. I have learn’d To be courageous ever, in the van Among the flower of Ilium to assert My glorious father’s honor, and my own. For that the day shall come when sacred Troy,545 When Priam, and the people of the old Spear-practised King shall perish, well I know. But for no Trojan sorrows yet to come So much I mourn, not e’en for Hecuba, Nor yet for Priam, nor for all the brave550 Of my own brothers who shall kiss the dust, As for thyself, when some Achaian Chief Shall have convey’d thee weeping hence, thy sun Of peace and liberty for ever set. Then shalt thou toil in Argos at the loom555 For a task-mistress, and constrain’d shalt draw From Hypereïa’s fount,[31] or from the fount Messeïs, water at her proud command. Some Grecian then, seeing thy tears, shall say— “This was the wife of Hector, who excell’d560 All Troy in fight when Ilium was besieged.” Such he shall speak thee, and thy heart, the while, Shall bleed afresh through want of such a friend To stand between captivity and thee. But may I rest beneath my hill of earth565 Or ere that day arrive! I would not live To hear thy cries, and see thee torn away. So saying, illustrious Hector stretch’d his arms Forth to his son, but with a scream, the child Fell back into the bosom of his nurse,570 His father’s aspect dreading, whose bright arms He had attentive mark’d and shaggy crest Playing tremendous o’er his helmet’s height. His father and his gentle mother laugh’d,[32] And noble Hector lifting from his head575 His dazzling helmet, placed it on the ground, Then kiss’d his boy and dandled him, and thus In earnest prayer the heavenly powers implored. Hear all ye Gods! as ye have given to me, So also on my son excelling might580 Bestow, with chief authority in Troy. And be his record this, in time to come, When he returns from battle. Lo! how far The son excels the sire! May every foe Fall under him, and he come laden home585 With spoils blood-stain’d to his dear mother’s joy. He said, and gave his infant to the arms Of his Andromache, who him received Into her fragrant bosom, bitter tears With sweet smiles mingling; he with pity moved590 That sight observed, soft touch’d her cheek, and said, Mourn not, my loved Andromache, for me Too much; no man shall send me to the shades Of Tartarus, ere mine allotted hour, Nor lives he who can overpass the date595 By heaven assign’d him, be he base or brave.[33] Go then, and occupy content at home The woman’s province; ply the distaff, spin And weave, and task thy maidens. War belongs To man; to all men; and of all who first600 Drew vital breath in Ilium, most to me.[34] He ceased, and from the ground his helmet raised Hair-crested; his Andromache, at once Obedient, to her home repair’d, but oft Turn’d as she went, and, turning, wept afresh.605 No sooner at the palace she arrived Of havoc-spreading Hector, than among Her numerous maidens found within, she raised A general lamentation; with one voice, In his own house, his whole domestic train610 Mourn’d Hector, yet alive; for none the hope Conceived of his escape from Grecian hands, Or to behold their living master more. Nor Paris in his stately mansion long Delay’d, but, arm’d resplendent, traversed swift615 The city, all alacrity and joy. As some stall’d horse high-fed, his stable-cord Snapt short, beats under foot the sounding plain, Accustomed in smooth-sliding streams to lave Exulting; high he bears his head, his mane620 Undulates o’er his shoulders, pleased he eyes His glossy sides, and borne on pliant knees Shoots to the meadow where his fellows graze; So Paris, son of Priam, from the heights Of Pergamus into the streets of Troy,625 All dazzling as the sun, descended, flush’d With martial pride, and bounding in his course. At once he came where noble Hector stood Now turning, after conference with his spouse, When godlike Alexander thus began.630 My hero brother, thou hast surely found My long delay most irksome. More dispatch Had pleased thee more, for such was thy command. To whom the warlike Hector thus replied. No man, judicious, and in feat of arms635 Intelligent, would pour contempt on thee (For thou art valiant) wert thou not remiss And wilful negligent; and when I hear The very men who labor in thy cause Reviling thee, I make thy shame my own.640 But let us on. All such complaints shall cease Hereafter, and thy faults be touch’d no more, Let Jove but once afford us riddance clear Of these Achaians, and to quaff the cup Of liberty, before the living Gods.645 It may be observed, that Hector begins to resume his hope of success, and his warlike spirit is roused again, as he approaches the field of action. The depressing effect of his sad interview is wearing away from his mind, and he is already prepared for the battle with Ajax, which awaits him. The student who has once read this book, will read it again and again. It contains much that is addressed to the deepest feelings of our common nature, and, despite of the long interval of time which lies between our age and the Homeric—despite the manifold changes of customs, habits, pursuits, and the advances that have been made in civilization and art—despite of all these, the universal spirit of humanity will recognize in these scenes much of that true poetry which delights alike all ages, all nations, all men.—Felton. BOOK VII. ARGUMENT OF THE SEVENTH BOOK. Ajax and Hector engage in single combat. The Grecians fortify their camp. BOOK VII. So saying, illustrious Hector through the gates To battle rush’d, with Paris at his side, And both were bent on deeds of high renown. As when the Gods vouchsafe propitious gales To longing mariners, who with smooth oars5 Threshing the waves have all their strength consumed, So them the longing Trojans glad received. At once each slew a Grecian. Paris slew Menesthius who in Arna dwelt, the son Of Areithoüs, club-bearing chief,10 And of Philomedusa radiant-eyed. But Hector wounded with his glittering spear Eïoneus; he pierced his neck beneath His brazen morion’s verge, and dead he fell. Then Glaucus, leader of the Lycian host,15 Son of Hippolochus, in furious fight Iphinoüs son of Dexias assail’d, Mounting his rapid mares, and with his lance His shoulder pierced; unhorsed he fell and died. Such slaughter of the Grecians in fierce fight20 Minerva noting, from the Olympian hills Flew down to sacred Ilium; whose approach Marking from Pergamus, Apollo flew To meet her, ardent on the part of Troy. Beneath the beech they join’d, when first the King,25 The son of Jove, Apollo thus began. Daughter of Jove supreme! why hast thou left Olympus, and with such impetuous speed? Comest thou to give the Danaï success Decisive? For I know that pity none30 Thou feel’st for Trojans, perish as they may But if advice of mine can influence thee To that which shall be best, let us compose This day the furious fight which shall again Hereafter rage, till Ilium be destroy’d.35 Since such is Juno’s pleasure and thy own. Him answer’d then Pallas cærulean-eyed. Celestial archer! be it so. I came Myself so purposing into the field From the Olympian heights. But by what means40 Wilt thou induce the warriors to a pause? To whom the King, the son of Jove, replied. The courage of equestrian Hector bold Let us excite, that he may challenge forth To single conflict terrible some chief45 Achaian. The Achaians brazen-mail’d Indignant, will supply a champion soon To combat with the noble Chief of Troy. So spake Apollo, and his counsel pleased Minerva; which when Helenus the seer,50 Priam’s own son, in his prophetic soul Perceived, approaching Hector, thus he spake. Jove’s peer in wisdom, Hector, Priam’s son! I am thy brother. Wilt thou list to me? Bid cease the battle. Bid both armies sit.55 Call first, thyself, the mightiest of the Greeks To single conflict. I have heard the voice Of the Eternal Gods, and well-assured Foretell thee that thy death not now impends. He spake, whom Hector heard with joy elate.60 Before his van striding into the space Both hosts between, he with his spear transverse[1] Press’d back the Trojans, and they sat. Down sat The well-greaved Grecians also at command Of Agamemnon; and in shape assumed65 Of vultures, Pallas and Apollo perch’d High on the lofty beech sacred to Jove The father Ægis-arm’d; delighted thence They view’d the peopled plain horrent around With shields and helms and glittering spears erect.70 As when fresh-blowing Zephyrus the flood Sweeps first, the ocean blackens at the blast, Such seem’d the plain whereon the Achaians sat And Trojans, whom between thus Hector spake. Ye Trojans and Achaians brazen-greaved,75 Attend while I shall speak! Jove high-enthroned Hath not fulfill’d the truce, but evil plans Against both hosts, till either ye shall take Troy’s lofty towers, or shall yourselves in flight Fall vanquish’d at your billow-cleaving barks.80 With you is all the flower of Greece.[2] Let him Whose heart shall move him to encounter sole Illustrious Hector, from among you all Stand forth, and Jove be witness to us both. If he, with his long-pointed lance, of life85 Shall me bereave, my armor is his prize, Which he shall hence into your fleet convey; Not so my body; that he shall resign For burial to the men and wives of Troy. But if Apollo make the glory mine,90 And he fall vanquish’d, him will I despoil, And hence conveying into sacred Troy His arms, will in the temple hang them high[3] Of the bow-bender God, but I will send His body to the fleet, that him the Greeks95 May grace with rights funereal. On the banks Of wide-spread Hellespont ye shall upraise His tomb, and as they cleave with oary barks The sable deep, posterity shall say— “It is a warrior’s tomb; in ancient days100 The Hero died; him warlike Hector slew.” So men shall speak hereafter, and my fame Who slew him, and my praise, shall never die. He ceased, and all sat mute. His challenge bold None dared accept, which yet they blush’d to shun,105 Till Menelaus, at the last, arose Groaning profound, and thus reproach’d the Greeks. Ah boasters! henceforth women—men no more— Eternal shame, shame infinite is ours, If none of all the Grecians dares contend110 With Hector. Dastards—deaf to glory’s call— Rot where ye sit! I will myself take arms Against him, for the gods alone dispose, At their own pleasure, the events of war. He ended, and put on his radiant arms.115 Then, Menelaus, manifest appear’d Thy death approaching by the dreadful hands Of Hector, mightier far in arms than thou, But that the Chiefs of the Achaians all Upstarting stay’d thee, and himself the King,120 The son of Atreus, on thy better hand Seizing affectionate, thee thus address’d. Thou ravest, my royal brother! and art seized With needless frenzy. But, however chafed, Restrain thy wrath, nor covet to contend125 With Priameian Hector, whom in fight All dread, a warrior thy superior far. Not even Achilles, in the glorious field (Though stronger far than thou) this hero meets Undaunted. Go then, and thy seat resume130 In thy own band; the Achaians shall for him, Doubtless, some fitter champion furnish forth. Brave though he be, and with the toils of war Insatiable, he shall be willing yet, Seated on his bent knees, to breathe a while,135 Should he escape the arduous brunt severe. So saying, the hero by his counsel wise His brother’s purpose alter’d; he complied, And his glad servants eased him of his arms. Then Nestor thus the Argive host bespake.140 Great wo, ye Gods! hath on Achaia fallen. Now may the warlike Pelaus, hoary Chief, Who both with eloquence and wisdom rules The Myrmidons, our foul disgrace deplore. With him discoursing, erst, of ancient times,145 When all your pedigrees I traced, I made His heart bound in him at the proud report. But now, when he shall learn how here we sat Cowering at the foot of Hector, he shall oft His hands uplift to the immortal Gods,150 Praying a swift release into the shades. Jove! Pallas! Phœbus! Oh that I were young As when the Pylians in fierce fight engaged The Arcadians spear-expert, beside the stream Of rapid Celadon! Beneath the walls155 We fought of Pheia, where the Jardan rolls. There Ereuthalion, Chief of godlike form, Stood forth before his van, and with loud voice Defied the Pylians. Arm’d he was in steel By royal Areïthous whilom worn;160 Brave Areïthous, Corynetes[4] named By every tongue; for that in bow and spear Nought trusted he, but with an iron mace The close-embattled phalanx shatter’d wide. Him by address, not by superior force,165 Lycurgus vanquish’d, in a narrow pass, Where him his iron whirl-bat[5] nought avail’d. Lycurgus stealing on him, with his lance Transpierced and fix’d him to the soil supine. Him of his arms, bright gift of brazen Mars,170 He stripp’d, which after, in the embattled field Lycurgus wore himself, but, growing old, Surrender’d them to Ereuthalion’s use His armor-bearer, high in his esteem, And Ereuthalion wore them on the day175 When he defied our best. All hung their heads And trembled; none dared meet him; till at last With inborn courage warm’d, and nought dismayed, Though youngest of them all, I undertook That contest, and, by Pallas’ aid, prevail’d.180 I slew the man in height and bulk all men Surpassing, and much soil he cover’d slain. Oh for the vigor of those better days! Then should not Hector want a champion long, Whose call to combat, ye, although the prime185 And pride of all our land, seem slow to hear. He spake reproachful, when at once arose Nine heroes. Agamemnon, King of men, Foremost arose; then Tydeus’ mighty son, With either Ajax in fierce prowess clad;190 The Cretan next, Idomeneus, with whom Uprose Meriones his friend approved, Terrible as the man-destroyer Mars. Evæmon’s noble offspring next appear’d Eurypylus; Andræmon’s son the next195 Thoas; and last, Ulysses, glorious Chief. All these stood ready to engage in arms With warlike Hector, when the ancient King, Gerenian Nestor, thus his speech resumed. Now cast the lot for all. Who wins the chance200 Shall yield Achaia service, and himself Serve also, if successful he escape This brunt of hostile hardiment severe. So Nestor. They, inscribing each his lot, Into the helmet cast it of the son205 Of Atreus, Agamemnon. Then the host Pray’d all, their hands uplifting, and with eyes To the wide heavens directed, many said[6]— Eternal sire! choose Ajax, or the son Of Tydeus, or the King himself[7] who sways210 The sceptre in Mycenæ wealth-renown’d! Such prayer the people made; then Nestor shook The helmet, and forth leaped, whose most they wished, The lot of Ajax. Throughout all the host To every chief and potentate of Greece,215 From right to left the herald bore the lot By all disown’d; but when at length he reach’d The inscriber of the lot, who cast it in, Illustrious Ajax, in his open palm The herald placed it, standing at his side.220 He, conscious, with heroic joy the lot Cast at his foot, and thus exclaim’d aloud. My friends! the lot is mine,[8] and my own heart Rejoices also; for I nothing doubt That noble Hector shall be foil’d by me.225 But while I put mine armor on, pray all In silence to the King Saturnian Jove, Lest, while ye pray, the Trojans overhear. Or pray aloud, for whom have we to dread? No man shall my firm standing by his strength230 Unsettle, or for ignorance of mine Me vanquish, who, I hope, brought forth and train’d In Salamis, have, now, not much to learn. He ended. They with heaven-directed eyes The King in prayer address’d, Saturnian Jove.235 Jove! glorious father! who from Ida’s height Controlest all below, let Ajax prove Victorious; make the honor all his own! Or, if not less than Ajax, Hector share Thy love and thy regard, divide the prize240 Of glory, and let each achieve renown! Then Ajax put his radiant armor on, And, arm’d complete, rush’d forward. As huge Mars To battle moves the sons of men between Whom Jove with heart-devouring thirst inspires245 Of war, so moved huge Ajax to the fight, Tower of the Greeks, dilating with a smile His martial features terrible; on feet, Firm-planted, to the combat he advanced Stride after stride, and shook his quivering spear.250 Him viewing, Argos’ universal host Exulted, while a panic loosed the knees Of every Trojan; even Hector’s heart Beat double, but escape for him remain’d None now, or to retreat into his ranks255 Again, from whom himself had challenged forth. Ajax advancing like a tower his shield Sevenfold, approach’d. It was the labor’d work Of Tychius, armorer of matchless skill, Who dwelt in Hyla; coated with the hides260 Of seven high-pamper’d bulls that shield he framed For Ajax, and the disk plated with brass. Advancing it before his breast, the son Of Telamon approach’d the Trojan Chief, And face to face, him threatening, thus began.265 Now, Hector, prove, by me alone opposed, What Chiefs the Danaï can furnish forth In absence of the lion-hearted prince Achilles, breaker of the ranks of war. He, in his billow-cleaving barks incensed270 Against our leader Agamemnon, lies; But warriors of my measure, who may serve To cope with thee, we want not; numerous such Are found amongst us. But begin the fight. To whom majestic Hector fierce in arms.275 Ajax! heroic leader of the Greeks! Offspring of Telamon! essay not me With words to terrify, as I were boy. Or girl unskill’d in war;[9] I am a man Well exercised in battle, who have shed280 The blood of many a warrior, and have learn’d, From hand to hand shifting my shield, to fight Unwearied; I can make a sport of war, In standing fight adjusting all my steps To martial measures sweet, or vaulting light285 Into my chariot, thence can urge the foe. Yet in contention with a Chief like thee I will employ no stratagem, or seek To smite thee privily, but with a stroke (If I may reach thee) visible to all.290 So saying, he shook, then hurl’d his massy spear At Ajax, and his broad shield sevenfold On its eighth surface of resplendent brass Smote full; six hides the unblunted weapon pierced, But in the seventh stood rooted. Ajax, next,295 Heroic Chief, hurl’d his long shadow’d spear And struck the oval shield of Priam’s son. Through his bright disk the weapon tempest-driven Glided, and in his hauberk-rings infixt At his soft flank, ripp’d wide his vest within.300 Inclined oblique he ’scaped the dreadful doom Then each from other’s shield his massy spear Recovering quick, like lions hunger-pinch’d Or wild boars irresistible in force, They fell to close encounter. Priam’s son305 The shield of Ajax at its centre smote, But fail’d to pierce it, for he bent his point. Sprang Ajax then, and meeting full the targe Of Hector, shock’d him; through it and beyond He urged the weapon with its sliding edge310 Athwart his neck, and blood was seen to start. But still, for no such cause, from battle ceased Crest-tossing Hector, but retiring, seized A huge stone angled sharp and black with age That on the champain lay. The bull-hide guard315 Sevenfold of Ajax with that stone he smote Full on its centre; sang the circling brass. Then Ajax far a heavier stone upheaved; He whirled it, and with might immeasurable Dismiss’d the mass, which with a mill-stone weight320 Sank through the shield of Hector, and his knees Disabled; with his shield supine he fell, But by Apollo raised, stood soon again. And now, with swords they had each other hewn, Had not the messengers of Gods and men325 The heralds wise, Idæus on the part Of Ilium, and Talthybius for the Greeks, Advancing interposed. His sceptre each Between them held, and thus Idæus spake.[10] My children, cease! prolong not still the fight.330 Ye both are dear to cloud-assembler Jove, Both valiant, and all know it. But the Night Hath fallen, and Night’s command must be obeyed. To him the son of Telamon replied. Idæus! bid thy master speak as thou.335 He is the challenger. If such his choice, Mine differs not; I wait but to comply. Him answer’d then heroic Hector huge. Since, Ajax, the immortal powers on thee Have bulk pre-eminent and strength bestow’d,340 With such address in battle, that the host Of Greece hath not thine equal at the spear, Now let the combat cease. We shall not want More fair occasion; on some future day We will not part till all-disposing heaven345 Shall give thee victory, or shall make her mine. But Night hath fallen, and Night must be obey’d, That them may’st gratify with thy return The Achaians, and especially thy friends And thy own countrymen. I go, no less350 To exhilarate in Priam’s royal town Men and robed matrons, who shall seek the Gods For me, with pious ceremonial due. But come. We will exchange, or ere we part, Some princely gift, that Greece and Troy may say355 Hereafter, with soul-wasting rage they fought, But parted with the gentleness of friends. So saying, he with his sheath and belt a sword Presented bright-emboss’d, and a bright belt Purpureal[11] took from Ajax in return.360 Thus separated, one the Grecians sought, And one the Trojans; they when him they saw From the unconquer’d hands return’d alive Of Ajax, with delight their Chief received, And to the city led him, double joy365 Conceiving all at his unhoped escape. On the other side, the Grecians brazen-mail’d To noble Agamemnon introduced Exulting Ajax, and the King of men In honor of the conqueror slew an ox370 Of the fifth year to Jove omnipotent. Him flaying first, they carved him next and spread The whole abroad, then, scoring deep the flesh, They pierced it with the spits, and from the spits (Once roasted well) withdrew it all again.375 Their labor thus accomplish’d, and the board Furnish’d with plenteous cheer, they feasted all Till all were satisfied; nor Ajax miss’d The conqueror’s meed, to whom the hero-king Wide-ruling Agamemnon, gave the chine[12]380 Perpetual,[13] his distinguish’d portion due. The calls of hunger and of thirst at length Both well sufficed, thus, foremost of them all The ancient Nestor, whose advice had oft Proved salutary, prudent thus began.385 Chiefs of Achaia, and thou, chief of all, Great Agamemnon! Many of our host Lie slain, whose blood sprinkles, in battle shed, The banks of smooth Scamander, and their souls Have journey’d down into the realms of death.390 To-morrow, therefore, let the battle pause As need requires, and at the peep of day With mules and oxen, wheel ye from all parts The dead, that we may burn them near the fleet. So, home to Greece returning, will we give395 The fathers’ ashes to the children’s care. Accumulating next, the pile around, One common tomb for all, with brisk dispatch We will upbuild for more secure defence Of us and of our fleet, strong towers and tall400 Adjoining to the tomb, and every tower Shall have its ponderous gate, commodious pass Affording to the mounted charioteer. And last, without those towers and at their foot, Dig we a trench, which compassing around405 Our camp, both steeds and warriors shall exclude, And all fierce inroad of the haughty foe. So counsell’d he, whom every Chief approved. In Troy meantime, at Priam’s gate beside The lofty citadel, debate began410 The assembled senators between, confused, Clamorous, and with furious heat pursued, When them Antenor, prudent, thus bespake. Ye Trojans, Dardans, and allies of Troy, My counsel hear! Delay not. Instant yield415 To the Atridæ, hence to be convey’d, Helen of Greece with all that is her own. For charged with violated oaths we fight, And hope I none conceive that aught by us Design’d shall prosper, unless so be done.420 He spake and sat; when from his seat arose Paris, fair Helen’s noble paramour, Who thus with speech impassion’d quick replied. Antenor! me thy counsel hath not pleased; Thou could’st have framed far better; but if this425 Be thy deliberate judgment, then the Gods Make thy deliberate judgment nothing worth. But I will speak myself. Ye Chiefs of Troy, I tell you plain. I will not yield my spouse. But all her treasures to our house convey’d430 From Argos, those will I resign, and add Still other compensation from my own. Thus Paris said and sat; when like the Gods Themselves in wisdom, from his seat uprose Dardanian Priam, who them thus address’d.435 Trojans, Dardanians, and allies of Troy! I shall declare my sentence; hear ye me. Now let the legions, as at other times, Take due refreshment; let the watch be set, And keep ye vigilant guard. At early dawn440 We will dispatch Idæus to the fleet, Who shall inform the Atridæ of this last Resolve of Paris, author of the war. Discreet Idæus also shall propose A respite (if the Atridæ so incline)445 From war’s dread clamor, while we burn the dead. Then will we clash again, till heaven at length Shall part us, and the doubtful strife decide. He ceased, whose voice the assembly pleased, obey’d. Then, troop by troop, the army took repast,450 And at the dawn Idæus sought the fleet. He found the Danaï, servants of Mars, Beside the stern of Agamemnon’s ship Consulting; and amid the assembled Chiefs Arrived, with utterance clear them thus address’d.455 Ye sons of Atreus, and ye Chiefs, the flower Of all Achaia! Priam and the Chiefs Of Ilium, bade me to your ear impart (If chance such embassy might please your ear) The mind of Paris, author of the war.460 The treasures which on board his ships he brought From Argos home (oh, had he perish’d first!) He yields them with addition from his own. Not so the consort of the glorious prince Brave Menelaus; her (although in Troy465 All counsel otherwise) he still detains. Thus too I have in charge. Are ye inclined That the dread sounding clamors of the field Be caused to cease till we shall burn the dead? Then will we clash again, till heaven at length470 Shall part us, and the doubtful strife decide. So spake Idæus, and all silent sat; Till at the last brave Diomede replied. No. We will none of Paris’ treasures now, Nor even Helen’s self. A child may see475 Destruction winging swift her course to Troy. He said. The admiring Greeks with loud applause All praised the speech of warlike Diomede, And answer thus the King of men return’d. Idæus! thou hast witness’d the resolve480 Of the Achaian Chiefs, whose choice is mine. But for the slain, I shall not envy them A funeral pile; the spirit fled, delay Suits not. Last rites can not too soon be paid. Burn them. And let high-thundering Jove attest485 Himself mine oath, that war shall cease the while. So saying, he to all the Gods upraised His sceptre, and Idæus homeward sped To sacred Ilium. The Dardanians there And Trojans, all assembled, his return490 Expected anxious. He amid them told Distinct his errand, when, at once dissolved, The whole assembly rose, these to collect The scatter’d bodies, those to gather wood; While on the other side, the Greeks arose495 As sudden, and all issuing from the fleet Sought fuel, some, and some, the scatter’d dead. Now from the gently-swelling flood profound The sun arising, with his earliest rays In his ascent to heaven smote on the fields.500 When Greeks and Trojans met. Scarce could the slain Be clear distinguish’d, but they cleansed from each His clotted gore with water, and warm tears Distilling copious, heaved them to the wains. But wailing none was heard, for such command505 Had Priam issued; therefore heaping high The bodies, silent and with sorrowing hearts They burn’d them, and to sacred Troy return’d. The Grecians also, on the funeral pile The bodies heaping sad, burn’d them with fire510 Together, and return’d into the fleet. Then, ere the peep of dawn, and while the veil Of night, though thinner, still o’erhung the earth, Achaians, chosen from the rest, the pile Encompass’d. With a tomb (one tomb for all)515 They crown’d the spot adust, and to the tomb (For safety of their fleet and of themselves) Strong fortress added of high wall and tower, With solid gates affording egress thence Commodious to the mounted charioteer;520 Deep foss and broad they also dug without, And planted it with piles. So toil’d the Greeks. The Gods, that mighty labor, from beside The Thunderer’s throne with admiration view’d, When Neptune, shaker of the shores, began.525 Eternal father! is there on the face Of all the boundless earth one mortal man Who will, in times to come, consult with heaven? See’st thou yon height of wall, and yon deep trench With which the Grecians have their fleet inclosed,530 And, careless of our blessing, hecatomb Or invocation have presented none? Far as the day-spring shoots herself abroad, So far the glory of this work shall spread, While Phœbus and myself, who, toiling hard,535 Built walls for king Laomedon, shall see Forgotten all the labor of our hands. To whom, indignant, thus high-thundering Jove. Oh thou, who shakest the solid earth at will, What hast thou spoken? An inferior power,540 A god of less sufficiency than thou, Might be allowed some fear from such a cause. Fear not. Where’er the morning shoots her beams, Thy glory shall be known; and when the Greeks Shall seek their country through the waves again,545 Then break this bulwark down, submerge it whole, And spreading deep with sand the spacious shore As at the first, leave not a trace behind. Such conference held the Gods; and now the sun Went down, and, that great work perform’d, the Greeks550 From tent to tent slaughter’d the fatted ox And ate their evening cheer. Meantime arrived Large fleet with Lemnian wine; Euneus, son Of Jason and Hypsipile, that fleet From Lemnos freighted, and had stow’d on board555 A thousand measures from the rest apart For the Atridæ; but the host at large By traffic were supplied; some barter’d brass, Others bright steel; some purchased wine with hides, These with their cattle, with their captives those,560 And the whole host prepared a glad regale. All night the Grecians feasted, and the host Of Ilium, and all night deep-planning Jove Portended dire calamities to both, Thundering tremendous!—Pale was every cheek;565 Each pour’d his goblet on the ground, nor dared The hardiest drink, till he had first perform’d Libation meet to the Saturnian King Omnipotent; then, all retiring, sought Their couches, and partook the gift of sleep.570 BOOK VIII. ARGUMENT OF THE EIGHTH BOOK. Jove calls a council, in which he forbids all interference of the Gods between the Greeks and Trojans. He repairs to Ida, where, having consulted the scales of destiny, he directs his lightning against the Grecians. Nestor is endangered by the death of one of his horses. Diomede delivers him. In the chariot of Diomede they both hasten to engage Hector, whose charioteer is slain by Diomede. Jupiter again interposes by his thunders, and the whole Grecian host, discomfited, is obliged to seek refuge within the rampart. Diomede, with others, at sight of a favorable omen sent from Jove in answer to Agamemnon’s prayer, sallies. Teucer performs great exploits, but is disabled by Hector. Juno and Pallas set forth from Olympus in aid of the Grecians, but are stopped by Jupiter, who reascends from Ida, and in heaven foretells the distresses which await the Grecians. Hector takes measures for the security of Troy during the night, and prepares his host for an assault to be made on the Grecian camp in the morning. BOOK VIII. The saffron-mantled morning[1] now was spread O’er all the nations, when the Thunderer Jove On the deep-fork’d Olympian topmost height Convened the Gods in council, amid whom He spake himself; they all attentive heard.5 Gods! Goddesses! Inhabitants of heaven! Attend; I make my secret purpose known. Let neither God nor Goddess interpose My counsel to rescind, but with one heart Approve it, that it reach, at once, its end.10 Whom I shall mark soever from the rest Withdrawn, that he may Greeks or Trojans aid, Disgrace shall find him; shamefully chastised He shall return to the Olympian heights, Or I will hurl him deep into the gulfs15 Of gloomy Tartarus, where Hell shuts fast Her iron gates, and spreads her brazen floor, As far below the shades, as earth from heaven. There shall he learn how far I pass in might All others; which if ye incline to doubt,20 Now prove me. Let ye down the golden chain[2] From heaven, and at its nether links pull all, Both Goddesses and Gods. But me your King, Supreme in wisdom, ye shall never draw To earth from heaven, toil adverse as ye may.25 Yet I, when once I shall be pleased to pull, The earth itself, itself the sea, and you Will lift with ease together, and will wind The chain around the spiry summit sharp Of the Olympian, that all things upheaved30 Shall hang in the mid heaven. So far do I, Compared with all who live, transcend them all. He ended, and the Gods long time amazed Sat silent, for with awful tone he spake: But at the last Pallas blue-eyed began.35 Father! Saturnian Jove! of Kings supreme! We know thy force resistless; but our hearts Feel not the less, when we behold the Greeks Exhausting all the sorrows of their lot. If thou command, we, doubtless, will abstain40 From battle, yet such counsel to the Greeks Suggesting still, as may in part effect Their safety, lest thy wrath consume them all. To whom with smiles answer’d cloud-gatherer Jove. Fear not, my child! stern as mine accent was,45 I forced a frown—no more. For in mine heart Nought feel I but benevolence to thee. He said, and to his chariot join’d his steeds Swift, brazen-hoof’d, and mailed with wavy gold; He put on golden raiment, his bright scourge50 Of gold receiving rose into his seat, And lash’d his steeds; they not unwilling flew Midway the earth between and starry heaven. To spring-fed Ida, mother of wild beasts, He came, where stands in Gargarus[3] his shrine55 Breathing fresh incense! there the Sire of all Arriving, loosed his coursers, and around Involving them in gather’d clouds opaque, Sat on the mountain’s head, in his own might Exulting, with the towers of Ilium all60 Beneath his eye, and the whole fleet of Greece. In all their tents, meantime, Achaia’s sons Took short refreshment, and for fight prepared. On the other side, though fewer, yet constrain’d By strong necessity, throughout all Troy,65 In the defence of children and wives Ardent, the Trojans panted for the field. Wide flew the city gates: forth rush’d to war Horsemen and foot, and tumult wild arose. They met, they clash’d; loud was the din of spears70 And bucklers on their bosoms brazen-mail’d Encountering, shields in opposition from Met bossy shields, and tumult wild arose.[4] There many a shout and many a dying groan Were heard, the slayer and the maim’d aloud75 Clamoring, and the earth was drench’d with blood. Till sacred morn[5] had brighten’d into noon, The vollied weapons on both sides their task Perform’d effectual, and the people fell. But when the sun had climb’d the middle skies,80 The Sire of all then took his golden scales;[6] Doom against doom he weigh’d, the eternal fates In counterpoise, of Trojans and of Greeks. He rais’d the beam; low sank the heavier lot Of the Achaians; the Achaian doom85 Subsided, and the Trojan struck the skies. Then roar’d the thunders from the summit hurl’d of Ida, and his vivid lightnings flew Into Achaia’s host. They at the sight Astonish’d stood; fear whiten’d every cheek.[7]90 Idomeneus dared not himself abide That shock, nor Agamemnon stood, nor stood The heroes Ajax, ministers of Mars. Gerenian Nestor, guardian of the Greeks, Alone fled not, nor he by choice remain’d,95 But by his steed retarded, which the mate Of beauteous Helen, Paris, with a shaft Had stricken where the forelock grows, a part Of all most mortal. Tortured by the wound Erect he rose, the arrow in his brain,100 And writhing furious, scared his fellow-steeds. Meantime, while, strenuous, with his falchion’s edge The hoary warrior stood slashing the reins, Through multitudes of fierce pursuers borne On rapid wheels, the dauntless charioteer105 Approach’d him, Hector. Then, past hope, had died The ancient King, but Diomede discern’d His peril imminent, and with a voice Like thunder, called Ulysses to his aid. Laertes’ noble son, for wiles renown’d!110 Art thou too fugitive, and turn’st thy back Like the base multitude? Ah! fear a lance Implanted ignominious in thy spine. Stop—Nestor dies. Fell Hector is at hand. So shouted Diomede, whose summons loud,115 Ulysses yet heard not, but, passing, flew With headlong haste to the Achaian fleet. Then, Diomede, unaided as he was, Rush’d ardent to the vanward, and before The steeds of the Neleian sovereign old120 Standing, in accents wing’d, him thus address’d. Old Chief! these youthful warriors are too brisk For thee, press’d also by encroaching age, Thy servant too is feeble, and thy steeds Are tardy. Mount my chariot. Thou shalt see125 With what rapidity the steeds of Troy, Pursuing or retreating, scour the field. I took them from that terror of his foes, Æneas. Thine to our attendants leave, While these against the warlike powers of Troy130 We push direct; that Hector’s self may know If my spear rage not furious as his own. He said, nor the Gerenian Chief refused. Thenceforth their servants, Sthenelus and good Eurymedon, took charge of Nestor’s steeds,135 And they the chariot of Tydides both Ascended; Nestor seized the reins, plied well The scourge, and soon they met. Tydides hurl’d At Hector first, while rapid he advanced; But missing Hector, wounded in the breast140 Eniopeus his charioteer, the son Of brave Thebæus, managing the steeds. He fell; his fiery coursers at the sound Startled, recoil’d, and where he fell he died. Deep sorrow for his charioteer o’erwhelm’d145 The mind of Hector; yet, although he mourn’d He left him, and another sought as brave. Nor wanted long his steeds a charioteer, For finding soon the son of Iphitus, Bold Archeptolemus, he bade him mount150 His chariot, and the reins gave to his hand. Then deeds of bloodiest note should have ensued, Penn’d had the Trojans been, as lambs, in Troy, But for quick succor of the sire of all. Thundering, he downward hurled his candent bolt155 To the horse-feet of Diomede; dire fumed The flaming sulphur, and both horses drove Under the axle, belly to the ground. Forth flew the splendid reins from Nestor’s hand, And thus to Diomede, appall’d, he spake.160 Back to the fleet, Tydides! Can’st not see That Jove ordains not, now, the victory thine? The son of Saturn glorifies to-day This Trojan, and, if such his will, can make The morrow ours; but vain it is to thwart165 The mind of Jove, for he is Lord of all. To him the valiant Diomede replied. Thou hast well said, old warrior! but the pang That wrings my soul, is this. The public ear In Ilium shall from Hector’s lips be told—170 I drove Tydides—fearing me he fled. So shall he vaunt, and may the earth her jaws That moment opening swallow me alive! Him answer’d the Gerenian warrior old. What saith the son of Tydeus, glorious Chief?175 Should Hector so traduce thee as to call Thee base and timid, neither Trojan him Nor Dardan would believe, nor yet the wives Of numerous shielded warriors brave of Troy, Widow’d by thy unconquerable arm.180 So saying, he through the fugitives his steeds Turn’d swift to flight. Then Hector and his host With clamor infinite their darts wo-wing’d Shower’d after them, and Hector, mighty Chief Majestic, from afar, thus call’d aloud.185 Tydides! thee the Danaï swift-horsed Were wont to grace with a superior seat, The mess of honor, and the brimming cup, But now will mock thee. Thou art woman now. Go, timorous girl! Thou never shalt behold190 Me flying, climb our battlements, or lead Our women captive. I will slay thee first. He ceased. Then Diomede in dread suspense Thrice purposed, turning, to withstand the foe, And thrice in thunder from the mountain-top195 Jove gave the signal of success to Troy. When Hector thus the Trojans hail’d aloud. Trojans and Lycians, and close-warring sons Of Dardanus, oh summon all your might, Now, now be men! I know that from his heart200 Saturnian Jove glory and bright success For me prepares, but havoc for the Greeks. Fools! they shall find this wall which they have raised Too weak to check my course, a feeble guard Contemptible; such also is the trench;205 My steeds shall slight it with an easy leap. But when ye see me in their fleet arrived, Remember fire. Then bring me flaming brands That I may burn their galleys and themselves Slaughter beside them, struggling in the smoke.[8]210 He spake, and thus encouraged next his steeds. Xanthus! Podargus! and ye generous pair Æthon and glossy Lampus! now requite Mine, and the bounty of Andromache, Far-famed Eëtion’s daughter; she your bowl215 With corn fresh-flavor’d and with wine full oft Hath mingled, your refreshment seeking first Ere mine, who have a youthful husband’s claim.[9] Now follow! now be swift; that we may seize The shield of Nestor, bruited to the skies220 As golden all, trappings and disk alike. Now from the shoulders of the equestrian Chief Tydides tear we off his splendid mail, The work of Vulcan.[10] May we take but these, I have good hope that, ere this night be spent,225 The Greeks shall climb their galleys and away. So vaunted he, but Juno with disdain His proud boast heard, and shuddering in her throne, Rock’d the Olympian; turning then toward The Ocean’s mighty sovereign, thus she spake.230 Alas! earth-shaking sovereign of the waves, Feel’st thou no pity of the perishing Greeks? Yet Greece, in Helice, with gifts nor few Nor sordid, and in Ægæ, honors thee, Whom therefore thou shouldst prosper. Would we all235 Who favor Greece associate to repulse The Trojans, and to check loud-thundering Jove, On Ida seated he might lour alone. To whom the Sovereign, Shaker of the Shores, Indignant. Juno! rash in speech! what word240 Hath ’scaped thy lips? never, with my consent, Shall we, the powers subordinate, in arms With Jove contend. He far excels us all. So they. Meantime, the trench and wall between,[11] The narrow interval with steeds was fill’d245 Close throng’d and shielded warriors. There immew’d By Priameian Hector, fierce as Mars, They stood, for Hector had the help of Jove. And now with blazing fire their gallant barks He had consumed, but Juno moved the mind250 Of Agamemnon, vigilant himself, To exhortation of Achaia’s host. Through camp and fleet the monarch took his way, And, his wide robe imperial in his hand, High on Ulysses’ huge black galley stood,255 The central ship conspicuous; thence his voice Might reach the most remote of all the line At each extreme, where Ajax had his tent Pitch’d, and Achilles, fearless of surprise. Thence, with loud voice, the Grecians thus he hail’d.260 Oh shame to Greece! Warriors in show alone! Where is your boasted prowess? Ye profess’d Vain-glorious erst in Lemnos, while ye fed Plenteously on the flesh of beeves full-grown, And crown’d your beakers high, that ye would face265 Each man a hundred Trojans in the field— Ay, twice a hundred—yet are all too few To face one Hector now; nor doubt I aught But he shall soon fire the whole fleet of Greece. Jove! Father! what great sovereign ever felt270 Thy frowns as I? Whom hast thou shamed as me? Yet I neglected not, through all the course Of our disasterous voyage (in the hope That we should vanquish Troy) thy sacred rites, But where I found thine altar, piled it high275 With fat and flesh of bulls, on every shore. But oh, vouchsafe to us, that we at least Ourselves, deliver’d, may escape the sword, Nor let their foes thus tread the Grecians down! He said. The eternal father pitying saw280 His tears, and for the monarch’s sake preserved The people. Instant, surest of all signs, He sent his eagle; in his pounces strong A fawn he bore, fruit of the nimble hind, Which fast beside the beauteous altar raised285 To Panomphæan[12] Jove sudden he dropp’d.[13] They, conscious, soon, that sent from Jove he came, More ardent sprang to fight. Then none of all Those numerous Chiefs could boast that he outstripp’d Tydides, urging forth beyond the foss290 His rapid steeds, and rushing to the war. He, foremost far, a Trojan slew, the son Of Phradmon, Ageläus; as he turn’d His steeds to flight, him turning with his spear Through back and bosom Diomede transpierced.295 And with loud clangor of his arms he fell. Then, royal Agamemnon pass’d the trench And Menelaus; either Ajax, then, Clad with fresh prowess both; them follow’d, next, Idomeneus, with his heroic friend300 In battle dread as homicidal Mars, Meriones; Evæmon’s son renown’d Succeeded, bold Eurypylus; and ninth Teucer, wide-straining his impatient bow. He under covert fought of the broad shield305 Of Telamonian Ajax; Ajax high Upraised his shield; the hero from beneath Took aim, and whom his arrow struck, he fell; Then close as to his mother’s side a child For safety creeps, Teucer to Ajax’ side310 Retired, and Ajax shielded him again. Whom then slew Teucer first, illustrious Chief? Orsilochus, and Ophelestes, first, And Ormenus he slew, then Dætor died, Chromius and Lycophontes brave in fight315 With Amopaon Polyæmon’s son, And Melanippus. These, together heap’d, All fell by Teucer on the plain of Troy. The Trojan ranks thinn’d by his mighty bow The King of armies Agamemnon saw320 Well-pleased, and him approaching, thus began. Brave Telamonian Teucer, oh, my friend, Thus shoot, that light may visit once again The Danaï, and Telamon rejoice! Thee Telamon within his own abode325 Rear’d although spurious; mount him, in return, Although remote, on glory’s heights again. I tell thee, and the effect shall follow sure, Let but the Thunderer and Minerva grant The pillage of fair Ilium to the Greeks,330 And I will give to thy victorious hand, After my own, the noblest recompense, A tripod or a chariot with its steeds, Or some fair captive to partake thy bed. To whom the generous Teucer thus replied.335 Atrides! glorious monarch! wherefore me Exhortest thou to battle? who myself Glow with sufficient ardor, and such strength As heaven affords me spare not to employ. Since first we drove them back, with watchful eye340 Their warriors I have mark’d; eight shafts my bow Hath sent long-barb’d, and every shaft, well-aim’d. The body of some Trojan youth robust Hath pierced, but still you ravening wolf escapes. He said, and from the nerve another shaft345 Impatient sent at Hector; but it flew Devious, and brave Gorgythion struck instead. Him beautiful Castianira, brought By Priam from Æsyma, nymph of form Celestial, to the King of Ilium bore.350 As in the garden, with the weight surcharged Of its own fruit, and drench’d by vernal rains The poppy falls oblique, so he his head Hung languid, by his helmet’s weight depress’d.[14] Then Teucer yet an arrow from the nerve355 Dispatch’d at Hector, with impatience fired To pierce him; but again his weapon err’d Turn’d by Apollo, and the bosom struck Of Archeptolemus, his rapid steeds To battle urging, Hector’s charioteer.360 He fell, his fiery coursers at the sound Recoil’d, and lifeless where he fell he lay. Deep sorrow for his charioteer the mind O’erwhelm’d of Hector, yet he left the slain, And seeing his own brother nigh at hand,365 Cebriones, him summon’d to the reins, Who with alacrity that charge received. Then Hector, leaping with a dreadful shout From his resplendent chariot, grasp’d a stone, And rush’d on Teucer, vengeance in his heart.370 Teucer had newly fitted to the nerve An arrow keen selected from the rest, And warlike Hector, while he stood the cord Retracting, smote him with that rugged rock Just where the key-bone interposed divides375 The neck and bosom, a most mortal part. It snapp’d the bow-string, and with numbing force Struck dead his hand; low on his knees he dropp’d, And from his opening grasp let fall the bow. Then not unmindful of a brother fallen380 Was Ajax, but, advancing rapid, stalk’d Around him, and his broad shield interposed, Till brave Alaster and Mecisteus, son Of Echius, friends of Teucer, from the earth Upraised and bore him groaning to the fleet.385 And now again fresh force Olympian Jove Gave to the Trojans; right toward the foss They drove the Greeks, while Hector in the van Advanced, death menacing in every look. As some fleet hound close-threatening flank or haunch390 Of boar or lion, oft as he his head Turns flying, marks him with a steadfast eye, So Hector chased the Grecians, slaying still The hindmost of the scatter’d multitude. But when, at length, both piles and hollow foss395 They had surmounted, and no few had fallen By Trojan hands, within their fleet they stood Imprison’d, calling each to each, and prayer With lifted hands, loud offering to the Gods. With Gorgon looks, meantime, and eyes of Mars,400 Hector impetuous his mane-tossing steeds From side to side before the rampart drove, When white-arm’d Juno pitying the Greeks, In accents wing’d her speech to Pallas turn’d. Alas, Jove’s daughter! shall not we at least405 In this extremity of their distress Care for the Grecians by the fatal force Of this one Chief destroy’d? I can endure The rage of Priameïan Hector now No longer; such dire mischiefs he hath wrought.410 Whom answer’d thus Pallas, cærulean-eyed. —And Hector had himself long since his life Resign’d and rage together, by the Greeks Slain under Ilium’s walls, but Jove, my sire, Mad counsels executing and perverse,415 Me counterworks in all that I attempt, Nor aught remembers how I saved ofttimes His son enjoin’d full many a task severe By King Eurystheus; to the Gods he wept, And me Jove sent in haste to his relief.420 But had I then foreseen what now I know, When through the adamantine gates he pass’d To bind the dog of hell, by the deep floods Hemm’d in of Styx, he had return’d no more. But Thetis wins him now; her will prevails,425 And mine he hates; for she hath kiss’d his knees And grasp’d his beard, and him in prayer implored That he would honor her heroic son Achilles, city-waster prince renown’d. ’Tis well—the day shall come when Jove again430 Shall call me darling, and his blue-eyed maid As heretofore;—but thou thy steeds prepare, While I, my father’s mansion entering, arm For battle. I would learn by trial sure, If Hector, Priam’s offspring famed in fight435 (Ourselves appearing in the walks of war) Will greet us gladly. Doubtless at the fleet Some Trojan also, shall to dogs resign His flesh for food, and to the fowls of heaven. So counsell’d Pallas, nor the daughter dread440 Of mighty Saturn, Juno, disapproved, But busily and with dispatch prepared The trappings of her coursers golden-rein’d. Meantime, Minerva progeny of Jove, On the adamantine floor of his abode445 Let fall profuse her variegated robe, Labor of her own hands. She first put on The corslet of the cloud-assembler God, Then arm’d her for the field of wo, complete. Mounting the fiery chariot, next she seized450 Her ponderous spear, huge, irresistible, With which Jove’s awful daughter levels ranks Of heroes against whom her anger burns. Juno with lifted lash urged on the steeds. At their approach, spontaneous roar’d the wide-455 Unfolding gates of heaven; the heavenly gates Kept by the watchful Hours, to whom the charge Of the Olympian summit appertains, And of the boundless ether, back to roll, And to replace the cloudy barrier dense.460 Spurr’d through the portal flew the rapid steeds: Which when the Eternal Father from the heights Of Ida saw, kindling with instant ire To golden-pinion’d Iris thus he spake. Haste, Iris, turn them thither whence they came;465 Me let them not encounter; honor small To them, to me, should from that strife accrue. Tell them, and the effect shall sure ensue, That I will smite their steeds, and they shall halt Disabled; break their chariot, dash themselves470 Headlong, and ten whole years shall not efface The wounds by my avenging bolts impress’d. So shall my blue-eyed daughter learn to dread A father’s anger; but for the offence Of Juno, I resent it less; for she475 Clashes[15] with all my counsels from of old. He ended; Iris with a tempest’s speed From the Idæan summit soar’d at once To the Olympian; at the open gates Exterior of the mountain many-valed480 She stayed them, and her coming thus declared. Whither, and for what cause? What rage is this? Ye may not aid the Grecians; Jove forbids; The son of Saturn threatens, if ye force His wrath by perseverance into act,485 That he will smite your steeds, and they shall halt Disabled; break your chariot, dash yourselves Headlong, and ten whole years shall not efface The wounds by his avenging bolts impress’d. So shall his blue-eyed daughter learn to dread490 A father’s anger; but for the offence Of Juno, he resents it less; for she Clashes with all his counsels from of old. But thou, Minerva, if thou dare indeed Lift thy vast spear against the breast of Jove,495 Incorrigible art and dead to shame. So saying, the rapid Iris disappear’d, And thus her speech to Pallas Juno turn’d. Ah Pallas, progeny of Jove! henceforth No longer, in the cause of mortal men,500 Contend we against Jove. Perish or live Grecians or Trojans as he wills; let him Dispose the order of his own concerns, And judge between them, as of right he may. So saying, she turn’d the coursers; them the Hours505 Released, and to ambrosial mangers bound, Then thrust their chariot to the luminous wall. They, mingling with the Gods, on golden thrones Dejected sat, and Jove from Ida borne Reach’d the Olympian heights, seat of the Gods.510 His steeds the glorious King of Ocean loosed, And thrust the chariot, with its veil o’erspread. Into its station at the altar’s side. Then sat the Thunderer on his throne of gold Himself, and the huge mountain shook. Meantime515 Juno and Pallas, seated both apart, Spake not or question’d him. Their mute reserve He noticed, conscious of the cause, and said. Juno and Pallas, wherefore sit ye sad? Not through fatigue by glorious fight incurr’d520 And slaughter of the Trojans whom ye hate. Mark now the difference. Not the Gods combined Should have constrain’d _me_ back, till all my force, Superior as it is, had fail’d, and all My fortitude. But ye, ere ye beheld525 The wonders of the field, trembling retired. And ye did well—Hear what had else befallen. My bolts had found you both, and ye had reach’d, In your own chariot borne, the Olympian height, Seat of the blest Immortals, never more.530 He ended; Juno and Minerva heard Low murmuring deep disgust, and side by side Devising sat calamity to Troy. Minerva, through displeasure against Jove, Nought utter’d, for her bosom boil’d with rage;535 But Juno check’d not hers, who thus replied. What word hath pass’d thy lips, Jove most severe? We know thy force resistless; yet our hearts Feel not the less when we behold the Greeks Exhausting all the sorrows of their lot.540 If thou command, we doubtless will abstain From battle, yet such counsel to the Greeks Suggesting still, as may in part effect Their safety, lest thy wrath consume them all. Then answer, thus, cloud-gatherer Jove return’d.545 Look forth, imperial Juno, if thou wilt, To-morrow at the blush of earliest dawn, And thou shalt see Saturn’s almighty son The Argive host destroying far and wide. For Hector’s fury shall admit no pause550 Till he have roused Achilles, in that day When at the ships, in perilous straits, the hosts Shall wage fierce battle for Patroclus slain. Such is the voice of fate. But, as for thee— Withdraw thou to the confines of the abyss555 Where Saturn and Iäpetus retired, Exclusion sad endure from balmy airs And from the light of morn, hell-girt around, I will not call thee thence. No. Should thy rage Transport thee thither, there thou may’st abide,560 There sullen nurse thy disregarded spleen Obstinate as thou art, and void of shame. He ended; to whom Juno nought replied. And now the radiant Sun in Ocean sank, Drawing night after him o’er all the earth;565 Night, undesired by Troy, but to the Greeks Thrice welcome for its interposing gloom. Then Hector on the river’s brink fast by The Grecian fleet, where space he found unstrew’d With carcases convened the Chiefs of Troy.570 They, there dismounting, listen’d to the words Of Hector Jove-beloved; he grasp’d a spear In length eleven cubits, bright its head Of brass, and color’d with a ring of gold. He lean’d on it, and ardent thus began.575 Trojans, Dardanians, and allies of Troy! I hoped, this evening (every ship consumed, And all the Grecians slain) to have return’d To wind-swept Ilium. But the shades of night Have intervened, and to the night they owe,580 In chief, their whole fleet’s safety and their own. Now, therefore, as the night enjoins, all take Needful refreshment. Your high-mettled steeds Release, lay food before them, and in haste Drive hither from the city fatted sheep585 And oxen; bring ye from your houses bread, Make speedy purchase of heart-cheering wine, And gather fuel plenteous; that all night, E’en till Aurora, daughter of the morn Shall look abroad, we may with many fires590 Illume the skies; lest even in the night, Launching, they mount the billows and escape. Beware that they depart not unannoy’d, But, as he leaps on board, give each a wound With shaft or spear, which he shall nurse at home.595 So shall the nations fear us, and shall vex With ruthless war Troy’s gallant sons no more. Next, let the heralds, ministers of Jove, Loud notice issue that the boys well-grown, And ancients silver-hair’d on the high towers600 Built by the Gods, keep watch; on every hearth In Troy, let those of the inferior sex Make sprightly blaze, and place ye there a guard Sufficient, lest in absence of the troops An ambush enter, and surprise the town.605 Act thus, ye dauntless Trojans; the advice Is wholesome, and shall serve the present need, And so much for the night; ye shall be told The business of the morn when morn appears. It is my prayer to Jove and to all heaven610 (Not without hope) that I may hence expel These dogs, whom Ilium’s unpropitious fates Have wafted hither in their sable barks. But we will also watch this night, ourselves, And, arming with the dawn, will at their ships615 Give them brisk onset. Then shall it appear If Diomede the brave shall me compel Back to our walls, or I, his arms blood-stain’d, Torn from his breathless body, bear away. To-morrow, if he dare but to abide620 My lance, he shall not want occasion meet For show of valor. But much more I judge That the next rising sun shall see him slain With no few friends around him. Would to heaven! I were as sure to ’scape the blight of age625 And share their honors with the Gods above, As comes the morrow fraught with wo to Greece. So Hector, whom his host with loud acclaim All praised. Then each his sweating steeds released, And rein’d them safely at his chariot-side.630 And now from Troy provision large they brought, Oxen, and sheep, with store of wine and bread, And fuel much was gather’d. [16]Next the Gods With sacrifice they sought, and from the plain Upwafted by the winds the smoke aspired635 Savoury, but unacceptable to those Above; such hatred in their hearts they bore To Priam, to the people of the brave Spear-practised Priam, and to sacred Troy. Big with great purposes and proud, they sat,640 Not disarray’d, but in fair form disposed Of even ranks, and watch’d their numerous fires, As when around the clear bright moon, the stars Shine in full splendor, and the winds are hush’d, The groves, the mountain-tops, the headland-heights645 Stand all apparent, not a vapor streaks The boundless blue, but ether open’d wide All glitters, and the shepherd’s heart is cheer’d;[17] So numerous seem’d those fires the bank between Of Xanthus, blazing, and the fleet of Greece,650 In prospect all of Troy; a thousand fires, Each watch’d by fifty warriors seated near. The steeds beside the chariots stood, their corn Chewing, and waiting till the golden-throned Aurora should restore the light of day.655 BOOK IX. ARGUMENT OF THE NINTH BOOK. By advice of Nestor, Agamemnon sends Ulysses, Phœnix, and Ajax to the tent of Achilles with proposals of reconciliation. They execute their commission, but without effect. Phœnix remains with Achilles; Ulysses and Ajax return. BOOK IX. So watch’d the Trojan host; but thoughts of flight, Companions of chill fear, from heaven infused, Possess’d the Grecians; every leader’s heart Bled, pierced with anguish insupportable. As when two adverse winds blowing from Thrace,5 Boreas and Zephyrus, the fishy Deep Vex sudden, all around, the sable flood High curl’d, flings forth the salt weed on the shore Such tempest rent the mind of every Greek. Forth stalk’d Atrides with heart-riving wo10 Transfixt; he bade his heralds call by name Each Chief to council, but without the sound Of proclamation; and that task himself Among the foremost sedulous perform’d. The sad assembly sat; when weeping fast15 As some deep[1] fountain pours its rapid stream Down from the summit of a lofty rock, King Agamemnon in the midst arose, And, groaning, the Achaians thus address’d. Friends, counsellors and leaders of the Greeks!20 In dire perplexity Saturnian Jove Involves me, cruel; he assured me erst, And solemnly, that I should not return Till I had wasted wall-encircled Troy; But now (ah fraudulent and foul reverse!)25 Commands me back inglorious to the shores Of distant Argos, with diminish’d troops. So stands the purpose of almighty Jove, Who many a citadel hath laid in dust, And shall hereafter, matchless in his power.30 Haste therefore. My advice is, that we all Fly with our fleet into our native land, For wide-built Ilium shall not yet be ours. He ceased, and all sat silent; long the sons Of Greece, o’erwhelm’d with sorrow, silent sat,35 When thus, at last, bold Diomede began. Atrides! foremost of the Chiefs I rise To contravert thy purpose ill-conceived, And with such freedom as the laws, O King! Of consultation and debate allow.40 Hear patient. Thou hast been thyself the first Who e’er reproach’d me in the public ear As one effeminate and slow to fight; How truly, let both young and old decide. The son of wily Saturn hath to thee45 Given, and refused; he placed thee high in power, Gave thee to sway the sceptre o’er us all, But courage gave thee not, his noblest gift.[2] Art thou in truth persuaded that the Greeks Are pusillanimous, as thou hast said?50 If thy own fears impel thee to depart, Go thou, the way is open; numerous ships, Thy followers from Mycenæ, line the shore. But we, the rest, depart not, till the spoil Of Troy reward us. Or if all incline55 To seek again their native home, fly all; Myself and Sthenelus will persevere Till Ilium fall, for with the Gods we came. He ended; all the admiring sons of Greece With shouts the warlike Diomede extoll’d,60 When thus equestrian Nestor next began. Tydides, thou art eminently brave In fight, and all the princes of thy years Excell’st in council. None of all the Greeks Shall find occasion just to blame thy speech65 Or to gainsay; yet thou hast fallen short. What wonder? Thou art young; and were myself Thy father, thou should’st be my latest born. Yet when thy speech is to the Kings of Greece, It is well-framed and prudent. Now attend!70 Myself will speak, who have more years to boast Than thou hast seen, and will so closely scan The matter, that Atrides, our supreme, Himself shall have no cause to censure _me_. He is a wretch, insensible and dead75 To all the charities of social life, Whose pleasure is in civil broils alone.[3] But Night is urgent, and with Night’s demands Let all comply. Prepare we now repast, And let the guard be stationed at the trench80 Without the wall; the youngest shall supply That service; next, Atrides, thou begin (For thou art here supreme) thy proper task. Banquet the elders; it shall not disgrace Thy sovereignty, but shall become thee well.85 Thy tents are fill’d with wine which day by day Ships bring from Thrace; accommodation large Hast thou, and numerous is thy menial train. Thy many guests assembled, thou shalt hear Our counsel, and shalt choose the best; great need90 Have all Achaia’s sons, now, of advice Most prudent; for the foe, fast by the fleet Hath kindled numerous fires, which who can see Unmoved? This night shall save us or destroy.[4] He spake, whom all with full consent approved.95 Forth rush’d the guard well-arm’d; first went the son Of Nestor, Thrasymedes, valiant Chief; Then, sons of Mars, Ascalaphus advanced, And brave Iälmenus; whom follow’d next Deipyrus, Aphareus, Meriones,100 And Lycomedes, Creon’s son renown’d. Seven were the leaders of the guard, and each A hundred spearmen headed, young and bold. Between the wall and trench their seat they chose, There kindled fires, and each his food prepared.105 Atrides, then, to his pavilion led The thronging Chiefs of Greece, and at his board Regaled them; they with readiness and keen Dispatch of hunger shared the savory feast, And when nor thirst remain’d nor hunger more110 Unsated, Nestor then, arising first, Whose counsels had been ever wisest deem’d, Warm for the public interest, thus began. Atrides! glorious sovereign! King of men! Thou art my first and last, proem and close,115 For thou art mighty, and to thee are given From Jove the sceptre and the laws in charge, For the advancement of the general good. Hence, in peculiar, both to speak and hear Become thy duty, and the best advice,120 By whomsoever offer’d, to adopt And to perform, for thou art judge alone. I will promulge the counsel which to me Seems wisest; such, that other Grecian none Shall give thee better; neither is it new,125 But I have ever held it since the day When, most illustrious! thou wast pleased to take By force the maid Briseïs from the tent Of the enraged Achilles; not, in truth, By my advice, who did dissuade thee much;130 But thou, complying with thy princely wrath, Hast shamed a Hero whom themselves the Gods Delight to honor, and his prize detain’st. Yet even now contrive we, although late, By lenient gifts liberal, and by speech135 Conciliatory, to assuage his ire. Then answer’d Agamemnon, King of men. Old Chief! there is no falsehood in thy charge; I have offended, and confess the wrong. The warrior is alone a host, whom Jove140 Loves as he loves Achilles, for whose sake He hath Achaia’s thousands thus subdued. But if the impulse of a wayward mind Obeying, I have err’d, behold me, now, Prepared to soothe him with atonement large145 Of gifts inestimable, which by name I will propound in presence of you all. Seven tripods, never sullied yet with fire; Of gold ten talents; twenty cauldrons bright; Twelve coursers, strong, victorious in the race;150 No man possessing prizes such as mine Which they have won for me, shall feel the want Of acquisitions splendid or of gold. Seven virtuous female captives will I give Expert in arts domestic, Lesbians all,155 Whom, when himself took Lesbos, I received My chosen portion, passing womankind In perfect loveliness of face and form. These will I give, and will with these resign Her whom I took, Briseïs, with an oath160 Most solemn, that unconscious as she was Of my embraces, such I yield her his. All these I give him now; and if at length The Gods vouchsafe to us to overturn Priam’s great city, let him heap his ships165 With gold and brass, entering and choosing first When we shall share the spoil. Let him beside Choose twenty from among the maids of Troy, Helen except, loveliest of all their sex. And if once more, the rich milk-flowing land170 We reach of Argos, he shall there become My son-in-law, and shall enjoy like state With him whom I in all abundance rear, My only son Orestes. At my home I have three daughters; let him thence conduct175 To Phthia, her whom he shall most approve. Chrysothemis shall be his bride, or else Laodice; or if she please him more, Iphianassa; and from him I ask No dower;[5] myself will such a dower bestow180 As never father on his child before. Seven fair well-peopled cities I will give Cardamyle and Enope, and rich In herbage, Hira; Pheræ stately-built, And for her depth of pasturage renown’d185 Antheia; proud Æpeia’s lofty towers, And Pedasus impurpled dark with vines. All these are maritime, and on the shore They stand of Pylus, by a race possess’d Most rich in flocks and herds, who tributes large,190 And gifts presenting to his sceptred hand, Shall hold him high in honor as a God. These will I give him if from wrath he cease. Let him be overcome. Pluto alone Is found implacable and deaf to prayer,195 Whom therefore of all Gods men hate the most. My power is greater, and my years than his More numerous, therefore let him yield to me. To him Gerenian Nestor thus replied. Atrides! glorious sovereign! King of men!200 No sordid gifts, or to be view’d with scorn, Givest thou the Prince Achilles. But away! Send chosen messengers, who shall the son Of Peleus, instant, in his tent address. Myself will choose them, be it theirs to obey.205 Let Phœnix lead, Jove loves him. Be the next Huge Ajax; and the wise Ulysses third. Of heralds, Odius and Eurybates Shall them attend. Bring water for our hands; Give charge that every tongue abstain from speech210 Portentous, and propitiate Jove by prayer. He spake, and all were pleased. The heralds pour’d Pure water on their hands;[6] attendant youths The beakers crown’d, and wine from right to left Distributed to all. Libation made,215 All drank, and in such measure as they chose, Then hasted forth from Agamemnon’s tent. Gerenian Nestor at their side them oft Instructed, each admonishing by looks Significant, and motion of his eyes,220 But most Ulysses, to omit no means By which Achilles likeliest might be won. Along the margin of the sounding deep They pass’d, to Neptune, compasser of earth, Preferring vows ardent with numerous prayers,225 That they might sway with ease the mighty mind Of fierce Æacides. And now they reach’d The station where his Myrmidons abode. Him solacing they found his heart with notes Struck from his silver-framed harmonious lyre;230 Among the spoils he found it when he sack’d Eëtion’s city; with that lyre his cares He sooth’d, and glorious heroes were his theme.[7] Patroclus silent sat, and he alone, Before him, on Æacides intent,235 Expecting still when he should cease to sing. The messengers advanced (Ulysses first) Into his presence; at the sight, his harp Still in his hand, Achilles from his seat Started astonish’d; nor with less amaze240 Patroclus also, seeing them, arose. Achilles seized their hands, and thus he spake.[8] Hail friends! ye all are welcome. Urgent cause Hath doubtless brought you, whom I dearest hold (Though angry still) of all Achaia’s host.245 So saying, he introduced them, and on seats Placed them with purple arras overspread, Then thus bespake Patroclus standing nigh. Son of Menætius! bring a beaker more Capacious, and replenish it with wine250 Diluted[9] less; then give to each his cup; For dearer friends than these who now arrive My roof beneath, or worthier, have I none. He ended, and Patroclus quick obey’d, Whom much he loved. Achilles, then, himself255 Advancing near the fire an ample[10] tray, Spread goats’ flesh on it, with the flesh of sheep And of a fatted brawn; of each a chine. Automedon attending held them fast, While with sharp steel Achilles from the bone260 Sliced thin the meat, then pierced it with the spits. Meantime the godlike Menætiades Kindled fierce fire, and when the flame declined, Raked wide the embers, laid the meat to roast, And taking sacred salt from the hearth-side265 Where it was treasured, shower’d it o’er the feast. When all was finish’d, and the board set forth, Patroclus furnish’d it around with bread In baskets, and Achilles served the guests. Beside the tent-wall, opposite, he sat270 To the divine Ulysses; first he bade Patroclus make oblation; he consign’d The consecrated morsel to the fire, And each, at once, his savoury mess assail’d. When neither edge of hunger now they felt275 Nor thirsted longer, Ajax with a nod Made sign to Phœnix, which Ulysses mark’d, And charging high his cup, drank to his host. Health to Achilles! hospitable cheer And well prepared, we want not at the board280 Of royal Agamemnon, or at thine, For both are nobly spread; but dainties now, Or plenteous boards, are little our concern.[11] Oh godlike Chief! tremendous ills we sit Contemplating with fear, doubtful if life285 Or death, with the destruction of our fleet, Attend us, unless thou put on thy might. For lo! the haughty Trojans, with their friends Call’d from afar, at the fleet-side encamp, Fast by the wall, where they have kindled fires290 Numerous, and threaten that no force of ours Shall check their purposed inroad on the ships. Jove grants them favorable signs from heaven, Bright lightnings; Hector glares revenge, with rage Infuriate, and by Jove assisted, heeds295 Nor God nor man, but prays the morn to rise That he may hew away our vessel-heads, Burn all our fleet with fire, and at their sides Slay the Achaians struggling in the smoke. Horrible are my fears lest these his threats300 The Gods accomplish, and it be our doom To perish here, from Argos far remote. Up, therefore! if thou canst, and now at last The weary sons of all Achaia save From Trojan violence. Regret, but vain,305 Shall else be thine hereafter, when no cure Of such great ill, once suffer’d, can be found. Thou therefore, seasonably kind, devise Means to preserve from such disast’rous fate The Grecians. Ah, my friend! when Peleus thee310 From Phthia sent to Agamemnon’s aid, On that same day he gave thee thus in charge. “Juno, my son, and Pallas, if they please, Can make thee valiant; but thy own big heart Thyself restrain. Sweet manners win respect.315 Cease from pernicious strife, and young and old Throughout the host shall honor thee the more.” Such was thy father’s charge, which thou, it seems, Remember’st not. Yet even now thy wrath Renounce; be reconciled; for princely gifts320 Atrides gives thee if thy wrath subside. Hear, if thou wilt, and I will tell thee all, How vast the gifts which Agamemnon made By promise thine, this night within his tent. Seven tripods never sullied yet with fire;325 Of gold ten talents; twenty cauldrons bright; Twelve steeds strong-limb’d, victorious in the race; No man possessing prizes such as those Which they have won for him, shall feel the want Of acquisitions splendid, or of gold.330 Seven virtuous female captives he will give, Expert in arts domestic, Lesbians all, Whom when thou conquer’dst Lesbos, he received His chosen portion, passing woman-kind In perfect loveliness of face and form.335 These will he give, and will with these resign Her whom he took, Briseïs, with an oath Most solemn, that unconscious as she was Of his embraces, such he yields her back. All these he gives thee now! and if at length340 The Gods vouchsafe to us to overturn Priam’s great city, thou shalt heap thy ships With gold and brass, entering and choosing first, When we shall share the spoil; and shalt beside Choose twenty from among the maids of Troy,345 Helen except, loveliest of all their sex. And if once more the rich milk-flowing land We reach of Argos, thou shalt there become His son-in-law, and shalt enjoy like state With him, whom he in all abundance rears,350 His only son Orestes. In his house He hath three daughters; thou may’st home conduct To Phthia, her whom thou shalt most approve. Chrysothemis shall be thy bride; or else Laodice; or if she please thee more355 Iphianassa; and from thee he asks No dower; himself will such a dower bestow As never father on his child before. Seven fair well-peopled cities will he give; Cardamyle and Enope; and rich360 In herbage, Hira; Pheræ stately-built, And for her depth of pasturage renown’d, Antheia; proud Æpeia’s lofty towers, And Pedasus impurpled dark with vines. All these are maritime, and on the shore365 They stand of Pylus, by a race possess’d Most rich in flocks and herds, who tribute large And gifts presenting to thy sceptred hand, Shall hold thee high in honor as a God. These will he give thee, if thy wrath subside.370 But should’st thou rather in thine heart the more Both Agamemnon and his gifts detest, Yet oh compassionate the afflicted host Prepared to adore thee. Thou shalt win renown Among the Grecians that shall never die.375 Now strike at Hector. He is here;—himself Provokes thee forth; madness is in his heart, And in his rage he glories that our ships Have hither brought no Grecian brave as he. Then thus Achilles matchless in the race.380 Laertes’ noble son, for wiles renown’d! I must with plainness speak my fixt resolve Unalterable; lest I hear from each The same long murmur’d melancholy tale. For I abhor the man, not more the gates385 Of hell itself, whose words belie his heart. So shall not mine. My judgment undisguised Is this; that neither Agamemnon me Nor all the Greeks shall move; for ceaseless toil Wins here no thanks; one recompense awaits390 The sedentary and the most alert, The brave and base in equal honor stand, And drones and heroes fall unwept alike. I after all my labors, who exposed My life continual in the field, have earn’d395 No very sumptuous prize. As the poor bird Gives to her unfledged brood a morsel gain’d After long search, though wanting it herself, So I have worn out many sleepless nights, And waded deep through many a bloody day400 In battle for their wives.[12] I have destroy’d Twelve cities with my fleet, and twelve, save one, On foot contending in the fields of Troy. From all these cities, precious spoils I took Abundant, and to Agamemnon’s hand405 Gave all the treasure. He within his ships Abode the while, and having all received, Little distributed, and much retained; He gave, however, to the Kings and Chiefs A portion, and they keep it. Me alone410 Of all the Grecian host he hath despoil’d; My bride, my soul’s delight is in his hands, And let him, couch’d with her, enjoy his fill Of dalliance. What sufficient cause, what need Have the Achaians to contend with Troy?415 Why hath Atrides gather’d such a host, And led them hither? Was’t not for the sake Of beauteous Helen? And of all mankind Can none be found who love their proper wives But the Atridæ? There is no good man420 Who loves not, guards not, and with care provides For his own wife, and, though in battle won, I loved the fair Briseïs at my heart. But having dispossess’d me of my prize So foully, let him not essay me now,425 For I am warn’d, and he shall not prevail. With thee and with thy peers let him advise, Ulysses! how the fleet may likeliest ’scape Yon hostile fires; full many an arduous task He hath accomplished without aid of mine;430 So hath he now this rampart and the trench Which he hath digg’d around it, and with stakes Planted contiguous—puny barriers all To hero-slaughtering Hector’s force opposed. While I the battle waged, present myself435 Among the Achaians, Hector never fought Far from his walls, but to the Scæan gate Advancing and the beech-tree, there remain’d. Once, on that spot he met me, and my arm Escaped with difficulty even there.440 But, since I feel myself not now inclined To fight with noble Hector, yielding first To Jove due worship, and to all the Gods, To-morrow will I launch, and give my ships Their lading. Look thou forth at early dawn,445 And, if such spectacle delight thee aught, Thou shalt behold me cleaving with my prows The waves of Hellespont, and all my crews Of lusty rowers active in their task. So shall I reach (if Ocean’s mighty God450 Prosper my passage) Phthia the deep-soil’d On the third day. I have possessions there, Which hither roaming in an evil hour I left abundant. I shall also hence Convey much treasure, gold and burnish’d brass,455 And glittering steel, and women passing fair My portion of the spoils. But he, your King, The prize he gave, himself resumed, And taunted at me. Tell him my reply, And tell it him aloud, that other Greeks460 May indignation feel like me, if arm’d Always in impudence, he seek to wrong Them also. Let him not henceforth presume, Canine and hard in aspect though he be, To look me in the face. I will not share465 His counsels, neither will I aid his works. Let it suffice him, that he wrong’d me once, Deceived me once, henceforth his glozing arts Are lost on me. But let him rot in peace Crazed as he is, and by the stroke of Jove470 Infatuate. I detest his gifts, and him So honor as the thing which most I scorn. And would he give me twenty times the worth Of this his offer, all the treasured heaps Which he possesses, or shall yet possess,475 All that Orchomenos within her walls, And all that opulent Egyptian Thebes Receives, the city with a hundred gates, Whence twenty thousand chariots rush to war, And would he give me riches as the sands,480 And as the dust of earth, no gifts from him Should soothe me, till my soul were first avenged For all the offensive license of his tongue. I will not wed the daughter of your Chief, Of Agamemnon. Could she vie in charms485 With golden Venus, had she all the skill Of blue-eyed Pallas, even so endow’d She were no bride for me. No. He may choose From the Achaians some superior Prince, One more her equal. Peleus, if the Gods490 Preserve me, and I safe arrive at home, Himself, ere long, shall mate me with a bride. In Hellas and in Phthia may be found Fair damsels many, daughters of the Chiefs Who guard our cities; I may choose of them,495 And make the loveliest of them all my own. There, in my country, it hath ever been My dearest purpose, wedded to a wife Of rank convenient, to enjoy in peace Such wealth as ancient Peleus hath acquired.500 For life, in my account, surpasses far In value all the treasures which report Ascribed to populous Ilium, ere the Greeks Arrived, and while the city yet had peace; Those also which Apollo’s marble shrine505 In rocky Pytho boasts. Fat flocks and beeves May be by force obtain’d, tripods and steeds Are bought or won, but if the breath of man Once overpass its bounds, no force arrests Or may constrain the unbodied spirit back.510 Me, as my silver-footed mother speaks Thetis, a twofold consummation waits. If still with battle I encompass Troy, I win immortal glory, but all hope Renounce of my return. If I return515 To my beloved country, I renounce The illustrious meed of glory, but obtain Secure and long immunity from death. And truly I would recommend to all To voyage homeward, for the fall as yet520 Ye shall not see of Ilium’s lofty towers, For that the Thunderer with uplifted arm Protects her, and her courage hath revived. Bear ye mine answer back, as is the part Of good ambassadors, that they may frame525 Some likelier plan, by which both fleet and host May be preserved; for, my resentment still Burning, this project is but premature. Let Phœnix stay with us, and sleep this night Within my tent, that, if he so incline,530 He may to-morrow in my fleet embark, And hence attend me; but I leave him free. He ended; they astonish’d at his tone (For vehement he spake) sat silent all, Till Phœnix, aged warrior, at the last535 Gush’d into tears (for dread his heart o’erwhelm’d Lest the whole fleet should perish) and replied. If thou indeed have purposed to return, Noble Achilles! and such wrath retain’st That thou art altogether fixt to leave540 The fleet a prey to desolating fires, How then, my son! shall I at Troy abide Forlorn of thee? When Peleus, hoary Chief, Sent thee to Agamemnon, yet a child,[13] Unpractised in destructive fight, nor less545 Of councils ignorant, the schools in which Great minds are form’d, he bade me to the war Attend thee forth, that I might teach thee all, Both elocution and address in arms. Me therefore shalt thou not with my consent550 Leave here, my son! no, not would Jove himself Promise me, reaping smooth this silver beard, To make me downy-cheek’d as in my youth; Such as when erst from Hellas beauty-famed I fled, escaping from my father’s wrath555 Amyntor, son of Ormenus, who loved A beauteous concubine, and for her sake Despised his wife and persecuted me. My mother suppliant at my knees, with prayer Perpetual importuned me to embrace560 The damsel first, that she might loathe my sire. I did so; and my father soon possess’d With hot suspicion of the fact, let loose A storm of imprecation, in his rage Invoking all the Furies to forbid565 That ever son of mine should press his knees. Tartarian Jove[14] and dread Persephone Fulfill’d his curses; with my pointed spear I would have pierced his heart, but that my wrath Some Deity assuaged, suggesting oft570 What shame and obloquy I should incur, Known as a parricide through all the land. At length, so treated, I resolved to dwell No longer in his house. My friends, indeed, And all my kindred compass’d me around575 With much entreaty, wooing me to stay; Oxen and sheep they slaughter’d, many a plump Well-fatted brawn extended in the flames, And drank the old man’s vessels to the lees. Nine nights continual at my side they slept,580 While others watch’d by turns, nor were the fires Extinguish’d ever, one, beneath the porch Of the barr’d hall, and one that from within The vestibule illumed my chamber door. But when the tenth dark night at length arrived,585 Sudden the chamber doors bursting I flew That moment forth, and unperceived alike By guards and menial woman, leap’d the wall. Through spacious Hellas flying thence afar, I came at length to Phthia the deep-soil’d,590 Mother of flocks, and to the royal house Of Peleus; Peleus with a willing heart Receiving, loved me as a father loves His only son, the son of his old age, Inheritor of all his large demesnes.595 He made me rich; placed under my control A populous realm, and on the skirts I dwelt Of Phthia, ruling the Dolopian race. Thee from my soul, thou semblance of the Gods, I loved, and all illustrious as thou art,600 Achilles! such I made thee. For with me, Me only, would’st thou forth to feast abroad, Nor would’st thou taste thy food at home, till first I placed thee on my knees, with my own hand Thy viands carved and fed thee, and the wine605 Held to thy lips; and many a time, in fits Of infant frowardness, the purple juice Rejecting thou hast deluged all my vest, And fill’d my bosom. Oh, I have endured Much, and have also much perform’d for thee,610 Thus purposing, that since the Gods vouchsaf’d No son to me, thyself shouldst be my son, Godlike Achilles! who shouldst screen perchance From a foul fate my else unshelter’d age. Achilles! bid thy mighty spirit down.615 Thou shouldst not be thus merciless; the Gods, Although more honorable, and in power And virtue thy superiors, are themselves Yet placable; and if a mortal man Offend them by transgression of their laws,620 Libation, incense, sacrifice, and prayer, In meekness offer’d turn their wrath away. Prayers are Jove’s daughters,[15] wrinkled,[16] lame, slant-eyed, Which though far distant, yet with constant pace Follow Offence. Offence, robust of limb,625 And treading firm the ground, outstrips them all, And over all the earth before them runs Hurtful to man. They, following, heal the hurt. Received respectfully when they approach, They help us, and our prayers hear in return.630 But if we slight, and with obdurate heart Resist them, to Saturnian Jove they cry Against us, supplicating that Offence May cleave to us for vengeance of the wrong. Thou, therefore, O Achilles! honor yield635 To Jove’s own daughters, vanquished, as the brave Have ofttimes been, by honor paid to thee. For came not Agamemnon as he comes With gifts in hand, and promises of more Hereafter; burn’d his anger still the same,640 I would not move thee to renounce thy own, And to assist us, howsoe’er distress’d. But now, not only are his present gifts Most liberal, and his promises of more Such also, but these Princes he hath sent645 Charged with entreaties, thine especial friends, And chosen for that cause, from all the host. Slight not their embassy, nor put to shame Their intercession. We confess that once Thy wrath was unreprovable and just.650 Thus we have heard the heroes of old times Applauded oft, whose anger, though intense, Yet left them open to the gentle sway Of reason and conciliatory gifts. I recollect an ancient history,655 Which, since all here are friends, I will relate. The brave Ætolians and Curetes met Beneath the walls of Calydon, and fought With mutual slaughter; the Ætolian powers In the defence of Calydon the fair,660 And the Curetes bent to lay it waste: That strife Diana of the golden throne Kindled between them, with resentment fired That Oeneus had not in some fertile spot The first fruits of his harvest set apart665 To her; with hecatombs he entertained All the Divinities of heaven beside, And her alone, daughter of Jove supreme, Or through forgetfulness, or some neglect, Served not; omission careless and profane!670 She, progeny of Jove, Goddess shaft-arm’d, A savage boar bright-tusk’d in anger sent, Which haunting Oeneus’ fields much havoc made. Trees numerous on the earth in heaps he cast Uprooting them, with all their blossoms on.675 But Meleager, Oeneus’ son, at length Slew him, the hunters gathering and the hounds Of numerous cities; for a boar so vast Might not be vanquish’d by the power of few, And many to their funeral piles he sent.680 Then raised Diana clamorous dispute, And contest hot between them, all alike, Curetes and Ætolians fierce in arms The boar’s head claiming, and his bristly hide. So long as warlike Meleager fought,685 Ætolia prosper’d, nor with all their powers Could the Curetes stand before the walls. But when resentment once had fired the heart Of Meleager, which hath tumult oft Excited in the breasts of wisest men,690 (For his own mother had his wrath provoked Althæa) thenceforth with his wedded wife He dwelt, fair Cleopatra, close retired. She was Marpessa’s daughter, whom she bore To Idas, bravest warrior in his day695 Of all on earth. He fear’d not ’gainst the King Himself Apollo, for the lovely nymph Marpessa’s sake, his spouse, to bend his bow. Her, therefore, Idas and Marpessa named Thenceforth Alcyone, because the fate700 Of sad Alcyone Marpessa shared, And wept like her, by Phœbus forced away. Thus Meleager, tortured with the pangs Of wrath indulged, with Cleopatra dwelt, Vex’d that his mother cursed him; for, with grief705 Frantic, his mother importuned the Gods To avenge her slaughter’d brothers[17] on his head. Oft would she smite the earth, while on her knees Seated, she fill’d her bosom with her tears, And call’d on Pluto and dread Proserpine710 To slay her son; nor vain was that request, But by implacable Erynnis heard Roaming the shades of Erebus. Ere long The tumult and the deafening din of war Roar’d at the gates, and all the batter’d towers715 Resounded. Then the elders of the town Dispatch’d the high-priests of the Gods to plead With Meleager for his instant aid, With strong assurances of rich reward. Where Calydon afforded fattest soil720 They bade him choose to his own use a farm Of fifty measured acres, vineyard half, And half of land commodious for the plow. Him Oeneus also, warrior grey with age, Ascending to his chamber, and his doors725 Smiting importunate, with earnest prayers Assay’d to soften, kneeling to his son. Nor less his sisters woo’d him to relent, Nor less his mother; but in vain; he grew Still more obdurate. His companions last,730 The most esteem’d and dearest of his friends, The same suit urged, yet he persisted still Relentless, nor could even they prevail. But when the battle shook his chamber-doors And the Curetes climbing the high towers735 Had fired the spacious city, then with tears The beauteous Cleopatra, and with prayers Assail’d him; in his view she set the woes Numberless of a city storm’d—the men Slaughter’d, the city burnt to dust, the chaste740 Matrons with all their children dragg’d away. That dread recital roused him, and at length Issuing, he put his radiant armor on. Thus Meleager, gratifying first His own resentment from a fatal day745 Saved the Ætolians, who the promised gift Refused him, and his toils found no reward. But thou, my son, be wiser; follow thou No demon who would tempt thee to a course Like his; occasion more propitious far750 Smiles on thee now, than if the fleet were fired. Come, while by gifts invited, and receive From all the host, the honors of a God; For shouldst thou, by no gifts induced, at last Enter the bloody field, although thou chase755 The Trojans hence, yet less shall be thy praise. Then thus Achilles, matchless in the race. Phœnix, my guide, wise, noble and revered! I covet no such glory! the renown Ordain’d by Jove for me, is to resist760 All importunity to quit my ships While I have power to move, or breath to draw. Hear now, and mark me well. Cease thou from tears. Confound me not, pleading with sighs and sobs In Agamemnon’s cause; O love not him,765 Lest I renounce thee, who am now thy friend. Assist me rather, as thy duty bids, Him to afflict, who hath afflicted me, So shalt thou share my glory and my power. These shall report as they have heard, but here770 Rest thou this night, and with the rising morn We will decide, to stay or to depart. He ceased, and silent, by a nod enjoin’d Patroclus to prepare an easy couch For Phœnix, anxious to dismiss the rest775 Incontinent; when Ajax, godlike son Of Telamon, arising, thus began. Laertes’ noble son, for wiles renown’d: Depart we now; for I perceive that end Or fruit of all our reasonings shall be none.780 It is expedient also that we bear Our answer back (unwelcome as it is) With all dispatch, for the assembled Greeks Expect us. Brave Achilles shuts a fire Within his breast; the kindness of his friends,785 And the respect peculiar by ourselves Shown to him, on his heart work no effect. Inexorable man! others accept Even for a brother slain, or for a son Due compensation;[18] the delinquent dwells790 Secure at home, and the receiver, soothed And pacified, represses his revenge. But thou, resentful of the loss of one, One virgin (such obduracy of heart The Gods have given thee) can’st not be appeased795 Yet we assign thee seven in her stead, The most distinguish’d of their sex, and add Large gifts beside. Ah then, at last relent! Respect thy roof; we are thy guests; we come Chosen from the multitude of all the Greeks,800 Beyond them all ambitious of thy love. To whom Achilles, swiftest of the swift. My noble friend, offspring of Telamon! Thou seem’st sincere, and I believe thee such. But at the very mention of the name805 Of Atreus’ son, who shamed me in the sight Of all Achaia’s host, bearing me down As I had been some vagrant at his door, My bosom boils. Return ye and report Your answer. I no thought will entertain810 Of crimson war, till the illustrious son Of warlike Priam, Hector, blood-embrued, Shall in their tents the Myrmidons assail Themselves, and fire my fleet. At my own ship, And at my own pavilion it may chance815 That even Hector’s violence shall pause.[19] He ended; they from massy goblets each Libation pour’d, and to the fleet their course Resumed direct, Ulysses at their head. Patroclus then his fellow-warriors bade,820 And the attendant women spread a couch For Phœnix; they the couch, obedient, spread With fleeces, with rich arras, and with flax Of subtlest woof. There hoary Phœnix lay In expectation of the sacred dawn.825 Meantime Achilles in the interior tent, With beauteous Diomeda by himself From Lesbos brought, daughter of Phorbas, lay. Patroclus opposite reposed, with whom Slept charming Iphis; her, when he had won830 The lofty towers of Scyros, the divine Achilles took, and on his friend bestow’d. But when those Chiefs at Agamemnon’s tent Arrived, the Greeks on every side arose With golden cups welcoming their return.835 All question’d them, but Agamemnon first. Oh worthy of Achaia’s highest praise, And her chief ornament, Ulysses, speak! Will he defend the fleet? or his big heart Indulging wrathful, doth he still refuse?840 To whom renown’d Ulysses thus replied. Atrides, Agamemnon, King of men! He his resentment quenches not, nor will, But burns with wrath the more, thee and thy gifts Rejecting both. He bids thee with the Greeks845 Consult by what expedient thou may’st save The fleet and people, threatening that himself Will at the peep of day launch all his barks, And counselling, beside, the general host To voyage homeward, for that end as yet850 Of Ilium wall’d to heaven, ye shall not find, Since Jove the Thunderer with uplifted arm Protects her, and her courage hath revived. Thus speaks the Chief, and Ajax is prepared, With the attendant heralds to report855 As I have said. But Phœnix in the tent Sleeps of Achilles, who his stay desired, That on the morrow, if he so incline, The hoary warrior may attend him hence Home to his country, but he leaves him free.860 He ended. They astonish’d at his tone (For vehement he spake) sat silent all. Long silent sat the afflicted sons of Greece, When thus the mighty Diomede began. Atrides, Agamemnon, King of men!865 Thy supplications to the valiant son Of Peleus, and the offer of thy gifts Innumerous, had been better far withheld. He is at all times haughty, and thy suit Hath but increased his haughtiness of heart870 Past bounds: but let him stay or let him go As he shall choose. He will resume the fight When his own mind shall prompt him, and the Gods Shall urge him forth. Now follow my advice. Ye have refresh’d your hearts with food and wine875 Which are the strength of man; take now repose. And when the rosy-finger’d morning fair Shall shine again, set forth without delay The battle, horse and foot, before the fleet, And where the foremost fight, fight also thou.880 He ended; all the Kings applauded warm His counsel, and the dauntless tone admired Of Diomede. Then, due libation made, Each sought his tent, and took the gift of sleep. There is much in this book which is worthy of close attention. The consummate genius, the varied and versatile power, the eloquence, truth, and nature displayed in it, will always be admired. Perhaps there is no portion of the poem more remarkable for these attributes.—Felton. BOOK X. ARGUMENT OF THE TENTH BOOK. Diomede and Ulysses enter the Trojan host by night, and slay Rhesus. BOOK X. All night the leaders of the host of Greece Lay sunk in soft repose, all, save the Chief,[1] The son of Atreus; him from thought to thought Roving solicitous, no sleep relieved. As when the spouse of beauteous Juno, darts5 His frequent fires, designing heavy rain Immense, or hail-storm, or field-whitening snow, Or else wide-throated war calamitous, So frequent were the groans by Atreus’ son Heaved from his inmost heart, trembling with dread.10 For cast he but his eye toward the plain Of Ilium, there, astonish’d he beheld The city fronted with bright fires, and heard Pipes, and recorders, and the hum of war; But when again the Grecian fleet he view’d,15 And thought on his own people, then his hair Uprooted elevating to the Gods, He from his generous bosom groan’d again. At length he thus resolved; of all the Greeks To seek Neleian Nestor first, with whom20 He might, perchance, some plan for the defence Of the afflicted Danaï devise. Rising, he wrapp’d his tunic to his breast, And to his royal feet unsullied bound His sandals; o’er his shoulders, next, he threw25 Of amplest size a lion’s tawny skin That swept his footsteps, dappled o’er with blood, Then took his spear. Meantime, not less appall’d Was Menelaus, on whose eyelids sleep Sat not, lest the Achaians for his sake30 O’er many waters borne, and now intent On glorious deeds, should perish all at Troy. With a pard’s spotted hide his shoulders broad He mantled over; to his head he raised His brazen helmet, and with vigorous hand35 Grasping his spear, forth issued to arouse His brother, mighty sovereign of the host, And by the Grecians like a God revered. He found him at his galley’s stern, his arms Assuming radiant; welcome he arrived40 To Agamemnon, whom he thus address’d. Why arm’st thou, brother? Wouldst thou urge abroad Some trusty spy into the Trojan camp?[2] I fear lest none so hardy shall be found As to adventure, in the dead still night,45 So far, alone; valiant indeed were he! To whom great Agamemnon thus replied. Heaven-favor’d Menelaus! We have need, Thou and myself, of some device well-framed, Which both the Grecians and the fleet of Greece50 May rescue, for the mind of Jove hath changed, And Hector’s prayers alone now reach his ear. I never saw, nor by report have learn’d From any man, that ever single chief Such awful wonders in one day perform’d55 As he with ease against the Greeks, although Nor from a Goddess sprung nor from a God. Deeds he hath done, which, as I think, the Greeks Shall deep and long lament, such numerous ills Achaia’s host hath at his hands sustain’d.60 But haste, begone, and at their several ships Call Ajax and Idomeneus; I go To exhort the noble Nestor to arise, That he may visit, if he so incline, The chosen band who watch, and his advice65 Give them; for him most prompt they will obey, Whose son, together with Meriones, Friend of Idomeneus, controls them all, Entrusted by ourselves with that command. Him answer’d Menelaus bold in arms.70 Explain thy purpose. Wouldst thou that I wait Thy coming, there, or thy commands to both Given, that I incontinent return? To whom the Sovereign of the host replied. There stay; lest striking into different paths75 (For many passes intersect the camp) We miss each other; summon them aloud Where thou shalt come; enjoin them to arise; Call each by his hereditary name, Honoring all. Beware of manners proud,80 For we ourselves must labor, at our birth By Jove ordain’d to suffering and to toil. So saying, he his brother thence dismiss’d Instructed duly, and himself, his steps Turned to the tent of Nestor. Him he found85 Amid his sable galleys in his tent Reposing soft, his armor at his side, Shield, spears, bright helmet, and the broider’d belt Which, when the Senior arm’d led forth his host To fight, he wore; for he complied not yet90 With the encroachments of enfeebling age. He raised his head, and on his elbow propp’d, Questioning Agamemnon, thus began. But who art thou, who thus alone, the camp Roamest, amid the darkness of the night,95 While other mortals sleep? Comest thou abroad Seeking some friend or soldier of the guard? Speak—come not nearer mute. What is thy wish? To whom the son of Atreus, King of men. Oh Nestor, glory of the Grecian name,100 Offspring of Neleus! thou in me shalt know The son of Atreus, Agamemnon, doom’d By Jove to toil, while life shall yet inform These limbs, or I shall draw the vital air. I wander thus, because that on my lids105 Sweet sleep sits not, but war and the concerns Of the Achaians occupy my soul. Terrible are the fears which I endure For these my people; such as supersede All thought; my bosom can no longer hold110 My throbbing heart, and tremors shake my limbs. But if thy mind, more capable, project Aught that may profit us (for thee it seems Sleep also shuns) arise, and let us both Visit the watch, lest, haply, overtoil’d115 They yield to sleep, forgetful of their charge. The foe is posted near, and may intend (None knows his purpose) an assault by night. To him Gerenian Nestor thus replied. Illustrious Agamemnon, King of men!120 Deep-planning Jove the imaginations proud Of Hector will not ratify, nor all His sanguine hopes effectuate; in his turn He also (fierce Achilles once appeased) Shall trouble feel, and haply, more than we.125 But with all readiness I will arise And follow thee, that we may also rouse Yet others; Diomede the spear-renown’d, Ulysses, the swift Ajax, and the son Of Phyleus, valiant Meges. It were well130 Were others also visited and call’d, The godlike Ajax, and Idomeneus, Whose ships are at the camp’s extremest bounds. But though I love thy brother and revere, And though I grieve e’en thee, yet speak I must,135 And plainly censure him, that thus he sleeps And leaves to thee the labor, who himself Should range the host, soliciting the Chiefs Of every band, as utmost need requires. Him answer’d Agamemnon, King of men.140 Old warrior, times there are, when I could wish Myself thy censure of him, for in act He is not seldom tardy and remiss. Yet is not sluggish indolence the cause, No, nor stupidity, but he observes145 Me much, expecting till I lead the way. But he was foremost now, far more alert This night than I, and I have sent him forth Already, those to call whom thou hast named. But let us hence, for at the guard I trust150 To find them, since I gave them so in charge.[3] To whom the brave Gerenian Chief replied. Him none will censure, or his will dispute, Whom he shall waken and exhort to rise. So saying, he bound his corselet to his breast,155 His sandals fair to his unsullied feet, And fastening by its clasps his purple cloak Around him, double and of shaggy pile, Seized, next, his sturdy spear headed with brass, And issued first into the Grecian fleet.160 There, Nestor, brave Gerenian, with a voice Sonorous roused the godlike counsellor From sleep, Ulysses; the alarm came o’er His startled ear, forth from his tent he sprang Sudden, and of their coming, quick, inquired.165 Why roam ye thus the camp and fleet alone In darkness? by what urgent need constrain’d? To whom the hoary Pylian thus replied. Laertes’ noble son, for wiles renown’d! Resent it not, for dread is our distress.170 Come, therefore, and assist us to convene Yet others, qualified to judge if war Be most expedient, or immediate flight. He ended, and regaining, quick, his tent, Ulysses slung his shield, then coming forth175 Join’d them. The son of Tydeus first they sought. Him sleeping arm’d before his tent they found, Encompass’d by his friends also asleep; His head each rested on his shield, and each Had planted on its nether point[4] erect180 His spear beside him; bright their polish’d heads, As Jove’s own lightning glittered from afar. Himself, the Hero, slept. A wild bull’s hide Was spread beneath him, and on arras tinged With splendid purple lay his head reclined.185 Nestor, beside him standing, with his heel Shook him, and, urgent, thus the Chief reproved. Awake, Tydides! wherefore givest the night Entire to balmy slumber? Hast not heard How on the rising ground beside the fleet190 The Trojans sit, small interval between? He ceased; then up sprang Diomede alarm’d Instant, and in wing’d accents thus replied. Old wakeful Chief! thy toils are never done. Are there not younger of the sons of Greece,195 Who ranging in all parts the camp, might call The Kings to council? But no curb controls Or can abate activity like thine. To whom Gerenian Nestor in return. My friend! thou hast well spoken. I have sons,200 And they are well deserving; I have here A numerous people also, one of whom Might have sufficed to call the Kings of Greece. But such occasion presses now the host As hath not oft occurr’d; the overthrow205 Complete, or full deliverance of us all, In balance hangs, poised on a razor’s edge. But haste, and if thy pity of my toils Be such, since thou art younger, call, thyself, Ajax the swift, and Meges to the guard.210 Then Diomede a lion’s tawny skin Around him wrapp’d, dependent to his heels, And, spear in hand, set forth. The Hero call’d Those two, and led them whither Nestor bade. They, at the guard arrived, not sleeping found215 The captains of the guard, but sitting all In vigilant posture with their arms prepared. As dogs that, careful, watch the fold by night, Hearing some wild beast in the woods,[5] which hounds And hunters with tumultuous clamor drive220 Down from the mountain-top, all sleep forego; So, sat not on their eyelids gentle sleep That dreadful night, but constant to the plain At every sound of Trojan feet they turn’d. The old Chief joyful at the sight, in terms225 Of kind encouragement them thus address’d. So watch, my children! and beware that sleep Invade none here, lest all become a prey. So saying, he traversed with quick pace the trench By every Chief whom they had thither call’d230 Attended, with whom Nestor’s noble son Went, and Meriones, invited both To join their consultation. From the foss Emerging, in a vacant space they sat, Unstrew’d with bodies of the slain, the spot,235 Whence furious Hector, after slaughter made Of numerous Greeks, night falling, had return’d. There seated, mutual converse close they held, And Nestor, brave Gerenian, thus began. Oh friends! hath no Achaian here such trust240 In his own prowess, as to venture forth Among yon haughty Trojans? He, perchance, Might on the borders of their host surprise Some wandering adversary, or might learn Their consultations, whether they propose245 Here to abide in prospect of the fleet, Or, satiate with success against the Greeks So signal, meditate retreat to Troy. These tidings gain’d, should he at last return Secure, his recompense will be renown250 Extensive as the heavens, and fair reward. From every leader of the fleet, his gift Shall be a sable[6] ewe, and sucking lamb, Rare acquisition! and at every board And sumptuous banquet, he shall be a guest.255 He ceased, and all sat silent, when at length The mighty son of Tydeus thus replied. Me, Nestor, my courageous heart incites To penetrate into the neighbor host Of enemies; but went some other Chief260 With me, far greater would my comfort prove, And I should dare the more. Two going forth, One quicker sees than other, and suggests Prudent advice; but he who single goes, Mark whatsoe’er he may, the occasion less265 Improves, and his expedients soon exhausts. He ended, and no few willing arose To go with Diomede. Servants of Mars Each Ajax willing stood; willing as they Meriones; most willing Nestor’s son;270 Willing the brother of the Chief of all, Nor willing less Ulysses to explore The host of Troy, for he possess’d a heart Delighted ever with some bold exploit. Then Agamemnon, King of men, began.275 Now Diomede, in whom my soul delights! Choose whom thou wilt for thy companion; choose The fittest here; for numerous wish to go. Leave not through deference to another’s rank, The more deserving, nor prefer a worse,280 Respecting either pedigree or power. Such speech he interposed, fearing his choice Of Menelaus; then, renown’d in arms The son of Tydeus, rising, spake again. Since, then, ye bid me my own partner choose285 Free from constraint, how can I overlook Divine Ulysses, whose courageous heart With such peculiar cheerfulness endures Whatever toils, and whom Minerva loves? Let _him_ attend me, and through fire itself290 We shall return; for none is wise as he.[7] To him Ulysses, hardy Chief, replied. Tydides! neither praise me much, nor blame, For these are Grecians in whose ears thou speak’st, And know me well. But let us hence! the night295 Draws to a close; day comes apace; the stars Are far advanced; two portions have elapsed Of darkness, but the third is yet entire. So they; then each his dreadful arms put on. To Diomede, who at the fleet had left300 His own, the dauntless Thrasymedes gave His shield and sword two-edged, and on his head Placed, crestless, unadorn’d, his bull-skin casque. It was a stripling’s helmet, such as youths Scarce yet confirm’d in lusty manhood, wear.305 Meriones with quiver, bow and sword Furnish’d Ulysses, and his brows enclosed In his own casque of hide with many a thong Well braced within;[8] guarded it was without With boar’s teeth ivory-white inherent firm310 On all sides, and with woolen head-piece lined. That helmet erst Autolycus[9] had brought From Eleon, city of Amyntor son Of Hormenus, where he the solid walls Bored through, clandestine, of Amyntor’s house.315 He on Amphidamas the prize bestow’d In Scandia;[10] from Amphidamas it pass’d To Molus as a hospitable pledge; He gave it to Meriones his son, And now it guarded shrewd Ulysses’ brows.320 Both clad in arms terrific, forth they sped, Leaving their fellow Chiefs, and as they went A heron, by command of Pallas, flew Close on the right beside them; darkling they Discern’d him not, but heard his clanging plumes.[11]325 Ulysses in the favorable sign Exulted, and Minerva thus invoked.[12] Oh hear me, daughter of Jove Ægis-arm’d! My present helper in all straits, whose eye Marks all my ways, oh with peculiar care330 Now guard me, Pallas! grant that after toil Successful, glorious, such as long shall fill With grief the Trojans, we may safe return And with immortal honors to the fleet. Valiant Tydides, next, his prayer preferr’d.335 Hear also me, Jove’s offspring by the toils Of war invincible! me follow now As my heroic father erst to Thebes Thou followedst, Tydeus; by the Greeks dispatch’d Ambassador, he left the mail-clad host340 Beside Asopus, and with terms of peace Entrusted, enter’d Thebes; but by thine aid Benevolent, and in thy strength, perform’d Returning, deeds of terrible renown. Thus, now, protect me also! In return345 I vow an offering at thy shrine, a young Broad-fronted heifer, to the yoke as yet Untamed, whose horns I will incase with gold. Such prayer they made, and Pallas heard well pleased. Their orisons ended to the daughter dread350 Of mighty Jove, lion-like they advanced Through shades of night, through carnage, arms and blood. Nor Hector to his gallant host indulged Sleep, but convened the leaders; leader none Or senator of all his host he left355 Unsummon’d, and his purpose thus promulged. Where is the warrior who for rich reward, Such as shall well suffice him, will the task Adventurous, which I propose, perform? A chariot with two steeds of proudest height,360 Surpassing all in the whole fleet of Greece Shall be his portion, with immortal praise, Who shall the well-appointed ships approach Courageous, there to learn if yet a guard As heretofore, keep them, or if subdued365 Beneath us, the Achaians flight intend, And worn with labor have no will to watch. So Hector spake, but answer none return’d. There was a certain Trojan, Dolon named,[13] Son of Eumedes herald of the Gods,370 Rich both in gold and brass, but in his form Unsightly; yet the man was swift of foot, Sole brother of five sisters; he his speech To Hector and the Trojans thus address’d. My spirit, Hector, prompts me, and my mind375 Endued with manly vigor, to approach Yon gallant ships, that I may tidings hear. But come. For my assurance, lifting high Thy sceptre, swear to me, for my reward, The horses and the brazen chariot bright380 Which bear renown’d Achilles o’er the field. I will not prove a useless spy, nor fall Below thy best opinion; pass I will Their army through, till I shall reach the ship Of Agamemnon, where the Chiefs, perchance,385 Now sit consulting, or to fight, or fly.[14] Then raising high his sceptre, Hector sware Know, Jove himself, Juno’s high-thundering spouse! That Trojan none shall in that chariot ride By those steeds drawn, save Dolon; on my oath390 I make them thine; enjoy them evermore. He said, and falsely sware, yet him assured. Then Dolon, instant, o’er his shoulder slung His bow elastic, wrapp’d himself around With a grey wolf-skin, to his head a casque395 Adjusted, coated o’er with ferret’s felt, And seizing his sharp javelin, from the host Turn’d right toward the fleet, but was ordain’d To disappoint his sender, and to bring No tidings thence. The throng of Trojan steeds400 And warriors left, with brisker pace he moved, When brave Ulysses his approach perceived, And thus to Diomede his speech address’d. Tydides! yonder man is from the host; Either a spy he comes, or with intent405 To spoil the dead. First, freely let him pass Few paces, then pursuing him with speed, Seize on him suddenly; but should he prove The nimbler of the three, with threatening spear Enforce him from his camp toward the fleet,410 Lest he elude us, and escape to Troy. So they; then, turning from the road oblique, Among the carcases each laid him down. Dolon, suspecting nought, ran swiftly by. [15]But when such space was interposed as mules415 Plow in a day (for mules the ox surpass Through fallows deep drawing the ponderous plow) Both ran toward him. Dolon at the sound Stood; for he hoped some Trojan friends at hand From Hector sent to bid him back again.420 But when within spear’s cast, or less they came, Knowing them enemies he turn’d to flight Incontinent, whom they as swift pursued. As two fleet hounds sharp fang’d, train’d to the chase, Hang on the rear of flying hind or hare,425 And drive her, never swerving from the track, Through copses close; she screaming scuds before; So Diomede and dread Ulysses him Chased constant, intercepting his return. And now, fast-fleeting to the ships, he soon430 Had reach’d the guard, but Pallas with new force Inspired Tydides, lest a meaner Greek Should boast that he had smitten Dolon first, And Diomede win only second praise. He poised his lifted spear, and thus exclaim’d.435 Stand! or my spear shall stop thee. Death impends At every step; thou canst not ’scape me long. He said, and threw his spear, but by design, Err’d from the man. The polish’d weapon swift O’er-glancing his right shoulder, in the soil440 Stood fixt, beyond him. Terrified he stood, Stammering, and sounding through his lips the clash Of chattering teeth, with visage deadly wan. They panting rush’d on him, and both his hands Seized fast; he wept, and suppliant them bespake.445 Take me alive, and I will pay the price Of my redemption. I have gold at home, Brass also, and bright steel, and when report Of my captivity within your fleet Shall reach my father, treasures he will give450 Not to be told, for ransom of his son. To whom Ulysses politic replied. Take courage; entertain no thought of death.[16] But haste! this tell me, and disclose the truth. Why thus toward the ships comest thou alone455 From yonder host, by night, while others sleep? To spoil some carcase? or from Hector sent A spy of all that passes in the fleet? Or by thy curiosity impell’d? Then Dolon, his limbs trembling, thus replied.460 To my great detriment, and far beyond My own design, Hector trepann’d me forth, Who promised me the steeds of Peleus’ son Illustrious, and his brazen chariot bright. He bade me, under night’s fast-flitting shades465 Approach our enemies, a spy, to learn If still as heretofore, ye station guards For safety of your fleet, or if subdued Completely, ye intend immediate flight, And worn with labor, have no will to watch.470 To whom Ulysses, smiling, thus replied. Thou hadst, in truth, an appetite to gifts Of no mean value, coveting the steeds Of brave Æacides; but steeds are they Of fiery sort, difficult to be ruled475 By force of mortal man, Achilles’ self Except, whom an immortal mother bore. But tell me yet again; use no disguise; Where left’st thou, at thy coming forth, your Chief, The valiant Hector? where hath he disposed480 His armor battle-worn, and where his steeds? What other quar4ers of your host are watch’d? Where lodge the guard, and what intend ye next? Still to abide in prospect of the fleet? Or well-content that ye have thus reduced485 Achaia’s host, will ye retire to Troy? To whom this answer Dolon straight returned Son of Eumedes. With unfeigning truth Simply and plainly will I utter all. Hector, with all the Senatorial Chiefs,490 Beside the tomb of sacred Ilius sits Consulting, from the noisy camp remote. But for the guards, Hero! concerning whom Thou hast inquired, there is no certain watch And regular appointed o’er the camp;495 The native[17] Trojans (for _they_ can no less) Sit sleepless all, and each his next exhorts To vigilance; but all our foreign aids, Who neither wives nor children hazard here, Trusting the Trojans for that service, sleep.500 To whom Ulysses, ever wise, replied. How sleep the strangers and allies?—apart? Or with the Trojans mingled?—I would learn. So spake Ulysses; to whom Dolon thus, Son of Eumedes. I will all unfold,505 And all most truly. By the sea are lodged The Carians, the Pæonians arm’d with bows, The Leleges, with the Pelasgian band, And the Caucones. On the skirts encamp Of Thymbra, the Mæonians crested high,510 The Phrygian horsemen, with the Lycian host, And the bold troop of Mysia’s haughty sons. But wherefore these inquiries thus minu4e? For if ye wish to penetrate the host, These who possess the borders of the camp515 Farthest removed of all, are Thracian powers Newly arrived; among them Rhesus sleeps, Son of Eïoneus, their Chief and King. His steeds I saw, the fairest by these eyes Ever beheld, and loftiest; snow itself520 They pass in whiteness, and in speed the winds, With gold and silver all his chariot burns, And he arrived in golden armor clad Stupendous! little suited to the state Of mortal man—fit for a God to wear!525 Now, either lead me to your gallant fleet, Or where ye find me leave me straitly bound Till ye return, and after trial made, Shall know if I have spoken false or true. But him brave Diomede with aspect stern530 Answer’d. Since, Dolon! thou art caught, although Thy tidings have been good, hope not to live; For should we now release thee and dismiss, Thou wilt revisit yet again the fleet A spy or open foe; but smitten once535 By this death-dealing arm, thou shall return To render mischief to the Greeks no more. He ceased, and Dolon would have stretch’d his hand Toward his beard, and pleaded hard for life, But with his falchion, rising to the blow,540 On the mid-neck he smote him, cutting sheer Both tendons with a stroke so swift, that ere His tongue had ceased, his head was in the dust.[18] They took his helmet clothed with ferret’s felt, Stripp’d off his wolf-skin, seized his bow and spear,545 And brave Ulysses lifting in his hand The trophy to Minerva, pray’d and said: Hail Goddess; these are thine! for thee of all Who in Olympus dwell, we will invoke First to our aid. Now also guide our steps,550 Propitious, to the Thracian tents and steeds. He ceased, and at arm’s-length the lifted spoils Hung on a tamarisk; but mark’d the spot, Plucking away with handful grasp the reeds And spreading boughs, lest they should seek the prize555 Themselves in vain, returning ere the night, Swift traveller, should have fled before the dawn. Thence, o’er the bloody champain strew’d with arms Proceeding, to the Thracian lines they came. They, wearied, slept profound; beside them lay,560 In triple order regular arranged, Their radiant armor, and their steeds in pairs. Amid them Rhesus slept, and at his side His coursers, to the outer chariot-ring Fasten’d secure. Ulysses saw him first,565 And, seeing, mark’d him out to Diomede. Behold the man, Tydides! Lo! the steeds By Dolon specified whom we have slain. Be quick. Exert thy force. Arm’d as thou art, Sleep not. Loose thou the steeds, or slaughter thou570 The Thracians, and the steeds shall be my care. He ceased; then blue-eyed Pallas with fresh force Invigor’d Diomede. From side to side He slew; dread groans arose of dying men Hewn with the sword, and the earth swam with blood.575 As if he find a flock unguarded, sheep Or goats, the lion rushes on his prey, With such unsparing force Tydides smote The men of Thrace, till he had slaughter’d twelve; And whom Tydides with his falchion struck580 Laertes’ son dragg’d by his feet abroad, Forecasting that the steeds might pass with ease, Nor start, as yet uncustom’d to the dead. But when the son of Tydeus found the King, Him also panting forth his last, last, breath,585 He added to the twelve; for at his head An evil dream that night had stood, the form Of Diomede, by Pallas’ art devised. Meantime, the bold Ulysses loosed the steeds, Which, to each other rein’d, he drove abroad,590 Smiting them with his bow (for of the scourge He thought not in the chariot-seat secured) And as he went, hiss’d, warning Diomede. But he, projecting still some hardier deed, Stood doubtful, whether by the pole to draw595 The chariot thence, laden with gorgeous arms, Or whether heaving it on high, to bear The burthen off, or whether yet to take More Thracian lives; when him with various thoughts Perplex’d, Minerva, drawing near, bespake.600 Son of bold Tydeus! think on thy return To yonder fleet, lest thou depart constrain’d. Some other God may rouse the powers of Troy. She ended, and he knew the voice divine. At once he mounted. With his bow the steeds605 Ulysses plyed, and to the ships they flew. Nor look’d the bender of the silver bow, Apollo, forth in vain, but at the sight Of Pallas following Diomede incensed, Descended to the field where numerous most610 He saw the Trojans, and the Thracian Chief And counsellor, Hippocoön aroused,[19] Kinsman of Rhesus, and renown’d in arms. He, starting from his sleep, soon as he saw The spot deserted where so lately lay615 Those fiery coursers, and his warrior friends Gasping around him, sounded loud the name Of his loved Rhesus. Instant, at the voice, Wild stir arose and clamorous uproar Of fast-assembling Trojans. Deeds they saw—620 Terrible deeds, and marvellous perform’d, But not their authors—they had sought the ships. Meantime arrived where they had slain the spy Of Hector, there Ulysses, dear to Jove, The coursers stay’d, and, leaping to the ground,625 The son of Tydeus in Ulysses’ hands The arms of Dolon placed foul with his blood, Then vaulted light into his seat again. He lash’d the steeds, they, not unwilling, flew To the deep-bellied barks, as to their home.630 First Nestor heard the sound, and thus he said. Friends! Counsellors! and leaders of the Greeks! False shall I speak, or true?—but speak I must. The echoing sound of hoofs alarms my ear. Oh, that Ulysses, and brave Diomede635 This moment might arrive drawn into camp By Trojan steeds! But, ah, the dread I feel! Lest some disaster have for ever quell’d In yon rude host those noblest of the Greeks. He hath not ended, when themselves arrived,640 Both quick dismounted; joy at their return Fill’d every bosom; each with kind salute Cordial, and right-hand welcome greeted them, And first Gerenian Nestor thus inquired. Oh Chief by all extoll’d, glory of Greece,645 Ulysses! how have ye these steeds acquired? In yonder host? or met ye as ye went Some God who gave them to you? for they show A lustre dazzling as the beams of day. Old as I am, I mingle yet in fight650 With Ilium’s sons—lurk never in the fleet— Yet saw I at no time, or have remark’d Steeds such as these; which therefore I believe Perforce, that ye have gained by gift divine; For cloud-assembler Jove, and azure-eyed655 Minerva, Jove’s own daughter, love you both. To whom Ulysses, thus, discreet, replied. Neleian Nestor, glory of the Greeks! A God, so willing, could have given us steeds Superior, for their bounty knows no bounds.660 But, venerable Chief! these which thou seest Are Thracians new-arrived. Their master lies Slain by the valiant Diomede, with twelve The noblest of his warriors at his side, A thirteenth[20] also, at small distance hence665 We slew, by Hector and the Chiefs of Troy Sent to inspect the posture of our host. He said; then, high in exultation, drove The coursers o’er the trench, and with him pass’d The glad Achaians; at the spacious tent670 Of Diomede arrived, with even thongs They tied them at the cribs where stood the steeds Of Tydeus’ son, with winnow’d wheat supplied. Ulysses in his bark the gory spoils Of Dolon placed, designing them a gift675 To Pallas. Then, descending to the sea, Neck, thighs, and legs from sweat profuse they cleansed, And, so refresh’d and purified, their last Ablution in bright tepid baths perform’d. Each thus completely laved, and with smooth oil680 Anointed, at the well-spread board they sat, And quaff’d, in honor of Minerva, wine Delicious, from the brimming beaker drawn. The vividness of the scenes presented to us in this Book constitute its chief beauty. The reader sees the most natural night-scene in the world. He is led step by step with the adventurers, and made the companion of all their expectations and uncertainties. We see the very color of the sky; know the time to a minute; are impatient while the heroes are arming; our imagination follows them, knows all their doubts, and even the secret wishes of their hearts sent up to Minerva. We are alarmed at the approach of Dolon, hear his very footsteps, assist the two chiefs in pursuing him, and stop just with the spear that arrests him. We are perfectly acquainted with the situation of all the forces, with the figure in which they lie, with the disposition of Rhesus and the Thracians, with the posture of his chariot and horses. The marshy spot of ground where Dolon is killed, the tamarisk, or aquatic plant upon which they hung his spoils, and the reeds that are heaped together to mark the place, are circumstances the most picturesque imaginable. BOOK XI. ARGUMENT OF THE ELEVENTH BOOK. Agamemnon distinguishes himself. He is wounded, and retires. Diomede is wounded by Paris; Ulysses by Socus. Ajax with Menelaus flies to the relief of Ulysses, and Eurypylus, soon after, to the relief of Ajax. While he is employed in assisting Ajax, he is shot in the thigh by Paris, who also wounds Machaon. Nestor conveys Machaon from the field. Achilles dispatches Patroclus to the tent of Nestor, and Nestor takes that occasion to exhort Patroclus to engage in battle, clothed in the armor of Achilles. BOOK XI. Aurora from Tithonus’ side arose With light for heaven and earth, when Jove dispatch’d Discord, the fiery signal in her hand Of battle bearing, to the Grecian fleet. High on Ulysses’ huge black ship she stood5 The centre of the fleet, whence all might hear, The tent of Telamon’s huge son between, And of Achilles; for confiding they In their heroic fortitude, their barks Well-poised had station’d utmost of the line.10 There standing, shrill she sent a cry abroad Among the Achaians, such as thirst infused Of battle ceaseless into every breast. All deem’d, at once, war sweeter, than to seek Their native country through the waves again.15 Then with loud voice Atrides bade the Greeks Gird on their armor, and himself his arms Took radiant. First around his legs he clasp’d His shining greaves with silver studs secured, Then bound his corselet to his bosom, gift20 Of Cynyras long since;[1] for rumor loud Had Cyprus reached of an Achaian host Assembling, destined to the shores of Troy: Wherefore, to gratify the King of men, He made the splendid ornament his own.25 Ten rods of steel cœrulean all around Embraced it, twelve of gold, twenty of tin; Six[2] spiry serpents their uplifted heads Cœrulean darted at the wearer’s throat, Splendor diffusing as the various bow30 Fix’d by Saturnian Jove in showery clouds, A sign to mortal men.[3] He slung his sword Athwart his shoulders; dazzling bright it shone With gold emboss’d, and silver was the sheath Suspended graceful in a belt of gold.35 His massy shield o’ershadowing him whole, High-wrought and beautiful, he next assumed. Ten circles bright of brass around its field Extensive, circle within circle, ran; The central boss was black, but hemm’d about40 With twice ten bosses of resplendent tin. There, dreadful ornament! the visage dark Of Gorgon scowl’d, border’d by Flight and Fear. The loop was silver, and a serpent form Cœrulean over all its surface twined,45 Three heads erecting on one neck, the heads Together wreath’d into a stately crown. His helmet quâtre-crested,[4] and with studs Fast riveted around he to his brows Adjusted, whence tremendous waved his crest50 Of mounted hair on high. Two spears he seized Ponderous, brass-pointed, and that flash’d to heaven. Sounds[5] like clear thunder, by the spouse of Jove And by Minerva raised to extol the King Of opulent Mycenæ, roll’d around.55 At once each bade his charioteer his steeds Hold fast beside the margin of the trench In orderly array; the foot all arm’d Rush’d forward, and the clamor of the host Rose infinite into the dawning skies.60 First, at the trench, the embattled infantry[6] Stood ranged; the chariots follow’d close behind; Dire was the tumult by Saturnian Jove Excited, and from ether down he shed Blood-tinctured dews among them, for he meant65 That day to send full many a warrior bold To Pluto’s dreary realm, slain premature. Opposite, on the rising-ground, appear’d The Trojans; them majestic Hector led, Noble Polydamas, Æneas raised70 To godlike honors in all Trojan hearts, And Polybus, with whom Antenor’s sons Agenor, and young Acamas advanced. Hector the splendid orb of his broad shield Bore in the van, and as a comet now75 Glares through the clouds portentous, and again, Obscured by gloomy vapors, disappears, So Hector, marshalling his host, in front Now shone, now vanish’d in the distant rear. All-cased he flamed in brass, and on the sight80 Flash’d as the lightnings of Jove Ægis-arm’d. As reapers, toiling opposite,[7] lay bare Some rich man’s furrows, while the sever’d grain, Barley or wheat, sinks as the sickle moves, So Greeks and Trojans springing into fight85 Slew mutual; foul retreat alike they scorn’d, Alike in fierce hostility their heads Both bore aloft, and rush’d like wolves to war. Discord, spectatress terrible, that sight Beheld exulting; she, of all the Gods,90 Alone was present; not a Power beside There interfered, but each his bright abode Quiescent occupied wherever built Among the windings of the Olympian heights; Yet blamed they all the storm-assembler King95 Saturnian, for his purposed aid to Troy. The eternal father reck’d not; he, apart, Seated in solitary pomp, enjoy’d His glory, and from on high the towers survey’d Of Ilium and the fleet of Greece, the flash100 Of gleaming arms, the slayer and the slain. While morning lasted, and the light of day Increased, so long the weapons on both sides Flew in thick vollies, and the people fell. But, what time his repast the woodman spreads105 In some umbrageous vale, his sinewy arms Wearied with hewing many a lofty tree, And his wants satisfied, he feels at length The pinch of appetite to pleasant food,[8] Then was it, that encouraging aloud110 Each other, in their native virtue strong, The Grecians through the phalanx burst of Troy. Forth sprang the monarch first; he slew the Chief Bianor, nor himself alone, but slew Oïleus also driver of his steeds.115 Oïleus, with a leap alighting, rush’d On Agamemnon; he his fierce assault Encountering, with a spear met full his front. Nor could his helmet’s ponderous brass sustain That force, but both his helmet and his skull120 It shatter’d, and his martial rage repress’d. The King of men, stripping their corselets, bared Their shining breasts, and left them. Isus, next, And Antiphus he flew to slay, the sons Of Priam both, and in one chariot borne,125 This spurious, genuine that. The bastard drove, And Antiphus, a warrior high-renown’d, Fought from the chariot; them Achilles erst Feeding their flocks on Ida had surprised And bound with osiers, but for ransom loosed.130 Of these, imperial Agamemnon, first, Above the pap pierced Isus; next, he smote Antiphus with his sword beside the ear, And from his chariot cast him to the ground. Conscious of both, their glittering arms he stripp’d,135 For he had seen them when from Ida’s heights Achilles led them to the Grecian fleet. As with resistless fangs the lion breaks The young in pieces of the nimble hind, Entering her lair, and takes their feeble lives;140 She, though at hand, can yield them no defence, But through the thick wood, wing’d with terror, starts Herself away, trembling at such a foe; So them the Trojans had no power to save, Themselves all driven before the host of Greece.145 Next, on Pisandrus, and of dauntless heart Hippolochus he rush’d; they were the sons Of brave Antimachus, who with rich gifts By Paris bought, inflexible withheld From Menelaus still his lovely bride.150 His sons, the monarch, in one chariot borne Encounter’d; they (for they had lost the reins) With trepidation and united force Essay’d to check the steeds; astonishment Seized both; Atrides with a lion’s rage155 Came on, and from the chariot thus they sued. Oh spare us! son of Atreus, and accept Ransom immense. Antimachus our sire Is rich in various treasure, gold and brass, And temper’d steel, and, hearing the report160 That in Achaia’s fleet his sons survive, He will requite thee with a glorious price. So they, with tears and gentle terms the King Accosted, but no gentle answer heard. Are ye indeed the offspring of the Chief165 Antimachus, who when my brother once With godlike Laertiades your town Enter’d ambassador, his death advised In council, and to let him forth no more? Now rue ye both the baseness of your sire.170 He said, and from his chariot to the plain Thrust down Pisandrus, piercing with keen lance His bosom, and supine he smote the field. Down leap’d Hippolochus, whom on the ground He slew, cut sheer his hands, and lopp’d his head,175 And roll’d it like a mortar[9] through the ranks. He left the slain, and where he saw the field With thickest battle cover’d, thither flew By all the Grecians follow’d bright in arms. The scatter’d infantry constrained to fly,180 Fell by the infantry; the charioteers, While with loud hoofs their steeds the dusty soil Excited, o’er the charioteers their wheels Drove brazen-fellied, and the King of men Incessant slaughtering, called his Argives[10] on.185 As when fierce flames some ancient forest seize, From side to side in flakes the various wind Rolls them, and to the roots devour’d, the trunks Fall prostrate under fury of the fire, So under Agamemnon fell the heads190 Of flying Trojans. Many a courser proud The empty chariots through the paths of war Whirl’d rattling, of their charioteers deprived; They breathless press’d the plain, now fitter far To feed the vultures than to cheer their wives.195 Conceal’d, meantime, by Jove, Hector escaped The dust, darts, deaths, and tumult of the field; And Agamemnon to the swift pursuit Call’d loud the Grecians. Through the middle plain Beside the sepulchre of Ilus, son200 Of Dardanus, and where the fig-tree stood, The Trojans flew, panting to gain the town, While Agamemnon pressing close the rear, Shout after shout terrific sent abroad, And his victorious hands reek’d, red with gore.205 But at the beech-tree and the Scæan gate Arrived, the Trojans halted, waiting there The rearmost fugitives; they o’er the field Came like a herd, which in the dead of night A lion drives; all fly, but one is doom’d210 To death inevitable; her with jaws True to their hold he seizes, and her neck Breaking, embowels her, and laps the blood; So, Atreus’ royal son, the hindmost still Slaying, and still pursuing, urged them on.215 Many supine, and many prone, the field Press’d, by the son of Atreus in their flight Dismounted; for no weapon raged as his. But now, at last, when he should soon have reach’d The lofty walls of Ilium, came the Sire220 Of Gods and men descending from the skies, And on the heights of Ida fountain-fed, Sat arm’d with thunders. Calling to his foot Swift Iris golden-pinion’d, thus he spake. Iris! away. Thus speak in Hector’s ears.225 While yet he shall the son of Atreus see Fierce warring in the van, and mowing down The Trojan ranks, so long let him abstain From battle, leaving to his host the task Of bloody contest furious with the Greeks.230 But soon as Atreus’ son by spear or shaft Wounded shall climb his chariot, with such force I will endue Hector, that he shall slay Till he have reach’d the ships, and till, the sun Descending, sacred darkness cover all.235 He spake, nor rapid Iris disobey’d Storm-wing’d ambassadress, but from the heights Of Ida stoop’d to Ilium. There she found The son of royal Priam by the throng Of chariots and of steeds compass’d about240 She, standing at his side, him thus bespake. Oh, son of Priam! as the Gods discreet! I bring thee counsel from the Sire of all. While yet thou shalt the son of Atreus see Fierce warring in the van, and mowing down245 The warrior ranks, so long he bids thee pause From battle, leaving to thy host the task Of bloody contest furious with the Greeks. But soon as Atreus’ son, by spear or shaft Wounded, shall climb his chariot, Jove will then250 Endue thee with such force, that thou shalt slay Till thou have reach’d the ships, and till, the sun Descending, sacred darkness cover all. So saying, swift-pinion’d Iris disappear’d. Then Hector from his chariot at a leap255 Came down all arm’d, and, shaking his bright spears, Ranged every quarter, animating loud The legions, and rekindling horrid war. Back roll’d the Trojan ranks, and faced the Greeks; The Greeks their host to closer phalanx drew;260 The battle was restored, van fronting van They stood, and Agamemnon into fight Sprang foremost, panting for superior fame. Say now, ye Nine, who on Olympus dwell! What Trojan first, or what ally of Troy265 Opposed the force of Agamemnon’s arm? Iphidamas, Antenor’s valiant son, Of loftiest stature, who in fertile Thrace Mother of flocks was nourish’d, Cisseus him His grandsire, father of Theano praised270 For loveliest features, in his own abode Rear’d yet a child, and when at length he reach’d The measure of his glorious manhood firm Dismiss’d him not, but, to engage him more, Gave him his daughter. Wedded, he his bride275 As soon deserted, and with galleys twelve Following the rumor’d voyage of the Greeks, The same course steer’d; but at Percope moor’d, And marching thence, arrived on foot at Troy. He first opposed Atrides. They approach’d.280 The spear of Agamemnon wander’d wide; But him Iphidamas on his broad belt Beneath the corselet struck, and, bearing still On his spear-beam, enforced it; but ere yet He pierced the broider’d zone, his point, impress’d285 Against the silver, turn’d, obtuse as lead. Then royal Agamemnon in his hand The weapon grasping, with a lion’s rage Home drew it to himself, and from his gripe Wresting it, with his falchion keen his neck290 Smote full, and stretch’d him lifeless at his foot. So slept Iphidamas among the slain; Unhappy! from his virgin bride remote, Associate with the men of Troy in arms He fell, and left her beauties unenjoy’d.295 He gave her much, gave her a hundred beeves, And sheep and goats a thousand from his flocks Promised, for numberless his meadows ranged; But Agamemnon, son of Atreus, him Slew and despoil’d, and through the Grecian host300 Proceeded, laden with his gorgeous arms. Coön that sight beheld, illustrious Chief, Antenor’s eldest born, but with dim eyes Through anguish for his brother’s fall. Unseen Of noble Agamemnon, at his side305 He cautious stood, and with a spear his arm, Where thickest flesh’d, below his elbow, pierced, Till opposite the glittering point appear’d. A thrilling horror seized the King of men So wounded; yet though wounded so, from fight310 He ceased not, but on Coön rush’d, his spear Grasping, well-thriven growth[11] of many a wind. He by the foot drew off Iphidamas, His brother, son of his own sire, aloud Calling the Trojan leaders to his aid;315 When him so occupied with his keen point Atrides pierced his bossy shield beneath. Expiring on Iphidamas he fell Prostrate, and Agamemnon lopp’d his head. Thus, under royal Agamemnon’s hand,320 Antenor’s sons their destiny fulfill’d, And to the house of Ades journey’d both. Through other ranks of warriors then he pass’d, Now with his spear, now with his falchion arm’d, And now with missile force of massy stones,325 While yet his warm blood sallied from the wound. But when the wound grew dry, and the blood ceased, Anguish intolerable undermined Then all the might of Atreus’ royal son. As when a laboring woman’s arrowy throes330 Seize her intense, by Juno’s daughters dread The birth-presiding Ilithyæ deep Infixt, dispensers of those pangs severe; So, anguish insupportable subdued Then all the might of Atreus’ royal son.335 Up-springing to his seat, instant he bade His charioteer drive to the hollow barks, Heart-sick himself with pain; yet, ere he went, With voice loud-echoing hail’d the Danaï. Friends! counsellors and leaders of the Greeks!340 Now drive, yourselves, the battle from your ships. For me the Gods permit not to employ In fight with Ilium’s host the day entire. He ended, and the charioteer his steeds Lash’d to the ships; they not unwilling flew,345 Bearing from battle the afflicted King With foaming chests and bellies grey with dust. Soon Hector, noting his retreat, aloud Call’d on the Trojans and allies of Troy. Trojans and Lycians, and close-fighting sons350 Of Dardanus! oh summon all your might; Now, now be men! Their bravest is withdrawn! Glory and honor from Saturnian Jove On me attend; now full against the Greeks Drive all your steeds, and win a deathless name.355 He spake—and all drew courage from his word. As when his hounds bright-tooth’d some hunter cheers Against the lion or the forest-boar, So Priameïan Hector cheer’d his host Magnanimous against the sons of Greece,360 Terrible as gore-tainted Mars. Among The foremost warriors, with success elate He strode, and flung himself into the fight Black as a storm which sudden from on high Descending, furrows deep the gloomy flood.365 Then whom slew Priameïan Hector first, Whom last, by Jove, that day, with glory crown’d? Assæus, Dolops, Orus, Agelaüs, Autonoüs, Hipponoüs, Æsymnus, Opheltius and Opites first he slew,370 All leaders of the Greeks, and, after these, The people. As when whirlwinds of the West A storm encounter from the gloomy South, The waves roll multitudinous, and the foam Upswept by wandering gusts fills all the air,375 So Hector swept the Grecians. Then defeat Past remedy and havoc had ensued, Then had the routed Grecians, flying, sought Their ships again, but that Ulysses[12] thus Summon’d the brave Tydides to his aid.380 Whence comes it, Diomede, that we forget Our wonted courage? Hither, O my friend! And, fighting at my side, ward off the shame That must be ours, should Hector seize the fleet. To whom the valiant Diomede replied.385 I will be firm; trust me thou shalt not find Me shrinking; yet small fruit of our attempts Shall follow, for the Thunderer, not to us, But to the Trojan, gives the glorious day. The Hero spake, and from his chariot cast390 Thymbræus to the ground pierced through the pap, While by Ulysses’ hand his charioteer Godlike Molion, fell. The warfare thus Of both for ever closed, them there they left, And plunging deep into the warrior-throng395 Troubled the multitude. As when two boars Turn desperate on the close-pursuing hounds, So they, returning on the host of Troy, Slew on all sides, and overtoil’d with flight From Hector’s arm, the Greeks meantime respired.400 Two warriors, next, their chariot and themselves They took, plebeians brave, sons of the seer Percosian Merops in prophetic skill Surpassing all; he both his sons forbad The mortal field, but disobedient they405 Still sought it, for their destiny prevail’d. Spear-practised Diomede of life deprived Both these, and stripp’d them of their glorious arms, While by Ulysses’ hand Hippodamus Died and Hypeirochus. And now the son410 Of Saturn, looking down from Ida, poised The doubtful war, and mutual deaths they dealt. Tydides plunged his spear into the groin Of the illustrious son of Pæon, bold Agastrophus. No steeds at his command415 Had he, infatuate! but his charioteer His steeds detain’d remote, while through the van Himself on foot rush’d madly till he fell. But Hector through the ranks darting his eye Perceived, and with ear-piercing cries advanced420 Against them, follow’d by the host of Troy. The son of Tydeus, shuddering, his approach Discern’d, and instant to Ulysses spake.[13] Now comes the storm! This way the mischief rolls! Stand and repulse the Trojan. Now be firm.425 He said, and hurling his long-shadow’d beam Smote Hector. At his helmet’s crown he aim’d, Nor err’d, but brass encountering brass, the point Glanced wide, for he had cased his youthful brows In triple brass, Apollo’s glorious gift.430 Yet with rapidity at such a shock Hector recoil’d into the multitude Afar, where sinking to his knees, he lean’d On his broad palm, and darkness veil’d his eyes. But while Tydides follow’d through the van435 His stormy spear, which in the distant soil Implanted stood, Hector his scatter’d sense Recovering, to his chariot sprang again, And, diving deep into his host, escaped. The noble son of Tydeus, spear in hand,440 Rush’d after him, and as he went, exclaim’d. Dog! thou hast now escaped; but, sure the stroke Approach’d thee nigh, well-aim’d. Once more thy prayers Which ever to Apollo thou prefer’st Entering the clash of battle, have prevail’d,445 And he hath rescued thee. But well beware Our next encounter, for if also me Some God befriend, thou diest. Now will I seek Another mark, and smite whom next I may. He spake, and of his armor stripp’d the son450 Spear-famed of Pæon. Meantime Paris, mate Of beauteous Helen, drew his bow against Tydides; by a pillar of the tomb Of Ilus, ancient senator revered, Conceal’d he stood, and while the Hero loosed455 His corselet from the breast of Pæon’s son Renown’d, and of his helmet and his targe Despoil’d him; Paris, arching quick his bow, No devious shaft dismiss’d, but his right foot Pierced through the sole, and fix’d it to the ground.460 Transported from his ambush forth he leap’d With a loud laugh, and, vaunting, thus exclaim’d: Oh shaft well shot! it galls thee. Would to heaven That it had pierced thy heart, and thou hadst died! So had the Trojans respite from their toils465 Enjoy’d, who, now, shudder at sight of thee Like she-goats when the lion is at hand. To whom, undaunted, Diomede replied. Archer shrew-tongued! spie-maiden! man of curls![14] Shouldst thou in arms attempt me face to face,470 Thy bow and arrows should avail thee nought. Vain boaster! thou hast scratch’d my foot—no more— And I regard it as I might the stroke Of a weak woman or a simple child. The weapons of a dastard and a slave475 Are ever such. More terrible are mine, And whom they pierce, though slightly pierced, he dies. His wife her cheeks rends inconsolable, His babes are fatherless, his blood the glebe Incarnadines, and where he bleeds and rots480 More birds of prey than women haunt the place. He ended, and Ulysses, drawing nigh, Shelter’d Tydides; he behind the Chief Of Ithaca sat drawing forth the shaft, But pierced with agonizing pangs the while.485 Then, climbing to his chariot-seat, he bade Sthenelus hasten to the hollow ships, Heart-sick with pain. And now alone was seen Spear-famed Ulysses; not an Argive more Remain’d, so universal was the rout,490 And groaning, to his own great heart he said. Alas! what now awaits me? If, appall’d By multitudes, I fly, much detriment; And if alone they intercept me here, Still more; for Jove hath scatter’d all the host,495 Yet why these doubts! for know I not of old That only dastards fly, and that the voice Of honor bids the famed in battle stand, Bleed they themselves, or cause their foes to bleed? While busied in such thought he stood, the ranks500 Of Trojans fronted with broad shields, enclosed The hero with a ring, hemming around Their own destruction. As when dogs, and swains In prime of manhood, from all quarters rush Around a boar, he from his thicket bolts,505 The bright tusk whetting in his crooked jaws: They press him on all sides, and from beneath Loud gnashings hear, yet firm, his threats defy; Like them the Trojans on all sides assail’d Ulysses dear to Jove. First with his spear510 He sprang impetuous on a valiant chief, Whose shoulder with a downright point he pierced, Deïopites; Thoön next he slew, And Ennomus, and from his coursers’ backs Alighting quick, Chersidamas; beneath515 His bossy shield the gliding weapon pass’d Right through his navel; on the plain he fell Expiring, and with both hands clench’d the dust. Them slain he left, and Charops wounded next, Brother of Socus, generous Chief, and son520 Of Hippasus; brave Socus to the aid Of Charops flew, and, godlike, thus began. Illustrious chief, Ulysses! strong to toil And rich in artifice! Or boast to-day Two sons of Hippasus, brave warriors both,525 Of armor and of life bereft by thee, Or to my vengeful spear resign thy own! So saying, Ulysses’ oval disk he smote. Through his bright disk the stormy weapon flew, Transpierced his twisted mail, and from his side530 Drove all the skin, but to his nobler parts Found entrance none, by Pallas turn’d aslant.[15] Ulysses, conscious of his life untouch’d, Retired a step from Socus, and replied. Ah hapless youth; thy fate is on the wing;535 Me thou hast forced indeed to cease a while From battle with the Trojans, but I speak Thy death at hand; for vanquish’d by my spear, This self-same day thou shalt to me resign Thy fame, thy soul to Pluto steed-renown’d.540 He ceased; then Socus turn’d his back to fly, But, as he turn’d, his shoulder-blades between He pierced him, and the spear urged through his breast. On his resounding arms he fell, and thus Godlike Ulysses gloried in his fall.545 Ah, Socus, son of Hippasus, a chief Of fame equestrian! swifter far than thou Death follow’d thee, and thou hast not escaped. Ill-fated youth! thy parents’ hands thine eyes Shall never close, but birds of ravenous maw550 Shall tear thee, flapping thee with frequent wing, While me the noble Grecians shall entomb! So saying, the valiant Socus’ spear he drew From his own flesh, and through his bossy shield. The weapon drawn, forth sprang the blood, and left555 His spirit faint. Then Ilium’s dauntless sons, Seeing Ulysses’ blood, exhorted glad Each other, and, with force united, all Press’d on him. He, retiring, summon’d loud His followers. Thrice, loud as mortal may,560 He call’d, and valiant Menelaus thrice Hearing the voice, to Ajax thus remark’d. Illustrious son of Telamon! The voice Of Laertiades comes o’er my ear With such a sound, as if the hardy chief,565 Abandon’d of his friends, were overpower’d By numbers intercepting his retreat. Haste! force we quick a passage through the ranks. His worth demands our succor, for I fear Lest sole conflicting with the host of Troy,570 Brave as he is, he perish, to the loss Unspeakable and long regret of Greece. So saying, he went, and Ajax, godlike Chief, Follow’d him. At the voice arrived, they found Ulysses Jove-beloved compass’d about575 By Trojans, as the lynxes in the hills, Adust for blood, compass an antler’d stag Pierced by an archer; while his blood is warm And his limbs pliable, from him he ’scapes; But when the feather’d barb hath quell’d his force,580 In some dark hollow of the mountain’s side, The hungry troop devour him; chance, the while, Conducts a lion thither, before whom All vanish, and the lion feeds alone; So swarm’d the Trojan powers, numerous and bold,585 Around Ulysses, who with wary skill Heroic combated his evil day. But Ajax came, cover’d with his broad shield That seem’d a tower, and at Ulysses’ side Stood fast; then fled the Trojans wide-dispersed,590 And Menelaus led him by the hand Till his own chariot to his aid approach’d. But Ajax, springing on the Trojans, slew Doryclus, from the loins of Priam sprung, But spurious. Pandocus he wounded next,595 Then wounded Pyrasus, and after him Pylartes and Lysander. As a flood Runs headlong from the mountains to the plain After long showers from Jove; many a dry oak And many a pine the torrent sweeps along,600 And, turbid, shoots much soil into the sea, So, glorious Ajax troubled wide the field, Horse and man slaughtering, whereof Hector yet Heard not; for on the left of all the war He fought beside Scamander, where around605 Huge Nestor, and Idomeneus the brave, Most deaths were dealt, and loudest roar’d the fight. There Hector toil’d, feats wonderful of spear And horsemanship achieving, and the lines Of many a phalanx desolating wide.610 Nor even then had the bold Greeks retired, But that an arrow triple-barb’d, dispatch’d By Paris, Helen’s mate, against the Chief Machaon warring with distinguish’d force, Pierced his right shoulder. For his sake alarm’d,615 The valor-breathing Grecians fear’d, lest he In that disast’rous field should also fall.[16] At once, Idomeneus of Crete approach’d The noble Nestor, and him thus bespake. Arise, Neleian Nestor! Pride of Greece!620 Ascend thy chariot, and Machaon placed Beside thee, bear him, instant to the fleet. For one, so skill’d in medicine, and to free The inherent barb, is worth a multitude. He said, nor the Gerenian hero old625 Aught hesitated, but into his seat Ascended, and Machaon, son renown’d Of Æsculapius, mounted at his side. He lash’d the steeds, they not unwilling sought The hollow ships, long their familiar home.630 Cebriones, meantime, the charioteer Of Hector, from his seat the Trojan ranks Observing sore discomfited, began. Here are we busied, Hector! on the skirts Of roaring battle, and meantime I see635 Our host confused, their horses and themselves All mingled. Telamonian Ajax there Routs them; I know the hero by his shield. Haste, drive we thither, for the carnage most Of horse and foot conflicting furious, there640 Rages, and infinite the shouts arise. He said, and with shrill-sounding scourge the steeds Smote ample-maned; they, at the sudden stroke Through both hosts whirl’d the chariot, shields and men Trampling; with blood the axle underneath645 All redden’d, and the chariot-rings with drops From the horse-hoofs, and from the fellied wheels. Full on the multitude he drove, on fire To burst the phalanx, and confusion sent Among the Greeks, for nought[17] he shunn’d the spear.650 All quarters else with falchion or with lance, Or with huge stones he ranged, but cautious shunn’d The encounter of the Telamonian Chief. But the eternal father throned on high With fear fill’d Ajax; panic-fixt he stood,655 His seven-fold shield behind his shoulder cast, And hemm’d by numbers, with an eye askant, Watchful retreated. As a beast of prey Retiring, turns and looks, so he his face Turn’d oft, retiring slow, and step by step.660 As when the watch-dogs and assembled swains Have driven a tawny lion from the stalls, Then, interdicting him his wish’d repast, Watch all the night, he, famish’d, yet again Comes furious on, but speeds not, kept aloof665 By frequent spears from daring hands, but more By flash of torches, which, though fierce, he dreads, Till, at the dawn, sullen he stalks away; So from before the Trojans Ajax stalk’d Sullen, and with reluctance slow retired.670 His brave heart trembling for the fleet of Greece. As when (the boys o’erpower’d) a sluggish ass, On whose tough sides they have spent many a staff, Enters the harvest, and the spiry ears Crops persevering; with their rods the boys675 Still ply him hard, but all their puny might Scarce drives him forth when he hath browsed his fill, So, there, the Trojans and their foreign aids With glittering lances keen huge Ajax urged, His broad shield’s centre smiting.[18] He, by turns,680 With desperate force the Trojan phalanx dense Facing, repulsed them, and by turns he fled, But still forbad all inroad on the fleet. Trojans and Greeks between, alone, he stood A bulwark. Spears from daring hands dismiss’d685 Some, piercing his broad shield, there planted stood, While others, in the midway falling, spent Their disappointed rage deep in the ground. Eurypylus, Evæmon’s noble son, Him seeing, thus, with weapons overwhelmed690 Flew to his side, his glittering lance dismiss’d, And Apisaon, son of Phausias, struck Under the midriff; through his liver pass’d The ruthless point, and, falling, he expired. Forth sprang Eurypylus to seize the spoil;695 Whom soon as godlike Alexander saw Despoiling Apisaon of his arms, Drawing incontinent his bow, he sent A shaft to his right thigh; the brittle reed Snapp’d, and the rankling barb stuck fast within.700 Terrified at the stroke, the wounded Chief To his own band retired, but, as he went, With echoing voice call’d on the Danaï— Friends! Counsellors, and leaders of the Greeks! Turn ye and stand, and from his dreadful lot705 Save Ajax whelm’d with weapons; ’scape, I judge, He cannot from the roaring fight, yet oh Stand fast around him; if save ye may, Your champion huge, the Telamonian Chief! So spake the wounded warrior. They at once710 With sloping bucklers, and with spears erect, To his relief approach’d. Ajax with joy The friendly phalanx join’d, then turn’d and stood. Thus burn’d the embattled field as with the flames Of a devouring fire. Meantime afar715 From all that tumult the Neleian mares Bore Nestor, foaming as they ran, with whom Machaon also rode, leader revered. Achilles mark’d him passing; for he stood Exalted on his huge ship’s lofty stern,720 Spectator of the toil severe, and flight Deplorable of the defeated Greeks. He call’d his friend Patroclus. He below Within his tent the sudden summons heard And sprang like Mars abroad, all unaware725 That in that sound he heard the voice of fate. Him first Menœtius’ gallant son address’d. What would Achilles? Wherefore hath he call’d? To whom Achilles swiftest of the swift: Brave Menœtiades! my soul’s delight!730 Soon will the Grecians now my knees surround Suppliant, by dread extremity constrain’d. But fly Patroclus, haste, oh dear to Jove! Inquire of Nestor, whom he hath convey’d From battle, wounded? Viewing him behind,735 I most believed him Æsculapius’ son Machaon, but the steeds so swiftly pass’d My galley, that his face escaped my note.[19] He said, and prompt to gratify his friend, Forth ran Patroclus through the camp of Greece.740 Now when Neleian Nestor to his tent Had brought Machaon, they alighted both, And the old hero’s friend Eurymedon Released the coursers. On the beach awhile Their tunics sweat-imbued in the cool air745 They ventilated, facing full the breeze, Then on soft couches in the tent reposed. Meantime, their beverage Hecamede mix’d, The old King’s bright-hair’d captive, whom he brought From Tenedos, what time Achilles sack’d750 The city, daughter of the noble Chief Arsinoüs, and selected from the rest For Nestor, as the honorable meed Of counsels always eminently wise. She, first, before them placed a table bright,755 With feet cœrulean; thirst-provoking sauce She brought them also in a brazen tray, Garlic[20] and honey new, and sacred meal. Beside them, next, she placed a noble cup Of labor exquisite, which from his home760 The ancient King had brought with golden studs Embellish’d; it presented to the grasp Four ears; two golden turtles, perch’d on each, Seem’d feeding, and two turtles[21] form’d the base. That cup once fill’d, all others must have toil’d765 To move it from the board, but it was light In Nestor’s hand; he lifted it with ease.[22] The graceful virgin in that cup a draught Mix’d for them, Pramnian wine and savory cheese Of goat’s milk, grated with a brazen rasp,770 Then sprinkled all with meal. The draught prepared, She gave it to their hand; they, drinking, slaked Their fiery thirst, and with each other sat Conversing friendly, when the godlike youth By brave Achilles sent, stood at the door.775 Him seeing, Nestor from his splendid couch Arose, and by the hand leading him in, Entreated him to sit, but that request Patroclus, on his part refusing, said, Oh venerable King! no seat is here780 For me, nor may thy courtesy prevail. He is irascible, and to be fear’d Who bade me ask what Chieftain thou hast brought From battle, wounded; but untold I learn; I see Machaon, and shall now report785 As I have seen; oh ancient King revered! Thou know’st Achilles fiery, and propense Blame to impute even where blame is none. To whom the brave Gerenian thus replied. Why feels Achilles for the wounded Greeks790 Such deep concern? He little knows the height To which our sorrows swell. Our noblest lie By spear or arrow wounded in the fleet. Diomede, warlike son of Tydeus, bleeds, Gall’d by a shaft; Ulysses, glorious Chief,795 And Agamemnon[23] suffer by the spear; Eurypylus is shot into the thigh, And here lies still another newly brought By me from fight, pierced also by a shaft. What then? How strong soe’er to give them aid,800 Achilles feels no pity of the Greeks. Waits he till every vessel on the shore Fired, in despite of the whole Argive host, Be sunk in its own ashes, and ourselves All perish, heaps on heaps? For in my limbs805 No longer lives the agility of my youth. Oh, for the vigor of those days again, When Elis, for her cattle which we took, Strove with us and Itymoneus I slew, Brave offspring of Hypirochus; he dwelt810 In Elis, and while I the pledges drove, Stood for his herd, but fell among the first By a spear hurl’d from my victorious arm. Then fled the rustic multitude, and we Drove off abundant booty from the plain,815 Herds fifty of fat beeves, large flocks of goats As many, with as many sheep and swine, And full thrice fifty mares of brightest hue, All breeders, many with their foals beneath. All these, by night returning safe, we drove820 Into Neleian Pylus, and the heart Rejoiced of Neleus, in a son so young A warrior, yet enrich’d with such a prize. At early dawn the heralds summon’d loud The citizens, to prove their just demands825 On fruitful Elis, and the assembled Chiefs Division made (for numerous were the debts Which the Epeans, in the weak estate Of the unpeopled Pylus, had incurr’d; For Hercules, few years before, had sack’d[24]830 Our city, and our mightiest slain. Ourselves The gallant sons of Neleus, were in all Twelve youths, of whom myself alone survived; The rest all perish’d; whence, presumptuous grown, The brazen-mail’d Epeans wrong’d us oft).835 A herd of beeves my father for himself Selected, and a numerous flock beside, Three hundred sheep, with shepherds for them all. For he a claimant was of large arrears From sacred Elis. Four unrivall’d steeds840 With his own chariot to the games he sent, That should contend for the appointed prize A tripod; but Augeias, King of men, Detain’d the steeds, and sent the charioteer Defrauded home. My father, therefore, fired845 At such foul outrage both of deeds and words, Took much, and to the Pylians gave the rest For satisfaction of the claims of all. While thus we busied were in these concerns, And in performance of religious rites850 Throughout the city, came the Epeans arm’d, Their whole vast multitude both horse and foot On the third day; came also clad in brass The two Molions, inexpert as yet In feats of arms, and of a boyish age.855 There is a city on a mountain’s head, Fast by the banks of Alpheus, far remote, The utmost town which sandy Pylus owns, Named Thryoëssa, and, with ardor fired To lay it waste, that city they besieged.860 Now when their host had traversed all the plain, Minerva from Olympus flew by night And bade us arm; nor were the Pylians slow To assemble, but impatient for the fight. Me, then, my father suffer’d not to arm,865 But hid my steeds, for he supposed me raw As yet, and ignorant how war is waged. Yet, even thus, unvantaged and on foot, Superior honors I that day acquired To theirs who rode, for Pallas led me on870 Herself to victory. There is a stream Which at Arena falls into the sea, Named Minuëius; on that river’s bank The Pylian horsemen waited day’s approach, And thither all our foot came pouring down.875 The flood divine of Alpheus thence we reach’d At noon, all arm’d complete; there, hallow’d rites We held to Jove omnipotent, and slew A bull to sacred Alpheus, with a bull To Neptune, and a heifer of the herd880 To Pallas; then, all marshall’d as they were, From van to rear our legions took repast, And at the river’s side slept on their arms. Already the Epean host had round Begirt the city, bent to lay it waste,885 A task which cost them, first, both blood and toil, For when the radiant sun on the green earth Had risen, with prayer to Pallas and to Jove, We gave them battle. When the Pylian host And the Epeans thus were close engaged,890 I first a warrior slew, Mulius the brave, And seized his coursers. He the eldest-born Of King Augeias’ daughters had espoused The golden Agamede; not an herb The spacious earth yields but she knew its powers,895 Him, rushing on me, with my brazen lance I smote, and in the dust he fell; I leap’d Into his seat, and drove into the van. A panic seized the Epeans when they saw The leader of their horse o’erthrown, a Chief900 Surpassing all in fight. Black as a cloud With whirlwind fraught, I drove impetuous on, Took fifty chariots, and at side of each Lay two slain warriors, with their teeth the soil Grinding, all vanquish’d by my single arm.905 I had slain also the Molions, sons Of Actor, but the Sovereign of the deep Their own authentic Sire, in darkness dense Involving both, convey’d them safe away. Then Jove a victory of prime renown910 Gave to the Pylians; for we chased and slew And gather’d spoil o’er all the champain spread With scatter’d shields, till we our steeds had driven To the Buprasian fields laden with corn, To the Olenian rock, and to a town915 In fair Colona situate, and named Alesia. There it was that Pallas turn’d Our people homeward; there I left the last Of all the slain, and he was slain by me. Then drove the Achaians from Buprasium home920 Their coursers fleet, and Jove, of Gods above, Received most praise, Nestor of men below. Such once was I. But brave Achilles shuts His virtues close, an unimparted store; Yet even he shall weep, when all the host,925 His fellow-warriors once, shall be destroy’d. But recollect, young friend! the sage advice Which when thou earnest from Phthia to the aid Of Agamemnon, on that selfsame day Menœtius gave thee. We were present there,930 Ulysses and myself, both in the house, And heard it all; for to the house we came Of Peleus in our journey through the land Of fertile Greece, gathering her states to war. We found thy noble sire Menœtius there,935 Thee and Achilles; ancient Peleus stood To Jove the Thunderer offering in his court Thighs of an ox, and on the blazing rites Libation pouring from a cup of gold. While ye on preparation of the feast940 Attended both, Ulysses and myself Stood in the vestibule; Achilles flew Toward us, introduced us by the hand, And, seating us, such liberal portion gave To each, as hospitality requires.945 Our thirst, at length, and hunger both sufficed, I, foremost speaking, ask’d you to the wars, And ye were eager both, but from your sires Much admonition, ere ye went, received. Old Peleus charged Achilles to aspire950 To highest praise, and always to excel. But thee, thy sire Menœtius thus advised. “My son! Achilles boasts the nobler birth, But thou art elder; he in strength excels Thee far; thou, therefore, with discretion rule955 His inexperience; thy advice impart With gentleness; instruction wise suggest Wisely, and thou shalt find him apt to learn.” So thee thy father taught, but, as it seems, In vain. Yet even now essay to move960 Warlike Achilles; if the Gods so please, Who knows but that thy reasons may prevail To rouse his valiant heart? men rarely scorn The earnest intercession of a friend. But if some prophecy alarm his fears,965 And from his Goddess mother he have aught Received, who may have learnt the same from Jove, Thee let him send at least, and order forth With thee the Myrmidons; a dawn of hope Shall thence, it may be, on our host arise.970 And let him send thee to the battle clad In his own radiant armor; Troy, deceived By such resemblance, shall abstain perchance From conflict, and the weary Greeks enjoy Short respite; it is all that war allows.975 Fresh as ye are, ye, by your shouts alone, May easily repulse an army spent With labor from the camp and from the fleet. Thus Nestor, and his mind bent to his words. Back to Æacides through all the camp980 He ran; and when, still running, he arrived Among Ulysses’ barks, where they had fix’d The forum, where they minister’d the laws, And had erected altars to the Gods, There him Eurypylus, Evæmon’s son,985 Illustrious met, deep-wounded in his thigh, And halting-back from battle. From his head The sweat, and from his shoulders ran profuse, And from his perilous wound the sable blood Continual stream’d; yet was his mind composed.990 Him seeing, Menœtiades the brave Compassion felt, and mournful, thus began. Ah hapless senators and Chiefs of Greece! Left ye your native country that the dogs Might fatten on your flesh at distant Troy?995 But tell me, Hero! say, Eurypylus! Have the Achaians power still to withstand The enormous force of Hector, or is this The moment when his spear must pierce us all? To whom Eurypylus, discreet, replied.1000 Patroclus, dear to Jove! there is no help, No remedy. We perish at our ships. The warriors, once most strenuous of the Greeks, Lie wounded in the fleet by foes whose might Increases ever. But thyself afford1005 To me some succor; lead me to my ship; Cut forth the arrow from my thigh; the gore With warm ablution cleanse, and on the wound Smooth unguents spread, the same as by report Achilles taught thee; taught, himself, their use1010 By Chiron, Centaur, justest of his kind For Podalirius and Machaon both Are occupied. Machaon, as I judge, Lies wounded in his tent, needing like aid Himself, and Podalirius in the field1015 Maintains sharp conflict with the sons of Troy. To whom Menœtius’ gallant son replied. Hero! Eurypylus! how shall we act In this perplexity? what course pursue? I seek the brave Achilles, to whose ear1020 I bear a message from the ancient chief Gerenian Nestor, guardian of the Greeks. Yet will I not, even for such a cause, My friend! abandon thee in thy distress. He ended, and his arms folding around1025 The warrior bore him thence into his tent. His servant, on his entrance, spread the floor With hides, on which Patroclus at his length Extended him, and with his knife cut forth The rankling point; with tepid lotion, next,1030 He cleansed the gore, and with a bitter root Bruised small between his palms, sprinkled the wound. At once, the anodyne his pain assuaged, The wound was dried within, and the blood ceased. It will be well here to observe the position of the Greeks. All human aid is cut off by the wounds of their heroes, and all assistance from the Gods forbidden by Jupiter. On the contrary, the Trojans see their general at their head, and Jupiter himself fights on their side. Upon this hinge turns the whole poem. The distress of the Greeks occasions first the assistance of Patroclus, and then the death of that hero brings back Achilles. The poet shows great skill in conducting these incidents. He gives Achilles the pleasure of seeing that the Greeks could not carry on the war without his assistance, and upon this depends the great catastrophe of the poem. BOOK XII. ARGUMENT OF THE TWELFTH BOOK. The Trojans assail the ramparts, and Hector forces the gates. BOOK XII. So was Menœtius’ gallant son employ’d Healing Eurypylus. The Greeks, meantime, And Trojans with tumultuous fury fought. Nor was the foss ordain’d long time to exclude The host of Troy, nor yet the rampart built5 Beside it for protection of the fleet; For hecatomb the Greeks had offer’d none, Nor prayer to heaven, that it might keep secure Their ships with all their spoils. The mighty work As in defiance of the Immortal Powers10 Had risen, and could not therefore long endure. While Hector lived, and while Achilles held His wrathful purpose; while the city yet Of royal Priam was unsack’d, so long The massy structure stood; but when the best15 And bravest of the Trojan host were slain, And of the Grecian heroes, some had fallen And some survived, when Priam’s towers had blazed In the tenth year, and to their native shores The Grecians with their ships, at length, return’d,20 Then Neptune, with Apollo leagued, devised Its ruin; every river that descends From the Idæan heights into the sea They brought against it, gathering all their force. Rhesus, Caresus, Rhodius, the wide-branch’d25 Heptaporus, Æsepus, Granicus, Scamander’s sacred current, and thy stream Simöis, whose banks with helmets and with shields Were strew’d, and Chiefs of origin divine; All these with refluent course Apollo drove30 Nine days against the rampart, and Jove rain’d Incessant, that the Grecian wall wave-whelm’d Through all its length might sudden disappear. Neptune with his tridental mace, himself, Led them, and beam and buttress to the flood35 Consigning, laid by the laborious Greeks, Swept the foundation, and the level bank Of the swift-rolling Hellespont restored. The structure thus effaced, the spacious beach He spread with sand as at the first; then bade40 Subside the streams, and in their channels wind With limpid course, and pleasant as before, Apollo thus and Neptune, from the first, Design’d its fall; but now the battle raved And clamors of the warriors all around45 The strong-built turrets, whose assaulted planks Rang, while the Grecians, by the scourge of Jove Subdued, stood close within their fleet immured, At Hector’s phalanx-scattering force appall’d. He, as before, with whirlwind fury fought.50 As when the boar or lion fiery-eyed Turns short, the hunters and the hounds among, The close-embattled troop him firm oppose, And ply him fast with spears; he no dismay Conceives or terror in his noble heart,55 But by his courage falls; frequent he turns Attempting bold the ranks, and where he points Direct his onset, there the ranks retire; So, through the concourse on his rolling wheels Borne rapid, Hector animated loud60 His fellow-warriors to surpass the trench. But not his own swift-footed steeds would dare That hazard; standing on the dangerous brink They neigh’d aloud, for by its breadth the foss Deterr’d them; neither was the effort slight65 To leap that gulf, nor easy the attempt To pass it through; steep were the banks profound On both sides, and with massy piles acute Thick-planted, interdicting all assault. No courser to the rapid chariot braced70 Had enter’d there with ease; yet strong desires Possess’d the infantry of that emprize, And thus Polydamas the ear address’d Of dauntless Hector, standing at his side. Hector, and ye the leaders of our host,75 Both Trojans and allies! rash the attempt I deem, and vain, to push our horses through, So dangerous is the pass; rough is the trench With pointed stakes, and the Achaian wall Meets us beyond. No chariot may descend80 Or charioteer fight there; strait are the bounds, And incommodious, and his death were sure. If Jove, high-thundering Ruler of the skies, Will succor Ilium, and nought less intend Than utter devastation of the Greeks,85 I am content; now perish all their host Inglorious, from their country far remote. But should they turn, and should ourselves be driven Back from the fleet impeded and perplex’d In this deep foss, I judge that not a man,90 ’Scaping the rallied Grecians, should survive To bear the tidings of our fate to Troy. Now, therefore, act we all as I advise. Let every charioteer his coursers hold Fast-rein’d beside the foss, while we on foot,95 With order undisturb’d and arms in hand, Shall follow Hector. If destruction borne On wings of destiny this day approach The Grecians, they will fly our first assault. So spake Polydamas, whose safe advice100 Pleased Hector; from his chariot to the ground All arm’d he leap’d, nor would a Trojan there (When once they saw the Hero on his feet) Ride into battle, but unanimous Descending with a leap, all trod the plain.105 Each gave command that at the trench his steeds Should stand detain’d in orderly array; Then, suddenly, the parted host became Five bands, each following its appointed chief. The bravest and most numerous, and whose hearts110 Wish’d most to burst the barrier and to wage The battle at the ships, with Hector march’d And with Polydamas, whom follow’d, third, Cebriones; for Hector had his steeds Consign’d and chariot to inferior care.115 Paris, Alcathoüs, and Agenor led The second band, and, sons of Priam both, Deïphobus and Helenus, the third; With them was seen partner of their command; The Hero Asius; from Arisba came120 Asius Hyrtacides, to battle drawn From the Selleïs banks by martial steeds Hair’d fiery-red and of the noblest size. The fourth, Anchises’ mighty son controll’d, Æneas; under him Antenor’s sons,125 Archilochus and Acamas, advanced, Adept in all the practice of the field. Last came the glorious powers in league with Troy Led by Sarpedon; he with Glaucus shared His high control, and with the warlike Chief130 Asteropæus; for of all his host Them bravest he esteem’d, himself except Superior in heroic might to all. And now (their shields adjusted each to each) With dauntless courage fired, right on they moved135 Against the Grecians; nor expected less Than that beside their sable ships, the host Should self-abandon’d fall an easy prey. The Trojans, thus with their confederate powers, The counsel of the accomplish’d Prince pursued,140 Polydamas, one Chief alone except, Asius Hyrtacides. He scorn’d to leave His charioteer and coursers at the trench, And drove toward the fleet. Ah, madly brave! His evil hour was come; he was ordain’d145 With horse and chariot and triumphant shout To enter wind-swept Ilium never more. Deucalion’s offspring, first, into the shades Dismiss’d him; by Idomeneus he died. Leftward he drove furious, along the road150 By which the steeds and chariots of the Greeks Return’d from battle; in that track he flew, Nor found the portals by the massy bar Secured, but open for reception safe Of fugitives, and to a guard consign’d.155 Thither he drove direct, and in his rear His band shrill-shouting follow’d, for they judged The Greeks no longer able to withstand Their foes, but sure to perish in the camp. Vain hope! for in the gate two Chiefs they found160 Lapithæ-born, courageous offspring each Of dauntless father; Polypœtes, this, Sprung from Pirithöus; that, the warrior bold Leonteus, terrible as gore-tainted Mars. These two, defenders of the lofty gates,165 Stood firm before them. As when two tall oaks On the high mountains day by day endure Rough wind and rain, by deep-descending roots Of hugest growth fast-founded in the soil; So they, sustain’d by conscious valor, saw,170 Unmoved, high towering Asius on his way, Nor fear’d him aught, nor shrank from his approach Right on toward the barrier, lifting high Their season’d bucklers and with clamor loud The band advanced, King Asius at their head,175 With whom Iämenus, expert in arms, Orestes, Thöon, Acamas the son Of Asius, and Oenomäus, led them on. Till now, the warlike pair, exhorting loud The Grecians to defend the fleet, had stood180 Within the gates; but soon as they perceived The Trojans swift advancing to the wall, And heard a cry from all the flying Greeks, Both sallying, before the gates they fought Like forest-boars, which hearing in the hills185 The crash of hounds and huntsmen nigh at hand, With start oblique lay many a sapling flat Short-broken by the root, nor cease to grind Their sounding tusks, till by the spear they die; So sounded on the breasts of those brave two190 The smitten brass; for resolute they fought, Embolden’d by their might who kept the wall, And trusting in their own; they, in defence Of camp and fleet and life, thick battery hurl’d Of stones precipitated from the towers;195 Frequent as snows they fell, which stormy winds, Driving the gloomy clouds, shake to the ground, Till all the fertile earth lies cover’d deep. Such volley pour’d the Greeks, and such return’d The Trojans; casques of hide, arid and tough,200 And bossy shields rattled, by such a storm Assail’d of millstone masses from above. Then Asius, son of Hyrtacus, a groan Indignant utter’d; on both thighs he smote With disappointment furious, and exclaim’d,205 Jupiter! even thou art false become, And altogether such. Full sure I deem’d That not a Grecian hero should abide One moment force invincible as ours, And lo! as wasps ring-streaked,[1] or bees that build210 Their dwellings in the highway’s craggy side Leave not their hollow home, but fearless wait The hunter’s coming, in their brood’s defence, So these, although two only, from the gates Move not, nor will, till either seized or slain.215 So Asius spake, but speaking so, changed not The mind of Jove on Hector’s glory bent. Others, as obstinate, at other gates Such deeds perform’d, that to enumerate all Were difficult, unless to power divine.220 For fierce the hail of stones from end to end Smote on the barrier; anguish fill’d the Greeks. Yet, by necessity constrain’d, their ships They guarded still; nor less the Gods themselves, Patrons of Greece, all sorrow’d at the sight.225 At once the valiant Lapithæ began Terrible conflict, and Pirithous’ son Brave Polypœtes through his helmet pierced Damasus; his resplendent point the brass Sufficed not to withstand; entering, it crush’d230 The bone within, and mingling all his brain With his own blood, his onset fierce repress’d. Pylon and Ormenus he next subdued. Meantime Leonteus, branch of Mars, his spear Hurl’d at Hippomachus, whom through his belt235 He pierced; then drawing forth his falchion keen, Through all the multitude he flew to smite Antiphates, and with a downright stroke Fell’d him. Iämenus and Menon next He slew, with brave Orestes, whom he heap’d,240 All three together, on the fertile glebe. While them the Lapithæ of their bright arms Despoil’d, Polydamas and Hector stood (With all the bravest youths and most resolved To burst the barrier and to fire the fleet)245 Beside the foss, pondering the event. For, while they press’d to pass, they spied a bird Sublime in air, an eagle. Right between Both hosts he soar’d (the Trojan on his left) A serpent bearing in his pounces clutch’d250 Enormous, dripping blood, but lively still And mindful of revenge; for from beneath The eagle’s breast, updarting fierce his head, Fast by the throat he struck him; anguish-sick The eagle cast him down into the space255 Between the hosts, and, clanging loud his plumes As the wind bore him, floated far away. Shudder’d the Trojans viewing at their feet The spotted serpent ominous, and thus Polydamas to dauntless Hector spake.260 Ofttimes in council, Hector, thou art wont To censure me, although advising well; Nor ought the private citizen, I confess, Either in council or in war to indulge Loquacity, but ever to employ265 All his exertions in support of thine. Yet hear my best opinion once again. Proceed we not in our attempt against The Grecian fleet. For if in truth the sign Respect the host of Troy ardent to pass,270 Then, as the eagle soar’d both hosts between, With Ilium’s on his left, and clutch’d a snake Enormous, dripping blood, but still alive, Which yet he dropp’d suddenly, ere he reach’d His eyry, or could give it to his young,275 So we, although with mighty force we burst Both gates and barrier, and although the Greeks Should all retire, shall never yet the way Tread honorably back by which we came. No. Many a Trojan shall we leave behind280 Slain by the Grecians in their fleet’s defence. An augur skill’d in omens would expound This omen thus, and faith would win from all. To whom, dark-louring, Hector thus replied. Polydamas! I like not thy advice;285 Thou couldst have framed far better; but if this Be thy deliberate judgment, then the Gods Make thy deliberate judgment nothing worth, Who bidd’st me disregard the Thunderer’s[2] firm Assurance to myself announced, and make290 The wild inhabitants of air my guides, Which I alike despise, speed they their course With right-hand flight toward the ruddy East, Or leftward down into the shades of eve. Consider _we_ the will of Jove alone,295 Sovereign of heaven and earth. Omens abound, But the best omen is our country’s cause.[3] Wherefore should fiery war _thy_ soul alarm? For were we slaughter’d, one and all, around The fleet of Greece, _thou_ need’st not fear to die,300 Whose courage never will thy flight retard. But if thou shrink thyself, or by smooth speech Seduce one other from a soldier’s part, Pierced by this spear incontinent thou diest. So saying he led them, who with deafening roar305 Follow’d him. Then, from the Idæan hills Jove hurl’d a storm which wafted right the dust Into the fleet; the spirits too he quell’d Of the Achaians, and the glory gave To Hector and his host; they, trusting firm310 In signs from Jove, and in their proper force, Assay’d the barrier; from the towers they tore The galleries, cast the battlements to ground, And the projecting buttresses adjoin’d To strengthen the vast work, with bars upheaved.315 All these, with expectation fierce to break The rampart, down they drew; nor yet the Greeks Gave back, but fencing close with shields the wall, Smote from behind them many a foe beneath. Meantime from tower to tower the Ajaces moved320 Exhorting all; with mildness some, and some With harsh rebuke, whom they observed through fear Declining base the labors of the fight, Friends! Argives! warriors of whatever rank! Ye who excel, and ye of humbler note!325 And ye the last and least! (for such there are, All have not magnanimity alike) Now have we work for all, as all perceive. Turn not, retreat not to your ships, appall’d By sounding menaces, but press the foe;330 Exhort each other, and e’en now perchance Olympian Jove, by whom the lightnings burn, Shall grant us to repulse them, and to chase The routed Trojans to their gates again. So they vociferating to the Greeks,335 Stirr’d them to battle. As the feathery snows Fall frequent, on some wintry day, when Jove Hath risen to shed them on the race of man, And show his arrowy stores; he lulls the winds, Then shakes them down continual, covering thick340 Mountain tops, promontories, flowery meads, And cultured valleys rich; the ports and shores Receive it also of the hoary deep, But there the waves bound it, while all beside Lies whelm’d beneath Jove’s fast-descending shower,345 So thick, from side to side, by Trojans hurl’d Against the Greeks, and by the Greeks return’d The stony vollies flew; resounding loud Through all its length the battered rampart roar’d. Nor yet had Hector and his host prevail’d350 To burst the gates, and break the massy bar, Had not all-seeing Jove Sarpedon moved His son, against the Greeks, furious as falls The lion on some horned herd of beeves. At once his polish’d buckler he advanced355 With leafy brass o’erlaid; for with smooth brass The forger of that shield its oval disk Had plated, and with thickest hides throughout Had lined it, stitch’d with circling wires of gold. That shield he bore before him; firmly grasp’d360 He shook two spears, and with determined strides March’d forward. As the lion mountain-bred, After long fast, by impulse of his heart Undaunted urged, seeks resolute the flock Even in the shelter of their guarded home;365 He finds, perchance, the shepherds arm’d with spears, And all their dogs awake, yet can not leave Untried the fence, but either leaps it light, And entering tears the prey, or in the attempt Pierced by some dexterous peasant, bleeds himself;370 So high his courage to the assault impell’d Godlike Sarpedon, and him fired with hope To break the barrier; when to Glaucus thus, Son of Hippolochus, his speech he turn’d. Why, Glaucus, is the seat of honor ours,375 Why drink we brimming cups, and feast in state? Why gaze they all on us as we were Gods In Lycia, and why share we pleasant fields And spacious vineyards, where the Xanthus winds? Distinguished thus in Lycia, we are call’d380 To firmness here, and to encounter bold The burning battle, that our fair report Among the Lycians may be blazon’d thus— No dastards are the potentates who rule The bright-arm’d Lycians; on the fatted flock385 They banquet, and they drink the richest wines; But they are also valiant, and the fight Wage dauntless in the vanward of us all. Oh Glaucus, if escaping safe the death That threats us here, we also could escape390 Old age, and to ourselves secure a life Immortal, I would neither in the van Myself expose, nor would encourage thee To tempt the perils of the glorious field. But since a thousand messengers of fate395 Pursue us close, and man is born to die— E’en let us on; the prize of glory yield, If yield we must, or wrest it from the foe. He said, nor cold refusal in return Received from Glaucus, but toward the wall400 Their numerous Lycian host both led direct. Menestheus, son of Peteos, saw appall’d Their dread approach, for to his tower they bent; Their threatening march. An eager look he cast, On the embodied Greeks, seeking some Chief405 Whose aid might turn the battle from his van: He saw, where never sated with exploits Of war, each Ajax fought, near whom his eye Kenn’d Teucer also, newly from his tent; But vain his efforts were with loudest call410 To reach their ears, such was the deafening din Upsent to heaven, of shields and crested helms, And of the batter’d gates; for at each gate They thundering stood, and urged alike at each Their fierce attempt by force to burst the bars.415 To Ajax therefore he at once dispatch’d A herald, and Thöotes thus enjoin’d. My noble friend, Thöotes! with all speed Call either Ajax; bid them hither both; Far better so; for havoc is at hand.420 The Lycian leaders, ever in assault Tempestuous, bend their force against this tower My station. But if also there they find Laborious conflict pressing them severe, At least let Telamonian Ajax come,425 And Teucer with his death-dispensing bow. He spake, nor was Thöotes slow to hear; Beside the rampart of the mail-clad Greeks Rapid he flew, and, at their side arrived, To either Ajax, eager, thus began.430 Ye leaders of the well-appointed Greeks, The son of noble Peteos calls; he begs With instant suit, that ye would share his toils, However short your stay; the aid of both Will serve him best, for havoc threatens there435 The Lycian leaders, ever in assault Tempestuous, bend their force toward the tower His station. But if also here ye find Laborious conflict pressing you severe, At least let Telamonian Ajax come,440 And Teucer with his death-dispensing bow. He spake, nor his request the towering son Of Telamon denied, but quick his speech To Ajax Oïliades address’d. Ajax! abiding here, exhort ye both445 (Heroic Lycomedes and thyself) The Greeks to battle. Thither I depart To aid our friends, which service once perform’d Duly, I will incontinent return. So saying, the Telamonian Chief withdrew450 With whom went Teucer, son of the same sire, Pandion also, bearing Teucer’s bow. Arriving at the turret given in charge To the bold Chief Menestheus, and the wall Entering, they found their friends all sharply tried.455 Black as a storm the senators renown’d And leaders of the Lycian host assail’d Buttress and tower, while opposite the Greeks Withstood them, and the battle-shout began. First, Ajax, son of Telamon, a friend460 And fellow-warrior of Sarpedon slew, Epicles. With a marble fragment huge That crown’d the battlement’s interior side, He smote him. No man of our puny race, Although in prime of youth, had with both hands465 That weight sustain’d; but he the cumberous mass Uplifted high, and hurl’d it on his head. It burst his helmet, and his batter’d skull Dash’d from all form. He from the lofty tower Dropp’d downright, with a diver’s plunge, and died.470 But Teucer wounded Glaucus with a shaft Son of Hippolochus; he, climbing, bared His arm, which Teucer, marking, from the wall Transfix’d it, and his onset fierce repress’d; For with a backward leap Glaucus withdrew475 Sudden and silent, cautious lest the Greeks Seeing him wounded should insult his pain. Grief seized, at sight of his retiring friend, Sarpedon, who forgat not yet the fight, But piercing with his lance Alcmaon, son480 Of Thestor, suddenly reversed the beam, Which following, Alcmaon to the earth Fell prone, with clangor of his brazen arms. Sarpedon, then, strenuous with both hands Tugg’d, and down fell the battlement entire;485 The wall, dismantled at the summit, stood A ruin, and wide chasm was open’d through. Then Ajax him and Teucer at one time Struck both; an arrow struck from Teucer’s bow The belt that cross’d his bosom, by which hung490 His ample shield; yet lest his son should fall Among the ships, Jove turn’d the death aside. But Ajax, springing to his thrust, a spear Drove through his shield. Sarpedon at the shock With backward step short interval recoil’d,495 But not retired, for in his bosom lived The hope of glory still, and, looking back On all his godlike Lycians, he exclaim’d, Oh Lycians! where is your heroic might? Brave as I boast myself, I feel the task500 Arduous, through the breach made by myself To win a passage to the ships, alone. Follow me all—Most laborers, most dispatch.[4] So he; at whose sharp reprimand abash’d The embattled host to closer conflict moved,505 Obedient to their counsellor and King. On the other side the Greeks within the wall Made firm the phalanx, seeing urgent need; Nor could the valiant Lycians through the breach Admittance to the Grecian fleet obtain,510 Nor since they first approach’d it, had the Greeks With all their efforts, thrust the Lycians back. But as two claimants of one common field, Each with his rod of measurement in hand, Dispute the boundaries, litigating warm515 Their right in some small portion of the soil, So they, divided by the barrier, struck With hostile rage the bull-hide bucklers round, And the light targets on each other’s breast. Then many a wound the ruthless weapons made.520 Pierced through the unarm’d back, if any turn’d, He died, and numerous even through the shield. The battlements from end to end with blood Of Grecians and of Trojans on both sides Were sprinkled; yet no violence could move525 The stubborn Greeks, or turn their powers to flight. So hung the war in balance, as the scales Held by some woman scrupulously just, A spinner; wool and weight she poises nice, Hard-earning slender pittance for her babes,[5]530 Such was the poise in which the battle hung Till Jove himself superior fame, at length, To Priamëian Hector gave, who sprang First through the wall. In lofty sounds that reach’d Their utmost ranks, he call’d on all his host.535 Now press them, now ye Trojans steed-renown’d Rush on! break through the Grecian rampart, hurl At once devouring flames into the fleet. Such was his exhortation; they his voice All hearing, with close-order’d ranks direct540 Bore on the barrier, and up-swarming show’d On the high battlement their glittering spears. But Hector seized a stone; of ample base But tapering to a point, before the gate It stood. No two men, mightiest of a land545 (Such men as now are mighty) could with ease Have heaved it from the earth up to a wain; He swung it easily alone; so light The son of Saturn made it in his hand. As in one hand with ease the shepherd bears550 A ram’s fleece home, nor toils beneath the weight, So Hector, right toward the planks of those Majestic folding-gates, close-jointed, firm And solid, bore the stone. Two bars within Their corresponding force combined transvere555 To guard them, and one bolt secured the bars. He stood fast by them, parting wide his feet For ’vantage sake, and smote them in the midst. He burst both hinges; inward fell the rock Ponderous, and the portals roar’d; the bars560 Endured not, and the planks, riven by the force Of that huge mass, flew scatter’d on all sides. In leap’d the godlike Hero at the breach, Gloomy as night in aspect, but in arms All-dazzling, and he grasp’d two quivering spears.565 Him entering with a leap the gates, no force Whate’er of opposition had repress’d, Save of the Gods alone. Fire fill’d his eyes; Turning, he bade the multitude without Ascend the rampart; they his voice obey’d;570 Part climb’d the wall, part pour’d into the gate; The Grecians to their hollow galleys flew Scatter’d, and tumult infinite arose.[6] BOOK XIII. ARGUMENT OF THE THIRTEENTH BOOK. Neptune engages on the part of the Grecians. The battle proceeds. Deiphobus advances to combat, but is repulsed by Meriones, who losing his spear, repairs to his tent for another. Teucer slays Imbrius, and Hector Amphimachus. Neptune, under the similitude of Thoas, exhorts Idomeneus. Idomeneus having armed himself in his tent, and going forth to battle, meets Meriones. After discourse held with each other, Idomeneus accommodates Meriones with a spear, and they proceed to battle. Idomeneus slays Othryoneus, and Asius. Deiphobus assails Idomeneus, but, his spear glancing over him, kills Hypsenor. Idomeneus slays Alcathoüs, son-in-law of Anchises. Deiphobus and Idomeneus respectively summon their friends to their assistance, and a contest ensues for the body of Alcathoüs. BOOK XIII. [1]When Jove to Hector and his host had given Such entrance to the fleet, to all the woes And toils of unremitting battle there He them abandon’d, and his glorious eyes Averting, on the land look’d down remote5 Of the horse-breeding Thracians, of the bold Close-fighting Mysian race, and where abide On milk sustain’d, and blest with length of days, The Hippemolgi,[2] justest of mankind. No longer now on Troy his eyes he turn’d,10 For expectation none within his breast Survived, that God or Goddess would the Greeks Approach with succor, or the Trojans more. Nor Neptune, sovereign of the boundless Deep, Look’d forth in vain; he on the summit sat15 Of Samothracia forest-crown’d, the stir Admiring thence and tempest of the field; For thence appear’d all Ida, thence the towers Of lofty Ilium, and the fleet of Greece. There sitting from the deeps uprisen, he mourn’d20 The vanquished Grecians, and resentment fierce Conceived and wrath against all-ruling Jove. Arising sudden, down the rugged steep With rapid strides he came; the mountains huge And forests under the immortal feet25 Trembled of Ocean’s Sovereign as he strode. Three strides he made, the fourth convey’d him home To Ægæ. At the bottom of the abyss, There stands magnificent his golden fane, A dazzling, incorruptible abode.30 Arrived, he to his chariot join’d his steeds Swift, brazen-hoof’d, and maned with wavy gold; Himself attiring next in gold, he seized His golden scourge, and to his seat sublime Ascending, o’er the billows drove; the whales35 Leaving their caverns, gambol’d on all sides Around him, not unconscious of their King; He swept the surge that tinged not as he pass’d His axle, and the sea parted for joy. His bounding coursers to the Grecian fleet40 Convey’d him swift. There is a spacious cave Deep in the bottom of the flood, the rocks Of Imbrus rude and Tenedos between; There Neptune, Shaker of the Shores, his steeds Station’d secure; he loosed them from the yoke,45 Gave them ambrosial food, and bound their feet With golden tethers not to be untied Or broken, that unwandering they might wait Their Lord’s return, then sought the Grecian host. The Trojans, tempest-like or like a flame,50 Now, following Priameïan Hector, all Came furious on and shouting to the skies. Their hope was to possess the fleet, and leave Not an Achaian of the host unslain. But earth-encircler Neptune from the gulf55 Emerging, in the form and with the voice Loud-toned of Calchas, roused the Argive ranks To battle—and his exhortation first To either Ajax turn’d, themselves prepared. Ye heroes Ajax! your accustomed force60 Exert, oh! think not of disastrous flight, And ye shall save the people. Nought I fear Fatal elsewhere, although Troy’s haughty sons Have pass’d the barrier with so fierce a throng Tumultuous; for the Grecians brazen-greaved65 Will check them there. Here only I expect And with much dread some dire event forebode, Where Hector, terrible as fire, and loud Vaunting his glorious origin from Jove, Leads on the Trojans. Oh that from on high70 Some God would form the purpose in your hearts To stand yourselves firmly, and to exhort The rest to stand! so should ye chase him hence All ardent as he is, and even although Olympian Jove himself his rage inspire.75 So Neptune spake, compasser of the earth, And, with his sceptre smiting both, their hearts Fill’d with fresh fortitude; their limbs the touch Made agile, wing’d their feet and nerved their arms. Then, swift as stoops a falcon from the point80 Of some rude rock sublime, when he would chase A fowl of other wing along the meads, So started Neptune thence, and disappear’d. Him, as he went, swift Oïliades First recognized, and, instant, thus his speech85 To Ajax, son of Telamon, address’d. Since, Ajax, some inhabitant of heaven Exhorts us, in the prophet’s form to fight (For prophet none or augur we have seen; This was not Calchas; as he went I mark’d90 His steps and knew him; Gods are known with ease) I feel my spirit in my bosom fired Afresh for battle; lightness in my limbs, In hands and feet a glow unfelt before. To whom the son of Telamon replied.95 I also with invigorated hands More firmly grasp my spear; my courage mounts, A buoyant animation in my feet Bears me along, and I am all on fire To cope with Priam’s furious son, alone.100 Thus they, with martial transport to their souls Imparted by the God, conferr’d elate. Meantime the King of Ocean roused the Greeks, Who in the rear, beside their gallant barks Some respite sought. They, spent with arduous toil,105 Felt not alone their weary limbs unapt To battle, but their hearts with grief oppress’d, Seeing the numerous multitude of Troy Within the mighty barrier; sad they view’d That sight, and bathed their cheeks with many a tear,110 Despairing of escape. But Ocean’s Lord Entering among them, soon the spirit stirr’d Of every valiant phalanx to the fight. Teucer and Leïtus, and famed in arms Peneleus, Thoas and Deipyrus,115 Meriones, and his compeer renown’d, Antilochus; all these in accents wing’d With fierce alacrity the God address’d. Oh shame, ye Grecians! vigorous as ye are And in life’s prime, to your exertions most120 I trusted for the safety of our ships. If _ye_ renounce the labors of the field, Then hath the day arisen of our defeat And final ruin by the powers of Troy. Oh! I behold a prodigy, a sight125 Tremendous, deem’d impossible by me, The Trojans at our ships! the dastard race Fled once like fleetest hinds the destined prey Of lynxes, leopards, wolves; feeble and slight And of a nature indisposed to war130 They rove uncertain; so the Trojans erst Stood not, nor to Achaian prowess dared The hindrance of a moment’s strife oppose. But now, Troy left afar, even at our ships They give us battle, through our leader’s fault135 And through the people’s negligence, who fill’d With fierce displeasure against _him_, prefer Death at their ships, to war in their defence. But if the son of Atreus, our supreme, If Agamemnon, have indeed transgress’d140 Past all excuse, dishonoring the swift Achilles, ye at least the fight decline Blame-worthy, and with no sufficient plea. But heal we speedily the breach; brave minds Easily coalesce. It is not well145 That thus your fury slumbers, for the host Hath none illustrious as yourselves in arms. I can excuse the timid if he shrink, But am incensed at _you_. My friends, beware! Your tardiness will prove ere long the cause150 Of some worse evil. Let the dread of shame Affect your hearts; oh tremble at the thought Of infamy! Fierce conflict hath arisen; Loud shouting Hector combats at the ships Nobly, hath forced the gates and burst the bar.155 With such encouragement those Grecian chiefs The King of Ocean roused. Then, circled soon By many a phalanx either Ajax stood, Whose order Mars himself arriving there Had praised, or Pallas, patroness of arms.160 For there the flower of all expected firm Bold Hector and his host; spear crowded spear, Shield, helmet, man, press’d helmet, man and shield;[3] The hairy crests of their resplendent casques Kiss’d close at every nod, so wedged they stood;165 No spear was seen but in the manly grasp It quiver’d, and their every wish was war. The powers of Ilium gave the first assault Embattled close; them Hector led himself[4] Right on, impetuous as a rolling rock170 Destructive; torn by torrent waters off From its old lodgment on the mountain’s brow, It bounds, it shoots away; the crashing wood Falls under it; impediment or check None stays its fury, till the level found,175 There, settling by degrees, it rolls no more; So after many a threat that he would pass Easily through the Grecian camp and fleet And slay to the sea-brink, when Hector once Had fallen on those firm ranks, standing, he bore180 Vehement on them; but by many a spear Urged and bright falchion, soon, reeling, retired, And call’d vociferous on the host of Troy. Trojans, and Lycians, and close-fighting sons Of Dardanus, oh stand! not long the Greeks185 Will me confront, although embodied close In solid phalanx; doubt it not; my spear Shall chase and scatter them, if Jove, in truth, High-thundering mate of Juno, bid me on. So saying he roused the courage of them all190 Foremost of whom advanced, of Priam’s race Deiphobus, ambitious of renown. Tripping he came with shorten’d steps,[5] his feet Sheltering behind his buckler; but at him Aiming, Meriones his splendid lance195 Dismiss’d, nor err’d; his bull-hide targe he struck But ineffectual; where the hollow wood Receives the inserted brass, the quivering beam Snapp’d; then, Deiphobus his shield afar Advanced before him, trembling at a spear200 Hurl’d by Meriones. He, moved alike With indignation for the victory lost And for his broken spear, into his band At first retired, but soon set forth again In prowess through the Achaian camp, to fetch205 Its fellow-spear within his tent reserved. The rest all fought, and dread the shouts arose On all sides. Telamonian Teucer, first, Slew valiant Imbrius, son of Mentor, rich In herds of sprightly steeds. He ere the Greeks210 Arrived at Ilium, in Pedæus dwelt, And Priam’s spurious daughter had espoused Medesicasta. But the barks well-oar’d Of Greece arriving, he return’d to Troy, Where he excell’d the noblest, and abode215 With Priam, loved and honor’d as his own. Him Teucer pierced beneath his ear, and pluck’d His weapon home; he fell as falls an ash Which on some mountain visible afar, Hewn from its bottom by the woodman’s axe,220 With all its tender foliage meets the ground So Imbrius fell; loud rang his armor bright With ornamental brass, and Teucer flew To seize his arms, whom hasting to the spoil Hector with his resplendent spear assail’d;225 He, marking opposite its rapid flight, Declined it narrowly and it pierced the breast, As he advanced to battle, of the son Of Cteatus of the Actorian race, Amphimachus; he, sounding, smote the plain,230 And all his batter’d armor rang aloud. Then Hector swift approaching, would have torn The well-forged helmet from the brows away Of brave Amphimachus; but Ajax hurl’d Right forth at Hector hasting to the spoil235 His radiant spear; no wound the spear impress’d, For he was arm’d complete in burnish’d brass Terrific; but the solid boss it pierced Of Hector’s shield, and with enormous force So shock’d him, that retiring he resign’d240 Both bodies,[6] which the Grecians dragg’d away. Stichius and Menestheus, leaders both Of the Athenians, to the host of Greece Bore off Amphimachus, and, fierce in arms The Ajaces, Imbrius. As two lions bear245 Through thick entanglement of boughs and brakes A goat snatch’d newly from the peasants’ cogs, Upholding high their prey above the ground, So either Ajax terrible in fight, Upholding Imbrius high, his brazen arms250 Tore off, and Oïliades his head From his smooth neck dissevering in revenge For slain Amphimachus, through all the host Sent it with swift rotation like a globe, Till in the dust at Hector’s feet it fell.255 Then anger fill’d the heart of Ocean’s King, His grandson[7] slain in battle; forth he pass’d Through the Achaian camp and fleet, the Greeks Rousing, and meditating wo to Troy. It chanced that brave Idomeneus return’d260 That moment from a Cretan at the knee Wounded, and newly borne into his tent; His friends had borne him off, and when the Chief Had given him into skilful hands, he sought The field again, still coveting renown.265 Him therefore, meeting him on his return, Neptune bespake, but with the borrow’d voice Of Thoas, offspring of Andræmon, King In Pleuro and in lofty Calydon, And honor’d by the Ætolians as a God.270 Oh counsellor of Crete! our threats denounced Against the towers of Troy, where are they now? To whom the leader of the Cretans, thus, Idomeneus. For aught that I perceive Thoas! no Grecian is this day in fault!275 For we are all intelligent in arms, None yields by fear oppress’d, none lull’d by sloth From battle shrinks; but such the pleasure seems Of Jove himself, that we should perish here Inglorious, from our country far remote280 But, Thoas! (for thine heart was ever firm In battle, and thyself art wont to rouse Whom thou observ’st remiss) now also fight As erst, and urge each leader of the host. Him answered, then, the Sovereign of the Deep.285 Return that Grecian never from the shores Of Troy, Idomeneus! but may the dogs Feast on him, who shall this day intermit Through wilful negligence his force in fight! But haste, take arms and come; we must exert290 All diligence, that, being only two, We yet may yield some service. Union much Emboldens even the weakest, and our might Hath oft been proved on warriors of renown. So Neptune spake, and, turning, sought again295 The toilsome field. Ere long, Idomeneus Arriving in his spacious tent, put on His radiant armor, and, two spears in hand, Set forth like lightning which Saturnian Jove From bright Olympus shakes into the air,300 A sign to mortal men, dazzling all eyes; So beam’d the Hero’s armor as he ran. But him not yet far distant from his tent Meriones, his fellow-warrior met, For he had left the fight, seeking a spear,305 When thus the brave Idomeneus began. Swift son of Molus! chosen companion dear! Wherefore, Meriones, hast thou the field Abandon’d? Art thou wounded? Bring’st thou home Some pointed mischief in thy flesh infixt?310 Or comest thou sent to me, who of myself The still tent covet not, but feats of arms? To whom Meriones discreet replied, Chief leader of the Cretans, brazen-mail’d Idomeneus! if yet there be a spear315 Left in thy tent, I seek one; for I broke The spear, even now, with which erewhile I fought, Smiting the shield of fierce Deiphobus. Then answer thus the Cretan Chief return’d, Valiant Idomeneus. If spears thou need,320 Within my tent, leaning against the wall, Stand twenty spears and one, forged all in Troy, Which from the slain I took; for distant fight Me suits not; therefore in my tent have I Both spears and bossy shields, with brazen casques325 And corselets bright that smile against the sun. Him answer’d, then, Meriones discreet. I also, at my tent and in my ship Have many Trojan spoils, but they are hence Far distant. I not less myself than thou330 Am ever mindful of a warrior’s part, And when the din of glorious arms is heard, Fight in the van. If other Greeks my deeds Know not, at least I judge them known to thee. To whom the leader of the host of Crete335 Idomeneus. I know thy valor well, Why speakest thus to me? Choose we this day An ambush forth of all the bravest Greeks, (For in the ambush is distinguish’d best The courage; there the timorous and the bold340 Plainly appear; the dastard changes hue And shifts from place to place, nor can he calm The fears that shake his trembling limbs, but sits Low-crouching on his hams, while in his breast Quick palpitates his death-foreboding heart,345 And his teeth chatter; but the valiant man His posture shifts not; no excessive fears Feels he, but seated once in ambush, deems Time tedious till the bloody fight begin;) Even there, thy courage should no blame incur.[8]350 For should’st thou, toiling in the fight, by spear Or falchion bleed, not on thy neck behind Would fall the weapon, or thy back annoy, But it would meet thy bowels or thy chest While thou didst rush into the clamorous van.355 But haste—we may not longer loiter here As children prating, lest some sharp rebuke Reward us. Enter quick, and from within My tent provide thee with a noble spear. Then, swift as Mars, Meriones produced360 A brazen spear of those within the tent Reserved, and kindling with heroic fire Follow’d Idomeneus. As gory Mars By Terror follow’d, his own dauntless son Who quells the boldest heart, to battle moves;365 From Thrace against the Ephyri they arm, Or hardy Phlegyans, and by both invoked, Hear and grant victory to which they please; Such, bright in arms Meriones, and such Idomeneus advanced, when foremost thus370 Meriones his fellow-chief bespake. Son of Deucalion! where inclinest thou most To enter into battle? On the right Of all the host? or through the central ranks? Or on the left? for nowhere I account375 The Greeks so destitute of force as there. Then answer thus Idomeneus return’d Chief of the Cretans. Others stand to guard The middle fleet; there either Ajax wars, And Teucer, noblest archer of the Greeks,380 Nor less in stationary fight approved. Bent as he is on battle, they will task And urge to proof sufficiently the force Of Priameïan Hector; burn his rage How fierce soever, he shall find it hard,385 With all his thirst of victory, to quell Their firm resistance, and to fire the fleet, Let not Saturnian Jove cast down from heaven Himself a flaming brand into the ships. High towering Telamonian Ajax yields390 To no mere mortal by the common gift Sustain’d of Ceres, and whose flesh the spear Can penetrate, or rocky fragment bruise; In standing fight Ajax would not retire Even before that breaker of the ranks395 Achilles, although far less swift than he. But turn we to the left, that we may learn At once, if glorious death, or life be ours. Then, rapid as the God of war, his course Meriones toward the left began,400 As he enjoin’d. Soon as the Trojans saw Idomeneus advancing like a flame, And his compeer Meriones in arms All-radiant clad, encouraging aloud From rank to rank each other, on they came405 To the assault combined. Then soon arose Sharp contest on the left of all the fleet. As when shrill winds blow vehement, what time Dust deepest spreads the ways, by warring blasts Upborne a sable cloud stands in the air,410 Such was the sudden conflict; equal rage To stain with gore the lance ruled every breast. Horrent with quivering spears the fatal field Frown’d on all sides; the brazen flashes dread Of numerous helmets, corselets furbish’d bright,415 And shields refulgent meeting, dull’d the eye, And turn’d it dark away. Stranger indeed Were he to fear, who could that strife have view’d With heart elate, or spirit unperturb’d. Two mighty sons of Saturn adverse parts420 Took in that contest, purposing alike To many a valiant Chief sorrow and pain. Jove, for the honor of Achilles, gave Success to Hector and the host of Troy, Not for complete destruction of the Greeks425 At Ilium, but that glory might redound To Thetis thence, and to her dauntless son. On the other side, the King of Ocean risen Secretly from the hoary Deep, the host Of Greece encouraged, whom he grieved to see430 Vanquish’d by Trojans, and with anger fierce Against the Thunderer burn’d on their behalf. Alike from one great origin divine Sprang they, but Jove was elder, and surpass’d In various knowledge; therefore when he roused435 Their courage, Neptune traversed still the ranks Clandestine, and in human form disguised. Thus, these Immortal Two, straining the cord Indissoluble of all-wasting war, Alternate measured with it either host,440 And loosed the joints of many a warrior bold. Then, loud exhorting (though himself with age Half grey) the Achaians, into battle sprang Idomeneus, and scatter’d, first, the foe, Slaying Othryoneus, who, by the lure445 Of martial glory drawn, had left of late Cabesus. He Priam’s fair daughter woo’d Cassandra, but no nuptial gift vouchsafed To offer, save a sounding promise proud To chase, himself, however resolute450 The Grecian host, and to deliver Troy. To him assenting, Priam, ancient King, Assured to him his wish, and in the faith Of that assurance confident, he fought. But brave Idomeneus his splendid lance455 Well-aim’d dismissing, struck the haughty Chief. Pacing elate the field; his brazen mail Endured not; through his bowels pierced, with clang Of all his arms he fell, and thus with joy Immense exulting, spake Idomeneus.460 I give thee praise, Othryoneus! beyond All mortal men, if truly thou perform Thy whole big promise to the Dardan king, Who promised thee his daughter. Now, behold, We also promise: doubt not the effect.465 We give into thy arms the most admired Of Agamemnon’s daughters, whom ourselves Will hither bring from Argos, if thy force With ours uniting, thou wilt rase the walls Of populous Troy. Come—follow me; that here470 Among the ships we may adjust the terms Of marriage, for we take not scanty dower. So saying, the Hero dragg’d him by his heel Through all the furious fight. His death to avenge Asius on foot before his steeds advanced,475 For them, where’er he moved, his charioteer Kept breathing ever on his neck behind. With fierce desire the heart of Asius burn’d To smite Idomeneus, who with his lance Him reaching first, pierced him beneath the chin480 Into his throat, and urged the weapon through. He fell, as some green poplar falls, or oak, Or lofty pine, by naval artists hewn With new-edged axes on the mountain’s side. So, his teeth grinding, and the bloody dust485 Clenching, before his chariot and his steeds Extended, Asius lay. His charioteer (All recollection lost) sat panic-stunn’d, Nor dared for safety turn his steeds to flight. Him bold Antilochus right through the waist490 Transpierced; his mail sufficed not, but the spear Implanted in his midmost bowels stood. Down from his seat magnificent he fell Panting, and young Antilochus the steeds Drove captive thence into the host of Greece.495 Then came Deiphobus by sorrow urged For Asius, and, small interval between, Hurl’d at Idomeneus his glittering lance; But he, foreseeing its approach, the point Eluded, cover’d whole by his round shield500 Of hides and brass by double belt sustain’d, And it flew over him, but on his targe Glancing, elicited a tinkling sound. Yet left it not in vain his vigorous grasp, But pierced the liver of Hypsenor, son505 Of Hippasus; he fell incontinent, And measureless exulting in his fall Deiphobus with mighty voice exclaim’d. Not unavenged lies Asius; though he seek Hell’s iron portals, yet shall he rejoice,510 For I have given him a conductor home. So he, whose vaunt the Greeks indignant heard! But of them all to anger most he roused Antilochus, who yet his breathless friend[9] Left not, but hasting, fenced him with his shield,515 And brave Alastor with Mecisteus son Of Echius, bore him to the hollow ships Deep-groaning both, for of their band was he. Nor yet Idomeneus his warlike rage Remitted aught, but persevering strove520 Either to plunge some Trojan in the shades, Or fall himself, guarding the fleet of Greece. Then slew he brave Alcathoüs the son Of Æsyeta, and the son-in-law Of old Anchises, who to him had given525 The eldest-born of all his daughters fair, Hippodamia; dearly loved was she By both her parents in her virgin state,[10] For that in beauty she surpass’d, in works Ingenious, and in faculties of mind530 All her coëvals; wherefore she was deem’d Well worthy of the noblest prince of Troy. Him in that moment, Neptune by the arm Quell’d of Idomeneus, his radiant eyes Dimming, and fettering his proportion’d limbs.535 All power of flight or to elude the stroke Forsook him, and while motionless he stood As stands a pillar tall or towering oak, The hero of the Cretans with a spear Transfix’d his middle chest. He split the mail540 Erewhile his bosom’s faithful guard; shrill rang The shiver’d brass; sounding he fell; the beam Implanted in his palpitating heart Shook to its topmost point, but, its force spent, At last, quiescent, stood. Then loud exclaim’d545 Idomeneus, exulting in his fall. What thinks Deiphobus? seems it to thee Vain boaster, that, three warriors slain for one, We yield thee just amends? else, stand thyself Against me; learn the valor of a Chief550 The progeny of Jove; Jove first begat Crete’s guardian, Minos, from which Minos sprang Deucalion, and from famed Deucalion, I; I, sovereign of the numerous race of Crete’s Extensive isle, and whom my galleys brought555 To these your shores at last, that I might prove Thy curse, thy father’s, and a curse to Troy. He spake; Deiphobus uncertain stood Whether, retreating, to engage the help Of some heroic Trojan, or himself560 To make the dread experiment alone. At length, as his discreeter course, he chose To seek Æneas; him he found afar Station’d, remotest of the host of Troy, For he resented evermore his worth565 By Priam[11] recompensed with cold neglect. Approaching him, in accents wing’d he said. Æneas! Trojan Chief! If e’er thou lov’dst Thy sister’s husband, duty calls thee now To prove it. Haste—defend with me the dead570 Alcathoüs, guardian of thy tender years, Slain by Idomeneus the spear-renown’d. So saying, he roused his spirit, and on fire To combat with the Cretan, forth he sprang. But fear seized not Idomeneus as fear575 May seize a nursling boy; resolved he stood As in the mountains, conscious of his force, The wild boar waits a coming multitude Of boisterous hunters to his lone retreat; Arching his bristly spine he stands, his eyes580 Beam fire, and whetting his bright tusks, he burns To drive, not dogs alone, but men to flight; So stood the royal Cretan, and fled not, Expecting brave Æneas; yet his friends He summon’d, on Ascalaphus his eyes585 Fastening, on Aphareus, Deipyrus, Meriones, and Antilochus, all bold In battle, and in accents wing’d exclaim’d. Haste ye, my friends! to aid me, for I stand Alone, nor undismay’d the coming wait590 Of swift Æneas, nor less brave than swift, And who possesses fresh his flower of youth, Man’s prime advantage; were we match’d in years As in our spirits, either he should earn At once the meed of deathless fame, or I.595 He said; they all unanimous approach’d, Sloping their shields, and stood. On the other side His aids Æneas call’d, with eyes toward Paris, Deiphobus, Agenor, turn’d, His fellow-warriors bold; them follow’d all600 Their people as the pastured flock the ram To water, by the shepherd seen with joy; Such joy Æneas felt, seeing, so soon, That numerous host attendant at his call. Then, for Alcathoüs, into contest close605 Arm’d with long spears they rush’d; on every breast Dread rang the brazen corselet, each his foe Assailing opposite; but two, the rest Surpassing far, terrible both as Mars, Æneas and Idomeneus, alike610 Panted to pierce each other with the spear. Æneas, first, cast at Idomeneus, But, warn’d, he shunn’d the weapon, and it pass’d. Quivering in the soil Æneas’ lance Stood, hurl’d in vain, though by a forceful arm.615 Not so the Cretan; at his waist he pierced Oenomaüs, his hollow corselet clave, And in his midmost bowels drench’d the spear; Down fell the Chief, and dying, clench’d the dust. Instant, his massy spear the King of Crete620 Pluck’d from the dead, but of his radiant arms Despoil’d him not, by numerous weapons urged; For now, time-worn, he could no longer make Brisk sally, spring to follow his own spear, Or shun another, or by swift retreat625 Vanish from battle, but the evil day Warded in stationary fight alone. At him retiring, therefore, step by step Deiphobus, who had with bitterest hate Long time pursued him, hurl’d his splendid lance,630 But yet again erroneous, for he pierced Ascalaphus instead, offspring of Mars; Right through his shoulder flew the spear; he fell Incontinent, and dying, clench’d the dust. But tidings none the brazen-throated Mars635 Tempestuous yet received, that his own son In bloody fight had fallen, for on the heights Olympian over-arch’d with clouds of gold He sat, where sat the other Powers divine, Prisoners together of the will of Jove.640 Meantime, for slain Ascalaphus arose Conflict severe; Deiphobus his casque Resplendent seized, but swift as fiery Mars Assailing him, Meriones his arm Pierced with a spear, and from his idle hand645 Fallen, the casque sonorous struck the ground. Again, as darts the vulture on his prey, Meriones assailing him, the lance Pluck’d from his arm, and to his band retired. Then, casting his fraternal arms around650 Deiphobus, him young Polites led From the hoarse battle to his rapid steeds And his bright chariot in the distant rear, Which bore him back to Troy, languid and loud- Groaning, and bleeding from his recent wound.655 Still raged the war, and infinite arose The clamor. Aphareus, Caletor’s son, Turning to face Æneas, in his throat Instant the hero’s pointed lance received. With head reclined, and bearing to the ground660 Buckler and helmet with him, in dark shades Of soul-divorcing death involved, he fell. Antilochus, observing Thoön turn’d To flight, that moment pierced him; from his back He ripp’d the vein which through the trunk its course665 Winds upward to the neck; that vein he ripp’d All forth; supine he fell, and with both hands Extended to his fellow-warriors, died. Forth sprang Antilochus to strip his arms, But watch’d, meantime, the Trojans, who in crowds670 Encircling him, his splendid buckler broad Smote oft, but none with ruthless point prevail’d Even to inscribe the skin of Nestor’s son, Whom Neptune, shaker of the shores, amid Innumerable darts kept still secure.675 Yet never from his foes he shrank, but faced From side to side, nor idle slept his spear, But with rotation ceaseless turn’d and turn’d To every part, now levell’d at a foe Far-distant, at a foe, now, near at hand.680 Nor he, thus occupied, unseen escaped By Asius’ offspring Adamas, who close Advancing, struck the centre of his shield. But Neptune azure-hair’d so dear a life Denied to Adamas, and render’d vain685 The weapon; part within his disk remain’d Like a seer’d stake, and part fell at his feet. Then Adamas, for his own life alarm’d, Retired, but as he went, Meriones Him reaching with his lance, the shame between690 And navel pierced him, where the stroke of Mars Proves painful most to miserable man. There enter’d deep the weapon; down he fell, And in the dust lay panting as an ox Among the mountains pants by peasants held695 In twisted bands, and dragg’d perforce along; So panted dying Adamas, but soon Ceased, for Meriones, approaching, pluck’d The weapon forth, and darkness veil’d his eyes. Helenus, with his heavy Thracian blade700 Smiting the temples of Deipyrus, Dash’d off his helmet; from his brows remote It fell, and wandering roll’d, till at his feet Some warrior found it, and secured; meantime The sightless shades of death him wrapp’d around.705 Grief at that spectacle the bosom fill’d Of valiant Menelaus; high he shook His radiant spear, and threatening him, advanced On royal Helenus, who ready stood With his bow bent. They met; impatient, one,710 To give his pointed lance its rapid course, And one, to start his arrow from the nerve. The arrow of the son of Priam struck Atrides’ hollow corselet, but the reed Glanced wide. As vetches or as swarthy beans715 Leap from the van and fly athwart the floor, By sharp winds driven, and by the winnower’s force, So from the corselet of the glorious Greek Wide-wandering flew the bitter shaft away. But Menelaus the left-hand transpierced720 Of Helenus, and with the lance’s point Fasten’d it to his bow; shunning a stroke More fatal, Helenus into his band Retired, his arm dependent at his side, And trailing, as he went, the ashen beam;725 There, bold Agenor from his hand the lance Drew forth, then folded it with softest wool Around, sling-wool, and borrow’d from the sling Which his attendant into battle bore. Then sprang Pisander on the glorious Chief730 The son of Atreus, but his evil fate Beckon’d him to his death in conflict fierce, Oh Menelaus, mighty Chief! with thee. And now they met, small interval between. Atrides hurl’d his weapon, and it err’d.735 Pisander with his spear struck full the shield Of glorious Menelaus, but his force Resisted by the stubborn buckler broad Fail’d to transpierce it, and the weapon fell Snapp’d at the neck. Yet, when he struck, the heart740 Rebounded of Pisander, full of hope. But Menelaus, drawing his bright blade, Sprang on him, while Pisander from behind His buckler drew a brazen battle-axe By its long haft of polish’d olive-wood,745 And both Chiefs struck together. He the crest That crown’d the shaggy casque of Atreus’ son Hew’d from its base, but Menelaus him In his swift onset smote full on the front Above his nose; sounded the shatter’d bone,750 And his eyes both fell bloody at his feet. Convolved with pain he lay; then, on his breast Atrides setting fast his heel, tore off His armor, and exulting thus began. So shall ye leave at length the Grecian fleet,755 Traitors, and never satisfied with war! Nor want ye other guilt, dogs and profane! But me have injured also, and defied The hot displeasure of high-thundering Jove The hospitable, who shall waste in time,760 And level with the dust your lofty Troy. I wrong’d not you, yet bore ye far away My youthful bride who welcomed you, and stole My treasures also, and ye now are bent To burn Achaia’s gallant fleet with fire765 And slay her heroes; but your furious thirst Of battle shall hereafter meet a check. Oh, Father Jove! Thee wisest we account In heaven or earth, yet from thyself proceed All these calamities, who favor show’st770 To this flagitious race the Trojans, strong In wickedness alone, and whose delight In war and bloodshed never can be cloy’d. All pleasures breed satiety, sweet sleep, Soft dalliance, music, and the graceful dance,775 Though sought with keener appetite by most Than bloody war; but Troy still covets blood. So spake the royal Chief, and to his friends Pisander’s gory spoils consigning, flew To mingle in the foremost fight again.780 Him, next, Harpalion, offspring of the King Pylæmenes assail’d; to Troy he came Following his sire, but never thence return’d. He, from small distance, smote the central boss Of Menelaus’ buckler with his lance,785 But wanting power to pierce it, with an eye Of cautious circumspection, lest perchance Some spear should reach him, to his band retired. But him retiring with a brazen shaft Meriones pursued; swift flew the dart790 To his right buttock, slipp’d beneath the bone, His bladder grazed, and started through before. There ended his retreat; sudden he sank And like a worm lay on the ground, his life Exhaling in his fellow-warrior’s arms,795 And with his sable blood soaking the plain. Around him flock’d his Paphlagonians bold, And in his chariot placed drove him to Troy, With whom his father went, mourning with tears A son, whose death he never saw avenged.800 Him slain with indignation Paris view’d, For he, with numerous Paphlagonians more His guest had been; he, therefore, in the thirst Of vengeance, sent a brazen arrow forth. There was a certain Greek, Euchenor, son805 Of Polyides the soothsayer, rich And brave in fight, and who in Corinth dwelt He, knowing well his fate, yet sail’d to Troy For Polyides oft, his reverend sire, Had prophecied that he should either die810 By some dire malady at home, or, slain By Trojan hands, amid the fleet of Greece. He, therefore, shunning the reproach alike Of the Achaians, and that dire disease, Had join’d the Grecian host; him Paris pierced815 The ear and jaw beneath; life at the stroke Left him, and darkness overspread his eyes. So raged the battle like devouring fire. But Hector dear to Jove not yet had learn’d, Nor aught surmised the havoc of his host820 Made on the left, where victory crown’d well-nigh The Grecians animated to the fight By Neptune seconding himself their arms. He, where he first had started through the gate After dispersion of the shielded Greeks825 Compact, still persevered. The galleys there Of Ajax and Protesilaüs stood Updrawn above the hoary Deep; the wall Was there of humblest structure, and the steeds And warriors there conflicted furious most.830 The Epeans there and Iäonians[12] robed- Prolix, the Phthians,[13] Locrians, and the bold Bœtians check’d the terrible assault Of Hector, noble Chief, ardent as flame, Yet not repulsed him. Chosen Athenians form’d835 The van, by Peteos’ son, Menestheus, led, Whose high command undaunted Bias shared, Phidas and Stichius. The Epean host Under Amphion, Dracius, Meges, fought. Podarces brave in arms the Phthians ruled,840 And Medon (Medon was by spurious birth Brother of Ajax Oïliades, And for his uncle’s death, whom he had slain, The brother of Oïleus’ wife, abode In Phylace; but from Iphiclus sprang845 Podarces;) these, all station’d in the front Of Phthias’ hardy sons, together strove With the Bœotians for the fleet’s defence. Ajax the swift swerved never from the side Of Ajax son of Telamon a step,850 But as in some deep fallow two black steers Labor combined, dragging the ponderous plow, The briny sweat around their rooted horns Oozes profuse; they, parted as they toil Along the furrow, by the yoke alone,855 Cleave to its bottom sheer the stubborn glebe, So, side by side, they, persevering fought.[14] The son of Telamon a people led Numerous and bold, who, when his bulky limbs Fail’d overlabor’d, eased him of his shield.860 Not so attended by his Locrians fought Oïleus’ valiant son; pitch’d battle them Suited not, unprovided with bright casques Of hairy crest, with ashen spears, and shields Of ample orb; for, trusting in the bow865 And twisted sling alone, they came to Troy, And broke with shafts and volley’d stones the ranks. Thus occupying, clad in burnish’d arms, The van, these two with Hector and his host Conflicted, while the Locrians from behind870 Vex’d them with shafts, secure; nor could the men Of Ilium stand, by such a shower confused. Then, driven with dreadful havoc thence, the foe To wind-swept Ilium had again retired. Had not Polydamas, at Hector’s side875 Standing, the dauntless hero thus address’d. Hector! Thou ne’er canst listen to advice; But think’st thou, that if heaven in feats of arms Give thee pre-eminence, thou must excel Therefore in council also all mankind?880 No. All-sufficiency is not for thee. To one, superior force in arms is given, Skill to another in the graceful dance, Sweet song and powers of music to a third, And to a fourth loud-thundering Jove imparts885 Wisdom, which profits many, and which saves Whole cities oft, though reverenced but by few. Yet hear; I speak as wisest seems to me. War, like a fiery circle, all around Environs thee; the Trojans, since they pass’d890 The bulwark, either hold themselves aloof, Or, wide-dispersed among the galleys, cope With numbers far superior to their own. Retiring, therefore, summon all our Chiefs To consultation on the sum of all,895 Whether (should heaven so prosper us) to rush Impetuous on the gallant barks of Greece, Or to retreat secure; for much I dread Lest the Achaians punctually refund All yesterday’s arrear, since yonder Chief[15]900 Insatiable with battle still abides Within the fleet, nor longer, as I judge, Will rest a mere spectator of the field. So spake Polydamas, whose safe advice Pleased Hector; from his chariot down he leap’d905 All arm’d, and in wing’d accents thus replied. Polydamas! here gather all the Chiefs; I haste into the fight, and my commands Once issued there, incontinent return. He ended, and conspicuous as the height910 Of some snow-crested mountain, shouting ranged The Trojans and confederates of Troy. They swift around Polydamas, brave son Of Panthus, at the voice of Hector, ran. Himself with hasty strides the front, meantime,915 Of battle roam’d, seeking from rank to rank Asius Hyrtacides, with Asius’ son Adamas, and Deiphobus, and the might Of Helenus, his royal brother bold. Them neither altogether free from hurt920 He found, nor living all. Beneath the sterns Of the Achaian ships some slaughter’d lay By Grecian hands; some stricken by the spear Within the rampart sat, some by the sword. But leftward of the woful field he found,925 Ere long, bright Helen’s paramour his band Exhorting to the fight. Hector approach’d, And him, in fierce displeasure, thus bespake. Curst Paris, specious, fraudulent and lewd! Where is Deiphobus, and where the might930 Of royal Helenus? Where Adamas Offspring of Asius, and where Asius, son Of Hyrtacus, and where Othryoneus? Now lofty Ilium from her topmost height Falls headlong, now is thy own ruin sure!935 To whom the godlike Paris thus replied. Since Hector! thou art pleased with no just cause To censure me, I may decline, perchance, Much more the battle on some future day, For I profess some courage, even I.940 Witness our constant conflict with the Greeks Here, on this spot, since first led on by thee The host of Troy waged battle at the ships. But those our friends of whom thou hast inquired Are slain, Deiphobus alone except945 And royal Helenus, who in the hand Bear each a wound inflicted by the spear, And have retired; but Jove their life preserved. Come now—conduct us whither most thine heart Prompts thee, and thou shalt find us ardent all950 To face like danger; what we can, we will, The best and most determined can no more. So saying, the hero soothed his brother’s mind. Then moved they both toward the hottest war Together, where Polydamas the brave,955 Phalces, Cebriones, Orthæus fought, Palmys and Polyphœtes, godlike Chief, And Morys and Ascanius, gallant sons Both of Hippotion. They at Troy arrived From fair Ascania the preceding morn,960 In recompense for aid[16] by Priam lent Erewhile to Phrygia, and, by Jove impell’d, Now waged the furious battle side by side. The march of these at once, was as the sound Of mighty winds from deep-hung thunder-clouds965 Descending; clamorous the blast and wild With ocean mingles; many a billow, then, Upridged rides turbulent the sounding flood, Foam-crested billow after billow driven, So moved the host of Troy, rank after rank970 Behind their Chiefs, all dazzling bright in arms. Before them Priameian Hector strode Fierce as gore-tainted Mars, and his broad shield Advancing came, heavy with hides, and thick- Plated with brass; his helmet on his brows975 Refulgent shook, and in its turn he tried The force of every phalanx, if perchance Behind his broad shield pacing he might shake Their steadfast order; but he bore not down The spirit of the firm Achaian host.980 Then Ajax striding forth, him, first, defied. Approach. Why temptest thou the Greeks to fear? No babes are we in aught that appertains To arms, though humbled by the scourge of Jove. Thou cherishest the foolish hope to burn985 Our fleet with fire; but even we have hearts Prepared to guard it, and your populous Troy, By us dismantled and to pillage given, Shall perish sooner far. Know this thyself Also; the hour is nigh when thou shalt ask990 In prayer to Jove and all the Gods of heaven, That speed more rapid than the falcon’s flight May wing thy coursers, while, exciting dense The dusty plain, they whirl thee back to Troy. While thus he spake, sublime on the right-hand995 An eagle soar’d; confident in the sign The whole Achaian host with loud acclaim Hail’d it. Then glorious Hector thus replied. Brainless and big, what means this boast of thine, Earth-cumberer Ajax? Would I were the son1000 As sure, for ever, of almighty Jove And Juno, and such honor might receive Henceforth as Pallas and Apollo share, As comes this day with universal wo Fraught for the Grecians, among whom thyself1005 Shalt also perish if thou dare abide My massy spear, which shall thy pamper’d flesh Disfigure, and amid the barks of Greece Falling, thou shalt the vultures with thy bulk Enormous satiate, and the dogs of Troy.1010 He spake, and led his host; with clamor loud They follow’d him, and all the distant rear Came shouting on. On the other side the Greeks Re-echoed shout for shout, all undismay’d, And waiting firm the bravest of their foes.1015 Upwent the double roar into the heights Ethereal, and among the beams of Jove. BOOK XIV. ARGUMENT OF THE FOURTEENTH BOOK. Agamemnon and the other wounded Chiefs taking Nestor with them, visit the battle. Juno having borrowed the Cestus of Venus, first engages the assistance of Sleep, then hastens to Ida to inveigle Jove. She prevails. Jove sleeps; and Neptune takes that opportunity to succor the Grecians. BOOK XIV. Nor was that cry by Nestor unperceived Though drinking, who in words wing’d with surprise The son of Æsculapius thus address’d. Divine Machaon! think what this may bode. The cry of our young warriors at the ships5 Grows louder; sitting here, the sable wine Quaff thou, while bright-hair’d Hecamede warms A bath, to cleanse thy crimson stains away. I from yon eminence will learn the cause. So saying, he took a shield radiant with brass10 There lying in the tent, the shield well-forged Of valiant Thrasymedes, his own son (For he had borne to fight his father’s shield) And arming next his hand with a keen lance Stood forth before the tent. Thence soon he saw15 Foul deeds and strange, the Grecian host confused, Their broken ranks flying before the host Of Ilium, and the rampart overthrown. As when the wide sea, darken’d over all Its silent flood, forebodes shrill winds to blow,20 The doubtful waves roll yet to neither side, Till swept at length by a decisive gale;[1] So stood the senior, with distressful doubts Conflicting anxious, whether first to seek The Grecian host, or Agamemnon’s self25 The sovereign, and at length that course preferr’d. Meantime with mutual carnage they the field Spread far and wide, and by spears double-edged Smitten, and by the sword their corselets rang. The royal Chiefs ascending from the fleet,30 Ulysses, Diomede, and Atreus’ son Imperial Agamemnon, who had each Bled in the battle, met him on his way. For from the war remote they had updrawn Their galleys on the shore of the gray Deep,35 The foremost to the plain, and at the sterns Of that exterior line had built the wall. For, spacious though it were, the shore alone That fleet sufficed not, incommoding much The people; wherefore they had ranged the ships40 Line above line gradual, and the bay Between both promontories, all was fill’d. They, therefore, curious to survey the fight, Came forth together, leaning on the spear, When Nestor met them; heavy were their hearts,45 And at the sight of him still more alarm’d, Whom royal Agamemnon thus bespake. Neleian Nestor, glory of the Greeks! What moved thee to forsake yon bloody field, And urged thee hither? Cause I see of fear,50 Lest furious Hector even now his threat Among the Trojans publish’d, verify, That he would never enter Ilium more Till he had burn’d our fleet, and slain ourselves. So threaten’d Hector, and shall now perform.55 Alas! alas! the Achaians brazen-greaved All, like Achilles, have deserted me Resentful, and decline their fleet’s defence. To whom Gerenian Nestor thus replied. Those threats are verified; nor Jove himself60 The Thunderer can disappoint them now; For our chief strength in which we trusted most That it should guard impregnably secure Our navy and ourselves, the wall hath fallen. Hence all this conflict by our host sustain’d65 Among the ships; nor could thy keenest sight Inform thee where in the Achaian camp Confusion most prevails, such deaths are dealt Promiscuous, and the cry ascends to heaven. But come—consult we on the sum of all,70 If counsel yet may profit. As for you, Ye shall have exhortation none from me To seek the fight; the wounded have excuse. Whom Agamemnon answer’d, King of men. Ah Nestor! if beneath our very sterns75 The battle rage, if neither trench nor wall Constructed with such labor, and supposed Of strength to guard impregnably secure Our navy and ourselves, avail us aught, It is because almighty Jove hath will’d80 That the Achaian host should perish here Inglorious, from their country far remote. When he vouchsafed assistance to the Greeks, I knew it well; and now, not less I know That high as the immortal Gods he lifts85 Our foes to glory, and depresses us. Haste therefore all, and act as I advise. Our ships—all those that nearest skirt the Deep, Launch we into the sacred flood, and moor With anchors safely, till o’ershadowing night90 (If night itself may save us) shall arrive. Then may we launch the rest; for I no shame Account it, even by ’vantage of the night To fly destruction. Wiser him I deem Who ’scapes his foe, than whom his foe enthralls.95 But him Ulysses, frowning stern, reproved. What word, Atrides, now hath pass’d thy lips? Counsellor of despair! thou should’st command (And would to heaven thou didst) a different host, Some dastard race, not ours; whom Jove ordains100 From youth to hoary age to weave the web Of toilsome warfare, till we perish all. Wilt thou the spacious city thus renounce For which such numerous woes we have endured? Hush! lest some other hear; it is a word105 Which no man qualified by years mature To speak discreetly, no man bearing rule O’er such a people as confess thy sway, Should suffer to contaminate his lips. I from my soul condemn thee, and condemn110 Thy counsel, who persuad’st us in the heat Of battle terrible as this, to launch Our fleet into the waves, that we may give Our too successful foes their full desire, And that our own prepondering scale115 May plunge us past all hope; for while they draw Their galleys down, the Grecians shall but ill Sustain the fight, seaward will cast their eyes And shun the battle, bent on flight alone. Then, shall they rue thy counsel, King of men!120 To whom the imperial leader of the Greeks. Thy sharp reproof, Ulysses, hath my soul Pierced deeply. Yet I gave no such command That the Achaians should their galleys launch, Would they, or would they not. No. I desire125 That young or old, some other may advice More prudent give, and he shall please me well. Then thus the gallant Diomede replied. That man is near, and may ye but be found Tractable, our inquiry shall be short.130 Be patient each, nor chide me nor reproach Because I am of greener years than ye, For I am sprung from an illustrious Sire, From Tydeus, who beneath his hill of earth Lies now entomb’d at Thebes. Three noble sons135 Were born to Portheus, who in Pleuro dwelt, And on the heights of Calydon; the first Agrius; the second Melas; and the third Brave Oeneus, father of my father, famed For virtuous qualities above the rest.140 Oeneus still dwelt at home; but wandering thence My father dwelt in Argos; so the will Of Jove appointed, and of all the Gods. There he espoused the daughter of the King Adrastus, occupied a mansion rich145 In all abundance; many a field possess’d Of wheat, well-planted gardens, numerous flocks, And was expert in spearmanship esteem’d Past all the Grecians. I esteem’d it right That ye should hear these things, for they are true.150 Ye will not, therefore, as I were obscure And of ignoble origin, reject What I shall well advise. Expedience bids That, wounded as we are, we join the host. We will preserve due distance from the range155 Of spears and arrows, lest already gall’d, We suffer worse; but we will others urge To combat, who have stood too long aloof, Attentive only to their own repose. He spake, whom all approved, and forth they went,160 Imperial Agamemnon at their head. Nor watch’d the glorious Shaker of the shores In vain, but like a man time-worn approach’d, And, seizing Agamemnon’s better hand, In accents wing’d the monarch thus address’d.165 Atrides! now exults the vengeful heart Of fierce Achilles, viewing at his ease The flight and slaughter of Achaia’s host; For he is mad, and let him perish such, And may his portion from the Gods be shame!170 But as for thee, not yet the powers of heaven Thee hate implacable; the Chiefs of Troy Shall cover yet with cloudy dust the breadth Of all the plain, and backward from the camp To Ilium’s gates thyself shalt see them driven.175 He ceased, and shouting traversed swift the field. Loud as nine thousand or ten thousand shout In furious battle mingled, Neptune sent His voice abroad, force irresistible Infusing into every Grecian heart,180 And thirst of battle not to be assuaged. But Juno of the golden throne stood forth On the Olympian summit, viewing thence The field, where clear distinguishing the God Of ocean, her own brother, sole engaged185 Amid the glorious battle, glad was she. Seeing Jove also on the topmost point Of spring-fed Ida seated, she conceived Hatred against him, and thenceforth began Deliberate how best she might deceive190 The Thunderer, and thus at last resolved; Attired with skill celestial to descend On Ida, with a hope to allure him first Won by her beauty to a fond embrace, Then closing fast in balmy sleep profound195 His eyes, to elude his vigilance, secure. She sought her chamber; Vulcan her own son That chamber built. He framed the solid doors, And to the posts fast closed them with a key Mysterious, which, herself except, in heaven200 None understood. Entering she secured The splendid portal. First, she laved all o’er Her beauteous body with ambrosial lymph, Then polish’d it with richest oil divine Of boundless fragrance;[2] oil that in the courts205 Eternal only shaken, through the skies Breathed odors, and through all the distant earth. Her whole fair body with those sweets bedew’d, She passed the comb through her ambrosial hair, And braided her bright locks streaming profuse210 From her immortal brows; with golden studs She made her gorgeous mantle fast before, Ethereal texture, labor of the hands Of Pallas beautified with various art, And braced it with a zone fringed all around215 A hundred fold; her pendants triple-gemm’d Luminous, graceful, in her ears she hung, And covering all her glories with a veil Sun-bright, new-woven, bound to her fair feet Her sandals elegant. Thus full attired,220 In all her ornaments, she issued forth, And beckoning Venus from the other powers Of heaven apart, the Goddess thus bespake. Daughter beloved! shall I obtain my suit, Or wilt thou thwart me, angry that I aid225 The Grecians, while thine aid is given to Troy? To whom Jove’s daughter Venus thus replied. What would majestic Juno, daughter dread Of Saturn, sire of Jove? I feel a mind Disposed to gratify thee, if thou ask230 Things possible, and possible to me. Then thus with wiles veiling her deep design Imperial Juno. Give me those desires, That love-enkindling power by which thou sway’st Immortal hearts and mortal, all alike;235 For to the green earth’s utmost bounds I go, To visit there the parent of the Gods, Oceanus, and Tethys his espoused, Mother of all. They kindly from the hands Of Rhea took, and with parental care240 Sustain’d and cherish’d me, what time from heaven The Thunderer hurled down Saturn, and beneath The earth fast bound him and the barren Deep. Them go I now to visit, and their feuds Innumerable to compose; for long245 They have from conjugal embrace abstain’d Through mutual wrath, whom by persuasive speech Might I restore into each other’s arms, They would for ever love me and revere. Her, foam-born Venus then, Goddess of smiles,250 Thus answer’d. Thy request, who in the arms Of Jove reposest the omnipotent, Nor just it were nor seemly to refuse. So saying, the cincture from her breast she loosed Embroider’d, various, her all-charming zone.255 It was an ambush of sweet snares, replete With love, desire, soft intercourse of hearts, And music of resistless whisper’d sounds That from the wisest steal their best resolves; She placed it in her hands and thus she said.260 Take this—this girdle fraught with every charm. Hide this within thy bosom, and return, Whate’er thy purpose, mistress of it all. She spake; imperial Juno smiled, and still Smiling complacent, bosom’d safe the zone.265 Then Venus to her father’s court return’d, And Juno, starting from the Olympian height, O’erflew Pieria and the lovely plains Of broad Emathia; soaring thence she swept The snow-clad summits of the Thracian hills270 Steed-famed, nor printed, as she passed, the soil. From Athos o’er the foaming billows borne She came to Lemnos, city and abode Of noble Thoas, and there meeting Sleep, Brother of Death, she press’d his hand, and said,275 Sleep, over all, both Gods and men, supreme! If ever thou hast heard, hear also now My suit; I will be grateful evermore. Seal for me fast the radiant eyes of Jove In the instant of his gratified desire.280 Thy recompense shall be a throne of gold, Bright, incorruptible; my limping son, Vulcan, shall fashion it himself with art Laborious, and, beneath, shall place a stool[3] For thy fair feet, at the convivial board.285 Then answer thus the tranquil Sleep returned Great Saturn’s daughter, awe-inspiring Queen! All other of the everlasting Gods I could with ease make slumber, even the streams Of Ocean, Sire of all.[4] Not so the King290 The son of Saturn: him, unless himself Give me command, I dare not lull to rest, Or even approach him, taught as I have been Already in the school of thy commands That wisdom. I forget not yet the day295 When, Troy laid waste, that valiant son[5] of his Sail’d homeward: then my influence I diffused Soft o’er the sovereign intellect of Jove; While thou, against the Hero plotting harm, Didst rouse the billows with tempestuous blasts,300 And separating him from all his friend, Brought’st him to populous Cos. Then Jove awoke, And, hurling in his wrath the Gods about, Sought chiefly me, whom far below all ken He had from heaven cast down into the Deep,305 But Night, resistless vanquisher of all, Both Gods and men, preserved me; for to her I fled for refuge. So the Thunderer cool’d, Though sore displeased, and spared me through a fear To violate the peaceful sway of Night.[6]310 And thou wouldst now embroil me yet again! To whom majestic Juno thus replied. Ah, wherefore, Sleep! shouldst thou indulge a fear So groundless? Chase it from thy mind afar. Think’st thou the Thunderer as intent to serve315 The Trojans, and as jealous in their cause As erst for Hercules, his genuine son? Come then, and I will bless thee with a bride; One of the younger Graces shall be thine, Pasithea, day by day still thy desire.320 She spake; Sleep heard delighted, and replied. By the inviolable Stygian flood Swear to me; lay thy right hand on the glebe All-teeming, lay thy other on the face Of the flat sea, that all the Immortal Powers325 Who compass Saturn in the nether realms May witness, that thou givest me for a bride The younger Grace whom thou hast named, divine Pasithea, day by day still my desire. He said, nor beauteous Juno not complied,330 But sware, by name invoking all the powers Titanian call’d who in the lowest gulf Dwell under Tartarus, omitting none. Her oath with solemn ceremonial sworn, Together forth they went; Lemnos they left335 And Imbrus, city of Thrace, and in dark clouds Mantled, with gliding ease swam through the air To Ida’s mount with rilling waters vein’d, Parent of savage beasts; at Lectos[7] first They quitted Ocean, overpassing high340 The dry land, while beneath their feet the woods Their spiry summits waved. There, unperceived By Jove, Sleep mounted Ida’s loftiest pine Of growth that pierced the sky, and hidden sat Secure by its expanded boughs, the bird345 Shrill-voiced resembling in the mountains seen,[8] Chalcis in heaven, on earth Cymindis named. But Juno swift to Gargarus the top Of Ida, soar’d, and there Jove saw his spouse. —Saw her—and in his breast the same love felt350 Rekindled vehement, which had of old Join’d them, when, by their parents unperceived, They stole aside, and snatch’d their first embrace. Soon he accosted her, and thus inquired. Juno! what region seeking hast thou left355 The Olympian summit, and hast here arrived With neither steed nor chariot in thy train? To whom majestic Juno thus replied Dissembling. To the green earth’s end I go, To visit there the parent of the Gods360 Oceanus, and Tethys his espoused, Mother of all. They kindly from the hands Of Rhea took, and with parental care Sustain’d and cherish’d me;[9] to them I haste Their feuds innumerable to compose,365 Who disunited by intestine strife Long time, from conjugal embrace abstain. My steeds, that lightly over dank and dry Shall bear me, at the rooted base I left Of Ida river-vein’d. But for thy sake370 From the Olympian summit I arrive, Lest journeying remote to the abode Of Ocean, and with no consent of thine Entreated first, I should, perchance, offend. To whom the cloud-assembler God replied.375 Juno! thy journey thither may be made Hereafter. Let us turn to dalliance now. For never Goddess pour’d, nor woman yet So full a tide of love into my breast; I never loved Ixion’s consort thus380 Who bore Pirithoüs, wise as we in heaven; Nor sweet Acrisian Danäe, from whom Sprang Perseus, noblest of the race of man; Nor Phœnix’ daughter fair,[10] of whom were born Minos unmatch’d but by the powers above,385 And Rhadamanthus; nor yet Semele, Nor yet Alcmena, who in Thebes produced The valiant Hercules; and though my son By Semele were Bacchus, joy of man; Nor Ceres golden-hair’d, nor high-enthroned390 Latona in the skies, no—nor thyself As now I love thee, and my soul perceive O’erwhelm’d with sweetness of intense desire. Then thus majestic Juno her reply Framed artful. Oh unreasonable haste!395 What speaks the Thunderer? If on Ida’s heights. Where all is open and to view exposed Thou wilt that we embrace, what must betide, Should any of the everlasting Gods Observe us, and declare it to the rest?400 Never could I, arising, seek again, Thy mansion, so unseemly were the deed. But if thy inclinations that way tend, Thou hast a chamber; it is Vulcan’s work, Our son’s; he framed and fitted to its posts405 The solid portal; thither let us his, And there repose, since such thy pleasure seems. To whom the cloud-assembler Deity. Fear thou not, Juno, lest the eye of man Or of a God discern us; at my word410 A golden cloud shall fold us so around, That not the Sun himself shall through that veil Discover aught, though keenest-eyed of all. So spake the son of Saturn, and his spouse Fast lock’d within his arms. Beneath them earth415 With sudden herbage teem’d; at once upsprang The crocus soft, the lotus bathed in dew, And the crisp hyacinth with clustering bells; Thick was their growth, and high above the ground Upbore them. On that flowery couch they lay,420 Invested with a golden cloud that shed Bright dew-drops all around.[11] His heart at ease, There lay the Sire of all, by Sleep and Love Vanquish’d on lofty Gargarus, his spouse Constraining still with amorous embrace.425 Then, gentle Sleep to the Achaian camp Sped swift away, with tidings for the ear Of earth-encircler Neptune charged; him soon He found, and in wing’d accents thus began. Now Neptune, yield the Greeks effectual aid,430 And, while the moment lasts of Jove’s repose, Make victory theirs; for him in slumbers soft I have involved, while Juno by deceit Prevailing, lured him with the bait of love. He said, and swift departed to his task435 Among the nations; but his tidings urged Neptune with still more ardor to assist The Danaï; he leap’d into the van Afar, and thus exhorted them aloud. Oh Argives! yield we yet again the day440 To Priameian Hector? Shall he seize Our ships, and make the glory all his own? Such is his expectation, so he vaunts, For that Achilles leaves not yet his camp, Resentful; but of him small need, I judge,445 Should here be felt, could once the rest be roused To mutual aid. Act, then, as I advise. The best and broadest bucklers of the host, And brightest helmets put we on, and arm’d With longest spears, advance; myself will lead;450 And trust me, furious though he be, the son Of Priam flies. Ye then who feel your hearts Undaunted, but are arm’d with smaller shields, Them give to those who fear, and in exchange Their stronger shields and broader take yourselves.455 So he, whom, unreluctant, all obey’d. Then, wounded as they were, themselves the Kings, Tydides, Agamemnon and Ulysses Marshall’d the warriors, and from rank to rank Made just exchange of arms, giving the best460 To the best warriors, to the worse, the worst. And now in brazen armor all array’d Refulgent on they moved, by Neptune led With firm hand grasping his long-bladed sword Keen as Jove’s bolt; with him may none contend465 In dreadful fight; but fear chains every arm. Opposite, Priameian Hector ranged His Trojans; then they stretch’d the bloody cord Of conflict tight, Neptune cœrulean-hair’d, And Hector, pride of Ilium; one, the Greeks470 Supporting firm, and one, the powers of Troy; A sea-flood dash’d the galleys, and the hosts Join’d clamorous. Not so the billows roar The shores among, when Boreas’ roughest blast Sweeps landward from the main the towering surge;475 Not so, devouring fire among the trees That clothe the mountain, when the sheeted flames Ascending wrap the forest in a blaze; Nor howl the winds through leafy boughs of oaks Upgrown aloft (though loudest there they rave)480 With sounds so awful as were heard of Greeks And Trojans shouting when the clash began. At Ajax, first (for face to face they stood) Illustrious Hector threw a spear well-aim’d, But smote him where the belts that bore his shield485 And falchion cross’d each other on his breast. The double guard preserved him unannoy’d. Indignant that his spear had bootless flown, Yet fearing death at hand, the Trojan Chief Toward the phalanx of his friends retired.490 But, as he went, huge Ajax with a stone Of those which propp’d the ships (for numerous such Lay rolling at the feet of those who fought) Assail’d him. Twirling like a top it pass’d The shield of Hector, near the neck his breast495 Struck full, then plough’d circuitous the dust. As when Jove’s arm omnipotent an oak Prostrates uprooted on the plain, a fume Rises sulphureous from the riven trunk, And if, perchance, some traveller nigh at hand500 See it, he trembles at the bolt of Jove, So fell the might of Hector, to the earth Smitten at once. Down dropp’d his idle spear, And with his helmet and his shield himself Also; loud thunder’d all his gorgeous arms.505 Swift flew the Grecians shouting to the skies, And showering darts, to drag his body thence, But neither spear of theirs nor shaft could harm The fallen leader, with such instant aid His princely friends encircled him around,510 Sarpedon, Lycian Chief, Glaucus the brave, Polydamas, Æneas, and renown’d Agenor; neither tardy were the rest, But with round shields all shelter’d Hector fallen. Him soon uplifted from the plain his friends515 Bore thence, till where his fiery coursers stood, And splendid chariot in the rear, they came, Then Troy-ward drove him groaning as he went. Ere long arriving at the pleasant stream Of eddied Xanthus, progeny of Jove,520 They laid him on the bank, and on his face Pour’d water; he, reviving, upward gazed, And seated on his hams black blood disgorged Coagulate, but soon relapsing, fell Supine, his eyes with pitchy darkness veil’d,525 And all his powers still torpid by the blow. Then, seeing Hector borne away, the Greeks Rush’d fiercer on, all mindful of the fight, And far before the rest, Ajax the swift, The Oïlean Chief, with pointed spear530 On Satnius springing, pierced him. Him a nymph A Naiad, bore to Enops, while his herd Feeding, on Satnio’s grassy verge he stray’d. But Oïliades the spear-renown’d Approaching, pierced his flank; supine he fell,535 And fiery contest for the dead arose. In vengeance of his fall, spear-shaking Chief The son of Panthus into fight advanced Polydamas, who Prothöenor pierced Offspring of Areïlocus, and urged540 Through his right shoulder sheer the stormy lance. He, prostrate, clench’d the dust, and with loud voice Polydamas exulted at his fall. Yon spear, methinks, hurl’d from the warlike hand Of Panthus’ noble son, flew not in vain,545 But some Greek hath it, purposing, I judge, To lean on it in his descent to hell. So he, whose vaunt the Greeks indignant heard. But most indignant, Ajax, offspring bold Of Telamon, to whom he nearest fell.550 He, quick, at the retiring conqueror cast His radiant spear; Polydamas the stroke Shunn’d, starting sideward; but Antenor’s son Archilochus the mortal dint received, Death-destined by the Gods; where neck and spine555 Unite, both tendons he dissever’d wide, And, ere his knees, his nostrils met the ground. Then Ajax in his turn vaunting aloud Against renown’d Polydamas, exclaim’d. Speak now the truth, Polydamas, and weigh560 My question well. His life whom I have slain Makes it not compensation for the loss Of Prothöenor’s life! To me he seems Nor base himself; nor yet of base descent, But brother of Atenor steed-renown’d,565 Or else perchance his son; for in my eyes Antenor’s lineage he resembles most. So he, well knowing him, and sorrow seized Each Trojan heart. Then Acamas around His brother stalking, wounded with his spear570 Bœotian Promachus, who by the feet Dragg’d off the slain. Acamas in his fall Aloud exulted with a boundless joy. Vain-glorious Argives, archers inexpert! War’s toil and trouble are not ours alone,575 But ye shall perish also; mark the man— How sound he sleeps tamed by my conquering arm, Your fellow-warrior Promachus! the debt Of vengeance on my brother’s dear behalf Demanded quick discharge; well may the wish580 Of every dying warrior be to leave A brother living to avenge his fall. He ended, whom the Greeks indignant heard, But chiefly brave Peneleus; swift he rush’d On Acamas; but from before the force585 Of King Peneleus Acamas retired, And, in his stead, Ilioneus he pierced, Offspring of Phorbas, rich in flocks; and blest By Mercury with such abundant wealth As other Trojan none, nor child to him590 His spouse had borne, Ilioneus except. Him close beneath the brow to his eye-roots Piercing, he push’d the pupil from its seat, And through his eye and through his poll the spear Urged furious. He down-sitting on the earth595 Both hands extended; but, his glittering blade Forth-drawn, Peneleus through his middle neck Enforced it; head and helmet to the ground He lopp’d together, with the lance infixt Still in his eye; then like a poppy’s head600 The crimson trophy lifting, in the ears He vaunted loud of Ilium’s host, and cried. Go, Trojans! be my messengers! Inform The parents of Ilioneus the brave That they may mourn their son through all their house,605 For so the wife of Alegenor’s son Bœotian Promachus must him bewail, Nor shall she welcome his return with smiles Of joy affectionate, when from the shores Of Troy the fleet shall bear us Grecians home.610 He said; fear whiten’d every Trojan cheek, And every Trojan eye with earnest look Inquired a refuge from impending fate. Say now, ye Muses, blest inhabitants Of the Olympian realms! what Grecian first615 Fill’d his victorious hand with armor stript From slaughter’d Trojans, after Ocean’s God Had, interposing, changed the battle’s course? First, Telamonian Ajax Hyrtius slew, Undaunted leader of the Mysian band.620 Phalces and Mermerus their arms resign’d To young Antilochus; Hyppotion fell And Morys by Meriones; the shafts Right-aim’d of Teucer to the shades dismiss’d Prothöus and Periphetes, and the prince625 Of Sparta, Menelaus, in his flank Pierced Hyperenor; on his entrails prey’d The hungry steel, and, through the gaping wound Expell’d, his spirit flew; night veil’d his eyes. But Ajax Oïliades the swift630 Slew most; him none could equal in pursuit Of tremblers scatter’d by the frown of Jove. BOOK XV. ARGUMENT OF THE FIFTEENTH BOOK. Jove, awaking and seeing the Trojans routed, threatens Juno. He sends Iris to admonish Neptune to relinquish the battle, and Apollo to restore health to Hector. Apollo armed with the Ægis, puts to flight the Grecians; they are pursued home to their fleet, and Telamonian Ajax slays twelve Trojans bringing fire to burn it. BOOK XV. But when the flying Trojans had o’erpass’d Both stakes and trench, and numerous slaughtered lay By Grecian hands, the remnant halted all Beside their chariots, pale, discomfited. Then was it that on Ida’s summit Jove5 At Juno’s side awoke; starting, he stood At once erect; Trojans and Greeks he saw, These broken, those pursuing and led on By Neptune; he beheld also remote Encircled by his friends, and on the plain10 Extended, Hector; there he panting lay, Senseless, ejecting blood, bruised by a blow From not the feeblest of the sons of Greece. Touch’d with compassion at that sight, the Sire Of Gods and men, frowning terrific, fix’d15 His eyes on Juno, and her thus bespake. No place for doubt remains. Oh, versed in wiles, Juno! thy mischief-teeming mind perverse Hath plotted this; thou hast contrived the hurt Of Hector, and hast driven his host to flight.20 I know not but thyself mayst chance to reap The first-fruits of thy cunning, scourged[1] by me. Hast thou forgotten how I once aloft Suspended thee, with anvils at thy feet, And both thy wrists bound with a golden cord25 Indissoluble? In the clouds of heaven I hung thee, while from the Olympian heights The Gods look’d mournful on, but of them all None could deliver thee, for whom I seized, Hurl’d through the gates of heaven on earth he fell,30 Half-breathless. Neither so did I resign My hot resentment of the hero’s wrongs Immortal Hercules, whom thou by storms Call’d from the North, with mischievous intent Hadst driven far distant o’er the barren Deep35 To populous Cos. Thence I deliver’d him, And after numerous woes severe, he reach’d The shores of fruitful Argos, saved by me. I thus remind thee now, that thou mayst cease Henceforth from artifice, and mayst be taught40 How little all the dalliance and the love Which, stealing down from heaven, thou hast by fraud Obtain’d from me, shall profit thee at last. He ended, whom imperial Juno heard Shuddering, and in wing’d accents thus replied.45 Be witness Earth, the boundless Heaven above, And Styx beneath, whose stream the blessed Gods Even tremble to adjure;[2] be witness too Thy sacred life, and our connubial bed, Which by a false oath I will never wrong,50 That by no art induced or plot of mine Neptune, the Shaker of the shores, inflicts These harms on Hector and the Trojan host Aiding the Grecians, but impell’d alone By his own heart with pity moved at sight55 Of the Achaians at the ships subdued. But even him, oh Sovereign of the storms! I am prepared to admonish that he quit The battle, and retire where thou command’st. So she; then smiled the Sire of Gods and men,60 And in wing’d accents answer thus return’d.[3] Juno! wouldst thou on thy celestial throne Assist my counsels, howso’er in heart He differ now, Neptune should soon his will Submissive bend to thy desires and mine.65 But if sincerity be in thy words And truth, repairing to the blest abodes Send Iris hither, with the archer God Apollo; that she, visiting the host Of Greece, may bid the Sovereign of the Deep70 Renounce the fight, and seek his proper home. Apollo’s part shall be to rouse again Hector to battle, to inspire his soul Afresh with courage, and all memory thence To banish of the pangs which now he feels.75 Apollo also shall again repulse Achaia’s host, which with base panic fill’d, Shall even to Achilles’ ships be driven. Achilles shall his valiant friend exhort Patroclus forth; him under Ilium’s walls80 Shall glorious Hector slay; but many a youth Shall perish by Patroclus first, with whom, My noble son Sarpedon. Peleus’ son, Resentful of Patroclus’ death, shall slay Hector, and I will urge ceaseless, myself,85 Thenceforth the routed Trojans back again, Till by Minerva’s aid the Greeks shall take Ilium’s proud city; till that day arrive My wrath shall burn, nor will I one permit Of all the Immortals to assist the Greeks,90 But will perform Achilles’ whole desire. Such was my promise to him at the first, Ratified by a nod that self-same day When Thetis clasp’d my knees, begging revenge And glory for her city-spoiler son.95 He ended; nor his spouse white-arm’d refused Obedience, but from the Idæan heights Departing, to the Olympian summit soar’d. Swift as the traveller’s thought,[4] who, many a land Traversed, deliberates on his future course100 Uncertain, and his mind sends every way, So swift updarted Juno to the skies. Arrived on the Olympian heights, she found The Gods assembled; they, at once, their seats At her approach forsaking, with full cups105 Her coming hail’d; heedless of all beside, She took the cup from blooming Themis’ hand, For she first flew to welcome her, and thus In accents wing’d of her return inquired. Say, Juno, why this sudden re-ascent?110 Thou seem’st dismay’d; hath Saturn’s son, thy spouse, Driven thee affrighted to the skies again? To whom the white-arm’d Goddess thus replied. Themis divine, ask not. Full well thou know’st How harshly temper’d is the mind of Jove,115 And how untractable. Resume thy seat; The banquet calls thee; at our board preside, Thou shalt be told, and all in heaven shall hear What ills he threatens; such as shall not leave All minds at ease, I judge, here or on earth,120 However tranquil some and joyous now. So spake the awful spouse of Jove, and sat. Then, all alike, the Gods displeasure felt Throughout the courts of Jove, but she, her lips Gracing with smiles from which her sable brows125 Dissented,[5] thus indignant them address’d. Alas! how vain against the Thunderer’s will Our anger, and the hope to supersede His purpose, by persuasion or by force! He solitary sits, all unconcern’d130 At our resentment, and himself proclaims Mightiest and most to be revered in heaven. Be patient, therefore, and let each endure Such ills as Jove may send him. Mars, I ween, Already hath his share; the warrior God135 Hath lost Ascalaphus, of all mankind His most beloved, and whom he calls his own. She spake, and with expanded palms his thighs Smiling, thus, sorrowful, the God exclaim’d. Inhabitants of the Olympian heights!140 Oh bear with me, if to avenge my son I seek Achaia’s fleet, although my doom Be thunder-bolts from Jove, and with the dead Outstretch’d to lie in carnage and in dust. He spake, and bidding Horror and Dismay145 Lead to the yoke his rapid steeds, put on His all-refulgent armor. Then had wrath More dreadful, some strange vengeance on the Gods From Jove befallen, had not Minerva, touch’d With timely fears for all, upstarting sprung150 From where she sat, right through the vestibule. She snatch’d the helmet from his brows, the shield From his broad shoulder, and the brazen spear Forced from his grasp into its place restored. Then reprimanding Mars, she thus began.155 Frantic, delirious! thou art lost for ever! Is it in vain that thou hast ears to hear, And hast thou neither shame nor reason left? How? hear’st thou not the Goddess? the report Of white-arm’d Juno from Olympian Jove160 Return’d this moment? or perfer’st thou rather, Plagued with a thousand woes, and under force Of sad necessity to seek again Olympus, and at thy return to prove Author of countless miseries to us all?165 For He at once Grecians and Trojans both Abandoning, will hither haste prepared To tempest[6] us in heaven, whom he will seize, The guilty and the guiltless, all alike. I bid thee, therefore, patient bear the death170 Of thy Ascalaphus; braver than he And abler have, ere now, in battle fallen, And shall hereafter; arduous were the task To rescue from the stroke of fate the race Of mortal men, with all their progeny.175 So saying, Minerva on his throne replaced The fiery Mars. Then, summoning abroad Apollo from within the hall of Jove, With Iris, swift ambassadress of heaven, Them in wing’d accents Juno thus bespake.180 Jove bids you hence with undelaying speed To Ida; in his presence once arrived, See that ye execute his whole command. So saying, the awful Goddess to her throne Return’d and sat. They, cleaving swift the air,185 Alighted soon on Ida fountain-fed, Parent of savage kinds. High on the point Seated of Gargarus, and wrapt around With fragrant clouds, they found Saturnian Jove The Thunderer, and in his presence stood.190 He, nought displeased that they his high command Had with such readiness obey’d, his speech To Iris, first, in accents wing’d address’d Swift Iris, haste—to royal Neptune bear My charge entire; falsify not the word.195 Bid him, relinquishing the fight, withdraw Either to heaven, or to the boundless Deep. But should he disobedient prove, and scorn My message, let him, next, consider well How he will bear, powerful as he is,200 My coming. Me I boast superior far In force, and elder-born; yet deems he slight The danger of comparison with me, Who am the terror of all heaven beside. He spake, nor storm-wing’d Iris disobey’d,205 But down from the Idæan summit stoop’d To sacred Ilium. As when snow or hail Flies drifted by the cloud-dispelling North, So swiftly, wing’d with readiness of will, She shot the gulf between, and standing soon210 At glorious Neptune’s side, him thus address’d. To thee, O Neptune azure-hair’d! I come With tidings charged from Ægis-bearing Jove. He bids thee cease from battle, and retire Either to heaven, or to the boundless Deep.215 But shouldst thou, disobedient, set at nought His words, he threatens that himself will haste To fight against thee; but he bids thee shun That strife with one superior far to thee, And elder-born; yet deem’st thou slight, he saith,220 The danger of comparison with Him, Although the terror of all heaven beside. Her then the mighty Shaker of the shores Answer’d indignant. Great as is his power, Yet he hath spoken proudly, threatening me225 With force, high-born and glorious as himself. We are three brothers; Saturn is our sire, And Rhea brought us forth; first, Jove she bore; Me next; then, Pluto, Sovereign of the shades. By distribution tripart we received230 Each his peculiar honors; me the lots Made Ruler of the hoary floods, and there I dwell for ever. Pluto, for his part, The regions took of darkness; and the heavens, The clouds, and boundless æther, fell to Jove.235 The Earth and the Olympian heights alike Are common to the three. My life and being I hold not, therefore, at his will, whose best And safest course, with all his boasted power, Were to possess in peace his proper third.240 Let him not seek to terrify with force Me like a dastard; let him rather chide His own-begotten; with big-sounding words His sons and daughters govern, who perforce Obey his voice, and shrink at his commands.245 To whom thus Iris tempest-wing’d replied, Cœrulean-tress’d Sovereign of the Deep! Shall I report to Jove, harsh as it is, Thy speech, or wilt thou soften it? The wise Are flexible, and on the elder-born250 Erynnis, with her vengeful sisters, waits.[7] Her answer’d then the Shaker of the shores. Prudent is thy advice, Iris divine! Discretion in a messenger is good At all times. But the cause that fires me thus,255 And with resentment my whole heart and mind Possesses, is the license that he claims To vex with provocation rude of speech Me his compeer, and by decree of Fate Illustrious as himself; yet, though incensed,260 And with just cause, I will not now persist. But hear—for it is treasured in my heart The threat that my lips utter. If he still Resolve to spare proud Ilium in despite Of me, of Pallas, Goddess of the spoils,265 Of Juno, Mercury, and the King of fire, And will not overturn her lofty towers, Nor grant immortal glory to the Greeks, Then tell him thus—hostility shall burn, And wrath between us never to be quench’d.270 So saying, the Shaker of the shores forsook The Grecian host, and plunged into the deep, Miss’d by Achaia’s heroes. Then, the cloud-Assembler God thus to Apollo spake. Hence, my Apollo! to the Trojan Chief275 Hector; for earth-encircler Neptune, awed By fear of my displeasure imminent, Hath sought the sacred Deep. Else, all the Gods Who compass Saturn in the nether realms, Had even there our contest heard, I ween,280 And heard it loudly. But that he retreats Although at first incensed, shunning my wrath, Is salutary both for him and me, Whose difference else had not been healed with ease. Take thou my shaggy Ægis, and with force285 Smiting it, terrify the Chiefs of Greece. As for illustrious Hector, him I give To thy peculiar care; fail not to rouse His fiercest courage, till he push the Greeks To Hellespont, and to their ships again;290 Thenceforth to yield to their afflicted host Some pause from toil, shall be my own concern. He ended, nor Apollo disobey’d His father’s voice; from the Idæan heights, Swift as the swiftest of the fowls of air,295 The dove-destroyer falcon, down he flew. The noble Hector, valiant Priam’s son He found, not now extended on the plain, But seated; newly, as from death, awaked, And conscious of his friends; freely he breathed300 Nor sweated more, by Jove himself revived. Apollo stood beside him, and began. Say, Hector, Priam’s son! why sittest here Feeble and spiritless, and from thy host Apart? what new disaster hath befall’n?305 To whom with difficulty thus replied The warlike Chief.—But tell me who art Thou, Divine inquirer! best of powers above! Know’st not that dauntless Ajax me his friends Slaughtering at yonder ships, hath with a stone310 Surceased from fight, smiting me on the breast? I thought to have beheld, this day, the dead In Ades, every breath so seem’d my last. Then answer thus the Archer-God return’d. Courage this moment! such a helper Jove315 From Ida sends thee at thy side to war Continual, Phœbus of the golden sword, Whose guardian aid both thee and lofty Troy Hath succor’d many a time. Therefore arise! Instant bid drive thy numerous charioteers320 Their rapid steeds full on the Grecian fleet; I, marching at their head, will smooth, myself, The way before them, and will turn again To flight the heroes of the host of Greece. He said and with new strength the Chief inspired.325 As some stall’d horse high pamper’d, snapping short His cord, beats under foot the sounding soil, Accustom’d in smooth-sliding streams to lave Exulting; high he bears his head, his mane Wantons around his shoulders; pleased, he eyes330 His glossy sides, and borne on pliant knees Soon finds the haunts where all his fellows graze; So bounded Hector, and his agile joints Plied lightly, quicken’d by the voice divine, And gather’d fast his charioteers to battle.335 But as when hounds and hunters through the woods Rush in pursuit of stag or of wild goat, He, in some cave with tangled boughs o’erhung, Lies safe conceal’d, no destined prey of theirs, Till by their clamors roused, a lion grim340 Starts forth to meet them; then, the boldest fly; Such hot pursuit the Danaï, with swords And spears of double edge long time maintain’d. But seeing Hector in his ranks again Occupied, felt at once their courage fall’n.345 Then, Thoas them, Andræmon’s son, address’d, Foremost of the Ætolians, at the spear Skilful, in stationary combat bold, And when the sons of Greece held in dispute The prize of eloquence, excell’d by few.350 Prudent advising them, he thus began. Ye Gods! what prodigy do I behold? Hath Hector, ’scaping death, risen again? For him, with confident persuasion all Believed by Telamonian Ajax slain.355 But some Divinity hath interposed To rescue and save Hector, who the joints Hath stiffen’d of full many a valiant Greek, As surely now he shall; for, not without The Thunderer’s aid, he flames in front again.360 But take ye all my counsel. Send we back The multitude into the fleet, and first Let us, who boast ourselves bravest in fight, Stand, that encountering him with lifted spears, We may attempt to give his rage a check.365 To thrust himself into a band like ours Will, doubtless, even in Hector move a fear. He ceased, with whose advice all, glad, complied. Then Ajax with Idomeneus of Crete, Teucer, Meriones, and Meges fierce370 As Mars in battle, summoning aloud The noblest Greeks, in opposition firm To Hector and his host their bands prepared, While others all into the fleet retired. Troy’s crowded host[8] struck first. With awful strides375 Came Hector foremost; him Apollo led, His shoulders wrapt in clouds, and, on his arm, The Ægis shagg’d terrific all around, Tempestuous, dazzling-bright; it was a gift To Jove from Vulcan, and design’d to appall,380 And drive to flight the armies of the earth. Arm’d with that shield Apollo led them on. Firm stood the embodied Greeks; from either host Shrill cries arose; the arrows from the nerve Leap’d, and, by vigorous arms dismiss’d, the spears385 Flew frequent; in the flesh some stood infixt Of warlike youths, but many, ere they reach’d The mark they coveted, unsated fell Between the hosts, and rested in the soil. Long as the God unagitated held390 The dreadful disk, so long the vollied darts Made mutual slaughter, and the people fell; But when he look’d the Grecian charioteers Full in the face and shook it, raising high Himself the shout of battle, then he quell’d395 Their spirits, then he struck from every mind At once all memory of their might in arms. As when two lions in the still, dark night A herd of beeves scatter or numerous flock Suddenly, in the absence of the guard,400 So fled the heartless Greeks, for Phœbus sent Terrors among them, but renown conferr’d And triumph proud on Hector and his host. Then, in that foul disorder of the field, Man singled man. Arcesilaüs died405 By Hector’s arm, and Stichius; one, a Chief[9] Of the Bœotians brazen-mail’d, and one, Menestheus’ faithful follower to the fight. Æneas Medon and Iäsus slew. Medon was spurious offspring of divine410 Oïleus Ajax’ father, and abode In Phylace; for he had slain a Chief Brother of Eriopis the espoused Of brave Oïleus; but Iäsus led A phalanx of Athenians, and the son415 Of Sphelus, son of Bucolus was deem’d. Pierced by Polydamas Mecisteus fell, Polites, in the van of battle, slew Echion, and Agenor Clonius; But Paris, while Deïochus to flight420 Turn’d with the routed van, pierced him beneath His shoulder-blade, and urged the weapon through. While them the Trojans spoil’d, meantime the Greeks, Entangled in the piles of the deep foss, Fled every way, and through necessity425 Repass’d the wall. Then Hector with a voice Of loud command bade every Trojan cease From spoil, and rush impetuous on the fleet. [10]And whom I find far lingering from the ships Wherever, there he dies; no funeral fires430 Brother on him, or sister, shall bestow, But dogs shall rend him in the sight of Troy. So saying, he lash’d the shoulders of his steeds, And through the ranks vociferating, call’d His Trojans on; they, clamorous as he,435 All lash’d their steeds, and menacing, advanced. Before them with his feet Apollo push’d The banks into the foss, bridging the gulf With pass commodious, both in length and breadth A lance’s flight, for proof of vigor hurl’d.440 There, phalanx after phalanx, they their host Pour’d dense along, while Phœbus in the van Display’d the awful ægis, and the wall Levell’d with ease divine. As, on the shore Some wanton boy with sand builds plaything walls,445 Then, sportive spreads them with his feet abroad, So thou, shaft-arm’d Apollo! that huge work Laborious of the Greeks didst turn with ease To ruin, and themselves drovest all to flight. They, thus enforced into the fleet, again450 Stood fast, with mutual exhortation each His friend encouraging, and all the Gods With lifted hands soliciting aloud. But, more than all, Gerenian Nestor pray’d Fervent, Achaia’s guardian, and with arms455 Outstretch’d toward the starry skies, exclaim’d. Jove, Father! if in corn-clad Argos, one, One Greek hath ever, burning at thy shrine Fat thighs of sheep or oxen, ask’d from thee A safe return, whom thou hast gracious heard,460 Olympian King! and promised what he sought, Now, in remembrance of it, give us help In this disastrous day, nor thus permit Their Trojan foes to tread the Grecians down! So Nestor pray’d, and Jove thunder’d aloud465 Responsive to the old Neleïan’s prayer. But when that voice of Ægis-bearing Jove The Trojans heard, more furious on the Greeks They sprang, all mindful of the fight. As when A turgid billow of some spacious sea,470 While the wind blow that heaves its highest, borne Sheer o’er the vessel’s side, rolls into her, With such loud roar the Trojans pass’d the wall; In rush’d the steeds, and at the ships they waged Fierce battle hand to hand, from chariots, these,475 With spears of double edge, those, from the decks Of many a sable bark, with naval poles Long, ponderous, shod with steel; for every ship Had such, for conflict maritime prepared. While yet the battle raged only without480 The wall, and from the ships apart, so long Patroclus quiet in the tent and calm Sat of Eurypylus, his generous friend Consoling with sweet converse, and his wound Sprinkling with drugs assuasive of his pains.485 But soon as through the broken rampart borne He saw the Trojans, and the clamor heard And tumult of the flying Greeks, a voice Of loud lament uttering, with open palms His thighs he smote, and, sorrowful, exclaim’d.490 Eurypylus! although thy need be great, No longer may I now sit at thy side, Such contest hath arisen; thy servant’s voice Must soothe thee now, for I will to the tent Haste of Achilles, and exhort him forth;495 Who knows? if such the pleasure of the Gods, I may prevail; friends rarely plead in vain. So saying, he went. Meantime the Greeks endured The Trojan onset, firm, yet from the ships Repulsed them not, though fewer than themselves,500 Nor could the host of Troy, breaking the ranks Of Greece, mix either with the camp or fleet; But as the line divides the plank aright, Stretch’d by some naval architect, whose hand Minerva hath accomplish’d in his art,505 So stretch’d on them the cord of battle lay. Others at other ships the conflict waged, But Hector to the ship advanced direct Of glorious Ajax; for one ship they strove; Nor Hector, him dislodging thence, could fire510 The fleet, nor Ajax from the fleet repulse Hector, conducted thither by the Gods. Then, noble Ajax with a spear the breast Pierced of Caletor, son of Clytius, arm’d With fire to burn his bark; sounding he fell,515 And from his loosen’d grasp down dropp’d the brand. But Hector seeing his own kinsman fallen Beneath the sable bark, with mighty voice Call’d on the hosts of Lycia and of Troy. Trojans and Lycians, and close-fighting sons520 Of Dardanus, within this narrow pass Stand firm, retreat not, but redeem the son Of Clytius, lest the Grecians of his arms Despoil him slain in battle at the ships. So saying, at Ajax his bright spear he cast525 Him pierced he not, but Lycophron the son Of Mastor, a Cytherian, who had left Cytheras, fugitive for blood, and dwelt With Ajax. Him standing at Ajax’ side, He pierced above his ear; down from the stern530 Supine he fell, and in the dust expired. Then, shuddering, Ajax to his brother spake. Alas, my Teucer! we have lost our friend; Mastorides is slain, whom we received An inmate from Cytheræ, and with love535 And reverence even filia,, entertain’d; B9 Hector pierced, he dies. Where are thy shafts Death-wing’d, and bow, by gift from Phœbus thine? He said, whom Teucer hearing, instant ran With bow and well-stored quiver to his side,540 Whence soon his arrows sought the Trojan host. He struck Pisenor’s son Clytus, the friend And charioteer of brave Polydamas, Offspring of Panthus, toiling with both hands To rule his fiery steeds; for more to please545 The Trojans and their Chief, where stormy most He saw the battle, thither he had driven. But sudden mischief, valiant as he was, Found him, and such as none could waft aside, For right into his neck the arrow plunged,550 And down he fell; his startled coursers shook Their trappings, and the empty chariot rang. That sound alarm’d Polydamas; he turn’d, And flying to their heads, consign’d them o’er To Protiaön’s son, Astynoüs,555 Whom he enjoin’d to keep them in his view; Then, turning, mingled with the van again. But Teucer still another shaft produced Design’d for valiant Hector, whose exploits (Had that shaft reach’d him) at the ships of Greece560 Had ceased for ever. But the eye of Jove, Guardian of Hector’s life, slept not; he took From Telamonian Te5cer that renown, And while he stood straining the twisted nerve Against the Trojan, snapp’d it. Devious flew565 The steel-charged[11] arrow, and he dropp’d his bow. Then shuddering, to his brother thus he spake. Ah! it is evident. Some Power divine Makes fruitless all our efforts, who hath struck My bow out of my hand, and snapt the cord570 With which I strung it new at dawn of day, That it might bear the bound of many a shaft. To whom the towering son of Telamon. Leave then thy bow, and let thine arrows rest, Which, envious of the Greeks, some God confounds,575 That thou may’st fight with spear and buckler arm’d, And animate the rest. Such be our deeds That, should they conquer us, our foes may find Our ships, at least a prize not lightly won. So Ajax spake; then Teucer, in his tent580 The bow replacing, slung his fourfold shield, Settled on his illustrious brows his casque With hair high-crested, waving, as he moved, Terrible from above, took forth a spear Tough-grain’d, acuminated sharp with brass,585 And stood, incontinent, at Ajax’ side. Hector perceived the change, and of the cause Conscious, with echoing voice call’d to his host. Trojans and Lycians and close-fighting sons Of Dardanus, oh now, my friends, be men;590 Now, wheresoever through the fleet dispersed, Call into mind the fury of your might! For I have seen, myself, Jove rendering vain The arrows of their mightiest. Man may know With ease the hand of interposing Jove,595 Both whom to glory he ordains, and whom He weakens and aids not; so now he leaves The Grecians, but propitious smiles on us. Therefore stand fast, and whosoever gall’d By arrow or by spear, dies—let him die;600 It shall not shame him that he died to serve His country,[12] but his children, wife and home, With all his heritage, shall be secure, Drive but the Grecians from the shores of Troy. So saying, he animated each. Meantime,605 Ajax his fellow-warriors thus address’d. Shame on you all! Now, Grecians, either die, Or save at once your galley and yourselves. Hope ye, that should your ships become the prize Of warlike Hector, ye shall yet return610 On foot? Or hear ye not the Chief aloud Summoning all his host, and publishing His own heart’s wish to burn your fleet with fire? Not to a dance, believe me, but to fight He calls them; therefore wiser course for us615 Is none, than that we mingle hands with hands In contest obstinate, and force with force. Better at once to perish, or at once To rescue life, than to consume the time Hour after hour in lingering conflict vain620 Here at the ships, with an inferior foe. He said, and by his words into all hearts Fresh confidence infused. Then Hector smote Schedius, a Chief of the Phocensian powers And son of Perimedes; Ajax slew,625 Meantime, a Chief of Trojan infantry, Laodamas, Antenor’s noble son While by Polydamas, a leader bold Of the Epeans, and Phylides’[13] friend, Cyllenian Otus died. Meges that sight630 Viewing indignant on the conqueror sprang, But, starting wide, Polydamas escaped, Saved by Apollo, and his spear transpierced The breast of Cræsmus; on his sounding shield Prostrate he fell, and Meges stripp’d his arms.635 Him so employ’d Dolops assail’d, brave son Of Lampus, best of men and bold in fight, Offspring of King Laomedon; he stood Full near, and through his middle buckler struck The son of Phyleus, but his corselet thick640 With plates of scaly brass his life secured. That corselet Phyleus on a time brought home From Ephyre, where the Selleïs winds, And it was given him for his life’s defence In furious battle by the King of men,645 Euphetes. Many a time had it preserved Unharm’d the sire, and now it saved the son. Then Meges, rising, with his pointed lance The bushy crest of Dolops’ helmet drove Sheer from its base; new-tinged with purple bright650 Entire it fell and mingled with the dust. While thus they strove, each hoping victory, Came martial Menelaus to the aid Of Meges; spear in hand apart he stood By Dolops unperceived, through his back drove655 And through his breast the spear, and far beyond. And down fell Dolops, forehead to the ground. At once both flew to strip his radiant arms, Then, Hector summoning his kindred, call’d Each to his aid, and Melanippus first,660 Illustrious Hicetaon’s son, reproved. Ere yet the enemies of Troy arrived He in Percote fed his wandering beeves; But when the Danaï with all their fleet Came thither, then returning, he outshone665 The noblest Trojans, and at Priam’s side Dwelling, was honor’d by him as a son. Him Hector reprimanding, stern began. Are we thus slack? Can Melanippus view Unmoved a kinsman slain? Seest not the Greeks670 How busy there with Dolops and his arms? Come on. It is no time for distant war, But either our Achaian foes must bleed, Or Ilium taken, from her topmost height Must stoop, and all her citizens be slain.675 So saying he went, whose steps the godlike Chief Attended; and the Telamonian, next, Huge Ajax, animated thus the Greeks. Oh friends, be men! Deep treasure in your hearts An honest shame, and, fighting bravely, fear680 Each to incur the censure of the rest. Of men so minded more survive than die, While dastards forfeit life and glory both. So moved he them, themselves already bent To chase the Trojans; yet his word they bore685 Faithful in mind, and with a wall of brass Fenced firm the fleet, while Jove impell’d the foe. Then Menelaus, brave in fight, approach’d Antilochus, and thus his courage roused. Antilochus! in all the host is none690 Younger, or swifter, or of stronger limb Than thou. Make trial, therefore, of thy might, Spring forth and prove it on some Chief of Troy. He ended and retired, but him his praise Effectual animated; from the van695 Starting, he cast a wistful eye around And hurl’d his glittering spear; back fell the ranks Of Troy appall’d; nor vain his weapon flew, But Melanippus pierced heroic son Of Hicetaon, coming forth to fight,700 Full in the bosom, and with dreadful sound Of all his batter’d armor down he fell. Swift flew Antilochus as flies the hound Some fawn to seize, which issuing from her lair The hunter with his lance hath stricken dead,705 So thee, O Melanippus! to despoil Of thy bright arms valiant Antilochus Sprang forth, but not unnoticed by the eye Of noble Hector, who through all the war Ran to encounter him; his dread approach710 Antilochus, although expert in arms, Stood not, but as some prowler of the wilds, Conscious of injury that he hath done, Slaying the watchful herdsman or his dog, Escapes, ere yet the peasantry arise,715 So fled the son of Nestor, after whom The Trojans clamoring and Hector pour’d Darts numberless; but at the front arrived Of his own phalanx, there he turn’d and stood. Then, eager as voracious lions, rush’d720 The Trojans on the fleet of Greece, the mind Of Jove accomplishing who them impell’d Continual, calling all their courage forth, While, every Grecian heart he tamed, and took Their glory from them, strengthening Ilium’s host.725 For Jove’s unalter’d purpose was to give Success to Priameian Hector’s arms,[14] That he might cast into the fleet of Greece Devouring flames, and that no part might fail Of Thetis’ ruthless prayer; that sight alone730 He watch’d to see, one galley in a blaze, Ordaining foul repulse, thenceforth, and flight To Ilium’s host, but glory to the Greeks. Such was the cause for which, at first, he moved To that assault Hector, himself prepared735 And ardent for the task; nor less he raged Than Mars while fighting, or than flames that seize Some forest on the mountain-tops; the foam Hung at his lips, beneath his awful front His keen eyes glisten’d, and his helmet mark’d740 The agitation wild with which he fought. For Jove omnipotent, himself, from heaven Assisted Hector, and, although alone With multitudes he strove, gave him to reach The heights of glory, for that now his life745 Waned fast, and, urged by Pallas on,[15] his hour To die by Peleus’ mighty son approach’d. He then, wherever richest arms he saw And thickest throng, the warrior-ranks essay’d To break, but broke them not, though fierce resolved,750 In even square compact so firm they stood. As some vast rock beside the hoary Deep The stress endures of many a hollow wind, And the huge billows tumbling at his base, So stood the Danaï, nor fled nor fear’d.755 But he, all-fiery bright in arms, the host Assail’d on every side, and on the van Fell, as a wave by wintry blasts upheaved Falls ponderous on the ship; white clings the foam Around her, in her sail shrill howls the storm,760 And every seaman trembles at the view Of thousand deaths from which he scarce escapes, Such anguish rent the bosom of the Greeks. But he, as leaps a famish’d lion fell On beeves that graze some marshy meadow’s breadth,765 A countless herd, tended by one unskill’d To cope with savage beasts in their defence, Beside the foremost kine or with the last He paces heedless, but the lion, borne Impetuous on the midmost, one devours770 And scatters all the rest,[16] so fled the Greeks, Terrified from above, before the arm Of Hector, and before the frown of Jove. All fled, but of them all alone he slew The Mycenæan Periphetes, son775 Of Copreus custom’d messenger of King Eurystheus to the might of Hercules. From such a sire inglorious had arisen A son far worthier, with all virtue graced, Swift-footed, valiant, and by none excell’d780 In wisdom of the Mycenæan name; Yet all but served to ennoble Hector more. For Periphetes, with a backward step Retiring, on his buckler’s border trod, Which swept his heels; so check’d, he fell supine,785 And dreadful rang the helmet on his brows. Him Hector quick noticing, to his side Hasted, and, planting in his breast a spear, Slew him before the phalanx of his friends. But they, although their fellow-warrior’s fate790 They mourn’d, no succor interposed, or could, Themselves by noble Hector sore appall’d. And now behind the ships (all that updrawn Above the shore, stood foremost of the fleet) The Greeks retired; in rush’d a flood of foes;795 Then, through necessity, the ships in front Abandoning, amid the tents they stood Compact, not disarray’d, for shame and fear Fast held them, and vociferating each Aloud, call’d ceaseless on the rest to stand.800 But earnest more than all, guardian of all, Gerenian Nestor in their parents’ name Implored them, falling at the knees of each. Oh friends! be men. Now dearly prize your place Each in the estimation of the rest.805 Now call to memory your children, wives, Possessions, parents; ye whose parents live, And ye whose parents are not, all alike! By them as if here present, I entreat That ye stand fast—oh be not turn’d to flight!810 So saying he roused the courage of the Greeks; Then, Pallas chased the cloud fall’n from above On every eye; great light the plain illumed On all sides, both toward the fleet, and where The undiscriminating battle raged.815 Then might be seen Hector and Hector’s host Distinct, as well the rearmost who the fight Shared not, as those who waged it at the ships. To stand aloof where other Grecians stood No longer now would satisfy the mind820 Of Ajax, but from deck to deck with strides Enormous marching, to and fro he swung With iron studs emboss’d a battle-pole Unwieldy, twenty and two cubits long. As one expert to spring from horse to horse,825 From many steeds selecting four, toward Some noble city drives them from the plain Along the populous road; him many a youth And many a maiden eyes, while still secure From steed to steed he vaults; they rapid fly;830 So Ajax o’er the decks of numerous ships Stalk’d striding large, and sent his voice to heaven. Thus, ever clamoring, he bade the Greeks Stand both for camp and fleet. Nor could himself Hector, contented, now, the battle wage835 Lost in the multitude of Trojans more, But as the tawny eagle on full wing Assails the feather’d nations, geese or cranes Or swans lithe-neck’d grazing the river’s verge, So Hector at a galley sable-prow’d840 Darted; for, from behind, Jove urged him on With mighty hand, and his host after him. And now again the battle at the ships Grew furious; thou hadst deem’d them of a kind By toil untameable, so fierce they strove,845 And, striving, thus they fought. The Grecians judged Hope vain, and the whole host’s destruction sure; But nought expected every Trojan less Than to consume the fleet with fire, and leave Achaia’s heroes lifeless on the field.850 With such persuasions occupied, they fought. Then Hector seized the stern of a brave bark Well-built, sharp-keel’d, and of the swiftest sail, Which had to Troy Protesiläus brought, But bore him never thence. For that same ship855 Contending, Greeks and Trojans hand to hand Dealt slaughter mutual. Javelins now no more Might serve them, or the arrow-starting bow, But close conflicting and of one mind all With bill and battle-axe, with ponderous swords,860 And with long lances double-edged they fought. Many a black-hilted falchion huge of haft Fell to the ground, some from the grasp, and some From shoulders of embattled warriors hewn, And pools of blood soak’d all the sable glebe.865 Hector that ship once grappled by the stern Left not, but griping fast her upper edge With both hands, to his Trojans call’d aloud. Fire! Bring me fire! Stand fast and shout to heaven! Jove gives us now a day worth all the past;870 The ships are ours which, in the Gods’ despite Steer’d hither, such calamities to us Have caused, for which our seniors most I blame Who me withheld from battle at the fleet And check’d the people; but if then the hand875 Of Thunderer Jove our better judgment marr’d, Himself now urges and commands us on. He ceased; they still more violent assail’d The Grecians. Even Ajax could endure, Whelm’d under weapons numberless, that storm880 No longer, but expecting death retired Down from the decks to an inferior stand, Where still he watch’d, and if a Trojan bore Fire thither, he repulsed him with his spear, Roaring continual to the host of Greece.885 Friends! Grecian heroes! ministers of Mars! Be men, my friends! now summon all your might! Think we that we have thousands at our backs To succor us, or yet some stronger wall To guard our warriors from the battle’s force?890 Not so. No tower’d city is at hand, None that presents us with a safe retreat While others occupy our station here, But from the shores of Argos far remote Our camp is, where the Trojans arm’d complete895 Swarm on the plain, and Ocean shuts us in. Our hands must therefore save us, not our heels He said, and furious with his spear again Press’d them, and whatsoever Trojan came, Obsequious to the will of Hector, arm’d900 With fire to burn the fleet, on his spear’s point Ajax receiving pierced him, till at length Twelve in close fight fell by his single arm. BOOK XVI. ARGUMENT OF THE SIXTEENTH BOOK. Achilles, at the suit of Patroclus, grants him his own armor, and permission to lead the Myrmidons to battle. They, sallying, repulse the Trojans. Patroclus slays Sarpedon, and Hector, when Apollo had first stripped off his armor and Euphorbus wounded him, slays Patroclus. BOOK XVI. Such contest for that gallant bark they waged. Meantime Patroclus, standing at the side Of the illustrious Chief Achilles, wept Fast as a crystal fountain from the height Of some rude rock pours down its rapid[1] stream.5 Divine Achilles with compassion moved Mark’d him, and in wing’d accents thus began.[2] Who weeps Patroclus like an infant girl Who, running at her mother’s side, entreats To be uplifted in her arms? She grasps10 Her mantle, checks her haste, and looking up With tearful eyes, pleads earnest to be borne; So fall, Patroclus! thy unceasing tears. Bring’st thou to me or to my people aught Afflictive? Hast thou mournful tidings learn’d15 Prom Phthia, trusted to thy ear alone? Menœtius, son of Actor, as they say, Still lives; still lives his Myrmidons among Peleus Æacides; whom, were they dead, With cause sufficient we should both deplore.20 Or weep’st thou the Achaians at the ships Perishing, for their outrage done to me? Speak. Name thy trouble. I would learn the cause To whom, deep-sorrowing, thou didst reply, Patroclus! Oh Achilles, Peleus’ son!25 Noblest of all our host! bear with my grief, Since such distress hath on the Grecians fallen. The bravest of their ships disabled lie, Some wounded from afar, some hand to hand. Diomede, warlike son of Tydeus, bleeds,30 Gall’d by a shaft; Ulysses, glorious Chief, And Agamemnon suffer by the spear, And brave Eurypylus an arrow-point Bears in his thigh. These all, are now the care Of healing hands. Oh thou art pity-proof,35 Achilles! be my bosom ever free From anger such as harbor finds in thine, Scorning all limits! whom, of men unborn, Hereafter wilt thou save, from whom avert Disgrace, if not from the Achaians now?40 Ah ruthless! neither Peleus thee begat, Nor Thetis bore, but rugged rocks sublime, And roaring billows blue gave birth to thee, Who bear’st a mind that knows not to relent, But, if some prophecy alarm thy fears,45 If from thy Goddess-mother thou have aught Received, and with authority of Jove, Me send at least, me quickly, and with me The Myrmidons. A dawn of cheerful hope Shall thence, it may be, on the Greeks arise.50 Grant me thine armor also, that the foe Thyself supposing present, may abstain From battle, and the weary Greeks enjoy Short respite; it is all that war allows. We, fresh and vigorous, by our shouts alone55 May easily repulse an army spent With labor from the camp, and from the fleet, Such suit he made, alas! all unforewarn’d That his own death should be the bitter fruit, And thus Achilles, sorrowful, replied.60 Patroclus, noble friend! what hast thou spoken? Me neither prophesy that I have heard Holds in suspense, nor aught that I have learn’d From Thetis with authority of Jove! Hence springs, and hence alone, my grief of heart;65 If one, in nought superior to myself Save in his office only, should by force Amerce me of my well-earn’d recompense— How then? There lies the grief that stings my soul. The virgin chosen for me by the sons70 Of Greece, my just reward, by my own spear Obtain’d when I Eëtion’s city took, Her, Agamemnon, leader of the host From my possession wrung, as I had been Some alien wretch, unhonor’d and unknown.75 But let it pass; anger is not a flame To feed for ever; I affirm’d, indeed, Mine inextinguishable till the shout Of battle should invade my proper barks; But thou put on my glorious arms, lead forth80 My valiant Myrmidons, since such a cloud, So dark, of dire hostility surrounds The fleet, and the Achaians, by the waves Hemm’d in, are prison’d now in narrow space. Because the Trojans meet not in the field85 My dazzling helmet, therefore bolder grown All Ilium comes abroad; but had I found Kindness at royal Agamemnon’s hands, Soon had they fled, and with their bodies chok’d The streams, from whom ourselves now suffer siege90 For in the hands of Diomede his spear No longer rages rescuing from death The afflicted Danaï, nor hear I more The voice of Agamemnon issuing harsh From his detested throat, but all around95 The burst[3] of homicidal Hector’s cries, Calling his Trojans on; they loud insult The vanquish’d Greeks, and claim the field their own. Go therefore, my Patroclus; furious fall On these assailants, even now preserve100 From fire the only hope of our return. But hear the sum of all; mark well my word; So shalt thou glorify me in the eyes Of all the Danaï, and they shall yield Brisëis mine, with many a gift beside.105 The Trojans from the fleet expell’d, return. Should Juno’s awful spouse give thee to win Victory, be content; seek not to press The Trojans without me, for thou shalt add Still more to the disgrace already mine.[4]110 Much less, by martial ardor urged, conduct Thy slaughtering legions to the walls of Troy, Lest some immortal power on her behalf Descend, for much the Archer of the skies Loves Ilium. No—the fleet once saved, lead back115 Thy band, and leave the battle to themselves. For oh, by all the powers of heaven I would That not one Trojan might escape of all, Nor yet a Grecian, but that we, from death Ourselves escaping, might survive to spread120 Troy’s sacred bulwarks on the ground, alone. Thus they conferr’d. [5]But Ajax overwhelm’d Meantime with darts, no longer could endure, Quell’d both by Jupiter and by the spears Of many a noble Trojan; hideous rang125 His batter’d helmet bright, stroke after stroke Sustaining on all sides, and his left arm That had so long shifted from side to side His restless shield, now fail’d; yet could not all Displace him with united force, or move.130 Quick pantings heaved his chest, copious the sweat Trickled from all his limbs, nor found he time, However short, to breathe again, so close Evil on evil heap’d hemm’d him around. Olympian Muses! now declare, how first135 The fire was kindled in Achaia’s fleet? Hector the ashen lance of Ajax smote With his broad falchion, at the nether end, And lopp’d it sheer. The Telamonian Chief His mutilated beam brandish’d in vain,140 And the bright point shrill-sounding-fell remote. Then Ajax in his noble mind perceived, Shuddering with awe, the interposing power Of heaven, and that, propitious to the arms Of Troy, the Thunderer had ordain’d to mar145 And frustrate all the counsels of the Greeks. He left his stand; they fired the gallant bark; Through all her length the conflagration ran Incontinent, and wrapp’d her stern in flames. Achilles saw them, smote his thighs, and said,150 Patroclus, noble charioteer, arise! I see the rapid run of hostile fires Already in the fleet—lest all be lost, And our return impossible, arm, arm This moment; I will call, myself, the band.155 Then put Patroclus on his radiant arms. Around his legs his polish’d greaves he clasp’d, With argent studs secured; the hauberk rich Star-spangled to his breast he bound of swift Æacides; he slung his brazen sword160 With silver bright emboss’d, and his broad shield Ponderous; on his noble head his casque He settled elegant, whose lofty crest Waved dreadful o’er his brows, and last he seized Well fitted to his gripe two sturdy spears.165 Of all Achilles’ arms his spear alone He took not; that huge beam, of bulk and length Enormous, none, Æacides except, In all Achaia’s host had power to wield. It was that Pelian ash which from the top170 Of Pelion hewn that it might prove the death Of heroes, Chiron had to Peleus given. He bade Automedon his coursers bind Speedily to the yoke, for him he loved Next to Achilles most, as worthiest found175 Of trust, what time the battle loudest roar’d. Then led Automedon the fiery steeds Swift as wing’d tempests to the chariot-yoke, Xanthus and Balius. Them the harpy bore Podarge, while in meadows green she fed180 On Ocean’s side, to Zephyrus the wind. To these he added, at their side, a third, The noble Pedasus; him Peleus’ son, Eëtion’s city taken, thence had brought, Though mortal, yet a match for steeds divine.185 Meantime from every tent Achilles call’d And arm’d his Myrmidons. As wolves that gorge The prey yet panting, terrible in force, When on the mountains wild they have devour’d An antler’d stag new-slain, with bloody jaws190 Troop all at once to some clear fountain, there To lap with slender tongues the brimming wave; No fears have they, but at their ease eject From full maws flatulent the clotted gore; Such seem’d the Myrmidon heroic Chiefs195 Assembling fast around the valiant friend Of swift Æacides. Amid them stood Warlike Achilles, the well-shielded ranks Exhorting, and the steeds, to glorious war. The galleys by Achilles dear to Jove200 Commanded, when to Ilium’s coast he steer’d, Were fifty; fifty rowers sat in each, And five, in whom he trusted, o’er the rest He captains named, but ruled, himself, supreme. One band Menestheus swift in battle led,205 Offspring of Sperchius heaven-descended stream. Him Polydora, Peleus’ daughter, bore To ever-flowing Sperchius, compress’d, Although a mortal woman, by a God. But his reputed father was the son210 Of Perieres, Borus, who with dower Enrich’d, and made her openly his bride. Warlike Eudorus led the second band. Him Polymela, graceful in the dance, And daughter beautiful of Phylas, bore,215 A mother unsuspected of a child. Her worshiping the golden-shafted Queen Diana, in full choir, with song and dance, The valiant Argicide[6] beheld and loved. Ascending with her to an upper room,220 All-bounteous Mercury[7] clandestine there Embraced her, who a noble son produced Eudorus, swift to run, and bold in fight. No sooner Ilithya, arbitress Of pangs puerperal, had given him birth,225 And he beheld the beaming sun, than her Echechleus, Actor’s mighty son, enrich’d With countless dower, and led her to his home; While ancient Phylas, cherishing her boy With fond affection, reared him as his own.230 The third brave troop warlike Pisander led, Offspring of Maimalus; he far excell’d In spear-fight every Myrmidon, the friend Of Peleus’ dauntless son alone except. The hoary Phœnix of equestrian fame235 The fourth band led to battle, and the fifth Laërceus’ offspring, bold Alcimedon. Thus, all his bands beneath their proper Chiefs Marshall’d, Achilles gave them strict command— Myrmidons! all that vengeance now inflict,240 Which in this fleet ye ceased not to denounce Against the Trojans while my wrath endured. Me censuring, ye have proclaim’d me oft Obdurate. Oh Achilles! ye have said, Thee not with milk thy mother but with bile245 Suckled, who hold’st thy people here in camp Thus long imprison’d. Unrelenting Chief! Even let us hence in our sea-skimming barks To Phthia, since thou can’st not be appeased— Thus in full council have ye spoken oft.250 Now, therefore, since a day of glorious toil At last appears, such as ye have desired, There lies the field—go—give your courage proof. So them he roused, and they, their leader’s voice Hearing elate, to closest order drew.255 As when an architect some palace wall With shapely stones upbuilds, cementing close A barrier against all the winds of heaven, So wedged, the helmets and boss’d bucklers stood; Shield, helmet, man, press’d helmet, man, and shield,260 And every bright-arm’d warrior’s bushy crest Its fellow swept, so dense was their array. In front of all, two Chiefs their station took, Patroclus and Automedon; one mind In both prevail’d, to combat in the van265 Of all the Myrmidons. Achilles, then, Retiring to his tent, displaced the lid Of a capacious chest magnificent By silver-footed Thetis stow’d on board His bark, and fill’d with tunics, mantles warm,270 And gorgeous arras; there he also kept Secure a goblet exquisitely wrought, Which never lip touched save his own, and whence He offer’d only to the Sire of all. That cup producing from the chest, he first275 With sulphur fumed it, then with water rinsed Pellucid of the running stream, and, last (His hands clean laved) he charged it high with wine. And now, advancing to his middle court, He pour’d libation, and with eyes to heaven280 Uplifted pray’d,[8] of Jove not unobserved. Pelasgian, Dodonæan Jove supreme, Dwelling remote, who on Dodona’s heights Snow-clad reign’st Sovereign, by thy seers around Compass’d the Selli, prophets vow-constrain’d285 To unwash’d feet and slumbers on the ground! Plain I behold my former prayer perform’d, Myself exalted, and the Greeks abased. Now also grant me, Jove, this my desire! Here, in my fleet, I shall myself abide,290 But lo! with all these Myrmidons I send My friend to battle. Thunder-rolling Jove, Send glory with him, make his courage firm! That even Hector may himself be taught, If my companion have a valiant heart295 When he goes forth alone, or only then The noble frenzy feels that Mars inspires When I rush also to the glorious field. But when he shall have driven the battle-shout Once from the fleet, grant him with all his arms,300 None lost, himself unhurt, and my whole band Of dauntless warriors with him, safe return! Such prayer Achilles offer’d, and his suit Jove hearing, part confirm’d, and part refused; To chase the dreadful battle from the fleet305 He gave him, but vouchsafed him no return. Prayer and libation thus perform’d to Jove The Sire of all, Achilles to his tent Return’d, replaced the goblet in his chest, And anxious still that conflict to behold310 Between the hosts, stood forth before his tent. Then rush’d the bands by brave Patroclus led, Full on the Trojan host. As wasps forsake Their home by the way-side, provoked by boys Disturbing inconsiderate their abode,315 Not without nuisance sore to all who pass, For if, thenceforth, some traveller unaware Annoy them, issuing one and all they swarm Around him, fearless in their broods’ defence, So issued from their fleet the Myrmidons320 Undaunted; clamor infinite arose, And thus Patroclus loud his host address’d. Oh Myrmidons, attendants in the field On Peleus’ son, now be ye men, my friends! Call now to mind the fury of your might;325 That we, close-fighting servants of the Chief Most excellent in all the camp of Greece, May glory gain for him, and that the wide- Commanding Agamemnon, Atreus’ son, May learn his fault, that he dishonor’d foul330 The prince in whom Achaia glories most. So saying he fired their hearts, and on the van Of Troy at once they fell; loud shouted all The joyful Grecians, and the navy rang. Then, soon as Ilium’s host the valiant son335 Saw of Menœtius and his charioteer In dazzling armor clad, all courage lost, Their closest ranks gave way, believing sure That, wrath renounced, and terms of friendship chosen, Achilles’ self was there; thus thinking, each340 Look’d every way for refuge from his fate. Patroclus first, where thickest throng he saw Gather’d tumultuous around the bark Of brave Protesilaüs, hurl’d direct At the whole multitude his glittering spear.345 He smote Pyræchmes; he his horsemen band Pœonian led from Amydon, and from Broad-flowing Axius. In his shoulder stood The spear, and with loud groans supine he fell. At once fled all his followers, on all sides350 With consternation fill’d, seeing their Chief And their best warrior, by Patroclus slain. Forth from the fleet he drove them, quench’d the flames, And rescued half the ship. Then scatter’d fled With infinite uproar the host of Troy,355 While from between their ships the Danaï Pour’d after them, and hideous rout ensued. As when the king of lightnings, Jove, dispels From some huge eminence a gloomy cloud, The groves, the mountain-tops, the headland heights360 Shine all, illumined from the boundless heaven, So when the Danaï those hostile fires Had from their fleet expell’d, awhile they breathed, Yet found short respite, for the battle yet Ceased not, nor fled the Trojans in all parts365 Alike, but still resisted, from the ships Retiring through necessity alone. Then, in that scatter’d warfare, every Chief Slew one. While Areïlochus his back Turn’d on Patroclus, sudden with a lance370 His thigh he pierced, and urged the weapon through, Shivering the bone; he headlong smote the ground. The hero Menelaus, where he saw The breast of Thoas by his slanting shield Unguarded, struck and stretch’d him at his feet.375 Phylides,[9] meeting with preventive spear The furious onset of Amphiclus, gash’d His leg below the knee, where brawny most The muscles swell in man; disparted wide The tendons shrank, and darkness veil’d his eyes.380 The two Nestoridæ slew each a Chief. Of these, Antilochus Atymnius pierced Right through his flank, and at his feet he fell. With fierce resentment fired Maris beheld His brother’s fall, and guarding, spear in hand,385 The slain, impetuous on the conqueror flew; But godlike Thrasymedes[10] wounded first Maris, ere he Antilochus; he pierced His upper arm, and with the lance’s point Rent off and stript the muscles to the bone.390 Sounding he fell, and darkness veil’d his eyes. They thus, two brothers by two brothers slain, Went down to Erebus, associates both Of brave Sarpedon, and spear-practised sons Of Amisodarus; of him who fed395 Chimæra,[11] monster, by whom many died. Ajax the swift on Cleobulus sprang, Whom while he toil’d entangled in the crowd, He seized alive, but smote him where he stood With his huge-hafted sword full on the neck;400 The blood warm’d all his blade, and ruthless fate Benighted dark the dying warrior’s eyes. Peneleus into close contention rush’d And Lycon. Each had hurl’d his glittering spear, But each in vain, and now with swords they met.405 He smote Peneleus on the crested casque, But snapp’d his falchion; him Peneleus smote Beneath his ear; the whole blade entering sank Into his neck, and Lycon with his head Depending by the skin alone, expired.410 Meriones o’ertaking Acamas Ere yet he could ascend his chariot, thrust A lance into his shoulder; down he fell In dreary death’s eternal darkness whelm’d. Idomeneus his ruthless spear enforced415 Into the mouth of Erymas. The point Stay’d not, but gliding close beneath the brain, Transpierced his spine,[12] and started forth beyond. It wrench’d his teeth, and fill’d his eyes with blood; Blood also blowing through his open mouth420 And nostrils, to the realms of death he pass’d. Thus slew these Grecian leaders, each, a foe. Sudden as hungry wolves the kids purloin Or lambs, which haply some unheeding swain Hath left to roam at large the mountains wild;425 They, seeing, snatch them from beside the dams, And rend incontinent the feeble prey, So swift the Danaï the host assail’d Of Ilium; they, into tumultuous flight Together driven, all hope, all courage lost.430 Huge Ajax ceaseless sought his spear to cast At Hector brazen-mail’d, who, not untaught The warrior’s art, with bull-hide buckler stood Sheltering his ample shoulders, while he mark’d The hiss of flying shafts and crash of spears.435 Full sure he saw the shifting course of war Now turn’d, but scorning flight, bent all his thoughts To rescue yet the remnant of his friends. As when the Thunderer spreads a sable storm O’er ether, late serene, the cloud that wrapp’d440 Olympus’ head escapes into the skies, So fled the Trojans from the fleet of Greece Clamoring in their flight, nor pass’d the trench In fair array; the coursers fleet indeed Of Hector, him bore safe with all his arms445 Right through, but in the foss entangled foul He left his host, and struggling to escape. Then many a chariot-whirling steed, the pole Broken at its extremity, forsook His driver, while Patroclus with the shout450 Of battle calling his Achaians on, Destruction purposed to the powers of Troy. They, once dispersed, with clamor and with flight Fill’d all the ways, the dust beneath the clouds Hung like a tempest, and the steeds firm-hoof’d455 Whirl’d off at stretch the chariots to the town. He, wheresoe’er most troubled he perceived The routed host, loud-threatening thither drove, While under his own axle many a Chief Fell prone, and the o’ertumbled chariots rang.460 Right o’er the hollow foss the coursers leap’d Immortal, by the Gods to Peleus given, Impatient for the plain, nor less desire Felt he who drove to smite the Trojan Chief, But him his fiery steeds caught swift away.465 As when a tempest from autumnal skies Floats all the fields, what time Jove heaviest pours Impetuous rain, token of wrath divine Against perverters of the laws by force, Who drive forth justice, reckless of the Gods;470 The rivers and the torrents, where they dwell, Sweep many a green declivity away, And plunge at length, groaning, into the Deep From the hills headlong, leaving where they pass’d No traces of the pleasant works of man,475 So, in their flight, loud groan’d the steeds of Troy. And now, their foremost intercepted all, Patroclus back again toward the fleet Drove them precipitate, nor the ascent Permitted them to Troy for which they strove,480 But in the midway space between the ships The river and the lofty Trojan wall Pursued them ardent, slaughtering whom he reached, And vengeance took for many a Grecian slain. First then, with glittering spear the breast he pierced485 Of Pronöus, undefended by his shield, And stretch’d him dead; loud rang his batter’d arms. The son of Enops, Thestor next he smote. He on his chariot-seat magnificent Low-cowering sat, a fear-distracted form,490 And from his palsied grasp the reins had fallen. Then came Patroclus nigh, and through his cheek His teeth transpiercing, drew him by his lance Sheer o’er the chariot front. As when a man On some projecting rock seated, with line495 And splendid hook draws forth a sea-fish huge, So him wide-gaping from his seat he drew At his spear-point, then shook him to the ground Prone on his face, where gasping he expired. At Eryalus, next, advancing swift500 He hurl’d a rock; full on the middle front He smote him, and within the ponderous casque His whole head open’d into equal halves. With deadliest night surrounded, prone he fell. Epaltes, Erymas, Amphoterus,505 Echius, Tlepolemus Damastor’s son, Evippus, Ipheus, Pyres, Polymelus, All these he on the champain, corse on corse Promiscuous flung. Sarpedon, when he saw Such havoc made of his uncinctured[13] friends510 By Menœtiades, with sharp rebuke His band of godlike Lycians loud address’d. Shame on you, Lycians! whither would ye fly? Now are ye swift indeed! I will oppose Myself this conqueror, that I may learn515 Who thus afflicts the Trojan host, of life Bereaving numerous of their warriors bold. He said, and with his arms leap’d to the ground. On the other side, Patroclus at that sight Sprang from his chariot. As two vultures clash520 Bow-beak’d, crook-talon’d, on some lofty rock Clamoring both, so they together rush’d With clamors loud; whom when the son observed Of wily Saturn, with compassion moved His sister and his spouse he thus bespake.525 Alas, he falls! my most beloved of men Sarpedon, vanquished by Patroclus, falls! So will the Fates. Yet, doubtful, much I muse Whether to place him, snatch’d from furious fight In Lycia’s wealthy realm, or to permit530 His death by valiant Menœtiades. To whom his awful spouse, displeased, replied. How speaks the terrible Saturnian Jove! Wouldst thou again from pangs of death exempt A mortal man, destined long since to die?535 Do it. But small thy praise shall be in heaven, Mark thou my words, and in thy inmost breast Treasure them. If thou send Sarpedon safe To his own home, how many Gods _their_ sons May also send from battle? Weigh it well.540 For under yon great city fight no few Sprung from Immortals whom thou shalt provoke. But if thou love him, and thine heart his lot Commiserate, leave him by the hands to fall Of Menœtiades in conflict dire;545 But give command to Death and gentle Sleep That him of life bereft at once they bear To Lycia’s ample realm,[14] where, with due rites Funereal, his next kindred and his friends Shall honor him, a pillar and a tomb550 (The dead man’s portion) rearing to his name. She said, from whom the Sire of Gods and men Dissented not, but on the earth distill’d A sanguine shower in honor of a son Dear to him, whom Patroclus on the field555 Of fruitful Troy should slay, far from his home. Opposite now, small interval between, Those heroes stood. Patroclus at his waist Pierced Thrasymelus the illustrious friend Of King Sarpedon, and his charioteer.560 Spear’d through the lower bowels, dead he fell. Then hurl’d Sarpedon in his turn a lance, But miss’d Patroclus and the shoulder pierced Of Pedasus the horse; he groaning heaved His spirit forth, and fallen on the field565 In long loud moanings sorrowful expired. Wide started the immortal pair; the yoke Creak’d, and entanglement of reins ensued To both, their fellow slaughter’d at their side. That mischief soon Automedon redress’d.570 He rose, and from beside his sturdy thigh Drawing his falchion, with effectual stroke Cut loose the side-horse; then the pair reduced To order, in their traces stood composed, And the two heroes fierce engaged again.575 Again his radiant spear Sarpedon hurl’d, But miss’d Patroclus; the innocuous point, O’erflying his left shoulder, pass’d beyond. Then with bright lance Patroclus in his turn Assail’d Sarpedon, nor with erring course580 The weapon sped or vain, but pierced profound His chest, enclosure of the guarded heart. As falls an oak, poplar, or lofty pine With new-edged axes on the mountains hewn Right through, for structure of some gallant bark,585 So fell Sarpedon stretch’d his steeds before And gnash’d his teeth and clutch’d the bloody dust, And as a lion slays a tawny bull Leader magnanimous of all the herd; Beneath the lion’s jaws groaning he dies;590 So, leader of the shielded Lycians groan’d Indignant, by Patroclus slain, the bold Sarpedon, and his friend thus, sad, bespake. Glaucus, my friend, among these warring Chiefs Thyself a Chief illustrious! thou hast need595 Of all thy valor now; now strenuous fight, And, if thou bear within thee a brave mind, Now make the war’s calamities thy joy. First, marching through the host of Lycia, rouse Our Chiefs to combat for Sarpedon slain,600 Then haste, thyself, to battle for thy friend. For shame and foul dishonor which no time Shall e’er obliterate, I must prove to thee, Should the Achaians of my glorious arms Despoil me in full prospect[15] of the fleet.605 Fight, therefore, thou, and others urge to fight. He said, and cover’d by the night of death, Nor look’d nor breath’d again; for on his chest Implanting firm his heel, Patroclus drew The spear enfolded with his vitals forth,610 Weapon and life at once. Meantime his steeds Snorted, by Myrmidons detain’d, and, loosed From their own master’s chariot, foam’d to fly. Terrible was the grief by Glaucus felt, Hearing that charge, and troubled was his heart615 That all power fail’d him to protect the dead. Compressing his own arm he stood, with pain Extreme tormented which the shaft had caused Of Teucer, who while Glaucus climb’d the wall, Had pierced him from it, in the fleet’s defence.620 Then, thus, to Phœbus, King shaft-arm’d, he pray’d. Hear now, O King! For whether in the land Of wealthy Lycia dwelling, or in Troy, Thou hear’st in every place alike the prayer Of the afflicted heart, and such is mine;625 Behold my wound; it fills my useless hand With anguish, neither can my blood be stay’d, And all my shoulder suffers. I can grasp A spear, or rush to conflict with the Greeks No longer now; and we have also lost630 Our noblest Chief, Sarpedon, son of Jove, Who guards not his own son. But thou, O King! Heal me, assuage my anguish, give me strength, That I may animate the Lycian host To fight, and may, myself, defend the dead!635 Such prayer he offer’d, whom Apollo heard; He eased at once his pain, the sable blood Staunch’d, and his soul with vigor new inspired. Then Glaucus in his heart that prayer perceived Granted, and joyful for the sudden aid640 Vouchsafed to him by Phœbus, first the lines Of Lycia ranged, summoning every Chief To fight for slain Sarpedon; striding next With eager haste into the ranks of Troy, Renown’d Agenor and the son he call’d645 Of Panthus, brave Polydamas, with whom Æneas also, and approaching last To Hector brazen-mail’d him thus bespake. Now, Hector! now, thou hast indeed resign’d All care of thy allies, who, for thy sake,650 Lost both to friends and country, on these plains Perish, unaided and unmiss’d by thee. Sarpedon breathless lies, who led to fight Our shielded bands, and from whose just control And courage Lycia drew her chief defence.655 Him brazen Mars hath by the spear subdued Of Menœtiades. But stand ye firm! Let indignation fire you, O my friends! Lest, stripping him of his resplendent arms, The Myrmidons with foul dishonor shame660 His body, through resentment of the deaths Of numerous Grecians slain by spears of ours. He ceased; then sorrow every Trojan heart Seized insupportable and that disdain’d All bounds, for that, although a stranger born,665 Sarpedon ever had a bulwark proved To Troy, the leader of a numerous host, And of that host by none in fight excell’d. Right on toward the Danaï they moved Ardent for battle all, and at their head670 Enraged for slain Sarpedon, Hector came. Meantime, stout-hearted[16] Chief, Patroclus roused The Grecians, and exhorting first (themselves Already prompt) the Ajaces, thus began. Heroic pair! now make it all your joy675 To chase the Trojan host, and such to prove As erst, or even bolder, if ye may. The Chief lies breathless who ascended first Our wall, Sarpedon. Let us bear him hence, Strip and dishonor him, and in the blood680 Of his protectors drench the ruthless spear. So Menœtiades his warriors urged, Themselves courageous. Then the Lycian host And Trojan here, and there the Myrmidons With all the host of Greece, closing the ranks685 Rush’d into furious contest for the dead, Shouting tremendous; clang’d their brazen arms, And Jove with Night’s pernicious shades[17] o’erhung The bloody field, so to enhance the more Their toilsome strife for his own son. First then690 The Trojans from their place and order shock’d The bright-eyed Grecians, slaying not the least Nor worst among the Myrmidons, the brave Epigeus from renown’d Agacles sprung. He, erst, in populous Budeum ruled,695 But for a valiant kinsman of his own Whom there he slew, had thence to Peleus fled And to his silver-footed spouse divine, Who with Achilles, phalanx-breaker Chief, Sent him to fight beneath the walls of Troy.700 Him seizing fast the body, with a stone Illustrious Hector smote full on the front, And his whole skull within the ponderous casque Split sheer; he prostrate on the body fell In shades of soul-divorcing death involved.705 Patroclus, grieving for his slaughter’d friend, Rush’d through the foremost warriors. As the hawk Swift-wing’d before him starlings drives or daws, So thou, Patroclus, of equestrian fame! Full on the Lycian ranks and Trojan drov’st,710 Resentful of thy fellow-warrior’s fall. At Sthenelaüs a huge stone he cast, Son of Ithæmenes, whom on the neck He smote and burst the tendons; then the van Of Ilium’s host, with Hector, all retired.715 Far as the slender javelin cuts the air Hurl’d with collected force, or in the games, Or even in battle at a desperate foe, So far the Greeks repulsed the host of Troy. Then Glaucus first, Chief of the shielded bands720 Of Lycia, slew Bathycles, valiant son Of Calchon; Hellas was his home, and far He pass’d in riches all the Myrmidons. Him chasing Glaucus whom he now attain’d, The Lycian, turning sudden, with his lance725 Pierced through the breast, and, sounding, down he fell Grief fill’d Achaia’s sons for such a Chief So slain, but joy the Trojans; thick they throng’d The conqueror around, nor yet the Greeks Forgat their force, but resolute advanced.730 Then, by Meriones a Trojan died Of noble rank, Laogonus, the son Undaunted of Onetor great in Troy, Priest of Idæan Jove. The ear and jaw Between, he pierced him with a mortal force;735 Swift flew the life, and darkness veil’d his eyes. Æneas, in return, his brazen spear Hurl’d at Meriones with ardent hope To pierce him, while, with nimble[18] steps and short Behind his buckler made, he paced the field;740 But, warn’d of its approach, Meriones Bow’d low his head, shunning it, and the spear Behind him pierced the soil; there quivering stood The weapon, vain, though from a vigorous arm, Till spent by slow degrees its fury slept.745 * * * * * * * * * *[19] Indignant then Æneas thus exclaim’d. Meriones! I sent thee such a spear As reaching thee, should have for ever marr’d750 Thy step, accomplish’d dancer as thou art. To whom Meriones spear-famed replied. Æneas! thou wilt find the labor hard How great soe’er thy might, to quell the force Of all opposers. Thou art also doom’d755 Thyself to die; and may but spear of mine Well-aim’d once strike thee full, what strength soe’er Or magnanimity be thine to boast, Thy glory in that moment thou resign’st To me, thy soul to Pluto steed-renown’d.760 He said, but him Patroclus sharp reproved. Why speaks Meriones, although in fight Approved, thus proudly? Nay, my gallant friend! The Trojans will not for reproach of ours Renounce the body. Blood must first be spilt.765 Tongues in debate, but hands in war decide; Deeds therefore now, not wordy vaunts, we need. So saying he led the way, whom follow’d close Godlike Meriones. As from the depth Of some lone wood that clothes the mountain’s side770 The fellers at their toil are heard remote, So, from the face of Ilium’s ample plain Reverberated, was the din of brass And of tough targets heard by falchions huge Hard-smitten, and by spears of double-edge.775 None then, no, not the quickest to discern, Had known divine Sarpedon, from his head To his foot-sole with mingled blood and dust Polluted, and o’erwhelm’d with weapons. They Around the body swarm’d. As hovel-flies780 In spring-time buzz around the brimming pails With milk bedew’d, so they around the dead. Nor Jove averted once his glorious eyes From that dread contest, but with watchful note Marked all, the future death in battle deep785 Pondering of Patroclus, whether him Hector should even now slay on divine Sarpedon, and despoil him of his arms, Or he should still that arduous strife prolong. This counsel gain’d as eligible most790 At length his preference: that the valiant friend Of Peleus’ son should yet again compel The Trojan host with Hector brazen-mail’d To Ilium, slaughtering numerous by the way. First then, with fears unmanly he possess’d795 The heart of Hector; mounting to his seat He turn’d to flight himself, and bade his host Fly also; for he knew Jove’s purpose[20] changed. Thenceforth, no longer even Lycia’s host Endured, but all fled scatter’d, seeing pierced800 Their sovereign through his heart, and heap’d with dead; For numerous, while Saturnian Jove the fight Held in suspense, had on his body fallen. At once the Grecians of his dazzling arms Despoil’d Sarpedon, which the Myrmidons805 By order of Menœtius’ valiant son Bore thence into the fleet. Meantime his will The Thunderer to Apollo thus express’d. Phœbus, my son, delay not; from beneath Yon hill of weapons drawn cleanse from his blood810 Sarpedon’s corse; then, bearing him remote, Lave him in waters of the running stream, With oils divine anoint, and in attire Immortal clothe him. Last, to Death and Sleep, Swift bearers both, twin-born, deliver him;815 For hence to Lycia’s opulent abodes They shall transport him quickly, where, with rites Funereal, his next kindred and his friends Shall honor him, a pillar and a tomb (The dead man’s portion) rearing to his name.820 He ceased; nor was Apollo slow to hear His father’s will, but, from the Idæan heights Descending swift into the dreadful field, Godlike Sarpedon’s body from beneath The hill of weapons drew, which, borne remote,825 He laved in waters of the running stream, With oils ambrosial bathed, and clothed in robes Immortal. Then to Death and gentle Sleep, Swift-bearers both, twin-born, he gave the charge, Who placed it soon in Lycia’s wealthy realm.830 Meantime Patroclus, calling to his steeds, And to Automedon, the Trojans chased And Lycians, on his own destruction bent Infatuate; heedless of his charge received From Peleus’ son, which, well perform’d, had saved835 The hero from his miserable doom. But Jove’s high purpose evermore prevails Against the thoughts of man; he turns to flight The bravest, and the victory takes with ease E’en from the Chief whom he impels himself840 To battle, as he now this Chief impell’d. Who, then, Patroclus! first, who last by thee Fell slain, what time thyself was call’d to die? Adrastus first, then Perimus he slew, Offspring of Megas, then Autonoüs,845 Echechlus, Melanippus, and Epistor, Pylartes, Mulius, Elasus. All these He slew, and from the field chased all beside. Then, doubtless, had Achaia’s sons prevail’d To take proud-gated Troy, such havoc made850 He with his spear, but that the son of Jove Apollo, on a tower’s conspicuous height Station’d, devoted him for Ilium’s sake. Thrice on a buttress of the lofty wall Patroclus mounted, and him thrice the God855 With hands immortal his resplendent shield Smiting, struck down again; but when he rush’d A fourth time, demon-like, to the assault, The King of radiant shafts him, stern, rebuked. Patroclus, warrior of renown, retire!860 The fates ordain not that imperial Troy Stoop to thy spear, nor to the spear itself Of Peleus’ son, though mightier far than thou. He said, and Menœtiades the wrath Of shaft-arm’d Phœbus shunning, far retired.865 But in the Scæan gate Hector his steeds Detain’d, uncertain whether thence to drive Amid the warring multitude again, Or, loud commandment issuing, to collect His host within the walls. Him musing long870 Apollo, clad in semblance of a Chief Youthful and valiant, join’d. Asius he seem’d Equestrian Hector’s uncle, brother born Of Hecuba the queen, and Dymas’ son, Who on the Sangar’s banks in Phrygia dwelt.875 Apollo, so disguised, him thus bespake. Why, Hector, hast thou left the fight? this sloth Not well befits thee. Oh that I as far Thee pass’d in force as thou transcendest me, Then, not unpunish’d long, should’st thou retire;880 But haste, and with thy coursers solid-hoof’d Seek out Patroclus, him perchance to slay, Should Phœbus have decreed that glory thine. So saying, Apollo join’d the host again. Then noble Hector bade his charioteer885 Valiant Cebriones his coursers lash Back into battle, while the God himself Entering the multitude confounded sore The Argives, victory conferring proud And glory on Hector and the host of Troy.890 But Hector, leaving all beside unslain, Furious impell’d his coursers solid-hoof’d Against Patroclus; on the other side Patroclus from his chariot to the ground Leap’d ardent; in his left a spear he bore,895 And in his right a marble fragment rough, Large as his grasp. With full collected might He hurl’d it; neither was the weapon slow To whom he had mark’d, or sent in vain. He smote the charioteer of Hector, bold900 Cebriones, King Priam’s spurious son, Full on the forehead, while he sway’d the reins. The bone that force withstood not, but the rock With ragged points beset dash’d both his brows In pieces, and his eyes fell at his feet.905 He diver-like, from his exalted stand Behind the steeds pitch’d headlong, and expired; O’er whom, Patroclus of equestrian fame! Thou didst exult with taunting speech severe. Ye Gods, with what agility he dives!910 Ah! it were well if in the fishy deep This man were occupied; he might no few With oysters satisfy, although the waves Were churlish, plunging headlong from his bark As easily as from his chariot here.915 So then—in Troy, it seems, are divers too! So saying, on bold Cebriones he sprang With all a lion’s force, who, while the folds He ravages, is wounded in the breast, And, victim of his own fierce courage, dies.920 So didst thou spring, Patroclus! to despoil Cebriones, and Hector opposite Leap’d also to the ground. Then contest such For dead Cebriones those two between Arose, as in the lofty mountain-tops925 Two lions wage, contending for a deer New-slain, both hunger-pinch’d and haughty both. So for Cebriones, alike in arms Expert, brave Hector and Patroclus strove To pierce each other with the ruthless spear.930 First, Hector seized his head, nor loosed his hold, Patroclus, next, his feet, while all beside Of either host in furious battle join’d. As when the East wind and the South contend To shake some deep wood on the mountain’s side,935 Or beech, or ash, or rugged cornel old. With stormy violence the mingled boughs Smite and snap short each other, crashing loud; So, Trojans and Achaians, mingling, slew Mutual, while neither felt a wish to fly.940 Around Cebriones stood many a spear, And many a shaft sent smartly from the nerve Implanted deep, and many a stone of grasp Enormous sounded on their batter’d shields Who fought to gain him. He, in eddies lost945 Of sable dust, with his huge trunk huge space O’erspread, nor steeds nor chariots heeded more. While yet the sun ascending climb’d the heavens, Their darts flew equal, and the people fell; But when he westward journey’d, by a change950 Surpassing hope the Grecians then prevail’d. They drew Cebriones the hero forth From all those weapons, and his armor stripp’d At leisure, distant from the battle’s roar. Then sprang Patroclus on the Trojan host;955 Thrice, like another Mars, he sprang with shouts Tremendous, and nine warriors thrice he slew. But when the fourth time, demon-like, he rush’d Against them, then, oh then, too manifest The consummation of thy days approach’d960 Patroclus! whom Apollo, terror-clad Met then in battle. He the coming God Through all that multitude knew not, such gloom Impenetrable him involved around. Behind him close he stood, and with his palms965 Expanded on the spine and shoulders broad Smote him; his eyes swam dizzy at the stroke. Then Phœbus from his head his helmet dash’d To earth; sonorous at the feet it roll’d Of many a prancing steed, and all the crest970 Defilement gather’d gross of dust and blood, Then first; till then, impossible; for how Should dust the tresses of that helmet shame With which Achilles fighting fenced his head Illustrious, and his graceful brows divine?975 But Jove now made it Hector’s; he awhile Bore it, himself to swift perdition doom’d His spear brass-mounted, ponderous, huge and long, Fell shiver’d from his grasp. His shield that swept His ancle, with its belt dropp’d from his arm,980 And Phœbus loosed the corselet from his breast. Confusion seized his brain; his noble limbs Quaked under him, and panic-stunn’d he stood. Then came a Dardan Chief, who from behind Enforced a pointed lance into his back985 Between the shoulders; Panthus’ son was he, Euphorbus, famous for equestrian skill, For spearmanship, and in the rapid race Past all of equal age. He twenty men (Although a learner yet of martial feats,990 And by his steeds then first to battle borne) Dismounted. He, Patroclus, mighty Chief! First threw a lance at thee, which yet life Quell’d not; then snatching hasty from the wound His ashen beam, he ran into the crowd,995 Nor dared confront in fight even the unarm’d Patroclus. But Patroclus, by the lance, And by the stroke of an immortal hand Subdued, fell back toward his ranks again. Then, soon as Hector the retreat perceived1000 Of brave Patroclus wounded, issuing forth From his own phalanx, he approach’d and drove A spear right through his body at the waist. Sounding he fell. Loud groan’d Achaia’s host. As when the lion and the sturdy boar1005 Contend in battle on the mountain-tops For some scant rivulet, thirst-parch’d alike, Ere long the lion quells the panting boar; So Priameian Hector, spear in hand, Slew Menœtiades the valiant slayer1010 Of multitudes, and thus in accents wing’d, With fierce delight exulted in his fall. It was thy thought, Patroclus, to have laid Our city waste, and to have wafted hence Our wives and daughters to thy native land,1015 Their day of liberty for ever set. Fool! for their sakes the feet of Hector’s steeds Fly into battle, and myself excel, For their sakes, all our bravest of the spear, That I may turn from them that evil hour1020 Necessitous. But thou art vulture’s food, Unhappy youth! all valiant as he is, Achilles hath no succor given to thee, Who when he sent the forth whither himself Would not, thus doubtless gave thee oft in charge:1025 Ah, well beware, Patroclus, glorious Chief! That thou revisit not these ships again, Till first on hero-slaughterer Hector’s breast Thou cleave his bloody corselet. So he spake, And with vain words thee credulous beguiled.1030 To whom Patroclus, mighty Chief, with breath Drawn faintly, and dying, thou didst thus reply. Now, Hector, boast! now glory! for the son Of Saturn and Apollo, me with ease Vanquishing, whom they had themselves disarm’d,1035 Have made the victory thine; else, twenty such As thou, had fallen by my victorious spear. Me Phœbus and my ruthless fate combined To slay; these foremost; but of mortal men Euphorbus, and thy praise is only third.1040 I tell thee also, and within thy heart Repose it deep—thou shalt not long survive; But, even now, fate, and a violent death Attend thee by Achilles’ hands ordain’d To perish, by Æacides the brave.[21]1045 So saying, the shades of death him wrapp’d around. Down into Ades from his limbs dismiss’d, His spirit fled sorrowful, of youth’s prime And vigorous manhood suddenly bereft Then, him though dead, Hector again bespake.1050 Patroclus! these prophetic strains of death At hand, and fate, why hast thou sung to me? May not the son of Thetis azure-hair’d, Achilles, perish first by spear of mine? He said; then pressing with his heel the trunk1055 Supine, and backward thursting it, he drew His glittering weapon from the wound, nor stay’d, But lance in hand, the godlike charioteer Pursued of swift Æacides, on fire To smite Automedon; but him the steeds1060 Immortal, rapid, by the Gods conferr’d (A glorious gift) on Peleus, snatch’d away. BOOK XVII. ARGUMENT OF THE SEVENTEENTH BOOK. Sharp contest ensues around the body of Patroclus. Hector puts on the armor of Achilles. Menelaus, having dispatched Antilochus to Achilles with news of the death of Patroclus, returns to the battle, and, together with Meriones, bears Patroclus off the field, while the Ajaces cover their retreat. BOOK XVII. Nor Menelaus, Atreus’ valiant son, Knew not how Menœtiades had fallen By Trojan hands in battle; forth he rush’d All bright in burnish’d armor through his van, And as some heifer with maternal fears5 Now first acquainted, compasses around Her young one murmuring, with tender moan, So moved the hero of the amber locks Around Patroclus, before whom his spear Advancing and broad shield, he death denounced10 On all opposers; neither stood the son Spear-famed of Panthus inattentive long To slain Patroclus, but approach’d the dead, And warlike Menelaus thus bespake. Prince! Menelaus! Atreus’ mighty son!15 Yield. Leave the body and these gory spoils; For of the Trojans or allies of Troy None sooner made Patroclus bleed than I. Seek not to rob me, therefore, of my praise Among the Trojans, lest my spear assail20 Thee also, and thou perish premature.[1] To whom, indignant, Atreus’ son replied. Self-praise, the Gods do know, is little worth. But neither lion may in pride compare Nor panther, nor the savage boar whose heart’s25 High temper flashes in his eyes, with these The spear accomplish’d youths of Panthus’ house. Yet Hyperenor of equestrian fame Lived not his lusty manhood to enjoy, Who scoffingly defied my force in arms,30 And call’d me most contemptible in fight Of all the Danaï. But him, I ween, His feet bore never hence to cheer at home His wife and parents with his glad return. So also shall thy courage fierce be tamed,35 If thou oppose me. I command thee, go— Mix with the multitude; withstand not me, Lest evil overtake thee! To be taught By sufferings only, is the part of fools. He said, but him sway’d not, who thus replied.40 Now, even now, Atrides! thou shalt rue My brother’s blood which thou hast shed, and mak’st His death thy boast. Thou hast his blooming bride Widow’d, and thou hast fill’d his parents’ hearts With anguish of unutterable wo;45 But bearing hence thy armor and thy head To Troy, and casting them at Panthus’ feet, And at the feet of Phrontis, his espoused, I shall console the miserable pair. Nor will I leave that service unessay’d50 Longer, nor will I fail through want of force, Of courage, or of terrible address. He ceased, and smote his shield, nor pierced the disk, But bent his point against the stubborn brass. Then Menelaus, prayer preferring first55 To Jove,[2] assail’d Euphorbus in his turn, Whom pacing backward in the throat he struck, And both hands and his full force the spear Impelled, urged it through his neck behind. Sounding he fell; loud rang his batter’d arms.60 His locks, which even the Graces might have own’d, Blood-sullied, and his ringlets wound about With twine of gold and silver, swept the dust. As the luxuriant olive by a swain Rear’d in some solitude where rills abound,65 Puts forth her buds, and fann’d by genial airs On all sides, hangs her boughs with whitest flowers, But by a sudden whirlwind from its trench Uptorn, it lies extended on the field; Such, Panthus’ warlike son Euphorbus seem’d,70 By Menelaus, son of Atreus, slain Suddenly, and of all his arms despoil’d. But as the lion on the mountains bred, Glorious in strength, when he hath seized the best And fairest of the herd, with savage fangs75 First breaks her neck, then laps the bloody paunch Torn wide; meantime, around him, but remote, Dogs stand and swains clamoring, yet by fear Repress’d, annoy him not nor dare approach; So there all wanted courage to oppose80 The force of Menelaus, glorious Chief. Then, easily had Menelaus borne The armor of the son of Panthus thence, But that Apollo the illustrious prize Denied him, who in semblance of the Chief85 Of the Ciconians, Mentes, prompted forth Against him Hector terrible as Mars, Whose spirit thus in accents wing’d he roused. Hector! the chase is vain; here thou pursuest The horses of Æacides the brave,90 Which thou shalt never win, for they are steeds Of fiery nature, such as ill endure To draw or carry mortal man, himself Except, whom an immortal mother bore. Meantime, bold Menelaus, in defence95 Of dead Patroclus, hath a Trojan slain Of highest note, Euphorbus, Panthus’ son, And hath his might in arms for ever quell’d. So spake the God and to the fight return’d. But grief intolerable at that word100 Seized Hector; darting through the ranks his eye, He knew at once who stripp’d Euphorbus’ arms, And him knew also lying on the field, And from his wide wound bleeding copious still. Then dazzling bright in arms, through all the van105 He flew, shrill-shouting, fierce as Vulcan’s fire Unquenchable; nor were his shouts unheard By Atreus’ son, who with his noble mind Conferring sad, thus to himself began. Alas! if I forsake these gorgeous spoils,110 And leave Patroclus for my glory slain, I fear lest the Achaians at that sight Incensed, reproach me; and if, urged by shame, I fight with Hector and his host, alone, Lest, hemm’d around by multitudes, I fall;115 For Hector, by his whole embattled force Attended, comes. But whither tend my thoughts? No man may combat with another fenced By power divine and whom the Gods exalt, But he must draw down wo on his own head.120 Me, therefore, none of all Achaia’s host Will blame indignant, seeing my retreat From Hector, whom themselves the Gods assist. But might the battle-shout of Ajax once Reach me, with force united we would strive,125 Even in opposition to a God, To rescue for Achilles’ sake, his friend. Task arduous! but less arduous than this. While he thus meditated, swift advanced The Trojan ranks, with Hector at their head.130 He then, retiring slow, and turning oft, Forsook the body. As by dogs and swains With clamors loud and spears driven from the stalls A bearded lion goes, his noble heart Abhors retreat, and slow he quits the prey;135 So Menelaus with slow steps forsook Patroclus, and arrived in front, at length, Of his own phalanx, stood, with sharpen’d eyes Seeking vast Ajax, son of Telamon. Him leftward, soon, of all the field he mark’d140 Encouraging aloud his band, whose hearts With terrors irresistible himself Phœbus had fill’d. He ran, and at his side Standing, incontinent him thus bespake. My gallant Ajax, haste—come quickly—strive145 With me to rescue for Achilles’ sake His friend, though bare, for Hector hath his arms. He said, and by his words the noble mind Of Ajax roused; issuing through the van He went, and Menelaus at his side.150 Hector the body of Patroclus dragg’d, Stript of his arms, with falchion keen erelong Purposing to strike off his head, and cast His trunk, drawn distant, to the dogs of Troy. But Ajax, with broad shield tower-like, approach’d.155 Then Hector, to his bands retreating, sprang Into his chariot, and to others gave The splendid arms in charge, who into Troy Should bear the destined trophy of his praise, But Ajax with his broad shield guarding stood160 Slain Menœtiades, as for his whelps The lion stands; him through some forest drear Leading his little ones, the hunters meet; Fire glimmers in his looks, and down he draws His whole brow into frowns, covering his eyes;165 So, guarding slain Patroclus, Ajax lour’d. On the other side, with tender grief oppress’d Unspeakable, brave Menelaus stood. But Glaucus, leader of the Lycian band, Son of Hippolochus, in bitter terms170 Indignant, reprimanded Hector thus, Ah, Hector, Chieftain of excelling form, But all unfurnish’d with a warrior’s heart! Unwarranted I deem thy great renown Who art to flight addicted. Think, henceforth,175 How ye shall save city and citadel Thou and thy people born in Troy, alone. No Lycian shall, at least, in your defence Fight with the Grecians, for our ceaseless toil In arms, hath ever been a thankless task.180 Inglorious Chief! how wilt thou save a worse From warring crowds, who hast Sarpedon left Thy guest, thy friend, to be a spoil, a prey To yonder Argives? While he lived he much Thee and thy city profited, whom dead185 Thou fear’st to rescue even from the dogs. Now, therefore, may but my advice prevail, Back to your country, Lycians! so, at once, Shall remediless ruin fall on Troy. For had the Trojans now a daring heart190 Intrepid, such as in the breast resides Of laborers in their country’s dear behalf, We soon should drag Patroclus into Troy; And were his body, from the battle drawn, In Priam’s royal city once secured,195 As soon, the Argives would in ransom give Sarpedon’s body with his splendid arms To be conducted safe into the town. For when Patroclus fell, the friend was slain Of such a Chief as is not in the fleet200 For valor, and his bands are dauntless all. But thou, at the first glimpse of Ajax’ eye Confounded, hast not dared in arms to face That warrior bold, superior far to thee. To whom brave Hector, frowning stern, replied,205 Why, Glaucus! should a Chief like thee his tongue Presume to employ thus haughtily? My friend! I thee accounted wisest, once, of all Who dwell in fruitful Lycia, but thy speech Now utter’d altogether merits blame,210 In which thou tell’st me that I fear to stand Against vast Ajax. Know that I from fight Shrink not, nor yet from sound of prancing steeds; But Jove’s high purpose evermore prevails Against the thoughts of man; he turns to flight215 The bravest, and the victory takes with ease Even from those whom once he favor’d most. But hither, friend! stand with me; mark my deed; Prove me, if I be found, as thou hast said, An idler all the day, or if by force220 I not compel some Grecian to renounce Patroclus, even the boldest of them all. He ceased, and to his host exclaim’d aloud. Trojans, and Lycians, and close-fighting sons Of Dardanus, oh be ye men, my friends!225 Now summon all your fortitude, while I Put on the armor of Achilles, won From the renown’d Patroclus slain by me. So saying, illustrious Hector from the clash Of spears withdrew, and with his swiftest pace230 Departing, overtook, not far remote, The bearers of Achilles’ arms to Troy. Apart from all the horrors of the field Standing, he changed his armor; gave his own To be by them to sacred Ilium borne,235 And the immortal arms of Peleus’ son Achilles, by the ever-living Gods To Peleüs given, put on. Those arms the Sire, Now old himself, had on his son conferr’d But in those arms his son grew never old.240 Him, therefore, soon as cloud-assembler Jove Saw glittering in divine Achilles’ arms, Contemplative he shook his brows, and said, Ah hapless Chief! thy death, although at hand, Nought troubles thee. Thou wear’st his heavenly245 Who all excels, terror of Ilium’s host. His friend, though bold yet gentle, thou hast slain And hast the brows and bosom of the dead Unseemly bared: yet, bright success awhile I give thee; so compensating thy lot,250 From whom Andromache shall ne’er receive Those glorious arms, for thou shalt ne’er return. So spake the Thunderer, and his sable brows Shaking, confirm’d the word. But Hector found The armor apt; the God of war his soul255 With fury fill’d, he felt his limbs afresh Invigorated, and with loudest shouts Return’d to his illustrious allies. To them he seem’d, clad in those radiant arms, Himself Achilles; rank by rank he pass’d260 Through all the host, exhorting every Chief, Asteropæus, Mesthles, Phorcys, Medon, Thersilochus, Deisenor, augur Ennomus, Chromius, Hippothoüs; all these he roused To battle, and in accents wing’d began.265 Hear me, ye myriads, neighbors and allies! For not through fond desire to fill the plain With multitudes, have I convened you here Each from his city, but that well-inclined To Ilium, ye might help to guard our wives270 And little ones against the host of Greece. Therefore it is that forage large and gifts Providing for you, I exhaust the stores Of Troy, and drain our people for your sake. Turn then direct against them, and his life275 Save each, or lose; it is the course of war. Him who shall drag, though dead, Patroclus home Into the host of Troy, and shall repulse Ajax, I will reward with half the spoils And half shall be my own; glory and praise280 Shall also be his meed, equal to mine. He ended; they compact with lifted spears Bore on the Danaï, conceiving each Warm expectation in his heart to wrest From Ajax son of Telamon, the dead.285 Vain hope! he many a lifeless Trojan heap’d On slain Patroclus, but at length his speech To warlike Menelaus thus address’d. Ah, Menelaus, valiant friend! I hope No longer, now, that even we shall ’scape290 Ourselves from fight; nor fear I so the loss Of dead Patroclus, who shall soon the dogs Of Ilium, and the fowls sate with his flesh, As for my life I tremble and for thine, That cloud of battle, Hector, such a gloom295 Sheds all around; death manifest impends. Haste—call our best, if even they can hear. He spake, nor Menelaus not complied, But call’d aloud on all the Chiefs of Greece. Friends, senators, and leaders of the powers300 Of Argos! who with Agamemnon drink And Menelaus at the public feast, Each bearing rule o’er many, by the will Of Jove advanced to honor and renown! The task were difficult to single out305 Chief after Chief by name amid the blaze Of such contention; but oh, come yourselves Indignant forth, nor let the dogs of Troy Patroclus rend, and gambol with his bones! He ceased, whom Oïliades the swift310 Hearing incontinent, of all the Chiefs Ran foremost, after whom Idomeneus Approach’d, and dread as homicidal Mars Meriones. But never mind of man Could even in silent recollection name315 The whole vast multitude who, following these Renew’d the battle on the part of Greece. The Trojans first, with Hector at their head, Wedged in close phalanx, rush’d to the assault As when within some rapid river’s mouth320 The billows and stream clash, on either shore[3] Loud sounds the roar[3] of waves ejected wide, Such seem’d the clamors of the Trojan host. But the Achaians, one in heart, around Patroclus stood, bulwark’d with shields of brass325 And over all their glittering helmets Jove Darkness diffused, for he had loved Patroclus While yet he lived friend of Æacides, And now, abhorring that the dogs of Troy Should eat him, urged the Greeks to his defence,330 The host of Troy first shook the Grecian host; The body left, they fled; yet of them all, The Trojan powers, determined as they were, Slew none, but dragg’d the body. Neither stood The Greeks long time aloof, soon as repulsed335 Again led on by Ajax, who in form And in exploits all others far excell’d. Peerless Æacides alone except. Right through the foremost combatants he rush’d, In force resembling most some savage boar340 That in the mountains bursting through the brakes, The swains disperses and their hounds with ease; Like him, illustrious Ajax, mighty son Of Telamon, at his assault dispersed With ease the close imbattled ranks who fought345 Around Patroclus’ body, strong in hope To achieve it, and to make the glory theirs. Hippothoüs, a youth of high renown, Son of Pelasgian Lethus, by a noose Around his ancle cast dragg’d through the fight350 Patroclus, so to gratify the host Of Ilium and their Chief; but evil him Reached suddenly, by none of all his friends (Though numerous wish’d to save him) turn’d aside. For swift advancing on him through the crowd355 The son of Telamon pierced, spear in hand, His helmet brazen-cheek’d; the crested casque, So smitten, open’d wide, for huge the hand And ponderous was the spear that gave the blow And all around its neck, mingled with blood360 Gush’d forth the brain. There, lifeless, down he sank, Let fall the hero’s foot, and fell himself Prone on the dead, never to see again? Deep-soil’d Larissa, never to require Their kind solicitudes who gave him birth,365 In bloom of life by dauntless Ajax slain. Then Hector hurl’d at Ajax his bright spear, But he, forewarn’d of its approach, escaped Narrowly, and it pierced Schedius instead, Brave son of Iphitus; he, noblest Chief370 Of the Phocensians, over many reign’d, Dwelling in Panopeus the far-renown’d. Entering beneath the clavicle[4] the point Right through his shoulder’s summit pass’d behind, And on his loud-resounding arms he fell.375 But Ajax at his waist wounded the son Of Phœnops, valiant Phorcys, while he stood Guarding Hippothöus; through his hollow mail Enforced the weapon drank his inmost life, And in his palm, supine, he clench’d the dust.380 Then, Hector with the foremost Chiefs of Troy Fell back; the Argives sent a shout to heaven, And dragging Phorcys and Hippothöus thence Stripp’d both. In that bright moment Ilium’s host Fear-quell’d before Achaia’s warlike sons385 Had Troy re-enter’d, and the host of Greece By matchless might and fortitude their own Had snatch’d a victory from the grasp of fate, But that, himself, the King of radiant shafts Æneas roused; Epytis’ son he seem’d390 Periphas, ancient in the service grown Of old Anchises whom he dearly loved; His form assumed, Apollo thus began. How could ye save, Æneas, were the Gods Your enemies, the towers of lofty Troy?395 As I have others seen, warriors who would, Men fill’d with might and valor, firm themselves And Chiefs of multitudes disdaining fear. But Jove to us the victory far more Than to the Grecians wills; therefore the fault400 Is yours, who tremble and refuse the fight. He ended, whom Æneas marking, knew At once the glorious Archer of the skies, And thus to distant Hector call’d aloud. Oh, Hector, and ye other Chiefs of Troy405 And of her brave confederates! Shame it were Should we re-enter Ilium, driven to flight By dastard fear before the host of Greece. A God assured me even now, that Jove, Supreme in battle, gives his aid to Troy.410 Rush, therefore, on the Danaï direct, Nor let them, safe at least and unannoy’d, Bear hence Patroclus’ body to the fleet. He spake, and starting far into the van Stood foremost forth; they, wheeling, faced the Greeks.415 Then, spear in hand, Æneas smote the friend Of Lycomedes, brave Leocritus, Son of Arisbas. Lycomedes saw Compassionate his death, and drawing nigh First stood, then hurling his resplendent lance,420 Right through the liver Apisaon pierced Offspring of Hippasus, his chest beneath, And, lifeless, instant, on the field he fell. He from Pæonia the deep soil’d to Troy Came forth, Asteropæus sole except,425 Bravest of all Pæonia’s band in arms. Asteropæus saw, and to the van Sprang forth for furious combat well prepared, But room for fight found none, so thick a fence Of shields and ported spears fronted secure430 The phalanx guarding Menœtiades. For Ajax ranging all the ranks, aloud Admonish’d them that no man yielding ground Should leave Patroclus, or advance before The rest, but all alike fight and stand fast.435 Such order gave huge Ajax; purple gore Drench’d all the ground; in slaughter’d heaps they fell Trojans and Trojan aids of dauntless hearts And Grecians; for not even they the fight Waged bloodless, though with far less cost of blood,440 Each mindful to avert his fellow’s fate. Thus burn’d the battle; neither hadst thou deem’d The sun himself in heaven unquench’d, or moon, Beneath a cope so dense of darkness strove Unceasing all the most renown’d in arms445 For Menœtiades. Meantime the war, Wherever else, the bright-arm’d Grecians waged And Trojans under skies serene. The sun On them his radiance darted; not a cloud, From mountain or from vale rising, allay’d450 His fervor; there at distance due they fought And paused by turns, and shunn’d the cruel dart. But in the middle field not war alone They suffer’d, but night also; ruthless raged The iron storm, and all the mightiest bled.455 Two glorious Chiefs, the while, Antilochus And Thrasymedes, had no tidings heard Of brave Patroclus slain, but deem’d him still Living, and troubling still the host of Troy; For watchful[5] only to prevent the flight460 Or slaughter of their fellow-warriors, they Maintain’d a distant station, so enjoin’d By Nestor when he sent them to the field. But fiery conflict arduous employ’d The rest all day continual; knees and legs,465 Feet, hands, and eyes of those who fought to guard The valiant friend of swift Æacides Sweat gather’d foul and dust. As when a man A huge ox-hide drunken with slippery lard Gives to be stretch’d, his servants all around470 Disposed, just intervals between, the task Ply strenuous, and while many straining hard Extend it equal on all sides, it sweats The moisture out, and drinks the unction in,[6] So they, in narrow space struggling, the dead475 Dragg’d every way, warm hope conceiving, these To drag him thence to Troy, those, to the ships. Wild tumult raged around him; neither Mars, Gatherer of hosts to battle, nor herself Pallas, however angry, had beheld480 That conflict with disdain, Jove to such length Protracted on that day the bloody toil Of steeds and men for Menœtiades. Nor knew divine Achilles or had aught Heard of Patroclus slain, for from the ships485 Remote they fought, beneath the walls of Troy. He, therefore, fear’d not for his death, but hope Indulged much rather, that, the battle push’d To Ilium’s gates, he should return alive. For that his friend, unaided by himself490 Or ever aided, should prevail to lay Troy waste, he nought supposed; by Thetis warn’d In secret conference oft, he better knew Jove’s purpose; yet not even she had borne Those dreadful tidings to his ear, the loss495 Immeasurable of his dearest friend. They all around the dead fought spear in hand With mutual slaughter ceaseless, and amid Achaia’s host thus spake a Chief mail-arm’d. Shame were it, Grecians! should we seek by flight500 Our galleys now; yawn earth our feet beneath And here ingulf us rather! Better far Than to permit the steed-famed host of Troy To drag Patroclus hence into the town, And make the glory of this conflict theirs.505 Thus also of the dauntless Trojans spake A certain warrior. Oh, my friends! although The Fates ordain us, one and all, to die Around this body, stand! quit not the field. So spake the warrior prompting into act510 The courage of his friends, and such they strove On both sides; high into the vault of heaven The iron din pass’d through the desart air. Meantime the horses of Æacides From fight withdrawn, soon as they understood515 Their charioteer fallen in the dust beneath The arm of homicidal Hector, wept. Them oft with hasty lash Diores’ son Automedon impatient smote, full oft He stroked them gently, and as oft he chode;[7]520 Yet neither to the fleet ranged on the shore Of spacious Hellespont would they return, Nor with the Grecians seek the fight, but stood As a sepulchral pillar stands, unmoved Between their traces;[8] to the earth they hung525 Their heads, with plenteous tears their driver mourn’d, And mingled their dishevell’d manes with dust. Jove saw their grief with pity, and his brows Shaking, within himself thus, pensive, said. Ah hapless pair! Wherefore by gift divine530 Were ye to Peleus given, a mortal king, Yourselves immortal and from age exempt? Was it that ye might share in human woes? For, of all things that breathe or creep the earth, No creature lives so mere a wretch as man.535 Yet shall not Priameian Hector ride Triumphant, drawn by you. Myself forbid. Suffice it that he boasts vain-gloriously Those arms his own. Your spirit and your limbs I will invigorate, that ye may bear540 Safe hence Automedon into the fleet. For I ordain the Trojans still to spread Carnage around victorious, till they reach The gallant barks, and till the sun at length Descending, sacred darkness cover all.545 He said, and with new might the steeds inspired. They, shaking from their hair profuse the dust, Between the van of either army whirl’d The rapid chariot. Fighting as he pass’d, Though fill’d with sorrow for his slaughter’d friend,550 Automedon high-mounted swept the field Impetuous as a vulture scattering geese; Now would he vanish, and now, turn’d again, Chase through a multitude his trembling foe; But whomsoe’er he follow’d, none he slew,555 Nor was the task possible to a Chief Sole in the sacred chariot, both to aim The spear aright and guide the fiery steeds. At length Alcimedon, his friend in arms, Son of Laerceus son of Æmon, him560 Observing, from behind the chariot hail’d The flying warrior, whom he thus bespake. What power, Automedon! hath ta’en away Thy better judgment, and thy breast inspired With this vain purpose to assail alone565 The Trojan van? Thy partner in the fight Is slain, and Hector on his shoulders bears, Elate, the armor of Æacides. Then, answer thus Automedon return’d, Son of Diores. Who of all our host570 Was ever skill’d, Alcimedon! as thou To rule the fire of these immortal steeds, Save only while he lived, peer of the Gods In that great art, Patroclus, now no more? Thou, therefore, the resplendent reins receive575 And scourge, while I, dismounting, wage the fight. He ceased; Alcimedon without delay The battle-chariot mounting, seized at once The lash and reins, and from his seat down leap’d Automedon. Them noble Hector mark’d,580 And to Æneas at his side began. Illustrious Chief of Trojans brazen-mail’d Æneas! I have noticed yonder steeds Of swift Achilles rushing into fight Conspicuous, but under sway of hands585 Unskilful; whence arises a fair hope That we might seize them, wert thou so inclined; For never would those two dare to oppose In battle an assault dreadful as ours. He ended, nor the valiant son refused590 Of old Anchises, but with targets firm Of season’d hide brass-plated thrown athwart Their shoulders, both advanced direct, with whom Of godlike form Aretus also went And Chromius. Ardent hope they all conceived595 To slay those Chiefs, and from the field to drive Achilles’ lofty steeds. Vain hope! for them No bloodless strife awaited with the force Of brave Automedon; he, prayer to Jove First offering, felt his angry soul with might600 Heroic fill’d, and thus his faithful friend Alcimedon, incontinent, address’d. Alcimedon! hold not the steeds remote But breathing on my back; for I expect That never Priameïan Hector’s rage605 Shall limit know, or pause, till, slaying us, He shall himself the coursers ample-maned Mount of Achilles, and to flight compel The Argive host, or perish in the van. So saying, he call’d aloud on Menelaus610 With either Ajax. Oh, illustrious Chiefs Of Argos, Menelaus, and ye bold Ajaces![9] leaving all your best to cope With Ilium’s powers and to protect the dead, From friends still living ward the bitter day.615 For hither borne, two Chiefs, bravest of all The Trojans, Hector and Æneas rush Right through the battle. The events of war Heaven orders; therefore even I will give My spear its flight, and Jove dispose the rest!620 He said, and brandishing his massy spear Dismiss’d it at Aretus; full he smote His ample shield, nor stay’d the pointed brass, But penetrating sheer the disk, his belt Pierced also, and stood planted in his waist.625 As when some vigorous youth with sharpen’d axe A pastured bullock smites behind the horns And hews the muscle through; he, at the stroke Springs forth and falls, so sprang Aretus forth, Then fell supine, and in his bowels stood630 The keen-edged lance still quivering till he died. Then Hector, in return, his radiant spear Hurl’d at Automedon, who of its flight Forewarn’d his body bowing prone, the stroke Eluded, and the spear piercing the soil635 Behind him, shook to its superior end, Till, spent by slow degrees, its fury slept. And now, with hand to hilt, for closer war Both stood prepared, when through the multitude Advancing at their fellow-warrior’s call,640 The Ajaces suddenly their combat fierce Prevented. Awed at once by their approach Hector retired, with whom Æneas went Also and godlike Chromius, leaving there Aretus with his vitals torn, whose arms,645 Fierce as the God of war Automedon Stripp’d off, and thus exulted o’er the slain. My soul some portion of her grief resigns Consoled, although by slaughter of a worse, For loss of valiant Menœtiades.650 So saying, within his chariot he disposed The gory spoils, then mounted it himself With hands and feet purpled, as from a bull His bloody prey, some lion newly-gorged. And now around Patroclus raged again655 Dread strife deplorable! for from the skies Descending at the Thunderer’s command Whose purpose now was to assist the Greeks, Pallas enhanced the fury of the fight. As when from heaven, in view of mortals, Jove660 Exhibits bright his bow, a sign ordain’d Of war, or numbing frost which all the works Suspends of man and saddens all the flocks; So she, all mantled with a radiant cloud Entering Achaia’s host, fired every breast.665 But meeting Menelaus first, brave son Of Atreus, in the form and with the voice Robust of Phœnix, him she thus bespake. Shame, Menelaus, shall to thee redound For ever, and reproach, should dogs devour670 The faithful friend of Peleus’ noble son Under Troy’s battlements; but stand, thyself, Undaunted, and encourage all the host. To whom the son of Atreus bold in arms. Ah, Phœnix, friend revered, ancient and sage!675 Would Pallas give me might and from the dint Shield me of dart and spear, with willing mind I would defend Patroclus, for his death Hath touch’d me deep. But Hector with the rage Burns of consuming fire, nor to his spear680 Gives pause, for him Jove leads to victory. He ceased, whom Pallas, Goddess azure-eyed Hearing, rejoiced that of the heavenly powers He had invoked _her_ foremost to his aid. His shoulders with new might, and limbs she fill’d,685 And persevering boldness to his breast Imparted, such as prompts the fly, which oft From flesh of man repulsed, her purpose yet To bite holds fast, resolved on human blood. His stormy bosom with such courage fill’d690 By Pallas, to Patroclus he approach’d And hurl’d, incontinent, his glittering spear. There was a Trojan Chief, Podes by name, Son of Eëtion, valorous and rich; Of all Troy’s citizens him Hector most695 Respected, in convivial pleasures sweet His chosen companion. As he sprang to flight, The hero of the golden locks his belt Struck with full force and sent the weapon through. Sounding he fell, and from the Trojan ranks700 Atrides dragg’d the body to his own. Then drew Apollo near to Hector’s side, And in the form of Phœnops, Asius’ son, Of all the foreign guests at Hector’s board His favorite most, the hero thus address’d.705 What Chief of all the Grecians shall henceforth Fear Hector, who from Menelaus shrinks Once deem’d effeminate, but dragging now The body of thy valiant friend approved Whom he hath slain, Podes, Eëtion’s son?710 He spake, and at his words grief like a cloud Involved the mind of Hector dark around; Right through the foremost combatants he rush’d All clad in dazzling brass. Then, lifting high His tassel’d Ægis radiant, Jove with storms715 Enveloped Ida; flash’d his lightnings, roar’d His thunders, and the mountain shook throughout. Troy’s host he prosper’d, and the Greeks dispersed. First fled Peneleus, the Bœotian Chief, Whom facing firm the foe Polydamas720 Struck on his shoulder’s summit with a lance Hurl’d nigh at hand, which slight inscribed the bone. [10]Leïtus also, son of the renown’d Alectryon, pierced by Hector in the wrist, Disabled left the fight; trembling he fled725 And peering narrowly around, nor hoped To lift a spear against the Trojans more. Hector, pursuing Leïtus, the point Encounter’d of the brave Idomeneus Full on his chest; but in his mail the lance730 Snapp’d, and the Trojans shouted to the skies. He, in his turn, cast at Deucalion’s son Idomeneus, who in that moment gain’d[11] A chariot-seat; but him the erring spear Attain’d not, piercing Cœranus instead735 The friend and follower of Meriones From wealthy Lyctus, and his charioteer. For when he left, that day, the gallant barks Idomeneus had sought the field on foot, And triumph proud, full sure, to Ilium’s host740 Had yielded now, but that with rapid haste Cœranus drove to his relief, from him The fate averting which himself incurr’d Victim of Hector’s homicidal arm. Him Hector smiting between ear and jaw745 Push’d from their sockets with the lance’s point His firm-set teeth, and sever’d sheer his tongue. Dismounted down he fell, and from his hand Let slide the flowing reins, which, to the earth Stooping, Meriones in haste resumed,750 And briefly thus Idomeneus address’d. Now drive, and cease not, to the fleet of Greece! Thyself see’st victory no longer ours. He said; Idomeneus whom, now, dismay Seized also, with his lash plying severe755 The coursers ample-maned, flew to the fleet. Nor Ajax, dauntless hero, not perceived, Nor Menelaus, by the sway of Jove The victory inclining fast to Troy, And thus the Telamonian Chief began.760 Ah! who can be so blind as not to see The eternal Father, now, with his own hand Awarding glory to the Trojan host, Whose every spear flies, instant, to the mark Sent forth by brave or base? Jove guides them all,765 While, ineffectual, ours fall to the ground. But haste, devise we of ourselves the means How likeliest we may bear Patroclus hence, And gladden, safe returning, all our friends, Who, hither looking anxious, hope have none770 That we shall longer check the unconquer’d force Of hero-slaughtering Hector, but expect [12]To see him soon amid the fleet of Greece. Oh for some Grecian now to carry swift The tidings to Achilles’ ear, untaught,775 As I conjecture, yet the doleful news Of his Patroclus slain! but no such Greek May I discern, such universal gloom Both men and steeds envelops all around. Father of heaven and earth! deliver thou780 Achaia’s host from darkness; clear the skies; Give day; and (since thy sovereign will is such) Destruction with it—but oh give us day![13] He spake, whose tears Jove saw with pity moved, And chased the untimely shades; bright beam’d the sun785 And the whole battle was display’d. Then spake The hero thus to Atreus’ mighty son. Now noble Menelaus! looking forth, See if Antilochus be yet alive, Brave son of Nestor, whom exhort to fly790 With tidings to Achilles, of the friend Whom most he loved, of his Patroclus slain. He ceased, nor Menelaus, dauntless Chief, That task refused, but went; yet neither swift Nor willing. As a lion leaves the stalls795 Wearied himself with harassing the guard, Who, interdicting him his purposed prey, Watch all the night; he famish’d, yet again Comes furious on, but speeds not, kept aloof By spears from daring hands dismissed, but more800 By flash of torches which, though fierce, he dreads, Till at the dawn, sullen he stalks away; So from Patroclus Menelaus went Heroic Chief! reluctant; for he fear’d Lest the Achaians should resign the dead,805 Through consternation, to the host of Troy. Departing, therefore, he admonish’d oft Meriones and the Ajaces, thus. Ye two brave leaders of the Argive host, And thou, Meriones! now recollect810 The gentle manners of Patroclus fallen Hapless in battle, who by carriage mild Well understood, while yet he lived, to engage All hearts, through prisoner now of death and fate. So saying, the hero amber-hair’d his steps815 Turn’d thence, the field exploring with an eye Sharp as the eagle’s, of all fowls beneath The azure heavens for keenest sight renown’d, Whom, though he soar sublime, the leveret By broadest leaves conceal’d ’scapes not, but swift820 Descending, even her he makes his prey; So, noble Menelaus! were thine eyes Turn’d into every quarter of the host In search of Nestor’s son, if still he lived. Him, soon, encouraging his band to fight,825 He noticed on the left of all the field, And sudden standing at his side, began. Antilochus! oh hear me, noble friend! And thou shalt learn tidings of such a deed As best had never been. Thou know’st, I judge,830 And hast already seen, how Jove exalts To victory the Trojan host, and rolls Distress on ours; but ah! Patroclus lies, Our chief Achaian, slain, whose loss the Greeks Fills with regret. Haste, therefore, to the fleet,835 Inform Achilles; bid him haste to save, If save he can, the body of his friend; He can no more, for Hector hath his arms. He ceased. Antilochus with horror heard Those tidings; mute long time he stood, his eyes840 Swam tearful, and his voice, sonorous erst, Found utterance none. Yet even so distress’d, He not the more neglected the command Of Menelaus. Setting forth to run, He gave his armor to his noble friend845 Laodocus, who thither turn’d his steeds, And weeping as he went, on rapid feet Sped to Achilles with that tale of wo. Nor could the noble Menelaus stay To give the weary Pylian band, bereft850 Of their beloved Antilochus, his aid, But leaving them to Thrasymedes’ care, He flew to Menœtiades again, And the Ajaces, thus, instant bespake. He goes. I have dispatch’d him to the fleet855 To seek Achilles; but his coming naught Expect I now, although with rage he burn Against illustrious Hector; for what fight Can he, unarm’d, against the Trojans wage? Deliberating, therefore, frame we means860 How best to save Patroclus, and to ’scape Ourselves unslain from this disastrous field. Whom answer’d the vast son of Telamon. Most noble Menelaus! good is all Which thou hast spoken. Lift ye from the earth865 Thou and Meriones, at once, and bear The dead Patroclus from the bloody field. To cope meantime with Hector and his host Shall be our task, who, one in name, nor less In spirit one, already have the brunt870 Of much sharp conflict, side by side, sustain’d. He ended; they enfolding in their arms The dead, upbore him high above the ground With force united; after whom the host Of Troy, seeing the body borne away,875 Shouted, and with impetuous onset all Follow’d them. As the hounds, urged from behind By youthful hunters, on the wounded boar Make fierce assault; awhile at utmost speed They stretch toward him hungering, for the prey,880 But oft as, turning sudden, the stout brawn Faces them, scatter’d on all sides escape; The Trojans so, thick thronging in the rear, Ceaseless with falchions and spears double-edged Annoy’d them sore, but oft as in retreat885 The dauntless heroes, the Ajaces turn’d To face them, deadly wan grew every cheek, And not a Trojan dared with onset rude Molest them more in conflict for the dead. Thus they, laborious, forth from battle bore890 Patroclus to the fleet, tempestuous war Their steps attending, rapid as the flames Which, kindled suddenly, some city waste; Consumed amid the blaze house after house Sinks, and the wind, meantime, roars through the fire;895 So them a deafening tumult as they went Pursued, of horses and of men spear-arm’d. And as two mules with strength for toil endued, Draw through rough ways down from the distant hills Huge timber, beam or mast; sweating they go,900 And overlabor’d to faint weariness; So they the body bore, while, turning oft, The Ajaces check’d the Trojans. As a mound Planted with trees and stretch’d athwart the mead Repels an overflow; the torrents loud905 Baffling, it sends them far away to float The level land, nor can they with the force Of all their waters burst a passage through; So the Ajaces, constant, in the rear Repress’d the Trojans; but the Trojans them910 Attended still, of whom Æneas most Troubled them, and the glorious Chief of Troy. They as a cloud of starlings or of daws Fly screaming shrill, warn’d timely of the kite Or hawk, devourers of the smaller kinds,915 So they shrill-clamoring toward the fleet, Hasted before Æneas and the might Of Hector, nor the battle heeded more. Much radiant armor round about the foss Fell of the flying Grecians, or within920 Lay scatter’d, and no pause of war they found. BOOK XVIII. ARGUMENT OF THE EIGHTEENTH BOOK. Achilles, by command of Juno, shows himself to the Trojans, who fly at his appearance; Vulcan, at the insistence of Thetis, forges for him a suit of armor. BOOK XVIII. Thus burn’d the battle like devouring fire. Meantime, Antilochus with rapid steps Came to Achilles. Him he found before His lofty barks, occupied, as he stood, With boding fears of all that had befall’n.5 He groan’d, and to his noble self he said. Ah! wo is me—why falls Achaia’s host, With such disorder foul, back on the fleet? I tremble lest the Gods my anxious thoughts Accomplish and my mother’s words, who erst10 Hath warn’d me, that the bravest and the best Of all my Myrmidons, while yet I live, Slain under Troy, must view the sun no more. Brave Menœtiades is, doubtless, slain. Unhappy friend! I bade thee oft, our barks15 Deliver’d once from hostile fires, not seek To cope in arms with Hector, but return. While musing thus he stood, the son approach’d Of noble Nestor, and with tears his cheeks Bedewing copious, his sad message told.20 Oh son of warlike Peleus! thou shalt hear Tidings of deeds which best had never been. Patroclus is no more. The Grecians fight For his bare corse, and Hector hath his arms.[1] Then clouds of sorrow fell on Peleus’ son,25 And, grasping with both hands the ashes, down He pour’d them on his head, his graceful brows Dishonoring, and thick the sooty shower Descending settled on his fragrant vest. Then, stretch’d in ashes, at the vast extent30 Of his whole length he lay, disordering wild With his own hands, and rending off his hair. The maidens, captived by himself in war And by Patroclus, shrieking from the tent Ran forth, and hemm’d the glorious Chief around.[2]35 All smote their bosoms, and all, fainting, fell. On the other side, Antilochus the hands Held of Achilles, mourning and deep groans Uttering from his noble heart, through fear Lest Peleus’ son should perish self-destroy’d.40 Loud groan’d the hero, whose loud groans within The gulfs of ocean, where she sat beside Her ancient sire, his Goddess-mother heard, And hearing shriek’d; around her at the voice Assembled all the Nereids of the deep45 Cymodoce, Thalia, Glauca came, Nisæa, Spio, Thoa, and with eyes Protuberant beauteous Halia; came with these Cymothöe, and Actæa, and the nymph Of marshes, Limnorea, nor delay’d50 Agave, nor Amphithöe the swift, Iæra, Doto, Melita, nor thence Was absent Proto or Dynamene, Callianira, Doris, Panope, Pherusa or Amphinome, or fair55 Dexamene, or Galatea praised For matchless form divine; Nemertes pure Came also, with Apseudes crystal-bright, Callianassa, Mæra, Clymene, Janeira and Janassa, sister pair,60 And Orithya and with azure locks Luxuriant, Amathea; nor alone Came these, but every ocean-nymph beside, The silver cave was fill’d; each smote her breast, And Thetis, loud lamenting, thus began.65 Ye sister Nereids, hear! that ye may all From my own lips my boundless sorrow learn. Ah me forlorn! ah me, parent in vain Of an illustrious birth! who, having borne A noble son magnanimous, the chief70 Of heroes, saw him like a thriving plant Shoot vigorous under my maternal care, And sent him early in his gallant fleet Embark’d, to combat with the sons of Troy. But him from fight return’d I shall receive75 Beneath the roof of Peleus, never more; And while he lives, and on the sun his eyes Opens, he mourns, nor, going, can I aught Assist him; yet I go, that I may see My darling son, and from his lips be taught80 What grief hath now befallen him, who close Abiding in his tent shares not the war. So saying she left the cave, whom all her nymphs Attended weeping, and where’er they pass’d The breaking billows open’d wide a way.85 At fruitful Troy arrived, in order fair They climb’d the beach, where by his numerous barks Encompass’d, swift Achilles sighing lay. Then, drawing nigh to her afflicted son, The Goddess-mother press’d between her palms90 His temples, and in accents wing’d inquired. Why weeps my son? what sorrow wrings thy soul? Speak, hide it not. Jove hath fulfill’d the prayer Which erst with lifted hands thou didst prefer, That all Achaia’s host, wanting thy aid,95 Might be compell’d into the fleet, and foul Disgrace incur, there prison’d for thy sake. To whom Achilles, groaning deep, replied. My mother! it is true; Olympian Jove That prayer fulfils; but thence, what joy to me,100 Patroclus slain? the friend of all my friends Whom most I loved, dear to me as my life— Him I have lost. Slain and despoil’d he lies By Hector of his glorious armor bright, The wonder of all eyes, a matchless gift105 Given by the Gods to Peleus on that day When thee they doom’d into a mortal’s arms. Oh that with these thy deathless ocean-nymphs Dwelling content, thou hadst my father left To espouse a mortal bride, so hadst thou ’scaped110 Pangs numberless which thou must now endure For thy son’s death, whom thou shalt never meet From Troy return’d, in Peleus’ mansion more! For life I covet not, nor longer wish To mix with human kind, unless my spear115 May find out Hector, and atonement take By slaying him, for my Patroclus slain. To whom, with streaming tears, Thetis replied. Swift comes thy destiny as thou hast said, For after Hector’s death thine next ensues.120 Then answer, thus, indignant he return’d. Death, seize me now! since when my friend was slain, My doom was, not to succor him. He died From home remote, and wanting me to save him. Now, therefore, since I neither visit more125 My native land, nor, present here, have aught Avail’d Patroclus or my many friends Whom noble Hector hath in battle slain, But here I sit unprofitable grown, Earth’s burden, though of such heroic note,130 If not in council foremost (for I yield That prize to others) yet in feats of arms, Such as none other in Achaia’s host, May fierce contention from among the Gods Perish, and from among the human race,135 With wrath, which sets the wisest hearts on fire; Sweeter than dropping honey to the taste, But in the bosom of mankind, a smoke![3] Such was my wrath which Agamemnon roused, The king of men. But since the past is fled140 Irrevocable, howsoe’er distress’d, Renounce we now vain musings on the past, Content through sad necessity. I go In quest of noble Hector, who hath slain My loved Patroclus, and such death will take145 As Jove ordains me and the Powers of Heaven At their own season, send it when they may. For neither might the force of Hercules, Although high-favored of Saturnian Jove, From death escape, but Fate and the revenge150 Restless of Juno vanquish’d even Him. I also, if a destiny like his Await me, shall, like him, find rest in death; But glory calls me now; now will I make Some Trojan wife or Dardan with both hands155 Wipe her soft cheeks, and utter many a groan. Long time have I been absent from the field, And they shall know it. Love me as thou may’st, Yet thwart me not, for I am fixt to go. Whom Thetis answer’d, Goddess of the Deep.160 Thou hast well said, my son! it is no blame To save from threaten’d death our suffering friends. But thy magnificent and dazzling arms Are now in Trojan hands; them Hector wears Exulting, but ordain’d not long to exult,165 So habited; his death is also nigh. But thou with yonder warring multitudes Mix not till thou behold me here again; For with the rising sun I will return To-morrow, and will bring thee glorious arms,170 By Vulcan forged himself, the King of fire.[4] She said, and turning from her son aside, The sisterhood of Ocean thus address’d. Plunge ye again into the briny Deep, And to the hoary Sovereign of the floods175 Report as ye have heard. I to the heights Olympian haste, that I may there obtain From Vulcan, glorious artist of the skies, Arms of excelling beauty for my son. She said; they plunged into the waves again,180 And silver-footed Thetis, to the heights Olympian soaring swiftly to obtain Arms for renown’d Achilles, disappear’d. Meantime, with infinite uproar the Greeks From Hector’s hero-slaying arm had fled185 Home to their galleys station’d on the banks Of Hellespont. Nor yet Achaia’s sons Had borne the body of Patroclus clear From flight of darts away, but still again The multitude of warriors and of steeds190 Came on, by Priameian Hector led Rapid as fire. Thrice noble Hector seized His ancles from behind, ardent to drag Patroclus, calling to his host the while; But thrice, the two Ajaces, clothed with might,195 Shock’d and repulsed him reeling. He with force Fill’d indefatigable, through his ranks Issuing, by turns assail’d them, and by turns Stood clamoring, yet not a step retired; But as the hinds deter not from his prey200 A tawny lion by keen hunger urged, So would not both Ajaces, warriors bold, Intimidate and from the body drive Hector; and he had dragg’d him thence and won Immortal glory, but that Iris, sent205 Unseen by Jove and by the powers of heaven, From Juno, to Achilles brought command That he should show himself. Full near she drew, And in wing’d accents thus the Chief address’d. Hero! most terrible of men, arise!210 protect Patroclus, for whose sake the war Stands at the fleet of Greece. Mutual prevails The slaughter, these the dead defending, those Resolute hence to drag him to the gates Of wind-swept Ilium. But beyond them all215 Illustrious Hector, obstinate is bent To win him, purposing to lop his head, And to exhibit it impaled on high. Thou then arise, nor longer on the ground Lie stretch’d inactive; let the thought with shame220 Touch thee, of thy Patroclus made the sport Of Trojan dogs, whose corse, if it return Dishonored home, brings with it thy reproach. To whom Achilles matchless in the race. Iris divine! of all the Gods, who sent thee?225 Then, thus, the swift ambassadress of heaven. By Juno sent I come, consort of Jove. Nor knows Saturnian Jove high-throned, himself, My flight, nor any of the Immortal Powers, Tenants of the Olympian heights snow-crown’d.230 Her answer’d then Pelides, glorious Chief. How shall I seek the fight? they have my arms. My mother charged me also to abstain From battle, till she bring me armor new Which she hath promised me from Vulcan’s hand.235 Meantime, whose armor else might serve my need I know not, save perhaps alone the shield Of Telamonian Ajax, whom I deem Himself now busied in the stormy van, Slaying the Trojans in my friend’s defence.240 To whom the swift-wing’d messenger of heaven, Full well we know thine armor Hector’s prize Yet, issuing to the margin of the foss, Show thyself only. Panic-seized, perchance, The Trojans shall from fight desist, and yield245 To the o’ertoil’d though dauntless sons of Greece Short respite; it is all that war allows. So saying, the storm-wing’d Iris disappear’d. Then rose at once Achilles dear to Jove, Athwart whose shoulders broad Minerva cast250 Her Ægis fringed terrific, and his brows Encircled with a golden cloud that shot Fires insupportable to sight abroad. As when some island, situate afar On the wide waves, invested all the day255 By cruel foes from their own city pour’d, Upsends a smoke to heaven, and torches shows On all her turrets at the close of eve Which flash against the clouds, kindled in hope Of aid from neighbor maritime allies,260 So from Achilles’ head light flash’d to heaven. Issuing through the wall, beside the foss He stood, but mix’d not with Achaia’s host, Obedient to his mother’s wise command. He stood and shouted; Pallas also raised265 A dreadful shout and tumult infinite Excited throughout all the host of Troy. Clear as the trumpet’s note when it proclaims A numerous host approaching to invest Some city close around, so clear the voice270 Rang of Æacides, and tumult-toss’d Was every soul that heard the brazen tone. With swift recoil the long-maned coursers thrust The chariots back, all boding wo at hand, And every charioteer astonish’d saw275 Fires that fail’d not, illumining the brows Of Peleus’ son, by Pallas kindled there. Thrice o’er the trench Achilles sent his voice Sonorous, and confusion at the sound Thrice seized the Trojans, and their famed allies.280 Twelve in that moment of their noblest died By their own spears and chariots, and with joy The Grecians from beneath a hill of darts Dragging Patroclus, placed him on his bier. Around him throng’d his fellow-warriors bold,285 All weeping, after whom Achilles went Fast-weeping also at the doleful sight Of his true friend on his funereal bed Extended, gash’d with many a mortal wound, Whom he had sent into the fight with steeds290 And chariot, but received him thence no more. And now majestic Juno sent the sun, Unwearied minister of light, although Reluctant, down into the Ocean stream.[5] So the sun sank, and the Achaians ceased295 From the all-wasting labors of the war. On the other side, the Trojans, from the fight Retiring, loosed their steeds, but ere they took Thought of refreshment, in full council met. It was a council at which no man sat,300 Or dared; all stood; such terror had on all Fallen, for that Achilles had appear’d, After long pause from battle’s arduous toil. First rose Polydamas the prudent son Of Panthus, above all the Trojans skill’d305 Both in futurity and in the past. He was the friend of Hector, and one night Gave birth to both. In council one excell’d And one still more in feats of high renown. Thus then, admonishing them, he began.310 My friends! weigh well the occasion. Back to Troy By my advice, nor wait the sacred morn Here, on the plain, from Ilium’s walls remote So long as yet the anger of this Chief ’Gainst noble Agamemnon burn’d, so long315 We found the Greeks less formidable foes, And I rejoiced, myself, spending the night Beside their oary barks, for that I hoped To seize them; but I now tremble at thought Of Peleus’ rapid son again in arms.320 A spirit proud as his will scorn to fight Here, on the plain, where Greeks and Trojans take Their common share of danger and of toil, And will at once strike at your citadel, Impatient till he make your wives his prey.325 Haste—let us home—else thus shall it befall; Night’s balmy influence in his tent detains Achilles now, but rushing arm’d abroad To-morrow, should he find us lingering here, None shall mistake him then; happy the man330 Who soonest, then, shall ’scape to sacred Troy! Then, dogs shall make and vultures on our flesh Plenteous repast. Oh spare mine ears the tale! But if, though troubled, ye can yet receive My counsel, thus assembled we will keep335 Strict guard to-night; meantime, her gates and towers With all their mass of solid timbers, smooth And cramp’d with bolts of steel, will keep the town. But early on the morrow we will stand All arm’d on Ilium’s towers. Then, if he choose,340 His galleys left, to compass Troy about, He shall be task’d enough; his lofty steeds Shall have their fill of coursing to and fro Beneath, and gladly shall to camp return. But waste the town he shall not, nor attempt345 With all the utmost valor that he boasts To force a pass; dogs shall devour him first. To whom brave Hector louring, and in wrath. Polydamas, I like not thy advice Who bidd’st us in our city skulk, again350 Imprison’d there. Are ye not yet content? Wish ye for durance still in your own towers? Time was, when in all regions under heaven Men praised the wealth of Priam’s city stored With gold and brass; but all our houses now355 Stand emptied of their hidden treasures rare. Jove in his wrath hath scatter’d them; our wealth Is marketed, and Phrygia hath a part Purchased, and part Mæonia’s lovely land. But since the son of wily Saturn old360 Hath given me glory now, and to inclose The Grecians in their fleet hemm’d by the sea, Fool! taint not with such talk the public mind. For not a Trojan here will thy advice Follow, or shall; it hath not my consent.365 But thus I counsel. Let us, band by band, Throughout the host take supper, and let each, Guarded against nocturnal danger, watch. And if a Trojan here be rack’d in mind Lest his possessions perish, let him cast370 His golden heaps into the public maw,[6] Far better so consumed than by the Greeks. Then, with the morrow’s dawn, all fair array’d In battle, we will give them at their fleet Sharp onset, and if Peleus’ noble son375 Have risen indeed to conflict for the ships, The worse for him. I shall not for his sake Avoid the deep-toned battle, but will firm Oppose his utmost. Either he shall gain Or I, great glory. Mars his favors deals380 Impartial, and the slayer oft is slain. So counsell’d Hector, whom with shouts of praise The Trojans answer’d:—fools, and by the power Of Pallas of all sober thought bereft! For all applauded Hector, who had given385 Advice pernicious, and Polydamas, Whose counsel was discreet and wholesome none. So then they took repast. But all night long The Grecians o’er Patroclus wept aloud, While, standing in the midst, Pelides led390 The lamentation, heaving many a groan, And on the bosom of his breathless friend Imposing, sad, his homicidal hands. As the grim lion, from whose gloomy lair Among thick trees the hunter hath his whelps395 Purloin’d, too late returning mourns his loss, Then, up and down, the length of many a vale Courses, exploring fierce the robber’s foot, Incensed as he, and with a sigh deep-drawn Thus to his Myrmidons Achilles spake.400 How vain, alas! my word spoken that day At random, when to soothe the hero’s fears Menœtius, then our guest, I promised him His noble son at Opoeis again, Living and laden with the spoils of Troy!405 But Jove performs not all the thoughts of man, For we were both destined to tinge the soil Of Ilium with our blood, nor I shall see, Myself, my father in his mansion more Or Thetis, but must find my burial here.410 Yet, my Patroclus! since the earth expects Me next, I will not thy funereal rites Finish, till I shall bring both head and arms Of that bold Chief who slew thee, to my tent. I also will smite off, before thy pile,415 The heads of twelve illustrious sons of Troy, Resentful of thy death. Meantime, among My lofty galleys thou shalt lie, with tears Mourn’d day and night by Trojan captives fair And Dardan compassing thy bier around,420 Whom we, at price of labor hard, ourselves With massy spears toiling in battle took From many an opulent city, now no more. So saying, he bade his train surround with fire A tripod huge, that they might quickly cleanse425 Patroclus from all stain of clotted gore. They on the blazing hearth a tripod placed Capacious, fill’d with water its wide womb, And thrust dry wood beneath, till, fierce, the flames Embraced it round, and warm’d the flood within.430 Soon as the water in the singing brass Simmer’d, they bathed him, and with limpid oil Anointed; filling, next, his ruddy wounds With unguent mellow’d by nine circling years, They stretch’d him on his bed, then cover’d him435 From head to feet with linen texture light, And with a wide unsullied mantle, last.[7] All night the Myrmidons around the swift Achilles stood, deploring loud his friend, And Jove his spouse and sister thus bespake.440 So then, Imperial Juno! not in vain Thou hast the swift Achilles sought to rouse Again to battle; the Achaians, sure, Are thy own children, thou hast borne them all. To whom the awful Goddess ample-eyed.445 What word hath pass’d thy lips, Jove, most severe? A man, though mortal merely, and to me Inferior in device, might have achieved That labor easily. Can I who boast Myself the chief of Goddesses, and such450 Not by birth only, but as thine espoused, Who art thyself sovereign of all the Gods, Can I with anger burn against the house Of Priam, and want means of just revenge? Thus they in heaven their mutual conference455 Meantime, the silver-footed Thetis reach’d The starr’d abode eternal, brazen wall’d Of Vulcan, by the builder lame himself Uprear’d, a wonder even in eyes divine. She found him sweating, at his bellows huge460 Toiling industrious; tripods bright he form’d Twenty at once, his palace-wall to grace Ranged in harmonious order. Under each Two golden wheels he set, on which (a sight Marvellous!) into council they should roll465 Self-moved, and to his house, self-moved, return. Thus far the work was finish’d, but not yet Their ears of exquisite design affixt, For them he stood fashioning, and prepared The rivets. While he thus his matchless skill470 Employ’d laborious, to his palace-gate The silver-footed Thetis now advanced, Whom Charis, Vulcan’s well-attired spouse, Beholding from the palace portal, flew To seize the Goddess’ hand, and thus inquired.475 Why, Thetis! worthy of all reverence And of all love, comest thou to our abode, Unfrequent here? But enter, and accept Such welcome as to such a guest is due. So saying, she introduced and to a seat480 Led her with argent studs border’d around And foot-stool’d sumptuously;[8] then, calling forth Her spouse, the glorious artist, thus she said. Haste, Vulcan! Thetis wants thee; linger not. To whom the artist of the skies replied.485 A Goddess then, whom with much cause I love And venerate is here, who when I fell Saved me, what time my shameless mother sought To cast me, because lame, out of all sight; Then had I been indeed forlorn, had not490 Eurynome the daughter of the Deep And Thetis in their laps received me fallen. Nine years with them residing, for their use I form’d nice trinkets, clasps, rings, pipes, and chains, While loud around our hollow cavern roar’d495 The surge of the vast deep, nor God nor man, Save Thetis and Eurynome, my life’s Preservers, knew where I was kept conceal’d. Since, therefore, she is come, I cannot less Than recompense to Thetis amber-hair’d500 With readiness the boon of life preserved. Haste, then, and hospitably spread the board For her regale, while with my best dispatch I lay my bellows and my tools aside. He spake, and vast in bulk and hot with toil505 Rose limping from beside his anvil-stock Upborne, with pain on legs tortuous and weak. First, from the forge dislodged he thrust apart His bellows, and his tools collecting all Bestow’d them, careful, in a silver chest,510 Then all around with a wet sponge he wiped His visage, and his arms and brawny neck Purified, and his shaggy breast from smutch; Last, putting on his vest, he took in hand His sturdy staff, and shuffled through the door.515 Beside the King of fire two golden forms Majestic moved, that served him in the place Of handmaids; young they seem’d, and seem’d alive, Nor want they intellect, or speech, or force, Or prompt dexterity by the Gods inspired.520 These his supporters were, and at his side Attendant diligent, while he, with gait Uncouth, approaching Thetis where she sat On a bright throne, seized fast her hand and said, Why, Thetis! worthy as thou art of love525 And of all reverence, hast thou arrived, Unfrequent here? Speak—tell me thy desire, Nor doubt my services, if thou demand Things possible, and possible to me. Then Thetis, weeping plenteously, replied.530 Oh Vulcan! Is there on Olympius’ heights A Goddess with such load of sorrow press’d As, in peculiar, Jove assigns to me? Me only, of all ocean-nymphs, he made Spouse to a man, Peleus Æacides,535 Whose bed, although reluctant and perforce, I yet endured to share. He now, the prey Of cheerless age, decrepid lies, and Jove Still other woes heaps on my wretched head. He gave me to bring forth, gave me to rear540 A son illustrious, valiant, and the chief Of heroes; he, like a luxuriant plant Upran[9] to manhood, while his lusty growth I nourish’d as the husbandman his vine Set in a fruitful field, and being grown545 I sent him early in his gallant fleet Embark’d, to combat with the sons of Troy; But him from fight return’d I shall receive, Beneath the roof of Peleus, never more, And while he lives and on the sun his eyes550 Opens, affliction is his certain doom, Nor aid resides or remedy in me. The virgin, his own portion of the spoils, Allotted to him by the Grecians—her Atrides, King of men, resumed, and grief555 Devour’d Achilles’ spirit for her sake. Meantime, the Trojans shutting close within Their camp the Grecians, have forbidden them All egress, and the senators of Greece Have sought with splendid gifts to soothe my son.560 He, indisposed to rescue them himself From ruin, sent, instead, Patroclus forth, Clad in his own resplendent armor, Chief Of the whole host of Myrmidons. Before The Scæan gate from morn to eve they fought,565 And on that self-same day had Ilium fallen, But that Apollo, to advance the fame Of Hector, slew Menœtius’ noble son Full-flush’d with victory. Therefore at thy knees Suppliant I fall, imploring from thine art570 A shield and helmet, greaves of shapely form With clasps secured, and corselet for my son. For those, once his, his faithful friend hath lost, Slain by the Trojans, and Achilles lies, Himself, extended mournful on the ground.575 Her answer’d then the artist of the skies. Courage! Perplex not with these cares thy soul. I would that when his fatal hour shall come, I could as sure secrete him from the stroke Of destiny, as he shall soon have arms580 Illustrious, such as each particular man Of thousands, seeing them, shall wish his own. He said, and to his bellows quick repair’d, Which turning to the fire he bade them heave. Full twenty bellows working all at once595 Breathed on the furnace, blowing easy and free The managed winds, now forcible, as best Suited dispatch, now gentle, if the will Of Vulcan and his labor so required. Impenetrable brass, tin, silver, gold,590 He cast into the forge, then, settling firm His ponderous anvil on the block, one hand With his huge hammer fill’d, one with the tongs. [10]He fashion’d first a shield massy and broad Of labor exquisite, for which he form’d595 A triple border beauteous, dazzling bright, And loop’d it with a silver brace behind. The shield itself with five strong folds he forged, And with devices multiform the disk Capacious charged, toiling with skill divine.600 There he described the earth, the heaven, the sea, The sun that rests not, and the moon full-orb’d. There also, all the stars which round about As with a radiant frontlet bind the skies, The Pleiads and the Hyads, and the might605 Of huge Orion, with him Ursa call’d, Known also by his popular name, the Wain, That spins around the pole looking toward Orion, only star of these denied To slake his beams in ocean’s briny baths.610 Two splendid cities also there he form’d Such as men build. In one were to be seen Rites matrimonial solemnized with pomp Of sumptuous banquets; from their chambers forth Leading the brides they usher’d them along615 With torches through the streets, and sweet was heard The voice around of Hymenæal song. Here striplings danced in circles to the sound Of pipe and harp, while in the portals stood Women, admiring, all, the gallant show.620 Elsewhere was to be seen in council met The close-throng’d multitude. There strife arose. Two citizens contended for a mulct The price of blood. This man affirm’d the fine All paid,[11] haranguing vehement the crowd,625 That man denied that he had aught received, And to the judges each made his appeal Eager for their award. Meantime the people, As favor sway’d them, clamor’d loud for each. The heralds quell’d the tumult; reverend sat630 On polish’d stones the elders in a ring, Each with a herald’s sceptre in his hand, Which holding they arose, and all in turn Gave sentence. In the midst two talents lay Of gold, his destined recompense whose voice635 Decisive should pronounce the best award. The other city by two glittering hosts Invested stood, and a dispute arose Between the hosts, whether to burn the town And lay all waste, or to divide the spoil.640 Meantime, the citizens, still undismay’d, Surrender’d not the town, but taking arms Secretly, set the ambush in array, And on the walls their wives and children kept Vigilant guard, with all the ancient men.645 They sallied; at their head Pallas and Mars Both golden and in golden vests attired Advanced, proportion each showing divine, Large, prominent, and such as Gods beseem’d. Not such the people, but of humbler size.650 Arriving at the spot for ambush chosen, A river’s side, where cattle of each kind Drank, down they sat, all arm’d in dazzling brass. Apart from all the rest sat also down Two spies, both looking for the flocks and herds.655 Soon they appear’d, and at their side were seen Two shepherd swains, each playing on his pipe Careless, and of the danger nought apprized, Swift ran the spies, perceiving their approach, And intercepting suddenly the herds660 And flocks of silver fleece, slew also those Who fed them. The besiegers, at that time In council, by the sound alarm’d, their steeds Mounted, and hasted, instant, to the place; Then, standing on the river’s brink they fought665 And push’d each other with the brazen lance. There Discord raged, there Tumult, and the force Of ruthless Destiny; she now a Chief Seized newly wounded, and now captive held Another yet unhurt, and now a third670 Dragg’d breathless through the battle by his feet And all her garb was dappled thick with blood Like living men they traversed and they strove, And dragg’d by turns the bodies of the slain. He also graved on it a fallow field675 Rich, spacious, and well-till’d. Plowers not few, There driving to and fro their sturdy teams, Labor’d the land; and oft as in their course They came to the field’s bourn, so oft a man Met them, who in their hands a goblet placed680 Charged with delicious wine. They, turning, wrought Each his own furrow, and impatient seem’d To reach the border of the tilth, which black Appear’d behind them as a glebe new-turn’d, Though golden. Sight to be admired by all!685 There too he form’d the likeness of a field Crowded with corn, in which the reapers toil’d Each with a sharp-tooth’d sickle in his hand. Along the furrow here, the harvest fell In frequent handfuls, there, they bound the sheaves.690 Three binders of the sheaves their sultry task All plied industrious, and behind them boys Attended, filling with the corn their arms And offering still their bundles to be bound. Amid them, staff in hand, the master stood695 Silent exulting, while beneath an oak Apart, his heralds busily prepared The banquet, dressing a well-thriven ox New slain, and the attendant maidens mix’d Large supper for the hinds of whitest flour.700 There also, laden with its fruit he form’d A vineyard all of gold; purple he made The clusters, and the vines supported stood By poles of silver set in even rows. The trench he color’d sable, and around705 Fenced it with tin. One only path it show’d By which the gatherers when they stripp’d the vines Pass’d and repass’d. There, youths and maidens blithe In frails of wicker bore the luscious fruit, While, in the midst, a boy on his shrill harp710 Harmonious play’d, still as he struck the chord Carolling to it with a slender voice. They smote the ground together, and with song And sprightly reed came dancing on behind.[12] There too a herd he fashion’d of tall beeves715 Part gold, part tin. They, lowing, from the stalls Rush’d forth to pasture by a river-side Rapid, sonorous, fringed with whispering reeds. Four golden herdsmen drove the kine a-field By nine swift dogs attended. Dreadful sprang720 Two lions forth, and of the foremost herd Seized fast a bull. Him bellowing they dragg’d, While dogs and peasants all flew to his aid. The lions tore the hide of the huge prey And lapp’d his entrails and his blood. Meantime725 The herdsmen, troubling them in vain, their hounds Encouraged; but no tooth for lions’ flesh Found they, and therefore stood aside and bark’d. There also, the illustrious smith divine Amidst a pleasant grove a pasture form’d730 Spacious, and sprinkled o’er with silver sheep Numerous, and stalls and huts and shepherds’ tents. To these the glorious artist added next, With various skill delineated exact, A labyrinth for the dance, such as of old735 In Crete’s broad island Dædalus composed For bright-hair’d Ariadne.[13] There the youths And youth-alluring maidens, hand in hand, Danced jocund, every maiden neat-attired In finest linen, and the youths in vests740 Well-woven, glossy as the glaze of oil. These all wore garlands, and bright falchions, those, Of burnish’d gold in silver trappings hung:—[14] They with well-tutor’d step, now nimbly ran The circle, swift, as when, before his wheel745 Seated, the potter twirls it with both hands For trial of its speed,[15] now, crossing quick They pass’d at once into each other’s place. On either side spectators numerous stood Delighted, and two tumblers roll’d themselves750 Between the dancers, singing as they roll’d. Last, with the might of ocean’s boundless flood He fill’d the border of the wondrous shield. When thus the massy shield magnificent He had accomplish’d, for the hero next755 He forged, more ardent than the blaze of fire, A corselet; then, a ponderous helmet bright Well fitted to his brows, crested with gold, And with laborious art divine adorn’d. He also made him greaves of molten tin.760 The armor finish’d, bearing in his hand The whole, he set it down at Thetis’ feet. She, like a falcon from the snowy top Stoop’d of Olympus, bearing to the earth The dazzling wonder, fresh from Vulcan’s hand.765 BOOK XIX. ARGUMENT OF THE NINETEENTH BOOK. Achilles is reconciled to Agamemnon, and clothed in new armor forged by Vulcan, leads out the Myrmidons to battle. BOOK XIX. Now rose the morn in saffron vest attired From ocean, with new day for Gods and men, When Thetis at the fleet of Greece arrived, Bearing that gift divine. She found her son All tears, and close enfolding in his arms5 Patroclus, while his Myrmidons around Wept also;[1] she amid them, graceful, stood, And seizing fast his hand, him thus bespake. Although our loss be great, yet, oh my son! Leave we Patroclus lying on the bier10 To which the Gods ordain’d him from the first. Receive from Vulcan’s hands these glorious arms, Such as no mortal shoulders ever bore. So saying, she placed the armor on the ground Before him, and the whole bright treasure rang.15 A tremor shook the Myrmidons; none dared Look on it, but all fled. Not so himself. In him fresh vengeance kindled at the view, And, while he gazed, a splendor as of fire Flash’d from his eyes. Delighted, in his hand20 He held the glorious bounty of the God, And, wondering at those strokes of art divine, His eager speech thus to his mother turn’d.[2] The God, my mother! hath bestow’d in truth Such armor on me as demanded skill25 Like his, surpassing far all power of man. Now, therefore, I will arm. But anxious fears Trouble me, lest intrusive flies, meantime, Breed worms within the spear-inflicted wounds Of Menœtiades, and fill with taint30 Of putrefaction his whole breathless form.[3] But him the silver-footed Goddess fair Thus answer’d. Oh, my son! chase from thy mind All such concern. I will, myself, essay To drive the noisome swarms which on the slain35 In battle feed voracious. Should he lie The year complete, his flesh shall yet be found Untainted, and, it may be, fragrant too. But thou the heroes of Achaia’s host Convening, in their ears thy wrath renounce40 Against the King of men, then, instant, arm For battle, and put on thy glorious might. So saying, the Goddess raised his courage high. Then, through the nostrils of the dead she pour’d Ambrosia, and the ruddy juice divine45 Of nectar, antidotes against decay. And now forth went Achilles by the side Of ocean, calling with a dreadful shout To council all the heroes of the host.[4] Then, even they who in the fleet before50 Constant abode, helmsmen and those who held In stewardship the food and public stores, All flock’d to council, for that now at length After long abstinence from dread exploits Of war, Achilles had once more appear’d.55 Two went together, halting on the spear, (For still they felt the anguish of their wounds) Noble Ulysses and brave Diomede, And took an early seat; whom follow’d last The King of men, by Coön in the field60 Of furious battle wounded with a lance. The Grecians all assembled, in the midst Upstood the swift Achilles, and began. Atrides! we had doubtless better sped Both thou and I, thus doing, when at first65 With cruel rage we burn’d, a girl the cause. I would that Dian’s shaft had in the fleet Slain her that self-same day when I destroy’d Lyrnessus, and by conquest made her mine! Then had not many a Grecian, lifeless now,70 Clench’d with his teeth the ground, victim, alas! Of my revenge; whence triumph hath accrued To Hector and his host, while ours have cause For long remembrance of our mutual strife. But evils past let pass, yielding perforce75 To sad necessity. My wrath shall cease Now; I resign it; it hath burn’d too long. Thou therefore summon forth the host to fight, That I may learn meeting them in the field, If still the Trojans purpose at our fleet80 To watch us this night also. But I judge That driven by my spear to rapid flight, They shall escape with weary limbs[5] at least. He ended, and the Grecians brazen-greaved Rejoiced that Peleus’ mighty son had cast85 His wrath aside. Then not into the midst Proceeding, but at his own seat, upstood King Agamemnon, and them thus bespake. Friends! Grecian heroes! Ministers of Mars! Arise who may to speak, he claims your ear;90 All interruption wrongs him, and distracts, Howe’er expert the speaker. Who can hear Amid the roar of tumult, or who speak? The clearest voice, best utterance, both are vain I shall address Achilles. Hear my speech95 Ye Argives, and with understanding mark. I hear not now the voice of your reproach[6] First; ye have oft condemn’d me. Yet the blame Rests not with me; Jove, Destiny, and she Who roams the shades, Erynnis, caused the offence.100 She fill’d my soul with fury on that day In council, when I seized Achilles’ prize. For what could I? All things obey the Gods. Ate, pernicious Power, daughter of Jove, By whom all suffer, challenges from all105 Reverence and fear. Delicate are her feet Which scorn the ground, and over human heads She glides, injurious to the race of man, Of two who strive, at least entangling one. She injured, on a day, dread Jove himself110 Most excellent of all in earth or heaven, When Juno, although female, him deceived, What time Alcmena should have brought to light In bulwark’d Thebes the force of Hercules. Then Jove, among the gods glorying, spake.115 Hear all! both Gods and Goddesses, attend! That I may make my purpose known. This day Birth-pang-dispensing Ilithya brings An hero forth to light, who, sprung from those That sprang from me, his empire shall extend120 Over all kingdoms bordering on his own. To whom, designing fraud, Juno replied. Thou wilt be found false, and this word of thine Shall want performance. But Olympian Jove! Swear now the inviolable oath, that he125 Who shall, this day, fall from between the feet Of woman, drawing his descent from thee, Shall rule all kingdoms bordering on his own. She said, and Jove, suspecting nought her wiles, The great oath swore, to his own grief and wrong.130 At once from the Olympian summit flew Juno, and to Achaian Argos borne, There sought the noble wife[7] of Sthenelus, Offspring of Perseus. Pregnant with a son Six months, she now the seventh saw at hand,135 But him the Goddess premature produced, And check’d Alcmena’s pangs already due. Then joyful to have so prevail’d, she bore Herself the tidings to Saturnian Jove. Lord of the candent lightnings! Sire of all!140 I bring thee tidings. The great prince, ordain’d To rule the Argive race, this day is born, Eurystheus, son of Sthenelus, the son Of Perseus; therefore he derives from thee, Nor shall the throne of Argos shame his birth.145 She spake; then anguish stung the heart of Jove Deeply, and seizing by her glossy locks The Goddess Ate, in his wrath he swore That never to the starry skies again And the Olympian heights he would permit150 The universal mischief to return. Then, whirling her around, he cast her down To earth. She, mingling with all works of men, Caused many a pang to Jove, who saw his son Laborious tasks servile, and of his birth155 Unworthy, at Eurystheus’ will enjoin’d. So when the hero Hector at our ships Slew us, I then regretted my offence Which Ate first impell’d me to commit. But since, infatuated by the Gods160 I err’d, behold me ready to appease With gifts of price immense whom I have wrong’d. Thou, then, arise to battle, and the host Rouse also. Not a promise yesternight Was made thee by Ulysses in thy tent165 On my behalf, but shall be well perform’d. Or if it please thee, though impatient, wait Short season, and my train shall bring the gifts Even now; that thou may’st understand and know That my peace-offerings are indeed sincere.170 To whom Achilles, swiftest of the swift. Atrides! Agamemnon! passing all In glory! King of men! recompense just By gifts to make me, or to make me none, That rests with thee. But let us to the fight175 Incontinent. It is no time to play The game of rhetoric, and to waste the hours In speeches. Much remains yet unperform’d. Achilles must go forth. He must be seen Once more in front of battle, wasting wide180 With brazen spear, the crowded ranks of Troy. Mark him—and as he fights, fight also ye. To whom Ulysses ever-wise replied. Nay—urge not, valiant as thou art thyself, Achaia’s sons up to the battlements185 Of Ilium, by repast yet unrefresh’d, Godlike Achilles!—For when phalanx once Shall clash with phalanx, and the Gods with rage Both hosts inspire, the contest shall not then Prove short. Bid rather the Achaians take190 Both food and wine, for they are strength and might. To stand all day till sunset to a foe Opposed in battle, fasting, were a task Might foil the best; for though his will be prompt To combat, yet the power must by degrees195 Forsake him; thirst and hunger he must feel, And his limbs failing him at every step. But he who hath his vigor to the full Fed with due nourishment, although he fight All day, yet feels his courage unimpair’d,200 Nor weariness perceives till all retire. Come then—dismiss the people with command That each prepare replenishment. Meantime Let Agamemnon, King of men, his gifts In presence here of the assembled Greeks205 Produce, that all may view them, and that thou May’st feel thine own heart gladden’d at the sight. Let the King also, standing in the midst, Swear to thee, that he renders back the maid A virgin still, and strange to his embrace,210 And let thy own composure prove, the while, That thou art satisfied. Last, let him spread A princely banquet for thee in his tent, That thou may’st want no part of just amends. Thou too, Atrides, shalt hereafter prove215 More just to others; for himself, a King, Stoops not too low, soothing whom he hath wrong’d. Him Agamemnon answer’d, King of men. Thou hast arranged wisely the whole concern, O Läertiades, and I have heard220 Thy speech, both words and method with delight. Willing I am, yea more, I wish to swear As thou hast said, for by the Gods I can Most truly. Let Achilles, though of pause Impatient, suffer yet a short delay225 With all assembled here, till from my tent The gifts arrive, and oaths of peace be sworn. To thee I give it in peculiar charge That choosing forth the most illustrious youths Of all Achaia, thou produce the gifts230 from my own ship, all those which yesternight We promised, nor the women leave behind. And let Talthybius throughout all the camp Of the Achaians, instant, seek a boar For sacrifice to Jove and to the Sun.235 Then thus Achilles matchless in the race. Atrides! most illustrious! King of men! Expedience bids us to these cares attend Hereafter, when some pause, perchance, of fight Shall happen, and the martial rage which fires240 My bosom now, shall somewhat less be felt. Our friends by Priameian Hector slain, Now strew the field mangled, for him hath Jove Exalted high, and given him great renown. But haste, now take refreshment; though, in truth245 Might I direct, the host should by all means Unfed to battle, and at set of sun All sup together, this affront revenged. But as for me, no drop shall pass my lips Or morsel, whose companion lies with feet250 Turn’d to the vestibule, pierced by the spear, And compass’d by my weeping train around. No want of food feel I. My wishes call For carnage, blood, and agonies and groans. But him, excelling in all wisdom, thus255 Ulysses answer’d. Oh Achilles! son Of Peleus! bravest far of all our host! Me, in no scanty measure, thou excell’st Wielding the spear, and thee in prudence, I Not less. For I am elder, and have learn’d260 What thou hast yet to learn. Bid then thine heart Endure with patience to be taught by me. Men, satiate soon with battle, loathe the field On which the most abundant harvest falls, Reap’d by the sword; and when the hand of Jove265 Dispenser of the great events of war, Turns once the scale, then, farewell every hope Of more than scanty gleanings. Shall the Greeks Abstain from sustenance for all who die? That were indeed severe, since day by day270 No few expire, and respite could be none. The dead, die whoso may, should be inhumed. This, duty bids, but bids us also deem One day sufficient for our sighs and tears. Ourselves, all we who still survive the war,275 Have need of sustenance, that we may bear The lengthen’d conflict with recruited might, Case in enduring brass.—Ye all have heard Your call to battle; let none lingering stand In expectation of a farther call,280 Which if it sound, shall thunder prove to him Who lurks among the ships. No. Rush we all Together forth, for contest sharp prepared, And persevering with the host of Troy. So saying, the sons of Nestor, glorious Chief,285 He chose, with Meges Phyleus’ noble son, Thoas, Meriones, and Melanippus And Lycomedes. These, together, sought The tent of Agamemnon, King of men. They ask’d, and they received. Soon they produced290 The seven promised tripods from the tent, Twice ten bright caldrons, twelve high-mettled steeds, Seven lovely captives skill’d alike in arts Domestic, of unblemish’d beauty rare, And last, Brisëis with the blooming cheeks.295 Before them went Ulysses, bearing weigh’d Ten golden talents, whom the chosen Greeks Attended laden with the remnant gifts. Full in the midst they placed them. Then arose King Agamemnon, and Talthybius300 The herald, clear in utterance as a God, Beside him stood, holding the victim boar. Atrides, drawing forth his dagger bright, Appendant ever to his sword’s huge sheath, Sever’d the bristly forelock of the boar,305 A previous offering. Next, with lifted hands To Jove he pray’d, while, all around, the Greeks Sat listening silent to the Sovereign’s voice. He look’d to the wide heaven, and thus he pray’d. First, Jove be witness! of all Powers above310 Best and supreme; Earth next, and next the Sun! And last, who under Earth the guilt avenge Of oaths sworn falsely, let the Furies hear! For no respect of amorous desire Or other purpose, have I laid mine hand315 On fair Brisëis, but within my tent Untouch’d, immaculate she hath remain’d. And if I falsely swear, then may the Gods The many woes with which they mark the crime Of men forsworn, pour also down on me!320 So saying, he pierced the victim in his throat And, whirling him around, Talthybius, next, Cast him into the ocean, fishes’ food.[8] Then, in the centre of Achaia’s sons Uprose Achilles, and thus spake again.325 Jove! Father! dire calamities, effects Of thy appointment, fall on human-kind. Never had Agamemnon in my breast Such anger kindled, never had he seized, Blinded by wrath, and torn my prize away,330 But that the slaughter of our numerous friends Which thence ensued, thou hadst, thyself, ordained. Now go, ye Grecians, eat, and then to battle. So saying, Achilles suddenly dissolved The hasty council, and all flew dispersed335 To their own ships. Then took the Myrmidons Those splendid gifts which in the tent they lodged Of swift Achilles, and the damsels led Each to a seat, while others of his train Drove forth the steeds to pasture with his herd.340 But when Brisëis, bright as Venus, saw Patroclus lying mangled by the spear, Enfolding him around, she shriek’d and tore Her bosom, her smooth neck and beauteous cheeks. Then thus, divinely fair, with tears she said.345 Ah, my Patroclus! dearest friend of all To hapless me, departing from this tent I left thee living, and now, generous Chief! Restored to it again, here find thee dead. How rapid in succession are my woes!350 I saw, myself, the valiant prince to whom My parents had betroth’d me, slain before Our city walls; and my three brothers, sons Of my own mother, whom with long regret I mourn, fell also in that dreadful field.355 But when the swift Achilles slew the prince Design’d my spouse, and the fair city sack’d Of noble Mynes, thou by every art Of tender friendship didst forbid my tears, Promising oft that thou would’st make me bride360 Of Peleus’ godlike son, that thy own ship Should waft me hence to Phthia, and that thyself Would’st furnish forth among the Myrmidons Our nuptial feast. Therefore thy death I mourn Ceaseless, for thou wast ever kind to me.365 She spake, and all her fellow-captives heaved Responsive sighs, deploring each, in show, The dead Patroclus, but, in truth, herself.[9] Then the Achaian Chiefs gather’d around Achilles, wooing him to eat, but he370 Groan’d and still resolute, their suit refused— If I have here a friend on whom by prayers I may prevail, I pray that ye desist, Nor longer press me, mourner as I am, To eat or drink, for till the sun go down375 I am inflexible, and _will_ abstain. So saying, the other princes he dismiss’d Impatient, but the sons of Atreus both, Ulysses, Nestor and Idomeneus, With Phœnix, hoary warrior, in his tent380 Abiding still, with cheerful converse kind Essay’d to soothe him, whose afflicted soul All soothing scorn’d till he should once again Rush on the ravening edge of bloody war. Then, mindful of his friend, groaning he said385 Time was, unhappiest, dearest of my friends! When even thou, with diligent dispatch, Thyself, hast spread a table in my tent, The hour of battle drawing nigh between The Greeks and warlike Trojans. But there lies390 Thy body now, gored by the ruthless steel, And for thy sake I neither eat nor drink, Though dearth be none, conscious that other wo Surpassing this I can have none to fear. No, not if tidings of my father’s death395 Should reach me, who, this moment, weeps, perhaps, In Phthia tears of tenderest regret For such a son; while I, remote from home Fight for detested Helen under Troy. Nor even were _he_ dead, whom, if he live,400 I rear in Scyros, my own darling son, My Neoptolemus of form divine.[10] For still this hope I cherish’d in my breast Till now, that, of us two, myself alone Should fall at Ilium, and that thou, restored405 To Phthia, should’st have wafted o’er the waves My son from Scyros to his native home, That thou might’st show him all his heritage, My train of menials, and my fair abode. For either dead already I account410 Peleus, or doubt not that his residue Of miserable life shall soon be spent, Through stress of age and expectation sad That tidings of my death shall, next, arrive. So spake Achilles weeping, around whom415 The Chiefs all sigh’d, each with remembrance pain’d Of some loved object left at home. Meantime Jove, with compassion moved, their sorrow saw, And in wing’d accents thus to Pallas spake. Daughter! thou hast abandon’d, as it seems,420 Yon virtuous Chief for ever; shall no care Thy mind engage of brave Achilles more? Before his gallant fleet mourning he sits His friend, disconsolate; the other Greeks Sat and are satisfied; he only fasts.425 Go then—instil nectar into his breast, And sweets ambrosial, that he hunger not. So saying, he urged Minerva prompt before. In form a shrill-voiced Harpy of long wing Through ether down she darted, while the Greeks430 In all their camp for instant battle arm’d. Ambrosial sweets and nectar she instill’d Into his breast, lest he should suffer loss Of strength through abstinence, then soar’d again To her great Sire’s unperishing abode.435 And now the Grecians from their gallant fleet All pour’d themselves abroad. As when thick snow From Jove descends, driven by impetuous gusts Of the cloud-scattering North, so frequent shone Issuing from the fleet the dazzling casques,440 Boss’d bucklers, hauberks strong, and ashen spears. Upwent the flash to heaven; wide all around The champain laugh’d with beamy brass illumed, And tramplings of the warriors on all sides Resounded, amidst whom Achilles arm’d.445 He gnash’d his teeth, fire glimmer’d in his eyes, Anguish intolerable wrung his heart And fury against Troy, while he put on His glorious arms, the labor of a God. First, to his legs his polish’d greaves he clasp’d450 Studded with silver, then his corselet bright Braced to his bosom, his huge sword of brass Athwart his shoulder slung, and his broad shield Uplifted last, luminous as the moon. Such as to mariners a fire appears,455 Kindled by shepherds on the distant top Of some lone hill; they, driven by stormy winds, Reluctant roam far off the fishy deep, Such from Achilles’ burning shield divine A lustre struck the skies; his ponderous helm460 He lifted to his brows; starlike it shone, And shook its curling crest of bushy gold, By Vulcan taught to wave profuse around. So clad, godlike Achilles trial made If his arms fitted him, and gave free scope465 To his proportion’d limbs; buoyant they proved As wings, and high upbore his airy tread. He drew his father’s spear forth from his case, Heavy and huge and long. That spear, of all Achaia’s sons, none else had power to wield;470 Achilles only could the Pelian spear Brandish, by Chiron for his father hewn From Pelion’s top for slaughter of the brave. His coursers, then, Automedon prepared And Alcimus, adjusting diligent475 The fair caparisons; they thrust the bits Into their mouths, and to the chariot seat Extended and made fast the reins behind. The splendid scourge commodious to the grasp Seizing, at once Automedon upsprang480 Into his place; behind him, arm’d complete Achilles mounted, as the orient sun All dazzling, and with awful tone his speech Directed to the coursers of his Sire. Xanthus, and Balius of Podarges’ blood485 Illustrious! see ye that, the battle done, Ye bring whom now ye bear back to the host Of the Achaians in far other sort, Nor leave him, as ye left Patroclus, dead.[11] Him then his steed unconquer’d in the race,490 Xanthus answer’d from beneath his yoke, But, hanging low his head, and with his mane Dishevell’d all, and streaming to the ground. Him Juno vocal made, Goddess white-arm’d. And doubtless so we will. This day at least495 We bear thee safe from battle, stormy Chief! But thee the hour of thy destruction swift Approaches, hasten’d by no fault of ours, But by the force of fate and power divine. For not through sloth or tardiness on us500 Aught chargeable, have Ilium’s sons thine arms Stript from Patroclus’ shoulders, but a God Matchless in battle, offspring of bright-hair’d Latona, him contending in the van Slew, for the glory of the Chief of Troy.505 We, Zephyrus himself, though by report Swiftest of all the winds of heaven, in speed Could equal, but the Fates thee also doom By human hands to fall, and hands divine. The interposing Furies at that word510 Suppress’d his utterance,[12] and indignant, thus, Achilles, swiftest of the swift, replied. Why, Xanthus, propheciest thou my death? It ill beseems thee. I already know That from my parents far remote my doom515 Appoints me here to die; yet not the more Cease I from feats if arms, till Ilium’s host Shall have received, at length, their fill of war. He said, and with a shout drove forth to battle. BOOK XX. ARGUMENT OF THE TWENTIETH BOOK. By permission of Jupiter the Gods descend into the battle, and range themselves on either side respectively. Neptune rescues Æneas from death by the hand of Achilles, from whom Apollo, soon after, rescues Hector. Achilles slays many Trojans. BOOK XX. The Grecians, thus, before their lofty ships Stood arm’d around Achilles, glorious Chief Insatiable with war, and opposite The Trojans on the rising-ground appear’d.[1] Meantime, Jove order’d Themis, from the head5 Of the deep-fork’d Olympian to convene The Gods in council. She to every part Proceeding, bade them to the courts of Jove.[2] Nor of the Floods was any absent thence Oceanus except, or of the Nymphs10 Who haunt the pleasant groves, or dwell beside Stream-feeding fountains, or in meadows green. Within the courts of cloud-assembler Jove Arrived, on pillar’d thrones radiant they sat, With ingenuity divine contrived15 By Vulcan for the mighty Sire of all. Thus they within the Thunderer’s palace sat Assembled; nor was Neptune slow to hear The voice of Themis, but (the billows left) Came also; in the midst his seat he took,20 And ask’d, incontinent, the mind of Jove.[3] King of the lightnings! wherefore hast thou call’d The Gods to council? Hast thou aught at heart Important to the hosts of Greece and Troy? For on the battle’s fiery edge they stand.25 To whom replied Jove, Sovereign of the storms, Thou know’st my council, Shaker of the shores! And wherefore ye are call’d. Although ordain’d So soon to die, they interest me still. Myself, here seated on Olympus’ top,30 With contemplation will my mind indulge Of yon great spectacle; but ye, the rest, Descend into the field, Trojan or Greek Each to assist, as each shall most incline. For should Achilles in the field no foe35 Find save the Trojans, quickly should they fly Before the rapid force of Peleus’ son. They trembled ever at his look, and since Such fury for his friend hath fired his heart, I fear lest he anticipate the will40 Of Fate, and Ilium perish premature. So spake the son of Saturn kindling war Inevitable, and the Gods to fight ’Gan move with minds discordant. Juno sought And Pallas, with the earth-encircling Power45 Neptune, the Grecian fleet, with whom were join’d Mercury, teacher of all useful arts, And Vulcan, rolling on all sides his eyes Tremendous, but on disproportion’d legs, Not without labor hard, halting uncouth.50 Mars, warrior-God, on Ilium’s part appear’d With Phœbus never-shorn, Dian shaft-arm’d, Xanthus, Latona, and the Queen of smiles, Venus. So long as the immortal Gods Mixed not with either host, Achaia’s sons55 Exulted, seeing, after tedious pause, Achilles in the field, and terror shook The knees of every Trojan, at the sight Of swift Achilles like another Mars Panting for blood, and bright in arms again.60 But when the Olympian Powers had enter’d once The multitude, then Discord, at whose voice The million maddens, vehement arose; Then, Pallas at the trench without the wall By turns stood shouting, and by turns a shout65 Sent terrible along the sounding shore, While, gloomy as a tempest, opposite, Mars from the lofty citadel of Troy Now yell’d aloud, now running o’er the hill Callicolone, on the Simois’ side.70 Thus the Immortals, ever-blest, impell’d Both hosts to battle, and dire inroad caused Of strife among them. Sudden from on high The Sire of Gods and men thunder’d; meantime, Neptune the earth and the high mountains shook;75 Through all her base and to her topmost peak Ida spring-fed the agitation felt Reeling, all Ilium and the fleet of Greece. Upstarted from his throne, appall’d, the King Of Erebus, and with a cry his fears80 Through hell proclaim’d, lest Neptune, o’er his head Shattering the vaulted earth, should wide disclose To mortal and immortal eyes his realm Terrible, squalid, to the Gods themselves A dreaded spectacle; with such a sound85 The Powers eternal into battle rush’d.[4] Opposed to Neptune, King of the vast Deep, Apollo stood with his wing’d arrows arm’d; Pallas to Mars; Diana shaft-expert, Sister of Phœbus, in her golden bow90 Rejoicing, with whose shouts the forests ring To Juno; Mercury, for useful arts Famed, to Latona; and to Vulcan’s force The eddied River broad by mortal men Scamander call’d, but Xanthus by the Gods.95 So Gods encounter’d Gods. But most desire Achilles felt, breaking the ranks, to rush On Priameian Hector, with whose blood Chiefly his fury prompted him to sate The indefatigable God of war.100 But, the encourager of Ilium’s host Apollo, urged Æneas to assail The son of Peleus, with heroic might Inspiring his bold heart. He feign’d the voice Of Priam’s son Lycaon, and his form105 Assuming, thus the Trojan Chief address’d. Æneas! Trojan leader! where are now Thy vaunts, which, banqueting erewhile among Our princes, o’er thy brimming cups thou mad’st, That thou would’st fight, thyself, with Peleus’ son?110 To whom Æneas answer thus returned. Offspring of Priam! why enjoin’st thou me Not so inclined, that arduous task, to cope With the unmatch’d Achilles? I have proved His force already, when he chased me down115 From Ida with his spear, what time he made Seizure of all our cattle, and destroy’d Pedasus and Lyrnessus; but I ’scaped Unslain, by Jove himself empower’d to fly, Else had I fallen by Achilles’ hand,120 And by the hand of Pallas, who his steps Conducted, and exhorted him to slay Us and the Leleges.[5] Vain, therefore, proves All mortal force to Peleus’ son opposed; For one, at least, of the Immortals stands125 Ever beside him, guardian of his life, And, of himself, he hath an arm that sends His rapid spear unerring to the mark. Yet, would the Gods more equal sway the scales Of battle, not with ease should he subdue130 Me, though he boast a panoply of brass. Him, then, Apollo answer’d, son of Jove. Hero! prefer to the immortal Gods Thy Prayer, for thee men rumor Venus’ son Daughter of Jove; and Peleus’ son his birth135 Drew from a Goddess of inferior note. Thy mother is from Jove; the offspring, his, Less noble of the hoary Ocean old. Go, therefore, and thy conquering spear uplift Against him, nor let aught his sounding words140 Appal thee, or his threats turn thee away. So saying, with martial force the Chief he fill’d, Who through the foremost combatants advanced Radiant in arms. Nor pass’d Anchises’ son Unseen of Juno, through the crowded ranks145 Seeking Achilles, but the Powers of heaven Convened by her command, she thus address’d. Neptune, and thou, Minerva! with mature Deliberation, ponder the event. Yon Chief, Æneas, dazzling bright in arms;150 Goes to withstand Achilles, and he goes Sent by Apollo; in despite of whom Be it our task to give him quick repulse, Or, of ourselves, let some propitious Power Strengthen Achilles with a mind exempt155 From terror, and with force invincible. So shall he know that of the Gods above The mightiest are his friends, with whom compared The favorers of Ilium in time past, Who stood her guardians in the bloody strife,160 Are empty boasters all, and nothing worth. For therefore came we down, that we may share This fight, and that Achilles suffer nought Fatal to-day, though suffer all he must Hereafter, with his thread of life entwined165 By Destiny, the day when he was born. But should Achilles unapprized remain Of such advantage by a voice divine, When he shall meet some Deity in the field, Fear then will seize him, for celestial forms170 Unveil’d are terrible to mortal eyes. To whom replied the Shaker of the shores. Juno! thy hot impatience needs control; It ill befits thee. No desire I feel To force into contention with ourselves175 Gods, our inferiors. No. Let us, retired To yonder hill, distant from all resort, There sit, while these the battle wage alone. But if Apollo, or if Mars the fight Entering, begin, themselves, to interfere180 Against Achilles, then will we at once To battle also; and, I much misdeem, Or glad they shall be soon to mix again Among the Gods on the Olympian heights, By strong coercion of our arms subdued.185 So saying, the God of Ocean azure-hair’d Moved foremost to the lofty mound earth-built Of noble Hercules, by Pallas raised And by the Trojans for his safe escape, What time the monster of the deep pursued190 The hero from the sea-bank o’er the plain. There Neptune sat, and his confederate Gods, Their shoulders with impenetrable clouds O’ermantled, while the city-spoiler Mars Sat with Apollo opposite on the hill195 Callicolone, with their aids divine. So, Gods to Gods in opposite aspect Sat ruminating, and alike the work All fearing to begin of arduous war, While from his seat sublime Jove urged them on.200 The champain all was fill’d, and with the blaze Illumined wide of men and steeds brass-arm’d, And the incumber’d earth jarr’d under foot Of the encountering hosts. Then, two, the rest Surpassing far, into the midst advanced205 Impatient for the fight, Anchises’ son Æneas and Achilles, glorious Chief! Æneas first, under his ponderous casque Nodding and menacing, advanced; before His breast he held the well-conducted orb210 Of his broad shield, and shook his brazen spear. On the other side, Achilles to the fight Flew like a ravening lion, on whose death Resolved, the peasants from all quarters meet; He, viewing with disdain the foremost, stalks215 Right on, but smitten by some dauntless youth Writhes himself, and discloses his huge fangs Hung with white foam; then, growling for revenge, Lashes himself to battle with his tail, Till with a burning eye and a bold heart220 He springs to slaughter, or himself is slain; So, by his valor and his noble mind Impell’d, renown’d Achilles moved toward Æneas, and, small interval between, Thus spake the hero matchless in the race.225 Why stand’st thou here, Æneas! thy own band Left at such distance? Is it that thine heart Glows with ambition to contend with me In hope of Priam’s honors, and to fill His throne hereafter in Troy steed-renown’d?230 But shouldst thou slay me, not for that exploit Would Priam such large recompense bestow, For he hath sons, and hath, beside, a mind And disposition not so lightly changed. Or have the Trojans of their richest soil235 For vineyard apt or plow assign’d thee part If thou shalt slay me? Difficult, I hope, At least, thou shalt experience that emprize. For, as I think, I have already chased Thee with my spear. Forgettest thou the day240 When, finding thee alone, I drove thee down Headlong from Ida, and, thy cattle left Afar, thou didst not dare in all thy flight Turn once, till at Lyrnessus safe arrived, Which city by Jove’s aid and by the aid245 Of Pallas I destroy’d, and captive led Their women? Thee, indeed, the Gods preserved But they shall not preserve thee, as thou dream’st Now also. Back into thy host again; Hence, I command thee, nor oppose in fight250 My force, lest evil find thee. To be taught By suffering only is the part of fools. To whom Æneas answer thus return’d. Pelides! hope not, as I were a boy, With words to scare me. I have also taunts255 At my command, and could be sharp as thou. By such reports as from the lips of men We oft have heard, each other’s birth we know And parents; but my parents to behold Was ne’er thy lot, nor have I thine beheld.260 Thee men proclaim from noble Peleus sprung And Thetis, bright hair’d Goddess of the Deep; I boast myself of lovely Venus born To brave Anchises; and his son this day In battle slain thy sire shall mourn, or mine;265 For I expect not that we shall depart Like children, satisfied with words alone. But if it please thee more at large to learn My lineage (thousands can attest it true) Know this. Jove, Sovereign of the storms, begat270 Dardanus, and ere yet the sacred walls Of Ilium rose, the glory of this plain, He built Dardania; for at Ida’s foot Dwelt our progenitors in ancient days. Dardanus was the father of a son,275 King Ericthonius, wealthiest of mankind. Three thousand mares of his the marish grazed, Each suckling with delight her tender foal. Boreas, enamor’d of no few of these, The pasture sought, and cover’d them in form280 Of a steed azure-maned. They, pregnant thence, Twelve foals produced, and all so light of foot, That when they wanton’d in the fruitful field They swept, and snapp’d it not, the golden ear; And when they wanton’d on the boundless deep,285 They skimm’d the green wave’s frothy ridge, secure. From Ericthonius sprang Tros, King of Troy, And Tros was father of three famous sons, Ilus, Assaracus, and Ganymede Loveliest of human kind, whom for his charms290 The Gods caught up to heaven, there to abide With the immortals, cup-bearer of Jove. Ilus begat Laomedon, and he Five sons, Tithonus, Priam, Clytius, Lampus, and Hicetaon, branch of Mars.295 Assaracus a son begat, by name Capys, and Capys in due time his son Warlike Anchises, and Anchises me. But Priam is the noble Hector’s sire.[6] Such is my lineage, and such blood I boast;300 But valor is from Jove; he, as he wills, Increases or reduces it in man, For he is lord of all. Therefore enough— Too long like children we have stood, the time Consuming here, while battle roars around.305 Reproach is cheap. Easily might we cast Gibes at each other, till a ship that asks A hundred oars should sink beneath the load. The tongue of man is voluble, hath words For every theme, nor wants wide field and long,310 And as he speaks so shall he hear again. But we—why should we wrangle, and with taunts Assail each other, as the practice is Of women, who with heart-devouring strife On fire, start forth into the public way315 To mock each other, uttering, as may chance, Much truth, much falsehood, as their anger bids? The ardor of my courage will not slack For all thy speeches; we must combat first; Now, therefore, without more delay, begin,320 That we may taste each other’s force in arms.[7] So spake Æneas, and his brazen lance Hurl’d with full force against the dreadful shield. Loud roar’d its ample concave at the blow. Not unalarm’d, Pelides his broad disk325 Thrust farther from him, deeming that the force Of such an arm should pierce his guard with ease. Vain fear! he recollected not that arms Glorious as his, gifts of the immortal Gods, Yield not so quickly to the force of man.330 The stormy spear by brave Æneas sent, No passage found; the golden plate divine Repress’d its vehemence; two folds it pierced, But three were still behind, for with five folds Vulcan had fortified it; two were brass;335 The two interior, tin; the midmost, gold; And at the golden one the weapon stood.[8] Achilles next, hurl’d his long shadow’d spear, And struck Æneas on the utmost verge Of his broad shield, where thinnest lay the brass,340 And thinnest the ox-hide. The Pelian ash Started right through the buckler, and it rang. Æneas crouch’d terrified, and his shield Thrust farther from him; but the rapid beam Bursting both borders of the ample disk,345 Glanced o’er his back, and plunged into the soil. He ’scaped it, and he stood; but, as he stood, With horror infinite the weapon saw Planted so near him. Then, Achilles drew His falchion keen, and with a deafening shout350 Sprang on him; but Æneas seized a stone Heavy and huge, a weight to overcharge Two men (such men as are accounted strong Now) but he wielded it with ease, alone. Then had Æneas, as Achilles came355 Impetuous on, smitten, although in vain, His helmet or his shield, and Peleus’ son Had with his falchion him stretch’d at his feet, But that the God of Ocean quick perceived His peril, and the Immortals thus bespake.360 I pity brave Æneas, who shall soon, Slain by Achilles, see the realms below, By smooth suggestions of Apollo lured To danger, such as he can ne’er avert. But wherefore should the Chief, guiltless himself,365 Die for the fault of others? at no time His gifts have fail’d, grateful to all in heaven. Come, therefore, and let us from death ourselves Rescue him, lest if by Achilles’ arm This hero perish, Jove himself be wroth;370 For he is destined to survive, lest all The house of Dardanus (whom Jove beyond All others loved, his sons of woman born) Fail with Æneas, and be found no more. Saturnian Jove hath hated now long time375 The family of Priam, and henceforth Æneas and his son, and his sons’ sons, Shall sway the sceptre o’er the race of Troy. To whom, majestic thus the spouse of Jove. Neptune! deliberate thyself, and choose380 Whether to save Æneas, or to leave The hero victim of Achilles’ ire. For Pallas and myself ofttimes have sworn In full assembly of the Gods, to aid Troy never, never to avert the day385 Of her distress, not even when the flames Kindled by the heroic sons of Greece, Shall climb with fury to her topmost towers. She spake; then Neptune, instant, through the throng Of battle flying, and the clash of spears,390 Came where Achilles and Æneas fought. At once with shadows dim he blurr’d the sight Of Peleus’ son, and from the shield, himself, Of brave Æneas the bright-pointed ash Retracting, placed it at Achilles’ feet.395 Then, lifting high Æneas from the ground, He heaved him far remote; o’er many a rank Of heroes and of bounding steeds he flew, Launch’d into air from the expanded palm Of Neptune, and alighted in the rear400 Of all the battle where the Caucons stood. Neptune approach’d him there, and at his side Standing, in accents wing’d, him thus bespake. What God, Æneas! tempted thee to cope Thus inconsiderately with the son405 Of Peleus, both more excellent in fight Than thou, and more the favorite of the skies? From him retire hereafter, or expect A premature descent into the shades. But when Achilles shall have once fulfill’d410 His destiny, in battle slain, then fight Fearless, for thou canst fall by none beside. So saying, he left the well-admonish’d Chief, And from Achilles’ eyes scatter’d the gloom Shed o’er them by himself. The hero saw415 Clearly, and with his noble heart incensed By disappointment, thus conferring, said. Gods! I behold a prodigy. My spear Lies at my foot, and he at whom I cast The weapon with such deadly force, is gone!420 Æneas therefore, as it seems, himself Interests the immortal Gods, although I deem’d his boast of their protection vain. I reck not. Let him go. So gladly ’scaped From slaughter now, he shall not soon again425 Feel an ambition to contend with me. Now will I rouse the Danaï, and prove The force in fight of many a Trojan more. He said, and sprang to battle with loud voice, Calling the Grecians after him.—Ye sons430 Of the Achaians! stand not now aloof, My noble friends! but foot to foot let each Fall on courageous, and desire the fight. The task were difficult for me alone, Brave as I boast myself, to chase a foe435 So numerous, and to combat with them all. Not Mars himself, immortal though he be, Nor Pallas, could with all the ranks contend Of this vast multitude, and drive the whole. With hands, with feet, with spirit and with might,440 All that I can I will; right through I go, And not a Trojan who shall chance within Spear’s reach of me, shall, as I judge, rejoice. Thus he the Greeks exhorted. Opposite, Meantime, illustrious Hector to his host445 Vociferated, his design to oppose Achilles publishing in every ear. Fear not, ye valiant men of Troy! fear not The son of Peleus. In a war of words I could, myself, cope even with the Gods;450 But not with spears; there they excel us all. Nor shall Achilles full performance give To all his vaunts, but, if he some fulfil, Shall others leave mutilate in the midst. I will encounter him, though his hands be fire,455 Though fire his hands, and his heart hammer’d steel. So spake he them exhorting. At his word Uprose the Trojan spears, thick intermixt The battle join’d, and clamor loud began. Then thus, approaching Hector, Phœbus spake.460 Henceforth, advance not Hector! in the front Seeking Achilles, but retired within The stormy multitude his coming wait, Lest his spear reach thee, or his glittering sword. He said, and Hector far into his host465 Withdrew, admonish’d by the voice divine. Then, shouting terrible, and clothed with might, Achilles sprang to battle. First, he slew The valiant Chief Iphition, whom a band Numerous obey’d. Otrynteus was his sire.470 Him to Otrynteus, city-waster Chief, A Naiad under snowy Tmolus bore In fruitful Hyda.[9] Right into his front As he advanced, Achilles drove his spear, And rived his skull; with thundering sound he fell,475 And thus the conqueror gloried in his fall. Ah Otryntides! thou art slain. Here lies The terrible in arms, who born beside The broad Gygæan lake, where Hyllus flows And Hermus, call’d the fertile soil his own.480 Thus gloried he. Meantime the shades of death Cover’d Iphition, and Achaian wheels And horses ground his body in the van. Demoleon next, Antenor’s son, a brave Defender of the walls of Troy, he slew.485 Into his temples through his brazen casque He thrust the Pelian ash, nor could the brass Such force resist, but the huge weapon drove The shatter’d bone into his inmost brain, And his fierce onset at a stroke repress’d.490 Hippodamas his weapon next received Within his spine, while with a leap he left His steeds and fled. He, panting forth his life, Moan’d like a bull, by consecrated youths Dragg’d round the Heliconian King,[10] who views495 That victim with delight. So, with loud moans The noble warrior sigh’d his soul away. Then, spear in hand, against the godlike son Of Priam, Polydorus, he advanced. Not yet his father had to him indulged500 A warrior’s place, for that of all his sons He was the youngest-born, his hoary sire’s Chief darling, and in speed surpass’d them all. Then also, in the vanity of youth, For show of nimbleness, he started oft505 Into the vanward, till at last he fell. Him gliding swiftly by, swifter than he Achilles with a javelin reach’d; he struck His belt behind him, where the golden clasps Met, and the double hauberk interposed.510 The point transpierced his bowels, and sprang through His navel; screaming, on his knees he fell, Death-shadows dimm’d his eyes, and with both hands, Stooping, he press’d his gather’d bowels back. But noble Hector, soon as he beheld515 His brother Polydorus to the earth Inclined, and with his bowels in his hands, Sightless well-nigh with anguish could endure No longer to remain aloof; flame-like He burst abroad,[11] and shaking his sharp spear,520 Advanced to meet Achilles, whose approach Seeing, Achilles bounded with delight, And thus, exulting, to himself he said. Ah! he approaches, who hath stung my soul Deepest, the slayer of whom most I loved!525 Behold, we meet! Caution is at an end, And timid skulking in the walks of war. He ceased, and with a brow knit into frowns, Call’d to illustrious Hector. Haste, approach, That I may quick dispatch thee to the shades.530 Whom answer’d warlike Hector, nought appall’d. Pelides! hope not, as I were a boy, With words to scare me. I have also taunts At my command, and can be sharp as thou. I know thee valiant, and myself I know535 Inferior far; yet, whether thou shalt slay Me, or, inferior as I am, be slain By me, is at the pleasure of the Gods, For I wield also not a pointless beam. He said, and, brandishing it, hurl’d his spear,540 Which Pallas, breathing softly, wafted back From the renown’d Achilles, and it fell Successless at illustrious Hector’s feet. Then, all on fire to slay him, with a shout That rent the air Achilles rapid flew545 Toward him; but him wrapt in clouds opaque Apollo caught with ease divine away. Thrice, swift Achilles sprang to the assault Impetuous, thrice the pitchy cloud he smote, And at his fourth assault, godlike in act,550 And terrible in utterance, thus exclaim’d. Dog! thou art safe, and hast escaped again; But narrowly, and by the aid once more Of Phœbus, without previous suit to whom Thou venturest never where the javelin sings.555 But when we next encounter, then expect, If one of all in heaven aid also me, To close thy proud career. Meantime I seek Some other, and assail e’en whom I may. So saying, he pierced the neck of Dryops through,560 And at his feet he fell. Him there he left, And turning on a valiant warrior huge, Philetor’s son, Demuchus, in the knee Pierced, and detain’d him by the planted spear, Till with his sword he smote him, and he died.565 Laogonus and Dardanus he next Assaulted, sons of Bias; to the ground Dismounting both, one with his spear he slew, The other with his falchion at a blow. Tros too, Alastor’s son—he suppliant clasp’d570 Achilles’ knees, and for his pity sued, Pleading equality of years, in hope That he would spare, and send him thence alive. Ah dreamer! ignorant how much in vain That suit he urged; for not of milky mind,575 Or placable in temper was the Chief To whom he sued, but fiery. With both hands His knees he clasp’d importunate, and he Fast by the liver gash’d him with his sword. His liver falling forth, with sable blood580 His bosom fill’d, and darkness veil’d his eyes. Then, drawing close to Mulius, in his ear He set the pointed brass, and at a thrust Sent it, next moment, through his ear beyond. Then, through the forehead of Agenor’s son585 Echechlus, his huge-hafted blade he drove, And death and fate forever veil’d his eyes. Next, where the tendons of the elbow meet, Striking Deucalion, through his wrist he urged The brazen point; he all defenceless stood,590 Expecting death; down came Achilles’ blade Full on his neck; away went head and casque Together; from his spine the marrow sprang, And at his length outstretch’d he press’d the plain. From him to Rhigmus, Pireus’ noble son,595 He flew, a warrior from the fields of Thrace. Him through the loins he pierced, and with the beam Fixt in his bowels, to the earth he fell; Then piercing, as he turn’d to flight, the spine Of Areithöus his charioteer,600 He thrust him from his seat; wild with dismay Back flew the fiery coursers at his fall. As a devouring fire within the glens Of some dry mountain ravages the trees, While, blown around, the flames roll to all sides,605 So, on all sides, terrible as a God, Achilles drove the death-devoted host Of Ilium, and the champain ran with blood. As when the peasant his yoked steers employs To tread his barley, the broad-fronted pair610 With ponderous hoofs trample it out with ease, So, by magnanimous Achilles driven, His coursers solid-hoof’d stamp’d as they ran The shields, at once, and bodies of the slain; Blood spatter’d all his axle, and with blood615 From the horse-hoofs and from the fellied wheels His chariot redden’d, while himself, athirst For glory, his unconquerable hands Defiled with mingled carnage, sweat, and dust. BOOK XXI. ARGUMENT OF THE TWENTY-FIRST BOOK. Achilles having separated the Trojans, and driven one part of them to the city and the other into the Scamander, takes twelve young men alive, his intended victims to the manes of Patroclus. The river overflowing his banks with purpose to overwhelm him, is opposed by Vulcan, and gladly relinquishes the attempt. The battle of the gods ensues. Apollo, in the form of Agenor, decoys Achilles from the town, which in the mean time the Trojans enter and shut the gates against him. BOOK XXI. [1]But when they came, at length, where Xanthus winds His stream vortiginous from Jove derived, There, separating Ilium’s host, he drove Part o’er the plain to Troy in the same road By which the Grecians had so lately fled5 The fury of illustrious Hector’s arm. That way they fled pouring themselves along Flood-like, and Juno, to retard them, threw Darkness as night before them. Other part, Push’d down the sides of Xanthus, headlong plunged10 With dashing sound into his dizzy stream, And all his banks re-echoed loud the roar. They, struggling, shriek’d in silver eddies whirl’d. As when, by violence of fire expell’d, Locusts uplifted on the wing escape15 To some broad river, swift the sudden blaze Pursues them, they, astonish’d, strew the flood,[2] So, by Achilles driven, a mingled throng Of horses and of warriors overspread Xanthus, and glutted all his sounding course20 He, chief of heroes, leaving on the bank His spear against a tamarisk reclined, Plunged like a God, with falchion arm’d alone But fill’d with thoughts of havoc. On all sides Down came his edge; groans follow’d dread to hear25 Of warriors smitten by the sword, and all The waters as they ran redden’d with blood. As smaller fishes, flying the pursuit Of some huge dolphin, terrified, the creeks And secret hollows of a haven fill,30 For none of all that he can seize he spares, So lurk’d the trembling Trojans in the caves Of Xanthus’ awful flood. But he (his hands Wearied at length with slaughter) from the rest Twelve youths selected whom to death he doom’d,35 In vengeance for his loved Patroclus slain. Them stupified with dread like fawns he drove Forth from the river, manacling their hands Behind them fast with their own tunic-strings, And gave them to his warrior train in charge.40 Then, ardent still for blood, rushing again Toward the stream, Dardanian Priam’s son He met, Lycaon, as he climb’d the bank. Him erst by night, in his own father’s field Finding him, he had led captive away.45 Lycaon was employ’d cutting green shoots Of the wild-fig for chariot-rings, when lo! Terrible, unforeseen, Achilles came. He seized and sent him in a ship afar To Lemnos; there the son of Jason paid50 His price, and, at great cost, Eëtion The guest of Jason, thence redeeming him, Sent him to fair Arisba;[3] but he ’scaped Thence also and regain’d his father’s house. Eleven days, at his return, he gave55 To recreation joyous with his friends, And on the twelfth his fate cast him again Into Achilles’ hands, who to the shades Now doom’d him, howsoever loth to go. Soon as Achilles swiftest of the swift60 Him naked saw (for neither spear had he Nor shield nor helmet, but, when he emerged, Weary and faint had cast them all away) Indignant to his mighty self he said. Gods! I behold a miracle! Ere long65 The valiant Trojans whom my self have slain Shall rise from Erebus, for he is here, The self-same warrior whom I lately sold At Lemnos, free, and in the field again. The hoary deep is prison strong enough70 For most, but not for him. Now shall he taste The point of this my spear, that I may learn By sure experience, whether hell itself That holds the strongest fast, can him detain, Or whether he shall thence also escape.75 While musing thus he stood, stunn’d with dismay The youth approach’d, eager to clasp his knees, For vehement he felt the dread of death Working within him; with his Pelian ash Uplifted high noble Achilles stood80 Ardent to smite him; he with body bent Ran under it, and to his knees adhered; The weapon, missing him, implanted stood Close at his back, when, seizing with one hand Achilles’ knees, he with the other grasp’d85 The dreadful beam, resolute through despair, And in wing’d accents suppliant thus began. Oh spare me! pity me! Behold I clasp Thy knees, Achilles! Ah, illustrious Chief! Reject not with disdain a suppliant’s prayer.90 I am thy guest also, who at thy own board Have eaten bread, and did partake the gift Of Ceres with thee on the very day When thou didst send me in yon field surprised For sale to sacred Lemnos, far remote,95 And for my price receiv’dst a hundred beeves. Loose me, and I will yield thee now that sum Thrice told. Alas! this morn is but the twelfth Since, after numerous hardships, I arrived Once more in Troy, and now my ruthless lot100 Hath given me into thy hands again. Jove cannot less than hate me, who hath twice Made me thy prisoner, and my doom was death, Death in my prime, the day when I was born Son of Laothöe from Alta sprung,105 From Alta, whom the Leleges obey On Satnio’s banks in lofty Pedasus. His daughter to his other numerous wives King Priam added, and two sons she bore Only to be deprived by thee of both.110 My brother hath already died, in front Of Ilium’s infantry, by thy bright spear, The godlike Polydorus; and like doom Shall now be mine, for I despair to escape Thine hands, to which the Gods yield me again.115 But hear and mark me well. My birth was not From the same womb as Hector’s, who hath slain Thy valiant friend for clemency renown’d. Such supplication the illustrious son Of Priam made, but answer harsh received.120 Fool! speak’st of ransom? Name it not to me. For till my friend his miserable fate Accomplish’d, I was somewhat given to spare, And numerous, whom I seized alive, I sold. But now, of all the Trojans whom the Gods125 Deliver to me, none shall death escape, ’Specially of the house of Priam, none. Die therefore, even thou, my friend! What mean Thy tears unreasonably shed and vain? Died not Patroclus. braver far than thou?130 And look on me—see’st not to what a height My stature towers, and what a bulk I boast? A King begat me, and a Goddess bore. What then! A death by violence awaits Me also, and at morn, or eve, or noon,135 I perish, whensoe’er the destined spear Shall reach me, or the arrow from the nerve. He ceased, and where the suppliant kneel’d, he died. Quitting the spear, with both hands spread abroad He sat, but swift Achilles with his sword140 ’Twixt neck and key-bone smote him, and his blade Of double edge sank all into the wound. He prone extended on the champain lay Bedewing with his sable blood the glebe, Till, by the foot, Achilles cast him far145 Into the stream, and, as he floated down, Thus in wing’d accents, glorying, exclaim’d. Lie there, and feed the fishes, which shall lick Thy blood secure. Thy mother ne’er shall place Thee on thy bier, nor on thy body weep,150 But swift Scamander on his giddy tide Shall bear thee to the bosom of the sea. There, many a fish shall through the crystal flood Ascending to the rippled surface, find Lycaon’s pamper’d flesh delicious fare.155 Die Trojans! till we reach your city, you Fleeing, and slaughtering, I. This pleasant stream Of dimpling silver which ye worship oft With victim bulls, and sate with living steeds[4] His rapid whirlpools, shall avail you nought,160 But ye shall die, die terribly, till all Shall have requited me with just amends For my Patroclus, and for other Greeks Slain at the ships while I declined the war. He ended, at those words still more incensed165 Scamander means devised, thenceforth to check Achilles, and avert the doom of Troy. Meantime the son of Peleus, his huge spear Grasping, assail’d Asteropæus son Of Pelegon, on fire to take his life.170 Fair Peribœa, daughter eldest-born Of Acessamenus, his father bore To broad-stream’d Axius, who had clasp’d the nymph In his embrace. On him Achilles sprang. He newly risen from the river, stood175 Arm’d with two lances opposite, for him Xanthus embolden’d, at the deaths incensed Of many a youth, whom, mercy none vouchsafed, Achilles had in all his current slain. And now small distance interposed, they faced180 Each other, when Achilles thus began. Who art and whence, who dar’st encounter me? Hapless the sires whose sons my force defy. To whom the noble son of Pelegon. Pelides, mighty Chief? Why hast thou ask’d185 My derivation? From the land I come Of mellow-soil’d Pœonia far remote, Chief leader of Pœnia’s host spear-arm’d; This day hath also the eleventh risen Since I at Troy arrived. For my descent,190 It is from Axius river wide-diffused, From Axius, fairest stream that waters earth, Sire of bold Pelegon whom men report My sire. Let this suffice. Now fight, Achilles! So spake he threatening, and Achilles raised195 Dauntless the Pelian ash. At once two spears The hero bold, Asteropæus threw, With both hands apt for battle. One his shield Struck but pierced not, impeded by the gold, Gift of a God; the other as it flew200 Grazed at his right elbow; sprang the sable blood; But, overflying him, the spear in earth Stood planted deep, still hungering for the prey. Then, full at the Pœonian Peleus’ son Hurl’d forth his weapon with unsparing force205 But vain; he struck the sloping river bank, And mid-length deep stood plunged the ashen beam. Then, with his falchion drawn, Achilles flew To smite him; he in vain, meantime, essay’d To pluck the rooted spear forth from the bank;210 Thrice with full force he shook the beam, and thrice, Although reluctant, left it; at his fourth Last effort, bending it he sought to break The ashen spear-beam of Æacides, But perish’d by his keen-edged falchion first;215 For on the belly at his navel’s side He smote him; to the ground effused fell all His bowels, death’s dim shadows veil’d his eyes. Achilles ardent on his bosom fix’d His foot, despoil’d him, and exulting cried.220 Lie there; though River-sprung, thou find’st it hard To cope with sons of Jove omnipotent. Thou said’st, a mighty River is my sire— But my descent from mightier Jove I boast; My father, whom the Myrmidons obey,225 Is son of Æacus, and he of Jove. As Jove all streams excels that seek the sea, So, Jove’s descendants nobler are than theirs. Behold a River at thy side—let him Afford thee, if he can, some succor—No—230 He may not fight against Saturnian Jove. Therefore, not kingly Acheloïus, Nor yet the strength of Ocean’s vast profound, Although from him all rivers and all seas, All fountains and all wells proceed, may boast235 Comparison with Jove, but even he Astonish’d trembles at his fiery bolt, And his dread thunders rattling in the sky. He said, and drawing from the bank his spear[5] Asteropæus left stretch’d on the sands,240 Where, while the clear wave dash’d him, eels his flanks And ravening fishes numerous nibbled bare. The horsed Pœonians next he fierce assail’d, Who seeing their brave Chief slain by the sword And forceful arm of Peleus’ son, beside245 The eddy-whirling stream fled all dispersed. Thersilochus and Mydon then he slew, Thrasius, Astypylus and Ophelestes, Ænius and Mnesus; nor had these sufficed Achilles, but Pœonians more had fallen,250 Had not the angry River from within His circling gulfs in semblance, of a man Call’d to him, interrupting thus his rage. Oh both in courage and injurious deeds Unmatch’d, Achilles! whom themselves the Gods255 Cease not to aid, if Saturn’s son have doom’d All Ilium’s race to perish by thine arm, Expel them, first, from me, ere thou achieve That dread exploit; for, cumber’d as I am With bodies, I can pour my pleasant stream260 No longer down into the sacred deep; All vanish where thou comest. But oh desist Dread Chief! Amazement fills me at thy deeds. To whom Achilles, matchless in the race. River divine! hereafter be it so.265 But not from slaughter of this faithless host I cease, till I shall shut them fast in Troy And trial make of Hector, if his arm In single fight shall strongest prove, or mine He said, and like a God, furious, again270 Assail’d the Trojans; then the circling flood To Phœbus thus his loud complaint address’d. Ah son of Jove, God of the silver bow! The mandate of the son of Saturn ill Hast thou perform’d, who, earnest, bade thee aid275 The Trojans, till (the sun sunk in the West) Night’s shadow dim should veil the fruitful field. He ended, and Achilles spear-renown’d Plunged from the bank into the middle stream. Then, turbulent, the River all his tide280 Stirr’d from the bottom, landward heaving off The numerous bodies that his current chok’d Slain by Achilles; them, as with the roar Of bulls, he cast aground, but deep within His oozy gulfs the living safe conceal’d.285 Terrible all around Achilles stood The curling wave, then, falling on his shield Dash’d him, nor found his footsteps where to rest. An elm of massy trunk he seized and branch Luxuriant, but it fell torn from the root290 And drew the whole bank after it; immersed It damm’d the current with its ample boughs, And join’d as with a bridge the distant shores, Upsprang Achilles from the gulf and turn’d His feet, now wing’d for flight, into the plain295 Astonish’d; but the God, not so appeased, Arose against him with a darker curl,[6] That he might quell him and deliver Troy. Back flew Achilles with a bound, the length Of a spear’s cast, for such a spring he own’d300 As bears the black-plumed eagle on her prey Strongest and swiftest of the fowls of air. Like her he sprang, and dreadful on his chest Clang’d his bright armor. Then, with course oblique He fled his fierce pursuer, but the flood,305 Fly where he might, came thundering in his rear. As when the peasant with his spade a rill Conducts from some pure fountain through his grove Or garden, clearing the obstructed course, The pebbles, as it runs, all ring beneath,310 And, as the slope still deepens, swifter still It runs, and, murmuring, outstrips the guide, So him, though swift, the river always reach’d Still swifter; who can cope with power divine? Oft as the noble Chief, turning, essay’d315 Resistance, and to learn if all the Gods Alike rush’d after him, so oft the flood, Jove’s offspring, laved his shoulders. Upward then He sprang distress’d, but with a sidelong sweep Assailing him, and from beneath his steps320 Wasting the soil, the Stream his force subdued. Then looking to the skies, aloud he mourn’d. Eternal Sire! forsaken by the Gods I sink, none deigns to save me from the flood, From which once saved, I would no death decline.325 Yet blame I none of all the Powers of heaven As Thetis; she with falsehood sooth’d my soul, She promised me a death by Phœbus’ shafts Swift-wing’d, beneath the battlements of Troy. I would that Hector, noblest of his race,330 Had slain me, I had then bravely expired And a brave man had stripp’d me of my arms. But fate now dooms me to a death abhorr’d Whelm’d in deep waters, like a swine-herd’s boy Drown’d in wet weather while he fords a brook.335 So spake Achilles; then, in human form, Minerva stood and Neptune at his side; Each seized his hand confirming him, and thus The mighty Shaker of the shores began. Achilles! moderate thy dismay, fear nought.340 In us behold, in Pallas and in me, Effectual aids, and with consent of Jove; For to be vanquish’d by a River’s force Is not thy doom. This foe shall soon be quell’d; Thine eyes shall see it. Let our counsel rule345 Thy deed, and all is well. Cease not from war Till fast within proud Ilium’s walls her host Again be prison’d, all who shall escape; Then (Hector slain) to the Achaian fleet Return; we make the glorious victory thine.350 So they, and both departing sought the skies. Then, animated by the voice divine, He moved toward the plain now all o’erspread By the vast flood on which the bodies swam And shields of many a youth in battle slain.355 He leap’d, he waded, and the current stemm’d Right onward, by the flood in vain opposed, With such might Pallas fill’d him. Nor his rage Scamander aught repress’d, but still the more Incensed against Achilles, curl’d aloft360 His waters, and on Simoïs call’d aloud. Brother! oh let us with united force Check, if we may, this warrior; he shall else Soon lay the lofty towers of Priam low, Whose host appall’d, defend them now no more.365 Haste—succor me—thy channel fill with streams From all thy fountains; call thy torrents down; Lift high the waters; mingle trees and stones With uproar wild, that we may quell the force Of this dread Chief triumphant now, and fill’d370 With projects that might more beseem a God. But vain shall be his strength, his beauty nought Shall profit him or his resplendent arms, For I will bury them in slime and ooze, And I will overwhelm himself with soil,375 Sands heaping o’er him and around him sands Infinite, that no Greek shall find his bones For ever, in my bottom deep immersed. There shall his tomb be piled, nor other earth, At his last rites, his friends shall need for him.380 He said, and lifting high his angry tide Vortiginous, against Achilles hurl’d, Roaring, the foam, the bodies, and the blood; Then all his sable waves divine again Accumulating, bore him swift along.385 Shriek’d Juno at that sight, terrified lest Achilles in the whirling deluge sunk Should perish, and to Vulcan quick exclaim’d. Vulcan, my son, arise; for we account Xanthus well able to contend with thee.390 Give instant succor; show forth all thy fires. Myself will haste to call the rapid South And Zephyrus, that tempests from the sea Blowing, thou may’st both arms and dead consume With hideous conflagration. Burn along395 The banks of Xanthus, fire his trees and him Seize also. Let him by no specious guile Of flattery soothe thee, or by threats appall, Nor slack thy furious fires till with a shout I give command, then bid them cease to blaze.400 She spake, and Vulcan at her word his fires Shot dreadful forth; first, kindling on the field, He burn’d the bodies strew’d numerous around Slain by Achilles; arid grew the earth And the flood ceased. As when a sprightly breeze405 Autumnal blowing from the North, at once Dries the new-water’d garden,[7] gladdening him Who tills the soil, so was the champain dried; The dead consumed, against the River, next, He turn’d the fierceness of his glittering fires.410 Willows and tamarisks and elms he burn’d, Burn’d lotus, rushes, reeds; all plants and herbs That clothed profuse the margin of his flood. His eels and fishes, whether wont to dwell In gulfs beneath, or tumble in the stream,415 All languish’d while the artist of the skies Breath’d on them; even Xanthus lost, himself, All force, and, suppliant, Vulcan thus address’d. Oh Vulcan! none in heaven itself may cope With thee. I yield to thy consuming fires.420 Cease, cease. I reck not if Achilles drive Her citizens, this moment, forth from Troy, For what are war and war’s concerns to me? So spake he scorch’d, and all his waters boil’d. As some huge caldron hisses urged by force425 Of circling fires and fill’d with melted lard, The unctuous fluid overbubbling[8] streams On all sides, while the dry wood flames beneath, So Xanthus bubbled and his pleasant flood Hiss’d in the fire, nor could he longer flow430 But check’d his current, with hot steams annoy’d By Vulcan raised. His supplication, then, Importunate to Juno thus he turn’d. Ah Juno! why assails thy son my streams, Hostile to me alone? Of all who aid435 The Trojans I am surely least to blame, Yet even I desist if thou command; And let thy son cease also; for I swear That never will I from the Trojans turn Their evil day, not even when the host440 Of Greece shall set all Ilium in a blaze. He said, and by his oath pacified, thus The white-arm’d Deity to Vulcan spake. Peace, glorious son! we may not in behalf Of mortal man thus longer vex a God.445 Then Vulcan his tremendous fires repress’d, And down into his gulfy channel rush’d The refluent flood; for when the force was once Subdued of Xanthus, Juno interposed, Although incensed, herself to quell the strife.450 But contest vehement the other Gods Now waged, each breathing discord; loud they rush’d And fierce to battle, while the boundless earth Quaked under them, and, all around, the heavens Sang them together with a trumpet’s voice.455 Jove listening, on the Olympian summit sat Well-pleased, and, in his heart laughing for joy, Beheld the Powers of heaven in battle join’d. Not long aloof they stood. Shield-piercer Mars, His brazen spear grasp’d, and began the fight460 Rushing on Pallas, whom he thus reproach’d. Wasp! front of impudence, and past all bounds Audacious! Why impellest thou the Gods To fight? Thy own proud spirit is the cause. Remember’st not, how, urged by thee, the son465 Of Tydeus, Diomede, myself assail’d, When thou, the radiant spear with thy own hand Guiding, didst rend my body? Now, I ween, The hour is come in which I shall exact Vengeance for all thy malice shown to me.470 So saying, her shield he smote tassell’d around Terrific, proof against the bolts of Jove; That shield gore-tainted Mars with fury smote. But she, retiring, with strong grasp upheaved A rugged stone, black, ponderous, from the plain,475 A land-mark fixt by men of ancient times, Which hurling at the neck of stormy Mars She smote him. Down he fell. Seven acres, stretch’d, He overspread, his ringlets in the dust Polluted lay, and dreadful rang his arms.480 The Goddess laugh’d, and thus in accents wing’d With exultation, as he lay, exclaim’d. Fool! Art thou still to learn how far my force Surpasses thine, and darest thou cope with me? Now feel the furies of thy mother’s ire485 Who hates thee for thy treachery to the Greeks, And for thy succor given to faithless Troy. She said, and turn’d from Mars her glorious eyes. But him deep-groaning and his torpid powers Recovering slow, Venus conducted thence490 Daughter of Jove, whom soon as Juno mark’d, In accents wing’d to Pallas thus she spake. Daughter invincible of glorious Jove! Haste—follow her—Ah shameless! how she leads Gore-tainted Mars through all the host of heaven.495 So she, whom Pallas with delight obey’d; To Venus swift she flew, and on the breast With such force smote her that of sense bereft The fainting Goddess fell. There Venus lay And Mars extended on the fruitful glebe,500 And Pallas thus in accents wing’d exclaim’d. I would that all who on the part of Troy Oppose in fight Achaia’s valiant sons, Were firm and bold as Venus in defence Of Mars, for whom she dared my power defy!505 So had dissension (Ilium overthrown And desolated) ceased long since in heaven. So Pallas, and approving Juno smiled. Then the imperial Shaker of the shores Thus to Apollo. Phœbus! wherefore stand510 _We_ thus aloof? Since others have begun, Begin we also; shame it were to both Should we, no combat waged, ascend again Olympus and the brass-built hall of Jove. Begin, for thou art younger; me, whose years515 Alike and knowledge thine surpass so far, It suits not. Oh stupidity! how gross Art thou and senseless! Are no traces left In thy remembrance of our numerous wrongs Sustain’d at Ilium, when, of all the Gods520 Ourselves alone, by Jove’s commandment, served For stipulated hire, a year complete, Our task-master the proud Laomedon? Myself a bulwark’d town, spacious, secure Against assault, and beautiful as strong525 Built for the Trojans, and thine office was To feed for King Laomedon his herds Among the groves of Ida many-valed. But when the gladsome hours the season brought Of payment, then the unjust King of Troy530 Dismiss’d us of our whole reward amerced By violence, and added threats beside. Thee into distant isles, bound hand and foot, To sell he threatened, and to amputate The ears of both; we, therefore, hasted thence535 Resenting deep our promised hire withheld. Aid’st thou for this the Trojans? Canst thou less Than seek, with us, to exterminate the whole Perfidious race, wives, children, husbands, all? To whom the King of radiant shafts Apollo.540 Me, Neptune, thou wouldst deem, thyself, unwise Contending for the sake of mortal men With thee; a wretched race, who like the leaves Now flourish rank, by fruits of earth sustain’d, Now sapless fall. Here, therefore, us between545 Let all strife cease, far better left to them. He said, and turn’d away, fearing to lift His hand against the brother of his sire. But him Diana of the woods with sharp Rebuke, his huntress sister, thus reproved.550 Fly’st thou, Apollo! and to Neptune yield’st An unearn’d victory, the prize of fame Resigning patient and with no dispute? Fool! wherefore bearest thou the bow in vain? Ah, let me never in my father’s courts555 Hear thee among the immortals vaunting more That thou wouldst Neptune’s self confront in arms. So she, to whom Apollo nought replied.[9] But thus the consort of the Thunderer, fired With wrath, reproved the Archeress of heaven.560 How hast thou dared, impudent, to oppose My will? Bow-practised as thou art, the task To match my force were difficult to thee. Is it, because by ordinance of Jove Thou art a lioness to womankind,565 Killing them at thy pleasure? Ah beware— Far easier is it, on the mountain-heights To slay wild beasts and chase the roving hind, Than to conflict with mightier than ourselves. But, if thou wish a lesson on that theme,570 Approach—thou shalt be taught with good effect How far my force in combat passes thine. She said, and with her left hand seizing both Diana’s wrists, snatch’d suddenly the bow Suspended on her shoulder with the right,575 And, smiling, smote her with it on the ears. She, writhing oft and struggling, to the ground Shook forth her rapid shafts, then, weeping, fled As to her cavern in some hollow rock The dove, not destined to his talons, flies580 The hawk’s pursuit, and left her arms behind. Then, messenger of heaven, the Argicide Address’d Latona. Combat none with thee, Latona, will I wage. Unsafe it were To cope in battle with a spouse of Jove.585 Go, therefore, loudly as thou wilt, proclaim To all the Gods that thou hast vanquish’d me. Collecting, then, the bow and arrows fallen In wild disorder on the dusty plain, Latona with the sacred charge withdrew590 Following her daughter; she, in the abode Brass-built arriving of Olympian Jove, Sat on his knees, weeping till all her robe Ambrosial shook. The mighty Father smiled, And to his bosom straining her, inquired.595 Daughter beloved! who, which of all the Gods Hath raised his hand, presumptuous, against thee, As if convicted of some open wrong? To whom the clear-voiced Huntress crescent-crown’d. My Father! Juno, thy own consort fair600 My sorrow caused, from whom dispute and strife Perpetual, threaten the immortal Powers. Thus they in heaven mutual conferr’d. Meantime Apollo into sacred Troy return’d Mindful to guard her bulwarks, lest the Greeks605 Too soon for Fate should desolate the town. The other Gods, some angry, some elate With victory, the Olympian heights regain’d, And sat beside the Thunderer. But the son Of Peleus—He both Trojans slew and steeds.610 As when in volumes slow smoke climbs the skies From some great city which the Gods have fired Vindictive, sorrow thence to many ensues With mischief, and to all labor severe, So caused Achilles labor on that day,615 Severe, and mischief to the men of Troy. But ancient Priam from a sacred tower Stood looking forth, whence soon he noticed vast Achilles, before whom the Trojans fled All courage lost. Descending from the tower620 With mournful cries and hasting to the wall He thus enjoin’d the keepers of the gates. Hold wide the portals till the flying host Re-enter, for himself is nigh, himself Achilles drives them home. Now, wo to Troy!625 But soon as safe within the walls received They breathe again, shut fast the ponderous gates At once, lest that destroyer also pass. He said; they, shooting back the bars, threw wide The gates and saved the people, whom to aid630 Apollo also sprang into the field, They, parch’d with drought and whiten’d all with dust, Flew right toward the town, while, spear in hand, Achilles press’d them, vengeance in his heart And all on fire for glory. Then, full sure,635 Ilium, the city of lofty gates, had fallen Won by the Grecians, had not Phœbus roused Antenor’s valiant son, the noble Chief Agenor; him with dauntless might he fill’d, And shielding him against the stroke of fate640 Beside him stood himself, by the broad beech Cover’d and wrapt in clouds. Agenor then, Seeing the city-waster hero nigh Achilles, stood, but standing, felt his mind Troubled with doubts; he groan’d, and thus he mused.645 [10]Alas! if following the tumultuous flight Of these, I shun Achilles, swifter far He soon will lop my ignominious head. But if, these leaving to be thus dispersed Before him, from the city-wall I fly650 Across the plain of Troy into the groves Of Ida, and in Ida’s thickets lurk, I may, at evening, to the town return Bathed and refresh’d. But whither tend my thoughts? Should he my flight into the plain observe655 And swift pursuing seize me, then, farewell All hope to scape a miserable death, For he hath strength passing the strength of man. How then—shall I withstand him here before The city? He hath also flesh to steel660 Pervious, within it but a single life, And men report him mortal, howsoe’er Saturnian Jove lift him to glory now. So saying, he turn’d and stood, his dauntless heart Beating for battle. As the pard springs forth665 To meet the hunter from her gloomy lair, Nor, hearing loud the hounds, fears or retires, But whether from afar or nigh at hand He pierce her first, although transfixt, the fight Still tries, and combats desperate till she fall,670 So, brave Antenor’s son fled not, or shrank, Till he had proved Achilles, but his breast O’ershadowing with his buckler and his spear Aiming well-poised against him, loud exclaim’d. Renown’d Achilles! Thou art high in hope675 Doubtless, that thou shalt this day overthrow The city of the glorious sons of Troy. Fool! ye must labor yet ere she be won, For numerous are her citizens and bold, And we will guard her for our parents’ sake680 Our wives and little ones. But here thou diest Terrible Chief and dauntless as thou art. He said, and with full force hurling his lance Smote, and err’d not, his greave beneath his knee The glittering tin, forged newly, at the stroke685 Tremendous rang, but quick recoil’d and vain The weapon, weak against that guard divine. Then sprang Achilles in his turn to assail Godlike Agenor, but Apollo took That glory from him, snatching wrapt in clouds690 Agenor thence, whom calm he sent away. Then Phœbus from pursuit of Ilium’s host By art averted Peleus’ son; the form Assuming of Agenor, swift he fled Before him, and Achilles swift pursued.695 While him Apollo thus lured to the chase Wide o’er the fruitful plain, inclining still Toward Scamander’s dizzy stream his course Nor flying far before, but with false hope Always beguiling him, the scatter’d host700 Meantime, in joyful throngs, regain’d the town. They fill’d and shut it fast, nor dared to wait Each other in the field, or to inquire Who lived and who had fallen, but all, whom flight Had rescued, like a flood pour’d into Troy.705 The Trojans being now within the city, excepting Hector, the field is cleared for the most important and decisive action in the poem; that is, the battle between Achilles and Hector, and the death of the latter. This part of the story is managed with singular skill. It seems as if the poet, feeling the importance of the catastrophe, wished to withdraw from view the personages of less consequence, and to concentrate our attention upon those two alone. The poetic action and description are narrowed in extent, but deepened in interest. The fate of Troy is impending; the irreversible decree of Jupiter is about to be executed; the heroes, whose bravery is to be the instrument of bringing about this consummation, are left together on the plain.—Felton. BOOK XXII. ARGUMENT OF THE TWENTY-SECOND BOOK. Achilles slays Hector. BOOK XXII. Thus they, throughout all Troy, like hunted fawns Dispersed, their trickling limbs at leisure cool’d, And, drinking, slaked their fiery thirst, reclined Against the battlements. Meantime, the Greeks Sloping their shields, approach’d the walls of Troy,5 And Hector, by his adverse fate ensnared, Still stood exposed before the Scæan gate. Then spake Apollo thus to Peleus’ son. Wherefore, thyself mortal, pursuest thou me Immortal? oh Achilles! blind with rage,10 Thou know’st not yet, that thou pursuest a God. Unmindful of thy proper task, to press The flying Trojans, thou hast hither turn’d Devious, and they are all now safe in Troy; Yet hope me not to slay; I cannot die.15 To whom Achilles swiftest of the swift, Indignant. Oh, of all the Powers above To me most adverse, Archer of the skies! Thou hast beguiled me, leading me away From Ilium far, whence intercepted, else,20 No few had at this moment gnaw’d the glebe. Thou hast defrauded me of great renown, And, safe thyself, hast rescued _them_ with ease. Ah—had I power, I would requite thee well. So saying, incensed he turned toward the town25 His rapid course, like some victorious steed That whirls, at stretch, a chariot to the goal. Such seem’d Achilles, coursing light the field. Him, first, the ancient King of Troy perceived Scouring the plain, resplendent as the star30 Autumnal, of all stars in dead of night Conspicous most, and named Orion’s dog; Brightest it shines, but ominous, and dire Disease portends to miserable man;[1] So beam’d Achilles’ armor as he flew.35 Loud wail’d the hoary King; with lifted hands His head he smote, and, uttering doleful cries Of supplication, sued to his own son. He, fixt before the gate, desirous stood Of combat with Achilles, when his sire40 With arms outstretch’d toward him, thus began. My Hector! wait not, oh my son! the approach Of this dread Chief, alone, lest premature Thou die, this moment by Achilles slain, For he is strongest far. Oh that the Gods45 Him loved as I! then, soon should vultures rend And dogs his carcase, and my grief should cease. He hath unchilded me of many a son, All valiant youths, whom he hath slain or sold To distant isles, and even now, I miss50 Two sons, whom since the shutting of the gates I find not, Polydorus and Lycaon, My children by Laothöe the fair. If they survive prisoners in yonder camp, I will redeem them with gold and brass55 By noble Eltes to his daughter given, Large store, and still reserved. But should they both, Already slain, have journey’d to the shades, We, then, from whom they sprang have cause to mourn And mourn them long, but shorter shall the grief60 Of Ilium prove, if thou escape and live. Come then, my son! enter the city-gate That thou may’st save us all, nor in thy bloom Of life cut off, enhance Achilles’ fame. Commiserate also thy unhappy sire65 Ere yet distracted, whom Saturnian Jove Ordains to a sad death, and ere I die To woes innumerable; to behold Sons slaughter’d, daughters ravish’d, torn and stripp’d The matrimonial chamber, infants dash’d70 Against the ground in dire hostility,[2] And matrons dragg’d by ruthless Grecian hands. Me, haply, last of all, dogs shall devour In my own vestibule, when once the spear Or falchion of some Greek hath laid me low.75 The very dogs fed at my table-side, My portal-guards, drinking their master’s blood To drunkenness, shall wallow in my courts. Fair falls the warlike youth in battle slain, And when he lies torn by the pointed steel,80 His death becomes him well; he is secure, Though dead, from shame, whatever next befalls: But when the silver locks and silver beard Of an old man slain by the sword, from dogs Receive dishonor, of all ills that wait85 On miserable man, that sure is worst. So spake the ancient King, and his grey hairs Pluck’d with both hands, but Hector firm endured. On the other side all tears his mother stood, And lamentation; with one hand she bared,90 And with the other hand produced her breast, Then in wing’d accents, weeping, him bespake. My Hector! reverence this, and pity me If ever, drawing forth this breast, thy griefs Of infancy I soothed, oh now, my son!95 Acknowledge it, and from within the walls Repulse this enemy; stand not abroad To cope with _him_, for he is savage-fierce, And should he slay thee, neither shall myself Who bore thee, nor thy noble spouse weep o’er100 Thy body, but, where we can never come, Dogs shall devour it in the fleet of Greece. So they with prayers importuned, and with tears Their son, but him sway’d not; unmoved he stood, Expecting vast Achilles now at hand.105 As some fell serpent in his cave expects The traveller’s approach, batten’d with herbs Of baneful juice to fury,[3] forth he looks Hideous, and lies coil’d all around his den, So Hector, fill’d with confidence untamed,110 Fled not, but placing his bright shield against A buttress, with his noble heart conferr’d. [4]Alas for me! should I repass the gate, Polydamas would be the first to heap Reproaches on me, for he bade me lead115 The Trojans back this last calamitous night In which Achilles rose to arms again. But I refused, although to have complied, Had proved more profitable far; since then By rash resolves of mine I have destroy’d120 The people, how can I escape the blame Of all in Troy? The meanest there will say— By his self-will he hath destroy’d us all. So shall they speak, and then shall I regret That I return’d ere I had slain in fight125 Achilles, or that, by Achilles slain, I died not nobly in defence of Troy. But shall I thus? Lay down my bossy shield, Put off my helmet, and my spear recline Against the city wall, then go myself130 To meet the brave Achilles, and at once Promise him Helen, for whose sake we strive With all the wealth that Paris in his fleet Brought home, to be restored to Atreus’ sons, And to distribute to the Greeks at large135 All hidden treasures of the town, an oath Taking beside from every senator, That he will nought conceal, but will produce And share in just equality what stores Soever our fair city still includes?140 Ah airy speculations, questions vain! I may not sue to him: compassion none Will he vouchsafe me, or my suit respect. But, seeing me unarm’d, will sate at once His rage, and womanlike I shall be slain.145 It is no time from oak or hollow rock With him to parley, as a nymph and swain, A nymph and swain[5] soft parley mutual hold, But rather to engage in combat fierce Incontinent; so shall we soonest learn150 Whom Jove will make victorious, him or me. Thus pondering he stood; meantime approach’d Achilles, terrible as fiery Mars, Crest-tossing God, and brandish’d as he came O’er his right shoulder high the Pelian spear.155 Like lightning, or like flame, or like the sun Ascending, beam’d his armor. At that sight Trembled the Trojan Chief, nor dared expect His nearer step, but flying left the gates Far distant, and Achilles swift pursued.160 As in the mountains, fleetest fowl of air, The hawk darts eager at the dove; she scuds Aslant, he screaming, springs and springs again To seize her, all impatient for the prey, So flew Achilles constant to the track165 Of Hector, who with dreadful haste beneath The Trojan bulwarks plied his agile limbs. Passing the prospect-mount where high in air The wild-fig waved,[6] they rush’d along the road, Declining never from the wall of Troy.170 And now they reach’d the running rivulets clear, Where from Scamander’s dizzy flood arise Two fountains,[7] tepid one, from which a smoke Issues voluminous as from a fire, The other, even in summer heats, like hail175 For cold, or snow, or crystal-stream frost-bound. Beside them may be seen the broad canals Of marble scoop’d, in which the wives of Troy And all her daughters fair were wont to lave Their costly raiment,[8] while the land had rest,180 And ere the warlike sons of Greece arrived. By these they ran, one fleeing, one in chase. Valiant was he who fled, but valiant far Beyond him he who urged the swift pursuit; Nor ran they for a vulgar prize, a beast185 For sacrifice, or for the hide of such, The swift foot-racer’s customary meed, But for the noble Hector’s life they ran. As when two steeds, oft conquerors, trim the goal For some illustrious prize, a tripod bright190 Or beauteous virgin, at a funeral game, So they with nimble feet the city thrice Of Priam compass’d. All the Gods look’d on, And thus the Sire of Gods and men began. Ah—I behold a warrior dear to me195 Around the walls of Ilium driven, and grieve For Hector, who the thighs of fatted bulls On yonder heights of Ida many-valed Burn’d oft to me, and in the heights of Troy:[9] But him Achilles, glorious Chief, around200 The city walls of Priam now pursues. Consider this, ye Gods! weigh the event. Shall we from death save Hector? or, at length, Leave him, although in battle high renown’d, To perish by the might of Peleus’ son?205 Whom answer’d thus Pallas cerulean-eyed. Dread Sovereign of the storms! what hast thou said? Wouldst thou deliver from the stroke of fate A mortal man death-destined from of old? Do it; but small thy praise shall be in heaven.210 Then answer thus, cloud-gatherer Jove return’d. Fear not, Tritonia, daughter dear! that word Spake not my purpose; me thou shalt perceive Always to thee indulgent. What thou wilt That execute, and use thou no delay.215 So roused he Pallas of herself prepared, And from the heights Olympian down she flew. With unremitting speed Achilles still Urged Hector. As among the mountain-height The hound pursues, roused newly from her lair220 The flying fawn through many a vale and grove; And though she trembling skulk the shrubs beneath, Tracks her continual, till he find the prey, So ’scaped not Hector Peleus’ rapid son. Oft as toward the Dardan gates he sprang225 Direct, and to the bulwarks firm of Troy, Hoping some aid by volleys from the wall, So oft, outstripping him, Achilles thence Enforced him to the field, who, as he might, Still ever stretch’d toward the walls again.230 As, in a dream,[10] pursuit hesitates oft, This hath no power to fly, that to pursue, So these—one fled, and one pursued in vain. How, then, had Hector his impending fate Eluded, had not Phœbus, at his last,235 Last effort meeting him, his strength restored, And wing’d for flight his agile limbs anew? The son of Peleus, as he ran, his brows Shaking, forbad the people to dismiss A dart at Hector, lest a meaner hand240 Piercing him, should usurp the foremost praise. But when the fourth time to those rivulets. They came, then lifting high his golden scales, Two lots the everlasting Father placed Within them, for Achilles one, and one245 For Hector, balancing the doom of both. Grasping it in the midst, he raised the beam. Down went the fatal day of Hector, down To Ades, and Apollo left his side. Then blue-eyed Pallas hasting to the son250 Of Peleus, in wing’d accents him address’d. Now, dear to Jove, Achilles famed in arms! I hope that, fierce in combat though he be, We shall, at last, slay Hector, and return Crown’d with great glory to the fleet of Greece.255 No fear of his deliverance now remains, Not even should the King of radiant shafts, Apollo, toil in supplication, roll’d And roll’d again[11] before the Thunderer’s feet. But stand, recover breath; myself, the while,260 Shall urge him to oppose thee face to face. So Pallas spake, whom joyful he obey’d, And on his spear brass-pointed lean’d. But she, (Achilles left) to noble Hector pass’d, And in the form, and with the voice loud-toned265 Approaching of Deiphobus, his ear In accents, as of pity, thus address’d. Ah brother! thou art overtask’d, around The walls of Troy by swift Achilles driven; But stand, that we may chase him in his turn.[12]270 To whom crest-tossing Hector huge replied. Deiphobus! of all my father’s sons Brought forth by Hecuba, I ever loved Thee most, but more than ever love thee now, Who hast not fear’d, seeing me, for my sake275 To quit the town, where others rest content. To whom the Goddess, thus, cerulean-eyed. Brother! our parents with much earnest suit Clasping my knees, and all my friends implored me To stay in Troy, (such fear hath seized on all)280 But grief for thee prey’d on my inmost soul. Come—fight we bravely—spare we now our spears No longer; now for proof if Peleus’ son Slaying us both, shall bear into the fleet Our arms gore-stain’d, or perish slain by thee.285 So saying, the wily Goddess led the way. They soon, approaching each the other, stood Opposite, and huge Hector thus began. Pelides! I will fly thee now no more. Thrice I have compass’d Priam’s spacious walls290 A fugitive, and have not dared abide Thy onset, but my heart now bids me stand Dauntless, and I will slay, or will be slain. But come. We will attest the Gods; for they Are fittest both to witness and to guard295 Our covenant. If Jove to me vouchsafe The hard-earn’d victory, and to take thy life, I will not with dishonor foul insult Thy body, but, thine armor stripp’d, will give Thee to thy friends, as thou shalt me to mine.300 To whom Achilles, lowering dark, replied. Hector! my bitterest foe! speak not to me Of covenants! as concord can be none Lions and men between, nor wolves and lambs Can be unanimous, but hate perforce305 Each other by a law not to be changed, So cannot amity subsist between Thee and myself; nor league make I with thee Or compact, till thy blood in battle shed Or mine, shall gratify the fiery Mars.310 Rouse all thy virtue; thou hast utmost need Of valor now, and of address in arms. Escape me more thou canst not; Pallas’ hand By mine subdues thee; now will I avenge At once the agonies of every Greek315 In thy unsparing fury slain by thee. He said, and, brandishing the Pelian ash, Dismiss’d it; but illustrious Hector warn’d, Crouched low, and, overflying him, it pierced The soil beyond, whence Pallas plucking it320 Unseen, restored it to Achilles’ hand, And Hector to his godlike foe replied. Godlike Achilles! thou hast err’d, nor know’st At all my doom from Jove, as thou pretend’st, But seek’st, by subtlety and wind of words,325 All empty sounds, to rob me of my might. Yet stand I firm. Think not to pierce my back. Behold my bosom! if the Gods permit, Meet me advancing, and transpierce me there. Meantime avoid my glittering spear, but oh330 May’st thou receive it all! since lighter far To Ilium should the toils of battle prove, Wert thou once slain, the fiercest of her foes. He said, and hurling his long spear with aim Unerring, smote the centre of the shield335 Of Peleus’ son, but his spear glanced away. He, angry to have sent it forth in vain, (For he had other none) with eyes downcast Stood motionless awhile, then with loud voice Sought from Deiphobus, white-shielded Chief,340 A second; but Deiphobus was gone. Then Hector understood his doom, and said. Ah, it is plain; this is mine hour to die. I thought Deiphobus at hand, but me Pallas beguiled, and he is still in Troy.345 A bitter death threatens me, it is nigh, And there is no escape; Jove, and Jove’s son Apollo, from the first, although awhile My prompt deliverers, chose this lot for me, And now it finds me. But I will not fall350 Inglorious; I will act some great exploit That shall be celebrated ages hence. So saying, his keen falchion from his side He drew, well-temper’d, ponderous, and rush’d At once to combat. As the eagle darts355 Right downward through a sullen cloud to seize Weak lamb or timorous hare, so brandishing His splendid falchion, Hector rush’d to fight. Achilles, opposite, with fellest ire Full-fraught came on; his shield with various art360 Celestial form’d, o’erspread his ample chest, And on his radiant casque terrific waved The bushy gold of his resplendent crest, By Vulcan spun, and pour’d profuse around. Bright as, among the stars, the star of all365 Most radiant, Hesperus, at midnight moves, So, in the right hand of Achilles beam’d His brandish’d spear, while, meditating wo To Hector, he explored his noble form, Seeking where he was vulnerable most.370 But every part, his dazzling armor torn From brave Patroclus’ body, well secured, Save where the circling key-bone from the neck Disjoins the shoulder; there his throat appear’d, Whence injured life with swiftest flight escapes;375 Achilles, plunging in that part his spear, Impell’d it through the yielding flesh beyond. The ashen beam his power of utterance left Still unimpair’d, but in the dust he fell, And the exulting conqueror exclaim’d.380 But Hector! thou hadst once far other hopes, And, stripping slain Patroclus, thought’st thee safe, Nor caredst for absent me. Fond dream and vain! I was not distant far; in yonder fleet He left one able to avenge his death,385 And he hath slain thee. Thee the dogs shall rend Dishonorably, and the fowls of air, But all Achaia’s host shall him entomb. To whom the Trojan Chief languid replied. By thy own life, by theirs who gave thee birth,390 And by thy knees,[13] oh let not Grecian dogs Rend and devour me, but in gold accept And brass a ransom at my father’s hands, And at my mother’s an illustrious price; Send home my body, grant me burial rites395 Among the daughters and the sons of Troy. To whom with aspect stern Achilles thus. Dog! neither knees nor parents name to me. I would my fierceness of revenge were such, That I could carve and eat thee, to whose arms400 Such griefs I owe; so true it is and sure, That none shall save thy carcase from the dogs. No, trust me, would thy parents bring me weigh’d Ten—twenty ransoms, and engage on oath To add still more; would thy Dardanian Sire405 Priam, redeem thee with thy weight in gold, Not even at that price would I consent That she who bare should place thee on thy bier With lamentation; dogs and ravening fowls Shall rend thy body while a scrap remains.410 Then, dying, warlike Hector thus replied. Full well I knew before, how suit of mine Should speed preferr’d to thee. Thy heart is steel. But oh, while yet thou livest, think, lest the Gods Requite thee on that day, when pierced thyself415 By Paris and Apollo, thou shalt fall, Brave as thou art, before the Scæan gate. He ceased, and death involved him dark around. His spirit, from his limbs dismiss’d, the house Of Ades sought, mourning in her descent420 Youth’s prime and vigor lost, disastrous doom! But him though dead, Achilles thus bespake. Die thou. My death shall find me at what hour Jove gives commandment, and the Gods above. He spake, and from the dead drawing away425 His brazen spear, placed it apart, then stripp’d His arms gore-stain’d. Meantime the other sons Of the Achaians, gathering fast around, The bulk admired, and the proportion just Of Hector; neither stood a Grecian there430 Who pierced him not, and thus the soldier spake. Ye Gods! how far more patient of the touch Is Hector now, than when he fired the fleet! Thus would they speak, then give him each a stab. And now, the body stripp’d, their noble Chief435 The swift Achilles standing in the midst, The Grecians in wing’d accents thus address’d. Friends, Chiefs and Senators of Argos’ host! Since, by the will of heaven, this man is slain Who harm’d us more than all our foes beside,440 Essay we next the city, so to learn The Trojan purpose, whether (Hector slain) They will forsake the citadel, or still Defend it, even though of him deprived. But wherefore speak I thus? still undeplored,445 Unburied in my fleet Patroclus lies; Him never, while alive myself, I mix With living men and move, will I forget. In Ades, haply, they forget the dead, Yet will not I Patroclus, even there.450 Now chanting pæans, ye Achaian youths! Return we to the fleet with this our prize; We have achieved great glory,[14] we have slain Illustrious Hector, him whom Ilium praised In all her gates, and as a God revered.455 He said; then purposing dishonor foul To noble Hector, both his feet he bored From heel to ancle, and, inserting thongs, Them tied behind his chariot, but his head Left unsustain’d to trail along the ground.460 Ascending next, the armor at his side He placed, then lash’d the steeds; they willing flew Thick dust around the body dragg’d arose, His sable locks all swept the plain, and all His head, so graceful once, now track’d the dust,465 For Jove had given it into hostile hands That they might shame it in his native soil.[15] Thus, whelm’d in dust, it went. The mother Queen Her son beholding, pluck’d her hair away, Cast far aside her lucid veil, and fill’d470 With shrieks the air. His father wept aloud, And, all around, long, long complaints were heard And lamentations in the streets of Troy, Not fewer or less piercing, than if flames Had wrapt all Ilium to her topmost towers.475 His people scarce detain’d the ancient King Grief-stung, and resolute to issue forth Through the Dardanian gates; to all he kneel’d In turn, then roll’d himself in dust, and each By name solicited to give him way.480 Stand off, my fellow mourners! I would pass The gates, would seek, alone, the Grecian fleet. I go to supplicate the bloody man, Yon ravager; he may respect, perchance, My years, may feel some pity of my age;485 For, such as I am, his own father is, Peleus, who rear’d him for a curse to Troy, But chiefly rear’d him to myself a curse, So numerous have my sons in prime of youth Fall’n by his hand, all whom I less deplore490 (Though mourning all) than one; my agonies For Hector soon shall send me to the shades. Oh had he but within these arms expired, The hapless Queen who bore him, and myself Had wept him, then, till sorrow could no more!495 So spake he weeping, and the citizens All sigh’d around; next, Hecuba began Amid the women, thus, her sad complaint. Ah wherefore, oh my son! wretch that I am, Breathe I forlorn of thee? Thou, night and day,500 My glory wast in Ilium, thee her sons And daughters, both, hail’d as their guardian God, Conscious of benefits from thee received, Whose life prolong’d should have advanced them all To high renown. Vain boast! thou art no more.505 So mourn’d the Queen. But fair Andromache Nought yet had heard, nor knew by sure report Hector’s delay without the city gates. She in a closet of her palace sat, A twofold web weaving magnificent,510 With sprinkled flowers inwrought of various hues, And to her maidens had commandment given Through all her house, that compassing with fire An ample tripod, they should warm a bath For noble Hector from the fight return’d.515 Tenderness ill-inform’d! she little knew That in the field, from such refreshments far, Pallas had slain him by Achilles’ hand. She heard a cry of sorrow from the tower; Her limbs shook under her, her shuttle fell,520 And to her bright-hair’d train, alarm’d, she cried. Attend me two of you, that I may learn What hath befallen. I have heard the voice Of the Queen-mother; my rebounding heart Chokes me, and I seem fetter’d by a frost.525 Some mischief sure o’er Priam’s sons impends. Far be such tidings from me! but I fear Horribly, lest Achilles, cutting off My dauntless Hector from the gates alone, Enforce him to the field, and quell perhaps530 The might, this moment, of that dreadful arm His hinderance long; for Hector ne’er was wont To seek his safety in the ranks, but flew First into battle, yielding place to none. So saying, she rush’d with palpitating heart535 And frantic air abroad, by her two maids Attended; soon arriving at the tower, And at the throng of men, awhile she stood Down-looking wistful from the city-wall, And, seeing him in front of Ilium, dragg’d540 So cruelly toward the fleet of Greece, O’erwhelm’d with sudden darkness at the view Fell backward, with a sigh heard all around. Far distant flew dispersed her head-attire, Twist, frontlet, diadem, and even the veil545 By golden Venus given her on the day When Hector led her from Eëtion’s house Enrich’d with nuptial presents to his home. Around her throng’d her sisters of the house Of Priam, numerous, who within their arms550 Fast held her[16] loathing life; but she, her breath At length and sense recovering, her complaint Broken with sighs amid them thus began. Hector! I am undone; we both were born To misery, thou in Priam’s house in Troy,555 And I in Hypoplacian Thebes wood-crown’d Beneath Eëtion’s roof. He, doom’d himself To sorrow, me more sorrowfully doom’d, Sustain’d in helpless infancy, whom oh That he had ne’er begotten! thou descend’st560 To Pluto’s subterraneous dwelling drear, Leaving myself destitute, and thy boy, Fruit of our hapless loves, an infant yet, Never to be hereafter thy delight, Nor love of thine to share or kindness more.565 For should he safe survive this cruel war, With the Achaians penury and toil Must be his lot, since strangers will remove At will his landmarks, and possess his fields. Thee lost, he loses all, of father, both,570 And equal playmate in one day deprived, To sad looks doom’d, and never-ceasing-tears. He seeks, necessitous his father’s friends, One by his mantle pulls, one by his vest, Whose utmost pity yields to his parch’d lips575 A thirst-provoking drop, and grudges more; Some happier child, as yet untaught to mourn A parent’s loss, shoves rudely from the board My son, and, smiting him, reproachful cries— Away—thy father is no guest of ours—580 Then, weeping, to his widow’d mother comes Astyanax, who on his father’s lap Ate marrow only, once, and fat of lambs,[17] And when sleep took him, and his crying fit Had ceased, slept ever on the softest bed,585 Warm in his nurse’s arms, fed to his fill With delicacies, and his heart at rest. But now, Astyanax (so named in Troy For thy sake, guardian of her gates and towers) His father lost, must many a pang endure.590 And as for thee, cast naked forth among Yon galleys, where no parent’s eye of thine Shall find thee, when the dogs have torn thee once Till they are sated, worms shall eat thee next. Meantime, thy graceful raiment rich, prepared595 By our own maidens, in thy palace lies; But I will burn it, burn it all, because Useless to thee, who never, so adorn’d, Shalt slumber more; yet every eye in Troy Shall see, how glorious once was thy attire.[18]600 So, weeping, she; to whom the multitude Of Trojan dames responsive sigh’d around. BOOK XXIII. ARGUMENT OF THE TWENTY-THIRD BOOK. The body of Patroclus is burned, and the funeral games ensue. BOOK XXIII. Such mourning was in Troy; meantime the Greeks Their galleys and the shores of Hellespont Regaining, each to his own ship retired. But not the Myrmidons; Achilles them Close rank’d in martial order still detain’d,5 And thus his fellow-warriors brave address’d. Ye swift-horsed Myrmidons, associates dear! Release not from your chariots yet your steeds Firm-hoof’d, but steeds and chariots driving near, Bewail Patroclus, as the rites demand10 Of burial; then, satiate with grief and tears, We will release our steeds, and take repast. He ended, and, himself leading the way, His numerous band all mourn’d at once the dead. Around the body thrice their glossy steeds,15 Mourning they drove, while Thetis in their hearts The thirst of sorrow kindled; they with tears The sands bedew’d, with tears their radiant arms, Such deep regret of one so brave they felt. Then, placing on the bosom of his friend20 His homicidal hands, Achilles thus The shade of his Patroclus, sad, bespake. Hail, oh Patroclus, even in Ades hail! For I will now accomplish to the full My promise pledged to thee, that I would give25 Hector dragg’d hither to be torn by dogs Piecemeal, and would before thy funeral pile The necks dissever of twelve Trojan youths Of noblest rank, resentful of thy death. He said, and meditating foul disgrace30 To noble Hector, stretch’d him prone in dust Beside the bier of Menœtiades. Then all the Myrmidons their radiant arms Put off, and their shrill-neighing steeds released. A numerous band beside the bark they sat35 Of swift Æacides, who furnish’d forth Himself a feast funereal for them all. Many a white ox under the ruthless steel Lay bleeding, many a sheep and blatant goat, With many a saginated boar bright-tusk’d,40 Amid fierce flames Vulcanian stretch’d to roast. Copious the blood ran all around the dead. And now the Kings of Greece conducted thence To Agamemnon’s tent the royal son Of Peleus, loth to go, and won at last45 With difficulty, such his anger was And deep resentment of his slaughter’d friend. Soon then as Agamemnon’s tent they reach’d, The sovereign bade his heralds kindle fire Around an ample vase, with purpose kind50 Moving Achilles from his limbs to cleanse The stains of battle; but he firm refused That suit, and bound refusal with an oath— No; by the highest and the best of all, By Jove I will not. Never may it be55 That brazen bath approach this head of mine, Till I shall first Patroclus’ body give To his last fires, till I shall pile his tomb, And sheer my locks in honor of my friend; For, like to this, no second wo shall e’er60 My heart invade, while vital breath I draw. But, all unwelcome as it is, repast Now calls us. Agamemnon, King of men! Give thou command that at the dawn they bring Wood hither, such large portion as beseems65 The dead, descending to the shades, to share, That hungry flames consuming out of sight His body soon, the host may war again. He spake; they, hearing, readily obey’d. Then, each his food preparing with dispatch,70 They ate, nor wanted any of the guests Due portion, and their appetites sufficed To food and wine, all to their tents repair’d Seeking repose; but on the sands beside The billowy deep Achilles groaning lay75 Amidst his Myrmidons, where space he found With blood unstain’d beside the dashing wave.[1] There, soon as sleep, deliverer of the mind, Wrapp’d him around (for much his noble limbs With chase of Hector round the battlements80 Of wind-swept Ilium wearied were and spent) The soul came to him of his hapless friend, In bulk resembling, in expressive eyes And voice Patroclus, and so clad as he. Him, hovering o’er his head, the form address’d.85 Sleep’st thou, Achilles! of thy friend become Heedless? Him living thou didst not neglect Whom thou neglectest dead. Give me a tomb Instant, that I may pass the infernal gates. For now, the shades and spirits of the dead90 Drive me afar, denying me my wish To mingle with them on the farthest shore, And in wide-portal’d Ades sole I roam. Give me thine hand, I pray thee, for the earth I visit never more, once burnt with fire;95 We never shall again close council hold As we were wont, for me my fate severe, Mine even from my birth, hath deep absorb’d. And oh Achilles, semblance of the Gods! Thou too predestined art beneath the wall100 To perish of the high-born Trojan race. But hear my last injunction! ah, my friend! My bones sepulchre not from thine apart, But as, together we were nourish’d both Beneath thy roof (what time from Opoëis105 Menœtius led me to thy father’s house, Although a child, yet fugitive for blood, Which, in a quarrel at the dice, I spilt, Killing my playmate by a casual blow, The offspring of Amphidamas, when, like110 A father, Peleus with all tenderness Received and cherish’d me, and call’d me thine) So, let one vase inclose, at last, our bones, The golden vase, thy Goddess mother’s gift.[2] To whom Achilles, matchless in the race.115 Ah, loved and honor’d! wherefore hast thou come! Why thus enjoin’d me? I will all perform With diligence that thou hast now desired. But nearer stand, that we may mutual clasp Each other, though but with a short embrace,120 And sad satiety of grief enjoy. He said, and stretch’d his arms toward the shade, But him seized not; shrill-clamoring and light As smoke, the spirit pass’d into the earth. Amazed, upsprang Achilles, clash’d aloud125 His palms together, and thus, sad, exclaim’d. Ah then, ye Gods! there doubtless are below The soul and semblance both, but empty forms; For all night long, mourning, disconsolate, The soul of my Patroclus, hapless friend!130 Hath hover’d o’er me, giving me in charge His last requests, just image of himself. So saying, he call’d anew their sorrow forth, And rosy-palm’d Aurora found them all Mourning afresh the pitiable dead.135 Then royal Agamemnon call’d abroad Mules and mule-drivers from the tents in haste To gather wood. Uprose a valiant man, Friend of the virtuous Chief Idomeneus, Meriones, who led them to the task.140 They, bearing each in hand his sharpen’d axe And twisted cord, thence journey’d forth, the mules Driving before them; much uneven space They measured, hill and dale, right onward now, And now circuitous; but at the groves145 Arrived at length, of Ida fountain-fed, Their keen-edged axes to the towering oaks Dispatchful they applied; down fell the trees With crash sonorous. Splitting, next, the trunks, They bound them on the mules; they, with firm hoofs150 The hill-side stamping, through the thickets rush’d Desirous of the plain. Each man his log (For so the armor-bearer of the King Of Crete, Meriones, had them enjoin’d) Bore after them, and each his burthen cast155 Down on the beach regular, where a tomb Of ample size Achilles for his friend Patroclus had, and for himself, design’d. Much fuel thrown together, side by side There down they sat, and his command at once160 Achilles issued to his warriors bold, That all should gird their armor, and the steeds Join to their chariots; undelaying each Complied, and in bright arms stood soon array’d. Then mounted combatants and charioteers.165 First, moved the chariots, next, the infantry Proceeded numerous, amid whom his friends, Bearing the body of Patroclus, went. They poll’d their heads, and cover’d him with hair Shower’d over all his body, while behind170 Noble Achilles march’d, the hero’s head Sustaining sorrowful, for to the realms Of Ades a distinguish’d friend he sent. And now, arriving on the ground erewhile Mark’d by Achilles, setting down the dead,175 They heap’d the fuel quick, a lofty pile.[3] But Peleus’ son, on other thoughts intent, Retiring from the funeral pile, shore off His amber ringlets,[4] whose exuberant growth Sacred to Sperchius he had kept unshorn,180 And looking o’er the gloomy deep, he said. Sperchius! in vain Peleus my father vow’d That, hence returning to my native land, These ringlets shorn I should present to thee[5] With a whole hecatomb, and should, beside,185 Rams offer fifty at thy fountain head In thy own field, at thy own fragrant shrine. So vow’d the hoary Chief, whose wishes thou Leavest unperform’d. Since, therefore, never more I see my native home, the hero these190 Patroclus takes down with him to the shades. He said, and filling with his hair the hand Of his dead friend, the sorrows of his train Waken’d afresh. And now the lamp of day Westering[6] apace, had left them still in tears,195 Had not Achilles suddenly address’d King Agamemnon, standing at his side. Atrides! (for Achaia’s sons thy word Will readiest execute) we may with grief Satiate ourselves hereafter; but, the host200 Dispersing from the pile, now give command That they prepare repast; ourselves,[7] to whom These labors in peculiar appertain Will finish them; but bid the Chiefs abide. Which when imperial Agamemnon heard,205 He scatter’d instant to their several ships The people; but the burial-dressers thence Went not; they, still abiding, heap’d the pile. A hundred feet of breadth from side to side They gave to it, and on the summit placed210 With sorrowing hearts the body of the dead. Many a fat sheep, with many an ox full-horn’d They flay’d before the pile, busy their task Administering, and Peleus’ son the fat Taking from every victim, overspread215 Complete the body with it of his friend[8] Patroclus, and the flay’d beasts heap’d around. Then, placing flagons on the pile, replete With oil and honey, he inclined their mouths Toward the bier, and slew and added next,220 Deep-groaning and in haste, four martial steeds. Nine dogs the hero at his table fed, Of which beheading two, their carcases He added also. Last, twelve gallant sons Of noble Trojans slaying (for his heart225 Teem’d with great vengeance) he applied the force Of hungry flames that should devour the whole, Then, mourning loud, by name his friend invoked. Rejoice, Patroclus! even in the shades, Behold my promise to thee all fulfill’d!230 Twelve gallant sons of Trojans famed in arms, Together with thyself, are all become Food for these fires: but fire shall never feed On Hector; him I destine to the dogs. So threaten’d he; but him no dogs devour’d;235 Them, day and night, Jove’s daughter Venus chased Afar, and smooth’d the hero o’er with oils Of rosy scent ambrosial, lest his corse, Behind Achilles’ chariot dragg’d along So rudely, should be torn; and Phœbus hung240 A veil of sable clouds from heaven to earth, O’ershadowing broad the space where Hector lay, Lest parching suns intense should stiffen him. But the pile kindled not. Then, Peleus’ son Seeking a place apart, two Winds in prayer245 Boreas invoked and Zephyrus, to each Vowing large sacrifice. With earnest suit (Libation pouring from a golden cup) Their coming he implored, that so the flames Kindling, incontinent might burn the dead.250 Iris, his supplications hearing, swift Convey’d them to the Winds; they, in the hall Banqueting of the heavy-blowing West Sat frequent. Iris, sudden at the gate Appear’d; they, at the sight upstarting all,255 Invited each the Goddess to himself. But she refused a seat and thus she spake.[9] I sit not here. Borne over Ocean’s stream Again, to Æthiopia’s land I go Where hecatombs are offer’d to the Gods,260 Which, with the rest, I also wish to share. But Peleus’ son, earnest, the aid implores Of Boreas and of Zephyrus the loud, Vowing large sacrifice if ye will fan Briskly the pile on which Patroclus lies265 By all Achaia’s warriors deep deplored. She said, and went. Then suddenly arose The Winds, and, roaring, swept the clouds along. First, on the sea they blew; big rose the waves Beneath the blast. At fruitful Troy arrived270 Vehement on the pile they fell, and dread On all sides soon a crackling blaze ensued. All night, together blowing shrill, they drove The sheeted flames wide from the funeral pile, And all night long, a goblet in his hand275 From golden beakers fill’d, Achilles stood With large libations soaking deep the soil, And calling on the spirit of his friend. As some fond father mourns, burning the bones Of his own son, who, dying on the eve280 Of his glad nuptials, hath his parents left O’erwhelm’d with inconsolable distress, So mourn’d Achilles, his companion’s bones Burning, and pacing to and fro the field Beside the pile with many a sigh profound.285 But when the star, day’s harbinger, arose, Soon after whom, in saffron vest attired The morn her beams diffuses o’er the sea, The pile, then wasted, ceased to flame, and then Back flew the Winds over the Thracian deep290 Rolling the flood before them as they pass’d. And now Pelides lying down apart From the funereal pile, slept, but not long, Though weary; waken’d by the stir and din Of Agamemnon’s train. He sat erect,295 And thus the leaders of the host address’d. Atrides, and ye potentates who rule The whole Achaian host! first quench the pile Throughout with generous wine, where’er the fire Hath seized it. We will then the bones collect300 Of Menœtiades, which shall with ease Be known, though many bones lie scatter’d near, Since in the middle pile Patroclus lay, But wide apart and on its verge we burn’d The steeds and Trojans, a promiscuous heap.305 Them so collected in a golden vase We will dispose, lined with a double cawl, Till I shall, also, to my home below. I wish not now a tomb of amplest bounds, But such as may suffice, which yet in height310 The Grecians and in breadth shall much augment Hereafter, who, survivors of my fate, Shall still remain in the Achaian fleet. So spake Pelides, and the Chiefs complied. Where’er the pile had blazed, with generous wine315 They quench’d it, and the hills of ashes sank. Then, weeping, to a golden vase, with lard Twice lined, they gave their gentle comrade’s bones Fire-bleach’d, and lodging safely in his tent The relics, overspread them with a veil.320 Designing, next, the compass of the tomb, They mark’d its boundary with stones, then fill’d The wide enclosure hastily with earth, And, having heap’d it to its height, return’d. But all the people, by Achilles still325 Detain’d, there sitting, form’d a spacious ring, And he the destined prizes from his fleet Produced, capacious caldrons, tripods bright, Steeds, mules, tall oxen, women at the breast Close-cinctured, elegant, and unwrought[10] iron.330 First, to the chariot-drivers he proposed A noble prize; a beauteous maiden versed In arts domestic, with a tripod ear’d, Of twenty and two measures. These he made The conqueror’s meed. The second should a mare335 Obtain, unbroken yet, six years her age, Pregnant, and bearing in her womb a mule. A caldron of four measures, never smirch’d By smoke or flame, but fresh as from the forge The third awaited; to the fourth he gave340 Two golden talents, and, unsullied yet By use, a twin-ear’d phial[11] to the fifth. He stood erect, and to the Greeks he cried. Atrides, and ye chiefs of all the host! These prizes, in the circus placed, attend345 The charioteers. Held we the present games In honor of some other Grecian dead, I would myself bear hence the foremost prize; For ye are all witnesses well-inform’d Of the superior virtue of my steeds.350 They are immortal; Neptune on my sire Peleus conferr’d them, and my sire on me. But neither I this contest share myself, Nor shall my steeds; for they would miss the force And guidance of a charioteer so kind355 As they have lost, who many a time hath cleansed Their manes with water of the crystal brook, And made them sleek, himself, with limpid oil. Him, therefore, mourning, motionless they stand With hair dishevell’d, streaming to the ground.360 But ye, whoever of the host profess Superior skill, and glory in your steeds And well-built chariots, for the strife prepare! So spake Pelides, and the charioteers, For speed renown’d arose. Long ere the rest365 Eumelus, King of men, Admetus’ son Arose, accomplish’d in equestrian arts. Next, Tydeus’ son, brave Diomede, arose; He yoked the Trojan coursers by himself In battle from Æneas won, what time370 Apollo saved their master. Third, upstood The son of Atreus with the golden locks, Who to his chariot Agamemnon’s mare Swift Æthe and his own Podargus join’d. Her Echepolus from Anchises sprung375 To Agamemnon gave; she was the price At which he purchased leave to dwell at home Excused attendance on the King at Troy; For, by the gift of Jove, he had acquired Great riches, and in wide-spread Sicyon dwelt.380 Her wing’d with ardor, Menelaus yoked. Antilochus, arising fourth, his steeds Bright-maned prepared, son of the valiant King Of Pylus, Nestor Neleïades. Of Pylian breed were they, and thus his sire,385 With kind intent approaching to his side, Advised him, of himself not uninform’d.[12] Antilochus! Thou art, I know, beloved By Jove and Neptune both, from whom, though young Thou hast received knowledge of every art390 Equestrian, and hast little need to learn. Thou know’st already how to trim the goal With nicest skill, yet wondrous slow of foot Thy coursers are, whence evil may ensue. But though their steeds be swifter, I account395 Thee wise, at least, as they. Now is the time For counsel, furnish now thy mind with all Precaution, that the prize escape thee not. The feller of huge trees by skill prevails More than by strength; by skill the pilot guides400 His flying bark rock’d by tempestuous winds, And more by skill than speed the race is won. But he who in his chariot and his steeds Trusts only, wanders here and wanders there Unsteady, while his coursers loosely rein’d405 Roam wide the field; not so the charioteer Of sound intelligence; he though he drive Inferior steeds, looks ever to the goal Which close he clips, not ignorant to check His coursers at the first but with tight rein410 Ruling his own, and watching those before. Now mark; I will describe so plain the goal That thou shalt know it surely. A dry stump Extant above the ground an ell in height Stands yonder; either oak it is, or pine415 More likely, which the weather least impairs. Two stones, both white, flank it on either hand. The way is narrow there, but smooth the course On both sides. It is either, as I think, A monument of one long since deceased,420 Or was, perchance, in ancient days design’d, As now by Peleus’ mighty son, a goal. That mark in view, thy steeds and chariot push Near to it as thou may’st; then, in thy seat Inclining gently to the left, prick smart425 Thy right-hand horse challenging him aloud, And give him rein; but let thy left-hand horse Bear on the goal so closely, that the nave And felly[13] of thy wheel may seem to meet. Yet fear to strike the stone, lest foul disgrace430 Of broken chariot and of crippled steeds Ensue, and thou become the public jest. My boy beloved! use caution; for if once Thou turn the goal at speed, no man thenceforth Shall reach, or if he reach, shall pass thee by,435 Although Arion in thy rear he drove Adrastus’ rapid horse of race divine, Or those, Troy’s boast, bred by Laomedon. So Nestor spake, inculcating with care On his son’s mind these lessons in the art,440 And to his place retiring, sat again. Meriones his coursers glossy-maned Made ready last. Then to his chariot-seat Each mounted, and the lots were thrown; himself Achilles shook them. First, forth leap’d the lot445 Of Nestor’s son Antilochus, after whom The King Eumelus took his destined place. The third was Menelaus spear-renown’d; Meriones the fourth; and last of all, Bravest of all, heroic Diomede450 The son of Tydeus took his lot to drive. So ranged they stood; Achilles show’d the goal Far on the champain, nigh to which he placed The godlike Phœnix servant of his sire, To mark the race and make a true report.455 All raised the lash at once, and with the reins At once all smote their steeds, urging them on Vociferous; they, sudden, left the fleet Far, far behind them, scouring swift the plain. Dark, like a stormy cloud, uprose the dust460 Their chests beneath, and scatter’d in the wind Their manes all floated; now the chariots swept The low declivity unseen, and now Emerging started into view; erect The drivers stood; emulous, every heart465 Beat double; each encouraged loud his steeds; They, flying, fill’d with dust the darken’d air. But when returning to the hoary deep They ran their last career, then each display’d Brightest his charioteership, and the race470 Lay stretch’d, at once, into its utmost speed. Then, soon the mares of Pheretiades[14] Pass’d all, but Diomede behind him came, Borne by his unemasculated steeds Of Trojan pedigree; they not remote,475 But close pursued him; and at every pace Seem’d entering both; the chariot at their head, For blowing warm into Eumelus’ neck Behind, and on his shoulders broad, they went, And their chins rested on him as they flew.480 Then had Tydides pass’d him, or had made Decision dubious, but Apollo struck, Resentful,[15] from his hand the glittering scourge. Fast roll’d the tears indignant down his cheeks, For he beheld the mares with double speed,485 Flying, and of the spur deprived, his own Retarded steeds continual thrown behind. But not unnoticed by Minerva pass’d The art by Phœbus practised to impede The son of Tydeus, whom with winged haste490 Following, she gave to him his scourge again, And with new force his lagging steeds inspired. Eumelus, next, the angry Goddess, swift Pursuing, snapt his yoke; wide flew the mares Asunder, and the pole fell to the ground.495 Himself, roll’d from his seat, fast by the wheel With lacerated elbows, nostrils, mouth, And batter’d brows lay prone; sorrow his eyes Deluged, and disappointment chok’d his voice. Then, far outstripping all, Tydides push’d500 His steeds beyond, which Pallas fill’d with power That she might make the glorious prize his own. Him follow’d Menelaus amber-hair’d, The son of Atreus, and his father’s steeds Encouraging, thus spake Antilochus.505 Away—now stretch ye forward to the goal. I bid you not to an unequal strife With those of Diomede, for Pallas them Quickens that he may conquer, and the Chief So far advanced makes competition vain.510 But reach the son of Atreus, fly to reach His steeds, incontinent; ah, be not shamed For ever, foil’d by Æthe, by a mare! Why fall ye thus behind, my noblest steeds? I tell you both, and ye shall prove me true,515 No favor shall ye find at Nestor’s hands, My valiant sire, but he will thrust his spear Right through you, should we lose, for sloth of yours, Or by your negligence, the nobler prize. Haste then—pursue him—reach the royal Chief—520 And how to pass him in yon narrow way Shall be my care, and not my care in vain. He ended; they, awhile, awed by his voice, With more exertion ran, and Nestor’s son Now saw the hollow strait mark’d by his sire.525 It was a chasm abrupt, where winter-floods, Wearing the soil, had gullied deep the way. Thither Atrides, anxious to avoid A clash of chariots drove, and thither drove Also, but somewhat devious from his track,530 Antilochus. Then Menelaus fear’d, And with loud voice the son of Nestor hail’d. Antilochus, at what a madman’s rate Drivest thou! stop—check thy steeds—the way is here Too strait, but widening soon, will give thee scope535 To pass me by; beware, lest chariot close To chariot driven, thou maim thyself and me. He said; but still more rapid and the scourge Plying continual, as he had not heard, Antilochus came on. Far as the quoit540 By some broad-shoulder’d youth for trial hurl’d Of manhood flies, so far Antilochus Shot forward; but the coursers fell behind Of Atreus’ son, who now abated much By choice his driving, lest the steeds of both545 Jostling, should overturn with sudden shock Both chariots, and themselves in dust be roll’d, Through hot ambition of the foremost prize. Him then the hero golden-hair’d reproved. Antilochus! the man lives not on earth550 Like thee for love of mischief. Go, extoll’d For wisdom falsely by the sons of Greece. Yet, trust me, not without an oath, the prize Thus foully sought shall even now be thine. He said, and to his coursers call’d aloud.555 Ah be not tardy; stand not sorrow-check’d; Their feet will fail them sooner far than yours, For years have pass’d since they had youth to boast. So he; and springing at his voice, his steeds Regain’d apace the vantage lost. Meantime560 The Grecians, in full circus seated, mark’d The steeds; they flying, fill’d with dust the air. Then, ere the rest, Idomeneus discern’d The foremost pair; for, on a rising ground Exalted, he without the circus sat,565 And hearing, though remote, the driver’s voice Chiding his steeds, knew it, and knew beside The leader horse distinguish’d by his hue, Chestnut throughout, save that his forehead bore A splendid blazon white, round as the moon.570 He stood erect, and to the Greeks he cried. Friends! Chiefs and senators of Argos’ host! Discern I sole the steeds, or also ye? The horses, foremost now, to me appear Other than erst, and I descry at hand575 A different charioteer; the mares of late Victorious, somewhere distant in the race Are hurt; I plainly saw them at the first Turning the goal, but see them now no more; And yet with eyes inquisitive I range580 From side to side the whole broad plain of Troy. Either the charioteer hath slipp’d the reins, Or rounded not successfully the goal Through want of guidance. Thrown, as it should seem, Forth from his seat, he hath his chariot maim’d,585 And his ungovern’d steeds have roam’d away. Arise and look ye forth yourselves, for I With doubtful ken behold him; yet the man Seems, in my view, Ætolian by descent, A Chief of prime renown in Argos’ host,590 The hero Tydeus’ son, brave Diomede, But Ajax Oïliades the swift Him sharp reproved. Why art thou always given To prate, Idomeneus? thou seest the mares, Remote indeed, but posting to the goal.595 Thou art not youngest of the Argives here So much, nor from beneath thy brows look forth Quick-sighted more than ours, thine eyes abroad. Yet still thou pratest, although silence more Should suit thee, among wiser far than thou.600 The mares which led, lead still, and he who drives Eumelus is, the same who drove before. To whom the Cretan Chief, angry, replied. Ajax! whom none in wrangling can excel Or rudeness, though in all beside thou fall605 Below the Argives, being boorish-rough, Come now—a tripod let us wager each, Or caldron, and let Agamemnon judge Whose horses lead, that, losing, thou may’st learn. He said; then sudden from his seat upsprang610 Swift Ajax Oïliades, prepared For harsh retort, nor had the contest ceased Between them, but had grown from ill to worse, Had not himself, Achilles, interposed. Ajax—Idomeneus—abstain ye both615 From bitter speech offensive, and such terms As ill become you. Ye would feel, yourselves, Resentment, should another act as ye. Survey the course, peaceable, from your seats; The charioteers, by competition wing’d,620 Will soon themselves arrive, then shall ye know Distinctly, both who follows and who leads. He scarce had said, when nigh at hand appear’d Tydides, lashing, as he came, his steeds Continual; they with hoofs uplifted high625 Their yet remaining ground shorten’d apace, Sprinkling with dusty drops at every stroke Their charioteer, while close upon their heels Radiant with tin and gold the chariot ran, Scarce tracking light the dust, so swift they flew.630 He stood in the mid-circus; there the sweat Rain’d under them from neck and chest profuse, And Diomede from his resplendent seat Leaping, reclined his scourge against the yoke. Nor was his friend brave Sthenelus remiss,635 But, seizing with alacrity the prize, Consign’d the tripod and the virgin, first, To his own band in charge; then, loosed the steeds. Next came, by stratagem, not speed advanced To that distinction, Nestor’s son, whom yet640 The hero Menelaus close pursued Near as the wheel runs to a courser’s heels, Drawing his master at full speed; his tail With its extremest hairs the felly sweeps That close attends him o’er the spacious plain,645 So near had Menelaus now approach’d Antilochus; for though at first he fell A full quoit’s cast behind, he soon retrieved That loss, with such increasing speed the mare Bright-maned of Agamemnon, Æthe, ran;650 She, had the course few paces more to both Afforded, should have clearly shot beyond Antilochus, nor dubious left the prize. But noble Menelaus threw behind Meriones, companion in the field,655 Of King Idomeneus, a lance’s flight, For slowest were his steeds, and he, to rule The chariot in the race, least skill’d of all. Last came Eumelus drawing to the goal, Himself, his splendid chariot, and his mares660 Driving before him. Peleus’ rapid son Beheld him with compassion, and, amid The Argives, in wing’d accents thus he spake. Here comes the most expert, driving his steeds Before him. Just it were that he received665 The second prize; Tydides claims the first. He said, and all applauded the award. Then had Achilles to Eumelus given The mare (for such the pleasure seem’d of all) Had not the son of mighty Nestor risen,670 Antilochus, who pleaded thus his right. Achilles! acting as thou hast proposed, Thou shalt offend me much, for thou shalt take The prize from me, because the Gods, his steeds And chariot-yoke disabling, render’d vain675 His efforts, and no failure of his own. It was his duty to have sought the Gods In prayer, then had he not, following on foot His coursers, hindmost of us all arrived. But if thou pity him, and deem it good,680 Thou hast much gold, much brass, and many sheep In thy pavilion; thou hast maidens fair, And coursers also. Of thy proper stores Hereafter give to him a richer prize Than this, or give it now, so shall the Greeks685 Applaud thee; but this mare yield I to none; Stand forth the Grecian who desires to win That recompense, and let him fight with me. He ended, and Achilles, godlike Chief, Smiled on him, gratulating his success,690 Whom much he loved; then, ardent, thus replied. Antilochus! if thou wouldst wish me give Eumelus of my own, even so I will. I will present to him my corslet bright Won from Asteropæus, edged around695 With glittering tin; a precious gift, and rare. So saying, he bade Automedon his friend Produce it from the tent; he at his word Departing, to Achilles brought the spoil, Which at his hands Eumelus glad received.700 Then, stung with grief, and with resentment fired Immeasurable, Menelaus rose To charge Antilochus. His herald gave The sceptre to his hand, and (silence bidden To all) the godlike hero thus began.705 Antilochus! oh heretofore discreet! What hast thou done? Thou hast dishonor’d foul My skill, and wrong’d my coursers, throwing thine, Although inferior far, by fraud before them. Ye Chiefs and Senators of Argos’ host!710 Impartial judge between us, lest, of these, Some say hereafter, Menelaus bore Antilochus by falsehood down, and led The mare away, because, although his steeds Were worse, his arm was mightier, and prevail’d.715 Yet hold—myself will judge, and will to all Contentment give, for I will judge aright. Hither, Antilochus, illustrious youth! And, as the law prescribes, standing before Thy steeds and chariot, holding too the scourge720 With which thou drovest, lay hand on both thy steeds, And swear by Neptune, circler of the earth, That neither wilfully, nor yet by fraud Thou didst impede my chariot in its course. Then prudent, thus Antilochus replied.725 Oh royal Menelaus! patient bear The fault of one thy junior far, in years Alike unequal and in worth to thee. Thou know’st how rash is youth, and how propense To pass the bounds by decency prescribed,730 Quick, but not wise. Lay, then, thy wrath aside; The mare now given me I will myself Deliver to thee, and if thou require A larger recompense, will rather yield A larger much than from thy favor fall735 Deservedly for ever, mighty Prince! And sin so heinously against the Gods. So saying, the son of valiant Nestor led The mare, himself, to Menelaus’ hand, Who with heart-freshening joy the prize received.740 As on the ears of growing corn the dews Fall grateful, while the spiry grain erect Bristles the fields, so, Menelaus, felt Thy inmost soul a soothing pleasure sweet! Then answer thus the hero quick return’d.745 Antilochus! exasperate though I were, Now, such no longer, I relinquish glad All strife with thee, for that at other times Thou never inconsiderate wast or light, Although by youthful heat misled to-day.750 Yet safer is it not to over-reach Superiors, for no other Grecian here Had my extreme displeasure calm’d so soon; But thou hast suffer’d much, and much hast toil’d, As thy good father and thy brother have,755 On my behalf; I, therefore, yield, subdued By thy entreaties, and the mare, though mine, Will also give thee, that these Grecians all May know me neither proud nor hard to appease. So saying, the mare he to Noëmon gave,760 Friend of Antilochus, and, well-content, The polish’d caldron for _his_ prize received. The fourth awarded lot (for he had fourth Arrived) Meriones asserted next, The golden talents; but the phial still765 Left unappropriated Achilles bore Across the circus in his hand, a gift To ancient Nestor, whom he thus bespake. Thou also, oh my father! this accept, Which in remembrance of the funeral rites770 Of my Patroclus, keep, for him thou seest Among the Greeks no more. Receive a prize, Thine by gratuity; for thou shalt wield The cestus, wrestle, at the spear contend, Or in the foot-race (fallen as thou art775 Into the wane of life) never again. He said, and placed it in his hands. He, glad, Receiving it, in accents wing’d replied. True, oh my son! is all which thou hast spoken. These limbs, these hands, young friend! (their vigor lost)780 No longer, darted from the shoulder, spring At once to battle. Ah that I could grow Young yet again, could feel again such force Athletic, as when in Buprasium erst The Epeans with sepulchral pomp entomb’d785 King Amarynceus, where his sons ordain’d Funereal games in honor of their sire! Epean none or even Pylian there Could cope with me, or yet Ætolian bold. Boxing, I vanquish’d Clytomedes, son790 Of Enops; wrestling, the Pleuronian Chief Ancæus; in the foot-race Iphiclus, Though a fleet runner; and I over-pitch’d Phyleus and Polydorus at the spear. The sons of Actor[16] in the chariot-race795 Alone surpass’d me, being two for one, And jealous both lest I should also win That prize, for to the victor charioteer They had assign’d the noblest prize of all. They were twin-brothers, and one ruled the steeds,800 The steeds one ruled,[17] the other lash’d them on. Such once was I; but now, these sports I leave To younger; me submission most befits To withering age, who then outshone the best. But go. The funeral of thy friend with games805 Proceed to celebrate; I accept thy gift With pleasure; and my heart is also glad That thou art mindful evermore of one Who loves thee, and such honor in the sight Yield’st me of all the Greeks, as is my due.810 May the Gods bless thee for it more and more! He spake, and Peleus’ son, when he had heard At large his commendation from the lips Of Nestor, through the assembled Greeks return’d. He next proposed, not lightly to be won,815 The boxer’s prize. He tether’d down a mule, Untamed and hard to tame, but strong to toil, And in her prime of vigor, in the midst; A goblet to the vanquish’d he assign’d, Then stood erect and to the Greeks exclaim’d.820 Atridæ! and ye Argives brazen-greaved! I call for two bold combatants expert To wage fierce strife for these, with lifted fists Smiting each other. He, who by the aid Of Phœbus shall o’ertome, and whom the Greeks825 Shall all pronounce victorious, leads the mule Hence to his tent; the vanquish’d takes the cup. He spake, and at his word a Greek arose Big, bold, and skillful in the boxer’s art, Epeüs, son of Panopeus; his hand830 He on the mule imposed, and thus he said. Approach the man ambitious of the cup! For no Achaian here shall with his fist Me foiling, win the mule. I boast myself To all superior. May it not suffice835 That I to no pre-eminence pretend In battle? To attain to foremost praise Alike in every art is not for one. But this I promise, and will well perform— My blows shall lay him open, split him, crush840 His bones to splinters, and let all his friends, Attendant on him, wait to bear him hence, Vanquish’d by my superior force in fight. He ended, and his speech found no reply. One godlike Chief alone, Euryalus,845 Son of the King Mecisteus, who, himself, Sprang from Talaion, opposite arose. He, on the death of Oedipus, at Thebes Contending in the games held at his tomb, Had overcome the whole Cadmean race.850 Him Diomede spear-famed for fight prepared, Giving him all encouragement, for much He wish’d him victory. First then he threw[18] His cincture to him; next, he gave him thongs[19] Cut from the hide of a wild buffalo.855 Both girt around, into the midst they moved. Then, lifting high their brawny arms, and fists Mingling with fists, to furious fight they fell; Dire was the crash of jaws, and the sweat stream’d From every limb. Epeüs fierce advanced,860 And while Euryalus with cautious eye Watch’d his advantage, pash’d him on the cheek He stood no longer, but, his shapely limbs, Unequal to his weight, sinking, he fell. As by the rising north-wind driven ashore865 A huge fish flounces on the weedy beach, Which soon the sable flood covers again, So, beaten down, he bounded. But Epeüs, Heroic chief, upraised him by his hand, And his own comrades from the circus forth870 Led him, step dragging after step, the blood Ejecting grumous, and at every pace Rolling his head languid from side to side. They placed him all unconscious on his seat In his own band, then fetch’d his prize, the cup.875 Still other prizes, then, Achilles placed In view of all, the sturdy wrestler’s meed. A large hearth-tripod, valued by the Greeks At twice six beeves, should pay the victor’s toil; But for the vanquish’d, in the midst he set880 A damsel in variety expert Of arts domestic, valued at four beeves. He rose erect, and to the Greeks he cried. Arise ye, now, who shall this prize dispute. So spake the son of Peleus; then arose885 Huge Telamonian Ajax, and upstood Ulysses also, in all wiles adept. Both girt around, into the midst they moved. With vigorous gripe each lock’d the other fast, Like rafters, standing, of some mansion built890 By a prime artist proof against all winds. Their backs, tugg’d vehemently, creak’d,[20] the sweat Trickled, and on their flanks and shoulders, red The whelks arose; they bearing still in mind The tripod, ceased not struggling for the prize.895 Nor could Ulysses from his station move And cast down Ajax, nor could Ajax him Unsettle, fixt so firm Ulysses stood. But when, long time expectant, all the Greeks Grew weary, then, huge Ajax him bespake.900 Laertes’ noble son, for wiles renown’d! Lift, or be lifted, and let Jove decide. He said, and heaved Ulysses. Then, his wiles Forgat not he, but on the ham behind Chopp’d him; the limbs of Ajax at the stroke905 Disabled sank; he fell supine, and bore Ulysses close adhering to his chest Down with him. Wonder riveted all eyes. Then brave Ulysses from the ground awhile Him lifted in his turn, but ere he stood,910 Inserting his own knee the knees between[21] Of Ajax, threw him. To the earth they fell Both, and with dust defiled lay side by side. And now, arising to a third essay, They should have wrestled yet again, had not915 Achilles, interfering, them restrain’d. Strive not together more; cease to exhaust Each other’s force; ye both have earn’d the prize Depart alike requited, and give place To other Grecians who shall next contend.920 He spake; they glad complied, and wiping off The dust, put on their tunics. Then again Achilles other prizes yet proposed, The rapid runner’s meed. First, he produced A silver goblet of six measures; earth925 Own’d not its like for elegance of form. Skilful Sidonian artists had around Embellish’d it,[22] and o’er the sable deep Phœnician merchants into Lemnos’ port Had borne it, and the boon to Thoas[23] given;930 But Jason’s son, Euneüs, in exchange For Priam’s son Lycaon, to the hand Had pass’d it of Patroclus famed in arms. Achilles this, in honor of his friend, Set forth, the swiftest runner’s recompense.935 The second should a fatted ox receive Of largest size, and he assign’d of gold A just half-talent to the worst and last. He stood erect, and to the Greeks he cried. Now stand ye forth who shall this prize dispute.940 He said, and at his word instant arose Swift Ajax Oïliades; upsprang The shrewd Ulysses next, and after him Brave Nestor’s son Antilochus, with whom None vied in speed of all the youths of Greece.945 They stood prepared. Achilles show’d the goal. At once all started. Oïliades Led swift the course, and closely at his heels Ulysses ran. Near as some cinctured maid Industrious holds the distaff to her breast,950 While to and fro with practised finger neat She tends the flax drawing it to a thread, So near Ulysses follow’d him, and press’d His footsteps, ere the dust fill’d them again, Pouring his breath into his neck behind,955 And never slackening pace. His ardent thirst Of victory with universal shouts All seconded, and, eager, bade him on. And now the contest shortening to a close, Ulysses his request silent and brief960 To azure-eyed Minerva thus preferr’d. Oh Goddess hear, prosper me in the race! Such was his prayer, with which Minerva pleased, Freshen’d his limbs, and made him light to run. And now, when in one moment they should both965 Have darted on the prize, then Ajax’ foot Sliding, he fell; for where the dung of beeves Slain by Achilles for his friend, had spread The soil, there[24] Pallas tripp’d him. Ordure foul His mouth, and ordure foul his nostrils fill’d.970 Then brave Ulysses, first arriving, seized The cup, and Ajax took his prize, the ox. He grasp’d his horn, and sputtering as he stood The ordure forth, the Argives thus bespake. Ah—Pallas tripp’d my footsteps; she attends975 Ulysses ever with a mother’s care. Loud laugh’d the Grecians. Then, the remnant prize Antilochus receiving, smiled and said. Ye need not, fellow-warriors, to be taught That now, as ever, the immortal Gods980 Honor on seniority bestow. Ajax is elder, yet not much, than I. But Laertiades was born in times Long past, a chief coëval with our sires, Not young, but vigorous; and of the Greeks,985 Achilles may alone with him contend. So saying, the merit of superior speed To Peleus’ son he gave, who thus replied. Antilochus! thy praise of me shall prove Nor vain nor unproductive to thyself,990 For the half-talent doubled shall be thine. He spake, and, doubling it, the talent placed Whole in his hand. He glad the gift received. Achilles, then Sarpedon’s arms produced, Stripp’d from him by Patroclus, his long spear,995 Helmet and shield, which in the midst he placed. He stood erect, and to the Greeks he cried. I call for two brave warriors arm’d to prove Each other’s skill with weapons keen, this prize Disputing, next, in presence of us all.1000 Who first shall through his armor reach the skin Of his antagonist, and shall draw his blood, To him this silver-studded falchion bright I give; the blade is Thracian, and of late Asteropæus wore it, whom I slew.1005 These other arms shall be their common meed, And I will banquet both within my tent. He said, then Telamonian Ajax huge Arose, and opposite the son arose Of warlike Tydeus, Diomede the brave.1010 Apart from all the people each put on His arms, then moved into the middle space, Lowering terrific, and on fire to fight. The host look’d on amazed. Approaching each The other, thrice they sprang to the assault,1015 And thrice struck hand to hand. Ajax the shield Pierced of his adversary, but the flesh Attain’d not, baffled by his mail within. Then Tydeus’ son, sheer o’er the ample disk Of Ajax, thrust a lance home to his neck,1020 And the Achaians for the life appall’d Of Ajax, bade them, ceasing, share the prize. But the huge falchion with its sheath and belt— Achilles them on Diomede bestow’d. The hero, next, an iron clod produced1025 Rough from the forge, and wont to task the might Of King Eëtion; but, when him he slew, Pelides, glorious chief, with other spoils From Thebes convey’d it in his fleet to Troy. He stood erect, and to the Greeks he cried.1030 Come forth who also shall this prize dispute! How far soe’er remote the winner’s fields, This lump shall serve his wants five circling years; His shepherd shall not, or his plower, need In quest of iron seek the distant town,1035 But hence he shall himself their wants supply.[25] Then Polypœtes brave in fight arose, Arose Leonteus also, godlike chief, With Ajax son of Telamon. Each took His station, and Epeüs seized the clod.1040 He swung, he cast it, and the Grecians laugh’d. Leonteus, branch of Mars, quoited it next. Huge Telamonian Ajax with strong arm Dismiss’d it third, and overpitch’d them both. But when brave Polypœtes seized the mass1045 Far as the vigorous herdsman flings his staff That twirling flies his numerous beeves between,[26] So far his cast outmeasured all beside, And the host shouted. Then the friends arose Of Polypœtes valiant chief, and bore1050 His ponderous acquisition to the ships. The archers’ prize Achilles next proposed, Ten double and ten single axes, form’d Of steel convertible to arrow-points. He fix’d, far distant on the sands, the mast1055 Of a brave bark cerulean-prow’d, to which With small cord fasten’d by the foot he tied A timorous dove, their mark at which to aim. [27]Who strikes the dove, he conquers, and shall bear These double axes all into his tent.1060 But who the cord alone, missing the bird, Successful less, he wins the single blades. The might of royal Teucer then arose, And, fellow-warrior of the King of Crete, Valiant Meriones. A brazen casque1065 Received the lots; they shook them, and the lot Fell first to Teucer. He, at once, a shaft Sent smartly forth, but vow’d not to the King[28] A hecatomb, all firstlings of the flock. He therefore (for Apollo greater praise1070 Denied him) miss’d the dove, but struck the cord That tied her, at small distance from the knot, And with his arrow sever’d it. Upsprang The bird into the air, and to the ground Depending fell the cord. Shouts rent the skies.1075 Then, all in haste, Meriones the bow Caught from his hand holding a shaft the while Already aim’d, and to Apollo vow’d A hecatomb, all firstlings of the flock. He eyed the dove aloft, under a cloud,1080 And, while she wheel’d around, struck her beneath The pinion; through her and beyond her pass’d The arrow, and, returning, pierced the soil Fast by the foot of brave Meriones. She, perching on the mast again, her head1085 Reclined, and hung her wide-unfolded wing, But, soon expiring, dropp’d and fell remote. Amazement seized the people. To his tent Meriones the ten best axes bore, And Teucer the inferior ten to his.[29]1090 Then, last, Achilles in the circus placed A ponderous spear and caldron yet unfired, Emboss’d with flowers around, its worth an ox. Upstood the spear-expert; Atrides first, Wide-ruling Agamemnon, King of men,1095 And next, brave fellow-warrior of the King Of Crete, Meriones; when thus his speech Achilles to the royal chief address’d. Atrides! (for we know thy skill and force Matchless! that none can hurl the spear as thou)1100 This prize is thine, order it to thy ship; And if it please thee, as I would it might, Let brave Meriones the spear receive. He said; nor Agamemnon not complied, But to Meriones the brazen spear Presenting, to Talthybius gave in charge The caldron, next, his own illustrious prize. BOOK XXIV. ARGUMENT OF THE TWENTY-FOURTH BOOK. Priam, by command of Jupiter, and under conduct of Mercury, seeks Achilles in his tent, who admonished previously by Thetis, consents to accept ransom for the body of Hector. Hector is mourned, and the manner of his funeral, circumstantially described, concludes the poem. BOOK XXIV. The games all closed, the people went dispersed Each to his ship; they, mindful of repast, And to enjoy repose; but other thoughts Achilles’ mind employ’d: he still deplored With tears his loved Patroclus, nor the force5 Felt of all-conquering sleep, but turn’d and turn’d Restless from side to side, mourning the loss Of such a friend, so manly, and so brave. Their fellowship in toil; their hardships oft Sustain’d in fight laborious, or o’ercome10 With difficulty on the perilous deep— Remembrance busily retracing themes Like these, drew down his cheeks continual tears. Now on his side he lay, now lay supine, Now prone, then starting from his couch he roam’d15 Forlorn the beach, nor did the rising morn On seas and shores escape his watchful eye, But joining to his chariot his swift steeds, He fasten’d Hector to be dragg’d behind. Around the tomb of Menœtiades20 Him thrice he dragg’d; then rested in his tent, Leaving him at his length stretch’d in the dust. Meantime Apollo with compassion touch’d Even of the lifeless Hector, from all taint Saved him, and with the golden ægis broad25 Covering, preserved him, although dragg’d, untorn. While he, indulging thus his wrath, disgraced Brave Hector, the immortals at that sight With pity moved, exhorted Mercury The watchful Argicide, to steal him thence.30 That counsel pleased the rest, but neither pleased Juno, nor Neptune, nor the blue-eyed maid. They still, as at the first, held fast their hate Of sacred Troy, detested Priam still, And still his people, mindful of the crime35 Of Paris, who when to his rural hut They came, those Goddesses affronting,[1] praise And admiration gave to her alone Who with vile lusts his preference repaid. But when the twelfth ensuing morn arose,40 Apollo, then, the immortals thus address’d. Ye Gods, your dealings now injurious seem And cruel. Was not Hector wont to burn Thighs of fat goats and bullocks at your shrines? Whom now, though dead, ye cannot yet endure45 To rescue, that Andromache once more Might view him, his own mother, his own son, His father and the people, who would soon Yield him his just demand, a funeral fire. But, oh ye Gods! your pleasure is alone50 To please Achilles, that pernicious chief, Who neither right regards, nor owns a mind That can relent, but as the lion, urged By his own dauntless heart and savage force, Invades without remorse the rights of man,55 That he may banquet on his herds and flocks, So Peleus’ son all pity from his breast Hath driven, and shame, man’s blessing or his curse.[2] For whosoever hath a loss sustain’d Still dearer, whether of his brother born60 From the same womb, or even of his son, When he hath once bewail’d him, weeps no more, For fate itself gives man a patient mind. Yet Peleus’ son, not so contented, slays Illustrious Hector first, then drags his corse65 In cruel triumph at his chariot-wheels Around Patroclus’ tomb; but neither well He acts, nor honorably to himself, Who may, perchance, brave though he be, incur Our anger, while to gratify revenge70 He pours dishonor thus on senseless clay. To whom, incensed, Juno white-arm’d replied. And be it so; stand fast this word of thine, God of the silver bow! if ye account Only such honor to Achilles due75 As Hector claims; but Hector was by birth Mere man, and suckled at a woman’s breast. Not such Achilles; him a Goddess bore, Whom I myself nourish’d, and on my lap Fondled, and in due time to Peleus gave80 In marriage, to a chief beloved in heaven Peculiarly; ye were yourselves, ye Gods! Partakers of the nuptial feast, and thou Wast present also with thine harp in hand, Thou comrade of the vile! thou faithless ever!85 Then answer thus cloud-gatherer Jove return’d. Juno, forbear. Indulge not always wrath Against the Gods. They shall not share alike, And in the same proportion our regards. Yet even Hector was the man in Troy90 Most favor’d by the Gods, and him no less I also loved, for punctual were his gifts To us; mine altar never miss’d from him Libation, or the steam of sacrifice, The meed allotted to us from of old.95 But steal him not, since by Achilles’ eye Unseen ye cannot, who both day and night Watches[3] him, as a mother tends her son. But call ye Thetis hither, I would give The Goddess counsel, that, at Priam’s hands100 Accepting gifts, Achilles loose the dead. He ceased. Then Iris tempest-wing’d arose. Samos between, and Imbrus rock-begirt, She plunged into the gloomy flood; loud groan’d The briny pool, while sudden down she rush’d,105 As sinks the bull’s[4] horn with its leaden weight, Death bearing to the raveners of the deep. Within her vaulted cave Thetis she found By every nymph of Ocean round about Encompass’d; she, amid them all, the fate110 Wept of her noble son ordain’d to death At fertile Troy, from Phthia far remote. Then, Iris, drawing near, her thus address’d. Arise, O Thetis! Jove, the author dread Of everlasting counsels, calls for thee.115 To whom the Goddess of the silver feet. Why calls the mighty Thunderer me? I fear, Oppress’d with countless sorrows as I am, To mingle with the Gods. Yet I obey— No word of his can prove an empty sound.120 So saying, the Goddess took her sable veil (Eye ne’er beheld a darker) and began Her progress, by the storm-wing’d Iris led. On either hand the billows open’d wide A pass before them; they, ascending soon125 The shore, updarted swift into the skies. They found loud-voiced Saturnian Jove around Environ’d by the ever-blessed Gods Convened in full assembly; she beside Her Father Jove (Pallas retiring) sat.130 Then, Juno, with consolatory speech, Presented to her hand a golden cup, Of which she drank, then gave it back again, And thus the sire of Gods and men began. Goddess of ocean, Thetis! thou hast sought135 Olympus, bearing in thy bosom grief Never to be assuaged, as well I know. Yet shalt thou learn, afflicted as thou art, Why I have summon’d thee. Nine days the Gods, Concerning Hector’s body and thy own140 Brave city-spoiler son, have held dispute, And some have urged ofttimes the Argicide Keen-sighted Mercury, to steal the dead. But I forbade it for Achilles’ sake, Whom I exalt, the better to insure145 Thy reverence and thy friendship evermore. Haste, therefore, seek thy son, and tell him thus, The Gods resent it, say (but most of all Myself am angry) that he still detains Amid his fleet, through fury of revenge,150 Unransom’d Hector; so shall he, at length, Through fear of me, perchance, release the slain. Myself to generous Priam will, the while, Send Iris, who shall bid him to the fleet Of Greece, such ransom bearing as may soothe155 Achilles, for redemption of his son. So spake the God, nor Thetis not complied. Descending swift from the Olympian heights She reach’d Achilles’ tent. Him there she found Groaning disconsolate, while others ran160 To and fro, occupied around a sheep New-slaughter’d, large, and of exuberant fleece. She, sitting close beside him, softly strok’d His cheek, and thus, affectionate, began. How long, my son! sorrowing and mourning here,165 Wilt thou consume thy soul, nor give one thought Either to food or love? Yet love is good, And woman grief’s best cure; for length of days Is not thy doom, but, even now, thy death And ruthless destiny are on the wing.170 Mark me,—I come a lieger sent from Jove. The Gods, he saith, resent it, but himself More deeply than the rest, that thou detain’st Amid thy fleet, through fury of revenge, Unransom’d Hector. Be advised, accept175 Ransom, and to his friends resign the dead. To whom Achilles, swiftest of the swift. Come then the ransomer, and take him hence; If Jove himself command it,—be it so. So they, among the ships, conferring sat180 On various themes, the Goddess and her son; Meantime Saturnian Jove commanded down His swift ambassadress to sacred Troy. Hence, rapid Iris! leave the Olympian heights. And, finding noble Priam, bid him haste185 Into Achaia’s fleet, bearing such gifts As may assuage Achilles, and prevail To liberate the body of his son. Alone, he must; no Trojan of them all May company the senior thither, save190 An ancient herald to direct his mules And his wheel’d litter, and to bring the dead Back into Ilium, whom Achilles slew. Let neither fear of death nor other fear Trouble him aught, so safe a guard and sure195 We give him; Mercury shall be his guide Into Achilles’ presence in his tent. Nor will himself Achilles slay him there, Or even permit his death, but will forbid All violence; for he is not unwise200 Nor heedless, no—nor wilful to offend, But will his suppliant with much grace receive.[5] He ceased; then Iris tempest-wing’d arose, Jove’s messenger, and, at the gates arrived Of Priam, wo and wailing found within.205 Around their father, in the hall, his sons Their robes with tears water’d, while them amidst The hoary King sat mantled, muffled close, And on his venerable head and neck Much dust was spread, which, rolling on the earth,210 He had shower’d on them with unsparing hands. The palace echoed to his daughters’ cries, And to the cries of matrons calling fresh Into remembrance many a valiant chief Now stretch’d in dust, by Argive hands destroy’d.215 The messenger of Jove at Priam’s side Standing, with whisper’d accents low his ear Saluted, but he trembled at the sound. Courage, Dardanian Priam! fear thou nought; To thee no prophetess of ill, I come;220 But with kind purpose: Jove’s ambassadress Am I, who though remote, yet entertains Much pity, and much tender care for thee. Olympian Jove commands thee to redeem The noble Hector, with an offering large225 Of gifts that may Achilles’ wrath appease. Alone, thou must; no Trojan of them all Hath leave to attend thy journey thither, save An ancient herald to direct thy mules And thy wheel’d litter, and to bring the dead230 Back into Ilium, whom Achilles slew. Let neither fear of death nor other fear Trouble thee aught, so safe a guard and sure He gives thee; Mercury shall be thy guide Even to Achilles’ presence in his tent.235 Nor will himself Achilles slay thee there, Or even permit thy death, but will forbid All violence; for he is not unwise Nor heedless, no—nor wilful to offend, But will his suppliant with much grace receive.240 So spake the swift ambassadress, and went. Then, calling to his sons, he bade them bring His litter forth, and bind the coffer on, While to his fragrant chamber he repair’d Himself, with cedar lined and lofty-roof’d,245 A treasury of wonders into which The Queen he summon’d, whom he thus bespake. Hecuba! the ambassadress of Jove Hath come, who bids me to the Grecian fleet, Bearing such presents thither as may soothe250 Achilles, for redemption of my son. But say, what seems this enterprise to thee? Myself am much inclined to it, I feel My courage prompting me amain toward The fleet, and into the Achaian camp.255 Then wept the Queen aloud, and thus replied. Ah! whither is thy wisdom fled, for which Both strangers once, and Trojans honor’d _thee_? How canst thou wish to penetrate alone The Grecian fleet, and to appear before260 His face, by whom so many valiant sons Of thine have fallen? Thou hast an iron heart! For should that savage man and faithless once Seize and discover thee, no pity expect Or reverence at his hands. Come—let us weep265 Together, here sequester’d; for the thread Spun for him by his destiny severe When he was born, ordain’d our son remote From us his parents to be food for hounds In that chief’s tent. Oh! clinging to his side,270 How I could tear him with my teeth! His deeds, Disgraceful to my son, then should not want Retaliation; for he slew not him Skulking, but standing boldly for the wives, The daughters fair, and citizens of Troy,275 Guiltless of flight,[6] and of the wish to fly. Whom godlike Priam answer’d, ancient King. Impede me not who willing am to go, Nor be, thyself, a bird of ominous note To terrify me under my own roof,280 For thou shalt not prevail. Had mortal man Enjoin’d me this attempt, prophet, or priest, Or soothsayer, I had pronounced him false And fear’d it but the more. But, since I saw The Goddess with these eyes, and heard, myself,285 The voice divine, I go; that word shall stand; And, if my doom be in the fleet of Greece To perish, be it so; Achilles’ arm Shall give me speedy death, and I shall die Folding my son, and satisfied with tears.290 So saying, he open’d wide the elegant lids Of numerous chests, whence mantles twelve he took Of texture beautiful; twelve single cloaks; As many carpets, with as many robes, To which he added vests, an equal store.295 He also took ten talents forth of gold, All weigh’d, two splendid tripods, caldrons four, And after these a cup of matchless worth Given to him when ambassador in Thrace; A noble gift, which yet the hoary King300 Spared not, such fervor of desire he felt To loose his son. Then from his portico, With angry taunts he drove the gather’d crowds. Away! away! ye dregs of earth, away! Ye shame of human kind! Have ye no griefs305 At home, that ye come hither troubling _me_? Deem ye it little that Saturnian Jove Afflicts me thus, and of my very best, Best boy deprives me? Ah! ye shall be taught Yourselves that loss, far easier to be slain310 By the Achaians now, since he is dead. But I, ere yet the city I behold Taken and pillaged, with these aged eyes, Shall find safe hiding in the shades below. He said, and chased them with his staff; they left315 In haste the doors, by the old King expell’d. Then, chiding them aloud, his sons he call’d, Helenus, Paris, noble Agathon, Pammon, Antiphonus, and bold in fight Polites, Dios of illustrious fame,320 Hippothoüs and Deiphobus—all nine He call’d, thus issuing, angry, his commands. Quick! quick! ye slothful in your father’s cause, Ye worthless brood! would that in Hector’s stead Ye all had perish’d in the fleet of Greece!325 Oh altogether wretched! in all Troy No man had sons to boast valiant as mine, And I have lost them all. Mestor is gone The godlike, Troilus the steed-renown’d, And Hector, who with other men compared330 Seem’d a Divinity, whom none had deem’d From mortal man derived, but from a God. These Mars hath taken, and hath left me none But scandals of my house, void of all truth, Dancers, exact step-measurers,[7] a band335 Of public robbers, thieves of kids and lambs. Will ye not bring my litter to the gate This moment, and with all this package quick Charge it, that we may hence without delay? He said, and by his chiding awed, his sons340 Drew forth the royal litter, neat, new-built, And following swift the draught, on which they bound The coffer; next, they lower’d from the wall The sculptured boxen yoke with its two rings;[8] And with the yoke its furniture, in length345 Nine cubits; this to the extremest end Adjusting of the pole, they cast the ring Over the ring-bolt; then, thrice through the yoke They drew the brace on both sides, made it fast With even knots, and tuck’d[9] the dangling ends.350 Producing, next, the glorious ransom-price Of Hector’s body, on the litter’s floor They heap’d it all, then yoked the sturdy mules, A gift illustrious by the Mysians erst Conferr’d on Priam; to the chariot, last,355 They led forth Priam’s steeds, which the old King (In person serving them) with freshest corn Constant supplied; meantime, himself within The palace, and his herald, were employ’d Girding[10] themselves, to go; wise each and good.360 And now came mournful Hecuba, with wine Delicious charged, which in a golden cup She brought, that not without libation due First made, they might depart. Before the steeds Her steps she stay’d, and Priam thus address’d.365 Take this, and to the Sire of all perform Libation, praying him a safe return From hostile hands, since thou art urged to seek The Grecian camp, though not by my desire. Pray also to Idæan Jove cloud-girt,370 Who oversees all Ilium, that he send His messenger or ere thou go, the bird His favorite most, surpassing all in strength, At thy right hand; him seeing, thou shalt tend With better hope toward the fleet of Greece.375 But should loud-thundering Jove his lieger swift Withhold, from me far be it to advise This journey, howsoe’er thou wish to go. To whom the godlike Priam thus replied. This exhortation will I not refuse,380 O Queen! for, lifting to the Gods his hands In prayer for their compassion, none can err. So saying, he bade the maiden o’er the rest, Chief in authority, pour on his hands Pure water, for the maiden at his side385 With ewer charged and laver, stood prepared. He laved his hands; then, taking from the Queen The goblet, in his middle area stood Pouring libation with his eyes upturn’d Heaven-ward devout, and thus his prayer preferr’d.390 Jove, great and glorious above all, who rulest, On Ida’s summit seated, all below! Grant me arrived within Achilles’ tent Kindness to meet and pity, and oh send Thy messenger or ere I go, the bird395 Thy favorite most, surpassing all in strength, At my right hand, which seeing, I shall tend With better hope toward the fleet of Greece. He ended, at whose prayer, incontinent, Jove sent his eagle, surest of all signs,400 The black-plumed bird voracious, Morphnos[11] named, And Percnos.[11] Wide as the well-guarded door Of some rich potentate his vans he spread On either side; they saw him on the right, Skimming the towers of Troy; glad they beheld405 That omen, and all felt their hearts consoled. Delay’d not then the hoary King, but quick Ascending to his seat, his coursers urged Through vestibule and sounding porch abroad. The four-wheel’d litter led, drawn by the mules410 Which sage Idæus managed, behind whom Went Priam, plying with the scourge his steeds Continual through the town, while all his friends, Following their sovereign with dejected hearts, Lamented him as going to his death.415 But when from Ilium’s gate into the plain They had descended, then the sons-in-law Of Priam, and his sons, to Troy return’d. Nor they, now traversing the plain, the note Escaped of Jove the Thunderer; he beheld420 Compassionate the venerable King, And thus his own son Mercury bespake. Mercury! (for above all others thou Delightest to associate with mankind Familiar, whom thou wilt winning with ease425 To converse free) go thou, and so conduct Priam into the Grecian camp, that none Of all the numerous Danaï may see Or mark him, till he reach Achilles’ tent. He spake, nor the ambassador of heaven430 The Argicide delay’d, but bound in haste His undecaying sandals to his feet, Golden, divine, which waft him o’er the floods Swift as the wind, and o’er the boundless earth. He took his rod with which he charms to sleep435 All eyes, and theirs who sleep opens again. Arm’d with that rod, forth flew the Argicide. At Ilium and the Hellespontic shores Arriving sudden, a king’s son he seem’d, Now clothing first his ruddy cheek with down,440 Which is youth’s loveliest season; so disguised, His progress he began. They now (the tomb Magnificent of Ilus past) beside The river stay’d the mules and steeds to drink, For twilight dimm’d the fields. Idæus first445 Perceived him near, and Priam thus bespake. Think, son of Dardanus! for we have need Of our best thought. I see a warrior. Now, Now we shall die; I know it. Turn we quick Our steeds to flight; or let us clasp his knees450 And his compassion suppliant essay. Terror and consternation at that sound The mind of Priam felt; erect the hair Bristled his limbs, and with amaze he stood Motionless. But the God, meantime, approach’d,455 And, seizing ancient Priam’s hand, inquired. Whither, my father! in the dewy night Drivest thou thy mules and steeds, while others sleep? And fear’st thou not the fiery host of Greece, Thy foes implacable, so nigh at hand?460 Of whom should any, through the shadow dun Of flitting night, discern thee bearing forth So rich a charge, then what wouldst thou expect? Thou art not young thyself, nor with the aid Of this thine ancient servant, strong enough465 Force to repulse, should any threaten force. But injury fear none or harm from me; I rather much from harm by other hands Would save thee, thou resemblest so my sire. Whom answer’d godlike Priam, hoar with age.470 My son! well spoken. Thou hast judged aright. Yet even me some Deity protects Thus far; to whom I owe it that I meet So seasonably one like thee, in form So admirable, and in mind discreet475 As thou art beautiful. Blest parents, thine! To whom the messenger of heaven again, The Argicide. Oh ancient and revered! Thou hast well spoken all. Yet this declare, And with sincerity; bear’st thou away480 Into some foreign country, for the sake Of safer custody, this precious charge? Or, urged by fear, forsake ye all alike Troy’s sacred towers! since he whom thou hast lost, Thy noble son, was of excelling worth485 In arms, and nought inferior to the Greeks. Then thus the godlike Priam, hoary King. But tell me first who _Thou_ art, and from whom Descended, loveliest youth! who hast the fate So well of my unhappy son rehearsed?490 To whom the herald Mercury replied. Thy questions, venerable sire! proposed Concerning noble Hector, are design’d To prove me. Him, not seldom, with these eyes In man-ennobling fight I have beheld495 Most active; saw him when he thinn’d the Greeks With his sharp spear, and drove them to the ships. Amazed we stood to notice him; for us, Incensed against the ruler of our host, Achilles suffer’d not to share the fight.500 I serve Achilles; the same gallant bark Brought us, and of the Myrmidons am I, Son of Polyctor; wealthy is my sire, And such in years as thou; six sons he hath, Beside myself the seventh, and (the lots cast505 Among us all) mine sent me to the wars. That I have left the ships, seeking the plain, The cause is this; the Greeks, at break of day, Will compass, arm’d, the city, for they loathe To sit inactive, neither can the chiefs510 Restrain the hot impatience of the host. Then godlike Priam answer thus return’d. If of the band thou be of Peleus’ son, Achilles, tell me undisguised the truth. My son, subsists he still, or hath thy chief515 Limb after limb given him to his dogs? Him answer’d then the herald of the skies. Oh venerable sir! him neither dogs Have eaten yet, nor fowls, but at the ships His body, and within Achilles’ tent520 Neglected lies. Twelve days he so hath lain; Yet neither worm which diets on the brave In battle fallen, hath eaten him, or taint Invaded. He around Patroclus’ tomb Drags him indeed pitiless, oft as day525 Reddens the east, yet safe from blemish still His corse remains. Thou wouldst, thyself, admire Seeing how fresh the dew-drops, as he lies, Rest on him, and his blood is cleansed away That not a stain is left. Even his wounds530 (For many a wound they gave him) all are closed, Such care the blessed Gods have of thy son, Dead as he is, whom living much they loved. So he; then, glad, the ancient King replied. Good is it, oh my son! to yield the Gods535 Their just demands. My boy, while yet he lived, Lived not unmindful of the worship due To the Olympian powers, who, therefore, him Remember, even in the bands of death. Come then—this beauteous cup take at my hand—540 Be thou my guard, and, if the Gods permit, My guide, till to Achilles’ tent I come. Whom answer’d then the messenger of heaven. Sir! thou perceivest me young, and art disposed To try my virtue; but it shall not fail.545 Thou bidd’st me at thine hand a gift accept, Whereof Achilles knows not; but I fear Achilles, and on no account should dare Defraud him, lest some evil find me next. But thee I would with pleasure hence conduct550 Even to glorious Argos, over sea Or over land, nor any, through contempt Of such a guard, should dare to do thee wrong. So Mercury, and to the chariot seat Upspringing, seized at once the lash and reins,555 And with fresh vigor mules and steeds inspired. Arriving at the foss and towers, they found The guard preparing now their evening cheer, All whom the Argicide with sudden sleep Oppress’d, then oped the gates, thrust back the bars,560 And introduced, with all his litter-load Of costly gifts, the venerable King. But when they reached the tent for Peleus’ son Raised by the Myrmidons (with trunks of pine They built it, lopping smooth the boughs away,555 Then spread with shaggy mowings of the mead Its lofty roof, and with a spacious court Surrounded it, all fenced with driven stakes; One bar alone of pine secured the door, Which ask’d three Grecians with united force570 To thrust it to its place, and three again To thrust it back, although Achilles oft Would heave it to the door himself alone;) Then Hermes, benefactor of mankind, That bar displacing for the King of Troy,575 Gave entrance to himself and to his gifts For Peleus’ son design’d, and from the seat Alighting, thus his speech to Priam turn’d. Oh ancient Priam! an immortal God Attends thee; I am Hermes, by command580 Of Jove my father thy appointed guide. But I return. I will not, entering here, Stand in Achilles’ sight; immortal Powers May not so unreservedly indulge Creatures of mortal kind. But enter thou,585 Embrace his knees, and by his father both And by his Goddess mother sue to him, And by his son, that his whole heart may melt. So Hermes spake, and to the skies again Ascended. Then leap’d Priam to the ground,590 Leaving Idæus; he, the mules and steeds Watch’d, while the ancient King into the tent Proceeded of Achilles dear to Jove. Him there he found, and sitting found apart His fellow-warriors, of whom two alone595 Served at his side, Alcimus, branch of Mars And brave Automedon; he had himself Supp’d newly, and the board stood unremoved. Unseen of all huge Priam enter’d, stood Near to Achilles, clasp’d his knees, and kiss’d600 Those terrible and homicidal hands That had destroy’d so many of his sons. As when a fugitive for blood the house Of some chief enters in a foreign land, All gaze, astonish’d at the sudden guest,605 So gazed Achilles seeing Priam there, And so stood all astonish’d, each his eyes In silence fastening on his fellow’s face. But Priam kneel’d, and suppliant thus began. Think, oh Achilles, semblance of the Gods!610 On thy own father full of days like me, And trembling on the gloomy verge of life.[12] Some neighbor chief, it may be, even now Oppresses him, and there is none at hand, No friend to suocor him in his distress.615 Yet, doubtless, hearing that Achilles lives, He still rejoices, hoping, day by day, That one day he shall see the face again Of his own son from distant Troy return’d. But me no comfort cheers, whose bravest sons,620 So late the flower of Ilium, all are slain. When Greece came hither, I had fifty sons; Nineteen were children of one bed, the rest Born of my concubines. A numerous house! But fiery Mars hath thinn’d it. One I had,625 One, more than all my sons the strength of Troy, Whom standing for his country thou hast slain— Hector—his body to redeem I come Into Achaia’s fleet, bringing, myself, Ransom inestimable to thy tent.630 Reverence the Gods, Achilles! recollect Thy father; for his sake compassion show To me more pitiable still, who draw Home to my lips (humiliation yet Unseen on earth) his hand who slew my son.635 So saying, he waken’d in his soul regret Of his own sire; softly he placed his hand On Priam’s hand, and push’d him gently away. Remembrance melted both. Rolling before Achilles’ feet, Priam his son deplored640 Wide-slaughtering Hector, and Achilles wept By turns his father, and by turns his friend Patroclus; sounds of sorrow fill’d the tent. But when, at length satiate, Achilles felt His heart from grief, and all his frame relieved,645 Upstarting from his seat, with pity moved Of Priam’s silver locks and silver beard, He raised the ancient father by his hand, Whom in wing’d accents kind he thus bespake. Wretched indeed! ah what must thou have felt!650 How hast thou dared to seek alone the fleet Of the Achaians, and his face by whom So many of thy valiant sons have fallen? Thou hast a heart of iron, terror-proof. Come—sit beside me—let us, if we may,665 Great mourners both, bid sorrow sleep awhile. There is no profit of our sighs and tears; For thus, exempt from care themselves, the Gods Ordain man’s miserable race to mourn. Fast by the threshold of Jove’s courts are placed660 Two casks, one stored with evil, one with good, From which the God dispenses as he wills. For whom the glorious Thunderer mingles both, He leads a life checker’d with good and ill Alternate; but to whom he gives unmixt665 The bitter cup, he makes that man a curse, His name becomes a by-word of reproach, His strength is hunger-bitten, and he walks The blessed earth, unblest, go where he may. So was my father Peleus at his birth670 Nobly endow’d with plenty and with wealth Distinguish’d by the Gods past all mankind, Lord of the Myrmidons, and, though a man, Yet match’d from heaven with an immortal bride. But even him the Gods afflict, a son675 Refusing him, who might possess his throne Hereafter; for myself, his only heir, Pass as a dream, and while I live, instead Of solacing his age, here sit, before Your distant walls, the scourge of thee and thine.680 Thee also, ancient Priam, we have heard Reported, once possessor of such wealth As neither Lesbos, seat of Macar, owns, Nor eastern Phrygia, nor yet all the ports Of Hellespont, but thou didst pass them all685 In riches, and in number of thy sons. But since the Powers of heaven brought on thy land This fatal war, battle and deeds of death Always surround the city where thou reign’st. Cease, therefore, from unprofitable tears,690 Which, ere they raise thy son to life again Shall, doubtless, find fresh cause for which to flow. To whom the ancient King godlike replied. Hero, forbear. No seat is here for me, While Hector lies unburied in your camp.695 Loose him, and loose him now, that with these eyes I may behold my son; accept a price Magnificent, which may’st thou long enjoy, And, since my life was precious in thy sight, May’st thou revisit safe thy native shore!700 To whom Achilles, lowering, and in wrath.[13] Urge me no longer, at a time like this, With that harsh note; I am already inclin’d To loose him. Thetis, my own mother came Herself on that same errand, sent from Jove.705 Priam! I understand thee well. I know That, by some God conducted, thou hast reach’d Achaia’s fleet; for, without aid divine, No mortal even in his prime of youth, Had dared the attempt; guards vigilant as ours710 He should not easily elude, such gates, So massy, should not easily unbar. Thou, therefore, vex me not in my distress, Lest I abhor to see thee in my tent, And, borne beyond all limits, set at nought715 Thee, and thy prayer, and the command of Jove. He said; the old King trembled, and obey’d. Then sprang Pelides like a lion forth, Not sole, but with his two attendant friends Alcimus and Automedon the brave,720 For them (Patroclus slain) he honor’d most Of all the Myrmidons. They from the yoke Released both steeds and mules, then introduced And placed the herald of the hoary King. They lighten’d next the litter of its charge725 Inestimable, leaving yet behind Two mantles and a vest, that, not unveil’d, The body might be borne back into Troy. Then, calling forth his women, them he bade Lave and anoint the body, but apart,730 Lest haply Priam, noticing his son, Through stress of grief should give resentment scope, And irritate by some affront himself To slay him, in despite of Jove’s commands.[14] They, therefore, laving and anointing first735 The body, cover’d it with cloak and vest; Then, Peleus’ son disposed it on the bier, Lifting it from the ground, and his two friends Together heaved it to the royal wain. Achilles, last, groaning, his friend invoked.740 Patroclus! should the tidings reach thine ear, Although in Ades, that I have released The noble Hector at his father’s suit, Resent it not; no sordid gifts have paid His ransom-price, which thou shalt also share.745 So saying, Achilles to his tent return’d, And on the splendid couch whence he had risen Again reclined, opposite to the seat Of Priam, whom the hero thus bespake. Priam! at thy request thy son is loosed,750 And lying on his bier; at dawn of day Thou shalt both see him and convey him hence Thyself to Troy. But take we now repast; For even bright-hair’d Niobe her food Forgat not, though of children twelve bereft,755 Of daughters six, and of six blooming sons. Apollo these struck from his silver bow, And those shaft-arm’d Diana, both incensed That oft Latona’s children and her own Numbering, she scorn’d the Goddess who had borne760 Two only, while herself had twelve to boast. Vain boast! those two sufficed to slay them all. Nine days they welter’d in their blood, no man Was found to bury them, for Jove had changed To stone the people; but themselves, at last,765 The Powers of heaven entomb’d them on the tenth. Yet even she, once satisfied with tears, Remember’d food; and now the rocks among And pathless solitudes of Sipylus, The rumor’d cradle of the nymphs who dance770 On Acheloüs’ banks, although to stone Transform’d, she broods her heaven-inflicted woes. Come, then, my venerable guest! take we Refreshment also; once arrived in Troy With thy dear son, thou shalt have time to weep775 Sufficient, nor without most weighty cause. So spake Achilles, and, upstarting, slew A sheep white-fleeced, which his attendants flay’d, And busily and with much skill their task Administ’ring, first scored the viands well,780 Then pierced them with the spits, and when the roast Was finish’d, drew them from the spits again. And now, Automedon dispensed around The polish’d board bread in neat baskets piled, Which done, Achilles portion’d out to each785 His share, and all assail’d the ready feast. But when nor hunger more nor thirst they felt, Dardanian Priam, wond’ring at his bulk And beauty (for he seem’d some God from heaven) Gazed on Achilles, while Achilles held790 Not less in admiration of his looks Benign, and of his gentle converse wise, Gazed on Dardanian Priam, and, at length (The eyes of each gratified to the full) The ancient King thus to Achilles spake.795 Hero! dismiss us now each to our bed, That there at ease reclined, we may enjoy Sweet sleep; for never have these eyelids closed Since Hector fell and died, but without cease I mourn, and nourishing unnumber’d woes,800 Have roll’d me in the ashes of my courts. But I have now both tasted food, and given Wine to my lips, untasted till with thee. So he, and at his word Achilles bade His train beneath his portico prepare805 With all dispatch two couches, purple rugs, And arras, and warm mantles over all. Forth went the women bearing lights, and spread A couch for each, when feigning needful fear,[15] Achilles thus his speech to Priam turn’d.810 My aged guest beloved; sleep thou without; Lest some Achaian chief (for such are wont Ofttimes, here sitting, to consult with me) Hither repair; of whom should any chance To spy thee through the gloom, he would at once815 Convey the tale to Agamemnon’s ear, Whence hindrance might arise, and the release Haply of Hector’s body be delay’d. But answer me with truth. How many days Wouldst thou assign to the funereal rites820 Of noble Hector, for so long I mean Myself to rest, and keep the host at home? Then thus the ancient King godlike replied. If thou indeed be willing that we give Burial to noble Hector, by an act825 So generous, O Achilles! me thou shalt Much gratify; for we are shut, thou know’st, In Ilium close, and fuel must procure From Ida’s side remote; fear, too, hath seized On all our people. Therefore thus I say.830 Nine days we wish to mourn him in the house; To his interment we would give the tenth, And to the public banquet; the eleventh Shall see us build his tomb; and on the twelfth (If war we must) we will to war again.835 To whom Achilles, matchless in the race. So be it, ancient Priam! I will curb Twelve days the rage of war, at thy desire.[16] He spake, and at his wrist the right hand grasp’d Of the old sovereign, to dispel his fear.840 Then in the vestibule the herald slept And Priam, prudent both, but Peleus’ son In the interior tent, and at his side Brisëis, with transcendent beauty adorn’d. Now all, all night, by gentle sleep subdued,845 Both Gods and chariot-ruling warriors lay, But not the benefactor of mankind, Hermes; him sleep seized not, but deep he mused How likeliest from amid the Grecian fleet He might deliver by the guard unseen850 The King of Ilium; at his head he stood In vision, and the senior thus bespake. Ah heedless and secure! hast thou no dread Of mischief, ancient King, that thus by foes Thou sleep’st surrounded, lull’d by the consent855 And sufferance of Achilles? Thou hast given Much for redemption of thy darling son, But thrice that sum thy sons who still survive Must give to Agamemnon and the Greeks For _thy_ redemption, should they know thee here.860 He ended; at the sound alarm’d upsprang The King, and roused his herald. Hermes yoked Himself both mules and steeds, and through the camp Drove them incontinent, by all unseen. Soon as the windings of the stream they reach’d,865 Deep-eddied Xanthus, progeny of Jove, Mercury the Olympian summit sought, And saffron-vested morn o’erspread the earth. They, loud lamenting, to the city drove Their steeds; the mules close follow’d with the dead.870 Nor warrior yet, nor cinctured matron knew Of all in Ilium aught of their approach, Cassandra sole except. She, beautiful As golden Venus, mounted on the height Of Pergamus, her father first discern’d,875 Borne on his chariot-seat erect, and knew: The herald heard so oft in echoing Troy; Him also on his bier outstretch’d she mark’d, Whom the mules drew. Then, shrieking, through the streets She ran of Troy, and loud proclaim’d the sight.880 Ye sons of Ilium and ye daughters, haste, Haste all to look on Hector, if ye e’er With joy beheld him, while he yet survived, From fight returning; for all Ilium erst In him, and all her citizens rejoiced.885 She spake. Then neither male nor female more In Troy remain’d, such sorrow seized on all. Issuing from the city-gate, they met Priam conducting, sad, the body home, And, foremost of them all, the mother flew890 And wife of Hector to the bier, on which Their torn-off tresses with unsparing hands They shower’d, while all the people wept around. All day, and to the going down of day They thus had mourn’d the dead before the gates,895 Had not their Sovereign from his chariot-seat Thus spoken to the multitude around. Fall back on either side, and let the mules Pass on; the body in my palace once Deposited, ye then may weep your fill.900 He said; they, opening, gave the litter way. Arrived within the royal house, they stretch’d The breathless Hector on a sumptuous bed, And singers placed beside him, who should chant The strain funereal; they with many a groan905 The dirge began, and still, at every close, The female train with many a groan replied. Then, in the midst, Andromache white-arm’d Between her palms the dreadful Hector’s head Pressing, her lamentation thus began.910 [17]My hero! thou hast fallen in prime of life, Me leaving here desolate, and the fruit Of our ill-fated loves, a helpless child, Whom grown to manhood I despair to see. For ere that day arrive, down from her height915 Precipitated shall this city fall, Since thou hast perish’d once her sure defence, Faithful protector of her spotless wives, And all their little ones. Those wives shall soon In Grecian barks capacious hence be borne,920 And I among the rest. But thee, my child! Either thy fate shall with thy mother send Captive into a land where thou shalt serve In sordid drudgery some cruel lord, Or haply some Achaian here, thy hand925 Seizing, shall hurl thee from a turret-top To a sad death, avenging brother, son, Or father by the hands of Hector slain; For he made many a Grecian bite the ground. Thy father, boy, bore never into fight930 A milky mind, and for that self-same cause Is now bewail’d in every house of Troy. Sorrow unutterable thou hast caused Thy parents, Hector! but to me hast left Largest bequest of misery, to whom,935 Dying, thou neither didst thy arms extend Forth from thy bed, nor gavest me precious word To be remember’d day and night with tears. So spake she weeping, whom her maidens all With sighs accompanied, and her complaint940 Mingled with sobs Hecuba next began. Ah Hector! dearest to thy mother’s heart Of all her sons, much must the Gods have loved Thee living, whom, though dead, they thus preserve. What son soever of our house beside945 Achilles took, over the barren deep To Samos, Imbrus, or to Lemnos girt With rocks inhospitable, him he sold; But thee, by his dread spear of life deprived, He dragg’d and dragg’d around Patroclus’ tomb,950 As if to raise again his friend to life Whom thou hadst vanquish’d; yet he raised him not. But as for thee, thou liest here with dew Besprinkled, fresh as a young plant,[18] and more Resemblest some fair youth by gentle shafts955 Of Phœbus pierced, than one in battle slain. So spake the Queen, exciting in all hearts Sorrow immeasurable, after whom Thus Helen, third, her lamentation pour’d. [19]Ah dearer far than all my brothers else960 Of Priam’s house! for being Paris’ spouse, Who brought me (would I had first died!) to Troy, I call thy brothers mine; since forth I came From Sparta, it is now the twentieth year, Yet never heard I once hard speech from thee,965 Or taunt morose, but if it ever chanced, That of thy father’s house female or male Blamed me, and even if herself the Queen (For in the King, whate’er befell, I found Always a father) thou hast interposed970 Thy gentle temper and thy gentle speech To soothe them; therefore, with the same sad drops Thy fate, oh Hector! and my own I weep; For other friend within the ample bounds Of Ilium have I none, nor hope to hear975 Kind word again, with horror view’d by all. So Helen spake weeping, to whom with groans The countless multitude replied, and thus Their ancient sovereign next his people charged. Ye Trojans, now bring fuel home, nor fear980 Close ambush of the Greeks; Achilles’ self Gave me, at my dismission from his fleet, Assurance, that from hostile force secure We shall remain, till the twelfth dawn arise. All, then, their mules and oxen to the wains985 Join’d speedily, and under Ilium’s walls Assembled numerous; nine whole days they toil’d, Bringing much fuel home, and when the tenth Bright morn, with light for human kind, arose, Then bearing noble Hector forth, with tears990 Shed copious, on the summit of the pile They placed him, and the fuel fired beneath. But when Aurora, daughter of the Dawn, Redden’d the east, then, thronging forth, all Troy Encompass’d noble Hector’s pile around.995 The whole vast multitude convened, with wine They quench’d the pile throughout, leaving no part Unvisited, on which the fire had seized. His brothers, next, collected, and his friends, His white bones, mourning, and with tears profuse1000 Watering their cheeks; then in a golden urn They placed them, which with mantles soft they veil’d Mæonian-hued, and, delving, buried it, And overspread with stones the spot adust. Lastly, short time allowing to the task,1005 They heap’d his tomb, while, posted on all sides, Suspicious of assault, spies watch’d the Greeks. The tomb once heap’d, assembling all again Within the palace, they a banquet shared Magnificent, by godlike Priam given.1010 Such burial the illustrious Hector found.[20] [I cannot take my leave of this noble poem, without expressing how much I am struck with this plain conclusion of it. It is like the exit of a great man out of company whom he has entertained magnificently; neither pompous nor familiar; not contemptuous, yet without much ceremony. I recollect nothing, among the works of mere man, that exemplifies so strongly the true style of great antiquity.]—Tr. FOOTNOTES Footnotes for Book I: “Latona’s son and Jove’s,” was Apollo, the tutelary deity of the Dorians. The Dorians had not, however, at this early age, become the predominant race in Greece proper. They had spread along the eastern shores of the Archipelago into the islands, especially Crete, and had every where signalized themselves by the Temples of Apollo, of which there seems to have been many in and about Troy. These temples were schools of art, and prove the Dorians to have been both intellectual and powerful. Homer was an Ionian, and therefore not deeply acquainted with the nature of the Dorian god. But to a mind like his, the god of a people so cultivated, and associated with what was most grand in art, must have been an imposing being, and we find him so represented. Throughout the Iliad, he appears and acts with splendor and effect, but always against the Greeks from mere partiality to Hector. It would perhaps be too much to say, that in this partiality to Hector, we detect the spirit of the Dorian worship, the only Paganism of antiquity that tended to perfect the individual—Apollo being the expression of the moral harmony of the universe, and the great spirit of the Dorian culture being to make a perfect man, an incarnation of the κοσμος. This Homer could only have known intuitively. In making Apollo author of the plague, he was confounded with Helios, which was frequent afterwards, but is not seen elsewhere in Homer. The arrows of Apollo were “silent as light,” and their emblem the sun’s rays. The analogies are multitudinous between the natural and intellectual sun; but Helios and Apollo were two.—E.P.P. There is something exceedingly venerable in this appearance of the priest. He comes with the ensigns of the gods to whom he belongs, with the laurel wreath, to show that he was a suppliant, and a golden sceptre, which the ancients gave in particular to Apollo, as they did one of silver to Diana. The art of this speech is remarkable. Chryses considers the army of Greeks, as made up of troops, partly from the kingdoms and partly from democracies, and therefore begins with a distinction that includes all. Then, as priest of Apollo, he prays that they may obtain the two blessings they most desire—the conquest of Troy and a safe return. As he names his petition, he offers an extraordinary ransom, and concludes with bidding them fear the god if they refuse it; like one who from his office seems to foretell their misery, and exhorts them to shun it. Thus he endeavors to work by the art of a general application, by religion, by interest, and the insinuation of danger. Homer is frequently eloquent in his silence. Chryses says not a word in answer to the insults of Agamemnon, but walks pensively along the shore. The melancholy flowing of the verse admirably expresses the condition of the mournful and deserted father. [So called on account of his having saved the people of Troas from a plague of mice, _sminthos_ in their language meaning a mouse.—Tr.] Apollo had temples at Chrysa, Tenedos, and Cilla, all of which lay round the bay of Troas. Müller remarks, that “the temple actually stood in the situation referred to, and that the appellation of Smintheus was still preserved in the district. Thus far actual circumstances are embodied in the mythus. On the other hand, the action of the deity as such, is purely ideal, and can have no other foundation than the belief that Apollo sternly resents ill usage of his priests, and that too in the way here represented, viz., by sending plagues. This belief is in perfect harmony with the idea generally entertained of the power and agency of Apollo; and it is manifest that the idea placed in combination with certain events, gave birth to the story so far as relates to the god. We have not yet the means of ascertaining whether it is to be regarded as a historical tradition, or an invention, and must therefore leave that question for the present undecided.” The poet is careful to leave no prayer unanswered that has justice on its side. He who prays either kills his enemy, or has signs given him that he has been heard. [For this singular line the Translator begs to apologize, by pleading the strong desire he felt to produce an English line, if possible, somewhat resembling in its effect the famous original one. Δεινη δε κλαγγη γενετ αργυρεοιο βιοιο.—Tr.] The plague in the Grecian camp was occasioned perhaps by immoderate heats and gross exhalations. Homer takes occasion from it, to open the scene with a beautiful allegory. He supposes that such afflictions are sent from Heaven for the punishment of evil actions; and because the sun was the principal agent, he says it was sent to punish Agamemnon for despising that god, and injuring his priest. Hippocrates observes two things of plagues; that their cause is in the air, and that different animals are differently affected by them, according to their nature and nourishment. This philosophy is referred to the plagues here mentioned. First, the cause is in the air by means of the darts or beams of Apollo; second, the mules and dogs are said to die sooner than the men, partly from their natural quickness of smell, and partly from their feeding so near the earth whence the exhalations arise. Juno, queen of Olympus, sides with the Grecians. Mr. Coleridge (in his disquisition upon the Prometheus of Æschylus, published in his Remains) shows very clearly by historical criticism, that Juno, in the Grecian religion, expressed the spirit of conservatism. Without going over his argument we assume it here, for Homer always attributes to Juno every thing that may be predicated of this principle. She is persistent, obstinate, acts from no idea, but often uses a superficial reasoning, and refers to Fate, with which she upbraids Jupiter. Jupiter is the intellectual power or Free Will, and by their union, or rather from their antagonism, the course of things proceeds with perpetual vicissitude, but with a great deal of life.—E.P.P. Observe this Grecian priest. He has no political power, and commands little reverence. In Agamemnon’s treatment of him, as well as Chryses, is seen the relation of the religion to the government. It was neither master nor slave.—E.P.P. A district of Thessaly forming a part of the larger district of Phthiotis. Phthiotis, according to Strabo, included all the southern portion of that country as far as Mount Œta and the Maliac Gulf. To the west it bordered on Dolopia, and on the east reached the confines of Magnesia. Homer comprised within this extent of territory the districts of Phthia and Hellas properly so called, and, generally speaking, the dominions of Achilles, together with those of Protesilaus and Eurypylus. Κυνωπα. μεγαναιδες. Agamemnon’s anger is that of a lover, and Achilles’ that of a warrior. Agamemnon speaks of Chrysëis as a beauty whom he values too much to resign. Achilles treats Brisëis as a slave, whom he is anxious to preserve in point of honor, and as a testimony of his glory. Hence he mentions her only as “his spoil,” “the reward of war,” etc.; accordingly he relinquishes her not in grief for a favorite whom he loses, but in sullenness for the injury done him.—Dacier. Jupiter, in the disguise of an ant, deceived Eurymedusa, the daughter of Cleitos. Her son was for this reason called Myrmidon (from μυρμηξ, an ant), and was regarded as the ancestor of the Myrmidons in Thessaly.—Smith. According to the belief of the ancients, the gods were supposed to have a peculiar light in their eyes. That Homer was not ignorant of this opinion appears from his use of it in other places. Minerva is the goddess of the art of war rather than of war itself. And this fable of her descent is an allegory of Achilles restraining his wrath through his consideration of martial law and order. This law in that age, prescribed that a subordinate should not draw his sword upon the commander of all, but allowed a liberty of speech which appears to us moderns rather out of order.—E.P.P. [The shield of Jupiter, made by Vulcan, and so called from its covering, which was the skin of the goat that suckled him.—Tr.] Homer magnifies the ambush as the boldest enterprise of war. They went upon those parties with a few only, and generally the most daring of the army, and on occasions of the greatest hazard, when the exposure was greater than in a regular battle. Idomeneus, in the 13th book, tells Meriones that the greatest courage appears in this way of service, each man being in a manner singled out to the proof of it. In the earlier ages of the world, the sceptre of a king was nothing more than his walking-staff, and thence had the name of sceptre. Ovid, in speaking of Jupiter, describes him as resting on his sceptre.—Spence. From the description here given, it would appear to have been a young tree cut from the root and stripped of its branches. It was the custom of Kings to swear by their sceptres. For an account of the contest between the Centaurs and Lapiths here referred to, see Grecian and Roman Mythology. In _antiquity_, a sacrifice of a hundred oxen, or beasts of the same kind; hence sometimes _indefinitely_, any sacrifice of a large number of victims. [The original is here abrupt, and expresses the precipitancy of the speaker by a most beautiful aposiopesis.—Tr.] The Iliad, in its connection, is, we all know, a glorification of Achilles by Zeus; for the Trojans only prevail because Zeus wishes to show that the reposing hero who sits in solitude, can alone conquer them. But to leave him this glorification entirely unmixed with sorrow, the Grecian sense of moderation forbids. The deepest anguish must mingle with his consciousness of fame, and punish his insolence. That glorification is the will of Zeus; and in the spirit of the ancient mythus, a motive for it is assigned in a divine legend. The sea-goddess Thetis, who was, according to the Phthiotic mythus, wedded to the mortal Peleus, saved Zeus, by calling up the giant Briareus or Ægæon to his rescue. Why it was Ægæon, is explained by the fact that this was a great sea-demon, who formed the subject of fables at Poseidonian Corinth, where even the sea-god himself was called Ægæon; who, moreover, was worshipped at several places in Eubœa, the seat of Poseidon Ægæus; and whom the Theogony calls the son-in-law of Poseidon, and most of the genealogists, especially Eumelus in the Titanomachy, brought into relation with the sea. There is therefore good reason to be found in ancient belief, why Thetis called up Ægæon of all others to Jove’s assistance. The whole of the story, however, is not detailed—it is not much more than indicated—and therefore it would be difficult even now to interpret it in a perfectly satisfactory manner. It bears the same relation to the Iliad, that the northern fables of the gods, which serve as a back-ground to the legend of Nibelungen, bear to our German ballad, only that here the separation is much greater still—Muller. Homer makes use of this fable, without reference to its meaning as an allegory. Briareus seems to symbolize a navy, and the fable refers to some event in remote history, when the reigning power was threatened in his autocracy, and strengthened by means of his association with the people against some intermediate class.—E.P.P. επαυρωνται. [A name by which we are frequently to understand the Nile in Homer.—Tr.] Around the sources of the Nile, and thence south-west into the very heart of Africa, stretching away indefinitely over its mountain plains, lies the country which the ancients called Ethiopia, rumors of whose wonderful people found their way early into Greece, and are scattered over the pages of her poets and historians. Homer wrote at least eight hundred years before Christ, and his poems are well ascertained to be a most faithful mirror of the manners of his times and the knowledge of his age. * * * * * * Homer never wastes an epithet. He often alludes to the Ethiopians elsewhere, and always in terms of admiration and praise, as being the most just of men, and the favorites of the gods. The same allusions glimmer through the Greek mythology, and appear in the verses of almost all the Greek poets, ere yet the countries of Italy and Sicily were even discovered. The Jewish Scriptures and Jewish literature abound in allusions to this distant and mysterious people, the annals of the Egyptian priests are full of them, and uniformly, the Ethiopians are there lauded as among the best, the most religious, and most civilized of men.—Christian Examiner. The Ethiopians, says Diodorus, are said to be the inventors of pomps, sacrifices, solemn meetings, and other honors paid to the gods. From hence arose their character of piety, which is here celebrated by Homer. Among these there was an annual feast at Diospolis, which Eustathius mentions, when they carried about the statues of Jupiter and other gods, for twelve days, according to their number; to which, if we add the ancient custom of setting meat before statues, it will appear to be a rite from which this fable might easily have arisen. [The original word (πολυβενθεος) seems to express variety of soundings, an idea probably not to be conveyed in an English epithet.—Tr.] The following passage gives the most exact account of the ancient sacrifices that we have left us. There is first, the purification by the washing of hands; second, the offering up of prayers; third, the barley-cakes thrown upon the victim; fourth, the manner of killing it, with the head turned upwards; fifth, selecting the thighs and fat for their gods, as the best of the sacrifice, and disposing about them pieces cut from every part for a representation of the whole (hence the thighs are frequently spoken of in Homer and the Greek poets as the whole victim); sixth, the libation of wine; seventh, consuming the thighs in the fire of the altar; eighth, the sacrificers dressing and feasting on the rest, with joy and hymns to the gods. The _Pæan_ (originally sung in honor of Apollo) was a hymn to propitiate the god, and also a song of thanksgiving, when freed from danger. It was always of a joyous nature. Both tune and sound expressed hope and confidence. It was sung by several persons, one of whom probably led the others, and the singers either marched onward, or sat together at table. It was the custom to draw the ships entirely upon the shore, and to secure them by long props.—Felton Suppliants threw themselves at the feet of the person to whom the supplication was addressed, and embraced his knees.—Felton. Ambrosia, the food of the gods, conferred upon them eternal youth and immortality, and was brought to Jupiter by pigeons. It was also used by the gods for anointing the body and hair. Hence the expression, ambrosial locks. The original says, “the ox-eyed goddess,” which furnishes Coleridge with one of the hints on which he proceeds in historically identifying the Argive Juno with Io and Isis, &c. There is real wit in Homer’s making her say to Jupiter, “I never search thy thoughts,” &c. The principle of conservatism asks nothing of the intellectual power, but blindly contends, reposing upon the instinct of a common sense, which leads her always to surmise that something is intended by the intellectual power that she shall not like.—E.P.P. This refers to an old fable of Jupiter’s hanging up Juno and whipping her. Homer introduces it without reference to its meaning, which was undoubtedly some physical truth connected with the ether and the atmosphere.—E.P.P. [The reader, in order that he may partake with the gods in the drollery of this scene, should observe that the crippled and distorted Vulcan had thrust himself into an office at all other times administered either by Hebe or Ganymede.—Tr.] As Minerva or Wisdom was among the company, the poet’s making Vulcan act the part of peace-maker, would appear to have been from choice, knowing that a mirthful person may often stop a quarrel, by making himself the subject of merriment. Footnotes for Book II: The poem now becomes more exciting; the language more animated; the descriptions more lively and figurative. Homer seems to kindle with his subject, and to press all the phenomena of nature into his service for the purpose of illustration and adornment. Jupiter prepares to keep his promise of avenging Achilles, by drawing Agamemnon into a deceitful expectation of taking the city. The forces are arranged for battle, which gives occasion for the celebrated catalogue.—Felton. The whole action of the Dream is natural. It takes the figure of one much beloved by Agamemnon, as the object that is most in our thoughts when awake, is the one that oftenest appears to us in our dreams, and just at the instant of its vanishing, leaves so strong an impression, that the voice seems still sounding in his ear. The Dream also repeats the words of Jupiter without variation, which is considered as a great propriety in delivering a message from the father of gods and men. King of Pylus, an ancient city of Elis. [Agamemnon seems to entertain some doubts lest the army should so resent his treatment of their favorite Achilles, as to be indisposed to serve him.—Tr.] [Mercury.] [Argus.] Homer, in a happy and poetical manner, acquaints us with the high descent of Agamemnon, and traces the origin of his power to the highest source, by saying, that the sceptre had descended to him from the hand of Jupiter. The power of Agamemnon as a monarch refers to his being the leader of an army. According to the form of royalty in the heroic age, a king had only the power of a magistrate, except as he held the office of priest. Aristotle defines a king as a Leader of war, a Judge of controversies, and President of the ceremonies of the gods. That he had the principal care of religious rites, appears from many passages in Homer. His power was nowhere absolute but in war, for we find Agamemnon insulted in the council, but in the army threatening deserters with death. Agamemnon is sometimes styled king of kings, as the other princes had given him supreme authority over them in the siege. [The extremest provocation is implied in this expression, which Thersites quotes exactly as he had heard it from the lips of Achilles.—Tr.] The character of Thersites is admirably sketched. There is nothing vague and indistinct, but all the traits are so lively, that he stands before us like the image of some absurd being whom we have ourselves seen. It has been justly remarked by critics, that the poet displays great skill in representing the opponents of Agamemnon in the character of so base a personage, since nothing could more effectually reconcile the Greeks to the continuance of the war, than the ridiculous turbulence of Thersites.—Felton. [Some for πονος here read ποθος; which reading I have adopted for the sake both of perspicuity and connection.—Tr.] The principal signs by which the gods were thought to declare their will, were things connected with the offering of sacrifices, the flight and voice of birds, all kinds of natural phenomena, ordinary as well as extraordinary dreams. An epithet supposed to have been derived from Gerenia, a Messenian town, where Nestor was educated. In the pictures which Homer draws of him, the most striking features are his wisdom, bravery, and knowledge of war, his eloquence, and his old age. For some general remarks upon the heroes of the time, see Grecian and Roman Mythology. In allusion to the custom of pouring out a libation of pure wine, in the ceremony of forming a league, and joining right hands, as a pledge of mutual fidelity after the sacrifice.—Felton. [Nestor is supposed here to glance at Achilles.—Tr.] Homer here exalts wisdom over valor. [Money stamped with the figure of an ox.]—Tr. The encouragement of a divine power, seemed all that was requisite to change the dispositions of the Grecians, and make them more ardent for combat than they had previously been to return. This conquers their inclinations in a manner at once poetical and in keeping with the moral which is every where spread through Homer, that nothing is accomplished without divine assistance. Homer’s rich invention gives us five beautiful similes on the march of the army. This profusion and variety can never be sufficiently admired. The superior knowledge that the poet here attributes to the Muses as divine beings, and then his occasional invocations to them, gives an air of importance to his subject and has an imposing effect. However fabulous the other parts of Homer’s poems may be, this account of the princes, people, and countries, is by far the most valuable piece of history and geography left us in regard to the state of Greece in that early period. Greece was then divided into several dynasties, which Homer has enumerated under their respective princes; and his division was considered so correct, that many disputes respecting the boundaries of Grecian cities were decided upon his authority. Eustathius has collected together the following instances: The city of Calydon was adjudged to the Ætolians, notwithstanding the pretensions of Æolia, because it was ranked by Homer as belonging to the former. Sestos was given to those of Abydos, upon the plea that he had said the Abydonians were possessors of Sestos, Abydos, and Arisbe. When the Milesians and people of Priene disputed their claim to Mycale, a verse of Homer gave it to the Milesians. The Athenians were put in possession of Salamis by another which was cited by Solon, or (according to some) interpolated by him for that purpose; and Porphyry says, that the catalogue was so highly esteemed, that the youths of some nations were required to commit it to memory. Professor Felton remarks, “The student is advised to give particular attention to this important passage. He will find it the most interesting fragment of geography extant; interesting for the poetical beauty of the verse, the regular order which is followed, and the little characteristic touches which denote the peculiarities of the several provinces. The more he examines this catalogue with the subsidiary lights of geography, history and travels, the more cause will he find of wonder, that a description so ancient should combine so much accuracy, beauty, and interest. It is recommended to the student, to trace the provinces and cities on some good map of ancient Greece.” [Some say Thebes the less, others, the suburbs of Thebes the greater. It is certain that Thebes itself sent none.—Tr.] It was the custom of these people to shave the fore parts of their heads, that their enemies might not seize them by the hair; on the hinder part they allowed it to grow, as a valiant race that would never turn their backs. Their manner of fighting was hand to hand, without quitting their javelins. Menelaus is occasionally distinguished by his activity, which shows his personal concern in the war. The Arcadians, being an inland people, were unskilled in navigation, for which reason Agamemnon furnished them with shipping. Nireus is nowhere mentioned as a leader but in these lines. As rank and beauty were his only qualifications, he is allowed to sink into oblivion. The mud of the Peneus is of a light color, for which reason Homer gives it the epithet of silvery. The Titaresius, and other small streams which are rolled from Olympus and Ossa, are so extremely clear, that their waters are distinguished from those of the Peneus for a considerable distance from the point of their confluence.—Dodwell. Dr. Clarke, in his travels, describes this tomb as a conical mound; and says that it is the spot of all others for viewing the plain of Troy, as it is visible in all parts of Troas. From its top may be traced the course of the Scamander, the whole chain of Ida, stretching towards Lectum, the snowy heights of Gargarus, and all the shores of Hellespont, near the mouth of the river Sigæum and the other tumuli upon the coast. A patronymic given to Achilles as descendant of Æacus, father of Peleus. A river of Troas in Asia Minor, the same as the Scamander. This expression is construed by critics as denoting an unpolished dialect, but not a foreign. Footnotes for Book III: The scenes described in this book are exceedingly lifesome. The figures are animating and beautiful, and the mind of the reader is borne along with breathless interest over the sonorous verse.—Felton. This is a striking simile, from its exactness in two points—the noise and the order. It has been supposed that the embattling of an army was first learned by observing the close order of the flight of these birds. The noise of the Trojans contrasts strongly with the silence of the Greeks. Plutarch remarks upon this distinction as a credit to the military discipline of the latter, and Homer would seem to have attached some importance to it, as he again alludes to the same thing. Book iv. 510. [Paris, frequently named Alexander in the original.—Tr.] Not from cowardice, but from a sense of guilt towards Menelaus. At the head of an army he challenges the boldest of the enemy; and Hector, at the end of the Sixth Book, confesses that no man could reproach him as a coward. Homer has a fine moral;—A brave mind, however blinded with passion, is sensible of remorse whenever he meets the person whom he has injured; and Paris is never made to appear cowardly, but when overcome by the consciousness of his injustice. [Λαινον εσσο χιτωνα] In allusion to the Oriental custom of stoning to death for the crime of adultery.—Felton. The sling was a very efficacious and important instrument in ancient warfare. Stones were also thrown with the hand. The Libyans carried no other arms than the spear and a bag of stones. The Trojans were required to sacrifice two lambs; one male of a white color to the Sun, as the father of light, and one female and black to the Earth, the mother and nurse of men. That these were the powers to which they sacrificed appears from their being attested by name in the oath. III. 330. Helen’s weaving the events of the Trojan war in a veil is an agreeable fiction; and one might suppose that it was inherited by Homer, and explained in his Iliad.—Dacier. [Not the grasshopper, but an insect well known in hot countries, and which in Italy is called Cicála. The grasshopper rests on the ground, but the favorite abode of the Cicála is in the trees and hedges.—Tr.] This episode is remarkable for its beauty. The effect of Helen’s appearance upon the aged counsellors is striking and poetical. It must be borne in mind, that Helen was of divine parentage and unfading beauty, and this will explain the enthusiasm which her sight called forth from the old men. The poet’s skill in taking this method of describing the Grecian chieftains is obvious, and the sketches themselves are living and characteristic to a high degree. The reminiscences of the aged Priam, as their names are announced, and the penitential sorrow of the erring Helen, which the sight of her countrymen, and the recollection of her home, her child, her companions, excite in her bosom, are among the most skilful touches of natural feeling.—Felton. The character of a benevolent old man is well preserved in Priam’s behavior to Helen. Upon observing her confusion, he attributes the misfortunes of the war to the gods alone. This sentiment is also natural to old age. Those who have had the longest experience of life, are the most inclined to ascribe the disposal of all things to the will of Heaven. This view of the Grecian leaders from the walls of Troy, is admired as an episode of great beauty, and considered a masterly manner of acquainting the reader with the figure and qualifications of each hero. Helen sees no where in the plain her two brothers Castor and Pollux. Her inquiry is a natural one, and her self-reproach naturally suggests her own disgrace as the cause of their not appearing among the other commanders. The two lines in which the poet mentions their death are simple and touching.—Felton. Homer here gives the whole ceremonial of the solemn oath, as it was then observed by the nations of whom he writes. It must be borne in mind that sacrificing was the most solemn act of religion, and that kings were also chief-priests. The armor of both Greeks and Trojans consisted of six portions, and was always put on in the order here given. The greaves were for the defence of the legs. They were made of some kind of metal, and probably lined with cloth or felt. The cuirass or corselet for the body, was made of horn cut in thin pieces and fastened upon linen cloth, one piece overlapping another. The sword hung on the left side by means of a belt which passed over the right shoulder. The large round shield, sometimes made of osiers twisted together and covered with several ox-hides, and bound round the edge with metal. In the Homeric times it was supported by a belt; subsequently a band was placed across the inner side, in which the left arm was inserted, and a strong leather strap fastened near the edge at certain distances, which was grasped by the hand. The helmet, made of metal and lined with felt. Lastly the spear, and in many cases two. The heavy-armed soldiery were distinguished from the light. The covering of the latter consisted of skins, and instead of the sword and lance, they fought with darts, bows and arrows, or slings, and were generally attached in a subordinate capacity to the heavy-armed soldiery. Homer puts a prayer in the mouth of Menelaüs, but none in that of Paris. Menelaüs is injured and innocent, and may therefore ask for justice; but Paris, who is the criminal, remains silent. [Because the hide of a beast that dies in health is tougher and fitter for use than of another that dies diseased.] Footnotes for Book IV: The goddess of youth is made an attendant at the banquets of the gods, to show that they enjoyed a perpetual youth, and endless felicity. [A town of that name in Bœotia, where Pallas was particularly worshipped.—Tr.] [Βοωπις, constant description of Juno, but not susceptible of literal translation.] Homer does not make the gods use all persons indiscriminately as their agents, but each according to his powers. When Minerva would persuade the Greeks, she seeks Ulysses; when she would break the truce, for Pandarus; and when she would conquer, for Diomede. The goddess went not to the Trojans, because they hated Paris, and looks among the allies, where she finds Pandarus, who was of a nation noted for perfidiousness, and who, from his avarice, was capable of engaging in this treachery for the hope of a reward from Paris. A city of Asia Minor. This description, so full of circumstantial detail, is remarkably beautiful. 1. The history of the bow, giving in a few words the picture of a hunter, lying in ambush and slaying his victim. 2. Then the process of making the bow. 3. The anxious preparation for discharging the arrow with certainty, which was destined to break off the truce and precipitate the battle. 4. The hurried prayer and vow to Apollo, after which the string is drawn, the cord twangs, the arrow “leaps forth.” The whole is described with such graphic truth, that we see, and hear, and wait in breathless suspense to know the result.—Felton. This is one of those humble comparisons with which Homer sometimes diversifies his subject, but a very exact one of its kind, and corresponding in all its parts. The care of the goddess, the unsuspecting security of Menelaus, the ease with which she diverts the danger, and the danger itself, are all included in these few words. To which may be added, that if the providence of heavenly powers to their creatures is expressed by the love of a mother to her child, if men in regard to them are but as sleeping infants, and the dangers that seem so great to us, as easily warded off as the simile implies, the conception appears sublime, however insignificant the image may at first seem in regard to a hero. From this we learn that the Lydians and Carians were famous for their skill in dying purple, and that their women excelled in works of ivory; and also that there were certain ornaments that only kings and princes were privileged to wear. This speech of Agamemnon over his wounded brother, is full of noble power and touching eloquence. The Trojans have violated a truce sanctioned by a solemn sacrifice to the gods. The reflection that such perjury cannot pass with impunity, but that Jove will, sooner or later, punish it, occurs first to the mind of the warrior. In the excitement of the moment, he predicts that the day will surely come when sacred Troy shall fall. From this impetuous feeling his mind suddenly returns to the condition of his brother, and imagines with much pathos, the consequences that will follow from his death, and ends with the wish, that the earth may open before him when that time shall come.—Felton. The poet here changes the narration, and apostrophises the reader. Critics commend this figure, as the reader then becomes a spectator, and his mind is kept fixed on the action. In the following review of the army, we see the skill of an accomplished general as well as the characters of the leaders whom Agamemnon addresses. He begins with an address to the army in general, and then turns to individuals. To the brave he urges their secure hopes of conquest, since the gods must punish perjury; to the timid, their inevitable destruction if the enemy should burn their ships. After this he flies from rank to rank, skilfully addressing each ally, and presents a lively picture of a great mind in the highest emotion. The ancients usually in their feasts divided to the guests in equal portions, except they took particular occasion to show distinction. It was then considered the highest mark of honor to be allotted the best portion of meat and wine, and to be allowed an exemption from the laws of the feast in drinking wine unmingled and without measure. This custom was much more ancient than the time of the Trojan war, and we find it practised in the banquet given by Joseph to his brethren. [Diverse interpretations are given of this passage. I have adopted that which to me appeared most plausible. It seems to be a caution against the mischiefs that might ensue, should the horses be put under the management of a driver with whom they were unacquainted.—The scholium by Villoisson much countenances this solution.—Tr.] [Here Nestor only mentions the name of Ereuthalion, knowing the present to be an improper time for story-telling; in the seventh book he relates his fight and victory at length. This passage may serve to confute those who charge Nestor with indiscriminate loquacity.—Tr.] The first Theban war, previously alluded to, took place twenty-seven years before the war of Troy. Sthenelus here speaks of the second, which happened ten years after the first. For an account of these wars see Grecian and Roman Mythology. This is a most animated description. The onset, the clashing of spears, the shield pressed to shield, the tumult of the battle, the shouts and groans of the slayer and the dying—all are described in words, the very sound of which conveys the terrible meaning. Then come the exploits performed by individual heroes. The student must bear in mind, that the battles of the heroic age depended in a great measure upon the prowess of single chieftains. Hence the appropriateness of the following enumeration.—Felton. So called from the river Simoïs, near which he was born. It was an eastern custom to name children from the most remarkable accident of their birth. The Scriptures furnish many examples. In the Old Testament princes were also compared to trees, and Simöisius is here resembled to a poplar. Homer occasionally puts his readers in mind of Achilles, and finds occasion to celebrate his valor with the highest praise. Apollo here tells the Trojans they have nothing to fear, since Achilles fights not. [Ακροκομοι. They wore only a lock of hair on the crown of the head.] Footnotes for Book V: In each battle there is one prominent person who may be called the hero of the day. This arrangement preserves unity, and helps to fix the attention of the reader. The gods sometimes favor one hero, and sometimes another. In this book we have the exploits of Diomede. Assisted by Minerva, he is eminent both for prudence and valor. Sirius. This comparison, among many others, shows how constantly the poet’s attention was directed to the phenomena of nature.—Felton. Ηιοεντι. The chariots were probably very low. We frequently find in the Iliad that a person standing in a chariot is killed (and sometimes by a stroke on the head) by a foot soldier with a sword. This may farther appear from the ease with which they mount or alight, to facilitate which, the chariots were made open behind. That the wheels were small, may be supposed from their custom of taking them off and putting them on. Hebe puts on the wheels of Juno’s chariot, when he called for it in battle. It may be in allusion to the same custom, that it is said in Ex., ch. xiv.: “The Lord took off their chariot wheels, so that they drove them heavily.” That it was very small and light, is evident from a passage in the tenth Il., where Diomede debates whether he shall draw the chariot of Rhesus out of the way, or carry it on his shoulders to a place of safety. [Meges, son of Phyleus.] This whole passage is considered by critics as very beautiful. It describes the hero carried by an enthusiastic valor into the midst of his enemies, and mingling in the ranks indiscriminately. The simile thoroughly illustrates this fury, proceeding as it did from an extraordinary infusion of courage from Heaven. [Apollo.] The deities are often invoked because of the agency ascribed to them and not from any particular religious usage. And just as often the heroes are protected by the gods who are worshipped by their own tribes and families—Muller. This fiction of Homer, says Dacier, is founded upon an important truth of religion, not unknown to the Pagans: viz. that God only can open the eyes of men, and enable them to see what they cannot otherwise discover. The Old Testament furnishes examples. God opens the eyes of Hagar, that she may see the fountain. “The Lord opened the eyes of Baalam, and he saw the angel,” etc. This power of sight was given to Diomede only for the present occasion. In the 6th Book, on meeting Glaucus, he is ignorant whether he is a god, a hero, or a man. [Or collar-bone.] The belief of those times, in regard to the peace and happiness of the soul after death, made the protection of the body a matter of great importance. For a full account of these rites, see the articles Charon and Pluto, Gr. & Rom. Mythology. The physician of the gods. Homer says nothing of his origin. He seems to be considered as distinct from Apollo, though perhaps originally identical with him. From the fact that so few mystical myths are introduced in the Iliad, Müller infers that the mystical element of religion could not have predominated among the Grecian people for whom Homer sang. Otherwise, his poems in which that element is but little regarded, would not have afforded universal pleasure and satisfaction. He therefore takes but a passing notice of Demeter. Müller also remarks, that in this we cannot but admire the artistic skill of Homer, and the feeling for what is right and fitting that was innate with the Greeks. [Vide Samson to Harapha in the Agonistes. There the word is used in the same sense.—Tr.] [This is a construction of λευκ ελεφαντι given by some of the best commentators, and that seems the most probable.—Tr.] This slow and orderly retreat of the Greeks, with their front constantly turned to the enemy, is a fine encomium on their courage and discipline. This manner of retreating was customary among the Lacedæmonians, as were many other martial customs described by Homer. The practice arose from the apprehension of being killed by a wound in the back, which was not only punished with infamy, but a person bearing the mark was denied the rites of burial. [This, according to Porphyrius as quoted by Clarke, is the true meaning of αιολομιτρης.—Tr.] The chariots of the gods were formed of various metals, and drawn through the air, or upon the surface of the sea, by horses of celestial breed. These chariots were used by the deities only on occasion of a long journey, or when they wished to appear with state and magnificence. Ordinarily they were transported from place to place by the aid of their golden sandals, with the exception of the “silver-footed Thetis,” to whom they seem to have been superfluous. When at home, the gods were barefoot, according to the custom of the age, as we see from various representations of antique art. [These which I have called crescents, were a kind of hook of a semicircular form, to which the reins were occasionally fastened.—Tr.] The Greeks borrowed the vest and shield of Minerva from the Lybians, only with this difference: the Lybian shield was fringed with thongs of leather, and the Grecian with serpents.—Herodotus. This expression (the gates of Heaven) is in the eastern manner, and common in the Scriptures. [Αρεα τονδε.] Every thing that enters the dark empire of Hades disappears, and is seen no more; hence the figurative expression, to put on Pluto’s helmet; that is to become invisible. Footnotes for Book VI: The Simoïs and Xanthus were two rivers of the Troad, which form a junction before they reached the Hellespont. The Simoïs rose in Mt. Ida, and the Xanthus had its origin near Troy.—Felton. Ajax commences his exploits immediately on the departure of the gods from the battle. It is observed of this hero, that he is never assisted by the deities. Axylus was distinguished for his hospitality. This trait was characteristic of the Oriental nations, and is often alluded to by ancient writers. The rite of hospitality often united families belonging to different and hostile nations, and was even transmitted from father to son. This description is a fine tribute to the generosity of Axylus.—Felton [Euryalus.] Agamemnon’s taking the life of the Trojan whom Menelaus had pardoned, was according to the custom of the times. The historical books of the Old Testament abound in instances of the like cruelty to conquered enemies. This important maxim of war is very naturally introduced, upon Menelaus being ready to spare an enemy for the sake of a ransom. According to Dacier, it was for such lessons as these that Alexander so much esteemed Homer and studied his poem. The custom of making donations to the gods is found among the ancients, from the earliest times of which we have any record down to the introduction of Christianity; and even after that period it was observed by the Christians during the middle ages. Its origin seems to have been the same as that of sacrifices: viz. the belief that the gods were susceptible of influence in their conduct towards men. These gifts were sometimes very costly, but often nothing more than locks of hair cut from the head of the votary. Diomede had knowingly wounded and insulted the deities; he therefore met Glaucus with a superstitious fear that he might be some deity in human shape. This feeling brought to his mind the story of Lycurgus. It is said that Lycurgus caused most of the vines of his country to be rooted up, so that his subjects were obliged to mix their wine with water, as it became less plentiful. Hence the fable that Thetis received Bacchus into her bosom. This style of language was according to the manners of the times. Thus Goliath to David, “Approach, and I will give thy flesh to the fowls of the air and the beasts of the field.” The Orientals still speak in the same manner. Though this comparison may be justly admired for its beauty in the obvious application to the mortality and succession of human life, it seems designed by the poet, in this place, as a proper emblem of the transitory state of families which, by their misfortune or folly, have fallen and decayed, and again appear, in a happier season, to revive and flourish in the fame and virtues of their posterity. In this sense it is a direct answer to the question of Diomede, as well as a proper preface to what Glaticus relates of his own family, which, having become extinct in Corinth, recovers new life in Lycia. The same as Corinth. Some suppose that alphabetical writing was unknown in the Homeric age, and consequently that these signs must have been hieroglyphical marks. The question is a difficult one, and the most distinguished scholars are divided in opinion. We can hardly imagine that a poem of the length and general excellence of the Iliad, could be composed without the aid of writing; and yet, we are told, there are well-authenticated examples of such works being preserved and handed down by traditional memory. However this may be, we know that the Oriental nations were in possession of the art of alphabetical writing it a very early period, and before the Trojan war. It cannot, then, seem very improbable, that the authors of the Iliad should also have been acquainted with it.—Felton. The Solymi were an ancient nation inhabiting the mountainous parts of Asia Minor, between Lycia and Pisidia. Pliny mentions them as having become extinct in his time. It was the custom in ancient times, upon the performance of any signal service by kings or great men, for the public to grant them a tract of land as a reward. When Sarpedon, in the 12th Book, exhorts Glaucus to behave valiantly, he reminds him of these possessions granted by his countrymen. The laws of hospitality were considered so sacred, that a friendship contracted under their observance was preferred to the ties of consanguinity and alliance, and regarded as obligatory even to the third and fourth generation. Diomede and Glaucus here became friends, on the ground of their grandfathers having been mutual guests. The presents made on these occasions were preserved by families, as it was considered obligatory to transmit them as memorials to their children. [Ξεινοι πατρωιοι.] The Scæan gate opened to the field of battle, and was the one through which the Trojans made their excursions. Close to this stood the beech tree sacred to Jupiter, and often mentioned in connection with it. There is a mournfulness in the interview between the hero and his mother which is deeply interesting. Her urging him to take wine and his refusal were natural and simple incidents, which heighten the effect of the scene.—Felton. The custom that prohibits persons polluted with blood from performing any offices of divine worship before purification, is so ancient and universal, that it may be considered a precept of natural religion, tending to inspire a horror of bloodshed. In Euripides, Iphigenia argues the impossibility of human sacrifices being acceptable to the gods, since they do not permit any one defiled with blood, or even polluted with the touch of a dead body, to come near their altars. Paris surprised the King of Phœnecia by night, and carried off many of his treasures and captives, among whom probably were these Sidonian women. Tyre and Sidon were famous for works in gold, embroidery, etc., and for whatever pertained to magnificence and luxury. This gesture is the only one described by Homer as being used by the ancients in their invocations of the gods. [δια θεαων.] The employment in which Hector finds Paris engaged, is extremely characteristic.—Felton. This address of Helen is in fine keeping with her character.—Felton. [The bulk of his heroes is a circumstance of which Homer frequently reminds us by the use of the word μεγας—and which ought, therefore, by no means to be suppressed.—Tr.] Love of his country is a prominent characteristic of Hector, and is here beautifully displayed in his discharging the duties that the public welfare required, before seeking his wife and child. Then finding that she had gone to the tower, he retraces his steps to “the Scæan gate, whence he must seek the field.” Here his wife, on her return home, accidentally meets him. [The name signifies, the _Chief of the city_.—Tr.] It was the custom to plant about tombs only such trees as elms, alders, etc., that bear no fruit, as being most appropriate to the dead. In this recapitulation, Homer acquaints us with some of the great achievements of Achilles, which preceded the opening of the poem—a happy manner of exalting his hero, and exciting our expectation as to what he is yet to accomplish. His greatest enemies never upbraid him, but confess his glory. When Apollo encourages the Trojans to fight, it is by telling them Achilles fights no more. When Juno animates the Greeks, she reminds them how their enemies fear Achilles; and when Andromache trembles for Hector, it is with the remembrance of his resistless force. Drawing water was considered the most servile employment. [The Scholiast in Villoisson calls it φυσικον τινα και μετριον γελωτα a natural and moderate laughter.—Tr.] According to the ancient belief, the fatal period of life is appointed to all men at the time of their birth, which no precaution can avoid and no danger hasten. This scene, for true and unaffected pathos, delicate touches of nature, and a profound knowledge of the human heart, has rarely been equalled, and never surpassed, among all the efforts of genius during the three thousand years that have gone by since it was conceived and composed.—Felton. Footnotes for Book VII: Holding the spear in this manner was, in ancient warfare, understood as a signal to discontinue the fight. The challenge of Hector and the consternation of the Greeks, presents much the same scene as the challenge of Goliath, 1 Samuel, ch. 17: “And he stood and cried to the armies of Israel;—Choose you a man for you, and let him come down to me. If he be able to fight with me, and to kill me, then will we be your servants.—When Saul and all Israel heard the words of the Philistine, they were dismayed and greatly afraid.” It was an ancient custom for warriors to dedicate trophies of this kind to the temples of their tutelary deities. [The club-bearer.] [It is a word used by Dryden.] Homer refers every thing, even the chance of the lots, to the disposition of the gods. [Agamemnon.] The lot was merely a piece of wood or shell, or any thing of the kind that was at hand. Probably it had some private mark, and not the name, as it was only recognized by the owner. This reply is supposed to allude to some gesture made by Ajax in approaching Hector. The heralds were considered as sacred persons, the delegates of Mercury, and inviolable by the laws of nations. Ancient history furnishes examples of the severity exercised upon those who were guilty of any outrage upon them. Their office was, to assist in the sacrifices and councils, to proclaim war or peace, to command silence at ceremonies or single combats, to part the combatants and declare the conqueror. This word I have taken leave to coin. The Latins have both substantive and adjective. _Purpura—Purpureus._ We make purple serve both uses; but it seems a poverty to which we have no need to submit, at least in poetry.—Tr. A particular mark of honor and respect, as this part of the victim belonged to the king. In the simplicity of the times, the reward offered a victorious warrior of the best portion of the sacrifice at supper, a more capacious bowl, or an upper seat at table, was a recompense for the greatest actions. It is worthy of observation, that beef, mutton, or kid, was the food of the heroes of Homer and the patriarchs and warriors of the Old Testament. Fishing and fowling were then the arts of more luxurious nations. [The word is here used in the Latin sense of it. Virgil, describing the entertainment given by Evander to the Trojans, says that he regaled them Perpetui _tergo bovis et lustralibus extis._ Æn. viii. It means, the whole.—Tr.] Footnotes for Book VIII: An epithet of Aurora, supposed to designate an early hour. Many have explained this as an allegorical expression for one of the great laws of nature—gravity or the attraction of the sun. There is not the slightest probability that any such meaning is intended.—Felton. A part of Mt. Ida. This place was celebrated, in subsequent times, for the worship of Jupiter. Several years ago, Dr. E.D. Clarke deposited, in the vestibule of the public library in Cambridge, England, a marble bust of Juno, taken from the ruins of this temple of Jupiter, at the base of Mt. Ida.—Felton [In the repetition of this expression, the translator follows the original.] Sacred, because that part of the day was appropriate to sacrifice and religious worship. This figure is first used in the Scriptures. Job prays to be weighed in an even balance, that God may know his integrity. Daniel says to Belshazzar, “thou art weighed in the balances, and found wanting,” etc. Jupiter’s declaring against the Greeks by thunder and lightning, is drawn (says Dacier) from truth itself. 1 Sam. ch. vii.: “And as Samuel was offering up the burnt-offering, the Philistines drew near to battle against Israel; but the Lord thundered on that day upon the Philistines and discomfited them.” Nothing can be more spirited than the enthusiasm of Hector, who, in the transport of his joy, breaks out in the following apostrophe to his horses. He has, in imagination, already forced the Grecian entrenchments, set the fleet in flames, and destroyed the whole army. From this speech, it may be gathered that women were accustomed to loosen the horses from the chariot, on their return from battle, and feed them; and from line 214, unless it is spurious, it seems that the provender was sometimes mixed with wine. It is most probable, however, that the line is not genuine.—Felton. Homer describes a princess so tender in her love to her husband, that she meets him on his return from every battle, and, in the joy of seeing him again, feeds his horses with bread and wine, as an acknowledgment to them for bringing him back.—Dacier. These were the arms that Diomede had received from Glaucus. [None daring to keep the field, and all striving to enter the gates together, they obstructed their own passage, and were, of course, compelled into the narrow interval between the foss and rampart. But there are different opinions about the space intended. See Villoisson.—Tr.] [To Jove, the source of all oracular information.] Jupiter, in answer to the prayer of Agamemnon, sends an omen to encourage the Greeks. The application of it is obvious: The eagle signified Hector, the fawn denoted the fear and flight of the Greeks, and being dropped at the altar of Jupiter, indicated that they would be saved by the protection of that god. This simile is very beautiful, and exactly represents the manner of Gorgythion’s death. There is so much truth in the comparison, that we pity the fall of the youth and almost feel his wound. [Ενικλαν.—The word is here metaphorical, and expresses, in its primary use, the breaking of a spear against a shield.—Tr.] [The following lines, to the end of this paragraph, are a translation of some which Barnes has here inserted from the second Alcibiades of Plato.] The simile is the most magnificent that can be conceived. The stars come forth brightly, the whole heaven is cloudless and serene, the moon is in the sky, the heights, and promontories, and forests stand forth distinctly in the light, _and the shepherd rejoices in his heart_. This last simple and natural circumstance is inexpressibly beautiful, and heightens the effect of the visible scene, by associating it, in the most direct and poetical manner, with the inward emotion that such a scene must produce.—Felton. Footnotes for Book IX: [In the original the word is—μελανυδρος—dark-watered; and it is rendered—_deep_—by the best interpreters, because deep waters have a blackish appearance. Δνοφερον υδωρ is properly water that runs with rapidity; water—μετα δονησεως φερομενον—See Villoisson.]—Tr. This is the language of a brave man, boldly to affirm that courage is above crowns and sceptres. In former times they were not hereditary, but the recompense of valor. [The observation seems made with a view to prevent such a reply from Agamemnon to Diomede as might give birth to new dissensions, while it reminds him indirectly of the mischiefs that had already attended his quarrel with Achilles.]—Tr. This speech of Nestor is happily conceived. It belonged to him as the aged counsellor to begin the debate, by laying the subject before the assembly, especially as it was necessary to impale the blame of the present unfortunate condition of the army to Agamemnon. It would have been presumptuous in any other, and it was a matter of difficulty and delicacy even for Nestor.—Felton. In the heroic age, the bridegroom, before marriage, was obliged to make two presents, one to his betrothed wife, and one to his father-in-law. This was also an ancient custom of the Hebrews. Abraham’s servant gave presents to Rebekah: Gen. xxiv. 22. Shechem promised a dowry and gift to Jacob for his daughter: Gen. xxiv. 12. And in after times, Saul said he desired no dowry for Michal: 1 Sam. xviii. 25. One of the religious ceremonies previous to any important enterprise. Then followed the order for silence and reverent attention; then the libation, &c.—Felton Achilles having retired from action in displeasure to Agamemnon, quieted himself by singing to his lyre the achievements of demi-gods and heroes. Nothing was better suited to the martial disposition of this hero, than these heroic songs. Celebrating the actions of the valiant prepared him for his own great exploits. Such was the music of the ancients, and to such purposes was it applied. When the lyre of Paris was offered to Alexander, he replied that he had little value for it, but much desired that of Achilles, on which he sung the actions of heroes in former times.—Plutarch. The manners of the Iliad are the manners of the patriarchal and early ages of the East. The chief differences arise from a different religion and a more maritime situation. Very far removed from the savage state on the one hand, and equally distant from the artificial state of an extended commerce and a manufacturing population on the other, the spirit and habitudes of the two modes of society are almost identical. The hero and the Patriarch are substantially coëval; but the first wanders in twilight, the last stands in the eye of Heaven. When three men appeared to Abraham in the plains of Mamre, he ran to meet them from the tent door, brought them in, directed Sarah to make bread, fetched from the herd himself a calf tender and good, dressed it, and set it before them. When Ajax, Ulysses, and Phœnix stand before Achilles, he rushes forth to greet them, brings them into the tent, directs Patroclus to mix the wine, cuts up the meat, dresses it, and sets it before the ambassadors. * * * * Instances of this sort might be multiplied to any extent, but the student will find it a pleasing and useful task to discover them for himself; and these will amply suffice to demonstrate the existence of that correspondence of spirit and manners between the Homeric and the early ages of the Bible history, to which I have adverted. It is real and important; it affords a standard of the feelings with which we ought to read the Iliad, if we mean to read it as it deserves; and it explains and sets in the true point of view numberless passages, which the ignorance or frivolity of after-times has charged with obscurity, meanness or error. The Old Testament and the Iliad reflect light mutually on each other; and both in respect of poetry and morals (for the whole of Homer’s poetry is a praise of virtue, and every thing in him tends to this point, except that which is merely superfluous and for ornament) it may with great truth be said, that he who has the longest studied, and the most deeply imbibed, the spirit of the Hebrew Bible, will the best understand and the most lastingly appreciate the tale of Troy divine.—H.N. Coleridge. [I have given this sense to the word Ζωροτερον—on the authority of the Venetian Scholium, though some contend that it should be translated—_quickly_. Achilles, who had reproached Agamemnon with intemperate drinking, was, himself, more addicted to music than to wine.]—Tr. [It is not without authority that I have thus rendered κρειον μεγα. Homer’s banquets are never stewed or boiled; it cannot therefore signify a kettle. It was probably a kitchen-table, dresser, or tray, on which the meat was prepared for the spit. Accordingly we find that this very meat was spitted afterward.—See Schaufelbergerus.]—Tr. There are no speeches in the Iliad better placed, better timed, or that give a greater idea of Homer’s genius than these of the ambassadors to Achilles. They are not only demanded by the occasion, but skilfully arranged, and in a manner that gives pleasure to the reader. [Dacier observes, that he pluralizes the one wife of Menelaus, through the impetuosity of his spirit.]—Tr. According to some ancient writers, Achilles was but twelve years of age when he went to the wars of Troy. And from what is here related of his education under Phœnix, it may be inferred, that the fable of his having been taught by Chiron is an invention of a later age and unknown to Homer. The ancients gave the name of Jupiter not only to the God of heaven, but also to the God of hell, as is seen here; and to the God of the sea, as appears from Æschylus. They meant thereby to show that one sole deity governed the world. To teach this truth, statues were made of Jupiter which had three eyes. Priam had one in the court of his palace, which, in sharing the booty of the war of Troy, fell to the lot of Sthenelus, who carried it to Greece.—Dacier. So called because Jove protects those who implore his aid. [Wrinkled—because the countenance of a man driven to prayer by a consciousness of guilt is sorrowful and dejected. Lame—because it is a remedy to which men recur late, and with reluctance. And slant-eyed—either because, in that state of humiliation they fear to lift their eyes to heaven, or are employed in taking a retrospect of their past misconduct. The whole allegory, considering _when_ and _where_ it was composed, forms a very striking passage.]—Tr. [She had five brothers: Iphiclus, Polyphontes, Phanes, Eurypylus, Plexippus.]—Tr. It was the custom for the murderer to go into banishment for one year. But if the relations of the murdered person were willing, the criminal, by paying a certain fine, might buy off the exile and remain at home. Ajax sums up this argument with great strength: We see, says he, a brother forgive the murder of his brother, a father that of his son; but Achilles will not forgive the injury offered him by taking away one captive woman. The character of Achilles is well sustained in all his speeches. To Ulysses he returns a flat denial, and threatens to leave the Trojan shore in the morning. To Phœnix his answer is more gentle. After Ajax has spoken, he seems determined not to depart, but yet refuses to bear arms, except in defence of his own squadron. Footnotes for Book X: With slight alteration, Homer here repeats the verses that open the 2d Book, and ascribes to Agamemnon the same watchfulness over men that Jupiter had over the gods. Menelaus starts a design, which is afterwards proposed by Nestor in council. The poet knew that the project would come with greater weight from the age of the one than from the youth of the other, and that the valiant would be ready to engage in the enterprise suggested by so venerable a counsellor. Agamemnon is uniformly represented as an example of brotherly affection, and at all times defends Menelaus. [Σαυρωτηρ—seems to have been a hollow iron with a point, fitted to the obtuse end of the spear, for the purpose of planting that end of it in the ground. It might probably be taken off at pleasure.]—Tr. The dogs represent the watch, the flocks the Greeks, the fold their camp, and the wild beast that invades them, Hector. The place, position, and circumstances are represented with the utmost life and nature. [_Sable_, because the expedition was made by night, and _each with a lamb_, as typical of the fruit of their labors.]—Tr. It required some address in Diomede to make a choice without offending the Grecian princes, each one of whom might consider it an indignity to be refused such a place of honor. Diomede, therefore, chose Ulysses, not for his valor, but for his wisdom. On this point, the other leaders all yielded to him. The heroes are well armed for their design. Ulysses has a bow and arrows, that he may be able to wound the enemy at a distance, and Diomede a two-edged sword. They both have leathern helmets, as the glittering of the metal might betray them to the enemy. [Autolycus was grandfather of Ulysses by the mother’s side.]—Tr. Making these military presents to brave adventurers was an ancient custom. “Jonathan stripped himself of the robe that was upon him, and gave it to David; and his garments, even to his sword, and his bow, and his girdle.” 1 Sam. xviii. v. These lines show how careful the poet always was to be true to nature. The little circumstance that they could not _see_ the heron, but only heard him, stamps the description with an air of verisimilitude which is at once recognized.—Felton. This passage sufficiently justifies Diomede for his choice of Ulysses. Diomede, who was most renowned for valor, might have given a wrong interpretation to this omen, and have been discouraged from proceeding in the attempt. For though it really signified that, as the bird was not seen, but only heard, so they should not be discovered by the Trojans, but perform actions of which all Troy should hear with sorrow; yet, on the other hand, it might imply that, as they discovered the bird by the noise of its wings, so the noise they should make would betray them to the Trojans. Pallas does not send the bird sacred to herself, but the heron, because that is a bird of prey, and denoted that they should spoil the Trojans. Dolon seems to have been eminent for wealth, and Hector summons him to the assembly as one of the chiefs of Troy. He was known to the Greeks, perhaps, from his having passed between the two armies as a herald. Ancient writers observe, that it was the office of Dolon that led him to offer himself in this service. The sacredness attached to it gave him hopes that they would not violate his person, should he chance to be taken; and his riches he knew were sufficient to purchase his liberty. Besides these advantages, he probably trusted to his swiftness to escape pursuit. Eustathius remarks upon the different manner in which the Grecians and Trojans conduct the same enterprise. In the council of the Greeks, a wise old man proposes the adventure with an air of deference; in that of the Trojans, a brave young man with an air of authority. The one promises a small gift, but honorable and certain; the other a great one, but uncertain and less honorable, because it is given as a reward. Diomede and Ulysses are inspired with a love of glory; Dolon with the thirst of gain. They proceed with caution and bravery; he with rashness and vanity. They go in conjunction; he alone. They cross the fields out of the road, he follows the common track. In all this there is an admirable contrast, and a moral that strikes every reader at first sight. [Commentators are extremely in the dark, and even Aristarchus seems to have attempted an explanation in vain. The translator does not pretend to have ascertained the distance intended, but only to have given a distance suited to the occasion.]—Tr. Ulysses makes no promise of life, but artfully bids Dolon, who is overpowered by fear, not to think of death. He was so cautious as not to believe a friend just before without an oath, but he trusts an enemy without even a promise. ['Οσσαι γαρ Τρωων πυρος εσχαραι—As many as are owners of hearths—that is to say, all who are householders here, or natives of the city.]—Tr It seems barbarous in Diomede thus to have killed Dolon, but Eustathius observes that it was necessary to their success, as his cries might have put the Trojans on their guard. An allegorical manner of saying that they were awakened by the morning light. [Homer did not here forget himself, though some have altered τρις ιο τετρακαιδεκατον.—Rhesus for distinction sake is not numbered with his people—See Villoisson _in loco_.]—Tr. Footnotes for Book XI: Cynyras was king of Cyprus, and this probably alludes to some historical fact. Cyprus was famous for its minerals. [Τρεις εκατερθ'—three on a side, This is evidently the proper punctuation, though it differs from that of all the editions that I have seen. I find it no where but in the _Venetian Scholium_.]—Tr. It is finely remarked by Trollope, that, of all the points of resemblance which may be discovered between the sentiments, associations and expressions of Homer, and those of the sacred writings, this similitude is perhaps the most striking; and there can be little doubt that it exhibits a traditional vestige of the patriarchal record of God’s covenant.—Felton. [Quâtre-crested. So I have rendered τετραφαληρον which literally signifies having four cones. The cone was a tube into which the crest was inserted. The word quâtre-crested may need a precedent for its justification, and seems to have a sufficient one in the cinque-spotted cowslip of Shakspeare.]—Tr. [This seems the proper import of εγδουπησαν. Jupiter is called εριγδουτος.]—Tr. [The translator follows Clarke in this interpretation of a passage to us not very intelligible.] The ancient manner of mowing and reaping was, for the laborers to divide in two parties, and to begin at each end of the field, which was equally divided, and proceed till they met in the middle of it. Time was then measured by the progression of the sun, and the parts of the day were distinguished by the various employments. [ολμος.] [The Grecians at large are indiscriminately called Danaï, Argives, and Achaians, in the original. The Phthians in particular—Hellenes. They were the troops of Achilles.]—Tr. [Ανεμοτρεφες—literally—wind-nourished.]—Tr. In making Ulysses direct Diomede, Homer intends to show that valor should be under the guidance of wisdom. In the 8th Book, when Diomede could hardly be restrained by the thunder of Jupiter, his valor is checked by the wisdom of Nestor. Diomede does not fear Hector, but Jupiter, who, he has previously said, will give the Trojans the day. [In the original—κερα αγλαε.—All that I pretend to know of this expression is that it is ironical, and may relate either to the head-dress of Paris, or to his archership. To translate it is impossible; to paraphrase it, in a passage of so much emotion, would be absurd. I have endeavored to supply its place by an appellation in point of contempt equal.]—Tr. No moral is so evident throughout the Iliad, as the dependence of man upon divine assistance and protection. Apollo saves Hector from the dart, and Minerva Ulysses. Homer here pays a marked distinction. The army had seen several of their bravest heroes wounded, yet without expressing as much concern as at the danger of Machaon, their physician and surgeon. [This interpretation of—μινυνθα δε χαζετο δουρος—is taken from the Scholium by Villoisson. It differs from those of Clarke, Eustathius, and another Scholiast quoted by Clarke, but seems to suit the context much better than either.]—Tr. The address of Homer in bringing off Ajax is admirable. He makes Hector afraid to approach him, and brings down Jupiter to terrify him. Thus he retreats, not from a mortal, but from a God. The whole passage is inimitably just and beautiful. We see Ajax slowly retreating between two armies, and even with a look repulse the one and protect the other. Every line resembles Ajax. The character of a stubborn and undaunted warrior is perfectly maintained. He compares him first to the lion for his undaunted spirit in fighting, and then to the ass for his stubborn slowness in retreating. In the latter comparison there are many points of resemblance that enliven the image. The havoc he makes in the field is represented by the tearing and trampling down the harvests; and we see the bulk, strength, and obstinancy of the hero, when the Trojans, in respect to him, are compared to the troops of boys that impotently endeavor to drive him away. It must be borne in mind that among the people of the East, an ass was a beast upon which kings and princes might ride with dignity. Though the resentment of Achilles would not permit him to be an actor in the field, yet his love of war inclines him to be a spectator. As the poet did not intend to draw the character of a perfect man in Achilles, he makes him delighted with the destruction of the Greeks, because it gratified his revenge. That resentment which is the subject of the poem, still presides over every other feeling, even the love of his country. He begins now to pity his countrymen, yet he seems gratified by their distress, because it will contribute to his glory. This onion was very different from the root which now passes under that name. It had a sweet flavor, and was used to impart an agreeable flavor to wine. It is in high repute at the present day in Egypt.—Felton. [I have interpreted the very ambiguous words ουω δ' υπο πυθμενες ησαν according to Athenæus as quoted by Clarke, and his interpretation of them is confirmed by the Scholium in the Venetian edition of the Iliad, lately published by Villoisson.]—Tr. Homer here reminds the reader, that Nestor belonged to a former generation of men, who were stronger than the heroes of the war. [It would have suited the dignity of Agamemnon’s rank to have mentioned _his_ wound first; but Nestor making this recital to the _friend of Achilles_, names him slightly, and without any addition.]—Tr. [It is said that the Thebans having war with the people of Orchomenos, the Pylians assisted the latter, for which cause Hercules destroyed their city.—See Scholium per Villoisson.]—Tr. Footnotes for Book XII: [The word is of scripture use; see Gen. ch. xxx. where it describes the cattle of Jacob.]—Tr. [Alluding to the message delivered to him from Jupiter by Iris.]—Tr. The morality of the Iliad deserves particular attention. It is not _perfect_, upon Christian principles. How should it be under the circumstances of the composition of the poem? Yet, compared with that of all the rest of the classical poetry, it is of a transcendently noble and generous character. The answer of Hector to Polydamas, who would have dissuaded a further prosecution of the Trojan success, has been repeated by many of the most devoted patriots the world ever saw. _We_, who defy augury in these matters, can yet add nothing to the nobleness of the sentiment.—H.N. Coleridge. [πλεονων δε τοι εργον αμεινον.—This is evidently proverbial, for which reason I have given it that air in the translation.]—Tr. There is something touching in this simile. Our attention is fixed, not so much on the battle, as on the struggles of the laboring, true-hearted woman, who toils for a hard-earned pittance for her children. The description is not so much illustrated by the simile, as the simile by the description.—Felton. The description of this exploit of Hector is wonderfully imposing. It seems to be the poet’s wish to magnify his deeds during the short period that he has yet to live, both to do justice to the hero of Troy, and to give the greater glory to Achilles his conquerer.—Felton. Footnotes for Book XIII: We are hurried through this book by the warlike ardor of the poet. Battle succeeds battle with animating rapidity. The speeches are in fine keeping with the scenes, and the similes are drawn from the most imposing natural phenomena. The descriptions possess a wonderful distinctness and vigor, presenting the images to the mind by a few bold and grand lines, thus shunning the confusion of intricate and minute detail.—Felton. So called from their simple diet, consisting principally of mare’s milk. They were a people living on the north-east coast of the Euxine Sea. These epithets are sometimes supposed to be the _gentile_ denominations of the different tribes; but they are all susceptible of interpretation as epithets applied to the Hippemolgi.—Felton. [For this admirable line the translator is indebted to Mr. Fuseli.]—Tr. The following simile is considered by critics as one of the finest in Homer. [A fitter occasion to remark on this singular mode of approach in battle, will present itself hereafter.]—Tr. [The bodies of Imbrius and Amphimachus.] [Amphimachus.] This is a noble passage. The difference between the conduct of the brave man and that of the coward is drawn with great vigor and beauty.—Felton. [Hypsenor.] [This seems to be he meaning ofεν μεγαρω an expression similar to that of Demosthenes in a parallel case—ετι ενδον ουσαν.—See Schaufelburgerus.]—Tr [He is said to have been jealous of him on account of his great popularity, and to have discountenanced him, fearing a conspiracy in his favor to the prejudice of his own family.—See Villoisson.]—Tr. [The Iäonianans were a distinct people from the Ionians, and according to the Scholium, separated from them by a pillar bearing on opposite sides the name of each.—See Barnes. See also Villoisson.]—Tr. [The people of Achilles were properly called the Phthiotæ, whereas the Phthians belonged to Protesiläus and Philoctetes.—See Eustathius, as quoted by Clarke.]—Tr. This simile is derived from one of the most familiar sights among a simple people. It is extremely natural, and its propriety will be peculiarly striking to those who have had occasion to see a yoke of oxen plowing in a hot day.—Felton. [Achilles.] [This, according to Eustathius, is the import of αμοιβοι.—See Iliad III., in which Priam relates an expedition of his into that country.]—Tr. Footnotes for Book XIV: The beauty of this simile will be lost to those who have never been at sea during a calm. The water is then not quite motionless, but swells gently in smooth waves, which fluctuate in a balancing motion, until a rising wind gives them a certain determination. Every circumstance of the comparison is just, as well as beautiful. Anointing the body with perfumed oil was a remarkable part of ancient cosmetics. It was probably an eastern invention, agreeable to the luxury of the Asiatics. A footstool was considered a mark of honor. In accordance with the doctrine of Thales the Milesian, that all things are generated from water, and nourished by the same element. [Hercules.] Night was venerated, both for her antiquity and power. [One of the heads of Ida.] A bird about the size of a hawk, and entirely black. By Juno is understood the air, and it is allegorically said that she was nourished by the vapors that rise from the ocean and the earth. Tethys being the same as Rhea. [Europa.] An evident allusion to the ether and the atmosphere.—E.P.P. Footnotes for Book XV: [The translator seizes the opportunity afforded to him by this remarkable passage, to assure his readers who are not readers of the original, that the discipline which Juno is here said to have suffered from the hands of Jove, is not his own invention. He found it in the original, and considering fidelity as his indispensable duty, has not attempted to soften or to refine away the matter. He begs that this observation may be adverted to as often as any passage shall occur in which ancient practices or customs, not consonant to our own, either in point of delicacy or humanity, may be either expressed or alluded to. He makes this request the rather, because on these occasions Mr. Pope has observed a different conduct, suppressing all such images as he had reason to suppose might be offensive.]—Tr. The earliest form of an oath seems to have been by the elements of nature, or rather the deities who preside over them.—Trollope. In the following speech, Jupiter discloses the future events of the war. The illustration in the following lines is one of the most beautiful in Homer. The rapid passage of Juno is compared to the speed of thought, by which a traveller revisits in imagination the scenes over which he has passed. No simile could more exalt the power of the Goddess.—Felton. The picture is strikingly true to nature. The smile upon the lip, and frown upon the brow, express admirably the state of mind in which the Goddess must be supposed to have been at this moment.—Felton. [_To tempest_—κυδοιμησων—Milton uses _tempest_ as a verb. Speaking of the fishes, he says ... part, huge of bulk Wallowing unwieldy, enormous in their gait, _Tempest_ the ocean. ]—Tr. The Furies are said to wait upon men in a double sense; either for evil; as upon Orestes after he had killed his mother, or else for their good, as upon elders when they are injured, to protect them and avenge their wrongs. The ancients considered birth-right as a right divine. [Τρωες δε προυτυψαν αολλεες. The translation is literal, and affords one of many instances in which the Greek and English idiom correspond exactly.]—Tr. [Arcesilaüs.] [This abruptness of transition from the third person to the first, follows the original.] [The translator hopes that his learned readers will pardon him, if sometimes, to avoid an irksome cacophony, he turns brass into steel. In fact, arrow had not a point of steel, but a brazen one.]—Tr. This sentiment is noble and patriotic. It is in strict keeping with the character of Hector, who always appears as his country’s champion, and ready to die in her defence. Our sympathies go with him; we involuntarily wish him success, and deplore his misfortune, though we admire the invincible courage of his more fortunate antagonist. His actions and sentiments, springing from the simplest feelings of our nature, will always command applause, and, under all circumstances, and every form of political existence, will be imitated by the defenders of their country. The speech of Ajax is animating and powerful. It is conceived in the true spirit of a warrior rousing his followers to make a last effort to repel the enemy.—Felton. [Meges.] Hector is here represented as an instrument in the hand of Jupiter, to bring about the design the God had long ago projected. As his fatal hour now approaches, Jove is willing to recompense his early death with this short-lived glory. It may be asked what Pallas has to do with the Fates, or what power has she over them? Homer speaks thus, because Minerva has already resolved to deceive Hector and exalt Achilles. Pallas, as the wisdom and knowledge of Jove, may be considered as drawing all things to the termination decreed by his councils. [This termination of the period, so little consonant to the beginning of it, follows the original, where it is esteemed by commentators a great beauty.]—Tr. Footnotes for Book XVI: [This translation of δνοφερον is warranted by the Scholiast, who paraphrases it thus: μετα δονησεως φερομενον. _Iliad per Vill._] The friendship of Achilles and Patroclus was celebrated by all antiquity. It is said in the life of Alexander the Great, that when that prince visited the monuments of the heroes of Troy, and placed a crown upon the tomb of Achilles, his friend Hephæstion placed another on that of Patroclus; an intimation of his being to Alexander, what Patroclus was to Achilles. It is also said, that Alexander remarked, “Achilles was happy indeed, in having had such a friend to love him when living, and such a poet to celebrate him when dead.” [περιαγνυται. A word of incomparable force, and that defies translation.] This charge is in keeping with the ambitious character of Achilles. He is unwilling that even his dearest friend should have the honor of conquering Hector. The picture of the situation of Ajax, exhausted by his efforts, pressed by the arms of his assailants and the will of Jupiter, is drawn with much graphic power.—Felton. Argus-slayer. The mythi which we find in the Iliad respecting Mercury, represent him as the god who blessed the land with fertility, which was his attribute in the original worship. He is represented as loving the daughter of Phthiotian Phylas, the possessor of many herds, and by her had Eudorus (or riches) whom the aged Phylas fostered and brought up in his house—quite a significant local mythus, which is here related, like others in the usual tone of heroic mythology.—Muller. This passage is an exact description and perfect ritual of the ceremonies on these occasions. Achilles, urgent as the case was, would not suffer Patroclus to enter the fight, till he had in the most solemn manner recommended him to the protection of Jupiter. [Meges.] [Brother of Antilochus.] [αμαιμακετην—is a word which I can find nowhere satisfactorily derived. Perhaps it is expressive of great length, and I am the more inclined to that sense of it, because it is the epithet given to the mast on which Ulysses floated to Charybdis. We must in that case derive it from αμα and μηκος Doricè, μακος—longitudo. In this uncertainty I thought myself free to translate it as I have, by the word—monster.]—Tr. [Apollonius says that the οστεα λευκα here means the οπονδυλους, or vertebræ of the neck.—See Villoisson.]—Tr. ['Αμιτροχιτονας is a word, according to Clarke, descriptive of their peculiar habit. Their corselet, and the mail worn under it, were of a piece, and put on together. To them therefore the cincture or belt of the Greeks was unnecessary.]—Tr. According to the history or fable received in Homer’s time, Sarpedon was interred in Lycia. This gave the poet the liberty of making him die at Troy, provided that after his death he was carried into Lycia, to preserve the fable. In those times, as at this day, princes and persons of rank who died abroad, were carried to their own country to be laid in the tomb of their fathers. Jacob, when dying in Egypt, desired his children to carry him to the land of Canaan, where he wished to be buried. [Sarpedon certainly was not slain _in the fleet_, neither can the Greek expression νεων εν αγωνι be with propriety interpreted—_in certamine de navibus_—as Clarke and Mme. Dacier are inclined to render it. _Juvenum in certamine_, seems equally an improbable sense of it. Eustathius, indeed, and Terrasson, supposing Sarpedon to assert that he dies in the middle of the fleet (which was false in fact) are kind enough to vindicate Homer by pleading in his favor, that Sarpedon, being in the article of death, was delirious, and knew not, in reality, where he died. But Homer, however he may have been charged with now and then a nap (a crime of which I am persuaded he is never guilty) certainly does not slumber here, nor needs to be so defended. 'Αγων in the 23d Iliad, means the _whole extensive area_ in which the games were exhibited, and may therefore here, without any strain of the expression, be understood to signify the _whole range of shore_ on which the ships were stationed. In which case Sarpedon represents the matter as it was, saying that he dies—νεων εν αγωνι—that is, in the neighborhood of the ships, and in full prospect of them. The translator assumes not to himself the honor of this judicious remark. It belongs to Mr. Fuseli.]—Tr. [λασιν κηρ.] The clouds of thick dust that rise from beneath the feet of the combatants, which hinder them from knowing one another. [Υπασπιδια προβιβωντος. A similar expression occurs in Book xiii., 158. There we read υπασπιδια προποδιζων. Which is explained by the Scholiast in Villoisson to signify—advancing with quick, short steps, and at the same time covering the feet with a shield. A practice which, unless they bore the αμφιβροτην ασπιδα, must necessarily leave the upper parts exposed. It is not improbable, though the translation is not accommodated to that conjecture, that Æneas, in his following speech to Meriones, calls him, ορχηστην, with a view to the agility with which he performed this particular step in battle.]—Tr. [Two lines occurring here in the original which contain only the same matter as the two preceding, and which are found neither in the MSS. use by Barnes nor in the Harleian, the translator has omitted them in his version as interpolated and superfluous.]—Tr. [Ιρα ταλαντα—_Voluntatem Jovis cui cedendum_—So it is interpreted is the Scholium MSS. Lipsiensis.—Vide Schaufelbergerus.]—Tr. It is an opinion of great antiquity, that when the soul is on the point of leaving the body, its views become stronger and clearer, and the mind is endowed with a spirit of true prediction. Footnotes for Book XVII: In the chase, the spoils of the prey, the hide and head of the animal, belonged to the one who gave the first wound. So in war—the one who first pierced an enemy slain in battle, was entitled to his armor. [The expediency and utility of prayer, Homer misses no opportunity of enforcing. Cold and comfortless as the religious creed of the heathens was, they were piously attentive to its dictates, and to a degree that may serve as a reproof to many professed believers of revelation. The allegorical history of prayer, given us in the 9th Book of the Iliad from the lips of Phœnix, the speech of Antilochus in the 23d, in which he ascribes the ill success of Eumelus in the chariot race to his neglect of prayer, and that of Pisistratus in the 3d book of the Odyssey, where speaking of the newly-arrived Telemachus, he says; For I deem Him wont to pray; since all of every land Need succor from the Gods; are so many proofs of the truth of this remark; to which a curious reader might easily add a multitude.]—Tr. [There is no word in our language expressive of loud sound at all comparable in effect to the Greek _Bo-o-osin_. I have therefore endeavored by the juxta-position of two words similar in sound, to palliate in some degree defect which it was not in my power to cure.]—Tr. [Or collar-bone.] [The proper meaning of επιοσαομενω—is not simply _looking on_, but _providing against_. And thus their ignorance of the death of Patroclus is accounted for. They were ordered by Nestor to a post in which they should have little to do themselves, except to superintend others, and were consequently too remote from Patroclus to see him fall, or even to hear that he had fallen.—See Villoisson.]—Tr. This is one of the similes of Homer which illustrates the manners and customs of his age. The mode of preparing hides for use is particularly described. They were first softened with oil, and then were stretched every direction by the hands of men, so that the moisture might be removed and the oil might penetrate them. Considered in the single point of comparison intended, it gives a lively picture of the struggle on all sides to get possession of the body.—Felton. This is the proper imperfect of the verb _chide_, though modern usage has substituted _chid_, a word of mean and awkward sound, in the place of it. This alludes to the custom of placing columns upon tombs, on which were frequently represented chariots with two or four horses. The horses standing still to mourn for their master, could not be more finely represented than by the dumb sorrow of images standing over a tomb. Perhaps the very posture in which these horses are described, their heads bowed down, and their manes falling in the dust, has an allusion to the attitude in which those statues on monuments were usually represented; there are bas-reliefs that favor this conjecture. [The Latin plural of Ajax is sometimes necessary, because the English plural—Ajaxes—would be insupportable.]—Tr. [Leïtus was another chief of the Bœotians.]—Tr. [Διφρω εφεσταοτος—Yet we learn soon after that he fought on foot. But the Scholiast explains the expression thus—νεωστι τω διφωω επιβαντος. The fact was that Idomeneus had left the camp on foot, and was on foot when Hector prepared to throw at him. But Cœranus, charioteer of Meriones, observing his danger, drove instantly to his aid. Idomeneus had just time to mount, and the spear designed for him, struck Cœranus.—For a right understanding of this very intricate and difficult passage, I am altogether indebted to the Scholiast as quoted by Villoisson.]—Tr. [The translator here follows the interpretation preferred by the Scholiast. The original expression is ambiguous, and may signify, either, that _we shall perish in the fleet ourselves_, or that Hector will soon be in the midst of it. Vide Villoisson _in loco_.]—Tr. [A noble instance of the heroism of Ajax, who asks not deliverance from the Trojans, or that he may escape alive, but light only, without which be could not possibly distinguish himself. The tears of such a warrior, and shed for such a reason, are singularly affecting.]—Tr. Footnotes for Book XVIII: This speech of Antilochus may serve as a model for its brevity. This form of manifesting grief is frequently alluded to in the classical writers, and sometimes in the Bible. The lamentation of Achilles is in the spirit of the heroic times, and the poet describes it with much simplicity. The captives join in the lamentation, perhaps in the recollection of his gentleness, which has before been alluded to.—Felton. [Here it is that the drift of the whole poem is fulfilled. The evils consequent on the quarrel between him and Agamemnon, at last teach Achilles himself this wisdom—that wrath and strife are criminal and pernicious; and the confession is extorted from his own lips, that the lesson may be the more powerfully inculcated. To point the instruction to leaders of armies only, is to narrow its operation unnecessarily. The moral is of universal application, and the poet’s beneficent intentions are wronged by one so partial.]—Tr. The promise of Thetis to present her son with a suit of armor, was the most artful method of hindering him from putting immediately in practice his resolution of fighting, which, with his characteristic violence, he would otherwise have done. [The sun is said to set with reluctance, because his setting-time was not yet come. Jupiter had promised Hector that he should prevail till the sun should go down, and _sacred darkness cover all_. Juno therefore, impatient to arrest the victor’s progress, and having no other means of doing it, shortens the time allotted him.]—Tr. [καταδημοβορησαι.] This custom of washing the dead is continued among the Greeks to this day, and is performed by the dearest friend or relative. The body is then anointed with a perfume, and covered with linen, exactly in the manner here related. Among the Greeks, visitors of rank are still honored in the same manner, by being set apart from the rest of the company, on a high seat, with a footstool. ['Ανεδραμε.] The description of the shield of Achilles is one of the noblest passages in the Iliad. It is elaborated to the highest finish of poetry. The verse is beautifully harmonious, and the language as nicely chosen and as descriptive as can be conceived. But a still stronger interest belongs to this episode when considered as an exact representation of life at a very early period of the world, as it undoubtedly was designed by the poet. It is certainly a most remarkable passage for the amount of information it conveys relative to the state of arts, and the general condition of life at that period. From many intimations in the ancient authors, it may be gathered, that shields were often adorned by deities of figures in bas-relief, similar to those here described. In particular, see Æschylus in the Seven against Thebes. A close examination of the whole passage will lead to many curious inductions and inferences relative to the ancient world, and throw much light upon points which are elsewhere left in great obscurity.—Felton. Murder was not always punished with death or even banishment. But on the payment of a fine, the criminal was allowed to remain in the city. Linus was the most ancient name in poetry, the first upon record as inventor of verse and measure among the Grecians. There was a solemn custom among the Greeks, of bewailing annually their first poet. Pausanias informs us, that before the yearly sacrifice to the Muses on Mount Helicon, the obsequies of Linus were performed, who had a statue and altar erected to him in that place. In this passage Homer is supposed to allude to that custom. See article Theseus, Gr. and Rom. Mythology. There were two kinds of dance—the Pyrrhic, and the common dance; both are here introduced. The Pyrrhic, or military, is performed by Youths wearing swords, the other by the virgins crowned with garlands. The Grecian dance is still performed in this manner in the oriental nations. The youths and maidens dance in a ring, beginning slowly; by degrees the music plays in quicker time, till at last they dance with the utmost swiftness; and towards the conclusion, they sing in a general chorus. The point of comparison is this. When the potter first tries the wheel to see “if it will run,” he moves it much faster than when at work. Thus it illustrates the rapidity of the dance.—Felton. Footnotes for Book XIX: [Brave men are great weepers—was a proverbial saying in Greece. Accordingly there are few of Homer’s heroes who do not weep plenteously on occasion. True courage is doubtless compatible with the utmost sensibility. See Villoisson.]—Tr. The fear with which the divine armor filled the Myrmidons, and the exaltation of Achilles, the terrible gleam of his eye, and his increased desire for revenge, are highly poetical.—Felton. The ancients had a great horror of putrefaction previous to interment. [Achilles in the first book also summons a council himself, and not as was customary, by a herald. It seems a stroke of character, and intended by the poet to express the impetuosity of his spirit, too ardent for the observance of common forms, and that could trust no one for the dispatch he wanted.]—Tr. ['Ασπασιως γονυ καμψειν.—Shall be glad to bend their knee, i.e. to sit and repose themselves.]—Tr. [Τουτον μυθον.—He seems to intend the reproaches sounded in his ear from all quarters, and which he had repeatedly heard before.]—Tr. [By some call’d Antibia, by others, Nicippe.]—Tr. It was unlawful to eat the flesh of victims that were sacrificed in confirmation of oaths. Such were victims of malediction. Nothing can be more natural than the representation of these unhappy young women; who, weary of captivity, take occasion from every mournful occurrence to weep afresh, though in reality little interested in the objects that call forth these expressions of sorrow.—Dacier. Son of Deidameia, daughter of Lycomedes, in whose house Achilles was concealed at the time when he was led forth to the war. [We are not warranted in accounting any practice unnatural or absurd, merely because it does not obtain among ourselves. I know not that any historian has recorded this custom of the Grecians, but that it was a custom among them occasionally to harangue their horses, we may assure ourselves on the authority of Homer, who would not have introduced such speeches, if they could have appeared as strange to his countrymen as they do to us.]—Tr. Hence it seems, that too great an insight into futurity, or the revelation of more than was expedient, was prevented by the Furies.—Trollope. Footnotes for Book XX: [This rising ground was five stadia in circumference, and was between the river Simois and a village named Ilicon, in which Paris is said to have decided between the goddesses. It was called Callicolone, being the most conspicuous ground in the neighborhood of the city.—Villoisson.]—Tr. [Iris is the messenger of the gods on ordinary occasions, Mercury on those of importance. But Themis is now employed, because the affair in question is a council, and to assemble and dissolve councils is her peculiar Province. The return of Achilles is made as magnificent as possible. A council in heaven precedes it, and a battle of the gods is the consequence.—Villoisson.]—Tr. [The readiness of Neptune to obey the summons is particularly noticed, on account of the resentment he so lately expressed, when commanded by Jupiter to quit the battle.—Villoisson.]—Tr. The description of the battle of the gods is strikingly grand. Jupiter thunders in the heavens, Neptune shakes the boundless earth and the high mountain-tops; Ida rocks on its base, and the city of the Trojans and the ships of the Greeks tremble; and Pluto leaps from his throne in terror, lest his loathsome dominions should be laid open to mortals and immortals.—Felton. [The Leleges were a colony of Thessalians, and the first inhabitants of the shores of the Hellespont.]—Tr. Hector was the son of Priam, who descended from Ilus, and Æneas the son of Anchises, whose descent was from Assaracus, the brother of Ilus. This dialogue between Achilles and Æneas, when on the point of battle, as well as several others of a similar description, have been censured as improbable and impossible. The true explanation is to be found in the peculiar character of war in the heroic age. A similar passage has been the subject of remark.—Felton. [Some commentators, supposing the golden plate the outermost as the most ornamental, have perplexed themselves much with this passage, for how, say they, could two folds be pierced and the spear be stopped by the gold, if the gold lay on the surface? But to avoid the difficulty, we need only suppose that the gold was inserted between the two plates of brass and the two of tin; Vulcan, in this particular, having attended less to ornament than to security. See the Scholiast in Villoisson, who argues at large in favor of this opinion.]—Tr. Tmolus was a mountain of Lydia, and Hyda a city of the same country. The Gygæan lake was also in Lydia. [Neptune. So called, either because he was worshiped on Helicon, a mountain of Bœotia, or from Helice, an island of Achaia, where he had a temple.]—Tr. If the bull bellowed as he was led to the altar, it was considered a favorable omen. Hence the simile.—Felton. [It is an amiable trait in the character of Hector, that his pity in this instance supercedes his caution, and that at the sight of his brother in circumstances so affecting, he becomes at once inattentive to himself and the command of Apollo.]—Tr. Footnotes for Book XXI: The scene is now entirely changed, and the battle diversified with a vast variety of imagery and description. It is worthy of notice, that though the whole war of the Iliad was upon the banks of these rivers, yet Homer has reserved the machinery of the river-gods to aggrandize his hero in this battle. There is no book in the poem which exhibits greater force of imagination, none in which the inexhaustible invention of the poet is more powerfully exerted. The swarms of locusts that sometimes invade whole countries in the East, have often been described. It seems that the ancient mode of exterminating them was, to kindle a fire, and thus drive them into a lake or river. The simile illustrates in the most striking manner the panic caused by Achilles.—Felton. According to the Scholiast, Arisba was a city of Thrace, and near to the Hellespont; but according to Eustathius, a city of Troas, inhabited by a colony from Mitylene. It was an ancient custom to cast living horses into rivers, to honor, as it were, the rapidity of their streams. This gives us an idea of the superior strength of Achilles. His spear pierced so deep in the ground, that another hero of great strength could not disengage it, but immediately after, Achilles draws it with the utmost ease. ['Ακροκελαινιοων.—The beauty and force of this word are wonderful; I have in vain endeavored to do it justice.]—Tr. [The reason given in the Scholium is, that the surface being hardened by the wind, the moisture remains unexhaled from beneath, and has time to saturate the roots.—See Villoisson.]—Tr. [Αμβολαδην.] Homer represents Aphrodite as the protector of Æneas, and in the battle of the Trojans, Ares appears in a disadvantageous light; the weakness of the goddess, and the brutal confidence of the god are described with evident irony. In like manner Diana and the river-god Scamander sometimes play a very undignified part. Apollo alone uniformly maintains his dignity.—Muller. This is a very beautiful soliloquy of Agenor, such as would naturally arise in the soul of a brave man going upon a desperate enterprise. From the conclusion it is evident, that the story of Achilles being invulnerable except in the heel, is an invention of a later age. Footnotes for Book XXII: This simile is very striking. It not only describes the appearance of Achilles, but is peculiarly appropriate because the star was supposed to be of evil omen, and to bring with it disease and destruction. So Priam beholds Achilles, splendid with the divine armor, and the destined slayer of his son.—Felton. The usual cruelties practised in the sacking of towns. Isaiah foretells to Babylon, that her children shall be dashed in pieces by the Medes. David says to the same city, “Happy shall he be that taketh and dasheth thy little ones against the stones.”—Ps. c22vii. 9. It was supposed that venomous serpents were accustomed to eat poisonous roots and plants before attacking their victims.—Felton. This speech of Hector shows the fluctuation of his mind, with much discernment on the part of the poet. He breaks out, after having apparently meditated a return to the city. But the imagined reproaches of Polydamas, and the anticipated scorn of the Trojans forbid it. He soliloquizes upon the possibility of coming to terms with Achilles, and offering him large concessions; but the character of Achilles precludes all hope of reconciliation. It is a fearful crisis with him, and his mind wavers, as if presentient of his approaching doom.—Felton. [The repetition follows the original, and the Scholiast is of opinion that Homer uses it here that he may express more emphatically the length to which such conferences are apt to proceed.—Δια την πολυλογιαν τη αναληψε εχρησατο.]—Tr. [It grew near to the tomb of Ilus.] The Scamander ran down the eastern side of Ida, and at the distance of three stadia from Troy, making a subterraneous dip, it passed under the walls and rose again in the form of the two fountains here described—from which fountains these rivulets are said to have proceeded. It was the custom of that age to have cisterns by the side of rivers and fountains, to which the women, including the wives and daughters of kings and princes, resorted to wash their garments. Sacrifices were offered to the gods upon the hills and mountains, or, in the language of scripture, upon the _high places_, for the people believed that the gods inhabited such eminences. [The numbers in the original are so constructed as to express the painful struggle that characterizes such a dream.]—Tr. [προπροκυλινδομενος.] The whole circumference of ancient Troy is said to have measured sixty stadia. A stadium measured one hundred and twenty-five paces. [The knees of the conqueror were a kind of sanctuary to which the vanquished fled for refuge.]—Tr. [The lines of which these three are a translation, are supposed by some to have been designed for the Επινικιον, or song of victory sung by the whole army.]—Tr. [It was a custom in Thessaly to drag the slayer around the tomb of the slain; which custom was first begun by Simon, whose brother being killed by Eurydamas, he thus treated the body of the murderer. Achilles therefore, being a Thessalian, when he thus dishonors Hector, does it merely in compliance with the common practice of his country.]—Tr. [It is an observation of the Scholiast, that two more affecting spectacles cannot be imagined, than Priam struggling to escape into the field, and Andromache to cast herself from the wall; for so he understands ατυζομενην απολεσθαι.]—Tr. A figurative expression. In the style of the orientals, marrow and fatness are taken for whatever is best, most tender, and most delicious. Homer is in nothing more excellent than in the distinction of characters, which he maintains throughout the poem. What Andromache here says, cannot be said with propriety by any one but Andromache. Footnotes for Book XXIII: According to the oriental custom. David mourns in the same manner, refusing to wash or take any repast, and lies upon the earth. [Bacchus having hospitably entertained Vulcan in the island of Naxos, one of the Cyclades, received from him a cup as a present; but being driven afterward by Lycurgus into the sea, and kindly protected by Thetis, he presented her with this work of Vulcan, which she gave to Achilles for a receptacle of his bones after death.]—Tr. [The funeral pile was a square of a hundred feet on each side.]—Tr. The ceremony of cutting off the hair in honor of the dead, was practised not only among the Greeks, but among other nations. Ezekiel describing a great lamentation, says, “They shall make themselves utterly bald for thee.” ch. xxvii. 31. If it was the general custom of any country to wear long hair, then the cutting it off was a token of sorrow; but if the custom was to wear it short, then letting it grow, in neglect, was a sign of mourning. It was the custom of the ancients not only to offer their own hair to the river-gods of their country, but also the hair of their children. In Egypt hair was consecrated to the Nile. [Westering wheel.—Milton.] [Himself and the Myrmidons.] [That the body might be the more speedily consumed. The same end was promoted by the flagons of oil and honey.]—Tr. Homer here introduces the gods of the winds in person, and as Iris, or the rainbow, is a sign of winds, they are made to come at her bidding. [Such it appears to have been in the sequel.]—Tr. [Φιαλη—a vessel, as Athenæus describes it, made for the purpose of warming water. It was formed of brass, and expanded somewhat in the shape of a broad leaf.]—Tr. The poet omits no opportunity of paying honor to Nestor. His age has disabled him from taking an active part in the games, yet, Antilochus wins, not by the speed of his horses, but by the wisdom of Nestor. [This could not happen unless the felly of the wheel were nearly horizontal to the eye of the spectator, in which case the chariot must be infallibly overturned.—There is an obscurity in the passage which none of the commentators explain. The Scholiast, as quoted by Clarke, attempts an explanation, but, I think, not successfully.]—Tr. [Eumelus.] [Resentful of the attack made on him by Diomede in the fifth Book.] [The twin monster or double man called the Molions. They were sons of Actor and Molione, and are said to have had two heads with four hands and four feet, and being so formed were invincible both in battle and in athletic exercises. Even Hercules could only slay them by stratagem, which he did when he desolated Elis. See Villoisson.]—Tr. [The repetition follows the original.]—Tr. [παρακαββαλε.] [With which they bound on the cestus.]—Tr. [τετριγει—It is a circumstance on which the Scholiast observes that it denotes in a wrestler the greatest possible bodily strength and firmness of position.—See Villoisson.]—Tr. [I have given what seems to me the most probable interpretation, and such a one as to any person who has ever witnessed a wrestling-match, will, I presume, appear intelligible.]—Tr. [The Sidonians were celebrated not only as the most ingenious artists but as great adepts in science, especially in astronomy and arithmetical calculation.]—Tr. [King of Lemnos.] [That is to say, Ulysses; who, from the first intending it, had run close behind him.]—Tr. The prodigious weight and size of the quoit is described with the simplicity of the orientals, and in the manner of the heroic ages. The poet does not specify the quantity of this enormous piece of iron, but the use it will be to the winner. We see from hence that the ancients in the prizes they proposed, had in view not only the honorable but the useful; a captive for work, a bull for tillage, a quoit for the provision of iron, which in those days was scarce. [The use of this staff was to separate the cattle. It had a string attached to the lower part of it, which the herdsman wound about his hand, and by the help of it whirled the staff to a prodigious distance.—Villoisson.]—Tr. [The transition from narrative to dramatic follows the original.]—Tr. [Apollo; frequently by Homer called the King without any addition.]—Tr. Teucer is eminent for his archery, yet he is excelled by Meriones, who had not neglected to invoke Apollo the god of archery. Footnotes for Book XXIV: This is the first allusion in the Iliad to the _Judgment of Paris_, which gave mortal offence to Minerva and Juno. On this account it has been supposed by some that these lines are spurious, on the ground that Homer could not have known the fable, or he would have mentioned it earlier in the poem.—Felton. [His blessing, if he is properly influenced by it; his curse in its consequences if he is deaf to its dictates.]—Tr. [This is the sense preferred by the Scholiast, for it is not true that Thetis was always present with Achilles, as is proved by the passage immediately ensuing.]—Tr. [The angler’s custom was, in those days, to guard his line above the hook from the fishes’ bite, by passing it through a pipe of horn.]—Tr. [Jupiter justifies him against Apollo’s charge, affirming him to be free from those mental defects which chiefly betray men into sin, folly, improvidence, and perverseness.]—Tr. [But, at first, he did fly. It is therefore spoken, as the Scholiast observes, φιλοστοργως, and must be understood as the language of strong maternal affection.]—Tr. [κοροιτυπιησιν αριστοι.] [Through which the reins were passed.]—Tr. [The yoke being flat at the bottom, and the pole round, there would of course be a small aperture between the band and the pole on both sides, through which, according to the Scholium in Villoisson, they thrust the ends of the tackle lest they should dangle.]—Tr. [The text here is extremely intricate; as it stands now, the sons are, first, said to yoke the horses, then Priam and Idæus are said to do it, and in the palace too. I have therefore adopted an alteration suggested by Clarke, who with very little violence to the copy, proposes instead of ζευγνυσθην to read—ζωννυσθην.]—Tr. [The words both signify—sable.]—Tr. Priam begins not with a display of the treasures he has brought for the redemption of Hector’s body, but with a pathetic address to the feelings of Achilles. Homer well knew that neither gold nor silver would influence the heart of a young and generous warrior, but that persuasion would. The old king therefore, with a judicious abruptness, avails himself of his most powerful plea at once, and seizes the sympathy of the hero, before he has time to recollect who it is that addresses him. [Mortified to see his generosity, after so much kindness shown to Priam, still distrusted, and that the impatience of the old king threatened to deprive him of all opportunity to do gracefully what he could not be expected to do willingly.]—Tr. [To control anger argues a great mind—and to avoid occasions that may betray one into it, argues a still greater. An observation that should suggest itself to us with no little force, when Achilles, not remarkable either for patience or meekness, exhorts Priam to beware of provoking him; and when having cleansed the body of Hector and covered it, he places it himself in the litter, lest his father, seeing how indecently he had treated it, should be exasperated at the sight, and by some passionate reproach exasperate himself also. For that a person so singularly irascible and of a temper harsh as his, should not only be aware of his infirmity, but even guard against it with so much precaution, evidences a prudence truly wonderful.—Plutarch.]—Tr. ['Επικερτομεων. Clarke renders the word in this place, _falso metû, ludens,_ and Eustathius says that Achilles suggested such cause of fear to Priam, to excuse his lodging him in an exterior part of the tent. The general import of the Greek word is sarcastic, but here it signifies rather—to intimidate. See also Dacier.]—Tr. The poet here shows the importance of Achilles in the army. Agamemnon is the general, yet all the chief commanders appeal to him for advice, and on his own authority he promises Priam a cessation of arms. Giving his hand to confirm the promise, agrees with the custom of the present day. This lament of Andromache may be compared to her pathetic address to Hector in the scene at the Scæan gate. It forms indeed, a most beautiful and eloquent pendant to that.—Felton. [This, according to the Scholiast, is a probable sense of προσφατος.—He derives it απο των νεωστι πεφασμενων εκ γης φυτων.—See Villoisson.]—Tr. Helen is throughout the Iliad a genuine lady, graceful in motion and speech, noble in her associations, full of remorse for a fault for which higher powers seem responsible, yet grateful and affectionate towards those with whom that fault had connected her. I have always thought the following speech in which Helen laments Hector and hints at her own invidious and unprotected situation in Troy, as almost the sweetest passage in the poem.—H.N. Coleridge. [Ως οι γ'αμφιεπον ταφον Εκτορος ιπποδαμοιο.] *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ILIAD *** Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will be renamed. 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