The Project Gutenberg eBook of An Icelandic Primer, by Henry Sweet
This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you
will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before
using this eBook.
Title: An Icelandic Primer
With Grammar, Notes, and Glossary
Author: Henry Sweet
Release Date: July 14, 2002 [eBook #5424]
[Most recently updated: February 5, 2022]
Language: English
Produced by: Sean Crist and Ben Crowder
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AN ICELANDIC PRIMER ***
AN ICELANDIC PRIMER
With Grammar, Notes, and Glossary
By Henry Sweet, M.A.
SECOND EDITION
1895
PREFACE
The want of a short and easy introduction to the study of
Icelandic has been felt for a long time--in fact, from the very
beginning of that study in England. The _Icelandic Reader_,
edited by Messrs. Vigfusson and Powell, in the Clarendon Press
Series, is a most valuable book, which ought to be in the hands
of every student; but it still leaves room for an elementary
primer. As the engagements of the editors of the Reader would
have made it impossible for them to undertake such a work for
some years to come, they raised no objections to my proposal to
undertake it myself. Meanwhile, I found the task was a more
formidable one than I had anticipated, and accordingly, before
definitely committing myself to it, I made one final attempt to
induce Messrs. Vigfusson and Powell to take it off my hands; but
they very kindly encouraged me to proceed with it; and as I
myself thought that an Icelandic primer, on the lines of my
Anglo-Saxon one, might perhaps be the means of inducing some
students of Old English to take up Icelandic as well, I
determined to go on.
In the spelling I have not thought it necessary to adhere
strictly to that adopted in the Reader, for the editors have
themselves deviated from it in their _Corpus Poeticum Boreale_,
in the way of separating _ǫ_ from _ö_, etc. My own principle has
been to deviate as little as possible from the traditional
spelling followed in normalized texts. There is, indeed, no
practical gain for the beginner in writing _tīme_ for _tīmi_,
discarding _ð_, etc., although these changes certainly bring us
nearer the oldest MSS., and cannot be dispensed with in
scientific works. The essential thing for the beginner is to
have _regular_ forms presented to him, to the exclusion, as far
as possible, of isolated archaisms, and to have the defective
distinctions of the MSS. supplemented by diacritics. I have not
hesitated to substitute (¯) for (´) as the mark of length; the
latter ought in my opinion to be used exclusively--in Icelandic
as well as in Old English and Old Irish--to represent the actual
accents of the MSS.
In the grammar I have to acknowledge my great obligations to
Noreen's _Altisländische Grammatik_, which is by far the best
Icelandic grammar that has yet appeared--at least from that
narrow point of view which ignores syntax, and concentrates
itself on phonology and inflections.
The texts are intended to be as easy, interesting, and
representative as possible. With such a language, and such a
master of it as Snorri to choose from, this combination is not
difficult to realise. The beginner is indeed to be envied who
makes his first acquaintance with the splendid mythological tales
of the North, told in an absolutely perfect style. As the death
of Olaf Tryggvason is given in the Reader only from the longer
recension of the Heimskringla, I have been able to give the
shorter text, which is admirably suited for the purposes of this
book. The story of Auðun is not only a beautiful one in itself,
but, together with the preceding piece, gives a vivid idea of the
Norse ideal of the kingly character, which was the foundation of
their whole political system. As the Reader does not include
poetry (except incidentally), I have added one of the finest of
the Eddaic poems, which is at the same time freest from obscurity
and corruption--the song of Thor's quest of his hammer.
In the glossary I have ventured to deviate from the very
inconvenient Scandinavian arrangement, which puts _þ_, _æ_, _œ_,
right at the end of the alphabet.
I have to acknowledge the great help I have had in preparing the
texts and the glossary from Wimmer's _Oldnordisk Læsebog_, which
I consider to be, on the whole, the best reading-book that exists
in any language. So excellent is Wimmer's selection of texts,
that it was impossible for me to do otherwise than follow him in
nearly every case.
In conclusion, it is almost superfluous to say that this book
makes no pretension to originality of any kind. If it
contributes towards restoring to Englishmen that precious
heritage--the old language and literature of Iceland--which our
miserably narrow scheme of education has hitherto defrauded them
of, it will have fulfilled its purpose.
HENRY SWEET
London,
February, 1886
GRAMMAR
1. This book deals with Old Icelandic in its classical period,
between 1200 and 1350.
PRONUNCIATION
2. The Icelandic alphabet was founded on the Latin, with the
addition of _þ_ and _ð_, and of the modified letters _ę_, _ǫ_,
_ø_, which last is in this book written _ö_, _ǫ̈_.
Vowels
3. The vowel-letters had nearly the same values as in Old
English. Long vowels were often marked by (´). In this book
long vowels are regularly marked by (¯)[1]. The following are
the elementary vowels and diphthongs, with examples, and
key-words from English, French (F.), and German (G.):--
[Footnote 1: Note that the longs of _ę_, _ö_ are written _æ_,
_œ_, respectively.]
a _as in_ mann (G.) halda (_hold_)
ā " father rāð (_advice_)
e " été (F.) gekk (_went_)
ē[2] . . . lēt (let _pret._)
ę " men męnn (_men_)
[Footnote 2: Where no keyword is given for a long vowel, its
sound is that of the corresponding short vowel lengthened.]
æ _as in_ there sær (_sea_)
i " fini (F.) mikill (_great_)
ī . . . lītill (_little_)
o " beau (F.) orð (_word_)
ō . . . tōk (_look_)
ǫ " not hǫnd (_hand_)
ö " peu (F.) kömr (_comes_)
œ . . . fœra (_bring_)
ǫ̈ " peur (F.) gǫ̈ra (_make_)
u " sou (F.) upp (_up_)
ū . . . hūs (_house_)
y " tu (F.) systir (_sister_)
ȳ . . . lȳsa (_shine_)
au " haus (G.) lauss (_loose_)
ei = ę + i bein (_bone_)
ey = ę + y leysa (_loosen_)
4. The unaccented _i_ in _systir_, etc. (which is generally
written _e_ in the MSS.) probably had the sound of _y_ in _pity_,
which is really between _i_ and _e_. The unacc. _u_ in _fōru_
(they went), etc. (which is generally written _o_ in the MSS.)
probably had the sound of _oo_ in _good_.
Note that several of the vowels go in pairs of _close_ and
_open_, thus:
close : e ē o ō ö œ
open : ę æ ǫ - ǫ̈ -
Consonants
5. Double consonants followed by a vowel must be pronounced
really double, as in Italian. Thus the _kk_ in _drekka_ (to
drink) must be pronounced like the _kc_ in _bookcase_, while the
_k_ in _dręki_ (dragon) is single, as in _booking_. When final
(or followed by another cons.) double conss. are pronounced long,
as in _munn_ (mouth _acc._), _hamarr_ (hammer _nom._), _steinn_
(stone _nom._), distinguished from _mun_ (will _vb._), and the
accusatives _hamar_, _stein_.
6. _k_ and _g_ had a more front (palatal) sound before the front
vowels _e_, _ę_, _i_, _ö_, _ǫ̈_, _y_, and their longs, as also
before _j_, as in _kęnna_ (known), _keyra_ (drive), _gǫ̈ra_
(make), _liggja_ (lie).
7. _kkj_, _ggj_ were probably pronounced simply as double front
_kk_, _gg_, the _j_ not being pronounced separately.
8. *f* had initially the sound of our _f_, medially and finally
that of _v_, as in _gefa_ (give), _gaf_ (gave), except of course
in such combinations as _ft_, where it had the sound of _f_.
9. *g* was a stopped (back or front--guttural or palatal) cons.
initially and in the combination _ng_, the two _g_'s in _ganga_
(go) being pronounced as in _go_. It had the open sound of G.
_g_ in _sagen_ medially before the back vowels _a_, _o_, _ǫ_,
_u_, and all conss. except _j_, and finally:--_saga_ (tale),
_dǫgum_ (with days); _sagði_ (he said); _lag_ (he lay). Before
the front vowels and _j_ it had the sound of G. _g_ in _liegen_,
or nearly that of _j_ (our _y_), as in _sęgir_ (says), _sęgja_
(to say).
10. Before voiceless conss. (_t_, _s_) _g_ seems to have been
pronounced _k_, as in _sagt_ (said), _dags_ (day's).
11. The _g_ was always sounded in the combination _ng_,
as in _single_, not as in _singer_.
12. *h* was sounded before _j_ in such words as _hjarta_ (heart)
much as in E. _hue_ (= hjū). _hl_, _hn_, _hr_, _hv_ probably
represented voiceless _l_, _n_, _r_, _w_ respectively, _hv_
being identical with E. _wh_: _hlaupa_ (leap), _hnīga_ (bend),
_hringr_ (ring), _hvat_ (what).
13. *j* is not distinguished from _i_ in the MSS. It had the
sound of E. _y_ in _young_: _jǫrð_ (earth), _sętja_ (to set).
14. *p* in _pt_ probably had the sound of _f_: _lopt_ (air).
15. *r* was always a strong point trill, as in Scotch.
16. *s* was always sharp.
17. *v* (which was sometimes written _u_ and _w_) had the sound
of E. _w_: _vel_ (well), _hǫggva_ (hew).
18. *z* had the sound of _ts_: _bęztr_ (best).
19. *þ* and *ð* were used promiscuously in the older MS., the
very oldest using _þ_ almost exclusively. In Modern Icelandic
_þ_ is written initially to express the sound of E. hard _th_,
_ð_ medially and finally to express that of soft _th_; as there
can be no doubt that this usage corresponds with the old
pronunciation, it is retained in this book: _þing_ (parliament),
_faðir_ (father), _við_ (against). In such combinations as _pð_
the _ð_ must of course be pronounced _þ_.
Stress
20. The stress (accent) is always on the first syllable.
PHONOLOGY
Vowels
21. The vowels are related to one another in different ways, the
most important of which are _mutation_ (umlaut), _fracture_
(brechung), and _gradation_ (ablaut).
Mutation
22. The following changes are *i*-mutations (caused by an older
_i_ or _j_ following, which has generally been dropped)[3]:
[Footnote 3: Many of the _i_'s which appear in derivative and
inflectional syllables are late weakenings of _a_ and other
vowels, as in _bani_ (death) = Old English _bana_; these do not
cause mutation.]
*a* (*ǫ*) ... *ę* :-- _mann_ (man _acc._), _męnn_ (men); _hǫnd_
(hand), _hęndr_ (hands).
*ā* ... *æ* :-- _māl_ (speech), _mæla_ (speak).
*e* (*ja*, *jǫ*) ... *i* :-- _verðr_ (worth), _virða_ (estimate).
*u* (*o*) ... *y* :-- _fullr_ (full), _fylla_ (to fill); _lopt_
(air), _lypta_ (lift).
*ū* ... *ȳ* :-- _brūn_ (eyebrow), pl. _brȳnn_.
*o* ... *ö* :-- _koma_ (to come), _kömr_ (comes).
*ō* ... *œ* :-- _fōr_ (went), _fœra_ (bring).
*au* ... *ey* :-- _lauss_ (loose), _leysa_ (loosen).
*jū* (*jō*) ... *ȳ* :-- _sjūkr_ (sick), _sȳki_ (sickness);
_ljōsta_ (strike), _lȳstr_ (strikes).
23. The change of _a_ into _ę_ is sometimes the result of a
following _k_, _g_, or _ng_, as in _dęgi_ dat. sg. of _dagr_
(day), _tękinn_ (taken), _gęnginn_ (gone), inf. _taka_, _ganga_.
_i_ appears instead of _e_, and _u_ instead of _o_ before a nasal
followed by another cons.: cp. _binda_ (to bind), _bundinn_
(bound) with _bresta_ (burst) ptc. prt. _brostinn_.
24. There is also a *u*-mutation, caused by a following _u_,
which has often been dropped:
*a* ... *ǫ* :-- _dagr_ (day) dat. pl. _dǫgum_; _land_ (land) pl.
_lǫnd_.
25. Unaccented _ǫ_ becomes _u_, as in _sumur_ pl. of _sumar_
(summer), _kǫlluðu_ (they called), infin. _kalla_.
Fracture
26. The only vowel that is affected by fracture is _e_: when
followed by original _a_ it becomes _ja_, when followed by
original _u_ it becomes _jǫ_, as in _jarðar_ gen. of _jǫrð_
(earth)[4]. When followed by original _i_, the _e_ is, of
course, mutated to _i_, as in _skildir_ plur. nom. of _skjǫldr_
(shield), gen. _skjaldar_.
[Footnote 4: Cp. German _erde_.]
Gradation
27. By gradation the vowels are related as follows:--
*a* ... *ō* :-- _fara_ (go) pret. _fōr_, whence by mut. _fœra_
(bring).
*e* (i, ja) ... *a* ... *u* (o) :-- _bresta_ (burst), prt.
_brast_, prt. pl. _brustu_, ptc. prt. _brostinn_; _finna_ (find),
_fundinn_ (found _ptc._), _fundr_ (meeting).
*e* ... *a* ... *ā* ... *o* :-- _stela_ (steal), prt. _stal_,
prt. pl. _stālu_, ptc. prt. _stolinn_.
*e* ... *a* ... *ā* ... *e* :-- _gefa_ (give), _gaf_ (he gave),
_gāfu_ (they gave), _gefinn_ (given), _gjǫf_ (gift), _u_-fracture
of _gef-_, _gæfa_ (luck) mut. of _gāf-_.
*ī* ... *ei* ... *i* :-- _skīna_ (shine), _skein_ (he shone),
_skinu_ (they shone). _sōl-skin_ (sunshine).
*jū* (jō) ... *au* ... *u* ... *o* :-- _ljūga_ (tell a lie), prt.
_laug_, prt. pl. _lugu_, ptc. prt. _loginn_. _lygi_ (lie _sbst._)
mut. of _lug-_. _skjōta_ (shoot), _skjōtr_ (swift), _skotinn_
(shot _ptc._), _skot_ (shot _subst._).
Other changes
28. All final vowels are long in accented syllables: _þā_ (then),
_nū_ (now).
29. Inflectional and derivative vowels are often dropt after long
accented vowels: cp. _ganga_ (to go) with _fā_ (to get), the dat.
plurals _knjām_ (knees) with _hūsum_ (houses).
30. Vowels are often lengthened before _l_ + cons.: _hālfr_ (half
_adj._), _fōlk_ (people); cp. _fōlginn_ (hidden) with _brostinn_
(burst _ptc._).
Consonants
31. _v_ is dropped before _o_ and _u_: _vaxa_ (to grow), prt.
_ōx_, _vinna_ (to win), _unninn_ (won _ptc._), _svelta_ (to
starve), _soltinn_ (starved, hungry).
Final _r_ is often assimilated to a preceding cons.
32. _*-lr_, _*-nr_, _*-sr_ always become _-ll_, _-nn_, _-ss_
after a long vowel or diphthong, as in _stōll_ (chair _nom._),
acc. _stōl_, _steinn_ (stone _nom._), acc. _stein_, _vīss_ (wise
_masc. nom. sg._), _vīs_ fem. nom. sg., and in unacc. syllables,
as in the masc. sg. nominatives _mikill_ (great), fem. _mikil_,
_borinn_ (carried), fem. _borin_, _ȳmiss_ (various) fem. _ȳmis_.
33. Words in which _l_, _n_, _r_, _s_ are preceded by a cons.
drop the _r_ entirely, as in the masc. nominatives _jarl_ (earl),
_hrafn_ (raven), _vitr_ (wise), _þurs_ (giant), _lax_ (salmon).
34. If _l_ and _n_ are preceded by a short accented vowel, the
_r_ is generally kept, as in _stelr_ (steals), _vinr_, (friend),
_sr_ becoming _ss_, as elsewhere.
35. _r_ is kept after _ll_, and generally after _nn_, as in the
masc. nom. _allr_ (all), and in _bręnnr_ (burns).
36. _z_ often stands for _ðs_ as well as _ts_, as in _þēr
þykkizk_ (ye seem) = _*þykkið-sk_, _Vest-firzkr_ (belonging to
the West Firths) = _-*firðskr_ (_fǫrðr_, firth).
37. Inflectional _t_ is generally doubled after a long accented
vowel: _fār_ (few) neut. _fātt_ (cp. _allr_ 'all,' neut. _allt_),
_sā_ (I saw), _sātt_ 'thou sawest.'
INFLECTIONS
Nouns
38. *Gender*. There are three genders in Icelandic--masculine,
feminine, and neuter. The gender is partly natural, partly
grammatical, generally agreeing with the gender in Old English.
Compound words follow the gender of their last element.
39. *Strong and Weak*. All weak nouns end in a vowel in the nom.
sg. and in most of the other cases as well. Most strong nouns
end in a cons. in the nom. sg.
40. *Cases*. There are four cases--nominative, accusative,
dative, genitive. All nouns (except a few contractions) have the
gen. pl. in _-a_ (_fiska_, of fishes), and the dat. pl. in _-um_
(_fiskum_). All strong masculines (_fiskr_) and some strong
feminines (_brūðr_, bride) take _r_[5] in the nom. sg. Most strong
feminines show the bare root in the nom. sg. with _u_-mutation,
if possible (_āst_, favour, _fǫr_, journey). The nom. pl. of all
strong masc. and fem. nouns ends in _r_ (_fiskar_, _āstir_). The
acc. pl. of fem. nouns is the same as the nom. pl. (_āstir_).
The acc. pl. of masc. strong nouns always ends in a vowel
(_fiska_). The plur. nom. and acc. of neuters is the same as the
sing. nom. and acc., except that in the plur. nom. and acc. they
take _u_-mutation, if possible (_hūs_, houses, _lǫnd_, lands).
[Footnote 5: Subject, of course, to the assimilations described
above.]
41. The declensions are most conveniently distinguished by the
acc. plur.
Strong Masculines
(1) a-plurals
SINGULAR PLURAL
_Nom._ fisk-r (_fish_) fisk-ar
_Acc._ fisk fisk-a
_Dat._ fisk-i fisk-um
_Gen._ fisk-s fisk-a
42. So also _heimr_ (home, world); _konungr_ (king); _Þōrr_
(Thor), acc. _Þōr_, gen. _Þōrs_; _steinn_ (stone), acc. _stein_,
gen. _steins_, pl. nom. _steinar_; _hrafn_ (raven), acc.
_hrafn_, pl. nom. _hrafnar_; _þurs_ (giant), acc. gen. _þurs_,
pl. nom. _þursar_.
43. Dissyllables in _-r_, _-l_, _-n_ generally throw out the
preceding vowel before a vowel-inflection: _hamarr_ (hammer),
dat. _hamri_; _jǫtunn_ (giant), pl. nom. _jǫtnar_. _kętill_
(kettle) and _lykill_ (key) show unmutated vowels in the
contracted forms, as in the acc. plur. _katla_, _lukla_.
44. Some nouns of this decl. take _-ar_ in the gen. sing.,
especially proper names, such as _Hākon_, gen. _Hākonar_.
45. Some nouns add _v_ before vowels: _sær_ (sea), gen.
_sævar_.
46. The dat. sometimes drops the _i_: _sæ_ (sea), _Þōr_. _dagr_
(day) mutates its vowel in the dat. _dęgi_.
47. Nouns in _-ir_ keep the _i_ in the sing., and drop it in the
plur.:
SINGULAR PLURAL
_Nom._ hęlli-r (_cave_) hęll-ar
_Acc._ hęlli hęll-a
_Dat._ hęlli hęll-um
_Gen._ hęlli-s hęll-a
48. So also a number of proper names, such as _Skrȳmir_, _Þōrir_.
(2) i-plurals
SINGULAR PLURAL
_Nom._ stað-r (_place_) stað-ir
_Acc._ stað stað-i
_Dat._ stað stǫð-um
_Gen._ stað-ar stað-a
49. So also _gripr_ (precious thing), _salr_ (hall).
50. _gęstr_ (guest) takes _-i_ in the dat. sg., and _-s_ in the
gen. sg.
51. Those ending in _g_ or _k_ (together with some others) insert
_j_ before _a_ and _u_: _bękkr_ (bench), _bękk_, _bękk_,
_bękkjar_; _bękkir_, _bękki_, _bękkjum_, _bękkja_. So also
_męrgr_ (marrow), _stręngr_ (string).
(3) u-plurals
SINGULAR PLURAL
_Nom._ skjǫld-r (_shield_) skild-ir
_Acc._ skjǫld skjǫld-u
_Dat._ skild-i skjǫld-um
_Gen._ skjald-ar skjald-a
52. So also _vǫndr_ (twig), _vǫllr_ (plain), _viðr_ (wood).
_āss_ (god) has plur. nom. _æsir_, acc. _āsu_. _sonr_ (son) has
dat. sg. _syni_, plur. nom. _synir_. It regularly drops its _r_
of the nom. in such compounds as _Tryggva-son_ (son of Tryggvi).
(4) r-plurals
SINGULAR PLURAL
_Nom._ fōt-r (_foot_) fœt-r
_Acc._ fōt fœt-r
_Dat._ fœt-i fōt-um
_Gen._ fōt-ar fōt-a
53. So also _fingr_ (finger), gen. _fingrar_, pl. _fingr_; _vetr_
(winter), pl. _vetr_. _maðr_ (man) is irregular: _maðr_, _mann_,
_manni_, _manns_; _męnn_, _męnn_, _mǫnnum_, _manna_.
SINGULAR PLURAL
_Nom._ faðir (_father_) fęðr
_Acc._ fǫður fęðr
_Dat._ fǫður fęðrum
_Gen._ fǫður fęðra
54. So also _brōðir_ (brother), pl. _brœðr_.
55. Pres. participles used as nouns follow this decl. in the pl.,
following the weak class in the sg.:
SINGULAR PLURAL
_Nom._ bōndi (_yeoman_) bœndr
_Acc._ bōnda bœndr
_Dat._ bōnda bōndum
_Gen._ bōnda bōnda
56. So also _frœndi_ (kinsman), pl. _frœndr_.
Strong Neuters
SINGULAR PLURAL
_Nom._ skip (_ship_) skip
_Acc._ skip skip
_Dat._ skip-i skip-um
_Gen._ skip-s skip-a
57. So also _orð_ (word), _land_ (land) pl. _lǫnd_, _sumar_
(summer) pl. _sumur_ (§ 25).
58. _męn_ (necklace), _kyn_ (race), _grey_ (dog) insert _j_
before _a_ and _u_: _greyjum_. _hǫgg_ (stroke) inserts _v_
before a vowel: _hǫggvi_. _knē_ (knee), _knē_, _knē_, _knēs_;
_knē_, _knē_, _kjām_, _knjā_. So also _trē_ (tree).
59. _fē_ (money) is contracted: gen. _fjār_, dat. _fē_.
SINGULAR PLURAL
_Nom._ kvæði (_poem_) kvæði
_Acc._ kvæði kvæði
_Dat._ kvæði kvæðum
_Gen._ kvæði-s kvæða
60. So also _klæði_ (cloth). Those in _k_ insert _j_ before _a_
and _u_: _męrki_ (mark), _męrkjum_, _męrkja_. So also _rīki_
(sovereignty).
Strong Feminines
(1) ar-plurals
SINGULAR PLURAL
_Nom._ gjǫf (_gift_) gjaf-ar
_Acc._ gjǫf gjaf-ar
_Dat._ gjǫf gjǫf-um
_Gen._ gjaf-ar gjaf-a
61. So also _mǫn_ (mane), _gjǫrð_ (girdle), _ār_ (oar).
62. _ā_ (river) contracts: _ā_, _ā_, _ā_, _ār_; _ār_, _ār_, _ām_,
_ā_.
63. Many take _-u_ in the dat. sg.: _kęrling_ (old woman),
_kęrling_, _kęrlingu_, _kęrlingar_; _kęrlingar_, _kęrlingar_,
_kęrlingum_, _kęrlinga_. So also _laug_ (bath).
64. Those with a mutated root-vowel (or _i_) insert _j_ in
inflection: _ey_ (island), _ey_, _eyju_, _eyjar_; _eyjar_,
_eyjar_, _eyjum_, _eyja_. So also _Frigg_, _Hęl_. _mær_ (maid),
_mey_, _meyju_, _meyjar_; _meyjar_, _meyjar_, _meyjum_, _meyja_.
65.
SINGULAR PLURAL
_Nom._ heið-r (_heath_) heið-ar
_Acc._ heið-i heið-ar
_Dat._ heið-i heið-um
_Gen._ heið-ar heið-a
(2) ir-plurals
SINGULAR PLURAL
_Nom._ tīð tīð-ir
_Acc._ tīð tīð-ir
_Dat._ tīð tīð-um
_Gen._ tīð-ar tīð-a
66. So also _sorg_ (sorrow), _skipun_ (arrangement), _hǫfn_
(harbour) pl. _hafnir_, and the majority of strong feminines.
67. Many have _-u_ in the dat. sg.: _sōl_ (sun), _sōl_, _sōlu_,
_sōlar_; _sōlir_, _sōlir_, _sōlum_, _sōla_. So also _jǫrð_
(earth), _stund_ (period of time).
68. One noun has _r_ in the nom. sg., following _heiðr_ in the
sg.: _brūðr_ (bride), _brūði_, _brūði_, _brūðar_; _brūðir_,
_brūðir_, _brūðum_, _brūða_.
(3) r-plurals
SINGULAR PLURAL
_Nom._ bōk (_book_) bœk-r
_Acc._ bōk bœk-r
_Dat._ bōk bōk-um
_Gen._ bōk-ar bōk-a
69. So also _nātt_ (night) pl. _nætr_, _bōt_ (compensation) pl.
_bœtr_, _tǫnn_ (tooth) gen. _tannar_ pl. _tęnnr_.
70. _hǫnd_ (hand) pl. _hęndr_ has dat. sg. _hęndi_.
71. _kȳr_ (cow) has acc. _kū_, pl. _kȳr_.
72. _brūn_ (eyebrow) assimilates the _r_ of the pl.: _brȳnn_.
SINGULAR PLURAL
_Nom._ mōðir (_mother_) mœðr
_Acc._ mōður mœðr
_Dat._ mōður mœðrum
_Gen._ mōður mœðra
73. So also _dōttir_ (daughter) pl. _dœtr_; _systir_ (sister) pl.
_systr_.
Weak Masculines
SINGULAR PLURAL
_Nom._ bog-i (_bow_) bog-ar
_Acc._ bog-a bog-a
_Dat._ bog-a bog-um
_Gen._ bog-a bog-a
74. So also _māni_ (moon), _fēlagi_ (companion).
75. _hǫfðingi_ (chief) and some others insert _j_ in inflection:
_hǫfðingja_, _hǫfðingjar_, _hǫfðingjum_.
76. _lē_ (scythe) is contracted; its gen. sg. is _ljā_.
77. _oxi_ (ox) has pl. _öxn_.
78. _herra_ (lord) is indeclinable in the sg.
Weak Neuters
SINGULAR PLURAL
_Nom._ hjart-a (_heart_) hjǫrt-u
_Acc._ hjart-a hjǫrt-u
_Dat._ hjart-a hjǫrt-um
_Gen._ hjart-a hjart-na
79. So also _auga_ (eye).
Weak Feminines
SINGULAR PLURAL
_Nom._ tung-a (_tongue_) tung-ur
_Acc._ tung-u tung-ur
_Dat._ tung-u tung-um
_Gen._ tung-u tung-na
80. So also _stjarna_ (star) pl. _stjǫrnur_, _kirkja_ (church),
gen. plurals _stjarna_, _kirkna_.
_Sg. Nom._ ęlli (_old age_)
_Acc._ ęlli
_Dat._ ęlli
_Gen._ ęlli
81. So also _glęði_ (joy) and many abstract nouns.
82. _lygi_ (falsehood) has pl. _lygar_; so also _gǫ̈rsimi_
(precious thing).
Adjectives
83. Adjectives have three genders, and the same cases as nouns,
though with partly different endings, together with strong and
weak forms.
Strong Adjectives
MASC. NEUT. FEM.
_Sg. Nom._ ung-r (_young_) ung-t ung
_Acc._ ung-an ung-t ung-a
_Dat._ ung-um ung-u ung-ri
_Gen._ ung-s ung-s ung-rar
_Pl. Nom._ ung-ir ung ung-ar
_Acc._ ung-a ung ung-ar
_Dat._ ung-um ung-um ung-um
_Gen._ ung-ra ung-ra ung-ra
84. So also _fagr_ (fair), fem. _fǫgr_, neut. _fagrt_.
85. Some insert _j_ before _a_ and _u_: _nȳr_ (new), _nȳjum_,
_nȳjan_.
86. Some insert _v_ before a vowel: _hār_ (high), _hāvan_,
_dökkr_ (dark), _dökkvir_, _kykr_ (alive), _kykvir_.
87. The _t_ of the neut. is doubled after a long vowel: _nȳtt_,
_hātt_. Monosyllables in _ð_, _dd_, _tt_ form their neut. in
_-tt_: _breiðr_ (broad), _breitt_; _leiddr_ (led), _leitt_.
_gōðr_ (good) has neut. _gott_. _sannr_ (true) has neut. _satt_.
In unaccented syllables or if a cons. precedes, _tt_ is shortened
to _t_: _kallaðr_ (called), _kallat_; _blindr_ (blind), _blint_,
_harðr_ (hard), _hart_, _fastr_ (firm), _fast_.
88. _l_ and _n_ assimilate a following _r_: _gamall_ (old), fem.
_gǫmul_, fem. acc. _gamla_, dat. _gamalli_. _vǣnn_ (beautiful),
gen. pl. _vænna_.
MASC. NEUT. FEM.
_Sg. Nom._ mikill (_great_) mikit mikil
_Acc._ mikinn mikit mikla
_Dat._ miklum miklu mikilli
_Gen._ mikils mikils mikillar
_Pl. Nom._ miklir mikil miklar
_Acc._ mikla mikil miklar
_Dat._ miklum miklum miklum
_Gen._ mikilla mikilla mikilla
89. So also _lītill_ (little).
90. Dissyllables in _-inn_ have _-it_ in the neut., and _-inn_ in
the masc. sg. acc.: _tīginn_ (distinguished), _tīgit_, _tīginn_,
pl. _tīgnīr_. So also _kominn_ (come).
91.
MASC. NEUT. FEM.
_Sg. Nom._ annarr (_other_) annat ǫnnur
_Acc._ annan annat aðra
_Dat._ ǫðrum ǫðru annarri
_Gen._ annars annars annarrar
_Pl. Nom._ aðrir ǫnnur aðrar
_Acc._ aðra ǫnnur aðrar
_Dat._ ǫðrum ǫðrum ǫðrum
_Gen._ annarra annarra annarra
Weak Adjectives
MASC. NEUT. FEM.
_Sg. Nom._ ung-i ung-a ung-a
_Acc._ ung-a ung-a ung-u
_Dat._ ung-a ung-a ung-u
_Gen._ ung-a ung-a ung-u
_Pl. Nom._ ung-u ung-u ung-u
_Acc._ ung-u ung-u ung-u
_Dat._ ung-u ung-u ung-u
_Gen._ ung-u ung-u ung-u
92. So also _fagri_, _hāvi_, _mikli_, etc.
_Sg. Nom._ yngri (_younger_) yngra yngri
_Acc._ yngra yngra yngri
_Dat._ yngra yngra yngri
_Gen._ yngra yngra yngri
_Pl. Nom._ yngri yngri yngri
_Acc._ yngri yngri yngri
_Dat._ yngrum yngrum yngrum
_Gen._ yngri yngri yngri
93. So also all comparatives, such as _meiri_ (greater), and
pres. partic. when used as adjectives, such as _gefandi_
(giving), dat. pl. _gefǫndum_.
Comparison
94. (1) with _-ari_, _-astr_: _rīkr_ (powerful), _rīkari_,
_rīkastr_; _gǫfugr_ (distinguished), _gǫfgari_, _gǫfgastr_.
95. (2) with _-ri_, _-str_ and mutation: _langr_ (long),
_lęngri_, _lęngstr_; _stōrr_ (big), _stœrri_, _stœrstr_; _ungr_
(young), _yngri_, _yngstr_.
96. The following are irregular:
gamall (_old_) ęllri ęlztr
gōðr (_good_) bętri bęztr
illr (_bad_) vęrri vęrstr
lītill (_little_) minni minstr
margr (_many_) fleiri flestr
mikill (_great_) meiri mestr
Numerals
97.
CARDINAL ORDINAL
1. einn (_one_) fyrstr (_first_)
2. tveir annarr
3. þrīr þriði
4. fjōrir fjōrði
5. fimm fimmti
6. sex sētti
7. sjau sjaundi
8. ātta ātti
9. nīu nīundi
10. tīu tīundi
11. ellifu ellifti
12. tōlf tōlfti
13. þrettān þrettāndi
14. fjōrtān
15. fimmtān
16. sextān
17. sjautān
18. ātjān
19. nītjān
20. tuttugu
21. einn ok tuttugu, etc.
30. þrīr tigir, etc.
100. tīu tigir
110. ellifu tigir
120. hundrað
1200. þūsund
_einn_ is declined like other adjectives:--
98.
MASC. NEUT. FEM.
_Nom._ einn eitt ein
_Acc._ einn eitt eina
_Dat._ einum einu einni
_Gen._ eins eins einnar
It also has a pl. _einir_, _einar_, _ein_; gen. _einna_, etc. in
the sense of 'some.'
The next three show various irregularities.
99.
MASC. NEUT. FEM.
_Nom._ tveir tvau tvær
_Acc._ tvā tvau tvær
_Dat._ tveim tveim tveim
_Gen._ tvęggja tvęggja tvęggja
Similarly _bāðir_ (both):
100.
MASC. NEUT. FEM.
_Nom._ bāðir bæði bāðar
_Acc._ bāða bæði bāðar
_Dat._ bāðum bāðum bāðum
_Gen._ bęggja bęggja bęggja
101.
MASC. NEUT. FEM.
_Nom._ þrīr þrjū þrjār
_Acc._ þrjā þrjū þrjār
_Dat._ þrim þrim þrim
_Gen._ þriggja þriggja þriggja
102.
MASC. NEUT. FEM.
_Nom._ fjōrir fjogur fjōrar
_Acc._ fjōra fjogur fjōrar
_Dat._ fjōrum fjōrum fjōrum
_Gen._ fjogurra fjogurra fjogurra
103. The others are indeclinable up to _þrīr tigir_, etc.; the
_tigir_ being declined regularly as a plural strong _u_-masculine
_tigir_, _tigu_, _tigum_, _tiga_.
104. _hundrað_ is a strong neut.: _tvau hundruð_ (240), _tveim
hundruðum_, etc. It governs the gen. (as also does _þūsund_):
_fimm hundruð gōlfa_, 'five (six) hundred chambers.'
105. _þūsund_ is a strong _ir_-feminine: _tvær þūsundir_ (2400).
106. _hundrað_ and _þūsund_ are rarely = 100 and 1000.
107. Of the ordinals _fyrstr_ and _annarr_ (§ 91) are strong, the
others weak adjectives. _þriði_ inserts a _j_: _þriðja_, etc.
Pronouns
108.
Personal
_Sg. Nom._ ek (_I_) þū (_thou_) --
_Acc._ mik þik sik (_oneself_)
_Dat._ mēr þēr sēr
_Gen._ mīn þīn sīn
_Dual Nom._ vit it --
_Acc._ okkr ykkr sik
_Dat._ okkr ykkr sēr
_Gen._ okkar ykkar sīn
_Pl. Nom._ vēr (_we_) þēr (_ye_) --
_Acc._ oss yðr sik (_oneselves_)
_Dat._ oss yðr sēr
_Gen._ vār yðar sīn
MASC. NEUT. FEM.
_Sg. Nom._ hann (_he_) þat (_it_) hon (_she_)
_Acc._ hann þat hana
_Dat._ honum þvī hęnni
_Gen._ hans þess hęnnar
_Pl. Nom._ þeir (_they_) þau þær
_Acc._ þā þau þær
_Dat._ þeim þeim þeim
_Gen._ þeira þeira þeira
109. _ek_ was often suffixed to its verb, especially in poetry,
being sometimes added twice over: _mætta-k_ (I might), _sā-k-a-k_
(I saw not; _a_='not'). So also _þū_: _er-tu_ (art thou),
_skalt-u_ (shalt thou) = _*skalt-tu_.
Possessive
MASC. NEUT. FEM.
_Sg. Nom._ minn (_my_) mitt mīn
_Acc._ minn mitt mīna
_Dat._ mīnum mīnu minni
_Gen._ mīns mīns minnar
_Pl. Nom._ mīnir mīn mīnar
_Acc._ mīna mīn mīnar
_Dat._ mīnum mīnum mīnum
_Gen._ minna minna minna
110. So also _þinn_ (thy), _sinn_ (his, etc., reflexive).
111. _vārr_, _vārt_, _vār_ (our) is regular: acc. masc. _vārn_,
masc. plur. _vārir_, _vāra_, _vārum_, _vārra_, etc.
MASC. NEUT. FEM.
_Sg. Nom._ yðarr (_your_) yðart yður
_Acc._ yðarn yðart yðra
_Dat._ yðrum yðru yðarri
_Gen._ yðars yðars yðarrar
_Pl. Nom._ yðrir yður yðrar
_Acc._ yðra yður yðrar
_Dat._ yðrum yðrum yðrum
_Gen._ yðarra yðarra yðarra
112. So also _okkarr_ (our two) and _ykkarr_ (your two).
113. _hans_ (his), _þess_ (its), _hęnnar_ (her), and _þeira_
(their) are indeclinable.
Demonstrative
114.
MASC. NEUT. FEM.
_Sg. Nom._ sā (_that_) þat sū
_Acc._ þann þat þā
_Dat._ þeim þvī þeiri
_Gen._ þess þess þeirar
_Pl. Nom._ þeir þau þær
_Acc._ þā þau þær
_Dat._ þeim þeim þeim
_Gen._ þeira þeira þeira
115. _hinn_, _hitt_, _hin_ (that) is inflected like _minn_
(except that its vowel is short throughout): acc. masc. _hinn_,
plur. masc. _hinir_, _hina_, _hinum_, _hinna_.
116.
MASC. NEUT. FEM.
_Sg. Nom._ þessi (_this_) þetta þessi
_Acc._ þenna þetta þessa
_Dat._ þessum þessu þessi
_Gen._ þessa þessa þessar
_Pl. Nom._ þessir þessi þessar
_Acc._ þessa þessi þessar
_Dat._ þessum þessum þessum
_Gen._ þessa þessa þessa
Definite
The prefixed definite article is declined thus:
117.
MASC. NEUT. FEM.
_Sg. Nom._ inn it in
_Acc._ inn it ina
_Dat._ inum inu inni
_Gen._ ins ins innar
_Pl. Nom._ inir in inar
_Acc._ ina in inar
_Dat._ inum inum inum
_Gen._ inna inna inna
118. When suffixed to its noun it undergoes various changes. In
its monosyllabic forms it drops its vowel after a short
(un-accented) vowel, as in _auga-t_ (the eye), but keeps it after
a long vowel, as in _ā-in_ (the river), _trē-it_ (the tree). The
dissyllabic forms drop their initial vowel almost everywhere;
not, however, after the _-ar_, _-r_, of the gen. sg., nor in
_męnninir_ (men, _nom._), _męnn-ina_ (men, _acc._). The _-m_ of
the dat. pl. is dropped before the suffixed _-num_.
MASC. NEUT. FEM.
_Sg. Nom._ fiskr-inn skip-it gjǫf-in
_Acc._ fisk-inn skip-it gjǫf-ina
_Dat._ fiski-num skipi-nu gjǫf-inni
_Gen._ fisks-ins skips-ins gjafar-innar
_Pl. Nom._ fiskar-nir skip-in gjafar-nar
_Acc._ fiska-na skip-in gjafar-nar
_Dat._ fisku-num skipu-num gjǫfu-num
_Gen._ fiska-nna skipa-nna gjafa-nna
_Sg. Nom._ bogi-nn auga-t tunga-n
_Acc._ boga-nn auga-t tungu-na
_Dat._ boga-num auga-nu tungu-nni
_Gen._ boga-ns auga-ns tungu-nnar
_Pl. Nom._ bogar-nir augu-n tungur-nar
_Acc._ boga-na augu-n tungur-nar
_Dat._ bogu-num augu-num tungnu-num
_Gen._ boga-nna augna-nna tungna-nna
Relative
119. The ordinary relative pron. is the indeclinable _er_, often
preceded by _sā_: _sā er_ = he who, who, _sū er_ who fem.
Interrogative
120. The neut. _hvat_ has gen. _hvess_, dat. _hvī_, which last is
chiefly used as an adverb = 'why.'
121.
MASC. NEUT. FEM.
_Sg. Nom._ hvārr (_which hvārt hvār
of two_)
_Acc._ hvārn hvārt hvāra
_Dat._ hvārum hvāru hvārri
_Gen._ hvārs hvārs hvārrar
_Pl. Nom._ hvārir hvār hvārar
_Acc._ hvāra hvār hvārar
_Dat._ hvārum hvārum hvārum
_Gen._ hvārra hvārra hvārra
122.
MASC. NEUT. FEM.
_Sg. Nom._ hvęrr (_which, hvęrt hvęr
who_)
_Acc._ hvęrn hvęrt hvęrja
_Dat._ hvęrjum hvęrju hvęrri
_Gen._ hvęrs hvęrs hvęrrar
_Pl. Nom._ hvęrir hvęr hvęrjar
_Acc._ hvęrja hvęr hvęrjar
_Dat._ hvęrjum hvęrjum hvęrjum
_Gen._ hvęrra hvęrra hvęrra
Indefinite
123. _einn-hvęrr_, _eitthvęrt_, _einhvęr_ (some one) keeps an
invariable _ein-_ in the other cases, the second element being
inflected as above.
124. _sumr_ (some) is declined like an ordinary adjective.
125.
MASC. NEUT. FEM.
_Sg. Nom._ nakkvarr nakkvat nǫkkur
(_some_)
_Acc._ nakkvarn nakkvat nakkvara
_Dat._ nǫkkurum nǫkkuru nakkvarri
_Gen._ nakkvars nakkvars nakkvarrar
_Pl. Nom._ nakkvarir nǫkkur nakkvarar
_Acc._ nakkvara nǫkkur nakkvarar
_Dat._ nǫkkurum nǫkkurum nǫkkurum
_Gen._ nakkvarra nakkvarra nakkvarra
126.
MASC. NEUT. FEM.
_Sg. Nom._ engi (_none, ekki engi
no_)
_Acc._ engan ekki enga
_Dat._ engum engu engri
_Gen._ engis engis engrar
_Pl. Nom._ engir engi engar
_Acc._ enga engi engar
_Dat._ engum engum engum
_Gen._ engra engra engra
127. In _hvār-tvęggja_ (each of the two, both) the first element
is declined as above, the second is left unchanged.
Verbs
128. There are two classes of verbs, _strong_ and _weak_. Strong
verbs are conjugated partly by means of gradation, weak verbs by
adding _ð_ (_d_, _t_).
129. The _ð_ of the 2 pl. is dropt before _þit_ (ye two) and
_þēr_ (ye): _gefi þēr_, _gāfu þit_.
130. There is a middle voice, which ends in _-mk_ in the 1 pers.
sg. and pl., the rest of the verb being formed by adding _sk_ to
the active endings, _r_ being dropt, the resulting _ts_, _ðs_
being written _z_ (§ 36): _kvezk_ (active _kveðr_ 'says'), _þu
fekkzk_ (_fekkt_ 'gottest').
131. The following is the conjugation of the strong verb _gefa_
(give), which will show those endings which are common to all
verbs:
Active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE
_Present sg._ 1. gef gef-a
2. gef-r gef-ir
3. gef-r gef-i
_pl._ 1. gef-um gef-im
2. gef-ið gef-ið
3. gef-a gef-i
_Preterite sg._ 1. gaf gæf-a
2. gaf-t gæf-ir
3. gaf gæf-i
_pl._ 1. gāf-um gæf-im
2. gāf-uð gæf-ið
3. gāf-u gæf-i
_Imperative sg._ 2 gef; _pl._ 1 gef-um, 2 gef-ið.
_Participle pres._ gef-andi; _pret._ gef-inn.
_Infin._ gefa.
Middle
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE
_Pres. sg._ 1. gef-umk gef-umk
2. gef-sk gef-isk
3. gef-sk gef-isk
_pl._ 1. gef-umk gef-imk
2. gef-izk gef-izk
3. gef-ask gef-isk
_Pret. sg._ 1. gāf-umk gæf-umk
2. gaf-zk gæf-isk
3. gaf-sk gæf-isk
_pl._ 1. gāf-umk gæf-imk
2. gāf-uzk gæf-izk
3. gāf-usk gæf-isk
_Impers. sg._ 2 gef-sk; _pl._ 1 gef-umk, 2 gef-izk.
_Partic. pres._ gef-andisk; _pret._ gef-izk _neut._
_Infin._ gef-ask.
Strong Verbs
132. In the strong verbs the plur. of the pret. indic. generally
has a different vowel from that of the sing. The 1 sg. pret. of
the middle voice always has the vowel of the pl. pret.: _gāfumk_.
The pret. subj. has the vowel of the pret. indic. plur. mutated:
_skaut_ (he shot), _skutu_ (they shot), _skyti_ (he might shoot).
But there is no mutation in verbs of the first conj.: _hljōpi_,
inf. _hlaupa_ (leap).
133. The pres. indic. sing. mutates the root-vowel in all three
persons: _ek skȳt_, _þū skȳtr_, _hann skȳtr_, infin. _skjōta_
(shoot). _e_ however is not mutated: _ek gef_, _þū gefr_. The
inflectional _r_ is liable to the same modifications as the _r_
of nouns (§ 32): _skīnn_, _vęx_, infin. _skīna_ (shine), _vaxa_
(grow).
134. Verbs in _ld_ change the _d_ into _t_ in the 1, 3 sg. pret.
indic. and in the imper. sg.: _helt_ (held), _halt_ (hold!),
infin. _halda_. _nd_ becomes _tt_, and _ng_ becomes _kk_ under
the same conditions: _binda_ (bind), _ganga_ (go), pret. _batt_,
_gekk_, imper. _bitt_, _gakk_.
135. The _t_ of the 2 sg. pret. indic. is doubled after a long
accented vowel: _þū sātt_ (thou sawest). If the 1 sg. pret.
indic. ends in _t_ or _ð_, the 2 sg. ends in _zt_: _lēt_ (I let),
_þū lēzt_, _bauð_ (I offered) _þū bauzt_.
136. There are seven conjugations of strong verbs, distinguished
mainly by the characteristic vowels of their preterites.
137.
I. 'Fall'-conjugation
INFIN. THIRD PRES. PRT. SING. PRT. PL. PTC. PRT.
falla (_fall_) fęllr fell fellu fallinn
lāta (_let_) lætr lēt lētu lātinn
rāða (_advise_) ræðr rēð rēðu rāðinn
heita (_call_) heitr hēt hētu heitinn
halda (_hold_) hęldr helt heldu haldinn
ganga (_go_) gęngr gekk gengu gęnginn
fā (_get_) fær fekk fengu fęnginn
-----------------
auka (_increase_) eykr jōk jōku aukinn
būa (_dwell_) bȳr bjō bjoggu būinn
hǫggva (_hew_) hǫggr hjō hjoggu hǫggvinn
hlaupa (_leap_) hleypr hljōp hljōpu hlaupinn
138. The following have weak preterites in _r_:
grōa (_grow_) grœr gröri gröru grōinn
rōa (_row_) rœr röri röru rōinn
snūa (_twist_) snȳr snöri snöru snūinn
139. _heita_ in the passive sense of 'to be named, called' has a
weak present: _ek heiti_, _þū heitir_.
140.
II. 'Shake'-conjugation
INFIN. THIRD PRES. PRT. SING. PRT. PL. PTC. PRT.
fara (_go_) fęrr fōr fōru farinn
grafa (_dig_) gręfr grōf grōfu grafinn
hlaða (_load_) hlęðr hlōð hlōðu hlaðinn
vaxa (_grow_) vęx ōx ōxu vaxinn
standa (_stand_) stęndr stōð stōðu staðinn
aka (_drive_) ękr ōk ōku ękinn
taka (_take_) tękr tōk tōku tękinn
draga (_draw_) dręgr drō drōgu dręginn
flā (_flay_) flær flō flōgu flęginn
slā (_strike_) slær slō slōgu slęginn
141. The following have weak presents:
hęfja (_lift_) hęfr hōf hōfu hafinn
deyja (_die_) deyr dō dō dāinn
hlæja (_laugh_) hlær hlō hlōgu hlęginn
142.
III. 'Bind'-conjugation
INFIN. THIRD PRES. PRT. SING. PRT. PL. PTC. PRT.
bresta (_burst_) brestr brast brustu brostinn
hverfa (_turn_) hverfr hvarf hurfu horfinn
svelga (_swallow_) svelgr svalg sulgu sōlginn
verða (_become_) verðr varð urðu orðinn
skjālfa (_shake_) skelfr skalf skulfu skolfinn
drekka (_drink_) drekkr drakk drukku drukkinn
finna (_find_) finnr fann fundu fundinn
vinna (_win_) vinnr vann unnu unninn
binda (_bind_) bindr batt bundu bundinn
springa (_spring_) springr sprakk sprungu sprunginn
stinga (_pierce_) stingr stakk stungu stunginn
bregða (_pull_) bregðr brā brugðu brugðinn
sökkva (_sink_) sökkr sǫkk sukku sokkinn
stökkva (_spring_) stökkr stǫkk stukku stokkinn
143. The following have weak presents (which makes however no
difference in their conjugation):
bręnna (_burn_) bręnnr brann brunnu brunninn
ręnna (_run_) ręnnr rann runnu runninn
144.
IV. 'Bear'-conjugation
INFIN. THIRD PRES. PRT. SING. PRT. PL. PTC. PRT.
bera (_carry_) berr bar bāru borinn
nema (_take_) nemr nam nāmu numinn
fela (_hide_) felr fal fālu fōlginn
koma (_come_) kömr kom kvāmu kominn
sofa (_sleep_) söfr svaf svāfu sofinn
145.
V. 'Give'-conjugation
INFIN. THIRD PRES. PRT. SING. PRT. PL. PTC. PRT.
drepa (_kill_) drepr drap drāpu drepinn
gefa (_give_) gefr gaf gāfu gefinn
kveða (_say_) kveðr kvað kvāðu kveðinn
meta (_estimate_) metr mat mātu metinn
reka (_drive_) rekr rak rāku rekinn
eta (_eat_) etr āt ātu etinn
sjā (_see_) sēr[6] sā sā[7] sēnn
[Footnote 6: sē, sēr, sēr; sjām, sēð, sjā. Subj. sē, sēr, sē;
sēm, sēð, sē.]
[Footnote 7: sām, sāið, sā.]
146. The following have weak presents:--
biðja (_ash_) biðr bað bāðu beðinn
sitja (_sit_) sitr sat sātu setinn
liggja (_lie_) liggr lā lāgum leginn
þiggja (_receive_) þiggr þā þāgu þeginn
147.
VI. 'Shine'-conjugation
INFIN. THIRD PRES. PRT. SING. PRT. PL. PTC. PRT.
bīta (_bite_) bītr beit bitu bitinn
drīfa (_drive_) drīfr dreif drifu drifinn
grīpa (_grasp_) grīpr greip gripu gripinn
līða (_go_) līðr leið liðu liðinn
līta (_look_) lītr leit litu litinn
rīða (_ride_) rīðr reið riðu riðinn
sīga (_sink_) sīgr seig sigu siginn
slīta (_tear_) slītr sleit slitu slitinn
stīga (_advance_) stīgr steig stigu stiginn
bīða (_wait_) bīðr beið biðu beiðnn
148. The following has a weak present:
vīkja (_move_) vīkr veik viku vikinn
149.
VII. 'Choose'-conjugation
INFIN. THIRD PRES. PRT. SING. PRT. PL. PTC. PRT.
bjōða (_offer_) bȳðr bauð buðu boðinn
brjōta (_break_) brȳtr braut brutu brotinn
fljōta (_float_) flȳtr flaut flutu flotinn
hljōta (_receive_) hlȳtr hlaut hlutu hlotinn
kjōsa (_choose_) kȳss kaus kusum kosinn
njōta (_enjoy_) nȳtr naut nutu notinn
skjōta (_shoot_) skȳtr skaut skutu skotinn
drjūpa (_drop_) drȳpr draup drupu dropinn
ljūga (_tell lies_) lȳgr laug lugu loginn
lūka (_close_) lȳkr lauk luku lokinn
lūta (_bend_) lȳtr laut lutu lotinn
fljūga (_fly_) flȳgr flō flugu floginn
Weak Verbs
150. There are three conjugations of weak verbs. All those of
the first conjugation have mutated vowels in the pres., and form
their pret. with _ð_ (_d_, _t_): _heyra_ (hear), _heyrða_. Those
of the second form their pret. in the same way, but have
unmutated vowels in the pres.: _hafa_ (have) _hafða_. Those of
the third form their pret. in _-aða_: _kalla_ (call), _kallaða_.
I. 'Hear'-conjugation
Active
151.
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE
_Pres. sg._ 1. heyr-i heyr-a
2. heyr-ir heyr-ir
3. heyr-ir heyr-i
_pl._ 1. heyr-um heyr-im
2. heyr-ið heyr-ið
3. heyr-a heyr-i
_Pret. sg._ 1. heyr-ða heyr-ða
2. heyr-ðir heyr-ðir
3. heyr-ði heyr-ði
_pl._ 1. heyr-ðum heyr-ðim
2. heyr-ðuð heyr-ðið
3. heyr-ðu heyr-ði
_Imper. sg._ 1. heyr; _pl._ 1. heyr-um, 2. heyr-ið.
_Partic. pres._ heyr-andi; _pret._ heyr-ðr.
_Infin._ heyr-a.
Middle
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE
_Pres. sg._ 1. heyr-umk heyr-umk
2. heyr-isk heyr-isk
3. heyr-isk heyr-isk
_pl._ 1. heyr-umk heyr-imk
2. heyr-izk heyr-izk
3. heyr-ask heyr-isk
_Pret. sg._ 1. heyr-ðumk heyr-ðumk
2. heyr-ðisk heyr-ðisk
3. heyr-ðisk heyr-ðisk
_pl._ 1. heyr-ðumk heyr-ðimk
2. heyr-ðuzk heyr-ðizk
3. heyr-ðusk heyr-ðisk
_Imper. sg._ 2. heyr-sk; _pl._ 1. heyr-umk, 2. heyr-izk.
_Partic. pres._ heyr-andisk; _pret._ heyr-zk _neut._
_Infin._ heyr-ask.
A. Without vowel-change
152. The inflectional _ð_ becomes _d_ after long syllables ending
in _l_ or _n_: _sigla_ (sail), _siglda_; _nęfna_ (name),
_nęfnda_, _nęfndr_.
153. _-ðð_ becomes _dd_: _leiða_ (lead), _leidda_.
154. _ð_ after _s_ and _t_ becomes _t_: _reisa_ (raise),
_reista_; _mœta_ (meet), _mœtta_. Also in a few verbs in _l_,
_n_: _mæla_ (speak), _mælta_; _spęnna_ (buckle), _spęnta_.
155. After _nd_ and _pt_ it is dropped: _sęnda_ (send), _sęnda_,
_sęndr_; _lypta_ (lift), _lypta_.
156. It is preserved in such verbs as the following: _dœma_
(judge), _dœmða_; _fœra_ (lead), _fœrða_; _hęrða_ (harden),
_hęrða_; _hleypa_ (gallop), _hleypða_.
B. With vowel-change
157. All these verbs have _j_ preceded by a short syllable
(tęlja), or a long vowel without any cons. after it (dȳja), or
_gg_ (lęggja); the _j_ being kept before _a_ and _u_, as in the
pres. ind. of _spyrja_ (ask): _spyr_, _spyrr_, _spyrr_;
_spyrjum_, _spyrið_, _spyrja_, pres. subj. 1 sg. _ek spyrja_;
they unmutate their vowel in the pret. and ptc. pret. (spurða,
spurðr), the mutation being restored in the pret. subj. _spyrða_,
_spyrðir_, etc. The ptc. pret. often has an _i_ before the _ð_.
bęrja (_strike_) barða barðr
lęggja (_lay_) lagða lag(i)ðr
tęlja (_tell_) talða tal(i)ðr
vękja (_wake_) vakða vakðr
flytja (_remove_) flutta fluttr
dȳja (_shake_) dūða dūðr
158. The following keep the mutated vowel throughout:
sęlja (_sell_) sęlda sęldr
sętja (_set_) sętta sęttr
C.
159. The following are irregular:
sœkja (_seek_) sōtta sōttr
þykkja (_seem_) þōtta þōttr
Subj. pret. _sœtta_, _þœtta_.
160. The following has an adj. for its partic. pret.:
gǫ̈ra (_make_) gǫ̈rða gǫ̈rr.
II. 'Have'-conjugation
161. The few verbs of this class are conjugated like those of
conj. I, except that some of them have imperatives in _-i_:
_vaki_, _þęfi_; _uni_. _lifa_, _sęgja_ have imper. _lif_, _sęg_.
They mutate the vowel of the pret. subj. (ynða). Their partic.
pret. generally occurs only in the neut.; sometimes the _a_ is
dropped.
lifa (_live_) lifi lifða lifat
una (_be contented_) uni unða unat
skorta (_be wanting_) skorti skorta skort
þola (_endure_) þoli þolða þolat
þora (_dare_) þori þorða þorat
nā (_attain_) nāi nāða nāðr, nāit
162. The following show mutation:
sęgja (_say_) sęgi sagða sagðr
þęgja (_be silent_) þęgi þagða þagat
hafa (_have_) hęfi hafða hafðr
kaupa (_buy_) kaupi keypta keyptr
163. The present indic. of the first three is as follows:
_Sing._ 1. hęfi sęgi þęgi
2, 3. hęfir sęgir þęgir
_Plur._ 1. hǫfum sęgjum þęgjum
2. hafið sęgið þęgið
3. hafa sęgja þęgja
164. The rest of _hafa_ is regular. Pres. subj. _hafa_, _hafir_,
_hafi_; _hafim_, _hafið_, _hafi_. Pret. indic. _hafða_,
_hafðir_, _hafði_; _hǫfdum_, _hǫfðuð_, _hǫfðu_. Pret. subj.
_hęfða_, _hęfðir_, _hęfði_; _hęfðim_, _hęfðið_, _hęfði_. Imper.
_haf_, _hǫfum_, _hafið_. Ptc. _hafandi_, _hafðr_.
III. 'Call'-conjugation
Active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE
_Pres. sg._ 1. kall-a kall-a
2. kall-ar kall-ir
3. kall-ar kall-i
_pl._ 1. kǫll-um kall-im
2. kall-ið kall-ið
3. kall-a kall-i
_Pres. sg._ 1. kall-aða kall-aða
2. kall-aðir kall-aðir
3. kall-aði kall-aði
_pl._ 1. kǫll-uðum kall-aðim
2. kǫll-uðuð kall-aðið
3. kǫll-uðu kall-aði
_Imper. sing._ 2. kall-a; _plur._ 1. kǫll-um, 2. kall-ið.
_Partic. pres._ kall-andi; _pret._ kallaðr (_neut._ kallat).
_Infin._ kalla.
Middle
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE
_Pres. sg._ 1. kǫll-umk kǫll-umk
2. kall-ask kall-isk
3. kall-ask kall-isk
_pl._ 1. kǫll-umk kall-imk
2. kall-izk kall-izk
3. kall-ask kall-isk
_Pret. sg._ 1. kǫll-uðumk kǫll-uðumk
2. kall-aðisk kall-aðisk
3. kall-aðisk kall-aðisk
_pl._ 1. kǫll-uðumk kall-aðimk
2. kǫll-uðuzk kall-aðizk
3. kǫll-uðusk kall-aðisk
_Imper. sing._ 2. kall-ask; _pl._ 1. kǫll-umk, 2. kall-izk.
_Partic. pres._ kall-andisk; _pret._ kall-azk _neut._
_Infin._ kall-ask.
165. So also _byrja_ (begin), _hęrja_ (make war), _vakna_
(awake).
Strong-Weak Verbs
166. These have old strong preterites for their presents,
from which new weak preterites are formed.
INFIN. PRES. SG. PRES. PL. PRT. PTC.
eiga (_possess_) ā eigu ātta āttr
kunna (_can_) kann kunnu kunna kunnat _n._
mega (_can_) mā megu mātta mātt _n._
muna (_remember_) man munu munða munat _n._
munu (_will_) mun munu munða ----
skulu (_shall_) skal skulu skylda skyldr
þurfa (_need_) þarf þurfu þurfta þurft _n._
unna (_love_) ann unnu unna unnt _n._
vita (_know_) veit vitu vissa vitaðr
167. Of these verbs _munu_ and _skulu_ have preterite
infinitives: _mundu_, _skyldu_.
Anomalous Verbs
168. _Vilja_ (will):
Present
Sing. Plur.
1. vil viljum
2. vill vilið
3. vill vilja
_Subj. pres._ vili. _Pret. ind._ vilda. _Ptc. prt._ viljat.
169. _Vera_ (be):
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE
_Pres. sg._ 1. em sē
2. ert sēr
3. er sē
_pl._ 1. erum sēm
2. eruð sēð
3. eru sē
_Pret. sg._ 1. var væra
2. vart værir
3. var væri
_pl._ 1. vārum værim
2. vāruð værið
3. vāru væri
_Imper. sg._ ver; _pl._ verið. _Ptc. prt._ verit _n._
COMPOSITION
170. Composition with the genitive is very frequent in Icelandic.
Thus by the side of _skip-stjōrn_ (ship-steering) we find
_skips-brot_ (ship's breaking, shipwreck), _skipa-hęrr_ (army of
ships, fleet). Genitival composition often expresses possession,
as in _konungs-skip_ (king's ship).
DERIVATION
Prefixes
171. Prefixes are much less used in Icelandic than in Old
English.
*al-* 'quite,' 'very': _al-būinn_ 'quite ready,' _al-snotr_ 'very
clever.'
*all-* 'all,' 'very': _all-valdr_ 'all-ruler, monarch,'
_all-harðr_ 'very hard,' _all-stōrum_ 'very greatly.'
*and-* 'against': _and-lit_ 'countenance' (_lita_, look),
_and-svar_ 'answer.'
*fjǫl-* 'many': _fjǫl-męnni_ 'multitude' (_maðr_, man).
*mis-* 'mis-': _mis-līka_ 'displease.'
*ū-* 'un-': _ū-friðr_ 'war' (_friðr_, peace), _ū-happ_
'misfortune' (_happ_ luck).
Endings
(a) Nouns
Personal
172. *-ingr*, *-ingi*, *-ing*: _vīkingr_ 'pirate,' _hǫfðingi_
'chief,' _kęrling_ 'old woman.'
Abstract
173. *-ð*, fem. with mutation: _fęgrð_ 'beauty' (_fagr_, fair),
_fęrð_ 'journey' (_fara_, go), _lęngð_ 'length' (_langr_, long).
*-ing*, fem.: _svipting_ 'pulling,' _vīking_ 'piracy,' _virðing_
'honour.'
*-leikr*, masc.: _kœr-leikr_ 'affection' (_hœrr_, dear),
_skjōt-leikr_ 'speed' (_skjōtr_, swift).
*-an*, *-un*, fem.: _skipan_ 'arrangement,' _skęmtun_
'amusement.'
(b) Adjectives
174. *-ugr*: _rāðugr_ 'sagacious,' _þrūðugr_ 'strong.'
*-ōttr*: _kollōttr_ 'bald,' _ǫndōttr_ 'fierce.'
*-lauss* '-less': _fē-lauss_ 'moneyless,' _ōtta-lauss_ 'without
fear.'
*-ligr* '-ly': _undr-ligr_ 'wonderful,' _sann-ligr_ 'probable'
(_sannr_, true).
*-samr*: _līkn-samr_ 'gracious,' _skyn-samr_ 'intelligent.'
*-verðr* '-ward': _ofan-verðr_ 'upper.'
(c) Verbs
175. *-na*: _brotna_ 'be broken' (_brotinn_, broken), _hvītna_
'become white,' _vakna_ 'awake.' Used to form intransitive and
inchoative verbs of the third conj.
(d) Adverbs
176. *-liga* '-ly': _undar-liga_ 'wonderfully,' _stęrk-liga_
'strongly' (_stęrkr_, strong).
*-um*, dat. pl.: _stōrum_ 'greatly' (_stōrr_, great).
SYNTAX
177. Icelandic syntax greatly resembles Old English, but has
several peculiarities of its own.
Concord
178. Concord is carried out very strictly in Icelandic: _allir
męnn vāru būnir_ 'all the men were ready,' _allir vāru drepnir_
'all were killed.'
179. A plural adj. or pronoun referring to two nouns of different
(natural or grammatical) gender is always put in the neuter: _þā
gekk hann upp, ok með honum Loki_ (masc.), _ok Þjālfi_ (masc.),
_ok Rǫskva_ (fem.). _þā er þau_ (neut.) _hǫfðu lītla hrið
gęngit..._ 'he landed, and with him L., and Þ., and R. When they
had walked for some time...'
Cases
180. The extensive use of the instrumental dative is very
characteristic of Icelandic: whenever the direct object of a verb
can be considered as the instrument of the action expressed by
the verb, it is put in the dative, as in _kasta spjōti_ 'throw a
spear' (lit. 'throw _with_ a spear'), _hann helt hamarskaptinu_
'he grasped the handle of the hammer,' _heita þvī_ 'promise
that,' _jāta þvī_ 'agree to that.'
Adjectives
181. The weak form of adjectives is used as in O.E. after the
definite article, _þessi_ and other demonstratives. _annarr_
(other) is always strong.
182., An adj. is often set in apposition to a following noun to
denote part of it: _eiga hālft dȳrit_ 'to have half of the
animal,' _ǫnnur þau_ 'the rest of them,' _of miðja nātt_ 'in the
middle of the night.'
Pronouns
183. _sā_ is often put pleonastically before the definite article
_inn_, both before and after the subst.: _sā inn ungi maðr_ 'that
young man,' _hafit þat it djūpa_ 'the deep sea.'
184. The definite article is generally not expressed at all, or
else _einn_, _einnhvęrr_ is used.
185. A noun (often a proper name) is often put in apposition to a
dual pron. of the first and second persons, or a plur. of the
third person: _þit fēlagar_, 'thou and thy companions,' _með þeim
Āka_ 'with him and Āki.' Similarly _stęndr Þōrr upp ok þeir
fēlagar_ 'Thor and his companions get up.'
186. The plurals _vēr_, _þēr_ are sometimes used instead of the
singulars _ek_, _þū_, especially when a king is speaking or being
spoken to.
187. _sik_ and _sēr_ are used in a strictly reflexive sense,
referring back to the subject of the sentence, like _se_ in
Latin: _Þorr bauð honum til matar með sēr_ 'Thor asked him to
supper with him.'
Verbs
188. The tenses for which there is no inflection in the active,
and all those of the passive, are formed by the auxiliaries
_skal_ (shall), _hafa_ (have), _vera_ (be) with the infin. and
ptc. pret., much as in modern English.
189. The historical present is much used, often alternating
abruptly with the preterite.
190. The middle voice is used: (1) in a purely reflexive sense:
_spara_ 'spare,' _sparask_ 'spare oneself, reserve one's
strength.' (2) intransitively: _būa_ 'prepare,' _būask_ 'become
ready, be ready'; _sętja_ 'set,' _sętjask_ 'sit down'; _sȳna_
'show,' _sȳnask_ 'appear, seem.' (3) reciprocally: _bęrja_
'strike,' _bęrjask_ 'fight'; _hitta_, 'find,' _hittask_ 'meet.'
In other cases it specializes the meaning of the verb, often
emphasizing the idea of energy or effort: _koma_ 'come,' _komask_
'make one's way.'
191. The impersonal form of expression is widely used in
Icelandic: _rak ā storm_ (acc.) _fyrir þeim_ 'a storm was driven
in their face.'
192. The indef. 'one' is expressed in the same way by the third
pers. sg., and this form of expression is often used when the
subject is perfectly definite: _ok freista skal þessar īþrōttar_
'and this feat shall be tried (by you).'
193. The abrupt change from the indirect to the direct narration
is very common: _Haraldi konungi var sagt at þar var komit
bjarndȳri, 'ok ā Īslęnzkr maðr,'_ 'King Harold was told that a
bear had arrived, and that an Icelander owned it.' The direct
narration is also used after _at_ (that): _hann svarar at 'ek
skal rīða til Hęljar'_ 'he answers that he will ride to Hel.'
TEXTS
[Note: The asterisks are to help find the spots mentioned in the
notes. (I took out the line numbers to keep the line width as
close to 65 characters as possible.) --B.C.]
I. THOR
Þōrr er āsanna framastr, sā er kallaðr er Āsa-þōrr eða
Ǫku-þōrr; hann er stęrkastr allra guðanna ok manna.
Hann ā þar rīki er Þrūð-vangar heita, en hǫll hans heitir [*]
Bilskīrnir; ī þeim sal eru fimm hundruð gōlfa ok fjōrir tigir;
þat er hūs mest, svā at męnn hafa gǫ̈rt. [*]
Þōrr ā hafra tvā, er svā heita, Tann-gnjōstr ok Tann-
grisnir, ok reið þā er hann ękr, en hafrarnir draga reiðina;
þvī er hann kallaðr Ǫkuþōrr. Hann ā ok þrjā kost-gripi.
Einn þeira er hamarrinn Mjǫllnir, er hrīm-þursar ok berg-
risar kęnna, þā er hann kömr ā lopt, ok er þat eigi undarligt:
hann hęfir lamit margan haus ā fęðrum eða frændum þeira.
Annan grip ā hann bęztan, męgin-gjarðar; ok er hann
spęnnir þeim um sik, þā vęx honum ās-męgin hālfu. En [*]
þriðja hlut ā hann þann er mikill gripr er ī, þat eru jārn-
glōfar; þeira mā hann eigi missa við hamarskaptit. En
engi er svā frōðr at tęlja kunni ǫll stōr-virki hans.
II. THOR AND ŪGARÐALOKI
Þat er upp-haf þessa māls at Ǫkuþōrr fōr með hafra sīna [*]
ok reið, ok með honum sā āss er Loki er kallaðr; koma
þeir at kveldi til eins bōnda ok fā þar nātt-stað. En um
kveldit tōk Þōrr hafra sīna, ok skar bāða; ęptir þat vāru
þeir flęgnir ok bornir til kętils; en er soðit var, þā sęttisk [*]
Þōrr til nātt-verðar ok þeir lags-męnn. Þōrr bauð til matar
með sēr bōndanum, ok konu hans, ok bǫrnum þeira; sonr
bōnda hēt Þjālfi, en Rǫskva dōttir. Þā lagði Þōrr hafr-
stǫkurnar utar frā eldinum, ok mælti at bōndi ok heima-męnn
hans skyldu kasta ā hafrstǫkurnar beinunum. Þjālfi, sonr
bōnda, helt ā lær-lęgg hafrsins, ok sprętti ā knīfi sīnum, ok [*]
braut til męrgjar. Þōrr dvalðisk þar of nāttina; en ī ōttu [*]
fyrir dag stōð hann upp, ok klæddi sik, tōk hamarinn
Mjǫllni ok brā upp, ok vīgði hafrstǫkurnar; stōðu þā upp
hafrarnir, ok var þā annarr haltr ęptra fœti. Þat fann Þōrr,
ok talði at bōndinn eða hans hjōn mundi eigi skynsamliga
hafa farit með beinum hafrsins: kęnnir hann at brotinn var
lærlęggrinn. Eigi þarf langt frā þvī at sęgja: vita męgu þat
allir hvęrsu hræddr bōndinn mundi vera, er hann sā at Þōrr
lēt sīga brȳnnar ofan fyrir augun; en þat er sā augnanna, [*]
þā hugðisk hann falla mundu fyrir sjōninni einni samt; hann [*]
hęrði hęndrnar at hamar-skaptinu svā at hvītnuðu knūarnir.
En bōndinn gǫ̈rði sem vān var, ok ǫll hjōnin: kǫlluðu āka-
fliga, bāðu sēr friðar, buðu at fyrir kvæmi alt þat er þau
āttu. En er hann sā hræzlu þeira, þā gekk af honum
mōðrinn, ok sefaðisk hann; ok tōk af þeim ī sætt bǫrn
þeira, Þjālfa ok Rǫsku, ok gǫ̈rðusk þau þā skyldir þjōnustu-
męnn Þōrs, ok fylgja þau honum jafnan sīðan.
Lēt hann þar ęptir hafra, ok byrjaði fęrðina austr ī
Jǫtun-heima, ok alt til hafsins; ok þā fōr hann ūt yfir
hafit þat it djūpa; en er hann kom til lands, þā gekk hann
upp, ok með honum Loki, ok Þjālfi, ok Rǫskva. Þā er þau
hǫfðu lītla hrīð gęngit, varð fyrir þeim mǫrk stōr; gengu
þau þann dag allan til myrkrs. Þjālfi var allra manna [*]
fōt-hvatastr; hann bar kȳl Þōrs, en til vista var eigi gott.
Þā er myrkt var orðit, leituðu þeir sēr til nāttstaðar, ok [*]
fundu fyrir sēr skāla nakkvarn mjǫk mikinn, vāru dyrr ā
ęnda, ok jafn-breiðar skālanum; þar leituðu þeir sēr nātt-
bōls. En of miðja nātt varð land-skjālfti mikill, gekk jǫrðin
undir þeim skykkjum, ok skalf hūsit. Þā stōð Þōrr upp, ok
hēt ā lagsmęnn sīna; ok leituðusk fyrir, ok fundu af-hūs til
hœgri handar i miðjum skālanum, ok gengu þannig; sęttisk
Þōrr ī dyrrin, en ǫnnur þau vāru innar frā honum, ok vāru
þau hrædd, en Þōrr helt hamarskaptinu, ok hugði at vęrja
sik; þā heyrðu þau ym mikinn ok gnȳ. En er kom at
dagan, þā gekk Þōrr ūt, ok sēr hvar lā maðr skamt frā [*]
honum ī skōginum, ok var sā eigi lītill; hann svaf, ok hraut
stęrkliga. Þā þōttisk Þōrr skiIja hvat lātum verit hafði of
nāttina; hann spęnnir sik męgingjǫrðum, ok ōx honum
āsmęgin; en ī þvī vaknar maðr sā, ok stōð skjōtt upp; en
þā er sagt at Þōr varð bilt einu sinni at slā hann með ham- [*]
rinum; ok spurði hann at nafni, en sā nęfndisk Skrȳmir: [*]
'en eigi þarf ek,' sagði hann, 'at spyrja þik at nafni: kęnni
ek at þū ert Āsaþōrr; en hvārt hęfir þū dręgit ā braut hanzka
minn?' Seildisk þā Skrȳmir til, ok tōk upp hanzka sinn;
sēr Þōrr þā at þat hafði hann haft of nāttina fyrir skāla, en
afhūsit þat var þumlungrinn hanzkans. Skrȳmir spurði ef
Þōrr vildi hafa fǫru-neyti hans, en Þōrr jātti þvī. Þā tōk
Skrȳmir ok leysti nestbagga sinn, ok bjōsk til at eta dǫgurð,
en Þōrr ī ǫðrum stað ok hans fēlagar. Skrȳmir bauð þā at
þeir lęgði mǫtu-neyti sitt, en Þōrr jātti þvī; þā batt Skrȳmir
nest þeira alt ī einn bagga, ok lagði ā bak sēr; hann gekk
fyrir of daginn, ok steig hęldr stōrum, en sīðan at kveldi
leitaði Skrȳmir þeim nāttstaðar undir eik nakkvarri mikilli.
Þā mælti Skrȳmir til Þōrs at hann vill lęggjask niðr at
sofna; 'en þēr takið nest-baggann, ok būið til nātt-verðar [*]
yðr.' Þvī næst sofnar Skrȳmir, ok hraut fast; en Þōrr tōk
nest-baggann ok skal leysa; en svā er at sęgja, sem ū-trūligt
mun þykkja, at engi knūt fekk hann leyst, ok engi ālar-
ęndann hreyft, svā at þā væri lausari en āðr. Ok er hann
sēr at þetta verk mā eigi nȳtask, þā varð hann reiðr, greip
þā hamarinn Mjǫllni tveim hǫndum, ok steig fram ǫðrum
fœti at þar er Skrȳmir lā, ok lȳstr ī hǫfuð honum; en
Skrȳmir vaknar, ok spyrr hvārt laufs-blað nakkvat felli ī
hǫfuð honum, eða hvārt þeir hęfði þā matazk, ok sē būnir
til rękkna. Þōrr sęgir at þeir munu þā sofa ganga. Ganga
þau þā undir aðra eik. Er þat þēr satt at sęgja, at ekki var [*]
þā ōttalaust at sofa. En at miðri nātt þā heyrir Þōrr at
Skrȳmir hrȳtr, ok söfr fast, svā at dunar ī skōginum. Þā
stęndr hann upp, ok gęngr til hans, reiðir hamarinn tītt ok
hart, ok lȳstr ofan ī miðjan hvirfil honum; hann kęnnir at
hamars-muðrinn sökkr djūpt ī hǫfuðit. En ī þvī bili vaknar
Skrȳmir, ok mælti: 'hvat er nū? fell akarn nakkvat ī hǫfuð
mēr? eða hvat er tītt um þik, Þōrr?' En Þōrr gekk aptr
skyndiliga, ok svarar at hann var þā nȳvaknaðr, sagði at þā
var mið nātt, ok enn væri māl at sofa. Þā hugsaði Þōrr þat,
ef hann kvæmi svā ī fœri at slā hann it þriðja hǫgg, at aldri
skyldi hann sjā sik sīðan; liggr nū ok gætir ef Skrȳmir [*]
sofnaði fast. En lītlu fyrir dagan þā heyrir hann at Skrȳmir
mun sofnat hafa; stęndr þā upp, ok hleypr at honum, reiðir
þā hamarinn af ǫllu afli ok lȳstr ā þunn-vangann þann er
upp vissi; sökkr þā hamarrinn upp at skaptinu. En Skrȳ-
mir sęttisk upp, ok strauk of vangann, ok mælti: 'hvārt
munu fuglar nakkvarir sitja ī trēnu yfir mēr? mik grunaði,
er ek vaknaða, at tros nakkvat af kvistunum felli ī hǫfuð
mēr; hvārt vakir þū, Þōrr? Māl mun vera upp at standa
ok klæðask, en ekki eigu þēr nū langa leið fram til borgar-
innar er kǫlluð er Ūt-garðr. Heyrt hęfi ek at þēr hafið
kvisat ī milli yðvar at ek væra ekki lītill maðr vęxti, en sjā
skulu þēr þar stœrri męnn, er þēr komið ī Ūtgarð. Nū mun
ek rāða yðr heil-ræði: lāti þēr eigi stōrliga yfir yðr, ekki
munu hirðmęnn Ūtgarða-loka vel þola þvīlīkum kǫgur-
sveinum kǫpur-yrði; en at ǫðrum kosti hverfið aptr, ok
þann ætla ek yðr bętra af at taka. En ef þēr vilið fram [*]
fara, þā stęfni þēr ī austr, en ek ā nū norðr leið til fjalla
þessa er nū munu þēr sjā mega.' Tękr Skrȳmir nest-bag-
garm, ok kastar ā bak sēr, ok snȳr þvęrs ā braut ī skōginn
frā þeim, ok er þess eigi getit at æsirnir bæði þā heila [*]
hittask.
Þōrr fōr fram ā leið ok þeir fēlagar, ok gekk fram til miðs
dags; þā sā þeir borg standa ā vǫllum nǫkkurum, ok sęttu [*]
hnakkann ā bak sēr aptr, āðr þeir fengu sēt yfir upp; ganga
til borgarinnar, ok var grind fyri borg-hliðinu, ok lokin aptr.
Þōrr gekk ā grindina, ok fekk eigi upp lokit; en er þeir
þreyttu at komask ī borgina, þā smugu þeir milli spalanna
ok kōmu svā inn; sā þā hǫll mikla, ok gengu þannig; var
hurðin opin; þā gengu þeir inn, ok sā þar marga męnn
ā tvā bękki, ok flesta œrit stōra. Þvī næst koma þeir fyrir [*]
konunginn, Ūtgarðaloka, ok kvǫddu hann, en hann leit seint
til þeira, ok glotti um tǫnn, ok mælti: 'seint er um langan [*]
veg at spyrja tīðinda, eða er annan veg en ek hygg, at þessi [*]
svein-stauli sē Ǫkuþōrr? en meiri muntu vera en mēr līzk
þū; eða hvat īþrōtta er þat er þēr fēlagar þykkizk vera við
būnir? Engi skal hēr vera með oss sā er eigi kunni nakkvars
konar list eða kunnandi um fram flesta męnn.' Þā sęgir sā
er sīðast gekk, er Loki heitir: 'kann ek þā īþrōtt, er ek em
al-būinn at reyna, at engi er hēr sā inni er skjōtara skal eta [*]
mat sinn en ek.' Þā svarar Ūtgarðaloki: 'īþrōtt er þat, ef
þū ęfnir, ok freista skal þā þessar īþrōttar;' kallaði utar ā [*]
bękkinn at sā er Logi heitir skal ganga ā gōlf fram, ok freista
sīn ī mōti Loka. Þā var tękit trog eitt, ok borit inn ā hallar-
gōlfit, ok fylt af slātri; sęttisk Loki at ǫðrum ęnda, en Logi
at ǫðrum, ok āt hvārr-tvęggja sem tīðast, ok mœttusk ī miðju
troginu; hafði þā Loki etit slātr alt af beinum, en Logi hafði
ok etit slātr alt ok beinin með, ok svā trogit; ok sȳndisk nū
ǫllum sem Loki hęfði lātit leikinn. Þā spyrr Ūtgarðaloki
hvat sā inn ungi maðr kunni leika. En Þjālfi sęgir at hann
mun freista at ręnna skeið nǫkkur við einn-hvęrn þann er
Ūtgarðaloki fær til. Hann sęgir, Ūtgarðaloki, at þetta er
gōð īþrōtt, ok kallar þess meiri vān at hann sē vel at sēr [*]
būinn of skjōtleikinn, ef hann skal þessa īþrōtt inna; en þō
lætr hann skjōtt þessa skulu freista. Stęndr þā upp Ūtgarða-
loki, ok gęngr ūt, ok var þar gott skeið at ręnna ęptir slēttum
vęlli. Þā kallar Ūtgarðaloki til sīn sveinstaula nakkvarn, er
nęfndr er Hugi, ok bað hann ręnna ī kǫpp við Þjālfa. Þā
taka þeir it fyrsta skeið, ok er Hugi þvī framar at hann
snȳsk aptr ī mōti honum at skeiðs ęnda. Þā mælti Ūtgarða-
loki: 'þurfa muntu, Þjālfi, at lęggja þik meir fram, ef þū
skalt vinna leikinn; en þō er þat satt, at ekki hafa hēr komit
þeir męnn er mēr þykkja fōthvatari en svā.' Þā taka þeir [*]
aptr annat skeið, ok þā er Hugi er kominn til skeiðs ęnda,
ok hann snȳsk aptr, þā var langt kōlf-skot til Þjālfa. Þā
mælti Ūtgarðaloki: 'vel þykkir mēr Þjālfi ręnna; en eigi
trūi ek honum nū at hann vinni leikinn, en nū mun reyna,
er þeir ręnna it þriðja skeiðit.' Þā taka þeir ęnn skeið; en
er Hugi er kominn til skeiðs ęnda ok snȳsk aptr, ok er [*]
Þjālfi eigi þā kominn ā mitt skeiðit; þā sęgja allir at reynt
er um þenna leik. Þā spyrr Ūtgarðaloki Þōr, hvat þeira
īþrōtta mun vera er hann muni vilja birta fyrir þeim, svā
miklar sǫgur sem męnn hafa gǫ̈rt um stōrvirki hans. Þā
mælti Þōrr at hęlzt vill hann þat taka til, at þreyta drykkju
við einnhvęrn mann. Ūtgarðaloki sęgir at þat mā vel vera;
ok gęngr inn ī hǫllina, ok kallar skutil-svein sinn, biðr at
hann taki vītis-horn þat, er hirðmęnn eru vanir at drekka af.
Þvī næst kömr fram skutilsveinn með horninu, ok fær Þōr ī
hǫnd. Þā mælti Ūtgarðaloki: 'af horni þessu þykkir þā
vel drukkit, ef ī einum drykk gęngr af, en sumir męnn
drekka af ī tveim drykkjum, en engi er svā lītill drykkju-
maðr, at eigi gangi af ī þrimr.' Þōrr lītr ā hornit, ok sȳnisk
ekki mikit, ok er þō hęldr langt, en hann er mjǫk þyrstr;
tękr at drekka, ok svelgr allstōrum, ok hyggr at eigi skal
þurfa at lūta optar at sinni ī hornit. En er hann þraut [*]
örindit, ok hann laut ōr horninu, ok sēr hvat leið drykkinum, [*]
ok līzk honum svā, sem all-lītill munr mun vera at nū sē
lægra ī horninu en āðr. Þā mælti Ūtgarðaloki: 'vel er
drukkit, ok eigi til mikit; eigi munda-k trūa, ef mēr væri
sagt frā, at Āsaþōrr mundi eigi meira drykk drekka; en
þō veit ek at þū munt vilja drekka af ī ǫðrum drykk.'
Þōrr svarar engu, sętr hornit ā munn sēr, ok hyggr nū at
hann skal drekka meira drykk, ok þreytir ā drykkjuna, sem
honum vannsk til örindi, ok sēr ęnn at stikillinn hornsins
vill ekki upp svā mjǫk sem honum līkar; ok er hann tōk
hornit af munni sēr ok sēr, līzk honum nū svā, sem minna
hafi þorrit en ī inu fyrra sinni; er nū gott beranda borð
ā horninu. Þā mælti Ūtgarðaloki: 'hvat er nū, Þōrr?
muntu nū eigi sparask til eins drykkjar meira en þēr mun
hagr ā vera? Svā līzk mēr, ef þū skalt nū drekka af horninu
inn þriðja drykkinn, sem þessi mun mestr ætlaðr; en ekki [*]
muntu mega hēr með oss heita svā mikill maðr sem æsir
kalla þik, ef þū gǫ̈rir eigi meira af þēr um aðra leika en mēr
līzk sem um þenna mun vera.' Þā varð Þōrr reiðr, sętr
hornit ā munn sēr, ok drekkr sem ākafligast mā hann, ok
þreytir sem lęngst ā drykkinn; en er hann sā ī hornit, þā
hafði nū hęlzt nakkvat munr ā fęngizk, ok þā bȳðr hann upp
hornit, ok vill eigi drekka meira. Þā mælti Ūtgarðaloki:
'auð-sēt er nū at māttr þinn er ekki svā mikill sem vēr
hugðum; en vill-tu freista um fleiri leika? Sjā mā nū, at
ekki nȳtir þū hēr af.' Þōrr svarar: 'freista mā ek ęnn of
nakkvara leika, en undarliga mundi mēr þykkja, þā er ek var
heima með āsum, ef þvīlīkir drykkir væri svā lītlir kallaðir. En
hvat leik vili þēr nū bjōða mēr?' Þā mælti Ūtgarðaloki: 'þat
gǫ̈ra hēr ungir sveinar er lītit mark mun at þykkja, at hęfja
upp af jǫrðu kǫtt minn; en eigi munda-k kunna at mæla
þvīlīkt við Āsaþōr, ef ek hęfða eigi sēt fyrr at þū ert miklu
minni fyrir þēr en ek hugða.' Þvī næst hljōp fram kǫttr
einn grār ā hallargōlfit, ok hęldr mikill; en Þōrr gekk til, ok
tōk hęndi sinni niðr undir miðjan kviðinn, ok lypti upp, en
kǫttrinn beygði kęnginn, svā sem Þōrr rētti upp hǫndina; en
er Þōrr seildisk svā langt upp sem hann mātti lęngst, þā lētti
kǫttrinn einum fœti, ok fær Þōrr eigi framit þenna leik. Þā
mælti Ūtgarðaloki: 'svā fōr þessi leikr sem mik varði;
kǫttrinn er hęldr mikill, en Þōrr er lāgr ok lītill hjā stōr-
męnni þvī sem hēr er með oss.' Þā mælti Þōrr: 'svā lītinn
sem pēr kallið mik, þā gangi nū til einnhvęrr, ok fāisk við
mik; nū em ek reiðr.' Þā svarar Ūtgarðaloki, ok litask um
ā bękkina, ok mælti: 'eigi sē ek þann mann hēr inni, er
eigi mun lītil-ræði ī þykkja at fāsk við þik;' ok ęnn mælti
hann: 'sjām fyrst, kalli mēr hingat kęrlinguna, fōstru mīna [*]
Ęlli, ok fāisk Þōrr við hana, ef hann vill; fęlt hęfir hon þā
męnn er mēr hafa litizk eigi ū-stęrkligri en Þōrr er.' Þvī
næst gekk ī hǫllina kęrling ein gǫmul. Þā mælti Ūtgar-
ðaloki, at hon skal taka fang við Āsaþōr. Ekki er langt um.
at gǫ̈ra: svā fōr fang þat at þvī harðara er Þōrr knūðisk at
fanginu, þvī fastara stōð hon; þā tōk kęrling at leita til
þragða, ok varð Þōrr þā lauss ā fōtum, ok vāru þær svip-
tingar all-harðar, ok eigi lęngi āðr en Þōrr fell ā knē ǫðrum
fœti. Þā gekk til Ūtgarðaloki, bað þau hætta fanginu, ok
sagði svā, at Þōrr mundi eigi þurfa at bjōða fleirum mǫnnum
fang ī hans hǫll; var þā ok liðit ā nātt, vīsaði Ūtgarðaloki
Þōr ok þeim fēlǫgum til sætis, ok dvęljask þar nātt-langt ī
gōðum fagnaði.
En at morgni, þegar dagaði, stęndr Þōrr upp ok þeir
fēlagar, klæða sik, ok eru būnir braut at ganga. Þā kom
þar Ūtgarðaloki, ok lēt sętja þeim borð; skorti þā eigi
gōðan fagnað, mat ok drykk. En er þeir hafa matazk, þā
snūask þeir til fęrðar. Ūtgarðaloki fylgir þeim ūt, gęngr
með þeim braut ōr borginni; en at skilnaði þā mælti Ūtgar-
ðaloki til Þōrs, ok spyrr hvęrnig honum þykkir fęrð sīn
orðin, eða hvārt hann hęfir hitt rīkara mann nakkvarn en
sik. Þōrr svarar at eigi mun hann þat sęgja, at eigi hafi
hann mikla ū-sœmð farit ī þeira við-skiptum; 'en þō veit [*]
ek at þēr munuð kalla mik lītinn mann fyrir mēr, ok uni ek
þvī illa.' Þā mælti Ūtgarðaloki: 'nū skal sęgja þēr it sanna,
er þū ert ūt kominn ōr borginni--ok ef ek lifi ok mega-k
rāða, þā skaltu aldri optar ī hana koma; ok þat veit trūa
mīn, at aldri hęfðir þū ī hana komit, ef ek hęfða vitat āðr at
þū hęfðir svā mikinn krapt með þēr, ok þū hafðir svā nær
haft oss mikilli ū-fœru. En sjōn-hvęrfingar hęfi ek gǫ̈rt þēr,
svā at fyrsta sinn, er ek fann þik ā skōginum, kom ek til
fundar við yðr; ok þā er þū skyldir leysa nestbaggann, þā
hafða-k bundit með gres-jārni, en þū fannt eigi hvar upp
skyldi lūka. En þvī næst laust þū mik með hamrinum þrjū
hǫgg, ok var it fyrsta minst, ok var þō svā mikit, at mēr
mundi ęndask til bana, ef ā hęfði komit; en þar er þū sātt
hjā hǫll minni set-berg, ok þar sātt-u ofan ī þrjā dala fer-
skeytta ok einn djūpastan, þat vāru hamarspor þin; setber-
ginu brā ek fyrir hǫggin en eigi sātt þū þat. Svā var ok of
leikana, er þēr þreyttuð við hirðmęnn mīna. Þā var þat it
fyrsta, er Loki gǫ̈rði; hann var mjǫk soltinn, ok āt tītt; en
sā er Logi hēt, þat var villi-eldr, ok bręndi hann eigi seinna
slātrit en trogit. En er Þjālfi þreytti rāsina við þann er
Hugi hēt, þat var hugi minn, ok var Þjālfa eigi vænt at
þreyta skjōt-fœri við hann. En er þū drakkt af horninu, ok
þōtti þēr seint līða,--en þat veit trūa mīn, at þā varð þat
undr, er ek munda eigi trūa at vera mætti; annarr ęndir
hornsins var ūt ī hafi, en þat sāttu eigi; en nū, er þū kömr
til sævarins, þā mun-tu sjā mega, hvęrn þurð þū hęfir drukkit
ā sænum.' Þat eru nū fjǫrur kallaðar. Ok ęnn mælti hann:
'eigi þōtti mēr hitt minna vera vert, er þū lyptir upp kęt-
tinum, ok þēr satt at sęgja, þā hræddusk allir þeir er sā,
er þū lyptir af jǫrðu einum fœtinum; en sā kǫttr var eigi
sem þēr sȳndisk; þat var Miðgarðs-ormr, er liggr um lǫnd
ǫll, ok vannsk honum varliga lęngðin til, at jǫrðina tœki
sporðr ok hǫfuð; ok svā langt seildisk þū upp at skamt var
þā til himins. En hitt var ok mikit undr um fangit, er þū
fekkzk við Ęlli; fyrir þvī at engi hęfir sā orðit, ok engi
mun verða, ef svā gamall er at ęlli bīðr, at eigi komi ęllin
ǫllum til falls. Ok er nū þat sātt at sęgja, at vēr munum
skiljask, ok mun þā bętr hvārratvęggju handar at þēr komið
eigi optar mik at hitta; ek mun ęnn annat sinn vęrja borg
mīna með þvīlīkum vēlum eða ǫðrum, svā at ekki vald munu
þēr ā mēr fā.' En er Þōrr heyrði þessa tǫlu, greip hann til
hamarsins, ok bregðr ā lopt; en er hann skal fram reiða, þā
sēr hann þar hvęrgi Ūtgarðaloka, ok þā snȳsk hann aptr til
borgarinnar, ok ætlask þā fyrir at brjōta borgina; þā sēr
hann þar vǫllu vīða ok fagra, en enga borg. Snȳsk hann
þā aptr, ok fęrr leið sina, til þess er hann kom aptr ī Þrūð-
vanga.
III. BALDER
Annarr sonr Ōðins er Baldr, ok er frā honum gott at
sęgja: hann er bęztr, ok hann lofa allir. Hann er svā fagr
ā-litum ok bjartr svā at lȳsir af honum; ok eitt gras er svā
hvītt at jafnat er til Baldrs brār, þat er allra grasa hvītast;
ok þar ęptir māttu marka hans fęgrð, bæði ā hār ok ā līki;
hann er vitrastr āsanna, ok fęgrstr taliðr ok līknsamastr. En
sū nāttūra fylgir honum at engi mā haldask dōmr hans. [*]
Hann bȳr þar sem heitir Breiða-blik, þat er ā himni; ī þeim
stað mā ekki vera ū-hreint, svā sem hēr sęgir:
Breiðablik heita, þar er Baldr hęfir
sēr of gǫ̈rva sali;
ī þvī landi er ek liggja veit
fæsta feikn-stafi.
IV. THE DEATH OF BALDER
Þat er upphaf þessar sǫgu, at Baldr inn gōða dreymði
drauma stōra ok hættliga um līf sitt. En er hann sagði
āsunum draumana, þā bāru þeir saman rāð sīn, ok var þat
gǫ̈rt at beiða griða Baldri fyrir alls konar hāska; ok Frigg
tōk svardaga til þess, at eira skyldu Baldri eldr ok vatn, jārn
ok alls konar mālmr, steinar, jǫrðin, viðirnir, sōttirnar, dȳrin,
fuglarnir, eitr, ormar. En er þetta var gǫ̈rt ok vitat, þā var
þat skęmtun Baldrs ok āsanna at hann skyldi standa upp ā
þingum, en allir aðrir skyldu sumir skjōta ā hann, sumir
hǫggva til, sumir bęrja grjōti. En hvat sem at var gǫ̈rt,
sakaði hann ekki, ok þōtti þetta ǫllum mikill frami. En er [*]
þetta sā Loki Laufeyjar-son, þā līkaði honum illa er Baldr
sakaði ekki. Hann gekk til Fęn-salar til Friggjar, ok brā
sēr ī konu līki; þā spyrr Frigg ef sū kona vissi hvat æsir
hǫfðusk at ā þinginu. Hon sagði at allir skutu at Baldri,
ok þat, at hann sakaði ekki. Þā mælti Frigg: 'eigi munu
vāpn eða viðir granda Baldri; eiða hęfi ek þęgit af ǫllum
þeim.' Þā spyrr konan: 'hafa allir hlutir eiða unnit at eira
Baldri?' Þā svarar Frigg: 'vęx viðar-teinungr einn fyrir
vestan Val-hǫll; sā er Mistilteinn kallaðr; sā þōtti mēr ungr [*]
at kręfja eiðsins.' Þvī næst hvarf konan ā braut; en Loki
tōk Mistiltein ok sleit upp, ok gekk til þings. En Hǫðr stōð
utarliga ī mannhringinum, þvī at hann var blindr. Þā mælti
Loki við hann: 'hvī skȳtr þū ekki at Baldri?' Hann svarar:
'þvī at ek sē eigi, hvar Baldr er, ok þat annat, at ek em
vapnlauss.' Þā mælti Loki: 'gǫ̈r-ðu þō ī līking annarra,
manna, ok veit Baldri sœmð sem aðrir męnn; ek mun vīsa
þēr til, hvar hann stęndr; skjōt at honum vęndi þessum.'
Hǫðr tōk Mistiltein, ok skaut at Baldri at tilvīsun Loka;
flaug skotit ī gęgnum hann, ok fell hann dauðr til jarðar; ok
hęfir þat mest ū-happ verit unnit með goðum ok mǫnnum. [*]
Þā er Baldr var fallinn, þā fellusk ǫllum āsum orð-tǫk, ok
svā hęndr at taka til hans; ok sā hvęrr til annars, ok vāru [*]
allir með einum hug til þess er unnit hafði verkit; en engi
mātti hęfna: þar var svā mikill griða-staðr. En þā er
æsirnir freistuðu at mæla, þā var hitt þō fyrr, at grātrinn [*]
kom upp, svā at engi mātti ǫðrum sęgja með orðunum frā
sīnum harmi. En Ōðinn bar þeim mun vęrst þenna skaða,
sem hann kunni mesta skyn, hvęrsu mikil af-taka ok missa
āsunum var ī frā-falli Baldrs. En er goðin vitkuðusk, þā
mælti Frigg ok spurði, hvęrr sā væri með āsum, er eignask
vildi allar āstir hennar ok hylli, ok vili hann rīða ā hęl-veg [*]
ok freista ef hann fāi fundit Baldr, ok bjōða Hęlju ūt-lausn,
ef hon vill lāta fara Baldr heim ī Ās-garð. En sā er nęfndr
Hęrmōðr inn hvati, sonr Ōðins, er til þeirar farar varð. Þā
var tękinn Sleipnir, hestr Ōðins, ok leiddr fram, ok steig
Hęrmōðr ā þann hest, ok hleypði braut.
En æsirnir tōku līk Baldrs ok fluttu til sævar. Hring-
horni hēt skip Baldrs, hann var allra skipa mestr; hann
vildu goðin fram sętja, ok gǫ̈ra þar ā bāl-fǫr Baldrs; en
skipit gekk hvęrgi fram. Þā var sęnt ī Jǫtunheima ęptir
gȳgi þeiri er Hyrrokin hēt; en er hon kom, ok reið vargi,
ok hafði hǫgg-orm at taumum, þā hljōp hon af hestinum,
en Ōðinn kallaði til ber-sęrki fjōra at gæta hestsins, ok fengu
þeir eigi haldit, nema þeir fęldi hann. Þā gekk Hyrrokin ā [*]
fram-stafn nǫkkvans, ok hratt fram ī fyrsta við-bragði, svā
at eldr hraut ōr hlunnunum, ok lǫnd ǫll skulfu. Þā varð
Þōrr reiðr, ok greip hamarinn, ok mundi þā brjōta hǫfuð
hęnnar, āðr en goðin ǫll bāðu hęnni friðar. Þā var borit
ūt ā skipit līk Baldrs; ok er þat sā kona hans, Nanna, Neps
dōttir, þā sprakk hon af harmi, ok dō; var hon borin ā
bālit, ok slęgit ī eldi. Þā stōð Þōrr at, ok vīgði bālit með
Mjǫllni; en fyrir fōtum hans rann dvergr nakkvarr, sā er
Litr nęfndr; en Þōrr spyrndi fœti sīnum ā hann, ok hratt
honum ī eldinn, ok brann hann. En at þessi bręnnu sōtti
margs konar þjōð: fyrst at sęgja frā Ōðni, at með honum
fōr Frigg ok valkyrjur ok hrafnar hans; en Freyr ōk ī kęrru
með gęlti þeim er Gullin-bursti heitir eða Slīðrug-tanni; en
Heimdallr reið hesti þeim er Gull-toppr heitir; en Freyja
kǫttum sīnum. Þar kömr ok mikit fōlk hrīmþursa, ok berg-
risar. Ōðinn lagði ā bālit gullhring þann er Draupnir
heitir; honum fylgði sīðan sū nāttūra, at hina nīundu hvęrja
nātt drupu af honum ātta gullhringar jafn-hǫfgir. Hestr
Baldrs var leiddr ā bālit með ǫllu reiði.
En þat er at sęgja frā Hęrmōði, at hann reið nīu nætr
dökkva dala ok djūpa, svā at hann sā ekki, fyrr en hann
kom til ārinnar Gjallar, ok reið ā Gjallar-brūna; hon er
þǫkð lȳsi-gulli. Mōðguðr er nęfnd mær sū er gætir brūar-
innar; hon spurði hann at nafni eða ætt, ok sagði at hinn
fyrra dag riðu um brūna fimm fylki dauðra manna; 'en eigi
dynr brūin minnr undir einum þēr, ok eigi hęfir þū lit dauðra
manna; hvī rīðr þū hēr ā hęlveg?' Hann svarar at 'ek
skal rīða til hęljar at leita Baldrs, eða hvārt hęfir þū nakkvat
sēt Baldr ā hęlvegi?' En hon sagði at Baldr hafði þar
riðit um Gjallarbrū; 'en niðr ok norðr liggr hęlvegr.' Þā
reið Hęrmōðr þar til er hann kom at hęl-grindum; þā steig
hann af hestinum, ok gyrði hann fast, steig upp, ok keyrði
hann sporum, en hestrinn hljōp svā hart, ok yfir grindina, at
hann kom hvęrgi nær. Þā reið Hęrmōðr heim til hallar- [*]
innar, ok steig af hesti, gekk inn ī hǫllina, sā þar sitja ī
ǫndvegi Baldr, brōður sinn; ok dvalðisk Hęrmōðr þar um
nāttina. En at morgni þā beiddisk Hęrmōðr af Hęlju at
Baldr skyldi rīða heim með honum, ok sagði hvęrsu mikill
grātr var með āsum. En Hęl sagði at þat skyldi svā reyna, [*]
hvārt Baldr var svā āst-sæll sem sagt er; 'ok ef allir hlutir ī
heiminum, kykvir ok dauðir, grāta hann, þā skal hann fara
til āsa aptr, en haldask með Hęlju, ef nakkvarr mællr við,
eða vill eigi grāta.' Þā stōð Hęrmōðr upp, en Baldr leiðir
hann ūt ōr hǫllinni, ok tōk hringinn Draupni, ok sęndi Ōðni
til minja, en Nanna sęndi Frigg ripti ok ęnn fleiri gjafar,
Fullu fingr-gull. Þā reið Hęrmōðr aptr leið sīna, ok kom ī
Āsgarð, ok sagði ǫll tīðindi þau er hann hafði sēt ok heyrt.
Þvī næst sęndu æsir um allan heim örind-reka, at biðja
at Baldr væri grātinn ōr hęlju; en allir gǫ̈rðu þat, męnninir,
ok kykvendin, ok jǫrðin, ok steinarnir, ok trē, ok allr mālmr;
svā sem þū munt sēt hafa, at þessir hlutir grāta, þā er þeir
koma ōr frosti ok ī hita. Þā er sęndi-męnn fōru heim, ok
hǫfðu vel rekit sīn örindi, finna þeir ī hęlli nǫkkurum hvar [*]
gȳgr sat; hon nęfndisk Þǫkk. Þeir biðja hana grāta Baldr
ōr hęlju. Hon svarar:
'Þǫkk mun grāta þurrum tārum
Baldrs bālfarar;
kyks nē dauðs naut-k-a-k karls sonar; [*]
haldi Hęl þvī es hęfir!'
En þess geta męnn, at þar hafi verit Loki Laufeyjar-son,
er flest hęfir ilt gǫ̈rt með āsum.
V. HEÐINN AND HǪGNI
Konungr sā er Hǫgni er nęfndr ātti dōttur, er Hildr hēt.
Hana tōk at hęr-fangi konungr sā er Hēðinn hēt, Hjarranda-
son. Þā var Hǫgni konungr farinn ī konunga-stęfnu; en er
hann spurði at hęrjat var ī rīki hans, ok dōttir hans var ī
braut tękin, þā fōr hann með sīnu liði at leita Hēðins, ok
spurði til hans at Hēðinn hafði siglt norðr með landi. Þā [*]
er Hǫgni konungr kom ī Noreg, spurði hann at Hēðinn
hafði siglt vestr um haf. Þā siglir Hǫgni ęptir honum allt
til Orkn-eyja; ok er hann kom þar sem heitir Hā-ey, þā [*]
var þar fyrir Hēðinn með lið sitt. Þā fōr Hildr ā fund fǫður
sīns, ok bauð honum męn at sætt af hęndi Hēðins, en ī ǫðru
orði sagði hon at Hēðinn væri būinn at bęrjask, ok ætti
Hǫgni af honum engrar vægðar vān. Hǫgni svārar stirt
dōttur sinni; en er hon hitti Hēðin, sagði hon honum, at
Hǫgni vildi enga sætt, ok bað hann būask til orrostu, ok
svā gǫ̈ra þeir hvārir-tvęggju, ganga upp ā eyna, ok fylkja
liðinu. Þā kallar Hēðinn ā Hǫgna, māg sinn, ok bauð
honum sætt ok mikit gull at bōtum. Þā svarar Hǫgni:
'of sīð bauzt-u þetta, ef þū vill sættask, þvī at nū hęfi ek
dręgit Dāins-leif, er dvergarnir gǫ̈rðu, er manns bani skal
verða, hvęrt sinn er bęrt er, ok aldri bilar ī hǫggvi, ok ekki
sār grœr, ef þar skeinisk af.' Þā svarar Hēðinn: 'sverði
hœlir þū þar, en eigi sigri; þat kalla ek gott hvęrt er drōttin-
holt er.' Þā hōfu þeir orrostu þā er Hjaðninga-vīg er kallat,
ok bǫrðusk þann dag allan, ok at kveldi fōru konungar til
skipa. En Hildr gekk of nāttina til valsins, ok vakði upp
með fjǫlkyngi alla þā er dauðir vāru; ok annan dag gengu
konungarnir ā vīg-vǫllinn ok bǫrðusk, ok svā allir þeir er
fellu hinn fyrra daginn. Fōr svā sū orrosta hvęrn dag ęptir
annan, at allir þeir er fellu, ok ǫll vāpn þau er lāgu ā vīgvęlli,
ok svā hlīfar, urðu at grjōti. En er dagaði, stōðu upp allir
dauðir męnn, ok bǫrðusk, ok ǫll vāpn vāru þā nȳ. Svā er
sagt ī kvæðum, at Hjaðningar skulu svā bīða ragna-rökrs.
VI. THE DEATH OF OLAF TRYGGVASON
Sveinn konungr tjūgu-skęgg ātti Sigrīði hina stōr-rāðu.
Sigrīðr var hinn mesti ū-vinr Ōlāfs konungs Tryggva-sonar;
ok fann þat til saka at Ōlāfr konungr hafði slitit einka-mālum
við hana, ok lostit hana ī and-lit. Hon ęggjaði mjǫk Svein
konung til at halda orrostu við Ōlāf konung Tryggvason, ok
kom hon svā sīnum for-tǫlum at Sveinn konungr var full-
kominn at gǫ̈ra þetta rāð. Ok snimma um vārit sęndi
Sveinn konungr męnn austr til Svī-þjōðar ā fund Ōlāfs
konungs Svīa-konungs, māgs sīns, ok Eirīks jarls; ok lēt sęgja
þeim at Ōlāfr, Noregs konungr, hafði leiðangr ūti, ok ætlaði
at fara um sumarit til Vind-lands. Fylgði þat orð-sęnding
Dana-konungs, at þeir Svīakonungr ok Eirīkr jarl skyldi
hęr ūti hafa, ok fara til mōts við Svein konung, skyldu
þeir þā allir samt lęggja til orrostu við Ōlāf konung Tryggva-
son. En Ōlāfr Svīakonungr ok Eirīkr jarl vāru þessar
fęrðar al-būnir, ok drōgu þā saman skipa-hęr mikinn af Svīa-
vęldi, fǫru þvī liði suðr til Dan-markar ok kvāmu þar svā, [*]
at Ōlāfr konungr Tryggvason hafði āðr austr siglt. Þeir
Svīakonungr ok Eirīkr jarl heldu til fundar við Danakonung,
ok hǫfðu þā allir saman ū-grynni hęrs.
Sveinn konungr, þā er hann hafði sęnt ęptir hęrinum,
þā sęndi hann Sigvalda jarl til Vindlands at njōsna um fęrð
Ōlāfs konungs Tryggvasonar, ok gildra svā til, at fundr
þeira Sveins konungs mætti verða. Fęrr þā Sigvaldi jarl
leið sīna, ok kom fram ā Vindlandi, fōr til Jōmsborgar, ok
sīðan ā fund Ōlāfs konungs Tryggvasonar. Vāru þar mikil
vināttu-māl þeira ā meðal, kom jarl sēr ī hinn mesta kærleik
við Ōlāf konung. Āstrīðr kona jarls, dōttir Burizleifs konungs,
var vinr mikill Ōlāfs konungs, ok var þat mjǫk af hinum
fyrrum tęngðum, er Ōlafr konungr hafði ātt Geiru, systur [*]
hęnnar. Sigvaldi jarl var maðr vitr ok rāðugr; en er hann
kom sēr ī rāða-gęrð við Ōlāf konung, þā dvalði hann mjǫk
fęrðina hans austan at sigla, ok fann til þess mjǫk ȳmsa hluti. [*]
En lið Ōlāfs konungs lēt geysi illa, ok vāru męnn mjǫk
heim-fūsir, er þeir lāgu albūnir, en veðr byr-væn. Sigvaldi
jarl fekk njōsn leyniliga af Danmǫrk, at þā var austan kominn
hęrr Svīakonungs, ok Eirīkr jarl hafði þā ok būinn sinn hęr,
ok þeir hǫfðingjarnir mundu þā koma austr undir Vindland,
ok þeir hǫfðu ā kveðit, at þeir mundu bīða Ōlāfs konungs
við ey þā er Svǫlðr heitir, svā þat, at jarl skyldi svā til stilla [*]
at þeir mætti þar finna Ōlāf konung.
Þā kom pati nakkvarr til Vindlands, at Sveinn Dana-
konungr hęfði hęr ūti, ok gǫ̈rðisk brātt sā kurr, at Sveinn
Danakonungr mundi vilja finna Ōlāf konung. En Sigvaldi
jarl sęgir konungi: 'ekki er þat rāð Sveins konungs at
lęggja til bardaga við þik með Dana-hęr einn saman, svā
mikinn hęr sem þēr hafið. En ef yðr er nakkvarr grunr ā
þvī, at ū-friðr muni fyrir, þā skal ek fylgja yðr með mīnu [*]
liði, ok þōtti þat styrkr vera fyrr, hvar sem Jōms-vīkingar
fylgðu hǫfðingjum; mun ek fā þēr ellifu skip vel skipuð.'
Konungr jātti þessu. Var þā lītit veðr ok hag-stœtt; lēt
konungr þā leysa flotann, ok blāsa til brott-lǫgu. Drōgu
męnn þā segl sīn, ok gengu meira smā-skipin ǫll, ok sigldu [*]
þau undan ā haf ūt. En jarl sigldi nær konungs-skipinu,
ok kallaði til þeira, bað konung sigla ęptir sēr: 'mēr er
kunnast,' sęgir hann, 'hvar djūpast er um eyja-sundin, en
þēr munuð þess þurfa með þau in stōru skipin.' Sigldi
þā jarl fyrir með sīnum skipum. Hann hafði ellifu skip,
en konungr sigldi ęptir honum með sinum stōr-skipum,
hafði hann þar ok ellifu skip, en allr annarr hęrrinn sigldi
ūt ā hafit. En er Sigvaldi jarl sigldi utan at Svǫlðr, þā
röri ā mōti þeim skūta ein. Þeir sęgja jarli at hęrr Dana-
konungs lā þar ī hǫfninni fyrir þeim. Þā lēt jarl hlaða
seglunum, ok rōa þeir inn undir eyna.
Sveinn Danakonungr ok Ōlāfr Svīakonungr ok Eirīkr
jarl vāru þar þā með allan hęr sinn; þā var fagrt veðr
ok bjart sōl-skin. Gengu þeir nū upp ā hōlminn allir
hǫfðingjar með miklar sveitir manna, ok sā er skipin sigldu
ūt ā hafit mjǫk mǫrg saman. Ok nū sjā þeir hvar siglir
eitt mikit skip ok glæsiligt; þā mæltu bāðir konungarnir:
'þetta er mikit skip ok ākafliga fagrt, þetta mun vera Ormrinn
langi.' Eirīkr jarl svarar ok sęgir: 'ekki er þetta Ormr hinn
langi.' Ok svā var sem hann sagði; þetta skip ātti Eindriði
af Gimsum. Lītlu sīðar sā þeir hvar annat skip sigldi miklu
meira en hit fyrra. Þā mælti Sveinn konungr: 'hræddr er
Ōlāfr Tryggvason nū, eigi þorir hann at sigla með hǫfuðin
ā skipi sīnu.' Þā sęgir Eirīkr jarl: 'ekki er þetta konungs
skip, kęnni ek þetta skip ok seglit, þvī at stafat er seglit, þat
ā Erlingr Skjālgsson; lātum sigla þā, bętra er oss skarð ok
missa ī flota Ōlāfs konungs en þetta skip þar svā būit.' En
stundu sīðar sā þeir ok kęndu skip Sigvalda jarls, ok viku
þan þannig at hōlmanum. Þā sā þeir hvar sigldu þrjū skip,
ok var eitt mikit skip. Mælti þā Sveinn konungr, biðr þā
ganga til skipa sinna, sęgir at þar fęrr Ormrinn langi. Eirīkr
jarl mælti: 'mǫrg hafa þeir ǫnnur stōr skip ok glæsilig en
Orm hinn langa, bīðum ęnn.' Þā mæltu mjǫk margir męnn:
'eigi vill Eirīkr jarl nū bęrjask, ok hęfna fǫður sīns; þetta
er skǫmm mikil, svā at spyrjask mun um ǫll lǫnd, ef vēr
liggjum hēr með jafn-miklu liði, en Ōlāfr konungr sigli ā
hafit ūt hēr hjā oss sjālfum.' En er þeir hǫfðu þetta talat
um hrīð, þā sā þeir hvar sigldu fjogur skip, ok eitt af
þeim var dręki all-mikill ok mjǫk gull-būinn. Þā stōð upp
Sveinn konungr, ok mælti: 'hātt mun Ormrinn bera mik ī
kveld, honum skal ek stȳra.' Þā mæltu margir, at Ormrinn
var furðu mikit skip ok frītt, ok rausn mikil at lāta gǫ̈ra
slīkt skip. Þā mælti Eirīkr jarl, svā at nakkvarir męnn
heyrðu: 'þōtt Ōlāfr konungr hęfði ekki meira skip en þetta,
þā mundi Sveinn konungr þat aldri fā af honum með einn
saman Danahęr.' Dreif þā fōlkit til skipanna, ok rāku af
tjǫldin, ok ætluðu at būask skjōtliga. En er hǫfðingjar rœddu
þetta milli sīn, sem nū er sagt, þā sā þeir, hvar sigldu þrjū
skip all-mikil, ok fjōrða sīðast, ok var þat Ormrinn langi.
En þau hin stōru skip, er āðr hǫfðu siglt, ok þeir hugðu
at Ormrinn væri, þat var hit fyrra Traninn, en hit sīðara
Ormrinn skammi. En þā er þeir sā Orminn langa, kęndu
allir, ok mælti þā engi ī mōt, at þar mundi sigla Ōlāfr
Tryggvason; gengu þā til skipanna, ok skipuðu til at-
lǫgunnar. Vāru þat einkamāl þeira hǫfðingja, Sveins konungs,
Ōlāfs konungs, Eirīks jarls, at sinn þriðjung Noregs skyldi
eignask hvęrr þeira, ef þeir fęldi Ōlāf konung Tryggvason;
en sā þeira hǫfðingja er fyrst gengi ā Orminn, skyldi eignask
alt þat hlut-skipti er þar fengisk, ok hvęrr þeira þau skip
er sjālfr hryði. Eirīkr jarl hafði barða einn geysi mikinn,
er hann var vanr at hafa ī viking; þar var skęgg ā ofan-
verðu barðinu hvārutvęggja, en niðr frā jārn-spǫng þykk ok
svā breið sem barðit, ok tōk alt ī sæ ofan.
Þā er þeir Sigvaldi jarl röru inn undir hōlminn, þā sā
þat þeir Þorkęll dyðrill af Trananum ok aðrir skip-stjōrn-
ar-męnn, þeir er með honum fōru, at jarl snöri skipum
undir hōlmann; þā hlōðu þeir ok seglum, ok röru ęptir
honum, ok kǫlluðu til þeira, spurðu, hvī þeir fōru svā. Jarl
sęgir, at hann vill bīða Ōlāfs konungs: 'ok er meiri vān at
ūfriðr sē fyrir oss.' Lētu þeir þā fljōta skipin, þar til er
Þorkęll nęfja kom með Orminn skamma, ok þau þrjū skip
er honum fylgðu. Ok vāru þeim sǫgð hin sǫmu tīðindi;
hlōðu þeir þā ok sīnum seglum, ok lētu fljōta, ok biðu
Ōlāfs konungs. En þā er konungrinn sigldi innan at hōl-
manum, þā röri allr hęrrinn ūt ā sundit fyrir þā. En er
þeir sā þat, þa bāðu þeir konunginn sigla leið sīna, en
lęggja eigi til orrostu við svā mikinn hęr. Konungr svarar
hātt, ok stōð upp ī lyptingunni: 'lāti ofan seglit, ekki skulu
mīnir męnn hyggja ā flōtta, ek hęfi aldri flȳit ī orrostu, rāði
Guð fyrir līfi mīnu, en aldri mun ek ā flōtta lęggja.' Var svā
gǫ̈rt sem konungr mælti.
Ōlāfr konungr lēt blāsa til sam-lǫgu ǫllum skipum sīnum.
Var konungs skip ī miðju liði, en þar ā annat borð Ormrinn
skammi, en ā annat borð Traninn. En þā er þeir tōku
at tęngja stafna ā Orminum langa ok Orminum skamma,
ok er konungr sā þat, kallaði hann hātt, bað þā lęggja
fram bętr hit mikla skipit, ok lāta þat eigi aptast vera allra
skipa ī hęrinum. Þā svarar Ūlfr hinn rauði: 'ef Orminn
skal þvī lęngra fram lęggja, sem hann er lęngri en ǫnnur
skip, þā mun ā-vint verða um sǫxin ī dag.' Konungr sęgir:
'eigi vissa ek at ek ætta stafnbūann bæði rauðan ok ragan.'
Ūlfr mælti: 'vęr þū eigi meir baki lyptingina en ek mun
stafninn.' Konungr helt ā boga, ok lagði ǫr ā stręng, ok
snöri at Ūlfi. Ūlfr mælti: 'skjōt annan veg, konungr ī þannig
sem meiri er þǫrfin; þēr vinn ek þat er ek vinn.'
Ōlāfr konungr stōð ī lyptingu ā Orminum, bar hann hātt [*]
mjǫk; hann hafði gyltan skjǫld ok gull-roðinn hjālm; var
hann auð-kęndr frā ǫðrum mǫnnum: hann hafði rauðan
kyrtil stuttan utan yfir brynju. En er Ōlāfr konungr sā at
riðluðusk flotarnir, ok upp vāru sętt męrki fyrir hǫfðingjum,
þā spyrr hann: 'hvęrr er hǫfðingi fyrir liði þvī er gęgnt
oss er?' Honum var sagt at þar var Sveinn konungr
tjūguskęgg með Danahęr. Konungr svarar: 'ekki hræðumk
vēr bleyður þær, engi er hugr ī Dǫnum. En hvęrr hǫfðingi
fylgir þeim męrkjum er þar eru ūt īfrā ā hœgra veg?' Honum
var sagt at þar var Ōlāfr konungr með Svīa-hęr. Ōlāfr
konungr sęgir: 'bętra væri Svīum heima at sleikja um blōt-
bolla sīna en ganga ā Orminn undir vāpn yður. En hvęrir
eigu þau hin stōru skip, er þar liggja ūt ā bak-borða Dǫnum?'
'Þar er,' sęgja þeir 'Eirīkr jarl Hākonar-son.' Þā svaraði
Ōlāfr konungr: 'hann mun þykkjask eiga við oss skapligan
fund, ok oss er vān snarpligrar orrostu af þvī liði; þeir eru
Norð-męnn, sem vēr erum.'
Sīðan greiða konungar at-rōðr. Lagði Sveinn konungr
sitt skip mōti Orminum langa, en Ōlāfr konungr Sœnski
lagði ūt frā, ok stakk stǫfnum at yzta skipi Ōlāfs konungs
Tryggvasonar, en ǫðrum megin Eirīkr jarl. Tōksk þar þā
hǫrð orrosta. Sigvaldi jarl lēt skotta við sīn skip, ok lagði
ekki til orrostu.
Þessi orrosta var hin snarpasta ok all-mann-skœð. Fram-
byggjar ā Orminum langa ok Orminum skamma ok Trananum
fœrðu akkeri ok stafn-ljā ī skip Sveins konungs, en āttu
vāpnin at bera niðr undir fœtr sēr; hruðu þeir ǫll þau skip
er þeir fengu haldit. En konungrinn Sveinn ok þat lið er
undan komsk flȳði ā ǫnnur skip, ok þar næst lǫgðu þeir
frā ōr skot-māli. Ok fōr þessi hęrr svā sem gat Ōlāfr
konungr Tryggvason. Þā lagði þar at ī staðinn Ōlāfr
Svīakonungr; ok þegar er þeir koma nær stōrskipum, þā
fōr þeim sem hinum, at þeir lētu lið mikit ok sum skip sīn,
ok lǫgðu frā við svā būit. En Eirīkr jarl sī-byrði Barðanum
við hit yzta skip Ōlāfs konungs, ok hrauð hann þat, ok hjō
þegar þat ōr tęngslum, en lagði þā at þvī, er þar var næst,
ok barðisk til þess er þat var hroðit. Tōk þā liðit at hlaupa
af hinum smærum skipunum, ok upp ā stōrskipin. En Eirīkr
jarl hjō hvęrt ōr tęngslunum, svā sem hroðit var. En Danir
ok Svīar lǫgðu þā ī skotmāl ok ǫllum megin at skipum Ōlāfs
konungs, en Eirīkr jarl lā āvalt sībyrt við skipin, ok ātti
hǫgg-orrostu. En svā sem męnn fellu ā skipum hans, þā
gengu aðrir upp ī staðinn, Svīar ok Danir. Þā var orrosta
hin snarpasta, ok fell þā mjǫk liðit, ok kom svā at lykðum,
at ǫll vāru hroðin skip Ōlāfs konungs Tryggvasonar nema
Ormrinn langi; var þar þā alt lið ā komit, þat er vīgt var
hans manna. Þā lagði Eirīkr jarl Barðanum at Orminum
langa sībyrt, ok var þar hǫggorrosta.
Eirlīkr jarl var ī fyrir-rūmi ā skipi sīnu, ok var þar fylkt
með skjald-borg. Var þā bæði hǫggorrosta, ok spjōtum lagit,
ok kastat ǫllu þvī er til vāpna var, en sumir skutu boga-skoti
eða hand-skoti. Var þa svā mikill vāpnaburðr ā Orminn, at
varla mātti hlīfum við koma, er svā þykt flugu spjōt ok ǫrvar;
þvī at ǫllum megin lǫgðu hęrskip at Orminum. En męnn
Ōlāfs konungs vāru þā svā ōðir, at þeir hljōpu upp ā borðin,
til þess at nā með sverðs-hǫggum at drepa fōlkit. En margir
lǫgðu eigi svā undir Orminn, at þeir vildi ī hǫggorrostu vera.
En Ōlāfs męnn gengu flestir ūt af borðunum, ok gāðu eigi
annars en þeir bęrðisk ā slēttum vęlli, ok sukku niðr með
vāpnum sīnum.
Einarr þambar-skęlfir var ā Orminum aptr ī krappa-rūmi;
hann skaut af boga, ok var allra manna harð-skeytastr.
Einarr skaut at Eirīki jarli, ok laust ī stȳris-hnakkann fyrir
ofan hǫfuð jarli, ok gekk alt upp ā reyr-bǫndin. Jarl leit til,
ok spurði ef þeir vissi, hvęrr skaut. En jafn-skjōtt kom
ǫnnur ǫr svā nær jarli, at flaug milli sīðunna ok handarinnar,
ok svā aptr ī hǫfða-fjǫlina, at langt stōð ūt broddrinn. Þā
mælti jarl við mann þann er sumir nęfna Finn, en sumir
sęgja at hann væri Finskr, sā var hinn mesti bog-maðr:
'skjōt-tu mann þann hinn mikla ī krapparūminu!' Finnr
skaut, ok kom ǫrin ā boga Einars miðjan, ī þvī bili er Einarr
drō it þriðja sinn bogann. Brast þā boginn ī tvā hluti. Þā
mælti Ōlāfr konungr: 'hvat brast þar svā hātt?' Einarr
svarar: 'Noregr ōr hęndi þēr, konungr!' 'Eigi mun svā
mikill brestr at orðinn,' sęgir konungr, 'tak boga minn, ok
skjōt af,' ok kastaði boganum til hans. Einarr tōk bogann,
ok drō þegar fyrir odd ǫrvarinnar, ok mælti: 'ofveikr,
ofveikr allvalds boginn!' ok kastaði aptr boganum; tōk þā
skjǫld sinn ok sverð, ok barðisk.
Ōlāfr konungr Tryggvason stōð ī lypting ā Orminum, ok
skaut optast um daginn, stundum bogaskoti, en stundum
gaflǫkum, ok jafnan tveim sęnn. Hann sā fram ā skipit, ok
sā sīna męnn reiða sverðin ok hǫggva tītt, ok sā at illa bitu;
mælti þā hātt: 'hvārt reiði þēr svā slæliga sverðin, er ek sē
at ekki bīta yðr?' Maðr svarar: 'sverð vār eru slæ ok
brotin mjǫk.' Þā gekk konungr ofan ī fyrirrūmit ok lauk
upp hāsætis-kistuna, tōk þar ōr mǫrg sverð hvǫss, ok fekk
mǫnnum. En er hann tōk niðr hinni hœgri hęndi, þā sā
męnn at blōð rann ofan undan bryn-stūkunni; en engi vissi
hvar hann var sārr.
Mest var vǫrnin ā Orminum ok mannskœðust af fyrirrūms-
mǫnnum ok stafnbūum; þar var hvārttvęggja, valit mest
mann-fōlkit ok hæst borðin. En lið fell fyrst um mitt skipit.
Ok þā er fātt stōð manna upp um siglu-skeið, þā rēð Eirīkr
jarl til upp-gǫngunnar, ok kom upp ā Orminn við fimtānda [*]
mann. Þā kom ī mōt honum Hyrningr, māgr Ōlāfs konungs,
með sveit manna, ok varð þar inn harðasti bardagi, ok lauk
svā, at jarl hrǫkk ofan aptr ā Barðann; en þeir męnn er
honum hǫfðu fylgt fellu sumir, en sumir vāru særðir. Þar
varð ęnn in snarpasta orrosta, ok fellu þā margir męnn ā
Orminum. En er þyntisk skipan ā Orminum til varnarinnar,
þā rēð Eirīkr jarl annat sinn til uppgǫngu ā Orminn. Varð
þā ęnn hǫrð við-taka. En er þetta sā stafnbūar ā Orminum,
þā gengu þeir aptr ā skipit, ok snūask til varnar mōti jarli, ok
veita harða viðtǫku. En fyrir þvī at þā var svā mjǫk fallit
lið ā Orminum, at vīða vāru auð borðin, tōku þā jarls męnn
vīða upp at ganga. En alt þat lið er þā stōð upp til varnar
ā Orminum sōtti aptr ā skipit, þar sem konungr var.
Kolbjǫrn stallari gekk upp ī lypting til konungs; þeir
hǫfðu mjǫk līkan klæða-būnað ok vāpna, Kolbjǫrn var ok [*]
allra manna mestr ok frīðastr. Varð nū ęnn ī fyrirrūminu
in snarpasta orrosta. En fyrir þā sǫk at þā var svā mikit
fōlk komit upp ā Orminn af liði jarls sem vera mātti ā skipinu,
en skip hans lǫgðu at ǫllum megin utan at Orminum, en
lītit fjǫl-męnni til varnar mōti svā miklum hęr, nū þōtt þeir
męnn væri bæði stęrkir ok frœknir, þā fellu nū flestir ā lītilli
stundu. En Ōlāfr konungr sjālfr ok þeir Kolbjǫrn bāðir
hljōpu þā fyrir borð, ok ā sitt borð hvārr. En jarls męnn
hǫfðu lagt utan at smā-skūtur, ok drāpu þā er ā kaf hljōpu.
Ok þā er konungr sjālfr hafði ā kaf hlaupit, vildu þeir taka
hann hǫndum, ok fœra Eirīki jarli. En Ōlāfr konungr brā
yfir sik skildinum, ok steypðisk ī kaf; en Kolbjǫrn stallari
skaut undir sik skildinum, ok hlīfði sēr svā við vāpnum er
lagt var af skipum þeim er undir lāgu, ok fell hann svā
ā sæinn at skjǫldrinn varð undir honum, ok komsk hann þvī
eigi ī kaf svā skjōtt, ok varð hann hand-tękinn ok dręginn
upp ī skūtuna, ok hugðu þeir at þar væri konungrinn. Var
hann þā leiddr fyrir jarl. En er þess varð jarl varr at þar
var Kolbjǫrn, en eigi Ōlāfr konungr, þā vāru Kolbirni grið
gefin. En ī þessi svipan hljōpu allir fyrir borð af Orminum,
þeir er þā vāru ā līfi, Ōlāfs konungs męnn; ok sęgir Hall-
freðr vandræða-skāld, at Þorkęll nęfja, konungs brōðir, hljōp
sīðast allra manna fyrir borð.
Svā var fyrr ritat, at Sigvaldi jarl kom til fǫruneytis við
Ōlāf konung ī Vindlandi, ok hafði tīu skip, en þat hit ellifta,
er ā vāru męnn Āstrīðar konungs-dōttur, konu jarls. En
þā er Ōlāfr konungr hafði fyrir borð hlaupit, þā œpði
hęrrinn allr sigr-ōp, ok þā lustu þeir ārum ī sæ Sigvaldi
jarl ok hans męnn, ok röru til bardaga. En sū Vinda-
snękkjan, er Āstrīðar męnn vāru ā, röri brott ok aptr undir
Vindland; ok var þat margra manna māl þegar, at Ōlāfr
konungr mundi hafa steypt af sēr brynjunni ī kafi, ok kafat
svā ūt undan langskipunum, lagizk sīðan til Vindasnękkj-
unnar, ok hęfði męnn Āstrīðar flutt hann til lands. Ok
eru þar margar frā-sagnir um fęrðir Ōlāfs konungs gǫ̈rvar
sīðan af sumum mǫnnum. En hvęrn veg sem þat hęfir
verit, þā kom Ōlāfr konungr Tryggvason aldri sīðan til rīkis
ī Noregi.
VII. AUÐUN
Maðr hēt Auðun, Vest-firzkr at kyni ok fē-lītill; hann fōr
utan vestr þar ī fjǫrðum með um-rāði Þorsteins bōnda gōðs,
ok Þōris stȳri-manns, er þar hafði þegit vist of vetrinn með
Þorsteini. Auðun var ok þar, ok starfaði fyrir honum Þōri,
ok þā þessi laun af honum--utan-fęrðina ok hans um-sjā.
Hann Auðun lagði mestan hluta fjār þess er var fyrir mōður
sīna, āðr hann stigi ā skip, ok var kveðit ā þriggja vetra
bjǫrg. Ok nū fara þeir utan heðan, ok fęrsk þeim vel, ok
var Auðun of vetrinn ęptir með Þōri stȳrimanni; hann ātti
bū ā Mœri. Ok um sumarit ęptir fara þeir ūt til Grœn-lands,
ok eru þar of vetrinn. Þess er við getit at Auðun kaupir
þar bjarn-dȳri eitt, gǫ̈rsimi mikla, ok gaf þar fyrir alla
eigu sīna. Ok nū of sumarit ęptir þā fara þeir aptr til
Noregs, ok verða vel reið-fara; hęfir Auðun dȳr sitt með
sēr, ok ætlar nū at fara suðr til Danmęrkr ā fund Sveins
konungs, ok gefa honum dȳrit. Ok er hann kom suðr ī
landit, þar sem konungr var fyrir, þā gęngr hann upp af [*]
skipi, ok leiðir ęptir sēr dȳrit, ok leigir sēr hęr-bęrgi. Haraldi
konungi var sagt brātt at þar var komit bjarndȳri, gǫ̈rsimi
mikil, 'ok ā Īs-lęnzkr maðr.' Konungr sęndir þegar męnn
ęptir honum, ok er Auðun kom fyrir konung, kvęðr hann
konung vel; konungr tōk vel kvęðju hans, ok spurði sīðan:
'āttu gǫ̈rsimi mikla ī bjarndȳri?' Hann svarar, ok kvezk
eiga dȳrit eitthvęrt. Konungr mælti: 'villtu sęlja oss dȳrit
við slīku verði sem þū keyptir?' Hann svarar: 'eigi vil ek
þat, herra!' 'Villtu þā,' sęgir konungr, 'at ek gefa þēr tvau [*]
verð slīk, ok mun þat rēttara, ef þū hęfir þar við gefit alla
þīna eigu.' 'Eigi vil ek þat, herra!' sęgir hann. Konungr
mælti: 'villtu gefa mēr þā?' Hann svarar: 'eigi, herra!'
Konungr mælti: 'hvat villtu þā af gǫ̈ra?' Hann svarar:
'fara,' sęgir hann, 'til Danmęrkr, ok gefa Sveini konungi.'
Haraldr konungr sęgir: 'hvārt er, at þū ert maðr svā ūvitr
at þū hęfir eigi heyrt ūfrið þann er ī milli er landa þessa,
eða ætlar þū giptu þīna svā mikla, at þū munir þar komask
með gǫ̈rsimar, er aðrir fā eigi komizk klakk-laust, þō at
nauð-syn eigi til?' Auðun svarar: 'herra! þat er ā yðru
valdi, en engu jātum vēr ǫðru en þessu er vēr hǫfum āðr
ætlat.' Þā mælti konungr: 'hvī mun eigi þat til, at þū farir
leið þīna, sem þū vill, ok kom þā til mīn, er þū fęrr aptr,
ok sęg mēr, hvęrsu Sveinn konungr launar þēr dȳrit, ok
kann þat vera, at þū sēr gæfu-maðr.' 'Þvī heit ek þēr,'
sagði Auðun.
Hann fęrr nū sīðan suðr með landi, ok ī Vīk austr, ok þā
til Danmęrkr; ok er þā uppi hvęrr pęnningr fjārins, ok verðr
hann þā biðja matar bæði fyrir sik ok fyrir dȳrit. Hann
kömr ā fund ār-manns Sveins konungs, þess er Āki hēt,
ok bað hann vista nakkvarra bæði fyrir sik ok fyrir dȳrit:
'ek ætla,' sęgir hann, 'at gefa Sveini konungi dȳrit.' Āki
lēzk sęlja mundu honum vistir, ef hann vildi. Auðun kvezk
ekki til hafa fyrir at gefa; 'en ek vilda þō,' sęgir hann, 'at
þetta kvæmisk til leiðar at ek mætta dȳrit fœra konungi.'
'Ek mun fā þēr vistir, sem it þurfið til konungs fundar;
en þar ī mōti vil ek eiga hālft dȳrit, ok māttu ā þat līta,
at dȳrit mun deyja fyrir þēr, þars it þurfuð vistir miklar, en
fē sē farit, ok er būit við at þū hafir þā ekki dȳrsins.' Ok [*]
er hann lītr ā þetta, sȳnisk honum nakkvat ęptir sem [*]
ārmaðrinn mælti fyrir honum, ok sættask þeir ā þetta, at
hann sęlr Āka hālft dȳrit, ok skal konungr sīðan meta alt
saman. Skulu þeir fara bāðir nū ā fund konungs; ok svā
gǫ̈ra þeir: fara nū bāðir ā fund konungs, ok stōðu fyrir
borðinu. Konungr īhugāði, hvęrr þessi maðr myndi vera,
er hann kęndi eigi, ok mælti sīðan til Auðunar: 'hvęrr
er-tu?' sęgir hann. Hann svarar: 'ek em Īslęnzkr maðr,
herra,' sęgir hann, 'ok kominn nū utan af Grœnlandi, ok nū [*]
af Noregi, ok ætlaða-k at fœra yðr bjarndȳri þetta; keypta-k
þat með allri eigu minni, ok nū er þō ā orðit mikit fyrir
mēr; ek ā nū hālft eitt dȳrit,' ok sęgir konungi sīðan, hvęrsu
farit hafði með þeim Āka ārmanni hans. Konungr mælti:
'er þat satt, Āki, er hann sęgir?' 'Satt er þat,' sęgir hann.
Konungr mælti: 'ok þōtti þēr þat til liggja, þar sem ek
sętta-k þik mikinn mann, at hępta þat eða tālma er maðr
gǫ̈rðisk til at fœra mēr gǫ̈rsimi, ok gaf fyrir alla eign, ok
sā þat Haraldr konungr at rāði at lāta hann fara ī friði, ok er
hann vārr ūvinr? Hygg þū at þā, hvē sannligt þat var þinnar
handar, ok þat væri makligt, at þū værir drepinn; en ek
mun nū eigi þat gǫ̈ra, en braut skaltu fara þegar ōr landinu,
ok koma aldri aptr sīðan mēr ī aug-sȳn! En þēr, Auðun!
kann ek slīka þǫkk, sem þū gefir mēr alt dȳrit, ok ver hēr
með mēr.' Þat þękkisk hann, ok er með Sveini konungi
um hrīð.
Ok er liðu nakkvarir stundir, þā mælti Auðun við konung:
'braut fȳsir mik nū, herra!' Konungr svarar hęldr seint:
'hvat villtu þā,' sęgir hann, 'ef þū vill eigi með oss vera?'
Hann sęgir: 'suðr vil ek ganga.' 'Ef þū vildir eigi svā gott
rāð taka,' sęgir konungr, 'þā myndi mēr fyrir þykkja ī, er þū
fȳsisk ī braut'; ok nū gaf konungr honum silfr mjǫk mikit,
ok fōr hann suðr sīðan með Rūm-fęrlum, ok skipaði konungr
til um fęrð hans, bað hann koma til sīn, er kvæmi aptr.
Nū fōr hann fęrðar sinnar, unz hann kömr suðr ī Rōma-borg.
Ok er hann hęfir þar dvalizk, sem hann tīðir, þā fęrr hann
aptr; tękr þā sōtt mikla, gǫ̈rir hann þā ākafliga magran;
gęngr þā upp alt fēit þat, er konungr hafði gefit honum
til fęrðarinnar; tękr sīðan upp staf-karls stīg, ok biðr sēr
matar. Hann er þā kollōttr ok hęldr ū-sælligr; hann kömr
aptr ī Danmörk at pāskum, þangat sem konungr er þā
staddr; en ei þorði hann at lāta sjā sik; ok var ī kirkju-
skoti, ok ætlaði þā til fundar við konung, er hann gengi
til kirkju um kveldit; ok nū er hann sā konunginn ok
hirðina fagrliga būna, þā þorði hann eigi at lāta sjā sik.
Ok er konungr gekk til drykkju ī hǫllina, þā mataðisk Auðun
ūti, sem siðr er til Rūmfęrla, meðan þeir hafa eigi kastat staf
ok skreppu. Ok nū of aptaninn, er konungr gekk til kveld-
sǫngs, ætlaði Auðun at hitta hann, ok svā mikit sem honum
þōtti fyrr fyrir, jōk nū miklu ā, er þeir vāru druknir
hirðmęnninir; ok er þeir gengu inn aptr, þā þękði konungr
mann, ok þōttisk finna at eigi hafði frama til at ganga fram
at hitta hann. Ok nū er hirðin gekk inn, þā veik konungr
ūt, ok mælti: 'gangi sā nū fram, er mik vill finna; mik
grunar at sā muni vera maðrinn.' Þā gekk Auðun fram,
ok fell til fōta konungi, ok varla kęndi konungr hann; ok
þegar er konungr veit, hvęrr hann er, tōk konungr ī hǫnd
honum Auðuni, ok bað hann vel kominn, 'ok hęfir þū mikit
skipazk,' segir hann, 'sīðan vit sāmk'; leiðir hann ęptir sēr
inn, ok er hirðin sā hann, hlōgu þeir at honum; en konungr
sagði: 'eigi þurfu þēr at honum at hlæja, þvī at bętr hęfir
hann sēt fyr sinni sāl hęldr en ēr.' Þā lēt konungr gǫ̈ra [*]
honum laug, ok gaf honum sīðan hlæði, ok er hann nū með
honum. Þat er nū sagt einhvęrju sinni of vārit at konungr
bȳðr Auðuni at vera með sēr ā-lęngðar, ok kvezk myndu
gǫ̈ra hann skutil-svein sinn, ok lęggja til hans gōða virðing.
Auðun sęgir: 'Guð þakki yðr, herra! sōma þann allan er
þēr vilið til mīn lęggja; en hitt er mēr ī skapi at fara ūt
til Īslands.' Konungr sęgir: 'þetta sȳnisk mēr undarliga
kosit.' Auðun mælti: 'eigi mā ek þat vita, herra!' sęgir
hann, 'at ek hafa hēr mikinn sōma með yðr, en mōðir mīn [*]
troði stafkarls stīg ūt ā Īslandi; þvī at nū er lokit bjǫrg þeiri
er ek lagða til, āðr ek fœra af Īslandi.' Konungr svarar:
'vel er mælt,' sęgir hann, 'ok mannliga, ok muntu verða
giptu-maðr; þessi einn var svā hlutrinn, at mēr myndi eigi [*]
mis-līka at þū fœrir ī braut heðan; ok ver nū með mēr þar til
er skip būask.' Hann gǫ̈rir svā.
Einn dag, er ā leið vārit, gekk Sveinn konungr ofan ā
bryggjur, ok vāru męnn þā at, at būa skip til ȳmissa landa,
ī austr-veg eða Sax-land, til Svīþjōðar eða Noregs. Þā koma
þeir Auðun at einu skipi fǫgru, ok vāru męnn at, at būa
skipit. Þā spurði konungr: 'hvęrsu līzk þēr, Auðun! ā
þetta skip?' Hann svarar: 'vel, herra!' Konungr mælti:
'þetta skip vil ek þēr gefa, ok launa bjarndȳrit.' Hann
þakkaði gjǫfina ęptir sinni kunnustu; ok er leið stund, ok
skipit var albūit, þā mælti Sveinn konungr við Auðun: 'þō
villtu nū ā braut, þā mun ek nū ekki lętja þik, en þat hęfi ek
spurt, at ilt er til hafna fyrir landi yðru, ok eru vīða öræfi ok
hætt skipum; nū brȳtr þū, ok tȳnir skipinu ok fēnu; lītt sēr
þat þā ā, at þū hafir fundit Svein konung, ok gefit honum
gǫ̈rsimi.' Sīðan sęldi konungr honum leðr-hosu fulla af
silfri, 'ok ertu þā ęnn eigi fē-lauss með ǫllu, þōtt þū brjōtir
skipit, ef þū fær haldit þessu. Verða mā svā ęnn,' sęgir
konungr, 'at þū tȳnir þessu fē; lītt nȳtr þū þā þess, er þū
fannt Svein konung, ok gaft honum gǫ̈rsimi.' Sīðan drō
konungr hring af hęndi sēr, ok gaf Auðuni, ok mælti: 'þō
at svā illa verði, at þū brjōtir skipit ok tȳnir fēnu, eigi
ertu fēlauss, ef þū kömsk ā land, þvī at margir męnn hafa
gull ā sēr ī skips-brotum, ok sēr þā at þū hęfir fundit Svein
konung, ef þū hęldr hringinum; en þat vil ek rāða þēr,'
sęgir hann, 'at þū gefir eigi hringinn, nema þū þykkisk eiga
svā mikit gott at launa nǫkkurum gǫfgum manni, þā gef
þeim hringinn, þvī at tignum mǫnnum sōmir at þiggja, ok
far nū heill!'
Sīðan lætr hann ī haf, ok kömr ī Noreg, ok lætr flytja
upp varnað sinn, ok þurfti nū meira við þat en fyrr, er
hann var ī Noregi. Hann fęrr nū sīðan ā fund Haralds
konungs, ok vill ęfna þat er hann hēt honum, āðr hann
fōr til Danmęrkr, ok kvęðr konung vel. Haraldr konungr
tōk vel kvęðju hans, ok 'sęzk niðr,' sęgir hann, 'ok drekk
hēr með oss'; ok svā gǫ̈rir hann. Þā spurði Haraldr kon-
ungr: 'hvęrju launaði Sveinn konungr þēr dȳrit?' Auðun
svarar: 'þvī, herra! at hann þā at mēr.' Konungr sagði:
'launat mynda ek þēr þvī hafa; hvęrju launaði hann ęnn?'
Auðun svarar: 'gaf hann mēr silfr til suðr-gǫngu.' Þā sęgir
Haraldr konungr: 'mǫrgum mǫnnum gefr Sveinn konungr
silfr til suðrgǫngu eða annarra hluta, þōtt ekki fœri honum
gǫ̈rsimar; hvat er ęnn fleira?' 'Hann bauð mēr,' sęgir
Auðun, 'at görask skutilsveinn hans, ok mikinn sōma til
mīn at lęggja.' 'Vel var þat mælt,' sęgir konungr, 'ok
launa, myndi hann ęnn fleira.' Auðun sagði: 'gaf hann mēr
knǫrr með farmi þeim er hingat er bęzt varit ī Noreg.' Þat
var stōr-mannligt,' sęgir konungr, 'en launat mynda ek þēr
þvī hafa. Launaði hann þvī fleira?' Auðun svaraði: 'gaf
hann mēr leðrhosu fulla af silfri, ok kvað mik þā eigi fēlausan,
ef ek helda þvī, þō at skip mitt bryti við Īsland.' Konungr
sagði: 'þat var ā-gætliga gǫ̈rt, ok þat mynda ek ekki gǫ̈rt
hafa; lauss mynda ek þykkjask, ef ek gæfa þer skipit; hvārt
launaði hann fleira?' 'Svā var vīst, herra!' sęgir Auðun,
'at hann launaði: hann gaf mēr hring þenna er ek hęfi
ā hęndi, ok kvað svā mega at berask, at ek tȳnda fēnu
ǫllu, ok sagði mik þā eigi fēlausan, ef ek ætta hringinn,
ok bað mik eigi lōga, nema ek ætta nǫkkurum tignum manni
svā gott at launa, at ek vilda gefa; en nū hęfi ek þann
fundit, þvī at þū āttir kost at taka hvārttvęggja frā mēr,
dȳrit ok svā līf mitt, en þū lēzt mik fara þangat ī friði,
sem aðrir nāðu eigi.' Konungr tōk við gjǫfinni með blīðu,
ok gaf Auðuni ī mōti gōðar gjafir, āðr en þeir skilðisk.
Auðun varði fēnu til Īslands-fęrðar ok fōr ūt þegar um
sumarit til Īslands, ok þōtti vera inn mesti gæfumaðr.
VII. ÞRYMS-KVIÐA
1. Vreiðr var þā Ving-þōrr, er hann vaknaði,
ok sīns hamars of saknaði:
skęgg nam at hrista, skǫr nam at dȳja,
rēð Jarðar burr um at þreifask.
2. Ok hann þat orða alls fyrst of kvað:
'heyr-ðu nū, Loki! hvat ek nū mæli,
er engi veit jarðar hvęrgi [*]
nē upp-himins: āss er stolinn hamri!'
3. Gengu þeir fagra Freyju tūna, [*]
ok hann þat orða alls fyrst of kvað:
'muntu mēr, Freyja! fjaðr-hams ljā,
ef ek minn hamar mætta-k hitta?'
Freyja kvað:
4. Þō munda-k gefa þēr, þōtt ōr gulli væri,
ok-þō sęlja at væri ōr silfri.' [*]
5. Flō þā Loki, fjaðrhamr dunði,
unz fyr utan kom āsa garða,
ok fyr innan kom jǫtna heima.
6. Þrymr sat ā haugi, þursa drōttinn,
greyjum sīnum gull-bǫnd snöri
ok mǫrum sīnum mǫn jafnaði.
Þrymr kvað:
7. 'Hvat er með āsum? hvat er með ālfum?
hvī er-tu einn kominn ī Jǫtunheima?'
Loki kvað:
'Ilt er með āsum, ilt er með ālfum;
hęfir þū Hlō-riða hamar of fōlginn?'
Þrymr kvað:
8. 'Ek hęfi Hlōriða hamar of fōlginn
ātta rǫstum fyr jǫrð neðan;
hann engi maðr aptr of heimtir,
nema fœri mēr Freyju at kvān.' [*]
9. Flō þā Loki, fjaðrhamr dunði,
unz fyr utan kom jǫtna heima
ok fyr innan kom āsa garða;
mœtti hann Þōr miðra garða,
ok hann þat orða alls fyrst of kvað:
10. 'Hęfir þū örindi sem ęrfiði?
sęg-ðu ā lopti lǫng tīðindi:
opt sitjanda sǫgur of fallask,
ok liggjandi lygi of bęllir.'
Loki kvað:
11. 'Hęfi-k ęrfiði ok örindi:
Þrymr hęfir þinn hamar, þursa drōttinn;
hann engi maðr aptr of heimtir,
nema honum fœri Freyju at kvān.'
12. Ganga þeir fagra Freyju at hitta,
ok hann þat orða alls fyrst of kvað:
'bitt-u þik, Freyja, brūðar līni!
vit skulum aka tvau ī Jǫtunheima.'
13. Vreið varð þā Freyja ok fnāsaði,
allr āsa salr undir bifðisk,
stǫkk þat it mikla męn Brīsinga:
'mik veizt-u verða ver-gjarnasta,
ef ek ęk með þēr ī Jǫtunheima.'
14. Sęnn vāru æsir allir ā þingi
ok āsynjur allar ā māli,
ok of þat rēðu rīkir tīvar,
hvē þeir Hlōriða hamar of sœtti.
15. Þā kvað þat Heimdallr, hvītastr āsa
(vissi hann vel fram, sem vanir aðrir):
'bindum vēr Þōr þā brūðar līni,
hafi hann it mikla męn Brīsinga!
16. Lātum und honum hrynja lukla
ok kvenn-vāðir of knē falla,
en ā brjōsti breiða steina,
ok hagliga of hǫfuð typpum!'
17. Þā kvað þat Þōrr, þrūðugr āss:
'mik munu æsir argan kalla,
ef ek bindask læt brūðar līni.'
18. Þā kvað þat Loki, Laufeyjar sonr:
'þęgi þū [nū], Þōrr! þeira orða;
þegar munu jǫtnar Āsgarð būa,
nema þū þinn hamar þēr of heimtir.'
19. Bundu þeir Þōr þā brūðar līni
ok inu mikla męni Brīsinga.
20. Lētu und honum hrynja lukla
ok kvenn-vāðir of knē falla,
en ā brjōsti breiða steina,
ok hagliga of hǫfuð typðu.
21. Þā kvað þat Loki, Laufeyjar sonr:
'mun ek ok með þēr ambātt vera,
vit skulum aka tvær ī Jǫtunheima.'
22. Sęnn vāru hafrar heim of reknir,
skyndir at skǫklum, skyldu vel ręnna:
bjǫrg brotnuðu, brann jǫrð loga,
ōk Ōðins sonr ī Jǫtunheima.
23. Þā kvað þat Þrymr, þursa drōttinn:
'standið upp, jǫtnar! ok strāið bękki!
nū fœra mēr Freyju at kvān,
Njarðar dōttur, ōr Nōa-tūnum.
24. Ganga hēr at garði gull-hyrndar kȳr,
öxn al-svartir jǫtni at gamni;
fjǫlð ā ek meiðma, fjǫlð ā ek męnja,
einnar mēr Freyju āvant þykkir.'
25. Var þar at kveldi of komit snimma,
ok fyr jǫtna ǫl fram borit;
einn āt oxa, ātta laxa,
krāsir allar, þær er konur skyldu,
drakk Sifjar verr sāld þrjū mjaðar.
26. Þā kvað þat Þrymr, þursa drōttinn:
'hvar sāttu brūðir bīta hvassara?
sāk-a-k brūðir bīta breiðara,
nē inn meira mjǫð mey of drekka.'
27. Sat in al-snotra ambātt fyrir,
er orð of fann við jǫtuns māli:
'āt vætr Freyja ātta nāttum,
svā var hon ōð-fūs ī Jǫtunheima.'
28. Laut und līnu, lysti at kyssa,
en hann utan stǫkk ęnd-langan sal:
'hvī eru ǫndōtt augu Freyju?
þykkir mēr ōr augum eldr of bręnna.'
29. Sat in alsnotra ambātt fyrir,
er orð of fann við jǫtuns māli:
'svaf vætr Freyja ātta nāttum,
svā var hon ōðfūs ī Jǫtunheima.'
30. Inn kom in arma jǫtna systir,
hin er brūð-fjār of biðja þorði:
'lāttu þēr af hǫndum hringa rauða,
ef þū ǫðlask vill āstir mīnar,
āstir mīnar, alla hylli!'
31. Þā kvað þat Þrymr, þursa drōttinn:
'berið inn hamar brūði at vīgja,
lęggið Mjǫllni ī meyjar knē,
vīgið okkr saman Vārar hęndi!'
32. Hlō Hlōriða hugr ī brjōsti,
er harð-hugaðr hamar of þękði;
Þrym drap hann fyrstan, þursa drōttin,
ok ætt jǫtuns alla lamði.
33. Drap hann ina ǫldnu jǫtna systur,
hin er brūðfjār of beðit hafði;
hon skell of hlaut fyr skillinga,
en hǫgg hamars fyr hringa fjǫlð.
Svā kom Ōðins sonr ęndr at hamri.
NOTES
The references marked Gr. are to the paragraphs of the Grammar.
I. THOR
Line 3. *Hann ā þar rīki er Þrūð-vangar heita*, 'he reigns
(there) where it is called Þ.,' i.e. in the place which is called
Þ. The plur. _heita_ agrees with _þrūðvangar_, as in l. 14
below: _þat eru jārnglōfar_ 'that is (his) iron gloves.'
l. 5. *þat er hūs mest, svā at męnn hafa gǫ̈rt*, 'that is the
largest house, so that men have made (it),' i.e. the largest
house that has been built. Note the plur. _hūs_ of a single
house; each chamber was originally regarded as a house, being
often a detached building.
l. 13. *spęnnir þeim*, Gr. § 154; cp. 2. 49.
II. THOR AND ŪTGARÐALOKI
l. 1. *fōr með hafra sīna...ok með honum sā, āss er...* We
see here that _með_ generally takes an acc. to denote passive,
and a dat. to denote voluntary accompaniment.
l. 5. *soðit* refers to some such subst. as _slātr_ (meat)
understood.
l. 11. *sprętti ā...* _ā_ is here an adv.
l. 12. *til męrgjar.* _til_ here implies intention--to get at
the marrow.
l. 20. *þat er sā augnanna*, 'the little he saw of the eyes.'--
Thor frowned till his eyebrows nearly covered his eyes, and the
man felt as if he were going to fall down dead at the mere sight
of them.
l. 21. The second *hann* refers, of course, to Thor.
l. 34. *til myrkrs*, till it was dark.
l. 36. *þeir*, the masc. instead of the neut. pl., as in l. 32
*foll.*, showing that _leituðu_ is meant to refer only to the men
of the party, and not to include Rǫskva. (Gr. § 179.)
l. 46. *sēr hvar lā maðr*, 'saw where a man lay,' i.e. saw a man
lying.
l. 51. *einu sinni*, for once in his life.
l. 52. *nęfndisk Skrȳmir*, said his name was Skr.
l. 66. *būið til* (_prp._) *nātt-verðar yðr*, prepare supper for
yourselves.
l. 77. *Er þat þēr satt at sęgja*. _satt_ is in apposition to
_þat_--'that is to be told you as the truth, (namely) that...'
l. 88. *sjā sik*, see himself alive.
l. 104. *þann* = _þann veg_, that way, course.
l. 108. *at æsirnir bæði þā heila hittask*. The full sense is,
'that Thor and Loki expressed a wish that they and Skrȳmir might
meet again safe and sound.'
ll. 111, 112. *sęttu hnakkann ā bak sēr aptr*, threw back the
backs of their heads till they touched their backs, i.e. threw
back their heads.
l. 118. *œrit stōra*, 'rather big,' i.e. very big.
l. 120. *glotti um tǫnn*, 'grinned round a tooth,' i.e. showed
his teeth in a malicious grin. Two MSS. read _við_ instead of
_um_.
l. 121. *er annan veg en ek hygg, at...?* is it otherwise than
as I think, namely that...? i.e. am I not right in thinking
that...?
l. 127. *engi er hēr sā inni er...* = engi er hēr-inni sā-er...
l. 129. *freista skal*, Gr. § 192.
l. 140. *kallar þess meiri vān at hann sē...* 'says that there
is more probability of that, namely that he is...than of the
contrary,' i.e. says that he will have to be...
l. 150. *fōthvatari en svā*, 'more swift-footed than so--under
these circumstances,' i.e. than you.
l. 156. *ok er Þjālfl eigi þā kominn...* = þā er Þjālfi eigi
kominn...
l. 172. *at sinni*, this time.
l. 172. *hann*, acc.
l. 173. *laut ōr horninu*, bent back from the horn.
l. 188. *mestr* refers to _drykkr_ understood.
l. 218. *kalli*, Gr. § 192.
l. 241. *þō* refers to _uni_.
III. BALDER
l. 7. *engi* agrees with _dōmr_.
IV. THE DEATH OF BALDER
l. 11. *hann*, acc.
l. 20. *ungr*, too young.
l. 31. *ū-happ* is in apposition to _þat_; cp. 3. 7.
ll. 33, 34. *vāru með einum hug til...* had the same feelings
towards.
l. 36. *var...fyrr*, was beforehand, prevented.
l. 42. *vili*, subj. 'whether he will';--change of construction.
l. 55. *nema*, 'unless,' here = 'until.'
l. 89. *heim*. This use of _heim_ in the sense of 'someone
else's home.' is frequent. Cp. our 'drive a nail home.'
l. 94. *svā* refers to _ok ef allir hlutir..._, the _ok_ being
pleonastic.
l. 108. *hvar*, cp. 2. 46.
l. 113. *karl*, 'old man,' here = Odin.
V. HĒÐINN AND HEGNI
l. 6. *Hēðinn* = hann; this use of a proper name instead of a
pronoun is frequent.
l. 9. *þar*. Cp. 1. 3.
VI. THE DEATH OF OLAF TRYGGVASON
l. 17. *svā at*, so that, i.e. just when.
l. 30. *er*, namely that.
l. 33. *austan at sigla*, is in a kind of apposition to
_fęrðina_.
l. 40. *svā*, also.
l. 48. *muni fyrir*, awaits you, is impending.
l. 53. *meira*, adv., better, faster.
l. 149. *bar hann hātt*, impers. w. acc.; he was in a conspicuous
place.
l. 244. *við fimtānda mann*, one of fifteen, with fourteen men.
l. 259. *vāpna* is governed by the second half of the genitival
compound _klæða-būnað_, which is here considered as two
independent words.
VII. AUÐUN
l. 17. *var fyrir*, was to be found.
l. 26. *tvau verð slīk*, double the price you gave.
l. 55. *fē* is probably dat. here, but may be nom.
l. 56. *ęptir sem...*, according as, in accordance with what.
l. 64. *nū...nū*, lately...just now.
l. 116. *hęldr* is here used pleonastically in a kind of
apposition to the preceding _bętr_.
l. 125. *en*, and = while.
l. 129. *þessi einn var svā hlutrinn, at...*, this single thing
is the case, namely that... i.e. the only thing is that...
VIII. ÞRYMSKVIÐA
l. 7. *jarðar* is governed by _hvęrgi_.
l. 9. *tūna*. Poetical construction of gen. to denote goal of
motion.
l. 15. *þō* goes with the following _at_ = _ok sęlja, þōat_
(_þōtt_) _væri ōr silfri_.
l. 32. *fœri* may be either sg. or pl. 3 pers.
GLOSSARY
æ _follows_ að, ð _follows_ d, ę _follows_ e, œ _follows_ oð, ǫ
_follows_ o, ö _follows_ ǫ, þ _follows_ t.
The declensions of nouns are only occasionally given.
(-rs) etc. means that the _r_ of the nom. is kept in inflection.
A
-a _adv._ not.
ā _sf._ river.
ā _see_ *eiga*.
ā _prp. w. acc. and dat._ on, in.
āðr _adv., cj._ before.
aðrir _see_ *annar*.
æsir _see_ *āss*.
ætla _wv._ 3, consider, deem: 'ætlask fyrir,' intend.
ætt _sf._ 2, race, descent, family.
ætta _see_ *eiga*.
af _prp. w. dat._ from; of; with; _adv._ 'drekka af,' drink off.
af-hūs _sn._ out-house, side room.
afl _sn._ strength, might.
af-taka _wf._ damage, injury.
āgætliga _adv._ splendidly.
aka _sv._ 2, drive (a chariot, etc.).
ākafliga _adv._ vehemently, hard--'kalla a.' call loudly.
akarn _sn._ acorn.
akkeri _sn._ anchor.
ālar-ęndir _sm._ thong-end, end of a strap.
al-būinn _adj. w. gen._ quite ready.
aldinn _adj._ old.
aldri _adv._ never.
ā-lęngðar _adv._ for some time.
ālfr _sm._ elf.
ā-lit _snpl._ appearance, countenance [līta].
all-harðr _adj._ very hard, very violent.
all-lītill _adj._ very little.
all-mann-skœðr _adj._ (very injurious to men), very murderous
(of a battle) [skaði, 'injury'].
all-mikill _adj._ very great.
allr _adj._ all, whole; 'með ǫllu,' entirely; 'alls fyrst,'
first of all.
all-stōrum _adv._ very greatly.
all-valdr _sm._ monarch, king.
al-snotr _adj._ very clever.
al-svartr _adj._ very black, coal-black.
alt _adv._ quite.
ambātt _sf._ 2, female slave, maid.
and-lit _sn._ face [līta].
annarr _prn._ second; following, next; other; one of the two--
'annar...annarr,' one...the other.
aptann _sm._ evening.
aptastr _adj._ most behind.
aptr _adv._ back, backwards, behind.
ār _sf._ oar.
ār _sn._ year.
ār _see_ *ā*.
argr _adj._ cowardly, base.
ār-maðr _sm._ steward.
armr _adj._ wretched.
ās-męgin _sn._ divine strength.
āss _sm._ 3, (Scandinavian) god.
āst _sf._ 2, affection, love, _often in pl._
āst-sæll _adj._ beloved, popular. [sæll, 'happy'].
āsynja _wf._ (Scandinavian) goddess [āss].
āt _see_ *eta*.
at _prp. w. dat._ at, by; to, towards, up to; for; in accordance
with, after.
at _adv._ to.
-at _adv._ not.
at-laga _wf._ attack [lęggja].
at-rōðr (-rar) _sm._ 2, rowing against, attack.
ātta _num._ eight.
ātta see *eiga*.
auð-kęndr _adj._ easy to be recognized, easily distinguishable.
auðr _adj._ desert, deserted, without men.
auð-sēnn _adj._ evident.
auga _wn._ eye.
aug-sȳn _sf._ sight.
auka _sv._ 1, increase; _impers., w. dat. of what is added_ 'jōk
nū miklu ā,' much was added to it (his hesitation increased).
austan _adv._ from the east.
aust-maðr _sm._ Easterner, Norwegian.
austr _sn._ the east--'ī au.,' eastwards.
austr _adv._ eastwards.
austr-vegr _sm._ the East, _especially_ Russia.
āvalt _adv._ continually, all the time.
ā-vanr _adj._ wanting; _impers. neut. in_ 'einnar mēr Freyju
āvant þykkir,' Freyja alone I seem to want.
ā-vinnr _adj._ toilsome, _only in the impers. neut._ 'mun ā-vint
verða um sǫxin,' it will be a hard fight at the prow.
B
bað _see_ *biðja*.
bāðir _prn._ both, _neut. as adv. in_ 'bæði...ok,' both...and.
bāðu _see_ *biðja*.
bǣða _see_ *biðja*.
bǣði _see_ *bāðir*.
baggi _wm._ bag; bundle.
bak _sn._ back, 'vęrja eitt baki,' defend a thing with the back,
i.e. turns one's back to it = be a coward.
bak-borði _wm._ larboard.
bāl _sn._ flame; funeral pile.
bāl-fǫr _sf._ funeral.
bani _wm._ death.
bar _see_ *bera*.
bardagi _wm._ battle.
barð _sn._ edge, rim; projection in the prow of a ship formed by
the continuation of the keel.
barða _see_ *bęrja*.
barði _wm._ war-ship with a sharp prow, ram.
barn _sn._ child.
batt _see_ *binda*.
bauð _see_ *bjōða*.
beiða _wv._ 1, _w. gen. of thing and dat. of pers. benefited_,
ask, demand.
bein _sn._ bone.
bękkr _sm._ 2, bench.
bęlla _wv._ 1, occupy oneself with, deal in, _generally in a bad
sense_.
bera _sv._ 4, carry, take; bear, endure. berask at, happen.
b. fram, bring forward, out. b. vāpn niðr, shoot down. b.
rāð sīn saman, hold council, deliberate.
berg-risi _wm._ hill-giant.
bęrja _wv._ 1b, strike--'b. grjōti,' stone. *bęrjask*, fight.
bęrr _adj._ bare, unsheathed (of a sword).
ber-sęrkr _sm._ 2, wild fighter, champion. [Literally
'bear-shirt,' i.e. one clothed in a bear's skin.]
bętr _see_ *vel*.
bętri _see_ *gōðr*.
bęzt _see_ *vel*.
bęztr _see_ *gōðr*.
beygja _wv._ 1, bend, arch.
bīða _sv._ 6, _w. gen._ wait for; _w. acc._ abide, undergo.
biðja _sv._ 5, ask, beg, pray, _w. gen. of thing, acc. of the
pers. asked, and dat. of the person benefited_; express a
wish, bid--'bað hann vel kominn' (vera _understood_), bad
him welcome; call on, challenge, command, tell.
bifask _wv._ 1, tremble, shake.
bil _sn._ moment of time.
bila _wv._ 2, fail.
bilt _neut. adj. only in the impers._ 'einum verðr bilt,' one
hesitates, is taken aback, is afraid.
binda _sv._ 3, bind, tie up; dress.
birta _wv._ 1, show [bjartr].
bīta _sv._ 6, bite; cut.
bittu _see_ *binda*.
bitu _see_ *bīta*.
bjarn-dȳri _sn._ bear.
bjartr _adj._ bright, clear.
bjō _see_ *būa*.
bjōða _sv._ 7, _w. acc. and dat._ offer, propose--'b. einum
fang,' challenge to wrestling; invite. b. upp, give up.
bjǫrg _sf._ help; means of subsistence, store of food.
blāsa _sv._ 1, blow; blow trumpet as signal.
bleyða _wf._ coward.
blīða _wf._ gentleness, friendliness.
blindr _adj._ blind.
blōð _sn._ blood.
blōt-bolli _wm._ sacrificial bowl.
bœtr _see_ *bōt*.
boga-skot _sn._ bowshot.
bogi _wm._ bow.
bog-maðr _sm._ bowman, archer.
bōndi _sm._ 4, yeoman, householder, (free) man [būa].
borð _sn._ side of a ship, board; rim, the margin between the
rim of a vessel and the liquid in it--'nū er gott beranda
b. ā horninu,' now there is a good margin for carrying the
horn, i.e. its contents are so diminished that it can be
lifted without spilling.
borg _sf._ fortress, castle.
borg-hlið _sn._ castle gate.
bōt _sf._ 3, mending, improvement; _plur._ *bœtr*,
compensation.
bǫrn _see_ *barn*.
brā _sf._ eyelid.
brā _see_ *bregða*.
bragð _sn._ trick, stratagem [bregða].
brann _see_ *bręnna*.
brast _see_ *bresta*.
brātt _adv._ quickly.
braut _sf._ way--*ā braut*, _adv._ away.
braut _see_ *brjōta*.
braut, brott _adv._ away.
bregða _sv._ 3, _w. dat._ jerk, pull, push; b. upp, lift, raise
(to strike). change, transform.
breiðr _adj._ broad.
bręnna _wf._ burning; incremation.
bręnna _sv._ 3, burn _intr._
bręnna _wv._ 1, burn _trans._
bresta _sv._ 3, break, crack, burst.
brestr _sm._ crack; loss.
brjōst _sn._ breast.
brjōta _sv._ 7, break--'b. (skip)' suffer shipwreck, _also
impers._ 'skip (acc.) brȳtr,' the ship is wrecked.
broddr _sm._ point.
brōðir _sm._ 4, brother.
brotinn _see_ *brjōta*.
brotna _wv._ 3, break _intr._
brott _see_ *braut*.
brott-laga _sf._ retreat.
brū _sf._ bridge.
brūð-fē _sn._ bridal gift.
brūðr _sf._ 2, bride.
brūn _sf._ 3, eyebrow.
bryggja _wf._ pier.
brynja _wf._ corslet.
brȳnn _see_ *brūn*.
bryn-stūka _wf._ corslet-sleeve.
bryti _see_ *brjōta*.
brȳtr _see_ *brjōta*.
bū _sn._ dwelling, home.
būa _sv._ 1, dwell; inhabit, possess, prepare. *būask*, get
ready, prepare _intr._ 'er būit við at...' it is likely to
be that..., there is danger of...
buðu _see_ *bjōða*.
būinn _adj._ ready; in a certain condition--'(við) svā būit'
_adv._ under such circumstances; capable, fit for--'vel at
sēr būinn,' very capable, very good (at).
bundu _see_ *binda*.
burr _sm._ son.
bȳðr _see_ *bjōða*.
bȳr _see_ *būa*.
byrja _wv._ 3, begin.
byr-vænn _adj._ promising a fair wind.
D
daga _wv._ 3, dawn.
dagan _sf._ dawn.
dagr _sm._ day.
dalr _sm._ valley.
dauðr _adj._ dead.
dęgi _see_ *dagr*.
deyja _sv._ 2, die.
djūpr _adj._ deep.
dō _see_ *deyja*.
dōmr _sm._ decision.
dōttir _sf._ 3, daughter.
dǫgurðr _sm._ breakfast [-urð = -verðr, _cp._ nāttverðr].
dōkkr (-vir) _adj._ dark.
draga _sv._ 2, draw, drag. d. saman, collect.
drakk _see_ *drekka*.
drap _see_ *drepa*.
draumr _sm._ dream.
dręginn _see_ *draga*.
dreif _see_ *drīfa*.
dręki _wm._ dragon; dragon-ship, ship with a dragon's head as a
beak.
drekka _sv._ 3, drink.
drepa _sv._ 5, strike; kill.
dreyma _wv._ 1, _impers. w. acc. of pers. and acc. of the thing_
dream [draumr].
drīfa _sv._ 6, drive; hasten.
drjūpa _sv._ 7, drop.
drō _see_ *draga*.
drōgu _see_ *draga*.
drōttinn _sm._ lord.
drōttin-hollr _adj._ faithful to its master.
drukkinn _adj. (ptc.)_ drunk.
drupu _see_ *drjūpa*.
drykkja _wf._ drinking [drekka].
drykkju-maðr _sm._ drinker.
drykkr _sm._ 2, draught.
duna _wv._ 3, resound.
dunði _see_ *dynja*.
dvalða _see_ *dvęlja*.
dvęlja _wv._ 1b, delay. *dvęljask*, dwell, stop.
dvergr _sm._ dwarf.
dyðrill _sm._ (?).
dȳja _wv._ 1b, shake.
dynja _wv._ 1b, resound.
dȳr _sn._ animal, beast.
dyrr _sfnpl._ door.
E
eða _cj._ or.
ef _cj._ if.
ęfna _wv._ 1, perform, carry out.
ęggja _wv._ 3, incite.
eiðr _sm._ oath.
eiga _wf._ property.
eiga _swv._ possess, have: have as wife, be married to; have _in
the sense of_ must.
eigi _adv._ not; no.
eign _sf._ property.
eignask _wv._ 3, appropriate, gain.
eik _sf._ 3, oak.
einka-māl _snpl._ personal agreement, special treaty.
einn _num., prn._ one; the same; a certain, a; alone, only--
'einn saman,' alone, mere.
einn-hvęrr _prn._ a certain, some, a.
eira _wv._ 1, _w. dat._ spare.
eitr _sn._ poison.
ek _prn._ I.
ęk _see_ *aka*.
ekki _prn. neut._ nothing; _adv._ not.
eldr _sm._ fire.
ęlli _wf._ old age.
ellifti _adj._ eleventh.
ellifu _num._ eleven.
em _see_ *vera*.
en _cj._ but; and.
en _adv._ than, _after compar._
ęndask _wv._ 1, end, suffice for.
ęndi, ęndir _sm._ end.
ęnd-langr _adj._ the whole length--'ęndlangan sal,' the whole
length of the hall.
ęndr _adv._ again.
engi _prn._ none, no.
ęnn _adv._ yet, still; besides; after all.
ęptir _prp. w. acc._ after (of time). _w. dat._ along, over;
in quest of, after; according to, by. _adv._ afterwards;
behind [aptr].
ęptri _adj. compar._ hind.
er _prn. rel._ who, which, _rel. adv._ where; when; because,
that.
er _see_ *vera*.
er _see_ *þū*.
ęrfiði _sn._ work; trouble.
ert _see_ *vera*.
eru _see_ *vera*.
eta _sv._ 5, eat.
ey _sf._ island.
F
fā _sv._ 1, grasp; receive, get; give; be able. *fāsk*,
wrestle. *fāsk ā*, be obtained, be.
faðir _sm._ 4, father.
fær _see_ *fā*.
fæstr _see_ *fār*.
fagnaðr _sm._ 2, joy; entertainment, hospitality.
fagr _adj._ beautiful, fair, fine.
fagrliga _adv._ finely.
fall _sn._ fall.
falla _sv._ 1, fall. *fallask*, be forgotten, fail.
fang _sn._ embrace, grasp; wrestling.
fann _see_ *finna*.
fār _adj._ few--_neut._ fātt _w. gen._: 'fātt manna,' few men.
fara go, travel--_w. gen. in such constr. as_ 'f. fęrðar
sinnar,' go his way; fare (well, ill); happen, turn out;
experience; 'f. með einu,' deal with, treat; destroy, use
up _w. dat._ *farask* _impers. in_ 'fęrsk þeim vel,' they
have a good passage.
farmr _sm._ lading, cargo.
fastr _adj._ firm, fast, strong.
fē _sn._ property, money.
fęðrum _see_ *faðir*.
fekk _see_ *fā*.
fęgrð _sf._ beauty [fagr].
fęgrstr _see_ *fagr*.
feikn-stafir _smpl._ 2, wickedness.
fela _sv._ 3, hide.
fēlagi _wm._ companion.
fē-lauss _adj._ penniless.
fē-lītill _adj._ with little money, poor.
fell _see_ *falla*.
fęlla _wv._ 1, fell, throw down; kill [falla].
fengu, fęnginn _see_ *fā*.
fęr _see_ *fara*.
fęrð _sf._ 2, journey [fara].
fer-skeyttr _adj._ four-cornered.
fimm _num._ five.
fimtāndi _adj._ fifteenth.
finna _sv._ 3, find; meet, go to see; notice, see.
fjaðr-hamr _sm._ feathered (winged) coat.
fjall _sn._ mountain.
fjār _see_ *fē*.
fjara _sf._ ebb-tide; beach.
fjogur _see_ *fjōrir*.
fjōrði _adj._ fourth.
fjōrir _num._ four.
fjǫlð _wf._ quantity.
fjǫl-kyngi _sn._ magic.
fjǫl-męnni _sn._ multitude; troop [maðr].
fjǫrðr _sm._ 3, firth.
fjǫrur _see_ *fjara*.
flā _sv._ 2, flay, skin.
flaug _see_ *fljūga*.
flęginn _see_ *flā*.
flestr _see_ *margr*.
fljōta _sv._ 7, float, drift.
fljūga _sv._ 7, fly.
flō _see_ *fljūga*.
floti _wm._ fleet [fljōtal.
flōtti _wm._ flight [flȳja].
flugu _see_ *fljūga*.
fluttu _see_ *flytja*.
flȳja _wv._ 1, flee.
flytja _wv._ 1b. remove, bring.
fnāsa _wv._ 3, snort.
fœra _wv._ 1, bring, take; fasten [fara].
fœrir _see_ *fara*.
fœti _see_ *fōt*.
fōlginn _see_ *fela*.
fōlk _sn._ multitude, troop; people.
fōr _see_ *fara*.
for-tǫlur _wpl._ representations, arguments [tala].
fōstra _wf._ nurse.
fōt-hvatr _adj._ swift-footed.
fōtr _sm._ foot; leg.
fǫður _see_ *faðir*.
fǫr _sf._ journey [fara].
fǫru-neyti _sn._ company [njōta].
frā _prp._ from, away from; about, concerning. 'ī frā' _adv._
away.
frændi _sm._ 4, relation.
frā-fall _sn._ death.
fram _adv._ forward, forth. _compar._ *framar*, ahead.
framastr _adj. superl._ chief, most distinguished.
frami _wm._ advantage, courage.
framiðr _see_ *fręmja*.
fram-stafn _sm._ prow.
frā-sǫgn _sf._ narrative, relation.
freista _wv._ 3, _w. gen._ try, test.
fręmja _wv._ 1b, perform [fram].
friðr _sm._ 2, peace.
frīðr _adj._ beautiful, fine.
frōðr _adj._ learned, wise.
frœkn _adj._ bold, daring.
frost _sn._ frost.
fugl _sm._ bird.
full-kominn _adj._ (_ptc._) complete; ready (for).
fullr _adj._ full.
fundr _sm._ 2, meeting [finna].
fundu _see_ *finna*.
furðu _adv._ awfully, very.
fūss _adj._ eager.
fylgja _wv._ 1, _w. dat._ follow; accompany.
fylki _sn._ troop [fōlk].
fylkja _wv._ 1, _w. dat._ draw up (troops) [fōlk].
fylla _wv._ 1, fill [fullr].
fyr, fyrir _prp. w. acc. and dat._ before; beyond, over--'f.
borð,' overboard; instead of--'koma f.' _adv._ be given as
compensation; for; because of. 'f. þvī at,' because.
'lītill. f. sēr,' insignificant.
fyrir-rūm _sn._ fore-hold, chief-cabin.
fyrirrūms-maðr _sm._ man in the fore-hold.
fyrr _adv. compar._ before, formerly. _superl._ *fyrst*, first.
fyrri _adj. compar._ former. _superl._ *fyrstr*, first.
fȳsa _wv._ 1, hasten _trans.--impers._ 'braut fȳsir mik,' I feel
a desire to go away [fūss].
G
gā _wv._ 1, _w. gen._ heed, care for.
gæfa _wf._ luck [gefa].
gæta _wv._ 1, watch, take care of [geta].
gaf _see_ *gefa*.
gæfu-maðr _sm._ lucky man.
gaflak _sn._ javelin.
gamall _adj._ old.
gaman _sn._ amusement, joy.
ganga _sv._ 1, go, _with gen. of goal in poetry_; attack--'g. ā
skip,' board a ship. g. af, be finished. g. til, come up.
g. upp, land; board a ship; be used up, expended (of money).
garðr _sm._ enclosure, court; dwelling.
gat _see_ *geta*.
gefa _sv._ 5, give.
gęgnum, ī gęgnum _prp. w. gen._ through.
gekk _see_ *ganga*.
gęlti _see_ *gǫltr*.
gęnginn, gęngr, gengu _see_ *ganga*.
geta _sv._ 5, _w. gen._ mention, speak of; guess, suppose.
geysi _adv._ excessively.
gipta _wf._ luck [gefa].
giptu-maðr _sm._ lucky man.
gjafar _see_ *gjǫf*.
gjǫf _sf._ gift.
glotta _wv._ 2, smile maliciously, grin.
glæsiligr _adj._ magnificent.
gnȳr _sm._ din, noise.
gōðr _adj._ good--'gott er til eins,' it is easy to get at,
obtain.
gōlf _sn._ floor; apartment, room.
gott _see_ *gōðr*.
gǫfugr _adj._ distinguished [gefa].
gǫltr _sm._ 3, boar.
gǫmul _see_ *gamall*.
gǫ̈ra _wv._ 1c, do, make. *gǫ̈rask*, set about doing; be made
into, become. *gǫ̈ra at*, accomplish, carry out.
gǫ̈rsimi _wf._ article of value, treasure.
granda _wv._ 3, _w. dat._ injure.
grār _adj._ gray.
gras _sn._ grass; plant, flower.
grāta _sv._ 1, weep, mourn for.
grātr _sm._ weeping.
greiða _wv._ 1, put in order, arrange.
greip _see_ *grīpa*.
gres-jārn _sn._ iron wire (?).
grey _sn._ dog.
grið _snpl._ peace, security.
griða-staðr _sm._ sanctuary.
grind _sf._ 3, lattice door, wicket.
grīpa _sv._ 6, seize.
gripr _sm._ 2, article of value, treasure.
grjōt _sn._ stone (collectively).
grōa _sv._ 1, grow; heal.
grœr _see_ *grōa*.
gruna _wv._ 3, _impers._--'mik grunar,' I suspect, think.
grunr _sm._ 2, suspicion.
gull _sn._ gold.
gull-band _sn._ gold band.
gull-būinn _adj._ adorned with gold.
gull-hringr _sm._ gold ring.
gull-hyrndr _adj._ (_ptc._) with gilt horns.
gull-roðinn _adj._ (_ptc._) gilt.
gȳgr _sf._ giantess.
gyltr _adj._ (_ptc._) gilt.
gyrða _wv._ 1, gird.
H
hæstr _see_ *hār*.
hætta _wv._ 1, _w. dat._ desist from, stop.
hættligr _adj._ dangerous, threatening.
hættr _adj._ dangerous.
haf _sn._ sea.
hafa _wv._ 1, have; 'h. einn nær einu,' bring near to, expose
to; use, utilize. at hafask, undertake. til hafa, have at
hand.
hafna _see_ *hǫfn*.
hafr _sm._ goat.
hafr-staka _wf._ goatskin.
hagliga _adv._ neatly.
hagr _sm._ condition; advantage--'þēr mun h. ā vera,' will avail
thee, be profitable to you.
hag-stœðr _adj._ favourable.
halda _sv._ 1, _w. dat._ hold (also with prp. _ā_); keep. _w.
acc._ observe, keep (laws, etc.). _intr._ take a certain
direction, go.
hālfr _adj._ half.
hālfu _adv._ by half, half as much again.
hallar _see_ *hǫll*.
hallar-gōlf _sn._ hall floor.
haltr _adj._ lame.
hamarr _sm._ hammer.
hamars-muðr _sm._ thin end of hammer.
hamar-skapt _sn._ handle of a hammer.
hamar-spor _sn._ mark made by a hammer.
hana _see_ *hann*.
handar _see_ *hǫnd*.
hand-skot _sn._ throwing with the hand.
hand-tękinn _ptc. pret._ taken by hand, taken alive.
hann _prn._ he.
hār _sn._ hair.
hār _adj._ high.
harð-hugaðr _adj._ stern of mood.
harðr _adj._ hard; strong.
harð-skeytr _adj._ strong-shooting [skjōta].
harmr _sm._ grief.
hāski _wm._ danger.
hā-sæti _sn._ high seat, dais [sitja].
hāsætis-kista _sf._ chest under the dais.
hātt _adv._ high; loudly.
haugr _sm._ mound.
hauss _sm._ skull.
heðan _adv._ hence.
hęfi _see_ *hafa*.
hęfja _sv._ 2, raise, lift; begin.
hęfna _wv._ 1, _w. gen._ revenge, avenge.
heill _adj._ sound, safe, prosperous.
heil-rǣði _sn._ sound advice, good advice [rāð].
heim _adv._ to one's home, home (domum).
heima _adv._ at home (domi).
heima-maðr _sm._ man of the household.
heim-fūss _adj._ longing to go home, homesick.
heimr _sm._ home, dwelling; world.
heimta _wv._ 1, fetch, obtain, get back.
heita _sv._ 1, call; _w. dat. of pers. and dat. of thing_
promise; _intr._ (_pres._ heiti) be named, called.
hęldr _see_ *halda*.
hęldr _adv. compar._ more willingly, rather, sooner, more;
rather, very.
hęl-grindr _sf._ the doors of hell.
hęllir _sm._ cave.
helt _see_ *halda*.
hęl-vegr _sm._ road to hell.
hęlzt _adv. superl._ most willingly, soonest, especially, most
[hęldr].
hęndi, hęndr _see_ *hǫnd*.
hęnnar, hęnni _see_ *hann*.
hępta _wv._ 1, bind; hinder, stop.
hēr _adv._ here--'h. af,' etc. here-of.
hęr-bergi _sn._ quarters, lodgings.
hęrða _wv._ harden, clench.
hęr-fang _sn._ booty.
hęrja _wv._ 3, make war, ravage [hęrr].
hęrr _sm._ army, fleet.
herra _sm._ lord.
hęr-skip _sn._ war-ship.
hestr _sm._ horse.
hēt _see_ *heita*.
heyra _wv._ 1, hear.
himinn _sm._ heaven.
hingat _adv._ hither.
hinn _prn._ that.
hirð _sf._ court.
hirð-maðr _sm._ courtier.
hiti _wm._ heat.
hitta _wv._ come upon, find, meet; _trans._ go to. *hittask*,
meet, _intr._
hjā _prp. w. dat._ by, at; in comparison with.
hjālmr _sm._ helmet.
hjōn _snpl._ household.
hlaða _sv._ 2, load, heap up; 'h. seglum,' take in sails.
hlæja _sv._ 2, laugh.
hlaupa _sv._ 1, jump, leap; run.
hlaut _see_ *hljōta*.
hleyp _see_ *hlaupa*.
hleypa _wv._ 1, make to run (i.e. the horse), gallop.
hlīf _sf._ shield.
hlīfa _wv._ 1, _w. dat._ shelter, cover, protect.
hljōp _see_ *hlaupa*.
hljōta _sv._ 7, get, receive.
hlōðu _see_ *hlaða*.
hlōgu _see_ *hlæja*.
hlunnr _sm._ roller (for launching ships).
hluti _wm._ portion [hljōta].
hlutr _sm._ 2, share; portion, part, piece; thing [hljōta].
hlut-skipti _sn._ booty.
hnakki _wm._ back of head.
hōf _see_ *hęfja*.
hollr _adj._ gracious, faithful.
hōlmr _sm._ small island.
hon _see_ *hann*.
honum _see_ *hann*.
horn _sn._ horn.
hœgri _adj. compar._ right (hand).
hœla _wv._ 1, _w. dat._ praise, boast of.
hǫfðingi _wm._ chief [hǫfuð].
hǫfða-fjǫl _sf._ head-board (especially of a bedstead).
hǫfðu _see_ *hafa*.
hǫfn _sf._ harbour.
hǫfuð _sn._ head.
hǫgg _sn._ stroke.
hǫgg-ormr _sm._ viper.
hǫgg-orrosta _wf._ 'cutting-fight,' hand-to-hand fight.
hǫggva _sv._ 1, hew, cut, strike.
hǫll _sf._ hall.
hǫnd _sf._ 3, hand; side--'hvārra-tvęggju handar,' on both
sides, for both parties.
hræddr _adj._ frightened, afraid [_ptc._ of hræðask].
hræðask _wv._ 1, be frightened, fear.
hræzla _wf._ fear [hræðask].
hrafn _sm._ raven.
hratt _see_ *hrinda*.
hrauð _see_ *hrjōða*.
hraut _see_ *hrjōta*.
hreyfa _wv._ 1, move.
hrīð _sf._ period of time.
hrīm-þurs _sm._ frost giant.
hrinda _sv._ 3, push, launch (ship).
hrista _wv._ 1, shake.
hrjōða _sv._ 7, strip, clear, disable.
hrjōta _sv._ 7, start, burst out.
hrǫkk _see_ *hrökkva*.
hrökkva _sv._ 3, start back.
hryði _see_ *hrjōta*.
hrynja _wv._ 1b. fall down.
hrȳtr _see_ *hrjōta*.
hugða _see_ *hyggja*.
hugi _wm._ thought.
hugr _sm._ mind, heart; courage, spirit.
hugsa _wv._ 3, consider, think.
hundrað _sn._ hundred.
hurð _sf._ 2, door.
hūs _sn._ room; house.
hvar _adv._ where; that.
hvārr _prn._ which of two; each of the two, both.
hvārr-tvęggja _prn._ each of the two, both.
hvārt _adv._ whether, _both in direct and indirect questions_.
hvārt-tvęggja _adv._ 'hv...ok,' both...and.
hvass _adj._ sharp.
hvat _prn. neut._ what.
hvart _adj._ brisk, bold.
hvē _adv._ how.
hverfa _sv._ 3, turn, go.
hvęr-gi _adv._ nowhere--'hv. jarðar,' nowhere on earth; in no
respect, by no means.
hvęrnig _adv._ how [= hvęrn veg.].
hvęrr _prn._ who.
hvęrsu _adv._ how.
hvī _adv._ why.
hvirfill _sm._ crown of head.
hvītna _wv._ 2, whiten.
hvītr _adj._ white.
hyggja _wv._ 1b. think, mean, determine [hugr].
hylli _wf._ favour [hollr].
I
ī _prp._ in.
ī-huga _wv._ 3, try to remember, consider [hugr].
illa _adv._ ill, badly.
illr _adj._ ill, bad.
inn _art._ the.
inn _adv._ in _compar._ *innar*, further in.
inna _wv._ 1, accomplish.
innan _adv._ within, inside. *fyrir innan* _prp. w. gen._
within, in.
inni _adv._ in.
it _see_ *þū*.
it _see_ *inn*.
ī-þrōtt _sf._ feat.
J
jafn-breiðr _adj._ equally broad.
jafn-hǫfugr _adj._ equally heavy [hęfja].
jafn-mikill _adj._ equally great.
jafn-skjōtt _adv._ equally quick.
jafna _wv._ 3, smooth; compare _w. dat. of thing compared._
jafnan _adv._ always.
jarl _sm._ earl.
jārn _sn._ iron.
jārn-glōfi _sm._ iron gauntlet.
jārn-spǫng _sf._ iron plate.
jāta _wv._ 1, _w. dat._ agree to.
jōk _see_ *auka*.
jǫrð _sf._ earth.
jǫtun-heimar _smpl._ home, world of the giants.
jǫtunn _sm._ giant.
K
kær-leikr _sm._ love, affection [kærr, 'dear'].
kaf _sn._ diving; deep water, water under the surface.
kafa _wv._ 3, dive.
kalla _wv._ 3, cry out, call; assert, maintain; name, call.
kann _see_ *kunna*.
kapp _sn._ competition.
karl _sm._ man; old man.
kasta _wv._ 3, cast, throw.
kaupa _wv._ 2, buy.
kęngr _sm._ bend.
kęnna _wv._ 1, know; perceive.
kęrling _sf._ old woman [karl].
kęrra _wf._ chariot.
kętill _sm._ kettle.
keypta _see_ *kaupa*.
keyra _wv._ 1, drive.
kirkja _wf._ church.
kirkju-skot _sn._ wing of a church.
kjōsa _sv._ 7, choose.
klakk-laust _adv._ uninjured.
klæða _wv._ 1, clothe.
klæða-būnaðr _sm._ apparel.
klæði _snpl._ clothes.
knē _sn._ knee.
knīfr _sm._ knife.
knǫrr _sm._ merchant-ship.
knūði _see_ *knȳja*.
knūi _wm._ knuckle.
knūtr _sm._ knot.
knȳja _wv._ 1b, press with knuckles or knees; exert oneself
[knūi].
kōlf-skot _sn._ (distance of a) bolt-shot.
kollōttr _adj._ bald.
koma _sv._ 4. come; happen, turn out; _w. dat._ bring into a
certain condition. *k. fyrir*, be paid in atonement.
*komask*, make one's way (by dint of exertion).
kona _wf._ woman; wife.
konr _sm._ kind--'alls konar,' all kinds; 'nakkvars konar,' of
some kind.
konunga-stęfna _wf._ congress of kings.
konungr _sm._ king.
konungs-dōttir _sf._ king's daughter.
konungs-skip _sn._ king's ship.
kosinn _see_ *kjōsa*.
kost-gripr _sm._ precious thing, treasure.
kostr _sm._ 2, choice--'at ǫðru kosti,' otherwise; power
[kjōsa].
kǫgur-sveinn _sm._ little boy, urchin.
kǫpp _see_ *kapp*.
kǫpur-yrði _sn._ boasting [orð].
kǫttr _sm._ 3, cat.
köm _see_ *koma*.
krappa-rūm _sn._ back cabin.
krappr _adj._ narrow.
kraptr _sm._ strength.
krās _sf._ 2, delicacy.
kręfja _wv._ 1b, _w. acc. of pers. and gen. of thing_, demand.
kunna _swv._ know; feel; venture; like to.
kunnandi _wf._ knowledge, accomplishments.
kunnusta _wf._ knowledge, power.
kunnr _adj._ known.
kurr _sm._ murmur, rumour.
kvæði _sn._ poem.
kvæma _see_ *koma*.
kvān _sf._ wife.
kveða _sv._ 5, say. *kv. ā* settle, agree on.
kvęðja _wf._ salutation [kveða].
kvęðja _wv._ 1b, greet.
kveld _sn._ evening--'ī kv.,' this evening.
kveld-sǫngr _sm._ vespers.
kvenn-vāðir _sfpl._ woman's clothes.
kviðr _sm._ 3, stomach, belly.
kvisa _wv._ 3, whisper.
kvistr _sm._ 3, branch, twig.
kvǫddu _see_ *kvęðja*.
kykr (-vir) _adj._ living.
kykvendi _sn._ living creature, animal.
kȳll _sm._ bag.
kyn _sn._ race, lineage.
kȳr _sf._ 3, cow.
kyssa _wv._ 1, kiss.
L
lā _see_ *liggja*.
lægri _see_ *lāgr*.
lær-lęggr _sm._ thigh-bone.
læt _see_ *lāta*.
lagða _see_ *lęggja*.
lāgr _adj._ low; short of stature [liggja].
lags-maðr _sm._ companion.
lagu _see_ *liggja*.
lamða, lamit _see_ *lęmja*.
land _sn._ land, country.
land-skjālfti _wm._ earthquake.
langr _adj._ long, far.
lāt _snpl._ noise.
lāta _sv._ 1, let go; leave; lose; allow; cause, let; behave,
act; say.
lauf _sn._ foliage.
laufs-blað _sn._ (blade of foliage), leaf.
laug _sf._ bath.
laun _snpl._ reward.
launa _wv._ 3, reward, requite _w. dat. of the thing given and
of the pers., and acc. of the thing requited._
lauss _adj._ loose; shaky, unsteady; free from obligation.
laust _see_ *ljōsta*.
laut _see_ *lūta*.
lax _sm._ salmon.
leðr-hosa _wf._ leather bag.
lęggja _wv._ 1b, lay, put; 'l. eitt fyrir einn,' give, settle
on; 'l. sik fram,' exert oneself; _intr. w._ skip
_understood_ sail, row--*l. at*, land; attack; *l. frā*,
retreat, draw off; pierce, make a thrust. *lęggjask*, set
out, proceed; swim [liggja].
leið _sf._ way--'koma einu til leiðar,' carry out [līða].
leið _see_ *līða*.
leiða _wv._ 1, lead, conduct [līða].
leiðangr (-rs) _sm._ levy [leið].
leiga _wv._ 1, borrow.
leikr _sm._ game; athletic sports, contest.
leita _wv._ 3, _w. gen. and dat._ seek; take to, have recourse
to. *leitask*, feel one's way [līta].
lęmja _wv._ 1b, break.
lęngð _sf._ length [langr].
lęngi _adv._ long (of time) [langr].
lęngstr _see_ *langr*.
lēt _see_ *lāta*.
lętja _wv._ 1b, _w. acc. of pers. and gen. of thing_, hinder,
dissuade.
lētta _wv._ 1, _w. dat._ lift.
leyniliga _adv._ secretly.
leysa _wv._ 1, loosen, untie, open [lauss].
lið _sn._ troop.
līða _sv._ 6, go; pass (of time); _impers._ *līðr*, _w. dat._
fare, get on. _impers._ 'līðr ā (nāttina),' (the night) is
drawing to a close.
līf _sn._ life--'ā līfi,' alive.
lifa _wv._ 2, live.
liggja _sv._ 5, lie. *l. til*, be fitting.
līk _sn._ body; corpse.
līka _wv._ 3, _w. dat._ please.
līki _sn._ form [līk].
līking _sf._ likeness, similarity [līkr].
līknsamr _adj._ gracious.
līkr _adj._ like.
līn _sn._ linen; linen headdress.
list _sf._ art.
līta _sv._ 6, look at; regard, consider--'l. til eins.' turn to,
acknowledge greeting. *lītask* _impers. w. dat._ seem.
litask _wv._ 3, look round one [līta].
lītill _adj._ little, small--'lītit veðr,' not very windy
weather. *lītlu* _adv._ by a little, a little.
lītil-ræði _sm._ degradation [rāð].
litr _sm._ 3, colour, complexion; appearance [līta].
līzk _see_ *līta*.
ljā _wv._ 1, _w. gen. and dat._ lend.
ljōsta _sv._ 7, strike, _w. dat. of instr. and acc. of the thing
struck_--'l. ārum ī sæ,' dip the oars into the sea, begin to
row.
lofa _wv._ 3, praise.
lōga _wv._ 3, _w. dat._ part with.
logi _wm._ flame.
lokinn _see_ *lūka*.
lopt _sn._ air--'ā l.,' up.
lūka _sv._ 7, lock, close; _impers._ 'lȳkr einu,' it is
finished, exhausted. 'l. upp,' unlock, open.
lukla _see_ *lykill*.
lustu _see_ *ljōsta*.
lūta _sv._ 7, bend, bow.
lygi _wf._ lie, falsehood.
lykð _sf._ ending--'at lykðum,' finally.
lykill _sm._ key [lūka].
lypta _wv._ 1, _w. dat._ lift [lopt].
lypting _sf._ raised place (castle) on the poop of a warship
[lypta].
lȳsa _wv._ 1, shine.
lȳsi-gull _sn._ bright gold.
lȳst _see_ *ljōsta*.
lysta _wv._ 1, _impers. w. acc._ desire.
M
mā _see_ *mega*.
maðr _sm._ 4, man.
mæla (mælta) _wv._ 1, speak--'m. við einu,' refuse; suggest.
mær _sf._ virgin, maid.
mætta _see_ *mega*.
magr (-ran) _adj._ thin.
māgr _sm._ kinsman, relation, connection.
makligr _adj._ fitting.
māl _sn._ narrative; _in plur._ poem; proper time, time.
mālmr _sm._ metal.
mann _see_ *maðr*.
mann-fōlk _sn._ troops, crew.
mann-hringr _sm._ ring of men.
mannliga _adv._ manlily.
margr _adj._ many, much.
mark _sn._ mark; importance.
marka _wv._ 3, infer.
marr _sm._ horse.
mart _see_ *margr*.
matask _wv._ 3, eat a meal.
matr _sm._ 2, food.
mātta _see_ *mega*.
māttr _sm._ 2, might, strength.
með _prp. w. acc. and dat._ with.
meðal _s._ middle--ā m. _w. gen._ between.
meðan _adv._ whilst.
mega _swv._ can, may.
megin --'ǫðrum m.,' on the other side; 'ǫllum m.,' on all sides
[_corruption of_ vegum].
męgin-gjarðar _sfpl._ girdle of strength [mega].
meiðmar _sfpl._ treasures.
meiri _see_ *mikill*.
męn _sn._ necklace, piece of jewelry.
męnn _see_ *maðr*.
mēr _see_ *ek*.
męrgr _sm._ 2, marrow.
męrki _sn._ mark; banner [mark].
mest _see_ *mikill*.
meta _sv._ 5, measure; estimate.
mey _see_ *mær*.
mið-garðr _sm._ (middle enclosure), world.
miðgarðs-ormr _sm._ world-serpent.
miðr _adj._ middle.
mik _see_ *ek*.
mikill _adj._ big, tall, great. *mikit* _adv._ much, very.
miklu _adv._ (_instr._) much.
milli, ā milli _prp._ between, among.
minjar _sfpl._ remembrance, memorial.
minn _see_ *ek*.
minni _see_ *lītill*.
minnr _adv._ less.
mis-līka _wv._ 3, _w. dat._ displease, not please.
missa _wf._ loss, want.
missa _wv._ 1, _w. gen._ lose; do without.
mistil-teinn _sm._ mistletoe [teinn, 'twig'].
mitt _see_ *ek*.
mjǫðr _sm._ 3, mead.
mjǫk _adv._ very.
mōðir _sf._ 3, mother.
mōðr _sm._ anger.
mœtask _wv._ 1, meet _intr._ [mōt].
mǫn _sf._ mane.
morginn _sm._ morning.
mǫrk _sf._ 3, forest.
mǫrum _see_ *marr*.
mōt _sn._ meeting. *ī mōti* _prp. w. dat._ against.
mǫtu-neyti _sn._ community of food--'lęggja m. sitt,' make
their provision into a common store [matr; njōta].
mundu _see_ *munu*.
munnr _sm._ mouth.
munr _sm._ difference--'þeim mun,' to that extent.
munu _swv._ will, may (of futurity and probability).
myndi _see_ *munu*.
myrkr _sn._ darkness.
myrkr _adj._ dark.
N
nā _wv._ 1, reach, obtain; succeed in.
nǣr _adv. w. dat._ near; nearly. _superl._ *næst*--'þvī n.,'
thereupon.
nǣtr _see_ *nātt*.
nafn _sn._ name.
nakkvarr _prn._ some, a certain. *nakkvat* _adv._ somewhat;
perhaps.
nātt _sf._ 3, night.
nātt-bōl _sn._ night-quarters.
nātt-langt _adv._ the whole night long.
nātt-staðr _sm._ night-quarters.
nāttūra _wf._ nature, peculiarity.
nātt-verðr _sm._ 2, supper.
nauð-syn _sf._ necessity.
naut _see_ *njōta*.
neðan _adv._ below. *fyrir n.* _prp. w. dat._ below.
nęfja _adj._ long-nosed (?).
nęfna _wv._ 1, name, call. *nęfnask*, name oneself, give one's
name as [nafn].
nema _sv._ 4, take; begin.
nema _adv._ except, unless.
nest _sn._ provisions.
nest-baggi _sm._ provision-bag.
niðr _adv._ down, downwards.
nīundi _adj._ ninth.
njōsn _sf._ spying; news.
njōsna _wv._ 3, spy; get intelligence.
njōta _sv._ 7, enjoy, profit.
norðr _adv._ northwards.
nǫkkvi _wm._ vessel, small ship.
nū _adv._ now; therefore, so.
nȳ-vaknaðr _adj._ (_ptc._) newly awoke.
nȳr _adj._ new.
nȳta _wv._ 1, profit [njōta].
O
oddr _sm._ point.
ōð-fūss _adj._ madly eager.
ōðr _adj._ mad, furious.
œ̄pa _wv._ 1, shout [ōp, 'shout'].
œrit _adv._ enough; very.
of _prp. w. dat._ over; during; with respect to, about. _adv._
too (of excess).
of _adv., often used in poetry as a mere expletive._
of-veikr _adj._ too weak.
ofan _adv._ above; down.
ofan-verðr _adj._ upper, on the top.
ōk _see_ *aka*.
ok _conj._ and; also--'ok...ok,' both...and; but.
okkr _see_ *þū*.
opt _adv._ often. _compar._ *optar*, oftener, again.
ōr _prp. w. dat._ out of.
orð _sn._ word--'ī ǫðru orði,' otherwise.
orðinn _see_ *verða*.
orð-sęnding _sf._ verbal message.
orð-tak _sn._ expression, word.
ormr _sm._ serpent, dragon; ship with a dragon's head.
orrosta _wf._ battle.
oss _see_ *ek*.
ōtta _wf._ the end of night, just before dawn.
ōttalaust _adj._ without fear.
ōx _see_ *vaxa*.
oxi _wm._ ox.
ǫðlask _wv._ 3, obtain.
ǫðru _see_ *annarr*.
ǫl _sn._ ale.
ǫldnu _see_ *aldinn*.
ǫndōttr _adj._ fierce.
ǫnd-vegi _sn._ high seat, dais.
ǫnnur _see_ *annar*.
ǫr _sf._ arrow.
ör-æfi _sn._ harbourless coast.
örendi _sn._ errand.
örendi _sn._ holding the breath, breath.
örind-reki _sm._ messenger [reka].
öxn _see_ *oxi*.
P
pati _sm._ rumour.
pęnningr _sm._ penny.
R
rāð _sn._ advice; what is advisable--'sjā eitt at rāði,'
consider advisable; plan, policy, resolution.
rāða _sv._ 1, advise, _w. acc. of thing and dat. of pers._;
consider, deliberate; undertake, begin _w. prp._ til _or
infin._; dispose of, have control over _w. prp._ fyrir.
rāða-gǫ̈rð _sf._ deliberation, decision.
rāðugr _adj._ sagacious.
ragna-rökr _sn._ twilight of the gods, end of the world. [ragna
_gen. of_ ręgin _neut. plur._ 'gods.']
ragr _adj._ cowardly.
rāku _see_ *reka*.
rann _see_ *ręnna*.
rās _sf._ race.
rauðr _adj._ red.
rausn _sf._ magnificence, anything magnificent.
rēð _see_ *rāða*.
reið _sf._ chariot.
reið _see_ *rīða*.
reiða _wv._ 1, swing, wield, brandish.
reið-fara _adj._--'vera vel r.,' have a good passage.
reiði _sn._ trappings, harness.
reiðr _adj._ angry.
reka _sv._ 7, drive; carry out; perform. 'r. af tjǫld,' take
down awning.
rękkja _wf._ bed.
ręnna _sv._ 3, run.
rētta _wv._ 1, direct; reach, stretch. *r. upp*, pull up.
rēttr _adj._ right, correct; equitable, fair.
reyna _wv._ 1, try, test.
reyr-bǫnd _supl._ the wire with which the arrow-head was bound
to the shaft.
rīða _sv._ 6, _w. dat._ ride.
riðu _see_ *rīða*.
riðlask _wv._ 3, set oneself in motion.
rīki _sn._ power; sovereignty, reign.
rīkr _adj._ powerful, distinguished.
ripti _sn._ linen cloth.
rita _wv._ 3, write.
rōa _sv._ 1, row.
rœða _wv._ 1, talk about, discuss.
röra _see_ *rōa*.
rǫst _sf._ league.
S
sā _prn._ that; he; such, such a one.
sā _see_ *sjā*.
sær _sm._ sea.
særa _wv._ 1, wound [sār].
sæti _sn._ seat [sitja].
sætt _sf._ 2, reconciliation, peace.
sættask _wv._ 1, be reconciled, agree.
saga _wf._ narrative, history, story.
sagða _see_ *sęgja*.
saka _wv. impers. w. acc._--'hann (acc.) sakaði ekki,' he was
not injured.
sakna _wv._ 3, _w. gen._ miss.
sāl _sf._ 2, soul.
sāld _sn._ gallon.
salr _sm._ 2, hall.
saman _adv._ together.
sami _weak adj._ same.
sam-laga _wf._ laying ships together for battle.
samt _adv._ together.
sannligr _adj._ probable; suitable, right.
sannr _adj._ true.
sār _sn._ wound.
sārr _adj._ wounded.
sat _see_ *sitja*.
satt _see_ *sannr*.
sē _see_ *vera*.
sē _see_ *sjā*.
sefask _wv._ 3, be pacified.
sęgja _wv._ 1b, say, relate [saga].
segl _sn._ sail.
seilask _wv._ 1, stretch _intr._
seinn _adj._ late, slow, tedious. *seint* _adv._ slowly.
sęlja _wv._ 1, give; sell.
sem _adv._ as; _w. subj._ as if; _to strengthen the
superl._--'sem mest,' the most possible, as much as possible.
sęnda _wv._ 1, send.
sęndi-maðr _sm._ messenger.
sęnn _adv._ at the same time, at once; immediately, forthwith.
sēnn _see_ *sjā*.
sēr _see_ *sik*.
sēr _see_ *sjā*.
sēt _see_ *sjā*.
set-berg _sn._ seat-shaped rock, crag [sitja].
sętja _wv._ 1, set, place. *s. fram*, launch (a ship).
*sętjask*, sit down. *sętjask upp*, sit up [sitja].
sī-byrða _wv._ 1, _w. dat._ lay a ship alongside another.
_neut. ptc._ *sībyrt*, close up to [borð].
sīð _adv._ late. _comp._ sīðar, later, afterwards. _superl._
*sīðast*, latest, last.
sīða _wf._ side.
sīðan _adv._ afterwards, then; since.
sīðari _adj. comp._ later, second (in order).
siðr _sm._ 3, custom.
sīga _sv._ 6, sink.
sigla _wf._ mast [segl].
sigla _wv._ 1, sail.
siglu-skeið _sn._ middle of a ship.
sigr (-rs) _sm._ victory.
sigr-ōp shout of victory.
sik _prn._ oneself.
silfr _sn._ silver.
sīn _see_ *sik*.
sinn _sn._ time (of repetition)--'einu sinni,' once, for once.
'eigi optar at sinni,' not oftener than that time, i.e. only
once.
sinn _see_ *sik*.
sitja _sv._ 5, sit. *s. fyrir*, sit in readiness.
sjā = þessi.
sjā _sv._ 5, see; 's. fyrir einu,' look after, take care of.
_impers._ 'lītt sēr þat ā, at'...it will hardly be seen
that... *sjāsk*, see one another, meet.
sjālfr _prn._ self.
sjōða _sv._ 7, boil; cook.
sjōn _sf._ sight.
sjōn-hvęrfing _sf._ ocular delusion.
skal _see_ *skulu*.
skalf _see_ *skjālfa*.
skāli _wm._ hall.
skammr _adj._ short.
skap _sn._ state, condition; state of mind, mood, humour.
skapligr _adj._ suitable, fit.
skapt _sn._ shaft, handle.
skar _see_ *skera*.
skarð _sn._ notch, gap; defect.
skaut _see_ *skjōta*.
skęgg _sn._ beard; beak (of a ship).
skeið _sn._ race-course, running-ground; race--'taka sk.,' start
in a race.
skeina _wv._ 1, graze.
skellr _sm._ knock.
skęmtun _sf._ amusement, entertainment [skammr, _literally
'shortening (of time)'_].
skera _sv._ 4, cut, cut up; kill (animal).
skiljask _wv._ 1, separate, part _intr._
skillingr _sm._ shilling, coin.
skilnaðr _sm._ separation, parting.
skip _sn._ ship.
skipa _wv._ 3, order, arrange, prepare, fit out. 'sk. til um
eitt,' make arrangements for. *skipask*, take one's place;
change, alter _intr._
skipa-hęrr _sm._ fleet.
skipan _sf._ arranging; ship's crew.
skips-brot _sn._ shipwreck.
skip-stjōrnar-maðr _sm._ (steerer), commander of a ship,
captain.
skjald-borg _sf._ wall of shields, testudo.
skjālfa _sv._ 3, shake _intr._
skjōta _sv._ 7, _w. dat._ shoot, throw, push.
skjōt-fœri _sn._ swiftness.
skjōt-leikr _sm._ swiftness.
skjōt-liga _adv._ swiftly, quick.
skjōtr _adj._ swift, quick. *skjōtt* _adv._ quickly.
skjǫldr _sm._ 3, shield.
skōgr _sm._ forest, wood.
skorta _wv._ 1, _impers. w. acc. of pers. and of thing_, want,
fail.
skot _sn._ shot; missile [skjōta].
skot-māl _sn._ shot-measure, range.
skotta _wv._ 3, dangle--sk. við drift (of ships).
skǫkull _sm._ shaft (of a cart).
skǫmm _sf._ disgrace, shame.
skǫr _sf._ hair of the head.
skreppa _wf._ bag, wallet.
skulfu _see_ *skjālfa*.
skulu _swv._ shall.
skuta _wf._ small ship, cutter.
skutill _sm._ trencher, small table.
skutil-sveinn _sm._ page, chamberlain.
skutu _see_ *skjōta*.
skykkr _sm._ shake--'ganga skykkjum,' shake.
skylda _see_ *skulu*.
skyldr _adj._ obliged, obligatory, bound [skulu].
skyn _sn._ understanding, insight--'kunna, sk.' understand.
skynda _wv._ 1, hasten, bring in haste.
skyndiliga _adv._ hastily, quickly.
skynsamliga _adv._ intelligently, carefully.
skȳt _see_ *skjōta*.
slā _sv._ 2, strike. 'slā eldi ī,' light a fire.
slæliga _adv._ sluggishly, weakly.
slær _adj._ blunt.
slær _see_ *slā*.
slātr _sn._ meat.
sleikja _wv._ lick.
sleit _see_ *slīta*.
slēttr _adj._ level, smooth; comfortable, easy.
slīkr _adj._ such.
slīta _sv._ 6, tear--*sl. upp*, pull up; _w. dat._ break
(agreement).
smæri _see_ *smār*.
smār _adj._ small, insignificant.
smā-skip _snpl._ small ships.
smā-skūta _wf._ small cutter.
smjūga _sv._ 7, squeeze through, slip.
smugu _see_ *smjūga*.
snarpligr _adj._ vigorous.
snarpr _adj._ sharp; vigorous.
snimma _adv._ early.
snöra _see_ *snūa*.
snūa _sv._ 1, _w. dat._ turn _or_ (_trans._) direct; twist,
plait. *snūask*, turn (_intr._).
soðinn _see_ *sjōða*.
sœkja _wv._ 1c, seek; go--'s. aptr,' retreat.
sœmð _sf._ honour [sōma].
sœtti _see_ *sœkja*.
sofa _sv._ 4, sleep.
sofna _wv._ 3, go to sleep.
sǫgur _see_ *saga*.
sǫk _sf._ cause--'fyrir þā s. at'..., because.
sökkva _sv._ 3, sink.
sōl _sf._ sun.
sōl-skin _sn._ sunshine.
soltinn _adj._ hungry [_ptc. of_ 'svelta,' starve].
sōma _wv._ 2, _w. dat._, be suitable, befitting.
sōmi _wm._ honour.
sonr _sm._ son.
sōtt _sf._ illness.
sōtta _see_ *sœkja*.
sǫx _snpl._ raised prow of a war-ship.
spala _see_ *spǫlr*.
sparask _wv._ 2, spare oneself, reserve one's energy.
spęnna (spęnta) _wv._ 1, _w. dat. of thing_, gird, buckle on.
spjōt _sn._ spear.
sporðr _sm._ tail.
spori _sm._ spur.
spǫlr _sm._ rail.
sprakk _see_ *springa*.
sprętta _wv._ 1, split.
springa _sv._ 3, burst.
spurða _see_ *spyrja*.
spyrja _wv._ 1b, ask; hear of, learn--'sp. til eins,' have news
of, hear of his arrival. *spyrjask*, be known.
spyrna _wv._ 1, kick.
staddr _adj._ placed, staying [_ptc. of_ 'stęðja,' place].
staðr _sm._ place--'ī staðinn,' instead.
stafaðr _adj._ (_ptc._) striped.
staf-karl _sm._ (staff-man), beggar.
stafn _sm._ prow.
stafn-būi _wm._ prow-man.
stafn-lē _wm._ grappling-hook.
stafr _sm._ 2 (_gen. sg._ stafs), staff, stick.
stakk _see_ *stinga*.
stallari _sm._ marshall.
standa _sv._ 2, stand. *st. upp*, stand up, rise.
starfa _wv._ 3, work.
stęfna _wv._ 1, steer; take a course, go.
steig _see_ *stīga*.
steinn _sm._ stone; jewel.
stela _sv._ 4, _w. dat. of thing and acc. of pers._ steal, rob.
stęndr _see_ *standa*.
stęrkliga _adv._ vigorously.
stęrkr _adj._ strong.
steypa _wv._ 1, _w. dat. of thing_, throw; pull off. *steypask*,
throw oneself.
stīga _sv._ 6, advance, walk, go. *st. upp*, mount (horse).
stīgr _sm._ path, way.
stikill _sm._ point.
stilla (stilta) _wv._ 1, arrange. *st. til*, arrange, dispose.
stinga _sv._ 3, pierce; 'st. stǫfnum at skipi,' run the prow
against a ship's side.
stirt _adv._ harshly [_neut. of_ 'stirðr,' stiff].
stōð _see_ *standa*.
stœrri _see_ *stōr*.
stōkkva _sv._ 3, spring, rebound, start back.
stolinn _see_ *stela*.
stōrliga _adv._ bigly, arrogantly.
stōr-mannligr _adj._ magnificent, aristocratic.
stōr-męnni _sn._ great men (collective), aristocracy.
stōrr _adj._ big, great. *stōrum* _adv._ greatly.
stōr-rāðr _adj._ (great of plans), ambitious.
stōr-skip _sn._ big ship,
stōr-virki _sn._ great deed.
strā _wv._ 1, strew, cover with straw.
strauk _see_ *strjūka*.
stręngr _sm._ 2, string.
strjūka _sv._ 7, stroke.
stund _sf._ period of time, time.
stutt _adv._ shortly, abruptly [_neut. of_ 'stuttr' short].
stȳra _wv._ 1, _w. dat._ steer.
stȳri _sn._ rudder.
stȳris-hnakki _wm._ top piece of rudder.
styrkr _sm._ strength; help.
sū _see_ *sā*.
suðr _adv._ southward.
suðr-ganga _wf._ journey south (to Rome).
sukku _see_ *sökkva*.
sumar _sn._ summer.
sumr _prn._ some.
sund _sn._ sound, channel.
svā _adv._ so, as; as soon as. 'ok svā,' also.
svaf _see_ *sofa*.
svara _wv._ 3, _w. dat. of thing_, answer.
svardagi _sm._ oath.
sveinn _sm._ boy.
sveinn-stauli _wm._ small boy.
sveit _sf._ troop.
svelga _sv._ 3, swallow, gulp.
sverð _sn._ sword.
sverðs-hǫgg _sn._ swordstroke.
svipan _sf._ jerk; moment.
svipting _sf._ pull, struggle.
sȳnask _wv._ 1, seem [sjōn].
syni _see_ *sonr*.
systir _sf._ 3, sister.
T
taka _wv._ 2, _w. acc._ take, seize, take possession of; _w.
inf._ begin; _w. dat._ receive (well, ill, etc.). *takask*,
take place, begin. *t. at*, choose. *t. til*, engage in,
try. *t. upp*, take to, choose.
tala _wf._ talk, speech.
tala _wv._ 3, speak, talk about, discuss.
taliðr _see_ *tęlja*.
tālma _wv._ 3, hinder.
tār _sn._ tear.
taumar _smpl._ reins.
tękinn _see_ *taka*.
tęlja _wv._ 1b, count, recount; account, consider; relate, say
[tala].
tęngðir _sfpl._ relationship, connection by marriage.
tęngja _wv._ 1, bind, fasten together.
tęngsl _snpl._ cable.
tīða _wv._ 1, _impers. w. acc._ desire.
tīðindi _snpl._ tidings, news.
tīðr _adj._ usual, happening--'hvat er tītt um þik?' what is the
matter with you? *tītt* _adv._ often, quickly--'sem tīðast,'
as quickly as possible.
tiginn _adj._ of high rank.
tigr _sm._--'fjōrir tigir,' forty.
til _prp. w. gen._ to; till; for (of use)--'alt er t. vāpna
var,' everything that could be used as a missile; for (of
object, intention)--'brjōta lęgg til męrgjar,' break a leg to
get at the marrow; with respect to--'til vista var eigi
gott,' they were not well off for provisions.
til _adv._ too (of excess).
til-vīsan _sf._ direction, guidance.
tītt _see_ *tīðr*.
tīvi _wm._ god.
tjald _sn._ tent.
tjūgu-skęgg _sn._ forked beard.
tœka _see_ *taka*.
tōk _see_ *taka*.
tǫnn _sf._ 3, tooth.
trani _wm._ crane.
trē _sn._ tree.
troða _sv._ tread.
trog _sn._ trough.
tros _sn._ droppings, rubbish.
trūa _wf._ faith--'þat veit tr. mīn at...,' by my faith.
trūa _wv._ 2, _w. dat. of pers._ believe, trust, rely on.
tūn _sn._ enclosure, dwelling.
tveir _num._ two.
tȳna _wv._ 1, _w. dat._ lose.
typpa _wv._ tie in a top-knot.
Þ
þā _see_ *sā*.
þā _see_ *þiggja*.
þā _adv._ then.
þær _see_ *sā*.
þakðr _see_ *þękja*.
þakka _wv._ 3, _w. acc. of thing and dat. of pers._ thank;
requite, reward.
þambar-skęlfir _sm._ bowstring-shaker (?).
þann _see_ *sā*.
þannig _adv._ thither; so [= þann veg].
þar _adv._ there; then; 'þ. af,' _etc._, thereof. 'þar sem,'
since, because. 'þar til,' until.
þarf _see_ *þurfa*.
þat _see_ *sā*.
þau _see_ *sā*.
þegar _adv._ at once. 'þ. er,' as soon as.
þęginn _see_ *þiggja*.
þęgja _wv._ 1b, be silent.
þeim _see_ *sā*.
þeir, þeirra _see_ *sā*.
þękja _wv._ 1b, roof.
þękkja _wv._ 1, notice. *þękkjask*, take pleasure in; accept.
þēr _see_ *þū*.
þess _see_ *sā*.
þess _adv. w. comp._ the, so much the.
þessi _prn._ this.
þiggja _sv._ 5, receive.
þik _see_ *þū*.
þing _sn._ meeting, parliament.
þinn _see_ *þū*.
þit _see_ *þū*.
þjōð _sf._ nation, race.
þō _adv._ though, yet.
þǫkð _see_ *þękja*.
þǫkk _sf._ thanks, gratitude [þakka].
þola _wv._ 2, endure, put up with.
þora _wv._ 2, dare.
þǫrf _sf._ need.
þorrinn _see_ *þverra*.
þōtt _adv._ though [= þō at].
þōtta _see_ *þykkja*.
þraut _see_ *þrjōta*.
þreifask _wv._ 3, grope, feel.
þreyta _wv._ 1, make exertions, try.
þriði _adj._ third.
þriðjungr _sm._ third.
þrīr _num._ three.
þrjōta _sv._ 7, _impers. w. acc. of pers._ come to an end, fail.
þrūðugr _adj._ mighty.
þū _prn._ thou.
þumlungr _sm._ thumb of glove.
þunn-vangi _wm._ temple (of head).
þurðr _sm._ diminution.
þurfa _swv. often impers._ require, need.
þurr _adj._ dry.
þurs _sm._ giant.
þverra _sv._ 3, diminish.
þvers _adv._ across.
þvī _see_ *sā*.
þvī _adv._ therefore; _w. compar._ the, so much the more.
þvīlikr _adj._ such.
þykkja _wv._ 1c, seen, be considered. 'þykkir einum fyrir,'
there seems to be something in the way, one hesitates.
'myndi mēr fyrir þ. ī,' I should be displeased. *þykkjask*,
think.
þykkr _adj._ thick, close.
þynna _wv._ 1, make thin. *þynnask* get thin.
þyrstr _adj._ (_ptc._) thirsty.
U
ū-fœra _wf._ impassable place; fix, difficulty.
ū-friðr _sm._ hostility, war.
ū-grynni _sn._ countless number [grunnr, 'bottom'].
ū-happ _sn._ misfortune.
ū-hreinn _adj._ impure.
um _prp. w. acc._ around, about, over; _of time_ in, at; _of
superiority_ beyond; concerning, about.
um-rāð _sn._ advice, help.
um-sjā _sf._ care.
una _wv._ 1, _w. dat._ be contented--'u. illa,' be discontented.
undan _prp. w. dat._, _adv._ away (from).
undarliga _adv._ strangely.
undarligr _adj._ strange.
undir _prp. w. acc. and dat._ under.
undr _sn._ wonder.
ungr _adj._ young.
unninn _see_ *vinna*.
unz _adv._ until.
upp _adv._ up.
upp-ganga _wf._ boarding (ship).
upp-haf _sn._ beginning [hęfja].
upp-himinn _sm._ high heaven.
uppi _adv._ up; at an end.
urðu _see_ *verða*.
ūt _adv._ out. _comp._ *utar*, outer, outwards, farther away.
utan _adv._ outside; outwards.
utan-fęrð _sf._ journey abroad.
utar _see_ *ūt*.
ūti _adv._ outside, out on the sea.
ūt-lausn _sf._ ransom.
ū-vinr _sm._ enemy.
V
vægð _sf._ forbearance.
vænn _adj._ likely, to be expected.
væri _see_ *vera*.
vætr _neut._ nothing.
vaka _wv._ 3, be awake, wake up.
vakna _wv._ 3, awake.
vald _sn._ power, control.
val-kyrja _sf._ chooser of the slain, war-goddess [kjōsa].
valr _sm._ corpses on the battle-field.
vān, _sf._ hope, expectation, probability.
vandræða-skāld _sn._ the 'awkward' poet, the poet who is
difficult to deal with.
vandræði _snpl._ difficulty.
vangi _wm._ cheek.
vanr _adj._ accustomed.
vāpn _sn._ weapon.
vāpna-burð _sm._ bearing weapons, shower of missiles.
vāpn-lauss _adj._ without weapons.
var _see_ *vera*.
vār _sn._ spring.
vār _see_ *ek*.
vara _wv._ 2, _impers. w. acc. of pers._--'mik varði,' I
expected.
varð _see_ *verða*.
varði _see_ *vęrja*.
vargr _sm._ wolf.
variðr _see_ *vęrja*.
varla _adv._ scarcely.
varnaðr _sm._ goods, merchandise.
vāru _see_ *vera*.
vatn _sn._ water.
vaxa _sv._ 2, grow; increase.
veðr _sn._ weather.
vegr _sm._ road; way, manner; direction, side; _in composition_,
region, tract, land.
veik _see_ *vikja*.
veit _see_ *vita*.
veita _wv._ 1, give, grant; make (resistance, etc.).
vękja _wv._ 1b, wake [vaka].
vēl _sf._ artifice, cunning.
vęlja _wv._ 1b, choose.
vęndi _see_ *vǫndr*.
vēr _see_ *ek*.
vera _sv._ exist; remain, stay, happen; be. 'hvat lātum hafði
verit,' what had caused the noise. *v. at*, be occupied
with.
verð _sn._ worth, value; price.
verða _sv._ 3, happen; happen to come. 'v. fyrir einum,' come
in one's way, appear before one; become; come into being, be;
'v. til eins,' be ready for, undertake; _w. infin._ be
obliged, must. 'nū er ā orðit mikit fyrir mēr,' now I have
come into a great perplexity, difficulty. *v. at*, happen.
verðr _adj._ worth; important.
ver-gjarn _adj._ desirous of a husband, loose.
verit _see_ *vera*.
vert _see_ *verðr*.
vęrja _wv._ 1b, defend--'v. baki,' defend with the back, turn
one's back on.
vęrja _wv._ 1b, dress; lay out money, invest.
verk _sn._ work, job.
verr _sm._ man; husband.
vęrr _adv. comp._ worse. _superl._ *vęrst*, worst.
verǫld _sf._ world.
vestan _adv._ from the west. 'v. fyrir' _w. gen. or acc._, west
of.
vestr _adv._ westwards.
vetr _sm._ winter; year.
vęx _see_ *vaxa*.
vęxti _see_ *vǫxtr*.
við _prp. w. acc._ by, near; towards (of place and time); with
(of various relations). _w. dat._ towards, at (laugh at,
etc.); in exchange for, for.
vīða _adv._ widely, far and wide, on many sides.
viðar-teinungr _sm._ tree-shoot, plant.
við-bragð _sn._ push.
viðr _sm._ 3, tree.
vīðr _adj._ wide, broad.
við-skipti _snpl._ dealings.
við-taka _wf._ reception; resistance.
vīgja _wv._ 1, consecrate, hallow.
vīgr _adj._ warlike, able-bodied.
vīking _sf._ piracy, piratical expedition.
vīkingr _sm._ pirate.
vīkja _sv._ 6, turn, move, go.
vilja _swv._ will.
villi-eldr _sm._ wildfire, conflagration.
vinātta _wf._ friendship.
vināttu-māl _snpl._ assurances of friendship.
vinna _sv._ 3, do, perform; win, conquer. *vinnask til*,
suffice.
vinr _sm._ 2, friend.
virðing _sf._ honour [verðr].
vīsa _wv._ 2, _w. dat._ show, guide.
vīss _adj._ wise; certain.
vissa _see_ *vita*.
vist _sf._ 2, board and lodging; provisions.
vit _see_ *ek*.
vita _swv._ know; be turned in a certain direction. *v. fram*,
see into futurity.
vīti _sn._ punishment, penalty.
vītis-horn _sn._ penalty-horn (whose contents were drunk as a
punishment).
vitkask _wv._ 3, come to one's senses.
vitr (-ran) _adj._ wise.
vǫllr _sm._ 3, plain, field.
vǫndr _sm._ 3, twig, rod.
vǫrn _sf._ defence, resistance.
vǫxtr _sm._ 3, growth, stature.
vreiðr = reiðr.
Y
yðr _see_ *þū*.
yfir _prp. w. acc. and dat._ over [ofan].
ȳmiss _adj._ various, different.
ymr _sm._ rumbling noise.
ytri _adj. comp._ outer. _superl._ *yztr*, outside(st) [ūt].
PROPER NAMES
Āki _sm._
Āsa-þōrr _sm._ (divine) Thor.
Āstrīðr _sf._
Auðun _sm._
Baldr (-rs) _sm._
Barði _wm._ 'the Ram' (name of a ship).
Bil-skīrnir _sm._
Brīsinga-męn _sn._ Freyja's necklace.
Burizleifr _sm._
Dāins-leif _sf._ relic of Dāinn ['leif,' leaving, heritage].
Dana-konungr _sm._ king of the Danes.
Danir _smpl._ the Danes.
Dan-mǫrk _sf._ 3, Denmark.
Draupnir _sm._
Einarr _sm._
Eindriði _wm._
Eirīkr _sm._
Erlingr _sm._
Fęn-salr _sm._ 2.
Finnr _sm._
Finskr _adj._ Finnish.
Freyja _wf._
Freyr _sm._
Frigg _sf._ wife of Odin.
Fulla _wf._ Frigg's handmaid.
Geira _wf._
Gimsar _fpl._
Gjallar-brū _sf._ the bridge over the river Gjǫll.
Gjǫll _sf._ 'the Resounder,' the river of Hell.
Grœn-land _sn._ Greenland.
Gullin-bursti _wm._ 'Golden-bristle.'
Gull-toppr _sm._ 'Gold-top.'
Hā-ey _sf._ 'High-island.'
Hākon _sm._
Hall-freðr _sm._
Haraldr _sm._
Hēðinn _sm._
Heim-dallr _sm._
Hęl _sf._ the goddess of the infernal regions.
Hęr-mōðr _sm._
Hildr _sf._ ['hildr,' war].
Hjaðninga-vīg _sn._ battle of the Hjaðnings.
Hjarrandi _wm._
Hlōriði _wm._ the Thunderer, Thor.
Hǫgni _wm._
Hring-horni _wm._ 'Ring-prowed.'
Hyrningr _sm._
Hyrrokin _sf._
Hǫðr _sm._
Īs-land _sn._ Iceland.
Īsland-fęrð _sf._ journey to Iceland.
Īslęnzkr _adj._ Icelandic.
Jōms-borg _sf._
Jōms-vīkingar _smpl._ the pirates of Jōmsborg.
Kol-bjǫrn _sm._
Laufey _sf._
Litr _sm._
Loki _wm._
Mōð-guðr _sf._
Mœri _wf._
Nanna _wf._
Nepr _sm._
Njarðar _see_ *Njǫrðr*.
Njǫrðr _sm._
Nōa-tūn _snpl._
Noregr _sm._ Norway [= norð-vegr].
Ǫku-þōrr _sm._ Thor (the driver) [aka].
Ōlāfr _sm._
Ōðinn _sm._ Odin.
Orkn-eyjar _sfpl._ Orkneys.
Rōma-borg _sf._ Rome.
Rūm-fęrli _wm._ pilgrim to Rome [fara].
Rǫskva _wf._
Sax-land _sn._ Saxony, Germany.
Sif _sf._
Sigrīðr _sf._
Sig-valdi _wm._
Skjālgr _sm._
Skrȳmir _sm._
Sleipnir _sm._
Slīðrug-tanni _wm._ [tǫnn].
Sœnskr _adj._ Swedish.
Sveinn _sm._
Svīa-konungr _sm._ king of Sweden.
Svīar _smpl._ Swedes.
Svīa-vęldi _sn._ Sweden [vald].
Svī-þjōð _sf._ Sweden.
Svǫlðr (-rar) _sf._ island of Svolder, near Rügen.
Tann-gnjōstr _sm._ [tǫnn].
Tann-grisnir _sm._ [tǫnn].
Tryggvi _wm._ 'Trusty.'
Þjālfi _wm._
Þōrir _sm._
Þor-kęll _sm._
Þōrr _sm._ Thor.
Þor-steinn _sm._
Þrūð-vangar _smpl._ 'plains of strength.'
Þrymyr _sm._
Þǫkk _sf._
Ūlfr _sm._
Ūtgarða-loki _wm._
Ūt-garðr _sm._ *Ūt-garðar* _pl._ 'outer enclosure,' world of
the giants.
Vanir _smpl._ race of Gods.
Vār _sf._ goddess of betrothal and marriage.
Vest-firzkr _adj._ of the west firths (in Iceland).
Vīk _sf._ 'the Bay,' the Skagerak and the Christiania fjord.
Vinda-snękkja _wf._ Wendish ship.
Vind-land _sn._ Wendland.
Vindr _smpl._ the Wends.
Ving-þōrr _sm._ name of Thor.
THE END.
*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AN ICELANDIC PRIMER ***
Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will
be renamed.
Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright
law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works,
so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the
United States without permission and without paying copyright
royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part
of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm
concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark,
and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following
the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use
of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for
copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very
easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation
of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project
Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away--you may
do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected
by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark
license, especially commercial redistribution.
START: FULL LICENSE
THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full
Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at
www.gutenberg.org/license.
Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works
1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or
destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your
possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a
Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound
by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the
person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph
1.E.8.
1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be
used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few
things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See
paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this
agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.
1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the
Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection
of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual
works in the collection are in the public domain in the United
States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the
United States and you are located in the United States, we do not
claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing,
displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as
all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope
that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting
free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm
works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the
Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily
comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the
same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when
you share it without charge with others.
1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are
in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States,
check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this
agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing,
distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any
other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no
representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any
country other than the United States.
1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other
immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear
prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work
on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the
phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed,
performed, viewed, copied or distributed:
This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where
you are located before using this eBook.
1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is
derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not
contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the
copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in
the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are
redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project
Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply
either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or
obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm
trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works
posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the
beginning of this work.
1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg-tm License.
1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including
any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access
to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format
other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official
version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm website
(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense
to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means
of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain
Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the
full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
provided that:
* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed
to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has
agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid
within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are
legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty
payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in
Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation."
* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all
copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue
all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm
works.
* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of
any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of
receipt of the work.
* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than
are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing
from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of
the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the Foundation as set
forth in Section 3 below.
1.F.
1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project
Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may
contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate
or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other
intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or
other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or
cannot be read by your equipment.
1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
DAMAGE.
1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you
received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium
with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you
with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in
lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person
or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second
opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If
the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing
without further opportunities to fix the problem.
1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO
OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT
LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of
damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement
violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the
agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or
limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or
unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the
remaining provisions.
1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in
accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the
production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses,
including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of
the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this
or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or
additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any
Defect you cause.
Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It
exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations
from people in all walks of life.
Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future
generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see
Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at
www.gutenberg.org
Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation
The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit
501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by
U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
The Foundation's business office is located at 809 North 1500 West,
Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up
to date contact information can be found at the Foundation's website
and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact
Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation
Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without
widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest
array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations
($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
status with the IRS.
The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations
where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND
DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular
state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate
While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
approach us with offers to donate.
International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation
methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other
ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To
donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate
Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be
freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of
volunteer support.
Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in
the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not
necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper
edition.
Most people start at our website which has the main PG search
facility: www.gutenberg.org
This website includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
