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Title: The 64-Square Madhouse
Author: Fritz Leiber
Release Date: January 21, 2020 [EBook #61213]
Language: English
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THE 64-SQUARE MADHOUSE
by FRITZ LEIBER
The machine was not perfect. It
could be tricked. It could make
mistakes. And--it could learn!
[Transcriber's Note: This etext was produced from
Worlds of If Science Fiction, May 1962.
Extensive research did not uncover any evidence that
the U.S. copyright on this publication was renewed.]
Silently, so as not to shock anyone with illusions about well dressed
young women, Sandra Lea Grayling cursed the day she had persuaded the
_Chicago Space Mirror_ that there would be all sorts of human interest
stories to be picked up at the first international grandmaster chess
tournament in which an electronic computing machine was entered.
Not that there weren't enough humans around, it was the interest that
was in doubt. The large hall was crammed with energetic dark-suited
men of whom a disproportionately large number were bald, wore glasses,
were faintly untidy and indefinably shabby, had Slavic or Scandinavian
features, and talked foreign languages.
They yakked interminably. The only ones who didn't were scurrying
individuals with the eager-zombie look of officials.
Chess sets were everywhere--big ones on tables, still bigger
diagram-type electric ones on walls, small peg-in sets dragged from
side pockets and manipulated rapidly as part of the conversational
ritual and still smaller folding sets in which the pieces were the tiny
magnetized disks used for playing in free-fall.
There were signs featuring largely mysterious combinations of letters:
FIDE, WBM, USCF, USSF, USSR and UNESCO. Sandra felt fairly sure about
the last three.
The many clocks, bedside table size, would have struck a familiar
note except that they had little red flags and wheels sprinkled over
their faces and they were all in pairs, two clocks to a case. That
Siamese-twin clocks should be essential to a chess tournament struck
Sandra as a particularly maddening circumstance.
* * * * *
Her last assignment had been to interview the pilot pair riding the
first American manned circum-lunar satellite--and the five alternate
pairs who hadn't made the flight. This tournament hall seemed to Sandra
much further out of the world.
Overheard scraps of conversation in reasonably intelligible English
were not particularly helpful. Samples:
"They say the Machine has been programmed to play nothing but pure
Barcza System and Indian Defenses--and the Dragon Formation if anyone
pushes the King Pawn."
"Hah! In that case...."
"The Russians have come with ten trunkfuls of prepared variations and
they'll gang up on the Machine at adjournments. What can one New Jersey
computer do against four Russian grandmasters?"
"I heard the Russians have been programmed--with hypnotic cramming and
somno-briefing. Votbinnik had a nervous breakdown."
"Why, the Machine hasn't even a _Haupturnier_ or an intercollegiate
won. It'll over its head be playing."
"Yes, but maybe like Capa at San Sebastian or Morphy or Willie Angler
at New York. The Russians will look like potzers."
"Have you studied the scores of the match between Moon Base and
Circum-Terra?"
"Not worth the trouble. The play was feeble. Barely Expert Rating."
Sandra's chief difficulty was that she knew absolutely nothing about
the game of chess--a point that she had slid over in conferring with
the powers at the _Space Mirror_, but that now had begun to weigh on
her. How wonderful it would be, she dreamed, to walk out this minute,
find a quiet bar and get pie-eyed in an evil, ladylike way.
"Perhaps mademoiselle would welcome a drink?"
"You're durn tootin' she would!" Sandra replied in a rush, and then
looked down apprehensively at the person who had read her thoughts.
It was a small sprightly elderly man who looked like a somewhat
thinned down Peter Lorre--there was that same impression of the happy
Slavic elf. What was left of his white hair was cut very short,
making a silvery nap. His pince-nez had quite thick lenses. But in
sharp contrast to the somberly clad men around them, he was wearing
a pearl-gray suit of almost exactly the same shade as Sandra's--a
circumstance that created for her the illusion that they were fellow
conspirators.
"Hey, wait a minute," she protested just the same. He had already taken
her arm and was piloting her toward the nearest flight of low wide
stairs. "How did you know I wanted a drink?"
"I could see that mademoiselle was having difficulty swallowing," he
replied, keeping them moving. "Pardon me for feasting my eyes on your
lovely throat."
"I didn't suppose they'd serve drinks here."
"But of course." They were already mounting the stairs. "What would
chess be without coffee or schnapps?"
"Okay, lead on," Sandra said. "You're the doctor."
"Doctor?" He smiled widely. "You know, I like being called that."
"Then the name is yours as long as you want it--Doc."
* * * * *
Meanwhile the happy little man had edged them into the first of a small
cluster of tables, where a dark-suited jabbering trio was just rising.
He snapped his fingers and hissed through his teeth. A white-aproned
waiter materialized.
"For myself black coffee," he said. "For mademoiselle rhine wine and
seltzer?"
"That'd go fine." Sandra leaned back. "Confidentially, Doc, I was
having trouble swallowing ... well, just about everything here."
He nodded. "You are not the first to be shocked and horrified by
chess," he assured her. "It is a curse of the intellect. It is a game
for lunatics--or else it creates them. But what brings a sane and
beautiful young lady to this 64-square madhouse?"
Sandra briefly told him her story and her predicament. By the time they
were served, Doc had absorbed the one and assessed the other.
"You have one great advantage," he told her. "You know nothing
whatsoever of chess--so you will be able to write about it
understandably for your readers." He swallowed half his demitasse and
smacked his lips. "As for the Machine--you _do_ know, I suppose, that
it is not a humanoid metal robot, walking about clanking and squeaking
like a late medieval knight in armor?"
"Yes, Doc, but...." Sandra found difficulty in phrasing the question.
"Wait." He lifted a finger. "I think I know what you're going to ask.
You want to know why, if the Machine works at all, it doesn't work
perfectly, so that it always wins and there is no contest. Right?"
Sandra grinned and nodded. Doc's ability to interpret her mind was as
comforting as the bubbly, mildly astringent mixture she was sipping.
He removed his pince-nez, massaged the bridge of his nose and replaced
them.
"If you had," he said, "a billion computers all as fast as the Machine,
it would take them all the time there ever will be in the universe just
to play through all the possible games of chess, not to mention the
time needed to classify those games into branching families of wins for
White, wins for Black and draws, and the additional time required to
trace out chains of key-moves leading always to wins. So the Machine
can't play chess like God. What the Machine can do is examine all the
likely lines of play for about eight moves ahead--that is, four moves
each for White and Black--and then decide which is the best move on the
basis of capturing enemy pieces, working toward checkmate, establishing
a powerful central position and so on."
* * * * *
"That sounds like the way a man would play a game," Sandra observed.
"Look ahead a little way and try to make a plan. You know, like getting
out trumps in bridge or setting up a finesse."
"Exactly!" Doc beamed at her approvingly. "The Machine _is_ like a
man. A rather peculiar and not exactly pleasant man. A man who always
abides by sound principles, who is utterly incapable of flights of
genius, but who never makes a mistake. You see, you are finding human
interest already, even in the Machine."
Sandra nodded. "Does a human chess player--a grandmaster, I mean--ever
look eight moves ahead in a game?"
"Most assuredly he does! In crucial situations, say where there's a
chance of winning at once by trapping the enemy king, he examines
many more moves ahead than that--thirty or forty even. The Machine
is probably programmed to recognize such situations and do something
of the same sort, though we can't be sure from the information World
Business Machines has released. But in most chess positions the
possibilities are so very nearly unlimited that even a grandmaster can
only look a very few moves ahead and must rely on his judgment and
experience and artistry. The equivalent of those in the Machine is the
directions fed into it before it plays a game."
"You mean the programming?"
"Indeed yes! The programming is the crux of the problem of the
chess-playing computer. The first practical model, reported by
Bernstein and Roberts of IBM in 1958 and which looked four moves
ahead, was programmed so that it had a greedy worried tendency to grab
at enemy pieces and to retreat its own whenever they were attacked. It
had a personality like that of a certain kind of chess-playing dub--a
dull-brained woodpusher afraid to take the slightest risk of losing
material--but a dub who could almost always beat an utter novice.
The WBM machine here in the hall operates about a million times as
fast. Don't ask me how, I'm no physicist, but it depends on the new
transistors and something they call hypervelocity, which in turn
depends on keeping parts of the Machine at a temperature near absolute
zero. However, the result is that the Machine can see eight moves ahead
and is capable of being programmed much more craftily."
"A million times as fast as the first machine, you say, Doc? And yet it
only sees twice as many moves ahead?" Sandra objected.
"There is a geometrical progression involved there," he told her
with a smile. "Believe me, eight moves ahead is a lot of moves when
you remember that the Machine is errorlessly examining every one of
thousands of variations. Flesh-and-blood chess masters have lost games
by blunders they could have avoided by looking only one or two moves
ahead. The Machine will make no such oversights. Once again, you see,
you have the human factor, in this case working for the Machine."
"Savilly, I have been looking allplace for you!"
A stocky, bull-faced man with a great bristling shock of black,
gray-flecked hair had halted abruptly by their table. He bent over Doc
and began to whisper explosively in a guttural foreign tongue.
* * * * *
Sandra's gaze traveled beyond the balustrade. Now that she could look
down at it, the central hall seemed less confusedly crowded. In the
middle, toward the far end, were five small tables spaced rather widely
apart and with a chessboard and men and one of the Siamese clocks set
out on each. To either side of the hall were tiers of temporary seats,
about half of them occupied. There were at least as many more people
still wandering about.
On the far wall was a big electric scoreboard and also, above the
corresponding tables, five large dully glassy chessboards, the White
squares in light gray, the Black squares in dark.
One of the five wall chessboards was considerably larger than the other
four--the one above the Machine.
Sandra looked with quickening interest at the console of the Machine--a
bank of keys and some half-dozen panels of rows and rows of tiny
telltale lights, all dark at the moment. A thick red velvet cord on
little brass standards ran around the Machine at a distance of about
ten feet. Inside the cord were only a few gray-smocked men. Two of
them had just laid a black cable to the nearest chess table and were
attaching it to the Siamese clock.
Sandra tried to think of a being who always checked everything, but
only within limits beyond which his thoughts never ventured, and who
never made a mistake....
"Miss Grayling! May I present to you Igor Jandorf."
She turned back quickly with a smile and a nod.
"I should tell you, Igor," Doc continued, "that Miss Grayling
represents a large and influential Midwestern newspaper. Perhaps you
have a message for her readers."
The shock-headed man's eyes flashed. "I most certainly do!" At that
moment the waiter arrived with a second coffee and wine-and-seltzer.
Jandorf seized Doc's new demitasse, drained it, set it back on the tray
with a flourish and drew himself up.
* * * * *
"Tell your readers, Miss Grayling," he proclaimed, fiercely arching his
eyebrows at her and actually slapping his chest, "that I, Igor Jandorf,
will defeat the Machine by the living force of my human personality!
Already I have offered to play it an informal game blindfold--I, who
have played 50 blindfold games simultaneously! Its owners refuse me. I
have challenged it also to a few games of rapid-transit--an offer no
true grandmaster would dare ignore. Again they refuse me. I predict
that the Machine will play like a great oaf--at least against _me_.
Repeat: I, Igor Jandorf, by the living force of my human personality,
will defeat the Machine. Do you have that? You can remember it?"
"Oh yes," Sandra assured him, "but there are some other questions I
very much want to ask you, Mr. Jandorf."
"I am sorry, Miss Grayling, but I must clear my mind now. In ten
minutes they start the clocks."
While Sandra arranged for an interview with Jandorf after the day's
playing session, Doc reordered his coffee.
"One expects it of Jandorf," he explained to Sandra with a philosophic
shrug when the shock-headed man was gone. "At least he didn't take your
wine-and-seltzer. Or did he? One tip I have for you: don't call a chess
master Mister, call him Master. They all eat it up."
"Gee, Doc, I don't know how to thank you for everything. I hope I
haven't offended Mis--Master Jandorf so that he doesn't--"
"Don't worry about that. Wild horses couldn't keep Jandorf away from a
press interview. You know, his rapid-transit challenge was cunning.
That's a minor variety of chess where each player gets only ten seconds
to make a move. Which I don't suppose would give the Machine time to
look three moves ahead. Chess players would say that the Machine has a
very slow sight of the board. This tournament is being played at the
usual international rate of 15 moves an hour, and--"
"Is that why they've got all those crazy clocks?" Sandra interrupted.
"Oh, yes. Chess clocks measure the time each player takes in making his
moves. When a player makes a move he presses a button that shuts his
clock off and turns his opponent's on. If a player uses too much time,
he loses as surely as if he were checkmated. Now since the Machine
will almost certainly be programmed to take an equal amount of time
on successive moves, a rate of 15 moves an hour means it will have 4
minutes a move--and it will need every second of them! Incidentally
it was typical Jandorf bravado to make a point of a blindfold
challenge--just as if the Machine weren't playing blindfold itself. Or
_is_ the Machine blindfold? How do you think of it?"
"Gosh, I don't know. Say, Doc, is it really true that Master Jandorf
has played 50 games at once blindfolded? I can't believe that."
* * * * *
"Of course not!" Doc assured her. "It was only 49 and he lost two of
those and drew five. Jandorf always exaggerates. It's in his blood."
"He's one of the Russians, isn't he?" Sandra asked. "Igor?"
Doc chuckled. "Not exactly," he said gently. "He is originally a Pole
and now he has Argentinian citizenship. You have a program, don't you?"
Sandra started to hunt through her pocketbook, but just then two lists
of names lit up on the big electric scoreboard.
THE PLAYERS
William Angler, USA
Bela Grabo, Hungary
Ivan Jal, USSR
Igor Jandorf, Argentina
Dr. S. Krakatower, France
Vassily Lysmov, USSR
The Machine, USA (programmed by Simon Great)
Maxim Serek, USSR
Moses Sherevsky, USA
Mikhail Votbinnik, USSR
_Tournament Director_: Dr. Jan Vanderhoef
FIRST ROUND PAIRINGS
Sherevsky vs. Serek
Jal vs. Angler
Jandorf vs. Votbinnik
Lysmov vs. Krakatower
Grabo vs. Machine
"Cripes, Doc, they all sound like they were Russians," Sandra said
after a bit. "Except this Willie Angler. Oh, he's the boy wonder,
isn't he?"
Doc nodded. "Not such a boy any longer, though. He's.... Well, speak of
the Devil's children.... Miss Grayling, I have the honor of presenting
to you the only grandmaster ever to have been ex-chess-champion of the
United States while still technically a minor--Master William Augustus
Angler."
A tall, sharply-dressed young man with a hatchet face pressed the old
man back into his chair.
"How are you, Savvy, old boy old boy?" he demanded. "Still chasing the
girls, I see."
"Please, Willie, get off me."
"Can't take it, huh?" Angler straightened up somewhat. "Hey waiter!
Where's that chocolate malt? I don't want it _next_ year. About that
_ex-_, though. I was swindled, Savvy. I was robbed."
"Willie!" Doc said with some asperity. "Miss Grayling is a journalist.
She would like to have a statement from you as to how you will play
against the Machine."
* * * * *
Angler grinned and shook his head sadly. "Poor old Machine," he said.
"I don't know why they take so much trouble polishing up that pile of
tin just so that I can give it a hit in the head. I got a hatful of
moves it'll burn out all its tubes trying to answer. And if it gets too
fresh, how about you and me giving its low-temperature section the
hotfoot, Savvy? The money WBM's putting up is okay, though. That first
prize will just fit the big hole in my bank account."
"I know you haven't the time now, Master Angler," Sandra said rapidly,
"but if after the playing session you could grant me--"
"Sorry, babe," Angler broke in with a wave of dismissal. "I'm dated up
for two months in advance. Waiter! I'm here, not there!" And he went
charging off.
Doc and Sandra looked at each other and smiled.
"Chess masters aren't exactly humble people, are they?" she said.
Doc's smile became tinged with sad understanding. "You must excuse
them, though," he said. "They really get so little recognition or
recompense. This tournament is an exception. And it takes a great deal
of ego to play greatly."
"I suppose so. So World Business Machines is responsible for this
tournament?"
"Correct. Their advertising department is interested in the prestige.
They want to score a point over their great rival."
"But if the Machine plays badly it will be a black eye for them,"
Sandra pointed out.
"True," Doc agreed thoughtfully. "WBM must feel very sure.... It's
the prize money they've put up, of course, that's brought the world's
greatest players here. Otherwise half of them would be holding off
in the best temperamental-artist style. For chess players the prize
money is fabulous--$35,000, with $15,000 for first place, and all
expenses paid for all players. There's never been anything like it.
Soviet Russia is the only country that has ever supported and rewarded
her best chess players at all adequately. I think the Russian players
are here because UNESCO and FIDE (that's _Federation Internationale
des Echecs_--the international chess organization) are also backing
the tournament. And perhaps because the Kremlin is hungry for a little
prestige now that its space program is sagging."
"But if a Russian doesn't take first place it will be a black eye for
them."
Doc frowned. "True, in a sense. _They_ must feel very sure.... Here
they are now."
* * * * *
Four men were crossing the center of the hall, which was clearing,
toward the tables at the other end. Doubtless they just happened to be
going two by two in close formation, but it gave Sandra the feeling of
a phalanx.
"The first two are Lysmov and Votbinnik," Doc told her. "It isn't often
that you see the current champion of the world--Votbinnik--and an
ex-champion arm in arm. There are two other persons in the tournament
who have held that honor--Jal and Vanderhoef the director, way back."
"Will whoever wins this tournament become champion?"
"Oh no. That's decided by two-player matches--a very long
business--after elimination tournaments between leading contenders.
This tournament is a round robin: each player plays one game with every
other player. That means nine rounds."
"Anyway there _are_ an awful lot of Russians in the tournament,"
Sandra said, consulting her program. "Four out of ten have USSR after
them. And Bela Grabo, Hungary--that's a satellite. And Sherevsky and
Krakatower are Russian-sounding names."
"The proportion of Soviet to American entries in the tournament
represents pretty fairly the general difference in playing strength
between the two countries," Doc said judiciously. "Chess mastery
moves from land to land with the years. Way back it was the Moslems
and the Hindus and Persians. Then Italy and Spain. A little over a
hundred years ago it was France and England. Then Germany, Austria
and the New World. Now it's Russia--including of course the Russians
who have run away from Russia. But don't think there aren't a lot of
good Anglo-Saxon types who are masters of the first water. In fact,
there are a lot of them here around us, though perhaps you don't
think so. It's just that if you play a lot of chess you get to looking
Russian. Once it probably made you look Italian. Do you see that short
bald-headed man?"
"You mean the one facing the Machine and talking to Jandorf?"
"Yes. Now that's one with a lot of human interest. Moses Sherevsky.
Been champion of the United States many times. A very strict Orthodox
Jew. Can't play chess on Fridays or on Saturdays before sundown." He
chuckled. "Why, there's even a story going around that one rabbi told
Sherevsky it would be unlawful for him to play against the Machine
because it is technically a _golem_--the clay Frankenstein's monster of
Hebrew legend."
Sandra asked, "What about Grabo and Krakatower?"
* * * * *
Doc gave a short scornful laugh. "Krakatower! Don't pay any attention
to _him_. A senile has-been, it's a scandal he's been allowed to play
in this tournament! He must have pulled all sorts of strings. Told them
that his lifelong services to chess had won him the honor and that they
had to have a member of the so-called Old Guard. Maybe he even got down
on his knees and cried--and all the time his eyes on that expense money
and the last-place consolation prize! Yet dreaming schizophrenically
of beating them all! Please, don't get me started on Dirty Old
Krakatower."
"Take it easy, Doc. He sounds like he would make an interesting
article? Can you point him out to me?"
"You can tell him by his long white beard with coffee stains. I don't
see it anywhere, though. Perhaps he's shaved it off for the occasion.
It would be like that antique womanizer to develop senile delusions of
youthfulness."
"And Grabo?" Sandra pressed, suppressing a smile at the intensity of
Doc's animosity.
Doc's eyes grew thoughtful. "About Bela Grabo (why are three out of
four Hungarians named Bela?) I will tell you only this: That he is a
very brilliant player and that the Machine is very lucky to have drawn
him as its first opponent."
He would not amplify his statement. Sandra studied the Scoreboard again.
"This Simon Great who's down as programming the Machine. He's a famous
physicist, I suppose?"
"By no means. That was the trouble with some of the early chess-playing
machines--they were programmed by scientists. No, Simon Great is a
psychologist who at one time was a leading contender for the world's
chess championship. I think WBM was surprisingly shrewd to pick him
for the programming job. Let me tell you--No, better yet--"
Doc shot to his feet, stretched an arm on high and called out sharply,
"Simon!"
A man some four tables away waved back and a moment later came over.
"What is it, Savilly?" he asked. "There's hardly any time, you know."
* * * * *
The newcomer was of middle height, compact of figure and feature, with
graying hair cut short and combed sharply back.
Doc spoke his piece for Sandra.
Simon Great smiled thinly. "Sorry," he said, "But I am making no
predictions and we are giving out no advance information on the
programming of the Machine. As you know, I have had to fight the
Players' Committee tooth and nail on all sorts of points about that
and they have won most of them. I am not permitted to re-program the
Machine at adjournments--only between games (I did insist on that and
get it!) And if the Machine breaks down during a game, its clock keeps
running on it. My men are permitted to make repairs--if they can work
fast enough."
"That makes it very tough on you," Sandra put in. "The Machine isn't
allowed any weaknesses."
Great nodded soberly. "And now I must go. They've almost finished the
count-down, as one of my technicians keeps on calling it. Very pleased
to have met you, Miss Grayling--I'll check with our PR man on that
interview. Be seeing you, Savvy."
The tiers of seats were filled now and the central space almost clear.
Officials were shooing off a few knots of lingerers. Several of the
grandmasters, including all four Russians, were seated at their tables.
Press and company cameras were flashing. The four smaller wallboards
lit up with the pieces in the opening position--white for White and red
for Black. Simon Great stepped over the red velvet cord and more flash
bulbs went off.
"You know, Doc," Sandra said, "I'm a dog to suggest this, but what
if this whole thing were a big fake? What if Simon Great were really
playing the Machine's moves? There would surely be some way for his
electricians to rig--"
Doc laughed happily--and so loudly that some people at the adjoining
tables frowned.
"Miss Grayling, that is a wonderful idea! I will probably steal it for
a short story. I still manage to write and place a few in England.
No, I do not think that is at all likely. WBM would never risk such
a fraud. Great is completely out of practice for actual tournament
play, though not for chess-thinking. The difference in style between
a computer and a man would be evident to any expert. Great's own style
is remembered and would be recognized--though, come to think of it, his
style was often described as being machinelike...." For a moment Doc's
eyes became thoughtful. Then he smiled again. "But no, the idea is
impossible. Vanderhoef as Tournament Director has played two or three
games with the Machine to assure himself that it operates legitimately
and has grandmaster skill."
"Did the Machine beat him?" Sandra asked.
* * * * *
Doc shrugged. "The scores weren't released. It was very hush-hush.
But about your idea, Miss Grayling--did you ever read about Maelzel's
famous chess-playing automaton of the 19th Century? That one too was
supposed to work by machinery (cogs and gears, not electricity) but
actually it had a man hidden inside it--your Edgar Poe exposed the
fraud in a famous article. In _my_ story I think the chess robot will
break down while it is being demonstrated to a millionaire purchaser
and the young inventor will have to win its game for it to cover up
and swing the deal. Only the millionaire's daughter, who is really a
better player than either of them ... yes, yes! Your Ambrose Bierce
too wrote a story about a chess-playing robot of the clickety-clank-grr
kind who murdered his creator, crushing him like an iron grizzly bear
when the man won a game from him. Tell me, Miss Grayling, do you find
yourself imagining this Machine putting out angry tendrils to strangle
its opponents, or beaming rays of death and hypnotism at them? I can
imagine...."
While Doc chattered happily on about chess-playing robots and chess
stories, Sandra found herself thinking about him. A writer of some sort
evidently and a terrific chess buff. Perhaps he was an actual medical
doctor. She'd read something about two or three coming over with the
Russian squad. But Doc certainly didn't sound like a Soviet citizen.
He was older than she'd first assumed. She could see that now that
she was listening to him less and looking at him more. Tired, too.
Only his dark-circled eyes shone with unquenchable youth. A useful old
guy, whoever he was. An hour ago she'd been sure she was going to muff
this assignment completely and now she had it laid out cold. For the
umpteenth time in her career Sandra shied away from the guilty thought
that she wasn't a writer at all or even a reporter, she just used
dime-a-dozen female attractiveness to rope a susceptible man (young,
old, American, Russian) and pick his brain....
She realized suddenly that the whole hall had become very quiet.
Doc was the only person still talking and people were again looking at
them disapprovingly. All five wallboards were lit up and the changed
position of a few pieces showed that opening moves had been made on
four of them, including the Machine's. The central space between
the tiers of seats was completely clear now, except for one man
hurrying across it in their direction with the rapid yet quiet, almost
tip-toe walk that seemed to mark all the officials. _Like morticians'
assistants_, she thought. He rapidly mounted the stairs and halted at
the top to look around searchingly. His gaze lighted on their table,
his eyebrows went up, and he made a beeline for Doc. Sandra wondered if
she should warn him that he was about to be shushed.
The official laid a hand on Doc's shoulder. "Sir!" he said agitatedly.
"Do you realize that they've started your clock, Dr. Krakatower?"
* * * * *
Sandra became aware that Doc was grinning at her. "Yes, it's true
enough, Miss Grayling," he said. "I trust you will pardon the
deception, though it was hardly one, even technically. Every word I
told you about Dirty Old Krakatower is literally true. Except the long
white beard--he never wore a beard after he was 35--that part was an
out-and-out lie! Yes, yes! I will be along in a moment! Do not worry,
the spectators will get their money's worth out of me! And WBM did not
with its expense account buy my soul--that belongs to the young lady
here."
Doc rose, lifted her hand and kissed it. "Thank you, mademoiselle,
for a charming interlude. I hope it will be repeated. Incidentally,
I should say that besides.... (Stop pulling at me, man!--there can't
be five minutes on my clock yet!) ... that besides being Dirty Old
Krakatower, grandmaster emeritus, I am also the special correspondent
of the _London Times_. It is always pleasant to chat with a colleague.
Please do not hesitate to use in your articles any of the ideas I
tossed out, if you find them worthy--I sent in my own first dispatch
two hours ago. Yes, yes, I come! Au revoir, mademoiselle!"
He was at the bottom of the stairs when Sandra jumped up and hurried to
the balustrade.
"Hey, Doc!" she called.
He turned.
"Good luck!" she shouted and waved.
He kissed his hand to her and went on.
People glared at her then and a horrified official came hurrying.
Sandra made big frightened eyes at him, but she couldn't quite hide
her grin.
IV
Sitzfleisch (which roughly means endurance--"sitting flesh" or "buttock
meat") is the quality needed above all others by tournament chess
players--and their audiences.
After Sandra had watched the games (the players' faces, rather--she had
a really good pair of zoomer glasses) for a half hour or so, she had
gone to her hotel room, written her first article (interview with the
famous Dr. Krakatower), sent it in and then come back to the hall to
see how the games had turned out.
They were still going on, all five of them.
The press section was full, but two boys and a girl of high-school age
obligingly made room for Sandra on the top tier of seats and she tuned
in on their whispered conversation. The jargon was recognizably related
to that which she'd gotten a dose of on the floor, but gamier. Players
did not sacrifice pawns, they sacked them. No one was ever defeated,
only busted. Pieces weren't lost but blown. The Ruy Lopez was the Dirty
Old _Roo_ay--and incidentally a certain set of opening moves named
after a long-departed Spanish churchman, she now discovered from Dave,
Bill and Judy, whose sympathetic help she won by frequent loans of her
zoomer glasses.
The four-hour time control point--two hours and 30 moves for each
player--had been passed while she was sending in her article, she
learned, and they were well on their way toward the next control
point--an hour more and 15 moves for each player--after which
unfinished games would be adjourned and continued at a special morning
session. Sherevsky had had to make 15 moves in two minutes after taking
an hour earlier on just one move. But that was nothing out of the
ordinary, Dave had assured her in the same breath, Sherevsky was always
letting himself get into "fantastic time-pressure" and then wriggling
out of it brilliantly. He was apparently headed for a win over Serek.
_Score one for the USA over the USSR_, Sandra thought proudly.
Votbinnik had Jandorf practically in _Zugzwang_ (his pieces all tied
up, Bill explained) and the Argentinian would be busted shortly.
Through the glasses Sandra could see Jandorf's thick chest rise and
fall as he glared murderously at the board in front of him. By contrast
Votbinnik looked like a man lost in reverie.
Dr. Krakatower had lost a pawn to Lysmov but was hanging on grimly.
However, Dave would not give a plugged nickle for his chances against
the former world's champion, because "those old ones always weaken in
the sixth hour."
"You for-get the bio-logical mir-acle of Doc-tor Las-ker," Bill and
Judy chanted as one.
"Shut up," Dave warned them. An official glared angrily from the floor
and shook a finger. Much later Sandra discovered that Dr. Emanuel
Lasker was a philosopher-mathematician who, after holding the world's
championship for 26 years, had won a very strong tournament (New York
1924) at the age of 56 and later almost won another (Moscow 1935) at
the age of 67.
* * * * *
Sandra studied Doc's face carefully through her glasses. He looked
terribly tired now, almost a death's head. Something tightened in her
chest and she looked away quickly.
The Angler-Jal and Grabo-Machine games were still ding-dong contests,
Dave told her. If anything, Grabo had a slight advantage. The Machine
was "on the move," meaning that Grabo had just made a move and was
waiting the automaton's reply.
The Hungarian was about the most restless "waiter" Sandra could
imagine. He twisted his long legs constantly and writhed his shoulders
and about every five seconds he ran his hands back through his unkempt
tassle of hair.
Once he yawned selfconsciously, straightened himself and sat very
compactly. But almost immediately he was writhing again.
The Machine had its own mannerisms, if you could call them that. Its
dim, unobtrusive telltale lights were winking on and off in a fairly
rapid, random pattern. Sandra got the impression that from time to time
Grabo's eyes were trying to follow their blinking, like a man watching
fireflies.
Simon Great sat impassively behind a bare table next to the Machine,
his five gray-smocked technicians grouped around him.
A flushed-faced, tall, distinguished-looking elderly gentleman was
standing by the Machine's console. Dave told Sandra it was Dr.
Vanderhoef, the Tournament Director, one-time champion of the world.
"Another old potzer like Krakatower, but with sense enough to know when
he's licked," Bill characterized harshly.
"Youth, ah, un-van-quish-able youth," Judy chanted happily by herself.
"Flashing like a meteor across the chess fir-ma-ment. Morphy, Angler,
Judy Kaplan...."
"Shut up! They really will throw us out," Dave warned her and then
explained in whispers to Sandra that Vanderhoef and his assistants had
the nervous-making job of feeding into the Machine the moves made by
its opponent, "so everyone will know it's on the level, I guess." He
added, "It means the Machine loses a few seconds every move, between
the time Grabo punches the clock and the time Vanderhoef gets the move
fed into the Machine."
Sandra nodded. The players were making it as hard on the Machine as
possible, she decided with a small rush of sympathy.
* * * * *
Suddenly there was a tiny movement of the gadget attached from the
Machine to the clocks on Grabo's table and a faint _click_. But Grabo
almost leapt out of his skin.
Simultaneously a red castle-topped piece (one of the Machine's rooks,
Sandra was informed) moved four squares sideways on the big electric
board above the Machine. An official beside Dr. Vanderhoef went over to
Grabo's board and carefully moved the corresponding piece. Grabo seemed
about to make some complaint, then apparently thought better of it and
plunged into brooding cogitation over the board, elbows on the table,
both hands holding his head and fiercely massaging his scalp.
The Machine let loose with an unusually rapid flurry of blinking. Grabo
straightened up, seemed again about to make a complaint, then once
more to repress the impulse. Finally he moved a piece and punched his
clock. Dr. Vanderhoef immediately flipped four levers on the Machine's
console and Grabo's move appeared on the electric board.
Grabo sprang up, went over to the red velvet cord and motioned
agitatedly to Vanderhoef.
There was a short conference, inaudible at the distance, during which
Grabo waved his arms and Vanderhoef grew more flushed. Finally the
latter went over to Simon Great and said something, apparently with
some hesitancy. But Great smiled obligingly, sprang to his feet, and
in turn spoke to his technicians, who immediately fetched and unfolded
several large screens and set them in front of the Machine, masking the
blinking lights. _Blindfolding it_, Sandra found herself thinking.
Dave chuckled. "That's already happened once while you were out," he
told Sandra. "I guess seeing the lights blinking makes Grabo nervous.
But then _not_ seeing them makes him nervous. Just watch."
"The Machine has its own mysterious pow-wow-wers," Judy chanted.
"That's what you think," Bill told her. "Did you know that Willie
Angler has hired Evil Eye Bixel out of Brooklyn to put the whammy on
the Machine? S'fact."
"... pow-wow-wers unknown to mere mortals of flesh and blood--"
"Shut up!" Dave hissed. "Now you've done it. Here comes old Eagle Eye.
Look, I don't know you two. I'm with this lady here."
* * * * *
Bela Grabo was suffering acute tortures. He had a winning attack,
he knew it. The Machine was counter-attacking, but unstrategically,
desperately, in the style of a Frank Marshall complicating the issue
and hoping for a swindle. All Grabo had to do, he knew, was keep his
head and _not blunder_--not throw away a queen, say, as he had to old
Vanderhoef at Brussels, or overlook a mate in two, as he had against
Sherevsky at Tel Aviv. The memory of those unutterably black moments
and a dozen more like them returned to haunt him. Never if he lived a
thousand years would he be free of them.
For the tenth time in the last two minutes he glanced at his clock.
He had fifteen minutes in which to make five moves. He wasn't in
time-pressure, he must remember that. He mustn't make a move on
impulse, he mustn't let his treacherous hand leap out without waiting
for instructions from its guiding brain.
First prize in this tournament meant incredible wealth--transportation
money and hotel bills for more than a score of future tournaments. But
more than that, it was one more chance to blazon before the world his
true superiority rather than the fading reputation of it. "... Bela
Grabo, brilliant but erratic...." Perhaps his last chance.
When, in the name of Heaven, was the Machine going to make its next
move? Surely it had already taken more than four minutes! But a glance
at its clock showed him that hardly half that time had gone by. He
decided he had made a mistake in asking again for the screens. It was
easier to watch those damned lights blink than have them blink in his
imagination.
Oh, if chess could only be played in intergalactic space, in the
black privacy of one's thoughts. But there had to be the physical
presence of the opponent with his (possibly deliberate) unnerving
mannerisms--Lasker and his cigar, Capablanca and his red neck-tie,
Nimzowitsch and his nervous contortions (very like Bela Grabo's, though
the latter did not see it that way). And now this ghastly flashing,
humming, stinking, button-banging metal monster!
Actually, he told himself, he was being asked to play two opponents,
the Machine and Simon Great, a sort of consultation team. It wasn't
fair!
* * * * *
The Machine hammered its button and rammed its queen across the
electric board. In Grabo's imagination it was like an explosion.
Grabo held onto his nerves with an effort and plunged into a maze of
calculations.
Once he came to, like a man who has been asleep, to realize that he was
wondering whether the lights were still blinking behind the screens
while he was making his move. Did the Machine really analyze at such
times or were the lights just an empty trick? He forced his mind back
to the problems of the game, decided on his move, checked the board
twice for any violent move he might have missed, noted on his clock
that he'd taken five minutes, checked the board again very rapidly and
then put out his hand and made his move--with the fiercely suspicious
air of a boss compelled to send an extremely unreliable underling on an
all-important errand.
Then he punched his clock, sprang to his feet, and once more waved for
Vanderhoef.
Thirty seconds later the Tournament Director, very red-faced now, was
saying in a low voice, almost pleadingly, "But Bela, I cannot keep
asking them to change the screens. Already they have been up twice and
down once to please you. Moving them disturbs the other players and
surely isn't good for your own peace of mind. Oh, Bela, my dear Bela--"
Vanderhoef broke off. Grabo knew he had been going to say something
improper but from the heart, such as, "For God's sake don't blow this
game out of nervousness now that you have a win in sight"--and this
sympathy somehow made the Hungarian furious.
"I have other complaints which I will make formally after the game,"
he said harshly, quivering with rage. "It is a disgrace the way that
mechanism punches the time-clock button. It will crack the case! The
Machine never stops humming! And it stinks of ozone and hot metal, as
if it were about to explode!"
"It _cannot_ explode, Bela. Please!"
"No, but it threatens to! And you know a threat is always more
effective than an actual attack! As for the screens, they must be taken
down at once, I demand it!"
"Very well, Bela, very well, it will be done. Compose yourself."
Grabo did not at once return to his table--he could not have endured to
sit still for the moment--but paced along the line of tables, snatching
looks at the other games in progress. When he looked back at the big
electric board, he saw that the Machine had made a move although he
hadn't heard it punch the clock. He rushed back and studied the board
without sitting down. Why, the Machine had made a _stupid_ move, he saw
with a rush of exaltation. At that moment the last screen being folded
started to fall over, but one of the gray-smocked men caught it deftly.
Grabo flinched and his hand darted out and moved a piece.
He heard someone gasp. Vanderhoef.
* * * * *
It got very quiet. The four soft clicks of the move being fed into the
Machine were like the beat of a muffled drum.
There was a buzzing in Grabo's ears. He looked down at the board in
horror.
The Machine blinked, blinked once more and then, although barely twenty
seconds had elapsed, moved a rook.
On the glassy gray margin above the Machine's electric board, large red
words flamed on:
CHECK! AND MATE IN THREE
Up in the stands Dave squeezed Sandra's arm. "He's done it! He's let
himself be swindled."
"You mean the Machine has beaten Grabo?" Sandra asked.
"What else?"
"Can you be sure? Just like that?"
"Of cour.... Wait a second.... Yes, I'm sure."
"Mated in three like a potzer," Bill confirmed.
"The poor old boob," Judy sighed.
Down on the floor Bela Grabo sagged. The assistant director moved
toward him quickly. But then the Hungarian straightened himself a
little.
"I resign," he said softly.
The red words at the top of the board were wiped out and briefly
replaced, in white, by:
THANK YOU FOR A GOOD GAME
And then a third statement, also in white, flashed on for a few seconds:
YOU HAD BAD LUCK
Bela Grabo clenched his fists and bit his teeth. Even _the Machine_ was
being sorry for him!
He stiffly walked out of the hall. It was a long, long walk.
V
Adjournment time neared. Serek, the exchange down but with considerable
time on his clock, sealed his forty-sixth move against Sherevsky and
handed the envelope to Vanderhoef. It would be opened when the game was
resumed at the morning session. Dr. Krakatower studied the position on
his board and then quietly tipped over his king. He sat there for a
moment as if he hadn't the strength to rise. Then he shook himself a
little, smiled, got up, clasped hands briefly with Lysmov and wandered
over to watch the Angler-Jal game.
Jandorf had resigned his game to Votbinnik some minutes ago, rather
more surlily.
After a while Angler sealed a move, handing it to Vanderhoef with a
grin just as the little red flag dropped on his clock, indicating he'd
used every second of his time.
Up in the stands Sandra worked her shoulders to get a kink out of her
back. She'd noticed several newsmen hurrying off to report in the
Machine's first win. She was thankful that her job was limited to
special articles.
"Chess is a pretty intense game," she remarked to Dave.
He nodded. "It's a killer. I don't expect to live beyond forty myself."
"Thirty," Bill said.
"Twenty-five is enough time to be a meteor," said Judy.
Sandra thought to herself: _the Unbeat Generation_.
* * * * *
Next day Sherevsky played the Machine to a dead-level ending. Simon
Great offered a draw for the Machine (over an unsuccessful interfering
protest from Jandorf that this constituted making a move for the
Machine) but Sherevsky refused and sealed his move.
"He wants to have it proved to him that the Machine can play end
games," Dave commented to Sandra up in the stands. "I don't blame him."
At the beginning of today's session Sandra had noticed that Bill and
Judy were following each game in a very new-looking book they shared
jealously between them. _Won't look new for long_, Sandra had thought.
"That's the 'Bible' they got there," Dave had explained. "MCO-_Modern
Chess Openings_. It lists all the best open-moves in chess, thousands
and thousands of variations. That is, what masters _think_ are the
best moves. The moves that have won in the past, really. We chipped in
together to buy the latest edition--the 13th--just hot off the press,"
he had finished proudly.
Now with the Machine-Sherevsky ending the center of interest, the kids
were consulting another book, one with grimy, dog-eared pages. "That's
the 'New Testament'--_Basic Chess Endings_," Dave said when he noticed
her looking. "There's so much you must know in endings that it's
amazing the Machine can play them at all. I guess as the pieces get
fewer it starts to look deeper."
* * * * *
Sandra nodded. She was feeling virtuous. She had got her interview with
Jandorf and then this morning one with Grabo ("How it Feels to Have a
Machine Out-Think You"). The latter had made her think of herself as a
real vulture of the press, circling over the doomed. The Hungarian had
seemed in a positively suicidal depression.
One newspaper article made much of the Machine's "psychological
tactics," hinting that the blinking lights were designed to hypnotize
opponents. The general press coverage was somewhat startling. A game
that in America normally rated only a fine-print column in the back
sections of a very few Sunday papers was now getting boxes on the front
page. The defeat of a man by a machine seemed everywhere to awaken
nervous feelings of insecurity, like the launching of the first sputnik.
Sandra had rather hesitantly sought out Dr. Krakatower during the close
of the morning session of play, still feeling a little guilty from her
interview with Grabo. But Doc had seemed happy to see her and quite
recovered from last night's defeat, though when she had addressed him
as "Master Krakatower" he had winced and said, "Please, not that!"
Another session of coffee and wine-and-seltzer had resulted in her
getting an introduction to her first Soviet grandmaster, Serek, who had
proved to be unexpectedly charming. He had just managed to draw his
game with Sherevsky (to the great amazement of the kibitzers, Sandra
learned) and was most obliging about arranging for an interview.
Not to be outdone in gallantry, Doc had insisted on escorting Sandra
to her seat in the stands--at the price of once more losing a couple
of minutes on his clock. As a result her stock went up considerably
with Dave, Bill and Judy. Thereafter they treated anything she had
to say with almost annoying deference--Bill especially, probably in
penance for his thoughtless cracks at Doc. Sandra later came to suspect
that the kids had privately decided that she was Dr. Krakatower's
mistress--probably a new one because she was so scandalously ignorant
of chess. She did not disillusion them.
Doc lost again in the second round--to Jal.
* * * * *
In the third round Lysmov defeated the Machine in 27 moves. There was
a flaring of flashbulbs, a rush of newsmen to the phones, jabbering in
the stands and much comment and analysis that was way over Sandra's
head--except she got the impression that Lysmov had done something
tricky.
The general emotional reaction in America, as reflected by the
newspapers, was not too happy. One read between the lines that for the
Machine to beat a man was bad, but for a Russian to beat an American
machine was worse. A widely-read sports columnist, two football
coaches, and several rural politicians announced that chess was a
morbid game played only by weirdies. Despite these thick-chested
he-man statements, the elusive mood of insecurity deepened.
Besides the excitement of the Lysmov win, a squabble had arisen in
connection with the Machine's still-unfinished end game with Sherevsky,
which had been continued through one morning session and was now headed
for another.
Finally there were rumors that World Business Machines was planning to
replace Simon Great with a nationally famous physicist.
Sandra begged Doc to try to explain it all to her in kindergarten
language. She was feeling uncertain of herself again and quite subdued
after being completely rebuffed in her efforts to get an interview with
Lysmov, who had fled her as if she were a threat to his Soviet virtue.
Doc on the other hand was quite vivacious, cheered by his third-round
draw with Jandorf.
"Most willingly, my dear," he said. "Have you ever noticed that
kindergarten language can be far honester than the adult tongues? Fewer
fictions. Well, several of us hashed over the Lysmov game until three
o'clock this morning. Lysmov wouldn't, though. Neither would Votbinnik
or Jal. You see, I have my communication problems with the Russians too.
"We finally decided that Lysmov had managed to guess with complete
accuracy both the depth at which the Machine is analyzing in the
opening and middle game (ten moves ahead instead of eight, we think--a
prodigious achievement!) and also the main value scale in terms of
which the Machine selects its move.
"Having that information, Lysmov managed to play into a combination
which would give the Machine a maximum plus value in its value scale
(win of Lysmov's queen, it was) after ten moves but a checkmate for
Lysmov on his second move _after_ the first ten. A human chess master
would have seen a trap like that, but the Machine could not, because
Lysmov was maneuvering in an area that did not exist for the Machine's
perfect but limited mind. Of course the Machine changed its tactics
after the first three moves of the ten had been played--it could see
the checkmate then--but by that time it was too late for it to avert a
disastrous loss of material. It was tricky of Lysmov, but completely
fair. After this we'll all be watching for the opportunity to play the
same sort of trick on the Machine.
* * * * *
"Lysmov was the first of us to realize fully that _we are not playing
against a metal monster but against a certain kind of programming_.
If there are any weaknesses we can spot in that programming, we can
win. Very much in the same way that we can again and again defeat a
flesh-and-blood player when we discover that he consistently attacks
without having an advantage in position or is regularly overcautious
about launching a counter-attack when he himself is attacked without
justification."
Sandra nodded eagerly. "So from now on your chances of beating the
Machine should keep improving, shouldn't they? I mean as you find out
more and more about the programming."
Doc smiled. "You forget," he said gently, "that Simon Great can change
the programming before each new game. Now I see why he fought so hard
for that point."
"Oh. Say, Doc, what's this about the Sherevsky end game?"
"You are picking up the language, aren't you?" he observed. "Sherevsky
got a little angry when he discovered that Great had the Machine
programmed to analyze steadily on the next move after an adjournment
until the game was resumed next morning. Sherevsky questioned whether
it was fair for the Machine to 'think' all night while its opponent had
to get some rest. Vanderhoef decided for the Machine, though Sherevsky
may carry the protest to FIDE.
"Bah--I think Great wants us to get heated up over such minor matters,
just as he is happy (and oh so obliging!) when we complain about how
the Machine blinks or hums or smells. It keeps our minds off the main
business of trying to outguess his programming. Incidentally, that is
one thing we decided last night--Sherevsky, Willie Angler, Jandorf,
Serek, and myself--that we are all going to have to learn to play the
Machine without letting it get on our nerves and without asking to be
protected from it. As Willie puts it, 'So suppose it sounds like a
boiler factory even--okay, you can think in a boiler factory.' Myself,
I am not so sure of that, but his spirit is right."
Sandra felt herself perking up as a new article began to shape itself
in her mind. She said, "And what about WBM replacing Simon Great?"
Again Doc smiled. "I think, my dear, that you can safely dismiss that
as just a rumor. I think that Simon Great has just begun to fight."
VI
Round Four saw the Machine spring the first of its surprises.
It had finally forced a draw against Sherevsky in the morning session,
ending the long second-round game, and now was matched against
Votbinnik.
The Machine opened Pawn to King Four, Votbinnik replied Pawn to King
Three.
"The French Defense, Binny's favorite," Dave muttered and they settled
back for the Machine's customary four-minute wait.
Instead the Machine moved at once and punched its clock.
Sandra, studying Votbinnik through her glasses, decided that the
Russian grandmaster looked just a trifle startled. Then he made his
move.
Once again the Machine responded instantly.
There was a flurry of comment from the stands and a scurrying-about
of officials to shush it. Meanwhile the Machine continued to make its
moves at better than rapid-transit speed, although Votbinnik soon began
to take rather more time on his.
The upshot was that the Machine made eleven moves before it started to
take time to 'think' at all.
Sandra clamored so excitedly to Dave for an explanation that she had
two officials waving at her angrily.
As soon as he dared, Dave whispered, "Great must have banked on
Votbinnik playing the French--almost always does--and fed all the
variations of the French into the Machine's 'memory' from MCO and maybe
some other books. So long as Votbinnik stuck to a known variation of
the French, why, the Machine could play from memory without analyzing
at all. Then when a strange move came along--one that wasn't in
its memory--only on the twelfth move yet!--the Machine went back to
analyzing, only now it's taking longer and going deeper because it's
got more time--six minutes a move, about. The only thing I wonder is
why Great didn't have the Machine do it in the first three games. It
seems so obvious."
Sandra ticketed that in her mind as a question for Doc. She slipped
off to her room to write her "Don't Let a Robot Get Your Goat" article
(drawing heavily on Doc's observations) and got back to the stands
twenty minutes before the second time-control point. It was becoming a
regular routine.
Votbinnik was a knight down--almost certainly busted, Dave explained.
"It got terrifically complicated while you were gone," he said. "A real
Votbinnik position."
"Only the Machine out-binniked him," Bill finished.
Judy hummed Beethoven's "Funeral March for the Death of a Hero."
Nevertheless Votbinnik did not resign. The Machine sealed a move. Its
board blacked out and Vanderhoef, with one of his assistants standing
beside him to witness, privately read the move off a small indicator
on the console. Tomorrow he would feed the move back into the Machine
when play was resumed at the morning session.
Doc sealed a move too although he was two pawns down in his game
against Grabo and looked tired to death.
"They don't give up easily, do they?" Sandra observed to Dave. "They
must really love the game. Or do they hate it?"
"When you get to psychology it's all beyond me," Dave replied. "Ask me
something else."
Sandra smiled. "Thank you, Dave," she said. "I will."
* * * * *
Come the morning session, Votbinnik played on for a dozen moves then
resigned.
A little later Doc managed to draw his game with Grabo by perpetual
check. He caught sight of Sandra coming down from the stands and waved
to her, then made the motions of drinking.
_Now he looks almost like a boy_, Sandra thought as she joined him.
"Say, Doc," she asked when they had secured a table, "why is a rook
worth more than a bishop?"
He darted a suspicious glance at her. "That is not your kind of
question," he said sternly. "Exactly what have you been up to?"
Sandra confessed that she had asked Dave to teach her how to play chess.
"I knew those children would corrupt you," Doc said somberly. "Look,
my dear, if you learn to play chess you won't be able to write your
clever little articles about it. Besides, as I warned you the first
day, chess is a madness. Women are ordinarily immune, but that doesn't
justify you taking chances with your sanity."
"But I've kind of gotten interested, watching the tournament," Sandra
objected. "At least I'd like to know how the pieces move."
"Stop!" Doc commanded. "You're already in danger. Direct your mind
somewhere else. Ask me a sensible, down-to-earth journalist's
question--something completely irrational!"
"Okay, why didn't Simon Great have the Machine set to play the openings
fast in the first three games?"
"Hah! I think Great plays Lasker-chess in his programming. He hides his
strength and tries to win no more easily than he has to, so he will
have resources in reserve. The Machine loses to Lysmov and immediately
starts playing more strongly--the psychological impression made on the
other players by such tactics is formidable."
"But the Machine isn't ahead yet?"
"No, of course not. After four rounds Lysmov is leading the tournament
with 3-1/2--1/2, meaning 3-1/2 in the win column and 1/2 in the loss
column...."
"How do you half win a game of chess? Or half lose one?" Sandra
interrupted.
"By drawing a game--playing to a tie. Lysmov's 3-1/2--1/2 is
notational shorthand for three wins and a draw. Understand? My dear, I
don't usually have to explain things to you in such detail."
"I just didn't want you to think I was learning too much about chess."
"Ho! Well, to get on with the score after four rounds, Angler
and Votbinnik both have 3--1, while the Machine is bracketed at
2-1/2--1-1/2 with Jal. But the Machine has created an impression of
strength, as if it were all set to come from behind with a rush."
He shook his head. "At the moment, my dear," he said, "I feel very
pessimistic about the chances of neurons against relays in this
tournament. Relays don't panic and fag. But the oddest thing...."
"Yes?" Sandra prompted.
"Well, the oddest thing is that the Machine doesn't play 'like a
machine' at all. It uses dynamic strategy, the kind we sometimes call
'Russian', complicating each position as much as possible and creating
maximum tension. But that too is a matter of the programming...."
* * * * *
Doc's foreboding was fulfilled as round followed hard-fought round.
In the next five days (there was a weekend recess) the Machine
successively smashed Jandorf, Serek and Jal and after seven rounds was
out in front by a full point.
Jandorf, evidently impressed by the Machine's flawless opening play
against Votbinnik, chose an inferior line in the Ruy Lopez to get the
Machine "out of the books." Perhaps he hoped that the Machine would
go on blindly making book moves, but the Machine did not oblige.
It immediately slowed its play, "thought hard" and annihilated the
Argentinian in 25 moves.
Doc commented, "The Wild Bull of the Pampas tried to use the living
force of his human personality to pull a fast one and swindle the
Machine. Only the Machine didn't swindle."
Against Jal, the Machine used a new wrinkle. It used a variable amount
of time on moves, apparently according to how difficult it "judged" the
position to be.
When Serek got a poor pawn-position the Machine simplified the game
relentlessly, suddenly discarding its hitherto "Russian" strategy. "It
plays like anything but a machine," Doc commented. "We know the reason
all too well--Simon Great--but doing something about it is something
else again. Great is hitting at our individual weaknesses wonderfully
well. Though I think I could play brilliant psychological chess myself
if I had a machine to do the detail work." Doc sounded a bit wistful.
The audiences grew in size and in expensiveness of wardrobe, though
most of the cafe society types made their visits fleeting ones.
Additional stands were erected. A hard-liquor bar was put in and then
taken out. The problem of keeping reasonable order and quiet became
an unending one for Vanderhoef, who had to ask for more "hushers."
The number of scientists and computer men, Navy, Army and Space Force
uniforms were more in evidence. Dave and Bill turned up one morning
with a three-dimensional chess set of transparent plastic and staggered
Sandra by assuring her that most bright young space scientists were
moderately adept at this 512-square game.
Sandra heard that WBM had snagged a big order from the War Department.
She also heard that a Syndicate man had turned up with a book on the
tournament, taking bets from the more heavily heeled types and that a
detective was circulating about, trying to spot him.
The newspapers kept up their front-page reporting, most of the writers
personalizing the Machine heavily and rather too cutely. Several of the
papers started regular chess columns and "How to Play Chess" features.
There was a flurry of pictures of movie starlets and such sitting at
chess boards. Hollywood revealed plans for two chess movies: "They
Made Her a Black Pawn" and "The Monster From King Rook Square". Chess
novelties and costume jewelry appeared. The United States Chess
Federation proudly reported a phenomenal rise in membership.
* * * * *
Sandra learned enough chess to be able to blunder through a game with
Dave without attempting more than one illegal move in five, to avoid
the Scholar's Mate most of the time and to be able to checkmate with
two rooks though not with one. Judy had asked her, "Is _he_ pleased
that you're learning chess?"
Sandra had replied, "No, he thinks it is a madness." The kids had all
whooped at that and Dave had said, "How right he is!"
Sandra was scraping the bottom of the barrel for topics for her
articles, but then it occured to her to write about the kids, which
worked out nicely, and that led to a humorous article "Chess Is for
Brains" about her own efforts to learn the game, and for the nth time
in her career she thought of herself as practically a columnist and was
accordingly elated.
After his two draws, Doc lost three games in a row and still had the
Machine to face and then Sherevsky. His 1--6 score gave him undisputed
possession of last place. He grew very depressed. He still made a
point of squiring her about before the playing sessions, but she had to
make most of the conversation. His rare flashes of humor were rather
macabre.
"They have Dirty Old Krakatower locked in the cellar," he muttered just
before the start of the next to the last round, "and now they send the
robot down to destroy him."
"Just the same, Doc," Sandra told him, "good luck."
Doc shook his head. "Against a man luck might help. But against a
Machine?"
"It's not the Machine you're playing, but the programming. Remember?"
"Yes, but it's the Machine that doesn't make the mistake. And a mistake
is what I need most of all today. Somebody else's."
Doc must have looked very dispirited and tired when he left Sandra in
the stands, for Judy (Dave and Bill not having arrived yet) asked in a
confidential, womanly sort of voice, "What do you do for him when he's
so unhappy?"
"Oh, I'm especially passionate," Sandra heard herself answer.
"Is that good for him?" Judy demanded doubtfully.
"Sh!" Sandra said, somewhat aghast at her irresponsibility and
wondering if _she_ were getting tournament-nerves. "Sh, they're
starting the clocks."
VII
Krakatower had lost two pawns when the first time-control point arrived
and was intending to resign on his 31st move when the Machine broke
down. Three of its pieces moved on the electric board at once, then
the board went dark and all the lights on the console went out except
five which started winking like angry red eyes. The gray-smocked men
around Simon Great sprang silently into action, filing around back
of the console. It was the first work anyone had seen them do except
move screens around and fetch each other coffee. Vanderhoef hovered
anxiously. Some flash bulbs went off. Vanderhoef shook his fist at the
photographers. Simon Great did nothing. The Machine's clock ticked on.
Doc watched for a while and then fell asleep.
When Vanderhoef jogged him awake, the Machine had just made its next
move, but the repair-job had taken 50 minutes. As a result the Machine
had to make 15 moves in 10 minutes. At 40 seconds a move it played
like a dub whose general lack of skill was complicated by a touch of
insanity. On his 43rd move Doc shrugged his shoulders apologetically
and announced mate in four. There were more flashes. Vanderhoef shook
his fist again. The machine flashed:
YOU PLAYED BRILLIANTLY. CONGRATULATIONS!
Afterwards Doc said sourly to Sandra. "And _that_ was one big lie--a
child could have beat the Machine with that time advantage. Oh, what
an ironic glory the gods reserved for Krakatower's dotage--to vanquish
a broken-down computer! Only one good thing about it--that it didn't
happen while it was playing one of the Russians, or someone would
surely have whispered _sabotage_. And that is something of which they
do not accuse Dirty Old Krakatower, because they are sure he has not
got the brains even to think to sprinkle a little magnetic oxide powder
in the Machine's memory box. Bah!"
Just the same he seemed considerably more cheerful.
Sandra said guilelessly, "Winning a game means nothing to you chess
players, does it, unless you really do it by your own brilliancy?"
Doc looked solemn for a moment, then he started to chuckle. "You are
getting altogether too smart, Miss Sandra Lea Grayling," he said. "Yes,
yes--a chess player is happy to win in any barely legitimate way he
can, by an earthquake if necessary, or his opponent sickening before he
does from the bubonic plague. So--I confess it to you--I was very happy
to chalk up my utterly undeserved win over the luckless Machine."
"Which incidentally makes it anybody's tournament again, doesn't it,
Doc?"
* * * * *
"Not exactly." Doc gave a wry little headshake. "We can't expect
another fluke. After all, the Machine has functioned perfectly seven
games out of eight, and you can bet the WBM men will be checking it all
night, especially since it has no adjourned games to work on. Tomorrow
it plays Willie Angler, but judging from the way it beat Votbinnik and
Jal, it should have a definite edge on Willie. If it beats him, then
only Votbinnik has a chance for a tie and to do that he must defeat
Lysmov. Which will be most difficult."
"Well," Sandra said, "don't you think that Lysmov might just kind of
let himself be beaten, to make sure a Russian gets first place or at
least ties for it?"
Doc shook his head emphatically. "There are many things a man, even a
chess master, will do to serve his state, but party loyalty doesn't
go that deep. Look, here is the standing of the players after eight
rounds." He handed Sandra a penciled list.
ONE ROUND TO GO
_Player_ _Wins_ _Losses_
Machine 5-1/2 2-1/2
Votbinnik 5-1/2 2-1/2
Angler 5 3
Jal 4-1/2 3-1/2
Lysmov 4-1/2 3-1/2
Serek 4-1/2 3-1/2
Sherevsky 4 4
Jandorf 2-1/2 5-1/2
Grabo 2 6
Krakatower 2 6
LAST ROUND PAIRINGS
Machine vs. Angler
Votbinnik vs. Lysmov
Jal vs. Serek
Sherevsky vs. Krakatower
Jandorf vs. Grabo
After studying the list for a while, Sandra said, "Hey, even Angler
could come out first, couldn't he, if he beat the Machine and Votbinnik
lost to Lysmov?"
"Could, could--yes. But I'm afraid that's hoping for too much,
barring another breakdown. To tell the truth, dear, the Machine is
simply too good for all of us. If it were only a little faster (and
these technological improvements always come) it would out-class us
completely. We are at that fleeting moment of balance when genius
is almost good enough to equal mechanism. It makes me feel sad, but
proud too in a morbid fashion, to think that I am in at the death of
grandmaster chess. Oh, I suppose the game will always be played, but it
won't ever be quite the same." He blew out a breath and shrugged his
shoulders.
"As for Willie, he's a good one and he'll give the Machine a long hard
fight, you can depend on it. He might conceivably even draw."
He touched Sandra's arm. "Cheer up, my dear," he said. "You should
remind yourself that a victory for the Machine is still a victory for
the USA."
* * * * *
Doc's prediction about a long hard fight was decidedly not fulfilled.
Having White, the Machine opened Pawn to King Four and Angler went
into the Sicilian Defense. For the first twelve moves on each side
both adversaries pushed their pieces and tapped their clocks at such
lightning speed (Vanderhoef feeding in Angler's moves swiftly) that up
in the stands Bill and Judy were still flipping pages madly in their
hunt for the right column in MCO.
The Machine made its thirteenth move, still at blitz tempo.
"Bishop takes Pawn, check, and mate in three!" Willie announced very
loudly, made the move, banged his clock and sat back.
There was a collective gasp-and-gabble from the stands.
Dave squeezed Sandra's arm hard. Then for once forgetting that he was
Dr. Caution, he demanded loudly of Bill and Judy, "Have you two idiots
found that column yet? _The Machine's thirteenth move is a boner!_"
Pinning down the reference with a fingernail, Judy cried, "Yes! Here
it is on page 161 in footnote (e) (2) (B). Dave, _that same thirteenth
move for White is in the book_! But Black replies Knight to Queen Two,
not Bishop takes Pawn, check. And three moves later the book gives
White a plus value."
"What the heck, it can't be," Bill asserted.
"But it _is_. Check for yourself. _That boner is in the book._"
"Shut up, everybody!" Dave ordered, clapping his hands to his face.
When he dropped them a moment later his eyes gleamed. "I got it now!
Angler figured they were using the latest edition of MCO to program
the Machine on openings, he found an editorial error and then he
deliberately played the Machine into that variation!"
Dave practically shouted his last words, but that attracted no
attention as at that moment the whole hall was the noisiest it had been
throughout the tournament. It simmered down somewhat as the Machine
flashed a move.
Angler replied instantly.
The Machine replied almost as soon as Angler's move was fed into it.
Angler moved again, his move was fed into the Machine and the Machine
flashed:
I AM CHECKMATED. CONGRATULATIONS!
VIII
Next morning Sandra heard Dave's guess confirmed by both Angler and
Great. Doc had spotted them having coffee and a malt together and he
and Sandra joined them.
Doc was acting jubilant, having just drawn his adjourned game with
Sherevsky, which meant, since Jandorf had beaten Grabo, that he was
in undisputed possession of Ninth Place. They were all waiting for
the finish of the Votbinnik-Lysmov game, which would decide the final
standing of the leaders. Willie Angler was complacent and Simon Great
was serene and at last a little more talkative.
"You know, Willie," the psychologist said, "I was afraid that one of
you boys would figure out something like that. That was the chief
reason I didn't have the Machine use the programmed openings until
Lysmov's win forced me to. _I_ couldn't check every opening line in MCO
and the _Archives_ and _Shakhmaty_. There wasn't time. As it was, we
had a dozen typists and proofreaders busy for weeks preparing that part
of the programming and making sure it was accurate as far as following
the books went. Tell the truth now, Willie, how many friends did you
have hunting for flaws in the latest edition of MCO?"
Willie grinned. "Your unlucky 13th. Well, that's my secret. Though
I've always said that anyone joining the Willie Angler Fan Club ought
to expect to have to pay some day for the privilege. They're sharp,
those little guys, and I work their tails off."
Simon Great laughed and said to Sandra, "Your young friend Dave was
pretty sharp himself to deduce what had happened so quickly. Willie,
you ought to have him in the Bleeker Street Irregulars."
Sandra said, "I get the impression he's planning to start a club of his
own."
Angler snorted. "That's the one trouble with _my_ little guys. They're
all waiting to topple me."
Simon Great said, "Well, so long as Willie is passing up Dave, I want
to talk to him. It takes real courage in a youngster to question
authority."
"How should he get in touch with you?" Sandra asked.
While Great told her, Willie studied them frowningly.
"Si, are you planning to stick in this chess-programming racket?" he
demanded.
Simon Great did not answer the question. "You try telling me something,
Willie," he said. "Have you been approached the last couple of days by
IBM?"
"You mean asking me to take over your job?"
"I said _I_BM, Willie."
"Oh." Willie's grin became a tight one. "I'm not talking."
* * * * *
There was a flurry of sound and movement around the playing tables.
Willie sprang up.
"Lysmov's agreed to a draw!" he informed them a moment later. "The
gangster!"
"Gangster because he puts you in equal first place with Votbinnik, both
of you ahead of the Machine?" Great inquired gently.
"Ahh, he could have beat Binny, giving me sole first. A Russian
gangster!"
Doc shook a finger. "Lysmov could also have _lost_ to Votbinnik,
Willie, putting you in second place."
"Don't think evil thoughts. So long, pals."
As Angler clattered down the stairs, Simon Great signed the waiter for
more coffee, lit a fresh cigarette, took a deep drag and leaned back.
"You know," he said "it's a great relief not to have to impersonate the
hyperconfident programmer for awhile. Being a psychologist has spoiled
me for that sort of thing. I'm not as good as I once was at beating
people over the head with my ego."
"You didn't do too badly," Doc said.
"Thanks. Actually, WBM is very much pleased with the Machine's
performance. The Machine's flaws made it seem more real and more
news-worthy, especially how it functioned when the going got
tough--those repairs the boys made under time pressure in your game,
Savilly, will help sell WBM computers or I miss my guess. In fact
nobody could have watched the tournament for long without realizing
there were nine smart rugged men out there, ready to kill that computer
if they could. The Machine passed a real test. And then the whole deal
dramatizes what computers are and what they can and can't do. And not
just at the popular level. The WBM research boys are learning a lot
about computer and programming theory by studying how the Machine and
its programmer behave under tournament stress. It's a kind of test
unlike that provided by any other computer work. Just this morning, for
instance, one of our big mathematicians told me that he is beginning to
think that the Theory of Games _does_ apply to chess, because you can
bluff and counterbluff with your programming. And _I'm_ learning about
human psychology."
Doc chuckled. "Such as that even human thinking is just a matter of how
you program your own mind?--that we're all like the Machine to that
extent?"
"That's one of the big points, Savilly. Yes."
Doc smiled at Sandra. "You wrote a nice little news-story, dear, about
how Man conquered the Machine by a palpitating nose and won a victory
for international amity.
"Now the story starts to go deeper."
* * * * *
"A lot of things go deeper," Sandra replied, looking at him evenly.
"Much deeper than you ever expect at the start."
The big electric Scoreboard lit up.
FINAL STANDING
_Player_ _Wins_ _Losses_
Angler 6 3
Votbinnik 6 3
Jal 5-1/2 3-1/2
Machine 5-1/2 3-1/2
Lysmov 5 4
Serek 4-1/2 4-1/2
Sherevsky 4-1/2 4-1/2
Jandorf 3-1/2 5-1/2
Krakatower 2-1/2 6-1/2
Grabo 2 7
"It was a good tournament," Doc said. "And the Machine has proven
itself a grandmaster. It must make you feel good, Simon, after being
out of tournament chess for twenty years."
The psychologist nodded.
"Will you go back to psychology now?" Sandra asked him.
Simon Great smiled. "I can answer that question honestly, Miss
Grayling, because the news is due for release. No. WBM is pressing for
entry of the Machine in the Interzonal Candidates' Tournament. They
want a crack at the World's Championship."
Doc raised his eyebrows. "That's news indeed. But look, Simon, with the
knowledge you've gained in this tournament won't you be able to make
the Machine almost a sure winner in every game?"
"I don't know. Players like Angler and Lysmov may find some more flaws
in its functioning and dream up some new stratagems. Besides, there's
another solution to the problems raised by having a single computer
entered in a grandmaster tournament."
Doc sat up straight. "You mean having more programmer-computer teams
than just one?"
"Exactly. The Russians are bound to give their best players computers,
considering the prestige the game has in Russia. And I wasn't asking
Willie that question about IBM just on a hunch. Chess tournaments
are a wonderful way to test rival computers and show them off to the
public, just like cross-country races were for the early automobiles.
The future grandmaster will inevitably be a programmer-computer team, a
man-machine symbiotic partnership, probably with more freedom each way
than I was allowed in this tournament--I mean the man taking over the
play in some positions, the machine in others."
"You're making my head swim," Sandra said.
* * * * *
"Mine is in the same storm-tossed ocean," Doc assured her. "Simon,
that will be very fine for the master who can get themselves
computers--either from their governments or from hiring out to big
firms. Or in other ways. Jandorf, I'm sure, will be able to interest
some Argentinian millionaire in a computer for him. While I... oh, I'm
too old... still, when I start to think about it.... But what about
the Bela Grabos? Incidentally, did you know that Grabo is contesting
Jandorf's win? Claims Jandorf discussed the position with Serek. I
think they exchanged about two words."
Simon shrugged, "The Bela Grabos will have to continue to fight their
own battles, if necessary satisfying themselves with the lesser
tournaments. Believe me, Savilly, from now on grandmaster chess without
one or more computers entered will lack sauce."
Dr. Krakatower shook his head and said, "Thinking gets more expensive
every year."
From the floor came the harsh voice of Igor Jandorf and the shrill one
of Bela Grabo raised in anger. Three words came through clearly: "... I
challenge you...."
Sandra said, "Well, there's something you can't build into a
machine--ego."
"Oh, I don't know about that," said Simon Great.
[Transcriber's Note: No Section II or III headings in original.]
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