Project Gutenberg's Legends of the Bastille, by Frantz Funck-Brentano
This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or
re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license
Title: Legends of the Bastille
Author: Frantz Funck-Brentano
Translator: George Maidment
Release Date: July 16, 2013 [EBook #43231]
Language: English
*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LEGENDS OF THE BASTILLE ***
Produced by Chris Curnow, Chuck Greif and the Online
Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
file was produced from images generously made available
by The Internet Archive)
DOWNEY & CO.'S
_NEW PUBLICATIONS_.
=MEDICINE AND THE MIND.= Translated from the French of MAURICE DE
FLEURY by S. B. COLLINS, M.D. 16_s._
*** This work has been crowned by the French Academy.
=OLD LONDON TAVERNS.= By EDWARD CALLOW. Illustrated. 6_s._
=THE GOOD QUEEN CHARLOTTE.= By PERCY FITZGERALD. With a Photogravure
reproduction of Gainsborough's Portrait and other Illustrations.
Demy 8vo. 10_s._ 6_d._
=THE LIFE OF JOHN MYTTON.= By NIMROD. An entirely new edition printed
from new type. With 20 Coloured Plates reproduced from Alken's
Drawings. 42_s._ net.
=GOSSIP OF THE CENTURY.= By Mrs. PITT BYRNE. 4 vols. with numerous
Illustrations. 42_s._
=THE ACTOR AND HIS ART.= By STANLEY JONES. Crown 8vo. With Cover
designed by H. MITCHELL. 3_s._ 6_d._
LEGENDS OF THE BASTILLE
[Illustration: MODEL OF THE BASTILLE, CARVED IN ONE OF THE STONES OF THE
FORTRESS.
_One of these models, made by the instructions of the architect Palloy,
was sent to the chief-town of every department in France._]
Legends of
the Bastille
BY
FRANTZ FUNCK-BRENTANO
_WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY VICTORIEN SARDOU_
AUTHORISED TRANSLATION BY
GEORGE MAIDMENT
WITH EIGHT ILLUSTRATIONS
LONDON
DOWNEY & CO. LIMITED
1899
BIBLIOGRAPHY
_Legendes et Archives de la Bastille._ Paris: Hachette et Cie.,
1898; second edition, 1899. Crowned by the French Academy.
_Die Bastille in der Legende und nach historischen Documenten._
German translation by Oscar Marschall von Bieberstein. Breslau:
Schottlaender, 1899.
TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE
In his own entertaining way, Mr. Andrew Lang has recently been taking
the scientific historian to task, and giving him a very admirable lesson
on "history as she ought to be wrote." But though the two professors to
whom he mainly addresses himself are Frenchmen, it would be doing an
injustice to France to infer that she is the _alma mater_ of the modern
dryasdust. The exact contrary is the case: France is rich in historical
writers like the Comte d'Haussonville, M. de Maulde la Clavière, M.
Gaston Boissier, to name only a few, who know how to be accurate without
being dull.
M. Funck-Brentano, whom I have the honour of introducing here to the
English public, belongs to the same class. Of literary parentage and
connections--his uncle is Professor Lujo Brentano, whose work on the
English trade gilds is a standard--he entered in his twentieth year the
École des Chartes, the famous institution which trains men in the
methods of historical research. At the end of his three years' course,
he was appointed to succeed François Ravaisson in the work of
classifying the archives of the Bastille in the Arsenal Library,--a work
which occupied him for more than ten years. One fruit of it is to be
seen in the huge catalogue of more than one thousand pages, printed
under official auspices and awarded the Prix Le Dissez de Penanrum by
the Académie des Sciences morales et politiques. Another is the present
work, which has been crowned by the French Academy. Meanwhile M.
Funck-Brentano had been pursuing his studies at the Sorbonne and at
Nancy, and his French thesis for the doctorate in letters was a volume
on the origins of the Hundred Years' War, which obtained for him the
highest possible distinction for a work of erudition in France, the
Grand Prix Gobert. This volume he intends to follow up with two others,
completing a social rather than a military history of the war, and this
no doubt he regards as his _magnum opus_. He is known also as a lecturer
in Belgium and Alsace as well as in Paris, and being general secretary
of the Société des Etudes historiques and deputy professor of history at
the College of France as well as sub-librarian of the Arsenal Library,
he leads a busy life.
Trained in the rigorous methods of the École des Chartes and inspired by
the examples of Fustel de Coulanges and M. Paul Meyer, M. Funck-Brentano
has developed a most interesting and conscientious method of his own. He
depends on original sources, and subjects these to the most searching
critical tests; but this is a matter of course: his individuality
appears in regard to the publication of the results of his researches.
When he has discoveries of importance to communicate, he gives them to
the world first in the form of articles or studies in reviews of
standing, thus preparing public opinion, and at the same time affording
opportunities for the search-light of criticism to play on his work.
Some of the chapters of this book thus appeared in the various _revues_,
and have subsequently gone through a severe process of pruning and
amending. It is now eleven years since the first appearance, in the
pages of the _Revue des deux Mondes_, of the study of Latude which, in a
much altered shape, now forms one of the most interesting portions of
this book. The coming autumn will see the publication in France of a
striking work by M. Funck-Brentano on the amazing poison-dramas at Louis
XIV.'s court, and of this book also the several sections have been
appearing at intervals for several years past.
The present work, as I have already said, is the fruit of many years of
research. Its startling revelations, so well summarized in M. Victorien
Sardou's Introduction, have revolutionized public opinion in France, and
in particular the solution of the old problem of the identity of the Man
in the Iron Mask has been accepted as final by all competent critics.
The _Athenæum_, in reviewing the book in its French form the other day,
said that it must be taken cautiously as an ingenious bit of special
pleading, and that the Bastille appears in M. Funck-Brentano's pages in
altogether too roseate hues, suggesting further that no such results
could be obtained without prejudice from the same archives as those on
which Charpentier founded his _La Bastille dévoilée_ in 1789. This
criticism seems to me to ignore several important points. Charpentier's
book, written in the heat of the revolutionary struggle, is not a
history, but a political pamphlet, which, in the nature of the case, was
bound to represent the Bastille as a horror. Moreover, Charpentier could
only have depended superficially on the archives, which, as M.
Funck-Brentano shows, were thrown into utter disorder on the day of the
capture of the Bastille. The later writer, on the other hand, approached
the subject when the revolutionary ardours had quite burnt out, and with
the independent and dispassionate mind of a trained official. He spent
thirteen years in setting the rediscovered archives in order, after his
predecessor Ravaisson had already spent a considerable time at the same
work. He was able, further (as Charpentier certainly was not), to
complete and check the testimony of the archives by means of the memoirs
of prisoners--the Abbé Morellet, Marmontel, Renneville, Dumouriez, and a
host of others. In these circumstances it would be surprising if his
conclusions were not somewhat different from those of Charpentier a
hundred years ago.
The gravamen of the _Athenæun's_ objection is that M. Funck-Brentano's
description of the treatment of prisoners in the Bastille applies only
to the favoured few, the implication being that M. Funck-Brentano has
shut his eyes to the cases of the larger number. But surely the reviewer
must have read the book too rapidly. M. Funck-Brentano shows, by means
of existing and accessible documents, that the fact of being sent to the
Bastille at all was itself, in the eighteenth century at least, a mark
of favour. Once at the Bastille, the prisoner, whoever he might be, was
treated without severity, unless he misbehaved. Prisoners of no social
importance, such as Renneville, Latude (a servant's love-child),
Tavernier (son of a house-porter), were fed and clothed and cared for
much better than they would have been outside the prison walls. A young
man named Estival de Texas, who was being exiled to Canada because he
was a disgrace to his family, wrote to the minister of Paris on June 22,
1726, from the roadstead of La Rochelle: "Your lordship is sending me to
a wild country, huddled with mean wretches, and condemned to a fare very
different from what your lordship granted me in the Bastille." Here was
a friendless outcast looking back regretfully on his prison fare! On
February 6, 1724, one of the king's ministers wrote to the lieutenant
of police: "I have read to the duke of Bourbon the letter you sent me
about the speeches of M. Quéhéon, and his royal highness has instructed
me to send you an order and a _lettre de cachet_ authorizing his removal
to the Bastille. But as he thinks that this is _an honour the fellow
little deserves_, he wishes you to postpone the execution of the warrant
for three days, in order to see if Quéhéon will not take the hint and
leave Paris as he was commanded." It is on such documents as these,
which are to be seen in hundreds at the Arsenal Library in Paris, that
M. Funck-Brentano has founded his conclusions. Anyone who attacks him on
his own ground is likely to come badly off.
With M. Funck-Brentano's permission, I have omitted the greater part of
his footnotes, which are mainly references to documents inaccessible to
the English reader. On the other hand, I have ventured to supply a few
footnotes in explanation of such allusions as the Englishman not reading
French (and the translation is intended for no others) might not
understand. On the same principle I have attempted rhymed renderings of
two or three scraps of verse quoted from Regnier and Voltaire, to whom I
make my apologies. The proofs have had the advantage of revision by M.
Funck-Brentano, who is, however, in no way responsible for any
shortcomings. The Index appears in the English version alone.
The portrait of Latude and the views of the Bastille are reproduced from
photographs of the originals specially taken by M. A. Bresson, of 40 Rue
de Passy, Paris.
GEORGE MAIDMENT.
_August, 1899._
CONTENTS
PAGE
INTRODUCTION 1
CHAPTER I.
THE ARCHIVES 47
CHAPTER II.
HISTORY OF THE BASTILLE 57
CHAPTER III.
LIFE IN THE BASTILLE 85
CHAPTER IV.
THE MAN IN THE IRON MASK 114
CHAPTER V.
MEN OF LETTERS IN THE BASTILLE 147
I. VOLTAIRE 148
II. LA BEAUMELLE 152
III. THE ABBÉ MORELLET 155
IV. MARMONTEL 158
V. LINGUET 163
VI. DIDEROT 165
VII. THE MARQUIS DE MIRABEAU 166
CHAPTER VI.
LATUDE 168
CHAPTER VII.
THE FOURTEENTH OF JULY 238
INDEX 277
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Model of the Bastille _Frontispiece_
Facsimile of Du Junca's note regarding the
entry of the Iron Mask _Facing page_ 115
Facsimile of Du Junca's note regarding the
death of the Iron Mask " 116
Facsimile of the Iron Mask's burial certificate " 142
Facsimile of the cover of Latude's explosive box " 173
Facsimile of Latude's writing with blood on linen " 188
Portrait of Latude " 229
The Capture of the Bastille " 257
INTRODUCTION
At the great Exhibition of 1889 I visited, in company with some friends,
the reproduction of the Bastille, calculated to give all who saw it--and
the whole world must have seen it--an entirely false impression.
You had barely cleared the doorway when you saw, in the gloom, an old
man enveloped in a long white beard, lying on the "sodden straw" of
tradition, rattling his chains and uttering doleful cries. And the guide
said to you, not without emotion, "You see here the unfortunate Latude,
who remained in this position, with both arms thus chained behind his
back, for thirty-five years!"
This information I completed by adding in the same tone: "And it was in
this attitude that he so cleverly constructed the ladder, a hundred and
eighty feet long, which enabled him to escape."
The company looked at me with surprise, the guide with a scowl, and I
slipped away.
The same considerations that prompted my intervention have suggested to
M. Funck-Brentano this work on the Bastille, in which he has set the
facts in their true light, and confronted the legends which everyone
knows with the truth of which many are in ignorance.
For in spite of all that has been written on the subject by Ravaisson,
in the introduction to his _Archives of the Bastille_, by Victor
Fournel, in his _Men of the Fourteenth of July_, and by other writers,
the popular idea of the internal administration of the Bastille in 1789
holds by the description of Louis Blanc: "Iron cages, recalling
Plessis-les-Tours[1] and the tortures of Cardinal La Balue![2]--underground
dungeons, the loathsome haunts of toads, lizards, enormous rats,
spiders--the whole furniture consisting of one huge stone covered with a
little straw, where the prisoner breathed poison in the very air....
Enveloped in the shades of mystery, kept in absolute ignorance of the
crime with which he was charged, and the kind of punishment awaiting
him, he ceased to belong to the earth!"
If this Bastille of melodrama ever had any existence, the Bastille of
the eighteenth century bore the least possible resemblance to it. In
1789, these dungeons on the ground floor of the fortress, with windows
looking on the moats, were no longer reserved, as under Louis XV., for
prisoners condemned to death, dangerous madmen, or prisoners who had
been insolent, obstreperous, or violent; nor for warders guilty of
breaches of discipline. At the time of Necker's first ministry, the use
of these dungeons had been abolished altogether.
The prisoner, put through an interrogation in the early days of his
detention, was never left in ignorance of the "delinquency" with which
he was charged, and had no reason to be concerned about the kind of
punishment awaiting him; for there had been neither torture nor
punishment of any kind at the Bastille for a hundred years.
Instead of a dungeon or a cage of iron, every prisoner occupied a room
of fair size, its greatest defect being that it was rather poorly
lighted by a narrow window, secured by bars, some of them projecting
inwards. It was sufficiently furnished; and there was nothing to hinder
the prisoner from getting in more furniture from outside. Moreover, he
could procure whatever clothing and linen he desired, and if he had no
means to pay for them, money was supplied. Latude complained of
rheumatism, and furs were at once given him. He wanted a dressing-gown
of "red-striped calamanco"; the shops were ransacked to gratify him. A
certain Hugonnet complained that he had not received the shirts "with
embroidered ruffles" which he had asked for. A lady named Sauvé wanted a
dress of white silk spotted with green flowers. In all Paris there was
only a white dress with green stripes to be found, with which it was
hoped that she would be satisfied.
Every room was provided with a fireplace or a stove. Firewood was
supplied, and light; the prisoner could have as many candles as he
pleased. Paper, pens, and ink were at his disposal; though he was
deprived of them temporarily if he made bad use of them, like Latude,
who scribbled all day long only to heap insults in his letters on the
governor and the lieutenant of police. He could borrow books from the
library, and was at liberty to have books sent in from outside. La
Beaumelle had six hundred volumes in his room. He might breed birds,
cats, and dogs--by no means being reduced to taming the legendary spider
of Pellisson,[3] which figures also in the story of Lauzun,[4] and,
indeed, of all prisoners in every age. Instruments of music were
allowed. Renneville played the fiddle, and Latude the flute. There were
concerts in the prisoners' rooms and in the apartments of the governor.
Every prisoner could work at embroidery, at the turning lathe, or the
joiner's bench, at pleasure. All whose conduct was irreproachable were
allowed to come and go, to pay each other visits, to play at
backgammon, cards, or chess in their rooms; at skittles, bowls, or
_tonneau_[5] in the courtyard. La Rouërie asked for a billiard table for
himself and his friends, and he got it.
The prisoners were permitted to walk on the platform of the fortress,
from which they could see the people passing up and down the Rue
Saint-Antoine and the vicinity, and watch the animated crowds on the
boulevard at the hours when fashionable people were accustomed to take
their drives. By the aid of telescopes and big letters written on boards
they were able to communicate with the people of the neighbourhood, and,
like Latude, to keep up a secret correspondence with the grisettes of
the district. Michelet, with too obvious a design, declares that under
Louis XVI. the regulations of the prison were more severe than under
Louis XV., and that this promenade on the platform was done away with.
There is not a word of truth in it. The promenade was forbidden only to
those prisoners who, like the Marquis de Sade, took advantage of it to
stir up riots among the passers-by; and from the accession of Louis
XVI. and the visitation of Malesherbes,[6] the rule of the prison grew
milder day by day.
Certain of the prisoners were invited to dine with the governor, and to
walk in his gardens, in excellent company. Some were allowed to leave
the fortress, on condition of returning in the evening; others were even
allowed to remain out all night!
Those who had servants could have them in attendance if the servants
were willing to share their captivity. Or they had room-mates, as was
the case with Latude and Allègre.
In regard to food, the prisoners are unanimous in declaring that it was
abundant and good. "I had five dishes at dinner," says Dumouriez, "and
five at supper, without reckoning dessert." The Provost de Beaumont
declared that he had quitted the Bastille with regret, because there he
had been able to eat and drink to his heart's content. Poultier
d'Elmotte says: "M. de Launey had many a friendly chat with me, and
sent me what dishes I wished for." Baron Hennequin, a hypochondriac who
found fault with everything, confesses nevertheless that they gave him
more meat than he could eat. The Abbé de Buquoy affirms that he fared
sumptuously, and that it was the king's intention that the prisoners
should be well fed. The splenetic Linguet owns, in his pamphlet, that he
had three good meals a day, and that meat was supplied to him in such
quantities that his suspicions were aroused: "They meant to poison me!"
he says. But he omits to say that de Launey sent him every morning the
menu for the day, on which he marked down with his own hand the dishes
he fancied, "choosing always the most dainty, and in sufficient
quantities to have satisfied five or six epicures."
In Louis XIV.'s time, Renneville drew up the following list of dishes
served to him: "Oysters, prawns, fowls, capons, mutton, veal, young
pigeons; forcemeat pies and patties; asparagus, cauliflower, green peas,
artichokes; salmon, soles, pike, trout, every kind of fish whether
fresh-water or salt; pastry, and fruits in their season." We find Latude
complaining that the fowls given him were not stuffed! M.
Funck-Brentano tells the amusing story of Marmontel's eating by mistake
the dinner intended for his servant, and finding it excellent.
Mdlle. de Launay, afterwards Madame de Staal, who was imprisoned for
complicity in the Cellamare[7] plot, relates that on the first evening
of her sojourn in the Bastille, she and her maid were both terrified by
the strange and prolonged sound, beneath their feet, of a mysterious
machine, which conjured up visions of an instrument of torture. When
they came to inquire, they found that their room was over the kitchen,
and the terrible machine was the roasting-jack!
The prisoners were not only allowed to receive visits from their
relations and friends, but to keep them to dinner or to make up a
rubber. Thus Madame de Staal held receptions in the afternoon, and in
the evening there was high play. "And this time," she says, "was the
happiest in my life."
Bussy-Rabutin received the whole court, and all his friends--especially
those of the fair sex. M. de Bonrepos--an assumed name--was so
comfortable in the Bastille that when he was directed to retire to the
Invalides,[8] he could only be removed by force.
"I there spent six weeks," says Morellet, "so pleasantly, that I chuckle
to this day when I think of them." And when he left, he exclaimed: "God
rest those jolly tyrants!"
Voltaire remained there for twelve days, with a recommendation from the
lieutenant of police that he should be treated with all the
consideration "due to his genius."
The objection may be raised that these cases are all of great lords or
men of letters, towards whom the government of those days was
exceptionally lenient. (How delightful to find writers put on the same
footing with peers!) But the objection is groundless.
I have referred to Renneville and Latude, prisoners of very little
account. The one was a spy; the other a swindler. In the three-volume
narrative left us by Renneville, you hear of nothing but how he kept
open house and made merry with his companions. They gambled and smoked,
ate and drank, fuddled and fought, gossiped with their neighbours of
both sexes, and passed one another pastry and excellent wine through the
chimneys. How gladly the prisoners in our jails to-day would accommodate
themselves to such a life! Renneville, assuredly, was not treated with
the same consideration as Voltaire; but, frankly, would you have wished
it?
As to Latude--who was supplied with dressing-gowns to suit his
fancy--the reader will see from M. Funck-Brentano's narrative that no
one but himself was to blame if he did not dwell at Vincennes[9] or in
the Bastille on the best of terms--or even leave his prison at the
shortest notice, by the front gate, and with a well-lined pocket.
For that was one of the harsh measures of this horrible Bastille--to
send away the poor wretches, when their time was expired, with a few
hundred livres in their pockets, and to compensate such as were found to
be innocent! See what M. Funck-Brentano says of Subé, who, for a
detention of eighteen days, received 3000 livres (£240 to-day), or of
others, who, after an imprisonment of two years, were consoled with an
annual pension of 2400 francs of our reckoning. Voltaire spent twelve
days in the Bastille, and was assured of an annual pension of 1200
livres for life. What is to be said now of our contemporary justice,
which, after some months of imprisonment on suspicion, dismisses the
poor fellow, arrested by mistake, with no other indemnity than the
friendly admonition: "Go! and take care we don't catch you again!"
Some wag will be sure to say that I am making out the Bastille to have
been a palace of delight. We can spare him his little jest. A prison is
always a prison, however pleasant it may be; and the best of cheer is no
compensation for the loss of liberty. But there is a wide difference, it
will be granted, between the reality and the notion generally
held--between this "hotel for men of letters," as some one called it,
and the hideous black holes of our system of solitary confinement. I
once said that I should prefer three years in the Bastille to three
months at Mazas.[10] I do not retract.
* * * * *
Linguet and Latude, unquestionably, were the two men whose habit of
drawing the long bow has done most to propagate the fables about the
Bastille, the falsity of which is established by incontrovertible
documents. Party spirit has not failed to take seriously the interested
calumnies of Linguet, who used his spurious martyrdom to advertise
himself, and the lies of Latude, exploiting to good purpose a captivity
which he had made his career.
Let us leave Linguet, who, after having so earnestly urged the
demolition of the Bastille, had reason to regret it at the Conciergerie
at the moment of mounting the revolutionary tumbril, and speak a little
of the other, this captive who was as ingenious in escaping from prison,
when locked up, as in hugging his chains when offered the means of
release.
For the bulk of mankind, thirty-five years of captivity was the price
Latude paid for a mere practical joke: the sending to Madame de
Pompadour of a harmless powder that was taken for poison. The punishment
is regarded as terrific: I do not wonder at it. But if, instead of
relying on the gentleman's own fanfaronades, the reader will take the
trouble to look at the biography written by M. Funck-Brentano and amply
supported by documents, he will speedily see that if Latude remained in
prison for thirty-five years, it was entirely by his own choice; and
that his worst enemy, his most implacable persecutor, the author of all
his miseries was--himself.
If, after the piece of trickery which led to his arrest, he had followed
the advice of the excellent Berryer, who counselled patience and
promised his speedy liberation, he might have got off with a few months
of restraint at Vincennes, where his confinement was so rigorous that he
had only to push the garden gate to be free!
That was the first folly calculated to injure his cause, for the new
fault was more serious than the old. He was caught; he was locked in the
cells of the Bastille: but the kind-hearted Berryer soon removed him.
Instead of behaving himself quietly, however, our man begins to grow
restless, to harangue, to abuse everybody, and on the books lent him to
scribble insulting verses on the Pompadour. But they allow him an
apartment, then give him a servant, then a companion, Allègre. And then
comes the famous escape. One hardly knows which to wonder at the most:
the ingenuity of the two rogues, or the guileless management of this
prison which allows them to collect undisturbed a gimlet, a saw, a
compass, a pulley, fourteen hundred feet of rope, a rope ladder 180 feet
long, with 218 wooden rungs; to conceal all these between the floor and
the ceiling below, without anyone ever thinking to look there; and,
after having cut through a wall four and a half feet thick, to get clear
away without firing a shot!
They were not the first to get across those old walls. Renneville
mentions several escapes, the most famous being that of the Abbé de
Buquoy.[11] But little importance seems to have been attached to them.
With Allègre and Latude it was a different matter. The passers-by must
have seen, in the early morning, the ladder swinging from top to bottom
of the wall, and the escape was no longer a secret. The Bastille is
discredited. It is possible, then, to escape from it. The chagrined
police are on their mettle. There will be laughter at their expense. The
fugitives are both well known, too. They will take good care to spread
the story of their escape, with plenty of gibes against the governor,
the lieutenant of police, the ministry, the favourite, the king! This
scandal must be averted at any cost; the fugitives must be caught!
And we cannot help pitying these two wretches who, after a flight so
admirably contrived, got arrested so stupidly: Allègre at Brussels,
through an abusive letter written to the Pompadour; Latude in Holland,
through a letter begging help from his mother.
Latude is again under lock and key, and this time condemned to a
stricter confinement. And then the hubbub begins again: outcries,
demands, acts of violence, threats! He exasperates and daunts men who
had the best will in the world to help him. He is despatched to the
fortress of Vincennes, and promised his liberty if he will only keep
quiet. His liberation, on his own showing, was but a matter of days. He
is allowed to walk on the bank of the moat. He takes advantage of it to
escape again!
Captured once more, he is once more lodged at Vincennes, and the whole
business begins over again. But they are good enough to consider him a
little mad, and after a stay at Charenton,[12] where he was very well
treated, he at last gets his dismissal, with the recommendation to
betake himself to his own part of the country quietly. Ah, that would
not be like Latude! He scampers over Paris, railing against De Sartine,
De Marigny; hawking his pamphlets; claiming 150,000 livres as
damages!--and, finally, extorting money from a charitable lady by
menaces!
This is the last straw. Patience is exhausted, and he is clapped into
Bicêtre[13] as a dangerous lunatic. Imagine his fury and disgust!
Let us be just. Suppose, in our own days, a swindler, sentenced to a few
months' imprisonment, insulting the police, the magistrates, the court,
the president; sentenced on this account to a longer term, escaping
once, twice, a third time; always caught, put in jail again, sentenced
to still longer terms: then when at last released, after having done his
time, scattering broadcast insulting libels against the chief of police,
the ministers, the parliament, and insisting on the President of the
Republic paying him damages to the tune of 150,000 francs; to crown it
all, getting money out of some good woman by working on her fears! You
will agree with me that such a swaggering blade would not have much
difficulty in putting together thirty-five years in jail!
But these sentences would of course be public, and provide no soil for
the growth of those legends to which closed doors always give rise. Yet
in all that relates to the causes and the duration of the man's
imprisonment, his case would be precisely that of Latude--except that
for him there would be no furs, no promenading in the gardens, no
stuffed fowls for his lunch!
Besides some fifty autograph letters from Latude, addressed from Bicêtre
to his good angel, Madame Legros, in which he shows himself in his true
character, an intriguing, vain, insolent, bragging, insupportable
humbug, I have one, written to M. de Sartine, which Latude published as
a pendant to the pamphlet with which he hoped to move Madame de
Pompadour to pity, and in which every phrase is an insult. This letter
was put up at public auction, and these first lines of it were
reproduced in the catalogue:--
"I am supporting with patience the loss of my best years and of my
fortune. I am enduring my rheumatism, the weakness of my arm, and a ring
of iron around my body for the rest of my life!"
A journalist, one of those who learn their history from Louis Blanc, had
a vision of Latude for ever riveted by a ring of iron to a pillar in
some underground dungeon, and exclaimed with indignation: "A ring of
iron! How horrible!"
And it was only a linen band!
That fabulous iron collar is a type of the whole legend of the
unfortunate Latude!
* * * * *
Everything connected with the Bastille has assumed a fabulous character.
What glorious days were those of the 13th and 14th of July, as the
popular imagination conjures them up in reliance on Michelet, who, in a
vivid, impassioned, picturesque, dramatic, admirable style, has
written, not the history, but the romance of the French Revolution!
Look at his account of the 13th. He shows you all Paris in revolt
against Versailles, and with superb enthusiasm running to arms to try
issues with the royal army. It is fine as literature. Historically, it
is pure fiction.
The Parisians were assuredly devoted to the "new ideas," that is, the
suppression of the abuses and the privileges specified in the memorials
of the States General; in a word, to the reforms longed for by the whole
of France. But they had no conception of gaining them without the
concurrence of the monarchy, to which they were sincerely attached. That
crowd of scared men running to the Hôtel de Ville to demand arms, who
are represented by the revolutionary writers as exasperated by the
dismissal of Necker and ready to undermine the throne for the sake of
that Genevan, were much less alarmed at what was hatching at Versailles
than at what was going on in Paris. If they wished for arms, it was for
their own security. The dissolution of the National Assembly, which was
regarded as certain, was setting all minds in a ferment, and
ill-designing people took advantage of the general uneasiness and
agitation to drive matters to the worst extremities, creating disorder
everywhere. The police had disappeared; the streets were in the hands of
the mob. Bands of ruffians--among them those ill-favoured rascals who
since the month of May had been flocking, as at a word of command, into
Paris from heaven knows where, and who had already been seen at work,
pillaging Réveillon's[14] establishment--roamed in every direction,
insulting women, stripping wayfarers, looting the shops, opening the
prisons, burning the barriers. On July 13 the electors of Paris resolved
on the formation of a citizen militia for the protection of the town,
and the scheme was adopted on the same day by every district, with
articles of constitution, quoted by M. Funck-Brentano, which specify the
intentions of the signatories. It was expressly in self-defence against
the "Brigands," as they were called, that the citizen militia was
formed: "To protect the citizens," ran the minutes of the
Petit-Saint-Antoine district, "against the dangers which threaten them
each individually." "In a word," says M. Victor Fournel, "the
dominating sentiment was fear. Up till the 14th of July, the Parisian
middle-classes showed far more concern at the manifold excesses
committed by the populace after Necker's dismissal than at the schemes
of the court." And M. Jacques Charavay, who was the first to publish the
text of the minutes in question, says not a word too much when he draws
from them this conclusion: "The movement which next day swept away the
Bastille might possibly have been stifled by the National Guard, if its
organization had had greater stability."
All that was wanting to these good intentions was direction, a man at
the helm, and particularly the support of Besenval. But his conduct was
amazing! He left Versailles with 35,000 men and an order signed by the
king--obtained not without difficulty--authorizing him "to repel force
by force." Now let us see a summary of his military operations:--
On the 13th, towards four o'clock in the afternoon, a skirmish of the
German regiment on the Place Vendôme, where it came into collision with
the "demonstration"--as we should say to-day--which was displaying busts
of Necker and the Duke of Orleans, and dispersed it.
At six o'clock, a march of the same horse soldiers to the
swinging-bridge of the Tuileries, where they had five or six chairs
thrown at their head; and the massacre, by M. de Lambesc, of the
legendary grey-beard who, an hour after, was describing his tragic end
at the Palais-Royal!
At nine o'clock, a military promenade of the same regiment along the
boulevards. A volley from the Gardes Françaises slew two of their
number, and the regiment beat a retreat without returning fire, to the
great surprise of M. de Maleissye, officer of the Guards. For, by his
own confession, if the cavalry had charged, it would easily have routed
the Gardes Françaises "in the state of drunkenness in which they then
were."
And Besenval, terrified at such a resistance, assembled all his troops,
shut himself up with them in the Champ de Mars, and did not move another
step!
We ask ourselves, "Was he a fool? or was he a traitor?" He was a fool,
for he thought he had "three hundred thousand men" in front of him, took
every excited person for a rebel, and did not understand that out of
every hundred Parisians there were ninety who were relying on him to
bring the mutineers to reason.
He had no confidence in his troops, he said.
It was rather for them to have no confidence in him, and to lose heart
utterly at such a spectacle of cowardice. But he was slandering them.
One solitary regiment showed disloyalty. And if he had only given the
Swiss the word to march, their conduct on August 10 gives ample proof
that they could have been depended on.
"And then," says he again, "I was fearful of letting loose civil war!"
Indeed! And so a soldier going to suppress a revolt is not to run the
risk of fighting!
Last reason of all: "I requested orders from Versailles--and did not get
them!"
What, then, had he in his pocket?
Finally, after having sent word to Flesselles and De Launey to maintain
their position till he arrived, and after having allowed the arms of the
Invalides to be looted under his eyes without a single effort to save
them, he waited till the Bastille was taken before making up his mind to
leave the Champ de Mars, and to return quietly to Versailles with his
35,000 men, who had not fired a shot!
Ah! those were the days for rioting!
* * * * *
"On July 13," says Michelet, "Paris was defending herself." (Against
whom?) "On the 14th, she attacked! A voice wakened her and cried, 'On,
and take the Bastille!' And that day was the day of the entire People!"
Admirable poetry; but every word a lie!
Listen to Marat, who is not open to suspicion, and who saw things at
closer quarters. "The Bastille, badly defended, was captured by a
handful of soldiers and a gang of wretches for the most part Germans and
provincials. The Parisians, those everlasting star-gazers, came there
out of curiosity!"
In reality, Michelet's "entire people" reduces itself to a bare thousand
assailants, of whom three hundred at most took part in the fight: Gardes
Françaises and deserters of all arms, lawyers' clerks, and citizens who
had lost their heads: fine fellows who thought themselves engaged in
meritorious work in rushing on these inoffensive walls; bandits
attracted by the riot which promised them theft and murder with
impunity. And a number of mere spectators--spectators above all!
"I was present," says Chancellor Pasquier, "at the taking of the
Bastille. What is called the fight was not serious. The resistance was
absolutely nil. The truth is, that this grand fight did not cause an
instant's alarm to the spectators, who had flocked up to see the result.
Among them there were many ladies of the greatest elegance. In order to
get more easily to the front they had left their carriages at a
distance. By my side was Mdlle. Contat, of the Comédie Française. We
stayed to see the finish, and then I escorted her on my arm to her
carriage in the Place Royale."
"The Bastille was not taken; truth must be told, it surrendered." It is
Michelet himself who makes this statement, and he adds: "what ruined it
was its own evil conscience!"
It would be too simple to acknowledge that it was the incapacity of its
governor.
There is no connoisseur in old prints but is acquainted with those
last-century views which represent the taking of the Bastille. The
platform of the fortress bristles with cannon all firing together,
"belching forth death,"--without the slightest attention on the part of
the assailants, for all the balls from this artillery, passing over
their heads, would only kill inoffensive wayfarers without so much as
scratching a single one of the besiegers!
And the Bastille did not fire a single shot in self-defence!
In the morning, at the request of Thuriot de la Rozière, De Launey had
readily consented to the withdrawal of the fifteen cannon of the
platform from their embrasures, and had blocked up the embrasures with
planks. Of the three guns which later on he ranged batterywise before
the entrance gate, not one was effective, and the discharge attributed
to one of them came from a piece of ordnance on the wall.
He placed such absolute reliance on succour from Besenval that, on
evacuating the arsenal and getting the whole garrison together into the
Bastille--eighty-two Invalides and M. de Flue's thirty-two Swiss--he had
forgotten to increase his stock of provisions. Now, the Bastille had no
reserve of provisions. Every morning, like a good housewife, it received
the goods ordered the night before, brought by the different purveyors;
on this day, they were intercepted. So it happened that at three o'clock
in the afternoon the garrison was without its usual rations, and the
Invalides, who had been for a week past going in and out of all the inns
in the neighbourhood, and were disposed to open the doors to their good
friends of the suburbs, used the scantiness of their rations as a
pretext for mutiny, for refusing to fight, and for muddling the brains,
never very clear, of the unhappy De Launey.
"On the day of my arrival," says De Flue, "I was able to take this man's
measure from the absolutely imbecile preparations which he made for the
defence of his position. I saw clearly that we should be very poorly led
in case of attack. He was so struck with terror at the idea of it that,
when night came on, he took the shadows of trees for enemies! Incapable,
irresolute, devoting all his attention to trifles and neglecting
important duties--such was the man."
Abandoned by Besenval, instead of cowing his Invalides into obedience by
his energy, and maintaining his position to famishing point behind walls
over which the balls of the besiegers flew without killing more than
one man, De Launey lost his head, made a feint of firing the powder
magazine, capitulated, and opened his gates to men who, as Chateaubriand
says, "could never have cleared them if he had only kept them shut."
If this poor creature had done his duty, and Besenval had done his,
things would have had quite a different complexion. That is not to say
that the Revolution would have been averted--far from it! The Revolution
was legitimate, desirable, and, under the generous impulse of a whole
nation, irresistible. But it would have followed another bent, and would
have triumphed at a slighter cost, with less ruin and less bloodshed.
The consequences of the 14th of July were disastrous. The mere words,
"The Bastille is taken!" were the signal for the most frightful
disorders throughout France. It seemed as though those old walls were
dragging down with them in their fall all authority, all respect, all
discipline; as though the floodgates were being opened to every kind of
excess. Peasants went about in bands, ravaging, pillaging, firing the
châteaux, the burghers' houses, and burning alive those who fell into
their hands. The soldiers mutinied, insulted their chiefs, and fell to
carousing with the malefactors whom they set free. There was not a town
or village where the mob did not put on menacing airs, where decent
people were not molested by the brawlers of the clubs and the
street-corners. Such violence led to a rapid reaction, and there were
numerous defections--of men who, on the very eve of the outbreak, among
the magistracy, the army, the clergy, the nobility, though sympathizing
with the new ideas, abruptly cut themselves loose from the movement,
like the good Duke de la Rochefoucauld, who exclaimed, "Liberty is not
entered by such a door as this!" Hovering between the desire and the
fear of granting the promised reforms, urged on one side to resistance,
on the other to submission, and more than ever destitute of all
political acumen and all will power, the king went to Paris, and,
bending before the revolt, approved of the assassination of his most
faithful servants--and took, on that fatal day, his first step towards
the scaffold! Henceforth, under the pressure of the populace, to whom
its first success had shown the measure of its strength, and who became
every day more exacting, more threatening, the Revolution was to go on
in its perverse course, stumbling at every step, until it came to the
orgy of '93, which, properly speaking, was only the systematizing of
brigandage. Malouet was right indeed: what we symbolize in our festival
of the 14th of July is not the rising sun, the dawn of Liberty; it is
the first lurid lightning flash of the Terror!
Doctor Rigby, after having walked up and down the whole afternoon in the
Jardin Monceau without the least idea of what was going on in the Suburb
Saint-Antoine, returned in the evening to his house near the
Palais-Royal. He saw the mob reeling in drunkenness. Men and women were
laughing, crying, and embracing one another: "The Bastille is taken! At
last we are free!" And not the least enthusiastic were those very men of
the citizen militia who, ready yesterday to fight the insurrection, were
to-day hailing its triumph! The first sabre brandished by the first
national guard was in point of fact that of Joseph Prudhomme![15]
All at once this delirious crowd shudders, parts asunder with cries of
horror!
Down the Rue Saint-Honoré comes a yelling mob of wine-soaked
malefactors, bearing along, at the ends of two pikes, the still bleeding
heads of De Launey and De Flesselles!
And the silly folk, so madly rejoiced by the fall of an imaginary
tyranny which has not even the wits to defend itself, go their several
ways, struck dumb with consternation.
For here the Real is making its entrance!
* * * * *
Do not fancy that because the Bastille has opened its gates, the legends
which give it so cruel a name are going to vanish into thin air, like
the phantoms of an ancient château when light is let in.
While Michelet's "entire Paris" is making short work of the Invalides
who surrendered the place; cutting in pieces the man who prevented its
blowing up; slaughtering Major de Losme, the friend and benefactor of
the prisoners; torturing the hapless De Launey, who, from the Bastille
to the Hôtel de Ville, stabbed, slashed, hacked with sabres and pikes
and bayonets, is finally decapitated by the aid of a short knife--an
episode which Michelet skilfully slurs over--while all the criminals of
the district, crowding along in the wake of the combatants, are rushing
to the official buildings, looting, smashing, throwing into the moats
furniture, books, official papers, archives, the remnants of which will
be collected with such difficulty--some good people are saying to
themselves: "But come now, there are some prisoners! Suppose we go and
set them free?"
Here let us see what Louis Blanc has to say:--
"Meanwhile the doors of the cells" (he insists on the cells) "were burst
in with a mighty effort; the prisoners were free! Alas! for three of
them it was too late! The first, whose name was the Comte de Solages, a
victim for seven years of the incomprehensible vengeance of an
implacable father, found neither relatives who would consent to
acknowledge him, nor his property, which had become the prey of covetous
collateral heirs! The second was called Whyte. Of what crime was he
guilty, accused, of, at any rate, suspected? No one has ever known! The
man himself was questioned in vain. In the Bastille he had lost his
reason. The third, Tavernier, at the sight of his deliverers, fancied he
saw his executioners coming, and put himself on the defensive. Throwing
their arms round his neck they undeceived him; but next day he was met
roaming through the town, muttering wild and whirling words. He was
mad!"
As many wilful errors as there are words!
The Comte de Solages was an execrable libertine, confined at the request
of his family for "atrocious and notorious crimes." His relatives
nevertheless had the humanity to take him in after his deliverance, and
it was with them that he died in 1825.
Whyte and Tavernier did not go mad in the Bastille. They were in the
Bastille because they were mad; and the second was, further, implicated
in an assassination. Finding shelter with a perruquier of the
neighbourhood, he set about smashing all his host's belongings, which
necessitated his banishment to Charenton, where Whyte soon rejoined him.
It was not worth the trouble of changing their quarters!
Four other prisoners who were set free, Corrège, Béchade, Pujade, and
Laroche, were imprisoned for forgery. And so Louis Blanc is careful
silently to pass them over!
Ten days before, another victim of tyranny had been groaning in
irons--the Marquis de Sade, who, from the height of the platform, used
to provoke the passers-by with the aid of a speaking trumpet. De Launey
was compelled to transfer him to Vincennes, thus depriving the victors
of the glory of liberating the future author of _Justine_. The Republic
took its revenge in making him later secretary of the "Pike" ward,[16]
an office for which he was marked out by his virtues!
But of all these prisoners the most celebrated, the most popular, the
man whose misfortunes all Paris deplored, was the famous Comte de
Lorges, who, according to the biographical sketch devoted to him by the
unknown author of his deliverance, had been shut up for thirty-two
years. The story must be read in the pamphlet of Citizen Rousselet,
conqueror of the Bastille: "The tide of humanity penetrates into ways
narrowed by mistrust. An iron door opens: what does one see? Is this a
man? Good heavens! this old man loaded with irons! the splendour of his
brow, the whiteness of his beard hanging over his breast! What majesty!
the fire still flashing from his eyes seems to shed a gentle light in
this lugubrious abode!"
Surprised at seeing so many armed men, he asks them if Louis XV. is
still alive. They set him free, they lead him to the Hôtel de Ville.
For fifteen days all Paris went to visit the black dungeon in which this
unhappy wretch had been shut up for so many years without other light
than that which escaped "from his eyes"! A stone from that dungeon had a
place in the Curtius Museum. His portrait was published. A print
represents him at the moment when his chains were broken, seated on a
chair in his cell, a pitcher of water by his side!
And this hapless greybeard--he was never seen! He never existed!
In reality there were in the Bastille, on the 14th of July, only seven
prisoners--two madmen, a _Sadique_,[17] and four forgers. But about
their number and their right to imprisonment Michelet remains dumb: to
discuss that would spoil his epic! And he excels in making the most of
everything that can support his case, and in ignoring everything that
damages it. And so he contents himself with speaking of the two who had
"gone mad"!--a prevarication worthy of Louis Blanc, nay, unworthy even
of him!
The conquerors were somewhat surprised at the small number of victims,
more surprised still to find them comfortably installed in rooms, some
of which were furnished with arm-chairs in Utrecht velvet! The author of
_The Bastille Unmasked_ exclaims: "What! No corpses! No skeletons! No
men in chains!" "The taking of the Bastille," said "Cousin Jacques,"[18]
"has opened the eyes of the public on the kind of captivity experienced
there."
But in this he was greatly mistaken. Legends die hard! A Bastille
without cells, dungeons, cages of iron! Public opinion did not admit
that it could have been deceived on that point.
"Several prisoners," says the _History of Remarkable Events_, "were set
at liberty; but some, and perhaps the greater number, had already died
of hunger, because men could not find their way about this monstrous
prison. Some of these prisoners confined within four walls received food
only through holes cut in the wall. A party of prisoners was found
starved to death, because their cells were not discovered till several
days had elapsed!"
Another pamphlet on the underground cells discovered in the Bastille,
resuscitating an old fable which had already done duty for the Cardinal
de Richelieu, shows us a prisoner taken from his cell and led by the
governor into "a room which had nothing sinister in its appearance. It
was lit by more than fifty candles. Sweet-scented flowers filled it with
a delicious perfume. The tyrant chatted amicably with his prisoner....
Then he gave the horrible signal: a bascule let into the floor opened,
and the wretched man disappeared, falling upon a wheel stuck with razors
and set in motion by invisible hands." And the author winds up with this
magnificent reflection:--"Such a punishment, so basely contrived, is not
even credible--and yet it was at Paris, in that beautiful and
flourishing city, that this took place!"
Dorat-Cubières, who was one of the literary disgraces of the eighteenth
century, goes further! He saw, with his own eyes, one of those dens
where the captive, shut up with enough bread to last him a week, had
thereafter nothing else to subsist on but his own flesh. "In this den,"
he says, "we came upon a horrible skeleton, the sight of which made me
shrink back with horror!"
And the popular picture-mongers did not fail to propagate these
insanities. I have an engraving of the time nicely calculated to stir
sensitive hearts. Upon the steps of a gloomy cellar the conquerors are
dragging along a man whom his uniform shows to be one of the defenders
of the Bastille, and are pointing out to him an old man being carried
away, another being cut down from the ceiling where he is hanging by the
arms; yet others lying on a wheel furnished with iron teeth, chained to
it, twisted into horrible contortions by abominable machines; and in a
recess behind a grating appears the skeleton--which Dorat-Cubières never
saw!
The non-existence of these dungeons and holes with skeletons was too
great a shock to settled beliefs. This Bastille _must_ contain concealed
below ground some unknown cells where its victims were moaning! And
naturally enough, when one bent down the ear, one heard their despairing
appeals! But after having pierced through vaults, sunk pits, dug,
sounded everywhere, there was no help for it but to give up these
fancies, though--an agreeable thing to have to say!--with regret.
They fell back then on instruments of torture. For though the rack had
been abolished for a hundred years, how was it possible to conceive of
the Bastille without some slight instruments of torture?
They had no difficulty in finding them--"chains," says Louis Blanc,
"which the hands of many innocent men had perhaps worn, machines of
which no one could guess the use: an old iron corslet which seemed to
have been invented to reduce man to everlasting immobility!"
As a matter of fact, these chains belonged to two statuettes of
prisoners which stood on either side of the great clock in the
courtyard. The machines, the use of which no one could guess, were the
fragments of a clandestine printing-press that had been pulled to
pieces. And the iron corslet was a piece of fifteenth-century armour!
Skeletons, too, were missing, though indeed some bones were found in the
apartment of the surgeon of the fortress; but the utmost bad faith could
not but be compelled to acknowledge that these were anatomical
specimens. Happily for the legend, a more serious discovery was made:
"two skeletons, chained to a cannon-ball," as the register of the
district of Saint-Louis la Culture declared.
They both came to light in the rubbish dug out during the construction
of the bastion afterwards turned into a garden for the governor. "One,"
says the report of Fourcroy, Vicq-d'Azyr, and Sabatier, instructed to
examine them, "was found turned head downwards on the steps of a steep
staircase, entirely covered with earth, and appears to be that of a
workman who had fallen by accident down this dark staircase, where he
was not seen by the men working at the embankment. The other, carefully
buried in a sort of ditch, had evidently been laid there a long time
previously, before there was any idea of filling up the bastion."
As to the cannon-ball, it must have dated back to the Fronde.[19]
But skeletons were necessary! They had found some: they might as well
profit by them!
The demolisher of the Bastille, that charlatan Palloy, exhibited them to
the veneration of the faithful in a cellar by the light of a funereal
lamp, after which they were honoured with a magnificent funeral, with
drums, clergy, a procession of working men, between two lines of
National Guards, from the Bastille to the Church of St. Paul. And
finally, in the graveyard adjoining the church, they raised to them,
amid four poplars, a monument of which a contemporary print has
preserved the likeness.
After such a ceremony, dispute if you dare the authenticity of the
relics!
* * * * *
The memory of the Man in the Iron Mask is so closely bound up with the
story of the Bastille that M. Funck-Brentano could not neglect this
great enigma about which for two hundred years so much ink has been
spilt. He strips off this famous mask--which, by the way, was of
velvet--and shows us the face which the world has been so anxious to
see: the face of Mattioli, the confidant of the Duke of Mantua and the
betrayer of both Louis XIV. and his own master.
M. Funck-Brentano's demonstration is so convincing as to leave no room
for doubt. But one dare not hope that the good public will accept his
conclusions as final. To the public, mystery is ever more attractive
than the truth. There is a want of prestige about Mattioli; while about
a twin brother of Louis XIV.--ah, _there_ is something that appeals to
the imagination!
And then there are the guides, the showmen, to reckon with--those
faithful guardians of legends, whose propaganda is more aggressive than
that of scholars. When you reflect that every day, at the Isles of
Saint-Marguerite, the masked man's cell is shown to visitors by a good
woman who retails all the traditional fables about the luxurious life of
the prisoner, his lace, his plate, and the attentions shown him by M.
de Saint-Mars, you will agree that a struggle with this daily discourse
would be hopeless. And you would not come off with a whole skin!
I was visiting the Château d'If before the new buildings were erected.
The show-woman of the place, another worthy dame, pointed out to us the
ruined cells of the Abbé Faria and Edmond Dantès.[20] And the spectators
were musing on the story as they contemplated the ruins.
"It seems to me," I said, "that these cells are rather near one another,
but surely Alexandre Dumas put them a little farther apart!"
"Oh, well!" replied the good creature, withering me with a glance of
contempt, "if, when I'm relating gospel truth, the gentleman begins
quoting a novelist--!"
To come nearer home. Follow, one of these days, a batch of Cook's
tourists at Versailles, shown round by an English cicerone. You will see
him point out the window from which Louis XVI. issued, on a flying
bridge, to reach his scaffold, erected in the marble court! The guide is
no fool. He knows well enough that the Place de la Concorde would not
appeal to the imagination of his countrymen; while it is quite natural
to them to draw a parallel in their minds between the scaffold of Louis
XVI. at Versailles and that of Charles I. at Whitehall.
And the conclusion of the whole matter is this: that whatever may be
said or written, nothing will prevail against the popular beliefs that
the Bastille was "the hell of living men," and that it was taken by
storm. Legends are the history of the people, especially those which
flatter their instincts, prejudices, and passions. You will never
convince them of their falsity.
M. Funck-Brentano must also expect to be treated as a "reactionary," for
such is, to many people, any one who does not unreservedly decry the
_ancien régime_. It had, assuredly, its vices and abuses, which the
Revolution swept away--to replace them by others, much more tolerable,
to be sure; but that is no reason for slandering the past and painting
it blacker than it really was. The fanatical supporters of the
Revolution have founded in its honour a sort of cult whose intolerance
is often irritating. To hear them you would fancy that before its birth
there was nothing but darkness, ignorance, iniquity, and wretchedness!
And so we are to give it wholehearted admiration, and palliate its
errors and its crimes; even gilding, as Chateaubriand said, the iron of
its guillotine. These idolaters of the Revolution are very injudicious.
By endeavouring to compel admiration for all that it effected, good and
ill without distinction, they provoke the very unreasonable inclination
to regard its whole achievement with abhorrence. It could well dispense
with such a surplusage of zeal, for it is strong enough to bear the
truth; and its work, after all, is great enough to need no justification
or glorification by means of legends.
VICTORIEN SARDOU.
LEGENDS OF THE BASTILLE
CHAPTER I.
THE ARCHIVES.
"The Bastille," wrote Sainte-Foix, "is a castle which, without being
strong, is one of the most formidable in Europe, and about it I shall
say nothing." "Silence is safer than speech on that subject," was the
saying in Paris.
At the extremity of the Rue Saint-Antoine, as one entered the suburb,
appeared the eight lofty towers, sombre, massive, plunging their
moss-grown feet into pools of muddy water. Their walls were pierced at
intervals with narrow, iron-barred windows: they were crowned with
battlements. Situated not far from the Marais, the blithe and wealthy
quarter, and quite near to the Suburb Saint-Antoine, where industry
raised its perpetual hum, the Bastille, charged with gloom and silence,
formed an impressive contrast.
The common impression it made is conveyed by Restif de la Bretonne in
his _Nights of Paris_: "It was a nightmare, that awesome Bastille, on
which, as I passed each evening along the Rue Saint-Gilles, I never
dared to turn my eyes."
The towers had an air of mystery, harsh and melancholy, and the royal
government threw mystery like a cloud around them. At nightfall, when
the shutters were closed, a cab would cross the drawbridge, and from
time to time, in the blackness of night, funeral processions, vague
shadows which the light of a torch set flickering on the walls, would
make their silent exit. How many of those who had entered there had ever
been seen again? And if perchance one met a former prisoner, to the
first question he would reply that on leaving he had signed a promise to
reveal nothing of what he had seen. This former prisoner had, as a
matter of fact, never seen anything to speak of. Absolute silence was
imposed upon the warders. "There is no exchanging of confidences in this
place," writes Madame de Staal, "and the people you come across have all
such freezing physiognomies that you would think twice before asking the
most trifling question." "The first article of their code," says
Linguet, "is the impenetrable mystery which envelops all their
operations."
We know how legends are formed. Sometimes you see them open out like
flowers brilliant under the sun's bright beams, you see them blossom
under the glorious radiance that lights up the life of heroes. The man
himself has long gone down into the tomb; the legend survives; it
streams across the ages, like a meteor leaving its trail of light; it
grows, broadens out, with ever-increasing lustre and glow: in this light
we see Themistocles, Leonidas, Alexander, Cæsar, Charlemagne, Napoleon.
Or may be, on the contrary, the legend is born in some remote corner,
covered with shade and silence. There men have lived their lives, there
it has been their lot to suffer. Their moans have risen in solitude and
confinement, and the only ears that heard them were harder than their
stone walls. These moans, heard by no compassionate soul, the great
resounding soul of the people catches up, swelling them with all its
might. Soon, among the mass of the people, there passes a blast
irresistible in its strength, like the tempest that upheaves the
restless waves. Then is the sea loosed from its chains: the tumultuous
breakers dash upon the affrighted shore: the sea-walls are all swept
away!
In a letter written by Chevalier, the major of the Bastille, to Sartine,
the chief of the police, he spoke of the common gossip on the Bastille
that was going about. "Although utterly false," he said, "I think it
very dangerous on account of its dissemination through the kingdom, and
that has now been going on for several years." No attention was paid to
Chevalier's warning. Mystery continued to be the rule at the Bastille
and in all that related to it. "The mildness of manners and of the
government," writes La Harpe, "had caused needlessly harsh measures in
great part to disappear. They lived on in the imagination of the
people, augmented and strengthened by the tales which credulity and hate
seize upon." Ere long the _Memoirs_ of Latude and of Linguet appeared.
Latude concealed his grievous faults, to paint his long sufferings in
strokes of fire. Linguet, with his rare literary talent, made of the
Bastille a picture dark in the extreme, compressing the gist of his
pamphlet into the sentence: "Except perhaps in hell, there are no
tortures to approach those of the Bastille." At the same period, the
great Mirabeau was launching his powerful plea against _lettres de
cachet_, "arbitrary orders." These books produced a mighty
reverberation. The Revolution broke out like a clap of thunder. The
Bastille was disembowelled. The frowning towers crumbled stone by stone
under the picks of the demolishers, and, as if they had been the
pedestal of the _ancien régime_, that too toppled over with a crash.
One of the halls of the Bastille contained, in boxes carefully arranged,
the entire history of the celebrated fortress from the year 1659, at
which date the foundation of this precious store of archives had been
begun. There were collected the documents concerning, not only the
prisoners of the Bastille, but all the persons who had been lodged
there, either under sentence of exile, or simply arrested within the
limits of the generality of Paris in virtue of a _lettre de cachet_.
The documents in this store-room had been in charge of archivists, who
throughout the eighteenth century had laboured with zeal and
intelligence at putting in order papers which, on the eve of the
Revolution, were counted by hundreds of thousands. The whole mass was
now in perfect order, classified and docketed. The major of the château,
Chevalier, had even been commissioned to make these documents the basis
of a history of the prisoners.
The Bastille was taken. In the disorder, what was the fate of the
archives? The ransacking of the papers continued for two days, writes
Dusaulx, one of the commissioners elected by the Assembly for the
preservation of the archives of the Bastille. "When, on Thursday the
16th, my colleagues and myself went down into the sort of cellar where
the archives were, we found the boxes in very orderly arrangement on the
shelves, but they were already empty. The most important documents had
been carried off: the rest were strewn on the floor, scattered about the
courtyard, and even in the moats. However, the curious still found some
gleanings there." The testimony of Dusaulx is only too well confirmed.
"I went to see the siege of the Bastille," writes Restif de la Bretonne;
"when I arrived it was all over, the place was taken. Infuriated men
were throwing papers, documents of great historical value, from the top
of the towers into the moats." Among these papers, some had been burnt,
some torn, registers had been torn to shreds and trailed in the mud. The
mob had invaded the halls of the château: men of learning and mere
curiosity hunters strove eagerly to get possession of as many of these
documents as possible, in which they thought they were sure to find
startling revelations. "There is talk of the son of a celebrated
magistrate," writes Gabriel Brizard, "who went off with his carriage
full of them." Villenave, then twenty-seven years of age and already a
collector, gathered a rich harvest for his study, and Beaumarchais, in
the course of a patriotic ramble through the interior of the captured
fortress, was careful to get together a certain number of these papers.
The papers purloined from the archives on the day of the capture and the
day following became dispersed throughout France and Europe. A large
packet came into the hands of Pierre Lubrowski, an attaché in the
Russian embassy. Sold in 1805, with his whole collection, to the Emperor
Alexander, the papers were deposited in the Hermitage Palace. To-day
they are preserved in the Imperial Library at St. Petersburg.
Fortunately, the custody of the captured fortress was entrusted on July
15 to the company of arquebusiers, which received orders to prevent the
removal of any more papers. On July 16 one of the members present at a
sitting of the Electoral Assembly, sprang forward to the table and
cried, "Ah, gentlemen, let us save the papers! It is said that the
papers of the Bastille are being plundered; let us hasten to collect the
remnants of these old title-deeds of an intolerable despotism, so that
we may inspire our latest posterity with their horror!" There was
rapturous applause. A committee was nominated, consisting of Dusaulx, De
Chamseru, Gorneau, and Cailleau. Let us follow the style of the period:
"Before the Bastille the commissioners received a triumphant reception.
Amid the cheers of the people, who had been informed of their mission,
ten distinguished men of letters besought them to lead the commissioners
into the heart of that famous fortress, so long detested." When they got
into the Bastille, the commissioners were not long in perceiving that
they were a little behind the fair: "Many boxes were empty, and there
was an immense heap of papers in complete disorder."
The question of the papers of the Bastille grew day by day
extraordinarily popular. The Electoral Assembly had just appointed
commissioners to collect them; La Fayette, commander of the National
Guards, imposed a similar duty on the St. Elizabeth district; Bailly,
the mayor of Paris, delegated Dusaulx to the same office. In the
Constituent Assembly, the Comte de Châtenay-Lanty proposed that the
municipality of Paris should be instructed to get together the papers
found at the Bastille, so that they might be arranged, and that extracts
from them might be printed and published, "in order to keep for ever
alive in the hearts of Frenchmen, by means of this reading, the
detestation of arbitrary orders and the love of liberty"! This book was
to be the preface to the constitution. Finally, the district of St. Roch
took the initiative in calling upon the electors to restore to the
nation the papers carried off from the Bastille by Beaumarchais.
In the sitting of July 24, the Electoral Assembly passed a resolution
enjoining such citizens as were in possession of papers from the
Bastille to bring them back to the Hôtel de Ville. The appeal was
responded to, and the restitutions were numerous.
When the pillage and destruction had been stopped and possession had
been regained of a part of the stolen documents, the papers were
consigned to three different depositories; but it was not long before
they were deposited all together in the convent of St. Louis la Culture.
At length, on November 2, 1791, the Commune of Paris resolved to have
the precious documents placed in the city library. The decision was so
much the more happy in that the transfer, while placing the papers under
the guardianship of trained men and genuine librarians, did not
necessitate removal, since the city library at that date occupied the
same quarters as the archives of the Bastille, namely, the convent of
St. Louis la Culture.
To the revolutionary period succeeded times of greater calm. The
archives of the Bastille, after being the object of so much discussion,
and having occupied the Constituent Assembly, the Electoral Assembly,
the Paris Commune, the press, Mirabeau, La Fayette, Bailly, all Paris,
the whole of France, fell into absolute oblivion. They were lost from
sight; the very recollection of them was effaced. In 1840, a young
librarian named François Ravaisson discovered them in the Arsenal
library at the bottom of a veritable dungeon. How had they got stranded
there?
Ameilhon, the city librarian, had been elected on April 22, 1797, keeper
of the Arsenal library. Anxious to enrich the new depository of which he
had become the head, he obtained a decree handing over the papers of the
Bastille to the Arsenal library. The librarians recoiled in dismay
before this invasion of documents, more than 600,000 in number and in
the most admired disorder. Then, having put their heads together, they
had the papers crammed into a dusty back-room, putting off the sorting
of them from day to day. Forty years slipped away. And if it happened
that some old antiquary, curious and importunate, asked to be allowed to
consult the documents he had heard spoken of in his youth, he was
answered--no doubt in perfect good faith--that they did not know what he
was talking about.
In 1840 François Ravaisson had to get some repairs done in his kitchen
at the Arsenal library. The slabs of the flooring were raised, when
there came to view, in the yawning hole, a mass of old papers. It
happened by the merest chance that, as he drew a leaf out of the heap,
Ravaisson laid his hand on a _lettre de cachet_. He understood at once
that he had just discovered the lost treasure. Fifty years of laborious
effort have now restored the order which the victors of the 14th of July
and successive removals had destroyed. The archives of the Bastille
still constitute, at the present day, an imposing collection, in spite
of the gaps made by fire and pillage in 1789, for ever to be regretted.
The administration of the Arsenal library has acquired copies of the
documents coming from the Bastille which are preserved at St.
Petersburg. The archives of the Bastille are now open to inspection by
any visitor to the Arsenal library, in rooms specially fitted up for
them. Several registers had holes burnt in them on the day of the
capture of the Bastille, their binding is scorched black, their leaves
are yellow. In the boxes the documents are now numbered, and they are
daily consulted by men of letters. The catalogue has been compiled and
published recently, through the assiduity of the minister of public
instruction.
It is by the light of these documents, of undeniable genuineness and
authority, that the black shade which so long brooded over the Bastille
has at length been dispelled. The legends have melted away in the clear
light of history, as the thick cloak of mist with which night covers the
earth is dissipated by the morning sun; and enigmas which mankind,
wearied of fruitless investigations, had resigned itself to declare
insoluble, have now at last been solved.
CHAPTER II.
HISTORY OF THE BASTILLE.
Julius Cæsar describes a structure three stories high which his
legionaries used rapidly to erect in front of towns they were besieging.
Such was the remote origin of the "bastides" or "bastilles," as these
movable fortresses were called in the Middle Ages. Froissart, speaking
of a place that was being invested, says that "bastides were stationed
on the roads and in the open country" in such a manner that the town
could get no food supplies. It was not long before the designation was
applied to the fixed towers erected on the ramparts for the defence of
the towns, and more particularly to those which were constructed at the
entrance gates.
In 1356, the chroniclers mention some important works that had been done
on the circumvallations of Paris. These were constructions interrupting
the wall at intervals, and so placed as to protect either an entrance
gate or the wall itself. The special designations of _eschiffles_,
_guérites_, or _barbacanes_ were applied to such of these buildings as
rose between two gates of the city, while the _bastilles_ or _bastides_
were those which defended the gates. The first stone of the edifice
which for more than four centuries was to remain famous under the name
of the Bastille was laid on April 22, 1370, by the mayor of Paris in
person, Hugh Aubriot, the object being to strengthen the defences of the
city against the English. To reproach the king, Charles V., with the
construction of a cruel prison would be almost as reasonable as to
reproach Louis-Philippe with the construction of the fortress of Mont
Valérien. We borrow these details from M. Fernand Bournon's excellent
work on the Bastille in the _Histoire générale de Paris_.
"The Bastille," writes M. Bournon, "at the time of its capture on July
14, 1789, was still identical, except in some trifling particulars, with
the work of the architects of the fourteenth century." The Place de la
Bastille of the present day does not correspond exactly to the site of
the fortress. Mentally to restore that site it is necessary to take away
the last houses of the Rue Saint-Antoine and the Boulevard Henri IV.;
the ground they occupy was then covered with the château and its glacis.
The round towers, however, must have extended considerably in advance of
the line of the houses and have encroached upon the pavement. The plan
reproducing the site exactly is to-day marked by lines of white stones,
by means of which all Parisians may get some notion of it if they go to
the Place de la Bastille.
M. Augé de Lassus, who drew so largely upon the works of M. Bournon and
ourselves for his lecture on the Bastille,[21] will permit us in our
turn to borrow from him the description he gave of the Bastille, so far
as its construction is concerned. Prints of the commonest kind which
have circulated in thousands, the more recent reconstruction which in
1889 gave Paris so much entertainment, have familiarized us with the
aspect of the Bastille, whose eight circular towers, connected by
curtains of equal height, give us the impression of a box all of a
piece, or, if you prefer it, an enormous sarcophagus. The eight towers
all had their names. There were the Corner, the Chapel, and the Well
towers, names readily accounted for by their position or by details of
their construction. Then came the Bertaudière and Bazinière towers,
baptized by the names of two former prisoners. The Treasure tower was so
called because it had received on many occasions, notably under Henri
IV., the custody of the public money. The excellent poet Mathurin
Regnier alludes to this fact in these oft-quoted lines:--
"Now mark these parsons, sons of ill-got gain,
Whose grasping sires for years have stolen amain,
Whose family coffers vaster wealth conceal,
Than fills that royal store-house, the Bastille."
The seventh tower was known as the County tower, owing its name, as M.
Bournon conjectures, to the feudal dignity called the County of Paris.
"The hypothesis," he adds, "derives the greater weight from the fact
that the mayors of Paris were called, up to the end of the _ancien
régime_, mayors of the town and viscounty of Paris." The eighth tower
bore a name which, for the tower of a prison, is very remarkable. It was
called the Tower of Liberty. This odd appellation had come to it from
the circumstance that it had been the part of the Bastille where
prisoners were lodged who enjoyed exceptionally favourable treatment,
those who had the "liberty" of walking during the day in the courtyards
of the château. These prisoners were said to be "in the liberty of the
court"; the officers of the château called them the "prisoners of the
liberty" in contradistinction to the prisoners "in durance"; and that
one of the eight towers in which they were lodged was thus, quite
naturally, called "the Tower of Liberty."
The towers of the Chapel and the Treasure, which were the oldest, had
flanked the original gateway, but this was soon walled up, leaving
however in the masonry the outline of its arch, and even the statues of
saints and crowned princes that had been the only ornaments of its bare
walls. "In accordance with custom," says M. Augé de Lassus, "the
entrance to the Bastille was single and double at the same time; the
gate for vehicles, defended by its drawbridge, was flanked by a smaller
gate reserved for foot passengers, and this, too, was only accessible
when a small drawbridge was lowered."
In the first of the two courtyards of the Bastille, D'Argenson had
placed a monumental clock held up by large sculptured figures
representing prisoners in chains. The heavy chains fell in graceful
curves around the clock-face, as a kind of ornamentation. D'Argenson and
his artists had a ferocious taste.
On the morrow of the defeat at St. Quentin,[22] the fear of invasion
decided Henri II., under the advice of Coligny, to strengthen the
Bastille. It was then, accordingly, that there was constructed, in front
of the Saint-Antoine gate, the bastion which was at a later date to be
adorned with a garden for the prisoners to walk in.
Around the massive and forbidding prison, in the course of the
seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, quite a little town sprang up and
flourished, as in the Middle Ages happened around lofty and impressive
cathedrals. Barbers, cobblers, drink-sellers, poulterers, cheesemongers,
and general dealers had their shops there. These new buildings
encroached on the Rue Saint-Antoine, and extended as far as the convent
of the Visitation, the chapel of which, converted into a Protestant
place of worship, still exists.
"In its latter days," writes M. de Lassus, "the Bastille with its
appendages presented an appearance somewhat as follows:--On the Rue
Saint-Antoine, a gateway of considerable size, and, with its trophies of
arms, making some pretensions to a triumphal arch, gave access to a
first court skirted with shops, and open, at least during the day, to
all comers. People might pass through it freely, but were not allowed to
loiter there. Then appeared a second entrance, a double one for horse
and foot traffic, each gate defended by its drawbridge. Admittance
through this was more difficult, and the sentry's instructions more
rigorous; this was the outer guard. As soon as this entrance was passed,
one came to the court of the governor, who received the more or less
voluntary visitor. On the right stretched the quarters of the governor
and his staff, contiguous to the armoury. Then there were the moats,
originally supplied by the waters of the Seine--at that time people
frequently fell in and were drowned, the moats not being protected by
any railing--in later times they were for the most part dry. Then rose
the lofty towers of the citadel, encircled, nearly a hundred feet up, by
their crown of battlements; and then one found the last drawbridge, most
often raised, at any rate before the carriage gate, the door for foot
passengers alone remaining accessible, under still more rigorous
conditions."
These conditions, so rigorous for contemporaries--the Czar Peter the
Great himself found them inflexible--are removed for the historian:
thanks to the numerous memoirs left by prisoners, thanks to the
documents relating to the administration of the Bastille now in the
Arsenal library, and to the correspondence of the lieutenants of police,
we shall penetrate into the interior of these well-fenced precincts and
follow the life of the prisoners day by day.
In its early days, then, the Bastille was not a prison, though it became
such as early as the reign of Charles VI. Yet for two centuries it kept
its character as a military citadel. Sometimes the kings gave lodgment
there to great personages who were passing through Paris. Louis XI. and
Francis I. held brilliant fêtes there, of which the chroniclers speak
with admiration.
It is Richelieu who must be considered the founder of the Bastille--the
Bastille, that is, as a royal prison, the Bastille of the seventeenth
and eighteenth centuries. Before him, imprisonment in the old fortress
was merely casual; it is to him that we must trace the conception of the
state prison as an instrument of government. Here we shall be arrested
by the question, what is to be understood by a state prison? The term,
vague and open to discussion, is explained by M. Bournon. "By a state
prison--taking the Bastille as a particular instance--must be understood
a prison for those who have committed a crime or misdemeanour not
provided for by the common law; for those who, rightly or wrongly, have
appeared dangerous to the safety of the state, whether the nation itself
is concerned, or its head, or a body more or less considerable of
citizens, a body sometimes no larger than the family of the suspect. If
we add to this class of prisoners personages too conspicuous to be
punished for a crime at common law on equal terms with the ordinary
malefactor, and for whom it would appear inevitable that an exceptional
prison should be reserved, we shall have passed in review the different
kinds of delinquents who expiated their misdeeds at the Bastille from
the time of Richelieu to the Revolution."
The administration of the Bastille, which, up to the reign of Louis
XIII., was entrusted to great lords, dukes, constables, marshals of
France--the Marshal de Bassompierre, the Constable de Luynes, the
Marshal de Vitry, the Duke of Luxemburg, to mention only the last of
them--was placed by Richelieu in the hands of a real jailer, Leclerc du
Tremblay, brother of Père Joseph.[23]
Documents throwing any light on the Bastille at the time when the Red
Man, as Victor Hugo named Richelieu, was supreme, are however very
rare. An advocate, Maton de la Varenne, published in 1786, in his
_Revolutions of Paris_, a letter which ostensibly had been written on
December 1, 1642, to Richelieu, at that time ill. In it we read: "I,
whom you are causing to rot in the Bastille for having disobeyed your
commandment, which would have brought upon my soul condemnation to
eternal hell, and would have made me appear in eternity with hands
stained with blood----" It is impossible to guarantee the authenticity
of this document. To us it appears suspicious, the text having been
published at a time when many apocryphal documents were produced as
coming from the archives of the Bastille. More worthy of arresting our
attention is the "return of the prisoners who are in the château of the
Bastille," a document of Richelieu's time which M. Bournon discovered in
the archives of the Foreign Office. This catalogue, containing
fifty-three names, is the oldest list of prisoners of the Bastille known
up to the present time. Among the prisoners several are suspected or
convicted of evil designs against "Monsieur le cardinal," some are
accused of an intention to "complot," that is, to conspire against the
throne, or of being spies. There is an "extravagant" priest, a monk who
had "opposed Cluni's election," three hermits, three coiners, the
Marquis d'Assigny, condemned to death, but whose punishment had been
commuted to perpetual imprisonment, a score or so of lords designated as
"madmen, vile scoundrels, evil wretches," or accused of some definite
crime, theft or murder; finally, those whose name is followed by the
simple note, "Queen-mother," or "Monsieur,"[24] whence we may conclude
that the clerk had no exact information about the prisoners of the
cardinal. We shall give later the list of the prisoners in the Bastille
on the day of its capture, July 14, 1789; and the comparison between the
two lists at the two periods, the remotest and the most recent that we
could select, will be instructive. We have also, to assist us in forming
a judgment of the Bastille in Richelieu's time, the memoirs of
Bassompierre and of Laporte, which transport us into a state prison,
elegant, we might almost say luxurious, reserved for prisoners of birth
and breeding, where they lived observing all social usages in their
mutual relations, paying and returning calls. But the Bastille preserved
its military character for many more years, and among the prisoners we
find especially a number of officers punished for breaches of
discipline. Prisoners of war were confined there, and foreign personages
of high rank arrested by way of reprisal, secret agents and spies
employed in France by hostile nations; finally, powerful lords who had
incurred the king's displeasure. The court intrigues under Richelieu and
Mazarin contributed to the diversion of the Bastille from its original
intention: they began to incarcerate there _valets de chambre_ who had
somehow become mixed up in the plots of sovereigns.
Religious persecution was revived by the government of Louis XIV., and
ere long a whole world of gazetteers and "novelists," the journalists of
the period, were seen swarming like flies in the sun. Louis XIV. was not
precisely a stickler for the liberty of the press, but on the other hand
he shrank from cooping up men of letters, Jansenists and Protestants
convinced of the truth of their beliefs, pell-mell with the vagabonds
and thiefs confined at Bicêtre, Saint-Lazare, and the other prisons of
Paris. He threw open to them, too generously no doubt, the portals of
his château in the Suburb Saint-Antoine, where they mixed with young men
of family undergoing a mild course of the Bastille at the request of
their parents, and with quarrelsome nobles whom the marshals of France,
anxious to avoid duels, used to send there to forget their animosities.
Further, the reign of Louis XIV. was marked by some great trials which
produced a strange and appalling impression, and threw around the
accused a halo of mystery--trials for magic and sorcery, cases of
poisoning and base coining. The accused parties in these cases were
confined in the Bastille. And here we encounter a fresh departure from
the primitive character of the old fortress; prisoners were sent there
whose cases were tried by the regularly constituted judges. Henceforth
prisoners who appeared before the court of the Arsenal were divided
between the Bastille and the fortress of Vincennes.
This is the grand epoch in the history of the Bastille: it is now a
veritable prison of state. Writers can speak of its "nobleness." It
shows itself to us in colours at once charming and awe-inspiring,
brilliant, majestic, now filled with sounds of merriment, now veiled
with an appalling silence. From the gloomy regions within the massive
walls there come to us the sounds of song and laughter mingled with
cries of despair, with sobs and tears. This is the period of the Iron
Mask: the period when the governor receives mysterious letters from the
court. "I beg you, sir, to see that, if anyone comes to ask for news of
the prisoner whom Desgrez conducted to the Bastille this morning by
order of the king, nothing be said about him, and that, if possible, in
accordance with the intention of His Majesty and the accompanying
instructions, no one may get to know him or even his name." "M. de
Bernaville (the name of one of the governors of the Bastille), having
given orders for the conveyance of an important prisoner to the prison
of my château of the Bastille, I send this letter to inform you of my
intention that you receive him there and keep him closely guarded until
further orders, warning you not to permit him, under any pretext
whatever, to hold communication with any person, either by word of mouth
or in writing." The prisoners surrounded with so absolute a silence
almost all belonged to the same category, namely, distinguished spies,
who seem to have been rather numerous in France at the full tide of
Louis XIV.'s wars, and who were hunted down with an eagerness which grew
in proportion as fortune frowned on the royal armies. We read in the
Journal kept by the King's lieutenant, Du Junca: "On Wednesday,
December 22, about ten o'clock in the morning, M. de la Coste, provost
of the King's armies, came here, bringing and leaving in our custody a
prisoner whom for greater secrecy he caused to enter by our new gate,
which allows us to pass into or out of the garden of the Arsenal at all
hours--the which prisoner, M. d'Estingen by name, a German, but married
in England, was received by the governor by order of the King sent by
the hand of the Marquis de Barbezieux, with explicit instructions to
keep the prisoner's presence a secret and to prevent him from holding
communication with anyone, in speech or writing: the which prisoner is a
widower, without children, a man of intelligence, and doing a brisk
trade in news of what is happening in France, sending his information to
Germany, England, and Holland: a gentlemanly spy." On February 10, 1710,
Pontchartrain wrote to Bernaville, governor of the Bastille: "I cannot
refrain from telling you that you and the Chevalier de la Croix speak a
good deal too much and too openly about the foreign prisoners you have.
Secrecy and mystery is one of your first duties, as I must ask you to
remember. Neither D'Argenson nor any other than those I have apprized
you of should see these prisoners. Give explicit warning to the Abbé
Renaudot and to de la Croix of the necessity of maintaining an
inviolable and impenetrable secrecy."
It happened also at that period that a prisoner remained in complete
ignorance of the reason of his incarceration: "The prisoner at the
Bastille named J. J. du Vacquay," writes Louvois to the governor, "has
complained to the King that he has been kept there for thirteen years
without knowing the reason: be good enough to let me know what minister
signed the warrant under which he is detained, so that I may report to
His Majesty."
As the greater part of the papers relating to the arrest were destroyed
as soon as the incarceration was effected, it sometimes happened that in
certain cases the reasons were not known even in the offices of the
ministers. Thus Seignelay writes to the governor, M. de Besmaus: "The
King has commanded me to write and ask you who is a certain prisoner
named Dumesnil, how long he has been at the Bastille, and for what
reason he was placed there." "The demoiselle de Mirail, a prisoner at
the Bastille, having demanded her liberty of the King, His Majesty has
instructed me to write and ask you the reason of her detention; if you
know it, be good enough to inform me at your earliest convenience."
Again, we find Louvois writing to the same effect: "I am sending you a
letter from M. Coquet, in regard to which the King has commanded me to
ask who signed the warrant under which he was sent to the Bastille, and
whether you know the reason of his being sent there." "Sir, I am writing
a line merely to ask you to let me know who is Piat de la Fontaine, who
has been five years at the Bastille, and whether you do not remember why
he was placed there."
Letters of this kind are, it is true, very rare; yet if one compares the
state of things they disclose with the extraordinary comfort and luxury
with which the prisoners were surrounded, they help to characterize the
celebrated prison at this epoch of its history, namely, the seventeenth
century.
In 1667 the office of lieutenant of police had been created. The first
to hold the title was Gabriel Nicolas de la Reynie, a man of the
greatest worth. It is very important to note that under the _ancien
régime_ the lieutenant of police had a double function, being at the
same time a subordinate of the minister of Paris[25] and a member of the
Châtelet.[26] His duties were thus of a twofold nature, administrative
and judicial. Now the Bastille, as a state prison, was more especially
an administrative institution; but gradually, owing to the character of
the persons brought there as prisoners, it became difficult to avoid
turning it also into a judicial institution, and the minister of Paris
became accustomed to delegate his subordinate, the lieutenant of police,
to conduct the examination of the prisoners at the Bastille. Though La
Reynie took practically the whole responsibility of the administration
of the Bastille, his visits to the prison itself were nevertheless
relatively rare, and on every occasion a permit signed by Louis XIV. or
by Colbert was necessary.
La Reynie was succeeded by D'Argenson. Under him the powers of the
lieutenant of police were very largely extended, and the Bastille was
comprised within his jurisdiction. Henceforth the lieutenant of police
will enter the state prison whenever it seems good to him, as lord and
master, accompanied by his subordinates at the Châtelet, clerks and
inspectors of police; the prisoners will be in direct and constant
communication with him, and he will make an inspection of all the
chambers at least once a year. We find that at every change in the
lieutenancy of police, it sufficed for the minister of Paris to send the
name of the new officer to the governor. Dating from this period, the
prison in the Suburb Saint-Antoine remained under the authority of a
magistrate.
The Regency was a transition period between the reigns of Louis XIV. and
Louis XV., and there was a corresponding transition period in the
history of the Bastille. The incarcerations were less numerous and less
rigorous, but the rule of the prison lost something of that aristocratic
air which had characterized it. The most important episode in the
history of the Bastille during the Regency was the incarceration of
those who were accused of complicity in the Cellamare conspiracy. Among
these was Mdlle de Launay, later to be known as Madame de Staal. She
has left some charming pages about her imprisonment, in which we find,
related with a fluent and subtle pen, the little romance which we
proceed to outline.
Mdlle de Launay was secretary to the Duchess of Maine. She had had some
part in drawing up the scheme of the Cellamare conspiracy, which, if it
had succeeded, would have placed the king of Spain on the throne of
France. On December 10, 1718, the Regent sent her, with several of her
accomplices, to the Bastille, less with the idea of punishing her for
machinations against the state than to obtain from her details of the
conspiracy. At that period of her life she was of but moderate fortune
and rank, and it would not have been strange if she had been treated
with rigour. She found at the Bastille, on the contrary, unexpected
comfort and consideration. In her _Memoirs_, she writes that her sojourn
at the Bastille was the pleasantest time of her life. Her maid, Rondel,
was permitted to live with her. She was installed in a veritable suite
of rooms. She complained of the mice there, and a cat was given her, to
drive out the mice and provide some amusement. By and by there were
kittens, and the sportive tricks of the numerous little family cheered
her wonderfully, she said. Mdlle de Launay was regularly invited to dine
with the governor; she spent her days in writing and card-playing. The
king's lieutenant, Maisonrouge, a man well on in years, who held, after
the governor, the first place in the administration of the château,
conceived a profound and pathetic passion for the fair prisoner. He
declared that nothing would give him greater happiness than to make her
his wife. His apartments happened to be near those of Mdlle de Launay.
Unhappily for the king's lieutenant, there was in the neighbourhood a
third suite, occupied by a young and brilliant nobleman, the Chevalier
de Ménil, who also was implicated in the Cellamare affair. The fair
prisoner was not acquainted with him. Maisonrouge impresses us as a man
of great dignity, and rare nobility of character. He spoke to the two
young prisoners about each other, hoping, by bringing them into
communication, to provide them with fresh distractions, more
particularly the lady, whom he loved. The Chevalier de Ménil and Mdlle
de Launay could not see each other; they had never met. They began by
exchanging epistles in verse. Like everything that came from her pen,
the verses of Mdlle de Launay were full of animation and charm. The good
Maisonrouge played post between them, happy to see his little friend's
delight in the diversion she owed to him. It was not long before the
verses carried from one room to the other by Maisonrouge began to speak
of love, and this love--surprising as it may seem, but not difficult to
understand in the sequestered life of the Bastille--ere long became real
in the consciousness of the young people, who saw each other in
imagination under the most charming colours. Maisonrouge was soon
induced to contrive an interview between them. It is a delightful
moment. The two captives had never seen each other, yet loved each
other passionately: what will their mutual impressions be? Mdlle de
Launay's impression, when she saw the gay chevalier, was of unmixed
enthusiasm; the chevalier's, maybe, was more subdued; but if it is true,
as someone has said, that to nuns the gardener represents mankind, to a
prisoner every young woman must be an exquisite creature. The interviews
continued under the benevolent eye of Maisonrouge, who watched the
development of Mdlle de Launay's love for Ménil--the love of the girl
whom he himself loved intensely, but whose happiness he preferred to his
own. There are delightful details which may be found delightfully
described in Mdlle de Launay's _Memoirs_. It is M. Bournon's opinion
that, according to the testimony of Mdlle de Launay herself, this idyll
of the Bastille had "the dénouement that might have been foretold." We
have caught no hint of the sort in the _Memoirs_ of Madame de Staal, but
then, M. Bournon is no doubt the better psychologist. At any rate, the
governor of the Bastille got wind of the diversions of the lovers. He
put his foot down. Ménil was transferred to a distant tower, Mdlle de
Launay shed tears, and, incredible as it seems, Maisonrouge, while
redoubling his efforts to please her, sympathized with her lot to the
point of arranging fresh and more difficult interviews with the sparkish
chevalier. Mdlle de Launay left the prison in the spring of 1720, after
having sent to the Regent a detailed statement of the facts of the
conspiracy, which hitherto she had refused to furnish. Once at liberty,
she vainly implored the Chevalier de Ménil to fulfil his pledges and
make her his wife. Maisonrouge died in the following year, of
disappointment, says the gay coquette, at his failure to get from her,
during her imprisonment, the promise of marriage which now she would
have been glad enough to fulfil.
It seems as though under the Regency everything at the Bastille turned
on love--a reflection of the epoch itself. The young Duke de Richelieu
was locked up there because he did not love his wife. The brilliant
nobleman was kept under lock and key for several weeks, "in solitude and
gloom," he says, when suddenly the door of his room flew open and Madame
de Richelieu appeared, a wonder of grace, brightness and charm: "The
fair angel," writes the duke, "who flew from heaven to earth to set
Peter free was not so radiant."
We have seen how the Bastille had been transformed from a military
citadel into a prison of state. We shall now witness, under the
government of the Duke of Orleans, another transformation, betokened by
an event which is of little apparent importance. The Duke de Richelieu
was imprisoned in the Bastille a second time as the result of a duel: a
judge of the Parlement went there to question him and the Parlement
tried his case. The Parlement[27] at the Bastille, in the prison of the
king! From that moment the fortress continued year by year to grow more
like our modern prisons. "Under the Cardinal de Fleury," writes La
Harpe, "this famous château was inhabited by hardly any but Jansenist
writers: it then became the enforced residence of champions of
philosophy and authors of clandestine satires, and acted as a foil to
their obscurity and shame." It became increasingly the practice to
confine there accused persons whose cases were regularly tried at the
Châtelet or even before the Parlement. By the second half of the
eighteenth century accused persons had come to be incarcerated in the
Bastille by direct order of the Châtelet, which would have seemed
incredible to a contemporary of Louis XIV. The summoning officer would
post himself before the towers, and there, while the prisoner pressed
his head close against the bars of the window, the officer would shout
the terms of the writ at him across the moat. The advocates defending
the accused obtained permission to go and consult their clients, and
they were the only persons who were permitted to interview the prisoners
in private. On the appointed day the prisoner was transferred to the law
courts quietly and by night to avoid the curiosity of the crowd.
Under Louis XVI. the judges of the Parlement visited the Bastille as
they visited the other prisons; at length the minister Breteuil sent
instructions to the officials informing them that no more _lettres de
cachet_ would be issued without stating the duration of the penalty to
which the guilty person was condemned and the grounds for his
punishment. The Bastille was now merely a prison like the others,
except that the prisoners were better treated there.
In 1713 Voysin, the Secretary of State, wrote to D'Argenson:
"Beaumanielle is not sufficiently deserving of consideration to warrant
his removal from the Châtelet to the Bastille." La Harpe has well
described the transformation which from this time came over the great
state prison by saying that, from the beginning of the century, none of
the prisoners who had been placed there "had merited the honour." His
remark receives corroboration from Linguet: "It is not, in these latter
days especially, for criminals of state that the Bastille is reserved:
it has become in some sort the antichambre of the conciergerie."
If the glories of the Bastille paled as it grew older, on the other hand
torture, which, it is true, had never been applied except by order of
the courts, had completely disappeared. From the beginning of the
eighteenth century, the cells and chains were merely a temporary
punishment reserved for insubordinate prisoners: from the accession of
Louis XVI. they had fallen into disuse. Breteuil forbade any person
whatever to be placed in the cells, which were the rooms on the lowest
floor of each tower, a sort of damp and gloomy vaults. On September 11,
1775, Malesherbes writes: "No prisoner should be refused material for
reading and writing. The abuse it is pretended that they may make of it
cannot be dangerous, confined so closely as they are. Nor should any
refusal be made to the desire of such as may wish to devote themselves
to other occupations, provided they do not require you to leave in their
hands tools of which they might avail themselves to effect their escape.
If any of them should wish to write to his family and his friends, he
must be permitted to receive replies, and to send replies to their
letters after having read them. In all this you must be guided by your
prudence and your humanity." The reading of the gazettes, formerly
rigidly forbidden, was now authorised.
It must further be remarked that the number of prisoners confined in the
Bastille was not so large as might be thought. During the whole reign of
Louis XVI. the Bastille received no more than two hundred and forty
prisoners, an average of sixteen a year; while it had room for forty-two
in separate apartments.
Under Louis XIV., at the period when the government was most liberal in
dispensing its _lettres de cachet_, an average of only thirty prisoners
a year entered the château, and their captivity was for the most part of
short duration. Dumouriez informs us in his _Memoirs_ that during his
detention he had never more than eighteen fellow prisoners, and that
more than once he had only six. M. Alfred Bégis has drawn up a list of
the prisoners detained in the Bastille from 1781 to 1789. In May, 1788,
it contained twenty-seven prisoners, the highest figure reached during
these eight year; in September, 1782, it contained ten; in April, 1783,
seven; in June of the same year, seven; in December, 1788, nine; in
February, 1789, nine; at the time of its capture, July 14, 1789, there
were seven.
True, not only men were locked up in the Bastille, but also books when
they appeared dangerous. The royal warrant under which they were
incarcerated was even drawn up on the model of the _lettres de cachet_.
M. Bournon has published a specimen of these. The books were shut up in
a closet between the towers of the Treasure and the County, over an old
passage communicating with the bastion. In 1733 the lieutenant of police
instructed the governor of the Bastille to receive at the château "all
the apparatus of a clandestine printing-press which had been seized in a
chamber of the Saint-Victor abbey: the which you will be good enough to
have placed in the store room of the Bastille." When the books ceased to
appear dangerous, they were set at liberty. In this way the
_Encyclopædia_[28] was liberated after a detention of some years.
We have just seen that during the reign of Louis XVI. the Bastille did
not receive more than sixteen prisoners a year, on an average. Several
of these were only detained for a few days. From 1783 to 1789 the
Bastille remained almost empty, and would have been absolutely empty if
it had not been decided to place there prisoners who should properly
have been elsewhere. As early as February, 1784, the fortress of
Vincennes, which served as a sort of overflow pipe to the Bastille, had
been shut for lack of prisoners. The system of _lettres de cachet_ was
slipping away into the past. On the other hand, the Bastille was a
source of great expense to the King. The governor alone received 60,000
livres annually. When you add the salaries and board of the officers of
the garrison, the turnkeys, the physicians, the surgeon, the apothecary,
the chaplains; when you add the food--this alone in 1774 came to 67,000
livres--and the clothing of the prisoners, and the upkeep of the
buildings, the total will appear outrageous, for the figures given above
must be tripled to represent the value of the present day. So Necker,
seeing that the Bastille was of no further utility, thought of
suppressing it "for economy's sake,"[29] and he was not the only one in
high places to speak of this suppression. The Carnavalet[30] museum
possesses a scheme drawn up in 1784 by Corbet, the superintending
architect to the city of Paris, whence the project has an official
character: it is a scheme for a "Place Louis XVI." to be opened up on
the site of the old fortress. We learn from Millin that other artists
"were occupied with a scheme for erecting a monument on the site of the
Bastille." One of these schemes deserves special mention. Seven of the
eight towers were to be destroyed, the eighth to remain standing, but in
a significant state of dilapidation: on the site of the demolished
towers a monument was to be erected to the glory of Louis XVI. This
monument was to consist of a pedestal formed by piling up chains and
bolts taken from the state prison, above which would rise a statue of
the king, one hand extended towards the ruined tower with the gesture of
a deliverer. It is to be regretted, if not for the beauty, at least, for
the picturesqueness of Paris, that this scheme was never put into
execution. Davy de Chavigné, king's counsellor and auditor to the
treasury, was allowed to present to the Royal Academy of Architecture,
at its sitting on June 8, 1789, "a plan for a monument on the site of
the Bastille, to be decreed by the States General to Louis XVI. as the
restorer of the public liberty." On this subject the famous sculptor
Houdon wrote to Chavigné: "I am very anxious for the plan to be adopted.
The idea of erecting a monument to liberty on the very spot where
slavery has reigned up to the present, appears to me particularly well
conceived, and well calculated to inspire genius. I shall think myself
only too fortunate to be among the artists who will celebrate the epoch
of the regeneration of France."
We have seen prints, long anterior to 1789--one of them the frontispiece
of the edition of Linguet's _Memoirs_ that appeared in 1783--representing
Louis XVI. extending his hand towards the lofty towers, which workmen
are in the act of demolishing.
Among the archives of the Bastille are preserved two reports drawn up in
1788 by the king's lieutenant, Puget, the most important personage in
the fortress after the governor. He proposes the suppression of the
state prison, the demolition of the old château, and the sale of the
ground for the benefit of the crown. It may be said of these schemes, as
of the plan of the architect Corbet, that they would not have been
propounded if they had not been approved in high places.
Further, in the year 1784, an ardent supporter of the old state of
things cried: "Oh! if our young monarch ever committed a fault so great,
if he so far belied the most ancient usages of this government, if it
were possible that one day he could be tempted to destroy you" (the
author is apostrophizing the Bastille) "to raise on your ruins a
monument to the liberator-king...." The demolition of the Bastille was
decided on; and it would have been accomplished as a government
undertaking but for the outbreak of the Revolution.
From January 1 to July 14, 1789, that is to say for more than six
months, only one solitary prisoner entered the Bastille; and what a
prisoner!--Réveillon, the paper manufacturer of the Suburb
Saint-Antoine, who was shut up on May 1 at his own request, in order to
escape the fury of the mob. The same year, the lieutenant of police, de
Crosne, made an inspection of the Bastille, accompanied by a judge of
the Parlement; their object was to arrange officially about the
destruction of the state prison.
Thus, on the eve of the Revolution, the Bastille no longer existed,
though its towers were still standing.
The victors of the 14th of July set free seven prisoners: four forgers
whose arrest had been ordered by the Châtelet, whose case had been
regularly tried, and whose proper place was an ordinary prison; two
madmen who ought to have been at Charenton; and the Comte de Solages, a
young nobleman who had been guilty of a monstrous crime over which it
was desired to throw a veil out of regard for his family; he was
maintained on a pension paid by his father. The conquerors of the
Bastille destroyed an old fortified castle: the state prison no longer
existed. They "broke in an open door." That was said of them even in
1789.
CHAPTER III.
LIFE IN THE BASTILLE.
Having sketched rapidly and with bold strokes the outlines of the
history of the Bastille from its foundation to its fall, we intend to
show how the rule to which prisoners in the fortress of the Suburb
Saint-Antoine were submitted underwent its own process of
transformation, parallel with the transformation of the prison itself.
To understand the facts which follow, and which are of a kind to astound
the mind of everyone in these days, it is necessary to remember what we
have already said as to the character of the Bastille. It was the prison
of luxury, the aristocratic prison of the _ancien régime_, the _prison
de luxe_ at a period when it was no dishonour, as we shall see later, to
be confined there. We must remember the phrase of the minister of Paris
writing to D'Argenson, in regard to a personage of but modest rank, that
this individual did not deserve "consideration" enough to be put in the
Bastille. Let us reflect on this observation of Mercier in his excellent
_Pictures of Paris_: "The people fear the Châtelet more than the
Bastille. Of the latter they have no dread, because it is almost unknown
to them."
We have shown how the Bastille, originally a military citadel, had
become a prison of state; then, little by little, had approximated to
the ordinary prisons, until the day when it died a natural death ere it
could be assassinated. The same transformation took place in the
treatment of the prisoners. Midway in the seventeenth century, the
Bastille had none of the characteristics of a prison, but was simply a
château in which the king caused certain of his subjects to sojourn, for
one cause or another. They lived there just as they thought proper,
furnishing their rooms according to their fancy with their own
furniture, indulging their tastes in regard to food at their own
expense, and waited on by their own servants. When a prisoner was rich
he could live at the Bastille in princely style; when he was poor, he
lived there very wretchedly. When the prisoner had no property at all,
the king did not for that reason give him furniture or food; but he gave
him money which he might use as seemed good to him in providing himself
with furniture and food: money of which he could retain a part--a number
of prisoners did not fail to do so--these savings becoming his own
property. This system, the character of which it is important to
recognize, underwent gradual modification during the course of the
seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, approximating, without ever
becoming identical with, the system of our modern prisons. Thus the
king, instead of granting pensions individually to the poorest of the
prisoners, came to endow the Bastille with a certain fixed number of
pensions for the less fortunate prisoners. The recipients of these
pensions continued to enjoy them for long years, and if they did not
wish the whole of the money to be expended on their support, the balance
was handed over to them. So we see certain individuals getting little
fortunes together by the mere fact of their having been prisoners in the
Bastille--a circumstance which has so much surprised historians because
they have not sought its cause. It even happened that prisoners, when
their liberation was announced to them, asked to remain a little longer
in order to swell their savings, a favour which was sometimes granted
them. In the course of the eighteenth century the money destined to the
maintenance of the prisoners at the Bastille could not be diverted from
its purpose; the prisoners were no longer able to appropriate a part;
the whole sum had to be expended.
It was only in the second half of the seventeenth century that the king
had some rooms at the Bastille furnished for such prisoners as were
without means of procuring furniture themselves. And it is very
interesting to note that it was only at the extreme end of the century,
under the administration of Saint-Mars, that certain apartments of the
Bastille were arranged in the prison style with bars and bolts. Until
then they had been simply the rooms of a stronghold.[31]
Let us follow the prisoner from his entrance to his exit.
When the _lettre de cachet_ had been signed, it was usually a sort of
sheriff's officer who effected the arrest. He appeared in company with
five or six men-at-arms, and signified the arrest by touching his quarry
with a white staff. A coach was in waiting. The police officer politely
begged the person he was instructed to secure to step into the coach,
and took his place beside him. And, according to the testimony of
various memoirs, while the vehicle was rolling along with lowered
blinds, there was a pleasant conversational exchange of courtesies up to
the moment of the prisoner's finding himself within the walls of the
Bastille. A certain Lafort was living in furnished apartments with a
young and pretty Englishwoman whom he had abducted, when one evening,
about sunset, a police officer arrived. The coach was at the door.
Preliminaries were settled on both sides with as much politeness as if a
visit or an evening party had been the topic of discussion. They all got
into the vehicle, even the young man's lackey who, beguiled by
appearances, mounted behind. Arrived at the Bastille, the lackey lost no
time in descending to open the door: there was general astonishment,
especially on the part of the poor servant, when he learnt that since he
had entered the Bastille along with his master, he must stay with him.
Most often the officer and his companions surprised their quarry early
in the morning, on rising from bed. Imagine then the coach with the
prisoner and the police officer inside, arriving before the Bastille, in
the first court in front of the castle keep. "Who goes there?" cries the
sentinel. "The king's writ!" replies the officer. At this, the shops we
have seen attached to the flanks of the château are bound at once to be
shut. The soldiers on guard have to turn their faces to the wall, or
perhaps to pull their hats over their eyes. The coach passes the
outpost, a bell sounds. "Advance!" cries the officer on duty. The
drawbridge is lowered and the coach rattles over the stout iron-clamped
boards. For greater secrecy, spies and prisoners of war were taken in by
a private door leading to the gardens of the Arsenal.
Officers and noblemen presented themselves before the Bastille alone,
unless they were accompanied by relatives or friends. "It is my
intention," the king had written to them, "that you betake yourselves to
my château of the Bastille." And no one dreamt of declining the royal
invitation. Further, when the governor desired to transfer one of them
from one prison to another, he contented himself with telling him so. We
find in the Journal of Du Junca, king's lieutenant[32] at the Bastille,
several notes like the following: "Monday, December 26, 1695, about ten
o'clock in the morning, M. de Villars, lieutenant-colonel of the
regiment of Vosges infantry, came and reported himself a prisoner, as
ordered by M. Barbezieux, though he was a prisoner in the citadel of
Grenoble, whence he came direct without being brought by anyone."[33] On
the arrival of the prisoner, the king's lieutenant, accompanied by the
captain of the gates, came to receive him as he got out of his carriage.
The officers of the château at once led the new-comer into the presence
of the governor, who received him civilly, invited him to sit down, and
after having endorsed the _lettre de cachet_ conversed with him for some
time. Under Louis XIV. the governor in most cases even kept his new
guest, as well as the persons who had accompanied him, to lunch or
dinner. Meanwhile his quarters had been got ready. We read in Du Junca's
Journal that on January 26, 1695, a certain De Courlandon, a colonel of
cavalry, presented himself for incarceration at the Bastille. There
being no room ready to receive him, the governor asked him to go and
pass the night in a neighbouring inn, at the sign of the _Crown_, and
to return next day. "Whereupon M. de Courlandon did not fail to return
about eleven o'clock in the morning, having dined with M. de Besmaus
(the governor), and in the afternoon he entered the château."
The reader will not be surprised at learning that the prospect of
incarceration at the Bastille did not always strike the future prisoner
with terror. We read in the _Memoirs_ of the Duke de Lauzun:[34]
"Scolded for two hours on end by everybody who fancied himself entitled
to do so, I thought I could not do better than go to Paris and await
developments. A few hours after my arrival, I received a letter from my
father telling me that it had been decided to put us all in the
Bastille, and that I should probably be arrested during the night. I
determined at least to finish gaily, so I invited some pretty girls from
the Opera to supper, so that I might await the officer without
impatience. Seeing that he did not arrive, I determined on the bold move
of going to Fontainebleau and joining the king's hunt. He did not speak
to me once during the chase, which was such a confirmation of our
disgrace that on our return no one gave us the customary salute. But I
did not lose heart; in the evening I was in attendance, and the king
came to me. 'You are all,' he said, 'hotheaded rips, but funny dogs all
the same; come along and have supper, and bring M. de Guéméné and the
Chevalier de Luxembourg.'"
Before the new arrival was installed in the chamber prepared for him, he
was taken to the great council hall, where he was requested to empty his
pockets. Only notorious rogues were searched. If the prisoner had upon
him money, jewels, or other articles such as knives and scissors, the
use of which was not allowed by the regulations, they were done up in a
parcel which he himself sealed, with his own seal if he had one; if not,
with the seal of the Bastille. Finally, he was conducted to the room
reserved for him.
Each of the eight towers of the Bastille contained four or five stories
of rooms or cells. The worst of these rooms were on the lowest floor,
and these were what were called the "cells,"--octagonal vaults, cold and
damp, partly under ground; the walls, grey with mould, were bare from
floor to ceiling, the latter a groined arch. A bench and a bed of straw
covered with a paltry coverlet, formed the whole appointments. Daylight
feebly flickered through the vent-hole opening on to the moat. When the
Seine was in flood, the water came through the walls and swamped the
cells; and then any prisoners who might happen to be in them were
removed. During the reign of Louis XIV. the cells were sometimes
occupied by prisoners of the lowest class and criminals condemned to
death. Later, under Louis XV., the cells ceased to be used except as a
place of punishment for insubordinate prisoners who assaulted their
guardians or fellow-prisoners, or for turnkeys and sentinels of the
château who had committed breaches of discipline. They stayed in the
cells for a short time in irons. The cells had fallen into disuse by
the time the Revolution broke out; since the first ministry of Necker,
it had been forbidden to confine in them any one whatever, and none of
the warders questioned on July 18 remembered having seen any one placed
in them. The two prisoners, Tavernier and Béchade, whom the conquerors
of the 14th of July found in one of these dungeons, had been placed
there, at the moment of the attack, by the officers of the château, for
fear lest amid the rain of bullets some harm should befall them.
The worst rooms after the cells were the _calottes_, the rooms on the
floor above. In summer the heat was extreme in them, and in winter the
cold, in spite of the stoves. They were octagons whose ceilings, as the
name implies, were shaped like a skull-cap. High enough in the centre,
they gradually diminished in height towards the sides. It was impossible
to stand upright except in the middle of the room.
The prisoners were only placed in the cells and _calottes_ under
exceptional circumstances. Every tower had two or three floors of lofty
and airy chambers, and in these the prisoners lived. They were octagons
from fifteen to sixteen feet in diameter and from fifteen to twenty feet
high. Light entered through large windows approached by three steps. We
have said that it was only towards the end of Louis XIV.'s reign that
these rooms were arranged like prison cells with bars and bolts. They
were warmed with open fireplaces or stoves. The ceiling was whitewashed,
the floor of brick. On the walls the prisoners had chalked verses,
mottoes, and designs.
One artistic prisoner amused himself by decorating the bare walls with
paintings. The governor, delighted at seeing him thus find relaxation,
moved him from room to room; when he had finished filling one with his
designs and arabesques, he was placed in another. Some of these rooms
were decorated with portraits of Louis XIV. placed above the
chimney-piece, a characteristic detail which helps to show what the
Bastille was at this period: the château of the king, where the king
received a certain number of his subjects as his willing or unwilling
guests.
The best rooms in the Bastille were those that were fitted up in the
eighteenth century for the accommodation of the staff. These were what
were called the "suites." In these were placed invalids and prisoners of
distinction.
At the beginning of the eighteenth century, the furniture of these
apartments was still extremely simple: they were absolutely empty. The
reason of this we have indicated above. "I arrived," says Madame de
Staal, "at a room where there was nothing but four walls, very filthy,
and daubed all over by my predecessors for want of something better to
do. It was so destitute of furniture that someone went and got a little
straw chair for me to sit on, and two stones to support a lighted
faggot, and a little candle-end was neatly stuck on the wall to give me
light."
The prisoners sent to their own homes for a table, bed, and chair, or
they hired these from the upholsterer of the Bastille. When they had
nothing to bless themselves with, the government, as we have already
said, did not provide them with furniture. It gave them money, sometimes
considerable sums, which permitted them to adorn their rooms after their
own fancy. This was the case in regard to all prisoners up to 1684. At
this date the king ordered the administration to supply furniture to
those of the prisoners whose detention was to be kept secret, for, by
getting in bedding from their own houses or the houses of friends, they
made known their arrest. D'Argenson had half a dozen of the rooms
permanently furnished, others were furnished under Louis XV.; under
Louis XVI., almost all were furnished. The appointments were very
modest: a bed of green baize with curtains, one or two tables, several
chairs, fire-dogs, a shovel, and a small pair of tongs. But after having
undergone examination, the prisoner retained the right of getting in
furniture from outside. And in this way the rooms of the prisoners were
sometimes adorned with great elegance. Madame de Staal relates that she
had hers hung with tapestry; the Marquis de Sade covered the bare walls
with long and brilliant hangings: other prisoners ornamented their rooms
with family portraits: they procured chests of drawers, desks, round
tables, dressing-cases, armchairs, cushions in Utrecht velvet; the
inventories of articles belonging to the prisoners show that they
managed to secure everything they thought necessary. The Abbé Brigault,
who was imprisoned at the same time as Madame de Staal and for the same
affair, brought into the Bastille five arm-chairs, two pieces of
tapestry, eleven serge hangings, eight chairs, a bureau, a small table,
three pictures, &c. The list of effects taken out of the Bastille by the
Comte de Belle-Isle when he was set at liberty includes a library
consisting of 333 volumes and ten atlases, a complete service of fine
linen and plate for the table, a bed furnished with gold-bordered red
damask, four pieces of tapestry on antique subjects, two mirrors, a
screen of gold-bordered red damask matching the bed, two folding
screens, two armchairs with cushions, an armchair in leather, three
chairs in tapestry, an overmantel of gilt copper, tables, drawers,
stands, candlestick of plated copper, &c. We might multiply examples,
even from among prisoners of middle station.
It was the rule that prisoners newly arrived at the Bastille should be
examined within twenty-four hours. It sometimes happened, however, that
one or another remained for two or three weeks before appearing before
the magistrate. The Châtelet commissioner, specially delegated to the
Bastille for these examinations, founded his questions on notes supplied
him by the lieutenant of police, who, indeed, often went in person to
see the prisoners. A special commission was appointed for affairs of
importance. Dumouriez says that he was examined after nine hours of
detention by three commissioners: "The president was an old councillor
of state named Marville, a man of intelligence, but coarse and
sarcastic. The second was M. de Sartine, lieutenant of police and
councillor of state, a man of polish and refinement. The third was a
_maître des requêtes_[35] named Villevaux, a very insincere and
disputatious fellow. The clerk, who had more intelligence than any of
them, was an advocate named Beaumont."
We have found many instances of prisoners who spoke in high terms of
their judges. And it cannot be said that prisoners at the Bastille
escaped judgment. A Châtelet commissioner examined them and sent the
official report of his examination, with a statement of his opinion, to
the lieutenant of police. He decided whether the arrest should be
sustained. Moreover, it would be a mistake to compare the lieutenant of
police under the _ancien régime_ with the prefect of police of to-day;
the lieutenants of police, selected from former _maîtres des requêtes_,
had a judicial character: the documents of the period call them
"magistrates"; they issued decrees without appeal and pronounced penal
sentences, even condemning to the galleys; they were at the same time
justices of the peace with an extensive jurisdiction. In addition to the
examination held on the entrance of a prisoner, the lieutenants of
police, in the course of their frequent visits, addressed to the
ministers of Paris reports on the prisoners,--reports in which they
discussed the evidence, and which constituted veritable judgments.
When the prisoner was recognized as innocent, a new _lettre de cachet_
soon set him at liberty. The verdict of "no true bill" often supervened
with a rapidity which the decisions of our police magistrates would do
well to emulate. A certain Barbier, who entered the Bastille on February
15, 1753, was found not guilty and set at liberty the next day. Of the
279 persons imprisoned in the Bastille during the last fifteen years of
the _ancien régime_, thirty-eight benefited by the dropping of the
indictment.
Finally--and here is a point on which the new method might well model
itself on that of the Bastille--when a detention was recognized as
unjust, the victim was indemnified. A great number of examples might be
mentioned. An advocate named Subé left the Bastille on June 18, 1767,
after a detention of eighteen days; he had been falsely accused of the
authorship of a book against the king, and received compensation to the
tune of 3000 livres, more than £240 of our money. A certain Pereyra,
imprisoned in the Bastille from November 7, 1771, to April 12, 1772, and
then from July 1 to September 26, 1774, having been found to be
innocent, was reinstated in all his property, and received from the king
a life pension of 1200 livres, more than £100 to-day. A certain number
of those accused in the Canada case, when the charge was withdrawn,
received a life pension on leaving the Bastille. At other times, the
detention of an individual might throw his family into want. He was kept
in the Bastille, if it was thought he deserved it, but his people were
assisted. Under date September 3, 1763, the Duke de Choiseul writes to
the lieutenant of police: "I have received the letter you did me the
honour of writing to me in favour of the children of the Sieur
Joncaire-Chabert. I have the pleasure to inform you that I have got for
them a second subsidy of 300 livres (nearly £30 to-day) in consideration
of the sad condition you informed me they were in." Louis XIV.
guaranteed to Pellisson, at his liberation, a pension of 2000 crowns.
The Regent granted to Voltaire, when he left the Bastille, a pension of
1200 livres. Louis XVI. awarded to Latude an annuity of 400 livres, and
to La Rocheguérault an annuity of 400 crowns. The minister Breteuil
pensioned all the prisoners whom he set at liberty. Brun de Condamine,
confined from 1779 to 1783, received on leaving a sum of 600 livres.
Renneville speaks of a prisoner to whom Seignelay gave an important
situation in compensation for his detention at the Bastille. We hear of
one, Toussaint Socquart, a commissioner of the Châtelet and of police
whose offices were restored to him when he came out of the Bastille. In
fact, contrary to detention in our modern prisons, incarceration in the
Bastille did not cast the slightest slur on the prisoner's character,
even in the eyes of those to whom his arrest was due, and instances have
been known of men who, on their release from the Bastille, not only
were reinstated in public offices, but reached the highest positions.
Until his examinations were quite completed, the prisoner was kept in
close confinement. None but the officers of the château were allowed to
communicate with him. And during this time he lived in solitude, unless
he had brought a servant with him. The administration readily permitted
the prisoners to avail themselves of the services of their valets, who
were boarded at the king's expense. It even happened that the government
sometimes gave their prisoners valets, paying not only for their board,
but also their wages at the rate of 900 livres a year. One might cite
prisoners of inferior rank who thus had servants to wait on them. Two or
three prisoners were sometimes put together in one room. Prison life has
no greater terror than solitude. In absolute solitude many of the
prisoners became mad. In company, the hours of captivity seemed less
tedious and oppressive. Father and son, mother and daughter, aunt and
niece, lived together. Many might be named. On September 7, 1693, a lady
named De la Fontaine was taken to the Bastille for the second time. The
first time, she had been imprisoned quite alone; but this new detention
evoked the compassion of the lieutenant of police, who, to please the
poor lady, sent her husband to the Bastille, locked him up with her, and
gave them a lackey to wait on them.
The examinations being ended, the prisoners enjoyed a greater liberty.
They could then enter into communication with the people of the town.
They obtained permission to see their relatives and friends. These
sometimes paid them visits in their rooms; but as a rule the interviews
took place in the council-hall, in presence of one of the officers of
the château. They were usually permitted to discuss only family affairs
and business matters. All conversation on the Bastille and the reasons
for their imprisonment was forbidden. The rules of the prison increased
in severity as time went on. Towards the end of Louis XV.'s reign the
lieutenant of police went so far as to prescribe the subjects of
conversation which would alone be permitted in the course of the visits
the prisoners received. "They may talk to the prisoner about the harvest
his vineyards will yield this year, about cancelling a lease, about a
match for his niece, about the health of his parents." But it is
necessary to read the _Memoirs_ of Gourville, Fontaine, Bussy-Rabutin,
Hennequin, Madame de Staal, the Duke de Richelieu, to form a general
idea of life at the Bastille under Louis XIV. and under the Regent.
Several prisoners were free to move about through the château wherever
it seemed good to them; they entered the rooms of their fellow-prisoners
at all hours of the day. The governor contented himself with locking
them in their own rooms at night. The prisoners who had the "liberty of
the court" organized games of bowls or _tonneau_, and hobnobbed with the
officers of the garrison. Fontaine relates that they might have been
seen from the top of the towers, collected fifty at a time in the inner
court Bussy-Rabutin's room was open to all comers: his wife and friends
visited him; he gave dinners to persons from court, plotted love
intrigues there, and corresponded freely with his friends and relatives.
Several prisoners even had permission to take a walk into the town on
condition of their returning to the château in the evening. Two brothers
were placed in the Bastille together. They went out when they pleased,
taking turns; it was sufficient for one or other to be always at the
château. The officers of the staff gossiped with the prisoners and gave
them advice as to the best means of obtaining their liberty.
This animated, courtly, and elegant life is described with infinite
charm by Madame de Staal, whom we have already cited. "We all used to
spend a part of the day with the governor. We dined with him, and after
dinner I enjoyed a rubber of ombre with Messieurs de Pompadour and de
Boisdavis, Ménil advising me. When it was over we returned to our own
apartments. The company met again in my rooms before supper, for which
we returned to the governor's, and after that we all went to bed."
As to the manner in which the prisoners were fed and looked after, that
is surprising indeed, and what we shall say about it, though rigidly
accurate, will perhaps be regarded as an exaggeration. The governor drew
three livres a day for the maintenance of a man of inferior rank; five
livres for the maintenance of a tradesman; ten livres for a banker, a
magistrate, or a man of letters; fifteen livres for a judge of the
Parlement; thirty-six livres for a marshal of France. The Cardinal de
Rohan had 120 francs a day spent on him. The Prince de Courlande, during
a stay of five months at the Bastille, spent 22,000 francs. These
figures must be doubled and trebled to give the value they would
represent to-day.
We read, too, with the greatest astonishment the description of the
meals the prisoners made. Renneville, whose evidence is the more
important in that his book is a pamphlet against the administration of
the Bastille, speaks in these terms of his first meal: "The turnkey put
one of my serviettes on the table and placed my dinner on it, which
consisted of pea soup garnished with lettuce, well simmered and
appetizing to look at, with a quarter of fowl to follow; in one dish
there was a juicy beef-steak, with plenty of gravy and a sprinkling of
parsley, in another a quarter of forcemeat pie well stuffed with
sweetbreads, cock's combs, asparagus, mushrooms, and truffles; and in a
third a ragoût of sheep's tongue, the whole excellently cooked; for
dessert, a biscuit and two pippins. The turnkey insisted on pouring out
my wine. This was good burgundy, and the bread was excellent. I asked
him to drink, but he declared it was not permitted. I asked if I should
pay for my food, or whether I was indebted to the king for it. He told
me that I had only to ask freely for whatever would give me pleasure,
that they would try to satisfy me, and that His Majesty paid for it
all." The "most Christian" king desired that his guests should fast on
Fridays and in Lent, but he did not treat them any the worse on that
account. "I had," says Renneville, "six dishes, and an admirable prawn
soup. Among the fish there was a very fine weever, a large fried sole,
and a perch, all very well seasoned, with three other dishes." At this
period Renneville's board cost ten francs a day; later he was reduced to
the rate of the prisoners of a lower class. "They much reduced my usual
fare," he says; "I had, however, a good soup with fried bread crumbs, a
passable piece of beef, a ragoût of sheep's tongue, and two custards for
dessert. I was treated in pretty much the same manner the whole time I
was in this gloomy place; sometimes they gave me, after my soup, a wing
or leg of fowl, sometimes they put two little patties on the edge of the
dish."
Towards the end of Louis XV.'s reign, Dumouriez eulogizes the cookery of
the Bastille in almost the same terms. On the day of his entrance,
noticing that they were serving a fish dinner, he asked for a fowl to be
got from a neighbouring eating-house. "A fowl!" said the major, "don't
you know that to-day is Friday?" "Your business is to look after me and
not my conscience. I am an invalid, for the Bastille itself is a
disease," replied the prisoner. In an hour's time the fowl was on the
table. Subsequently he asked for his dinner and supper to be served at
the same time, between three and four o'clock. His valet, a good cook,
used to make him stews. "You fared very well at the Bastille; there
were always five dishes at dinner and three at supper, without the
dessert, and the whole being put on the table at once, appeared
magnificent." There is a letter from the major of the Bastille addressed
in 1764 to the lieutenant of police, discussing a prisoner named Vieilh,
who never ate butcher's meat; so they had to feed him exclusively on
game and poultry. Things were much the same under Louis XVI., as
Poultier d'Elmotte testifies: "De Launey, the governor, used to come and
have a friendly chat with me; he got them to consult my taste as regards
food, and to supply me with anything I wished for." The bookseller
Hardy, transferred in 1766 to the Bastille with the members of the
Breton deputation, declares frankly that they were all treated in the
best possible way. Finally, Linguet himself, in spite of his desire to
paint the lot of the victims of the Bastille in the most sombre colours,
is obliged to confess that food was supplied in abundance. Every morning
the cook sent up to him a menu on which he marked the dishes he fancied.
The account books of the Bastille confirm the testimony of former
prisoners. The following, according to these documents, are the meals
that La Bourdonnais enjoyed during July, 1750. Every day the menu
contains soup, beef, veal, beans, French beans, two eggs, bread,
strawberries, cherries, gooseberries, oranges, two bottles of red wine,
and two bottles of beer. In addition to this regular bill of fare we
note on July 2, a fowl and a bottle of Muscat; on the 4th, a bottle of
Muscat; on the 7th, tea; on the 12th, a bottle of brandy; on the 13th,
some flowers; on the 14th, some quails; on the 15th, a turkey; on the
16th, a melon; on the 17th, a fowl; on the 18th, a young rabbit; on the
19th, a bottle of brandy; on the 20th, a chicken and ham sausage and two
melons; and so on.
Tavernier was a prisoner of mean station, son of a doorkeeper of Paris
de Montmartel. He was implicated in a plot against the King's life, and
was one of the seven prisoners set free on the 14th of July. He was
found out of his mind in his cell. After he had been led in triumph
through the streets of Paris, he was shut up at Charenton. He was a
martyr, people exclaimed. He was certainly not so well off in his new
abode as he had been at the Bastille. We have an account of what was
supplied to him at the Bastille in addition to the ordinary meals, in
November, 1788, in March and May, 1789, three of the last months of his
imprisonment. In November we find: tobacco, four bottles of brandy,
sixty bottles of wine, thirty bottles of beer, two pounds of coffee,
three pounds of sugar, a turkey, oysters, chestnuts, apples, and pears;
in March: tobacco, four bottles of brandy, forty-four bottles of wine,
sixty bottles of beer, coffee, sugar, fowls, cheese; in May: tobacco,
four bottles of brandy, sixty-two bottles of wine, thirty-one bottles of
beer, pigeons, coffee, sugar, cheese, &c. We have the menus of the
Marquis de Sade for January, 1789: chocolate cream, a fat chicken
stuffed with chestnuts, pullets with truffles, potted ham, apricot
marmalade, &c.
The facts we are describing were the rule. The prisoners who were
treated with the least consideration fed very well. Only those who were
sent down to the cells were sometimes put on bread and water, but that
was only a temporary punishment.
When a complaint was formulated by any prisoner in regard to his food, a
reprimand to the governor soon followed. Then the lieutenant of police
inquired of the person concerned if he was better treated than formerly.
"His Majesty tells me," writes Pontchartrain to De Launey, "that
complaints have been raised about the bad food of the prisoners; he
instructs me to write to you to give the matter great attention." And
Sartine wrote jokingly to Major de Losmes: "I am quite willing for you
to get the clothes of Sieur Dubois enlarged, and I hope all your
prisoners may enjoy as excellent health."
Further, the king clothed those of the prisoners who were too poor to
buy their own clothes. He did not give them a prison uniform, but
dressing-gowns padded or lined with rabbit skin, breeches of coloured
stuff, vests lined with silk plush and fancy coats.[36] The commissary
at the Bastille appointed to look after the supplies took the prisoners'
measure, and inquired about their tastes, and the colours and styles
that suited them best. A lady prisoner named Sauvé asked to have made
for her a dress of white silk, dotted with green flowers. The wife of
commissary Rochebrune spent several days in going the round of the Paris
shops, and then wrote in despair that no dressmaker had such a material,
the nearest approach to it being a white silk with green stripes: if
Madame Sauvé would be satisfied with that, they would send to take her
measure. "Monsieur le major," writes a prisoner named Hugonnet, "the
shirts they brought me yesterday are not a bit what I asked for, for I
remember having written 'fine, and with embroidered ruffles'; instead of
which these things are coarse, made of wretched linen, and with ruffles
at best only fit for a turnkey; and so I shall be glad if you will send
them back to the commissary; and let him keep them, for I declare I
won't have them."
The governor also saw that the prisoners had some means of diversion.
The poorest he provided with pocket-money and tobacco.
About the beginning of the seventeenth century, a Neapolitan named
Vinache died at the Bastille, after founding a library there for the use
of his fellow-prisoners. This library was gradually augmented by
donations from the governors, by gifts from various prisoners, and even
by the generosity of a citizen of Paris whose compassion had been
excited for the lot of the prisoners. The books consisted of romances,
works of science and philosophy, and religious books, light literature
predominating. The lieutenant of police, Berryer, struck out of the
list of books that were being sent one day to the binder a "poem on the
greatness of God," as being on "too melancholy a subject for prisoners."
The prisoners also procured books from outside. We have mentioned the
Comte de Belle-Isle, who had more than three hundred books and atlases
at the Bastille. La Beaumelle collected a library of more than 600
volumes. The administration, moreover, never refused to get for the
prisoners, out of the royal funds and sometimes at considerable expense,
such works as they said were necessary to their studies. The works of
Voltaire and Puffendorf were readily placed in their hands. Finally,
under Louis XVI., they were allowed to read the gazettes.
After the permission to have books and to write, the most coveted favour
was that of walking exercise. Refusal of this was rare. The prisoners
might walk, either on the towers of the Bastille, or in the inner
courts, or lastly along the bastion, which was transformed into a
garden. To fresh invigorating air the platform of the towers added the
attraction of the finest view. Fontaine relates that Sacy went to the
top of the towers every day after dinner. He there walked about in
company with the officers, who gave him news of the town and the
prisoners.
In their rooms the prisoners amused themselves with feeding cats and
birds and animals of all kinds: they taught dogs tricks. Some were
allowed to have a violin or a clavecin. Pellisson was shut up with a
Basque who used to play to him on the musette. The Duke de Richelieu
boasts of the operatic airs he sang in parts with his neighbours in the
Bastille, Mdlle. de Launay among them, with her head at the bars of her
window; "we got up choruses of a sort, with fine effect."
Other prisoners killed time with embroidery, weaving or knitting; some
made ornaments for the chapel of the château. Some devoted themselves to
carpentry, turned wood, made small articles of furniture. Artists
painted and sketched. "The occupation of M. de Villeroi was somewhat
singular: he had very fine clothes, which he was for ever unpicking and
sewing together again with much cleverness." The prisoners who lived
several in one room played at cards, chess, and backgammon. In 1788, at
the time of the troubles in Brittany, a dozen noblemen of that country
were shut up in the Bastille. They lived together, and asked for a
billiard table to amuse themselves; the table was set up in the
apartments of the major, and there these gentlemen went for their games.
The prisoners who died in the Bastille were interred in the graveyard of
St. Paul's; the funeral service was held in the church of St. Paul, and
the burial certificate, bearing the family name of the deceased, was
drawn up in the vestry. It is not true that the names of the deceased
were wrongly stated in the register in order that their identity might
be concealed from the public. The Man in the Iron Mask was inscribed on
the register of St. Paul's under his real name. Jews, Protestants, and
suicides were buried in the garden of the château, the prejudices of the
period not allowing their remains to be laid in consecrated ground.
Those who were liberated had a happier fate. Their dismissal was ordered
by a _lettre de cachet_, as their incarceration had been. These orders
for their liberation, so anxiously expected, were brought by the court
"distributors of packets" or by the ordinary post; sometimes relatives
and friends themselves brought the sealed envelope, in order to have the
joy of taking away at once those whose deliverance they came to effect.
The governor, or, in his absence, the king's lieutenant, came into the
prisoner's chamber and announced that he was free. The papers and other
effects which had been taken from him on entrance were restored to him,
the major getting a receipt for them; then he signed a promise to reveal
nothing of what he had seen at the château. Many of the prisoners
refused to submit to this formality, and were liberated notwithstanding;
others, after having signed, retailed everywhere all they knew about the
prison, and were not interfered with. When the prisoner only recovered
his freedom under certain conditions, he was required to give an
undertaking to submit to the king's pleasure.
All these formalities having been completed, the governor, with that
feeling for good form which characterized the men of the _ancien
régime_, had the man who had been his guest served for the last time
with an excellent dinner. If the prisoner was a man of good society,
the governor would even go so far as to invite him to his own table, and
then, the meal over and the good-byes said, he placed his own carriage
at the prisoner's disposal, and often entered it himself to accompany
him to his destination.
More than one prisoner thus restored to the world must have felt greatly
embarrassed before a day was past, and have been at a loss what to do or
where to go. The administration of the Bastille sometimes gave money to
one and another to enable them to get along for a time. In December,
1783, a certain Dubu de la Tagnerette, after being set at liberty, was
lodged in the governor's house for a fortnight until he had found
apartments that would suit him. Moreover, many of the prisoners were
actually annoyed at being dismissed: we could cite examples of persons
who sought to get themselves sent to the Bastille; others refused to
accept their liberty, and others did their best to get their detention
prolonged.
"Many come out," says Renneville, "very sad at having to leave." Le
Maistre de Sacy and Fontaine affirm that the years spent at the Bastille
were the best years in their lives. "The innocent life we lived," says
Renneville again, "Messieurs Hamilton, Schrader, and myself, seemed so
pleasant to M. Hamilton that he begged me to write a description of it
in verse." The _Memoirs_ of Madame de Staal represent her years at the
Bastille as the happiest she ever knew. "In my heart of hearts, I was
very far from desiring my liberty." "I stayed at the Bastille for six
weeks," observes the Abbé Morellet, "which sped away--I chuckle still as
I think of them--very pleasantly for me." And later, Dumouriez declares
that at the Bastille he was happy and never felt dull.
Such was the rule of the celebrated state prison. In the last century
there was no place of detention in Europe where the prisoners were
surrounded with so many comforts and attentions: there is no such place
in these days.
But in spite of these very real alleviations, it would be absurd to
pretend that the prisoners were in general reconciled to their
incarceration. Nothing is a consolation for the loss of liberty. How
many poor wretches, in their despair, have dashed their heads against
the thick walls while wife and children and concerns of the utmost
gravity were summoning them from without! The Bastille was the cause of
ruin to many; within its walls were shed tears which were never dried.
An eighteenth-century writer thus defined the state prison: "A bastille
is any house solidly built, hermetically sealed, and diligently guarded,
where any person, of whatever rank, age, or sex, may enter without
knowing why, remain without knowing how long, hoping to leave it, but
not knowing how." These lines, written by an apologist for the old state
prison, contain its condemnation, without appeal, before the modern
mind.
CHAPTER IV.
THE MAN IN THE IRON MASK.
For two centuries no question has excited public opinion more than that
of the Man in the Iron Mask. The books written on the subject would fill
a library. People despaired of ever lifting the veil. "The story of the
Iron Mask," says Michelet, "will probably remain for ever obscure," and
Henri Martin adds: "History has no right to pronounce judgment on what
will never leave the domain of conjecture." To-day, the doubt no longer
exists. The problem is solved. Before disclosing the solution which
criticism has unanimously declared correct, we propose to transcribe the
scanty authentic documents that we possess on the masked man, and then
to state the principal solutions which have been proposed, before
arriving at the true solution.
1. THE DOCUMENTS.
_The Register of the Bastille._--To begin with, let us quote the text
which is the origin and foundation of all the works published on the
question of the Iron Mask.
[Illustration: Note in Du Junca's Journal regarding the entrance to the
Bastille (September 18, 1698) of the Man in the Iron Mask.]
Etienne du Junca, king's lieutenant at the Bastille, in a journal
which he began to keep on October 2, 1690, when he entered upon his
office--a sort of register in which he recorded day by day the details
concerning the arrival of the prisoners--writes, under date September
18, 1698, these lines,[37] which the popular legend has rendered
memorable:--
"Thursday, September 18 (1698), at three o'clock in the afternoon, M. de
Saint-Mars, governor of the château of the Bastille, made his first
appearance, coming from his governorship of the Isles of
Sainte-Marguerite-Honorat, bringing with him, in his conveyance, a
prisoner he had formerly at Pignerol, whom he caused to be always
masked, whose name is not mentioned; directly he got out of the carriage
he put him in the first room of the Bazinière tower, waiting till night
for me to take him, at nine o'clock, and put him with M. de Rosarges,
one of the sergeants brought by the governor, alone in the third room of
the Bertaudière tower, which I had had furnished with all necessaries
some days before his arrival, having received orders to that effect from
M. de Saint-Mars: the which prisoner will be looked after and waited on
by M. de Rosarges, and maintained by the governor."
In a second register, supplementary to the first, in which du Junca
records details of the liberation or the death of the prisoners, we
read, under date November 19, 1703:--
"On the same day, November 19, 1703, the unknown prisoner, always masked
with a mask of black velvet, whom M. de Saint-Mars, the governor,
brought with him on coming from the Isles de Sainte-Marguerite, whom he
had kept for a long time, the which happening to be a little ill
yesterday on coming from mass, he died to-day, about ten o'clock at
night, without having had a serious illness; it could not have been
slighter. M. Giraut, our chaplain, confessed him yesterday, is surprised
at his death. He did not receive the sacrament, and our chaplain
exhorted him a moment before he died. And this unknown prisoner, kept
here for so long, was buried on Tuesday at four o'clock p.m., November
20, in the graveyard of St. Paul, our parish; on the register of burial
he was given a name also unknown. M. de Rosarges, major, and Arreil,
surgeon, signed the register."
And in the margin:--
"I have since learnt that they called him M. de Marchiel on the
register, and that forty livres was the cost of the funeral."
The registers of du Junca were preserved among the ancient archives of
the Bastille, whence they passed to the Arsenal library, where they are
now kept. They are drawn up in the clumsy handwriting of a soldier, with
little skill in penmanship. The spelling is bad. But the facts are
stated with precision, and have always proved accurate when checked.
[Illustration: Notice in Du Junca's Journal of the death of the masked
prisoner in the Bastille (November 19, 1703).]
The extract from the second register shows that the mysterious
prisoner wore, not a mask of iron, but one of black velvet.
Further, the entry on the register of St. Paul's church has been
discovered. It reads:--
"On the 19th, Marchioly, aged 45 years or thereabouts, died in the
Bastille, whose body was buried in the churchyard of St. Paul, his
parish, the 20th of the present month, in the presence of M. Rosage
(_sic_), major of the Bastille, and of M. Reglhe (_sic_), surgeon major
of the Bastille, who signed.--(Signed) ROSARGES, REILHE."
Such are the fundamental documents for the story of the Iron Mask; we
shall see by and by that they are sufficient to establish the truth.
_The Letter of the Governor of Sainte-Marguerite._--We have just seen,
from the register of du Junca, that the masked man had been at the Isles
of Sainte-Marguerite under the charge of Saint-Mars, who, on being
appointed governor of the Bastille, had brought the prisoner with him.
In the correspondence exchanged between Saint-Mars and the minister
Barbezieux, occurs the following letter, dated January 6, 1696, in which
Saint-Mars describes his method of dealing with the prisoners, and the
masked man is referred to under the appellation "my ancient prisoner."
"MY LORD,--You command me to tell you what is the practice, when I
am absent or ill, as to the visits made and precautions taken daily
in regard to the prisoners committed to my charge. My two
lieutenants serve the meals at the regular hours, just as they
have seen me do, and as I still do very often when I am well. The
first of my lieutenants, who takes the keys of the prison of _my
ancient prisoner_, with whom we commence, opens the three doors and
enters the chamber of the prisoner, who politely hands him the
plates and dishes, put one on top of another, to give them into the
hands of the lieutenant, who has only to go through two doors to
hand them to one of my sergeants, who takes them and places them on
a table two steps away, where is the second lieutenant, who
examines everything that enters and leaves the prison, and sees
that there is nothing written on the plate; and after they have
given him the utensil, they examine his bed inside and out, and
then the gratings and windows of his room, and very often the man
himself: after having asked him very politely if he wants anything
else, they lock the doors and proceed to similar business with the
other prisoners."
_The Letter of M. de Palteau._--On June 19, 1768, M. de Formanoir de
Palteau addressed from the château of Palteau, near Villeneuve-le-Roi,
to the celebrated Fréron, editor of the _Année Littéraire_, a letter
which was inserted in the number for June 30, 1768. The author of this
letter was the grand-nephew of Saint-Mars. At the time when the latter
was appointed governor of the Bastille, the château of Palteau belonged
to him, and he halted there with his prisoner on the way from the Isles
of Sainte-Marguerite to Paris.
"In 1698," writes M. de Palteau, "M. de Saint-Mars passed from the
governorship of the Isles of Sainte-Marguerite to that of the Bastille.
On his way to take up his duties, he stayed with his prisoner on his
estate at Palteau. The masked man arrived in a conveyance which preceded
that of M. de Saint-Mars; they were accompanied by several horsemen. The
peasants went to meet their lord: M. de Saint-Mars ate with his
prisoner, who had his back turned to the windows of the dining-hall
looking on the courtyard. The peasants whom I have questioned could not
see whether he ate with his mask on; but they observed very well that M.
de Saint-Mars, who was opposite him at table, had two pistols beside his
plate. They had only one footman to wait on them, and he fetched the
dishes from an ante-room where they were brought him, carefully shutting
the door of the dining-hall behind him. When the prisoner crossed the
courtyard, he always had his black mask over his face; the peasants
noticed that his lips and teeth were not covered, that he was tall and
had white hair. M. de Saint-Mars slept in a bed that was put up for him
near that of the masked man."
This account is marked throughout with the stamp of truth. M. de
Palteau, the writer, makes no attempt to draw inferences from it. He
declares for none of the hypotheses then under discussion in regard to
the identity of the mysterious unknown. He is content to report the
testimony of those of his peasants who saw the masked man when he passed
through their lord's estates. The only detail in the story which we are
able to check--a characteristic detail, it is true--is that of the black
mask of which M. de Palteau speaks: it corresponds exactly to the mask
of black velvet mentioned in du Junca's register.
The château of Palteau is still in existence. In his work on
Superintendent Fouquet, M. Jules Lair gives a description of it. "The
château of Palteau, situated on an eminence among woods and vines,
presented at that time, as it does to-day, the aspect of a great lordly
mansion in the style of the time of Henri IV. and Louis XIII. First
there is a wide courtyard, then two wings; within, the principal
building and the chapel. The lower story is supported on arches, and its
lofty windows go right up into the roof, and light the place from floor
to attic." Since the eighteenth century, however, the château has
undergone some modifications. The room in which Saint-Mars dined with
his prisoner is now used as a kitchen.
_The Notes of Major Chevalier._--In addition to the entries in du
Junca's Journal which we have transcribed, scholars are accustomed to
invoke, as equally worthy of credence though later in date, the
testimony of Father Griffet, chaplain of the Bastille, and that of Major
Chevalier.
The extracts from du Junca quoted above were published for the first
time in 1769 by Father Griffet, who added the following comments: "The
memory of the masked prisoner was still preserved among the officers,
soldiers, and servants of the Bastille, when M. de Launey, who has long
been the governor, came to occupy a place on the staff of the garrison.
Those who had seen him with his mask, when he crossed the courtyard on
his way to attend mass, said that after his death the order was given to
burn everything he had used, such as linen, clothes, cushions,
counterpanes, &c.: that the very walls of the room he had occupied had
to be scraped and whitewashed again, and that all the tiles of the
flooring were taken up and replaced by others, because they were so
afraid that he had found the means to conceal some notes or some mark,
the discovery of which would have revealed his name."
The testimony of Father Griffet happens to be confirmed by some notes
from the pen of a major of the Bastille named Chevalier. The major was
not a personage of the highest rank in the administration of the
Bastille, since above him were the governor and the king's lieutenant:
but he was the most important personage. The whole internal
administration, so far as the prisoners were concerned, was entrusted to
him. Chevalier fulfilled these duties for nearly thirty-eight years,
from 1749 to 1787. M. Fernand Bournon's estimate of him is as follows:
"Chevalier is a type of the devoted hard-working official who has no
ambition to rise above a rather subordinate rank. It would be impossible
to say how much the administration of the Bastille owed to his zeal and
to his perfect familiarity with a service of extraordinary difficulty."
Among notes put together with a view to a history of the Bastille,
Chevalier gives in condensed form the information furnished by du
Junca's register, and adds: "This is the famous masked man whom no one
has ever known. He was treated with great distinction by the governor,
and was seen only by M. de Rosarges, major of the said château, who had
sole charge of him; he was not ill except for a few hours, and died
rather suddenly: interred at St. Paul's, on Tuesday, November 20, 1703,
at 4 o'clock p.m., under the name of Marchiergues. He was buried in a
new white shroud, given by the governor, and practically everything in
his room was burnt, such as his bed, chairs, tables, and other bits of
furniture, or else melted down, and the whole was thrown into the
privies."
These notes of Father Griffet and Major Chevalier have derived great
force, in the eyes of historians, from their exact agreement; but a
close examination shows that the testimony of Chevalier was the source
of Father Griffet's information; in fact, Chevalier was major of the
Bastille when the Jesuit compiled his work, and it is doubtless upon his
authority that the latter depended.
Documents recently published in the _Revue Bleue_ upset these
assertions, which appeared to be based on the firmest foundations.
In the Journal of du Junca, which we have already mentioned, we read
under date April 30, 1701: "Sunday, April 30, about 9 o'clock in the
evening, M. Aumont the younger came, bringing and handing over to us a
prisoner named M. Maranville, alias Ricarville, who was an officer in
the army, a malcontent, too free with his tongue, a worthless fellow:
whom I received in obedience to the king's orders sent through the Count
of Pontchartrain: whom I have had put along with the man Tirmon, in the
second room of the Bertaudière tower, with the _ancient prisoner_, both
being well locked in."
The "ancient prisoner" here referred to is no other than the masked man.
When he entered the Bastille, as we have seen, on September 18, 1698, he
was placed in the third room of the Bertaudière tower. In 1701, the
Bastille happened to be crowded with prisoners, and they had to put
several together in one and the same room; so the man in the mask was
placed with two companions. One of them, Jean-Alexandre de Ricarville,
also called Maranville, had been denounced as a "retailer of ill speech
against the State, finding fault with the policy of France and lauding
that of foreigners, especially that of the Dutch." The police reports
depict him as a beggarly fellow, poorly dressed, and about sixty years
old. He had formerly been, as du Junca says, an officer in the royal
troops. Maranville left the Bastille on October 19, 1708. He was
transferred to Charenton, where he died in February, 1709. It must be
pointed out that Charenton was then an "open" prison, where the
prisoners associated with one another and had numerous relations with
the outside world.
The second of the fellow-prisoners of the man in the mask,
Dominique-François Tirmont, was a servant. When he was placed in the
Bastille, on July 30, 1700, he was nineteen years old. He was accused of
sorcery and of debauching young girls. He was put in the second room of
the Bertaudière tower, where he was joined by Maranville and the man in
the mask. On December 14, 1701, he was transferred to Bicêtre. He lost
his reason in 1703 and died in 1708.
The man in the mask was taken out of the third room of the Bertaudière
tower, in which he had been placed on his entrance to the Bastille, on
March 6, 1701, in order to make room for a woman named Anne Randon, a
"witch and fortune-teller," who was shut up alone in it. The masked
prisoner was then placed in the "second Bertaudière" with Tirmont, who
had been there, as we have just seen, since July 30, 1700. Maranville
joined them on April 30, 1701. Not long after, the masked man was
transferred to another room, with or without Maranville. Tirmont had
been taken to Bicêtre in 1701. We find that on February 26, 1703, the
Abbé Gonzel, a priest of Franche-Comté, accused of being a spy, was shut
up alone in the "second Bertaudière."
These facts are of undeniable authenticity, and one sees at a glance the
consequences springing from them. At the time when the masked prisoner
shared the same room with fellow-captives, other prisoners at the
Bastille were kept rigorously isolated, in spite of the crowded state of
the prison, so much more important did the reasons for their
incarceration seem! The man in the mask was associated with persons of
the lowest class, who were soon afterwards to leave and take their
places with the ruck of prisoners at Charenton and Bicêtre. We read in a
report of D'Argenson that there was even some talk of enlisting one of
them, Tirmont, in the army. Such, then, was this strange personage, the
repository of a terrible secret of which Madame Palatine[38] was already
speaking in mysterious terms, the man who puzzled kings, Louis XV.,
Louis XVI., who puzzled the very officers of the Bastille, and caused
them to write stories as remote as possible from the reality!
2. THE LEGEND.
If the very officers of the Bastille indulged such wild freaks of
imagination, what flights into dreamland might not the thoughts of the
public be expected to take? The movement is a very curious one to
follow. To begin with, we have the light Venetian mask transforming
itself into an iron mask with steel articulations which the prisoner
was never without. The consideration--imaginary, as we have seen--with
which the prisoner is supposed to have been treated, and which is
referred to in the notes of Major Chevalier, becomes transformed into
marks of a boundless deference shown by the jailers towards their
captive. The story was that Saint-Mars, the governor, a knight of St.
Louis, never spoke to the prisoner except standing, with bared head,
that he served him at table with his own hands and on silver plate, and
that he supplied him with the most luxurious raiment his fancy could
devise. Chevalier says that after his death his room at the Bastille was
done up like new, to prevent his successor from discovering any
tell-tale evidence in some corner. Speaking of the time when the masked
man was at the Isles of Sainte-Marguerite, Voltaire relates: "One day
the prisoner wrote with a knife on a silver dish, and threw the dish out
of the window towards a boat moored on the shore, almost at the foot of
the tower. A fisherman, to whom the boat belonged, picked up the dish
and carried it to the governor. Astonished, he asked the fisherman,
'Have you read what is written on this dish, and has anyone seen it in
your hands?' 'I cannot read,' replied the fisher, 'I have only just
found it, and no one has seen it.' The poor man was detained until the
governor was assured he could not read and that no one had seen the
dish. 'Go,' he said, 'it is lucky for you that you can't read!'"
In Father Papon's _History of Provence_, linen takes the place of the
dish. The upshot is more tragic: "I found in the citadel an officer of
the Free Company, aged 79 years. He told me several times that a barber
of that company saw one day, under the prisoner's window, something
white floating on the water; he went and picked it up and carried it to
M. de Saint-Mars. It was a shirt of fine linen, folded with no apparent
care, and covered with the prisoner's writing. M. de Saint-Mars, after
unfolding it and reading a few lines, asked the barber, with an air of
great embarrassment, if he had not had the curiosity to read what was on
it. The barber protested over and over again that he had read nothing;
but, two days after, he was found dead in his bed."
And the fact that Saint-Mars had had the body of the prisoner buried in
a white cloth struck the imagination, and was developed in its turn into
an extraordinary taste on the part of the prisoner for linen of the
finest quality and for costly lace--all which was taken to prove that
the masked man was a son of Anne of Austria, who had a very special
love, it was declared, for valuable lace and fine linen.
_A Brother of Louis XIV._--We are able to fix with precision, we
believe, the origin of the legend which made the Iron Mask a brother of
Louis XIV. Moreover, it was due to this suggestion, which was hinted at
from the first, that the story of the prisoner made so great a noise.
The glory of it belongs to the most famous writer of the eighteenth
century. With a boldness of imagination for which to-day he would be
envied by the cleverest journalistic inventor of sensational paragraphs,
Voltaire started this monstrous hoax on its vigorous flight.
In 1745 there had just appeared a sort of romance entitled _Notes
towards the History of Persia_, which was attributed, not without some
reason, to Madame de Vieux-Maisons. The book contained a story within a
story, in which the mysterious prisoner, who was beginning to be talked
about everywhere, was identified with the Duke de Vermandois, and to
this fact was due the sensation which the book caused. Voltaire
immediately saw how he could turn the circumstance to account. He had
himself at one time been confined in the Bastille, which was one reason
for speaking of it; but he did not dare put in circulation suddenly,
without some preparation, the terrible story he had just conceived, and,
with a very delicate sensitiveness to public opinion, he contented
himself with printing the following paragraph in the first edition of
his _Age of Louis XIV._: "A few months after the death of Mazarin there
occurred an event which is unexampled in history, and, what is not less
strange, has been passed over in silence by all the historians. There
was sent with the utmost secrecy to the château of the Isle of
Sainte-Marguerite, in the Sea of Provence, an unknown prisoner, of more
than ordinary height, young, and with features of rare nobility and
beauty. On the way, this prisoner wore a mask the chinpiece of which was
fitted with springs of steel, which allowed him to eat freely with the
mask covering his face. The order had been given to kill him if he
uncovered. He remained in the island until an officer in whom great
confidence was placed, named Saint-Mars, governor of Pignerol, having
been made governor of the Bastille, came to the Isle of
Sainte-Marguerite to fetch him, and conducted him to the Bastille,
always masked. The Marquis de Louvois saw him in the island before his
removal, and remained standing while he spoke to him, with a
consideration savouring of respect." Voltaire, however, does not say who
this extraordinary prisoner was. He observed the impression produced on
the public by his story. Then he ventured more boldly, and in the first
edition of his _Questions on the Encyclopædia_ insinuated that the
motive for covering the prisoner's face with a mask was fear lest some
too striking likeness should be recognized. He still refrained from
giving his name, but already everyone was on tip-toe with the
expectation of startling news. At last, in the second edition of
_Questions on the Encyclopædia_, Voltaire intrepidly added that the man
in the mask was a uterine brother of Louis XIV., a son of Mazarin and
Anne of Austria, and older than the king. We know what incomparable
agitators of public opinion the Encyclopædists were.
Once hatched, the story was not long in producing a numerous progeny,
which grew in their turn and became a monstrous brood.
We read in the _Memoirs_ of the Duke de Richelieu, compiled by his
secretary the Abbé Soulavie, that Mdlle. de Valois, the Regent's
daughter and at this date the mistress of Richelieu, consented, at the
instigation of the latter, to prostitute herself to her
father--tradition has it that the Regent was enamoured of his
daughter--in order to get sight of an account of the Iron Mask drawn up
by Saint-Mars. According to this story, which the author of the
_Memoirs_ prints in its entirety, Louis XIV. was born at noon, and at
half-past eight in the evening, while the king was at supper, the queen
was brought to bed of a second son, who was put out of sight so as to
avoid subsequent dissensions in the state.
The Baron de Gleichen goes still farther. He is at the pains to prove
that it was the true heir to the throne who was put out of sight, to the
profit of a child of the queen and the cardinal. Having became masters
of the situation at the death of the king, they substituted their son
for the Dauphin, the substitution being facilitated by a strong likeness
between the children. One sees at a glance the consequences of this
theory, which nullifies the legitimacy of the last Bourbons.
But the career of imagination was not yet to be checked. The legend came
into full bloom under the first empire. Pamphlets then appeared in which
the version of Baron de Gleichen was revived. Louis XIV. had been only a
bastard, the son of foreigners; the lawful heir had been imprisoned at
the Isles of Sainte-Marguerite, where he had married the daughter of one
of his keepers. Of this marriage was born a child who, as soon as he was
weaned, was sent to Corsica, and entrusted to a reliable person, as a
child coming of "good stock," in Italian, _Buona-parte_. Of that child
the Emperor was the direct descendant. The right of Napoleon I. to the
throne of France established by the Iron Mask!--there is a discovery
which the great Dumas missed. But, incredible as it seems, there were
men who actually took these fables seriously. In a Vendéan manifesto
circulated among the Chouans,[39] in Nivose of the year IX,[40] we read:
"It is not wise for the Royalist party to rely on the assurances given
by some emissaries of Napoleon, that he seized the throne only to
restore the Bourbons; everything proves that he only awaits the general
pacification to declare himself, and that he means to base his right on
the birth of the children of the Iron Mask!"
We shall not stay to refute the hypothesis which makes the Iron Mask a
brother of Louis XIV. Marius Topin has already done so in the clearest
possible manner. The notion, moreover, has long been abandoned. The last
writers who adhered to it date from the revolutionary period.
_The Successive Incarnations of the Iron Mask._--"Never has an Indian
deity," says Paul de Saint-Victor, speaking of the Iron Mask, "undergone
so many metempsychoses and so many avatars." It would take too long
merely to enumerate all the individuals with whom it has been attempted
to identify the Iron Mask: even women have not escaped. We shall cite
rapidly the theories which have found most credence amongst the public,
or those which have been defended in the most serious works, in order to
arrive finally at the identification--as will be seen, it is one of
those proposed long ago--which is beyond doubt the true one.
The hypothesis which, after that of a brother of Louis XIV., has most
powerfully excited public opinion, is that which made the mysterious
unknown Louis, Comte de Vermandois, admiral of France, and son of the
charming Louise de la Vallière. This was indeed the belief of Father
Griffet, chaplain of the Bastille, and even of the officers of the
staff. But the conjecture is disproved in a single line: "The Comte de
Vermandois died at Courtrai, on November 18, 1683." A precisely similar
fact refutes the theory identifying the Iron Mask with the Duke of
Monmouth, the natural son of Charles II. and Lucy Walters. Monmouth
perished on the scaffold in 1683. Lagrange-Chancel throws much ardour
and talent into a defence of the theory which made the Iron Mask Francis
of Vendôme, Duke de Beaufort, who, under the Fronde, was called "King of
the Markets." The Duke de Beaufort died at the siege of Candia, June 25,
1669.
To Lagrange-Chancel succeeds the Chevalier de Taulès. "I have discovered
the Man in the Mask," he cries, "and it is my duty to impart my
discovery to Europe and posterity!" This discovery brings forward one
Avedick, an Armenian patriarch of Constantinople and Jerusalem,
kidnapped in the East at the instigation of the Jesuits, and transported
to France. Vergennes, on entering the ministry for foreign affairs, set
investigations on foot. They confirmed the statement that Avedick had
actually been arrested in the circumstances indicated, but after 1706;
and so he could not be identified with the Iron Mask.
Such were the theories of the eighteenth century. We come now to those
of our own time. Since mystery and sinister machinations were involved,
the Jesuits could not be long left out of the business. We have just
seen them at their tricks with the Armenian patriarch. People dreamt of
an innocent youth thrown into a dungeon at their instigation for having
written a couple of verses against them. But even this fancy was
completely cast into the shade in a work published in 1885 under the
pseudonym of "Ubalde," the author of which was unquestionably M. Anatole
Loquin. This is his conclusion: "The more I reflect, the more I believe
I recognize in the Man in the Iron Mask, without any elaborate theory,
without prejudice on my part, no other than J. B. Poquelin de Molière."
The Jesuits have got their revenge for _Tartufe_!
Let us come now to the conjectures which have almost hit the truth and
have been defended by genuine scholars.
Superintendent Fouquet is the solution of the bibliophile Jacob (Paul
Lacroix). M. Lair has shown that Fouquet died at Pignerol, of a sort of
apoplexy, on March 23, 1680, at the very moment when there was an idea
at court of sending him to the waters at Bourbon, as a first step
towards his final liberation.
François Ravaisson, the learned and charming keeper of the Arsenal
library, whose work in classifying the archives of the Bastille we have
had the honour to continue, believed for a moment that the celebrated
prisoner might have been the young Count de Kéroualze who had fought at
Candia under the orders of Admiral de Beaufort. Ravaisson put forth his
theory with much hesitation, and as, in the sequel, he was himself led
to abandon it, we need not dwell any longer upon it.
M. Loiseleur, in the course of his brilliant controversy with Marius
Topin, suggested "an obscure spy arrested by Catinat in 1681," and his
opponent refuted him in the most piquant manner by discovering Catinat
in the very prisoner he was said to have arrested!
General Jung published a large volume in support of the claims of a
certain Oldendorf, a native of Lorraine, a spy and poisoner, arrested on
March 29, 1673, in a trap laid for him at one of the passages of the
Somme. The theory was refuted by M. Loiseleur. As M. Lair pointed out,
General Jung did not even succeed in proving that his nominee entered
Pignerol, an essential condition to his being the Man in the Mask.
Baron Carutti urged the claims of a mad Jacobin, a prisoner at Pignerol
whose name remains unknown; but this Jacobin died at Pignerol towards
the close of 1693.'
The recent work of M. Emile Burgaud, written in collaboration with
Commandant Bazeries, made a great sensation. He fixes on General Vivien
Labbé de Bulonde, whom Louvois arrested for having shown dereliction of
a general's duty before Coni. M. Geoffroy de Grandmaison published in
the _Univers_ of January 9, 1895, two receipts signed by General de
Bulonde, one in 1699, when the masked man was in rigorous isolation at
the Bastille, the other in 1705, when he had been dead for two years.
We come at last to the hypothesis which is the most probable of
all--after the true hypothesis, of course. Eustache Dauger, whom M. Lair
identifies with the masked prisoner, was a valet, who had been put into
jail at Pignerol on July 28, 1669. But it must be noted that the masked
prisoner was kept guarded in rigorous secrecy in the early days of his
detention, as long as he was at Pignerol and the Isles of
Sainte-Marguerite. Now, when Dauger went to Pignerol, his case seemed of
such slight importance that Saint-Mars thought of making him into a
servant for the other prisoners, and in fact, in 1675, Louvois gave him
as a valet to Fouquet, who for some time past had seen the rigour of his
confinement sensibly mitigated, receiving visits, walking freely in the
courts and purlieus of the fortress, Dauger accompanying him. Further,
we know that the masked man was transferred direct from Pignerol to the
Isles of Sainte-Marguerite, whilst Dauger was transferred in 1681 to
Exiles, whence he only went to the Isles in 1687.
We now come to the correct solution.
3. MATTIOLI.
To Baron Heiss, once captain in the Alsace regiment, and one of the most
distinguished bibliophiles of his time, belongs the honour of being the
first, in a letter dated from Phalsbourg, June 28, 1770, and published
by the _Journal encyclopédique_, to identify the masked prisoner with
Count Mattioli, secretary of state to the Duke of Mantua. After him,
Dutens, in 1783, in his _Intercepted Correspondence_; Baron de
Chambrier, in 1795, in a Memoir presented to the Academy of Berlin;
Roux-Fazillac, member of the Legislative Assembly and the Convention, in
a remarkable work printed in 1801; then successively, Reth, Delort,
Ellis, Carlo Botta, Armand Baschet, Marius Topin, Paul de Saint-Victor,
and M. Gallien, in a series of publications more or less important,
endeavoured to prove that the Man in the Mask was the Duke of Mantua's
secretary of state. The scholars most intimate with the history of Louis
XIV.'s government, Depping, Chéruel, Camille Rousset, have not hesitated
to pronounce in favour of the same view; while against them,
singlehanded like his D'Artagnan, Alexandre Dumas resisted the efforts
of twenty scholars, and the _Vicomte de Bragelonne_--giving a new lease
of life to the legend about the brother of Louis XIV., put in
circulation by Voltaire, and reinforced by the Revolution--drove back
into their dust among the archives the documents which students had
exhumed.
We have no longer to deal with so formidable an adversary, and we hope
that the following pages will not leave the shadow of a doubt.
We know how, under the influence of Louvois, the able and insinuating
policy directed first by Mazarin, then by Lionne, gave way to a military
diplomacy, blunt and aggressive. Louis XIV. was master of Pignerol,
acquired in 1632. He was induced by Louvois to cast covetous glances at
Casal. In possession of these two places, the French armies could not
but dominate Upper Italy, and hold the court of Turin directly at their
mercy. The throne of Mantua was then occupied by a young duke, Charles
IV. of Gonzago, frivolous, happy-go-lucky, dissipating his wealth at
Venice in fêtes and pleasures. In 1677 he had pledged to the Jews the
crown revenues for several years. Charles IV. was also Marquis of
Montferrat, of which Casal was the capital. Noting with watchful eye the
frivolity and financial straits of the young prince, the court of
Versailles conceived the bold scheme of buying Casal for hard cash.
At this date, one of the principal personages in Mantua was Count
Hercules Antony Mattioli. He was born at Bologna on December 1, 1640, of
a distinguished family. A brilliant student, he had barely passed his
twentieth year when he was elected a professor at the University of
Bologna. Afterwards he established himself at Mantua, where Charles
III., whose confidence he had won, made him his secretary of state.
Charles IV., continuing the favour of his father, not only maintained
Mattioli in his office as minister of state, but appointed him an
honorary senator, a dignity which was enhanced by the title of Count.
Louis XIV. was employing at the capital of the Venetian republic a
keen-witted and enterprising ambassador, the Abbé d'Estrades. He saw
through the ambitious and intriguing nature of Mattioli, and, towards
the end of 1677, succeeded in winning over his support for the designs
of the French court on Casal.
On January 12, 1678, Louis XIV. with his own hand wrote expressing his
thanks to Mattioli, who by-and-by came to Paris. On December 8, the
contract was signed, the Duke of Mantua receiving in exchange for Casal
100,000 crowns. In a private audience, Louis XIV. presented Mattioli
with a costly diamond and paid him the sum of a hundred double louis.
Scarcely two months after Mattioli's journey to France, the courts of
Vienna, Madrid, Turin, and the Venetian Republic were simultaneously
informed of all that had taken place. In order to reap a double harvest
of gold, Mattioli had cynically betrayed both his master Charles IV. and
the King of France. Like a thunderbolt there came to Versailles the news
of the arrest of Baron d'Asfeld, the envoy appointed by Louis XIV. to
exchange ratifications with Mattioli. The governor of Milan had caused
him to be seized and handed over to the Spaniards. The rage of Louis
XIV. and of Louvois, who had urged the opening of negotiations, taken
an active part in them, and begun preparations for the occupation of
Casal, may well be imagined. The Abbé d'Estrades, not less irritated,
conceived a scheme of the most daring kind, proposing to Versailles
nothing less than the abduction of the Mantuan minister. But Louis XIV.
was determined to have no scandal. Catinat was charged with carrying out
the scheme in person. The Abbé d'Estrades, in his dealings with
Mattioli, feigned ignorance of the double game the Count was playing. He
led him to believe, on the contrary, that the balance of the sums
promised at Versailles was about to be paid. A meeting was fixed for May
2, 1679. On that day d'Estrades and Mattioli got into a carriage, the
passing of which was awaited by Catinat accompanied by some dozen men.
At two o'clock in the afternoon, Mattioli was in the fortress of
Pignerol, in the hands of jailer Saint-Mars. When we remember the rank
held by the Italian minister, we are confronted with one of the most
audacious violations of international law of which history has preserved
a record.
Early in the year 1694, Mattioli was transferred to the Isles of
Sainte-Marguerite; we have seen that he entered the Bastille on
September 18, 1698, and died there on November 19, 1703.
The details that we possess of the imprisonment of Mattioli at Pignerol
and afterwards at the Isles of Sainte-Marguerite show that he was at the
outset treated with the consideration due to his rank and to the
position he occupied at the time of his arrest. Eventually the respect
which the prisoner had at first inspired gradually diminished: as years
went on the attentions shown him grew less and less until the day when,
at the Bastille, he was given a room in common with persons of the
basest class. On the other hand, the rigour of his confinement, so far
as the secrecy in which he was kept was concerned, was more and more
relaxed; what it was material to conceal was the circumstances under
which Mattioli had been arrested, and with the lapse of time this secret
continually diminished in importance. As to the mask of black velvet
which Mattioli had among his possessions when he was arrested, and which
he put on, without a doubt, only for the occasion, this in reality
constituted a relief to his captivity, for it permitted the prisoner to
leave his room, while the other state prisoners were rigorously mewed up
in theirs.
* * * * *
It remains to prove that the masked prisoner was really Mattioli.
1. In the despatch sent by Louis XIV. to the Abbé d'Estrades five days
before the arrest, the king approves the scheme of his ambassador and
authorizes him to secure Mattioli, "since you believe you can get him
carried off without the affair giving rise to any scandal." The prisoner
is to be conducted to Pignerol, where "instructions are being sent to
receive him and keep him there without anybody having knowledge of it."
The king's orders close with these words: "You must see to it that no
one knows what becomes of this man." The capture effected, Catinat wrote
on his part to Louvois: "It came off without any violence, and no one
knows the name of the knave, not even the officers who helped to arrest
him." Finally, we have a very curious pamphlet entitled _La Prudenza
triomfante di Casale_, written in 1682, that is, little more than two
years after the event, and--this slight detail is of capital
importance--thirty years before there was any talk of the Man in the
Mask. In this we read: "The secretary (Mattioli) was surrounded by ten
or twelve horsemen, who seized him, disguised him, _masked_ him, and
conducted him to Pignerol"--a fact, moreover, confirmed by a tradition
which in the eighteenth century was still rife in the district, where
scholars succeeded in culling it.
Is there any need to insist on the strength of the proofs afforded by
these three documents, taken in connection one with another?
2. We know, from du Junca's register, that the masked man was shut up at
Pignerol under the charge of Saint-Mars. In 1681, Saint-Mars gave up the
governorship of Pignerol for that of Exiles. We can determine with
absolute precision the number of prisoners Saint-Mars had then in his
keeping. It was exactly five. A dispatch from Louvois, dated June 9, is
very clear. In the first paragraph, he orders "the two prisoners in the
lower tower" to be removed; in the second, he adds: "The rest of the
prisoners in your charge." Here there is a clear indication of the
"rest": what follows settles the number: "The Sieur du Chamoy has orders
to pay two crowns a day for the board of these _three_ prisoners." This
account, as clear as arithmetic can make it, is further confirmed by the
letter addressed by Saint-Mars to the Abbé d'Estrades on June 25, 1681,
when he was setting out for Exiles: "I received yesterday the warrant
appointing me governor of Exiles: I am to keep charge of two jailbirds I
have here, who have no other name than 'the gentlemen of the lower
tower'; Mattioli will remain here with two other prisoners."
The prisoners, then, were five in number, and the masked man is to be
found, of necessity, among them. Now we know who these five were: (1) a
certain La Rivière, who died at the end of December, 1686; (2) a
Jacobin, out of his mind, who died at the end of 1693; (3) a certain
Dubreuil, who died at the Isles of Sainte-Marguerite about 1697. There
remain Dauger and Mattioli. The Man in the Mask is, without possible
dispute, the one or the other. We have explained above the reasons which
lead us to discard Dauger. The mysterious prisoner, then, was Mattioli.
The proof is mathematically exact.
[Illustration:
Burial certificate of the masked prisoner (November 20, 1703),
reproduced from the facsimile in the sixth edition of _The Man in
the Iron Mask_, by Marius Topin, 1883. The original, in the city
archives of Paris, was destroyed in the conflagration of 1871.
]
3. Opposite this page will be found a facsimile reproduction of the
death certificate of the masked prisoner as inscribed on the registers
of the church of St. Paul. It is the very name of the Duke of Mantua's
former secretary that is traced there: "Marchioly." It must be
remembered that "Marchioly" would be pronounced in Italian "Markioly,"
and that Saint-Mars, governor of the Bastille, who furnished the
information on which the certificate was drawn up, almost always wrote
in his correspondence--a characteristic detail--not "Mattioli," but
"Martioly": that is the very name on the register, less distorted than
the name of the major of the Bastille, who was called "Rosarges," and
not "Rosage," as given on the register; and the name of the surgeon, who
was called "Reilhe," and not "Reglhe."
It has been shown above how, as time went on, the rigorous seclusion to
which the masked prisoner had been condemned was relaxed. What it had
been thought necessary to conceal was the manner in which Mattioli had
been captured, and with time that secret itself had lost its importance.
As the Duke of Mantua had declared himself very well pleased with the
arrest of the minister by whom he, no less than Louis XIV., had been
deceived, there was nothing to prevent the name from being inscribed on
a register of death, where, moreover, no one would ever have thought of
looking for it.
Let us add that, in consequence of error or carelessness on the part of
the officer who supplied the information for the register, or perhaps on
the part of the parson or beadle who wrote it, the age is stated
incorrectly, "forty-five years or thereabouts," while Mattioli was
sixty-three when he died. However, the register was filled up without
the least care, as a formality of no importance.
4. The Duke de Choiseul pressed Louis XV. to reveal to him the clue to
the enigma. The king escaped with an evasion. One day, however, he said
to him: "If you knew all about it, you would see that it has very little
interest;" and some time after, when Madame de Pompadour, at de
Choiseul's instigation, pressed the king on the subject, he told her
that the prisoner was "the minister of an Italian prince."
In the _Memoirs of the Private Life of Marie Antoinette_ by her
principal lady in waiting, Madame de Campan, we read that the queen
tormented Louis XVI., who did not know the secret, to have a search made
among the papers of the various ministries. "I was with the queen," says
Madame de Campan, "when the king, having finished his researches, told
her that he had found nothing in the secret papers which had any bearing
on the existence of this prisoner; that he had spoken on the subject to
M. de Maurepas, whose age brought him nearer the time when the whole
story must have been known to the ministers (Maurepas had been minister
of the king's household as a very young man, in the early years of the
eighteenth century, having the department of the _lettres de cachet_),
and that M. de Maurepas had assured him that the prisoner was simply a
man of a very dangerous character through his intriguing spirit, and a
subject of the Duke of Mantua. He was lured to the frontier, arrested,
and kept a prisoner, at first at Pignerol, then at the Bastille."
These two pieces of evidence are of such weight that they alone would
be sufficient to fix the truth. When they were written, there was no
talk of Mattioli, of whose very name Madame de Campan was ignorant.
Supposing that Madame de Campan had amused herself by inventing a
fable--an absurd and improbable supposition, for what reason could she
have had for so doing?--it is impossible to admit that her imagination
could have hit upon fancies so absolutely in accord with facts.[41]
And so the problem is solved. The legend, which had reared itself even
as high as the throne of France, topples down. The satisfaction of the
historian springs from his reflection that all serious historical works
for more than a century, resting on far-reaching researches and
eschewing all preoccupations foreign to science--such, for example, as
the desire of attaining a result different from the solutions proposed
by one's predecessors--have arrived at the same conclusion, which proves
to be the correct solution. Heiss, Baron de Chambrier, Reth,
Roux-Fazillac, Delort, Carlo Botta, Armand Baschet, Marius Topin, Paul
de Saint-Victor, Camille Rousset, Chéruel, Depping, have not hesitated
to place under the famous mask of black velvet the features of
Mattioli. But at each new effort made by science, legend throws itself
once more into the fray, gaining new activity from the passions produced
by the Revolution.
The truth, in history, sometimes suggests to our mind's eye those white
or yellow flowers which float on the water among broad flat leaves; a
breeze springs up, a wave rises and submerges them, they disappear; but
only for a moment: then they come to the surface again.
CHAPTER V.
MEN OF LETTERS IN THE BASTILLE.
Speaking of men of letters in France under the _ancien régime_, Michelet
calls them "the martyrs of thought"; he adds: "The world thinks, France
speaks. And that is precisely why the Bastille of France, the Bastille
of Paris--I would rather say, the prison-house of thought--was, among
all bastilles, execrable, infamous, and accursed." In the course of the
article devoted to the Bastille in the _Grande Encyclopédie_, M. Fernand
Bournon writes: "After Louis XIV. and throughout the eighteenth century,
the Bastille was especially employed to repress, though it could not
stifle, that generous and majestic movement (the glory of the human
spirit) towards ideas of emancipation and enfranchisement; it was the
epoch when philosophers, publicists, pamphleteers, the very booksellers,
were imprisoned there in large numbers." And to substantiate this
eloquent apostrophe, M. Bournon cites the names of Voltaire, La
Beaumelle, the Abbé Morellet, Marmontel, and Linguet, imprisoned in the
Bastille; and of Diderot and the Marquis de Mirabeau placed in the
château of Vincennes.
Let us recall the story of these poor victims in turn, and trace the
history of their martyrdom.
VOLTAIRE.
The most illustrious and the earliest in date of the writers mentioned
by M. Bournon is Voltaire. He was sent to the Bastille on two different
occasions. His first imprisonment began on May 17, 1717. At that date
the poet was only twenty-two years of age and of no reputation; he did
not even bear the name of Voltaire, which he only took after his
discharge from the Bastille on April 14, 1718. The cause of his
detention was not "the generous and majestic movement towards ideas of
enfranchisement which is the glory of the human spirit," but some
scurrilities which, to speak plainly, brought him what he deserved:
coarse verses against the Regent and his daughter, and public utterances
coarser still. Many authors state that Voltaire was imprisoned for
writing the _J'ai vu_, a satire against the government of Louis XIV.,
each stanza of which ended with the line:--
J'ai vu ces maux, et je n'ai pas vingt ans.[42]
This is a mistake. Voltaire was imprisoned for having written the _Puero
regnante_, some verses on the Regent and his daughter, the Duchess of
Berry, which it would be impossible to translate. To these he added
observations whose reproduction would be equally impossible. At the
Bastille Voltaire underwent examinations in the usual way, in the course
of which he lied with impudence; after that he was allowed considerable
liberty. "It was at the Bastille," wrote Condorcet, "that the young poet
made the first draft of his poem _La Ligue_, corrected his tragedy of
_OEdipe_, and composed some very lively lines on the ill-luck of being
there."
The following are the most respectable lines of this production:--
So one fine faultless morning in the spring,
When Whitsun splendour brighten'd everything,
A strange commotion startled me from sleep.
* * * * *
At last I reach'd my chamber in the keep.
A clownish turnkey, with an unctuous smile,
Of my new lodging 'gan to praise the style:
"What ease, what charms, what comforts here are yours!
For never Phoebus in his daily course
Will blind you here with his too brilliant rays;
Within these ten-foot walls you'll spend your days
In cool sequester'd blithefulness always."
Then bidding me admire my cloistral cell--
The triple doors, the triple locks as well,
The bolts, the bars, the gratings all around--
"'Tis but," says he, "to keep you safe and sound!"
* * * * *
Behold me, then, lodged in this woful place,
Cribb'd, cabin'd, and confined in narrow space;
Sleepless by night, and starving half the day;
No joys, no friend, no mistress--wellaway![43]
When Voltaire was set at liberty, the Regent, whom, as we have just
said, he had reviled, made him a very handsome offer of his protection.
The poet's reply is well known: "My lord, I thank your royal highness
for being so good as to continue to charge yourself with my board, but
I beseech you no longer to charge yourself with my lodging." The young
writer thus obtained from the Regent a pension of 400 crowns, which
later on the latter augmented to 2000 livres.
Voltaire was sent to the Bastille a second time in April, 1726. For this
new detention there was no justification whatever. He had had a violent
quarrel, one evening at the Opera, with the Chevalier de Rohan-Chabot.
On another occasion, at the Comédie Française, the poet and the nobleman
had a warm altercation in the box of Mdlle. Lecouvreur. Rohan raised his
stick, Voltaire put his hand on his sword, and the actress fainted. Some
days later "the gallant chevalier, assisted by half a dozen ruffians,
behind whom he courageously posted himself," gave our poet a thrashing
in broad daylight. When relating the adventure later, the Chevalier said
pleasantly: "I commanded the squad." From that moment Voltaire sought
his revenge. "The police reports reveal curious details of the loose,
erratic, and feverish life he lived between the insult and his arrest,"
writes the careful biographer of Voltaire, Desnoiresterres. From one of
these police reports we see that the young writer established relations
with soldiers of the guard: several notorious bullies were constantly
about him. A relative who attempted to calm him found him more irritated
and violent in his language than ever. It appears certain that he was
meditating some act of violence, which indeed would not have been
without justification. But the Cardinal de Rohan contrived that he
should be arrested on the night of April 17, 1726, and placed in the
Bastille.
Speaking of this new imprisonment Marshal de Villars writes: "The
public, disposed to find fault all round, came to the conclusion on this
occasion that everybody was in the wrong: Voltaire for having offended
the Chevalier de Rohan, the latter for having dared to commit a capital
offence in causing a citizen to be beaten, the government for not having
punished a notorious crime, and for having sent the injured party to the
Bastille to pacify the injurer." Nevertheless, we read in the report of
Hérault, the lieutenant of police: "The Sieur de Voltaire was found
armed with pocket pistols, and his family, when informed of the matter,
unanimously and universally applauded the wisdom of an order which saves
this young man the ill effects of some new piece of folly and the worthy
people who compose his family the vexation of sharing his shame."
Voltaire remained at the Bastille for _twelve days_: he was permitted to
have a servant of his own choice to wait on him, who was boarded at the
king's expense; as for himself, he took his meals whenever he pleased at
the governor's table, going out of the Bastille, as the governor's
residence stood outside the prison. Relatives and friends came to see
him; his friend Thiériot dined with him; he was given pens, paper,
books, whatever he desired in order to divert himself. "Using and
abusing these opportunities," writes Desnoiresterres, "Voltaire believed
that he could give audience to all Paris. He wrote to those of his
friends who had not yet shown a sense of their duty, exhorting them to
give him proof they were alive." "I have been accustomed to all
misfortunes," he wrote to Thiériot, "but not yet to that of being
utterly abandoned by you. Madame de Bernières, Madame du Deffand, the
Chevalier des Alleurs really ought to come and see me. They only have to
ask permission of M. Hérault or M. de Maurepas." At the time of the
poet's entrance to the Bastille, the lieutenant of police had written to
the governor: "The Sieur de Voltaire is of a _genius_ that requires
humouring. His Serene Highness has approved of my writing to tell you
that the king's intention is that you should secure for him mild
treatment and the internal liberty of the Bastille, so far as these do
not jeopardize the security of his detention." The warrant setting him
at liberty was signed on April 26.
LA BEAUMELLE.
In M. Bournon's list La Beaumelle comes second. The circumstances under
which he was put into the Bastille were as follows. After having fallen
out at Berlin with Voltaire, whom he had compared to a monkey, La
Beaumelle returned to Paris, whence he had been exiled. There he got
printed a new edition of Voltaire's _Age of Louis XIV._, unknown to the
author, and interpolated therein odes insulting to the house of Orleans.
"La Beaumelle," exclaimed Voltaire, "is the first who dared to print
another man's work in his lifetime. This miserable Erostrates of the
_Age of Louis XIV._ has discovered the secret of changing into an
infamous libel, for fifteen ducats, a work undertaken for the glory of
the nation."
La Beaumelle became an inmate of the Bastille in April, 1753, and
remained there for six months. Writing on May 18, 1753, to M. Roques,
Voltaire said that "there was scarcely any country where he would not
inevitably have been punished sooner or later, and I know from a certain
source that there are two courts where they would have inflicted a
chastisement more signal than that which he is undergoing here."
It was not long before La Beaumelle issued his edition of _Notes towards
the History of Madame de Maintenon and that of the past century_, with
nine volumes of correspondence. He had fabricated letters which he
attributed to Madame de Saint-Géran and Madame de Frontenac, and
published a correspondence of Madame de Maintenon which M. Geffroy, in a
work recognized as authoritative, regards as full of barefaced
falsehoods and foul and scurrilous inventions. He had inserted in his
work the following phrase: "The court of Vienna has been long accused of
having poisoners always in its pay."
It must be observed that La Beaumelle's publication owed its great vogue
to special circumstances. The author's reputation abroad, the very title
of the book, lent it great importance; and France, then engaged in the
Seven Years' War, found it necessary to keep in Austria's good graces.
La Beaumelle was conveyed to the Bastille a second time. The lieutenant
of police, Berryer, put him through the usual examination. La Beaumelle
was a man of the world, so witty that in the course of their quarrels he
drove Voltaire himself to despair. He showed himself such in his
examination. "La Beaumelle," said Berryer to him, "this is wit you are
giving me when what I ask of you is plain sense." On his expressing a
wish for a companion, he was placed with the Abbé d'Estrades. The
officers of the château had all his manuscripts brought from his house,
so that he might continue his literary work. He had at the Bastille a
library of 600 volumes, ranged on shelves which the governor ordered to
be made for him. He there finished a translation of the _Annals_ of
Tacitus and the _Odes_ of Horace. He had permission to write to his
relatives and friends, and to receive visits from them; he had the
liberty of walking in the castle garden, of breeding birds in his room,
and of having brought from outside all the luxuries to which he was
partial. The principal secretary of the lieutenant of police, Duval,
reports the following incident: "Danry (the famous Latude) and Allègre
(his companion in confinement and ere long in escape) found means to
open a correspondence with all the prisoners in the Bastille. They
lifted a stone in a closet of the chapel, and put their letters
underneath it. La Beaumelle pretended to be a woman in his letters to
Allègre, and as he was a man of parts and Allègre was of keen
sensibility and an excellent writer, the latter fell madly in love with
La Beaumelle, to such a degree that, though they mutually agreed to
burn their letters, Allègre preserved those of his fancied mistress,
which he had not the heart to give to the flames; with the result that,
the letters being discovered at an inspection of his room, he was put in
the cells for some time. The prisoner amused himself also by composing
verses which he recited at the top of his voice. This gave much concern
to the officers of the garrison, and Chevalier, the major, wrote to the
lieutenant of police on the matter: "The Sieur de la Beaumelle seems to
have gone clean out of his mind; he seems to be a maniac; he amuses
himself by declaiming verses in his room for a part of the day: for the
rest of the time he is quiet."
This second detention lasted from August, 1756, till August, 1757.
THE ABBÉ MORELLET.
We come to the Abbé Morellet, a man of fine and fascinating mind, one of
the best of the Encyclopædists, who died in 1819 a member of the
Institute and the object of general esteem. He was arrested on June 11,
1760, for having had printed and distributed, without privilege or
permission, a pamphlet entitled: _Preface to the Philosophers' Comedy;
or, the Vision of Charles Palissot_.[44] These are the terms in which,
later on, Morellet himself judged his pamphlet: "I must here make my
confession. In this work, I went far beyond the limits of a literary
pleasantry regarding the Sieur Palissot, and to-day I am not without
remorse for my fault." And further, as J. J. Rousseau, in whose favour
the pamphlet had been in part composed, had to acknowledge, the Abbé
"very impudently" insulted a young and pretty woman, Madame de Robecq,
who was dying of decline, spitting blood, and did actually die a few
days later.
The arrest of Morellet was demanded by Malesherbes, then censor of the
press, one of the most generous and liberal spirits of the time, the
inspirer of the famous remonstrances of the Court of Taxation against
_lettres de cachet_--the man who, as M. H. Monin testifies, "being
elected censor of the press, protected philosophers and men of letters,
and by his personal efforts facilitated the publication of the
_Encyclopædia_." Speaking of the _Preface to the Comedy_, Malesherbes
writes to Gabriel de Sartine, lieutenant-general of police: "It is an
outrageous pamphlet, not only against Palissot, but against respectable
persons whose very condition should shelter them against such insults. I
beg you, sir, to be good enough to put a stop to this scandal. I believe
it to be a matter of public importance that the punishment should be
very severe, and that this punishment should not stop at the Bastille or
the For-l'Evêque,[45] because a very wide distinction must be drawn
between the delinquencies of men of letters tearing each other to
pieces and the insolence of those who attack persons of the highest
consideration in the State. I do not think that Bicêtre would be too
severe for these last. If you have to ask M. de Saint-Florentin for the
royal authority for your proceedings, I hope you will be good enough to
inform him of the request I am making."
It will be observed that, on Malesherbes' showing, the Bastille would
not suffice to punish the _Preface to the Comedy_, nor even the
For-l'Evêque; he asks for the most stringent of the prisons, Bicêtre.
Before long, it is true, this excellent man returned to milder
sentiments. An imprisonment at Bicêtre, he wrote, would be infamous.
Saint-Florentin and Sartine were not hard to convince. Morellet was
taken to the Bastille. "The warrant for his arrest," wrote one of his
agents to Malesherbes, "was executed this morning by Inspector D'Hémery
with all the amenities possible in so unpleasant a business. D'Hémery
knows the Abbé Morellet, and has spoken of him to M. de Sartine in the
most favourable terms."
When he entered the Bastille the Abbé calculated that his imprisonment
would last six months, and after acknowledging that he at that time
viewed his detention without great distress, he adds: "I am bound to
say, to lower the too high opinion that may be formed of me and my
courage, that I was marvellously sustained by a thought which rendered
my little virtue more easy. I saw some literary glory illumining the
walls of my prison; persecuted, I must be better known. The men of
letters whom I had avenged, and the philosophy for which I was a
martyr, would lay the foundation of my reputation. The men of the world,
who love satire, would receive me better than ever. A career was opening
before me, and I should be able to pursue it at greater advantage. These
six months at the Bastille would be an excellent recommendation, and
would infallibly make my fortune."
The Abbé remained at the Bastille, not six months, but six weeks, "which
slipped away," he observes "--I chuckle still as I think of them--very
pleasantly for me." He spent his time in reading romances, and, with
admirable humour, in writing a _Treatise on the Liberty of the Press_.
Afterwards the good Abbé informs us that the hopes which he had indulged
were not deceived. On issuing from the Bastille he was a made man.
Little known two months before, he now met everywhere with the reception
he desired. The doors of the salons of Madame de Boufflers, Madame
Necker, the Baron d'Holbach, flew open before him; women pitied him and
admired him, and men followed their example. Why have we not to-day a
Bastille to facilitate the career of writers of talent!
MARMONTEL.
To Marmontel his stay at the royal prison appeared as pleasant as the
Abbé Morellet had found his. He had amused himself by reciting at Madame
Geoffrin's a mordant satire in which the Duke d'Aumont, first groom of
the stole to the king, was cruelly hit. The duke expostulated;
Marmontel wrote to him declaring that he was not the author of the
satire; but the nobleman stood his ground.
"I am helpless," said the Count de Saint-Florentin, who countersigned
the _lettre de cachet_, to Marmontel; "the Duke d'Aumont accuses you,
and is determined to have you punished. It is a satisfaction he demands
in recompense for his services and the services of his ancestors. The
king has been pleased to grant him his wish. So you will go and find M.
de Sartine; I am addressing to him the king's order; you will tell him
that it was from my hand you received it."
"I went to find M. de Sartine," writes Marmontel, "and I found with him
the police officer who was to accompany me. M. de Sartine was intending
that he should go to the Bastille in a separate carriage; but I myself
declined this obliging offer, and we arrived at the Bastille, my
introducer and myself, in the same hack.... The governor, M. d'Abadie,
asked me if I wished my servant to be left with me.... They made a
cursory inspection of my packets and books, and then sent me up to a
large room furnished with two beds, two tables, a low cupboard, and
three cane chairs. It was cold, but a jailer made us a good fire and
brought me wood in abundance. At the same time they gave me pens, ink,
and paper, on condition of my accounting for the use I made of them and
the number of sheets they allowed me.
"The jailer came back to ask if I was satisfied with my bed. After
examining it I replied that the mattresses were bad and the coverlets
dirty. In a minute all was changed. They sent to ask me what was my
dinner hour. I replied, 'The same as everybody's.' The Bastille had a
library: the governor sent me the catalogue, giving me free choice among
the books. I merely thanked him for myself, but my servant asked for the
romances of Prévost, and they were brought to him."
Let us go on with Marmontel's story. "For my part," he says, "I had the
means of escape from ennui. Having been for a long time impatient of the
contempt shown by men of letters for Lucan's poem, which they had not
read, and only knew in the barbarous fustian of Brébeuf's version, I had
resolved to translate it more becomingly and faithfully into prose; and
this work, which would occupy me without fatiguing my brain, was the
best possible employment for the solitary leisure of my prison. So I had
brought the _Pharsalia_ with me, and, to understand it the better, I had
been careful to bring with it the _Commentaries_ of Cæsar. Behold me
then at the corner of a good fire, pondering the quarrel of Cæsar and
Pompey, and forgetting my own with the Duke d'Aumont. And there was Bury
too (Marmontel's servant) as philosophical as myself, amusing himself by
making our beds placed at two opposite corners of my room, which was at
this moment lit up by the beams of a fine winter sun, in spite of the
bars of two strong iron gratings which permitted me a view of the Suburb
Saint-Antoine.
"Two hours later, the noise of the bolts of the two doors which shut me
in startled me from my profound musings, and the two jailers, loaded
with a dinner I believed to be mine, came in and served it in silence.
One put down in front of the fire three little dishes covered with
plates of common earthenware; the other laid on that one of the two
tables which was clear a tablecloth rather coarse, indeed, but white. I
saw him place on the table a very fair set of things, a pewter spoon and
fork, good household bread, and a bottle of wine. Their duty done, the
jailers retired, and the two doors were shut again with the same noise
of locks and bolts.
"Then Bury invited me to take my place, and served my soup. It was a
Friday. The soup, made without meat, was a _purée_ of white beans, with
the freshest butter, and a dish of the same beans was the first that
Bury served me with. I found all this excellent. The dish of cod he gave
me for second course was better still. It was served with a dash of
garlic, which gave it a delicacy of taste and odour which would have
flattered the taste of the daintiest Gascon. The wine was not
first-rate, but passable; no sweets: of course one must expect to be
deprived of something. On the whole, I thought that dinner in prison was
not half bad.
"As I was rising from table, and Bury was about to sit down--for there
was enough for his dinner in what was left--lo and behold! in came my
two jailers again, with pyramids of dishes in their hands. At this
display of fine linen, fine china-ware, spoon and fork of silver, we
recognized our mistake; but we made not the ghost of a sign, and when
our jailers, having laid down their burden, had retired, 'Sir,' said
Bury, 'you have just eaten my dinner, you will quite agree to my having
my turn and eating yours.' 'That's fair,' I replied, and the walls of my
room were astonished, I fancy, at the sound of laughter.
"This dinner was not vegetarian; here are the details: an excellent
soup, a juicy beef-steak, a boiled capon's leg streaming with gravy and
melting in one's mouth, a little dish of artichokes fried in pickle, a
dish of spinach, a very fine William pear, fresh-cut grapes, a bottle of
old burgundy, and best Mocha coffee; this was Bury's dinner, with the
exception of the coffee and the fruit, which he insisted on reserving
for me.
"After dinner the governor came to see me, and asked me if I found the
fare sufficient, assuring me that I should be served from his table,
that he would take care to cut my portions himself, and that no one
should touch my food but himself. He suggested a fowl for my supper; I
thanked him and told him that what was left of the fruit from my dinner
would suffice. The reader has just seen what my ordinary fare was at the
Bastille, and from this he may infer with what mildness, or rather
reluctance, they brought themselves to visit on me the wrath of the Duke
d'Aumont.
"Every day I had a visit from the governor. As he had some smack of
literature and even of Latin, he took some interest in following my
work, in fact, enjoyed it; but soon, tearing himself away from these
little dissipations, he said, 'Adieu, I am going to console men who are
more unfortunate than you.'"
Such was the imprisonment of Marmontel. It lasted for eleven days.
LINGUET.
Linguet, advocate and journalist, was arrested for a breach of the press
laws and for slander. He was a man of considerable ability, but little
character. Attorney-general Cruppi has devoted to the story of Linguet a
work as extensive as it is eloquent. He has a wealth of indulgence for
his hero; yet, despite the goodwill he shows for him and endeavours to
impart to the reader, his book reveals between the lines that Linguet
was worthy of little esteem, and that his professional brethren were
justified in removing his name from the roll of the advocates of Paris.
Linguet's captivity lasted for two years. He has left a description of
it in his _Memoirs on the Bastille_, which made a great noise, and of
which the success has endured down to our own day. His book, like
everything which came from his pen, is written in a fluent style, with
spirit and brilliance; the facts cited are for the most part correct,
but the author, aiming at making a sensation, has cleverly presented
them in a light which distorts their real character. "There are means,"
says Madame de Staal, "of so distributing light and shade on the facts
one is exhibiting, as to alter their appearance without altering the
groundwork." Take, for instance, the description that Linguet gives of
his belongings while in the Bastille: "Two worm-eaten mattresses, a cane
chair the seat of which was only held to it by strings, a folding table,
a jug for water, two earthenware pots, one of them for drinking, and two
stone slabs to make a fire on." A contemporary could say of Linguet's
_Memoirs_, "It is the longest lie that ever was printed." And yet, if we
take the facts themselves which are related by the clever journalist,
and disengage them from the deceitful mirage in which he has enwrapped
them, we do not see that his life in the Bastille was so wretched as he
endeavours to make us believe. He is forced to acknowledge that his food
was always most abundant, adding, it is true, that that was because they
wished to poison him! He owed his life, he is convinced, "only to the
obstinate tenacity of his constitution." He marked, nevertheless, on the
menu for the day, which was sent up every morning by the Bastille cook,
the dishes he fancied; and later on he had his room furnished after his
own heart. He still enjoyed, moreover, enough liberty to write during
his imprisonment a work entitled, _The Trials of Three Kings, Louis
XVI., Charles III., and George III._, which appeared in London in 1781.
Let us recall once more the famous saying of Linguet to the wig-maker of
the Bastille on the first day that he presented himself to trim the
prisoner's beard: "To whom have I the honour of speaking?" "I am, sir,
the barber to the Bastille." "Gad, then, why don't you raze it?"
In June, 1792, some years after his liberation, Linguet was prosecuted a
second time for breach of the press laws. The revolutionary tribunal
condemned him to death. As he mounted the steps of the scaffold, the
ardent pamphleteer thought, mayhap, with bitterly ironical regret, of
that Bastille whose destruction he had so clamorously demanded.
DIDEROT.
We have still to speak of Diderot and the Marquis de Mirabeau, who were
not incarcerated at the Bastille, but at Vincennes, not in the castle
keep, but in the château itself, which constituted a separate place of
imprisonment. They placed in the château only prisoners guilty of minor
offences, who were sentenced to a temporary detention, and to whom they
wished to show some consideration. This was, as we have just said, the
abode of Diderot and the Marquis de Mirabeau. Diderot was arrested on
July 24, 1749. His last book, _Letters on the Blind for the Use of those
Who Can See_, contained theories which appeared to have but little title
to the description of "moral." But in the course of his examination he
stoutly denied that he was its author, as also he denied the authorship
of the _Thoughts of a Philosopher_ he had published some years before.
The lieutenant of police gave instructions to the governor of Vincennes
that, short of being set at liberty, Diderot was to be granted all
possible comforts--allowed to walk in the garden and park; "that the
king's desire was, in consideration of the literary work on which he was
engaged (the _Encyclopædia_), to permit him to communicate freely with
persons from without who might come for that purpose or on family
business." And so Diderot received a visit from his wife and walked with
her in the wood; Rousseau and D'Alembert spent their afternoons with
him, and, as in the "good old days" of Plato and Socrates, our
philosophers chatted of metaphysics and love, seated on the green grass
under the shade of mighty oaks. The booksellers and printers who had
undertaken the publication of the _Encyclopædia_ were, as we have seen,
in constant communication with Diderot at Vincennes; he corrected in
prison the proofs of the publication, which the court looked on with no
favourable eye. And we know, too, that at night, with the secret
complicity of the governor, our philosopher cleared the park walls to
hurry to a fair lady at Paris, one Madame de Puysieux, whom he loved
with a passion by no means platonic; ere the sun was up, the jailers
found him safely back under lock and key. This irksome captivity lasted
little more than three months.
THE MARQUIS DE MIRABEAU.
The imprisonment of Mirabeau lasted only ten days. The _lettre de
cachet_ had been obtained by the clique of financiers, who took fright
at the audacious conceptions of the _Theory of Taxation_. "I fancy I
deserved my punishment," wrote the Marquis, "like the ass in the fable,
for a clumsy and misplaced zeal." In regard to the arrest, Madame
d'Epinay sent word to Voltaire: "Never before was a man arrested as this
one was. The officer said to him, 'Sir, my orders do not state I am to
hurry you: to-morrow will do, if you haven't time to-day.' 'No, sir, one
cannot be too prompt in obeying the king's orders, I am quite ready.'
And off he went with a bag crammed with books and papers." At Vincennes
the Marquis had a servant with him. His wife came to see him. The king
spent for his support fifteen livres a day, more than twenty-five
shillings of our money. He was liberated on December 24, 1760. His
brother, Bailie Mirabeau, speaking of this detention, wrote to him of "a
week's imprisonment in which you were shown every possible
consideration."
* * * * *
We have exhausted M. Bournon's list of the writers who were victims of
arbitrary authority. Such are the "martyrs" for whom that excellent
historian, and Michelet and others, have shown the most affecting
compassion. The foregoing facts do not call for comment. Men of letters
were the spoilt children of the eighteenth century much more than of our
own, and never has an absolute government shown a toleration equal to
that of the monarchy under the _ancien régime_ towards writers whose
doctrines, as events have proved, tended directly to its destruction.
CHAPTER VI.
LATUDE.
Few historical figures have taken a higher place in the popular
imagination than Masers de Latude. That celebrated prisoner seems to
have accumulated in his life of suffering all the wrongs that spring
from an arbitrary government. The novelists and playwrights of the
nineteenth century have made him a hero; the poets have draped his woes
in fine mourning robes, our greatest historians have burnt for him the
midnight oil; numerous editions of his _Memoirs_ have appeared in quick
succession down to our own days. Even by his contemporaries he was
regarded as a martyr, and posterity has not plucked the shining crown of
martyrdom from his head, hoary with the snows of long captivity. His
legend is the creature of his own unaided brain. When in 1790 he
dictated the story of his life, he made greater calls on his glowing
southern imagination than on his memory; but the documents relating to
his case in the archives of the Bastille have been preserved. At the
present time they are to be found dispersed among various libraries, at
the Arsenal, at Carnavalet, at St. Petersburg. Thanks to them it is
easy to establish the truth.
On March 23, 1725, at Montagnac in Languedoc, a poor girl named
Jeanneton Aubrespy gave birth to a male child who was baptized three
days later under the name of Jean Henri, given him by his god-parents,
Jean Bouhour and Jeanne Boudet. Surname the poor little creature had
none, for he was the illegitimate child of a father unknown. Jeanneton,
who had just passed her thirtieth year, was of respectable middle-class
family, and lived near the Lom gate in a little house which seems to
have been her own. Several cousins of hers held commissions in the army.
But from the day when she became a mother, her family had no more to do
with her, and she fell into want. Happily she was a woman of stout
heart, and by her spinning and sewing she supported her boy, who shot up
into a lad of keen intelligence and considerable ambition. She succeeded
in getting him some sort of education, and we find Jean Henri at the age
of seventeen acting as assistant surgeon in the army of Languedoc.
Surgeons, it is true, made no great figure in the eighteenth century;
they combined the duties of barber and dentist as well as leech. But the
situation was good enough. "Assistant surgeons in the army," wrote
Saint-Marc the detective, "who really worked at their trade, made a good
deal of money." At this time, being reluctant to bear his mother's name,
the young man ingeniously transformed his double forename into Jean
Danry, under which he is designated in a passport for Alsace, given him
on March 25, 1743, by the general commanding the royal forces in
Languedoc. In the same year 1743, Danry accompanied the army of Marshal
de Noailles in its operations on the Maine and the Rhine, receiving from
the Marshal, towards the end of the season, a certificate testifying to
his good and faithful service throughout the campaign.
Four years later we find Danry at Brussels, employed in the
field-hospital of the army in Flanders, at a salary of 500 livres a
month. He was present at the famous siege of Bergen-op-Zoom, the
impregnable fortress which the French so valiantly stormed under the
command of the Comte de Lowendal. But peace being concluded at
Aix-la-Chapelle, the armies were disbanded, and Danry went to Paris. He
had in his pocket a letter of recommendation to Descluzeaux, the surgeon
of Marshal de Noailles, and a certificate signed by Guignard de La
Garde, chief of the commissariat, testifying to the ability and good
conduct of "the aforesaid Jean Danry, assistant surgeon." These two
certificates formed the most substantial part of his fortune.
Danry arrived in Paris about the end of the year 1748. On any afternoon
he might have been seen strolling about the Tuileries in a grey frock
and red waistcoat, carrying his twenty-three years with a good grace. Of
middle height and somewhat spare figure, wearing his brown hair in a
silk net, having keen eyes and an expression of much intelligence, he
would probably have been thought a handsome fellow but for the marks
which smallpox had indelibly stamped on his face. His accent had a
decided Gascon tang, and it is obvious, from the spelling of his
letters, not only that he could not boast of a literary education, but
that his speech was that of a man of the people. Yet, what with his
brisk temperament, his professional skill, and his favour with his
superiors, he was in a fair way to attain an honourable position, which
would have enabled him at length to support his mother, then living in
solitary friendlessness at Montagnac, centring on him, in her forlorn
condition, all her affection and her dearest hopes.
Paris, with its gaiety and stir, dazzled the young man. Its brilliant
and luxurious life, its rustling silks and laces, set him dreaming. He
found the girls of Paris charming creatures, and opened his heart to
them without stint, and his purse too; and his heart was more opulent
than his purse. Ere long he had spent his modest savings and sunk into
want. He fell into bad company. His best friend, an apothecary's
assistant named Binguet, shared with him a mean garret in the Cul-de-sac
du Coq, in the house of one Charmeleux, who let furnished lodgings. Than
these two no greater rakes, wastrels, or thorough-paced rascals could
have been found in all Paris. Danry in particular very soon got a name
all over his neighbourhood for his riotous, threatening, and choleric
temper. Dying of hunger, threatened with being ejected neck-and-crop
from his lodging for nonpayment of rent, he was reduced at last to write
for money to his mother, who, poor thing, had barely enough for her own
modest wants.
As yet we are a long way from the "handsome officer of engineers" who
lives in our remembrance: we see little likeness to the brilliant
picture which Danry drew later of those youthful years during which he
received, "by the care of his father the Marquis de La Tude, the
education of a gentleman destined to serve his country and his king."
Having come now absolutely to the end of his resources, Danry took it
into his head that, at the siege of Bergen-op-Zoom, he had been stripped
by some soldiers of all his clothes but his shirt, and robbed of 678
livres into the bargain. This story he worked up in a letter addressed
to Moreau de Séchelles, commissary of the army in Flanders, hoping to
get it corroborated by Guignard de La Garde, the commissary under whom
he had himself served. In this letter he demanded compensation for the
losses he had suffered while devoting himself under fire to the care of
the wounded. But we read, in the _Memoirs_ he wrote later, that so far
from having been stripped and robbed, he had actually purchased at
Bergen-op-Zoom a considerable quantity of goods of all kinds when they
were sold off cheap after the sack of the town. However that may be, his
experiment was a failure. But Danry was a man of resource, and not many
days had passed before he had hit on another means of raising the wind.
[Illustration:
Cover of the explosive box sent by Danry to the Marquise de
Pompadour. The words almost obliterated are: "Je vous prie, Madame,
d'ouvrir le paquet en particulié." Below is the record and the date
of Danry's examination, with his signature, and that of Berryer,
the lieutenant of police.
]
At this time everybody was talking about the struggle between the
king's ministers and the Marquise de Pompadour, which had just ended in
a triumph for the lady. Maurepas was going into exile, but it was
generally believed that he was a man who would wreak vengeance on his
enemy, and the favourite herself openly declared that she went in fear
of poison. A light dawned on the young surgeon's mind as he heard such
gossip as this; he caught a sudden glimpse of himself--even he, the
ragged outcast--arrayed in cloth of gold and rolling in his carriage
along the Versailles road.
This was his plan. On April 27, 1749, in a shop under the arcade of the
Palais-Royal, hard by the grand staircase, he bought of a small
tradesman six of those little bottle-shaped toys, once called Prince
Rupert's Drops, out of which children used to get so much harmless
amusement. They were globules of molten glass, which, on being thrown
into cold water, had taken the shape of pears, and which, if the
tapering end was suddenly snapped, crumbled with a loud report into
dust. Four of these crackers Danry placed in a cardboard box, binding
the thin ends together with a thread which he fixed in the lid. Over
these he sprinkled some toilet powder, and this he covered with a layer
of powdered vitriol and alum. The whole packet he then enclosed in a
double wrapper, writing on the inner one, "I beg you, madam, to open the
packet in private," and on the outer one, "To Madame the Marquise de
Pompadour, at court."
At eight o'clock in the evening of the next day, Danry, having seen his
packet safely in the post, hurried off himself to Versailles. He had
hoped to gain admittance to the favourite herself, but being stopped by
Gourbillon, her principal valet, in a voice trembling with emotion he
related to him a frightful story. Happening to be at the Tuileries, he
said, he had observed two men seated in animated conversation, and on
going close to them heard them mouthing the most horrible threats
against Madame de Pompadour. When they rose he dogged their footsteps,
which led direct to the post office, where they consigned a packet to
the box. Who the men were, and what was the nature of the packet, were
natural questions to which Danry had no answer; all he could say was
that, devoted to the interests of the Marquise, he had instantly sped
off to reveal to her what he had seen.
To understand the impression produced by the young man's information, it
is necessary to bear in mind the feverish excitement then prevailing at
court. Maurepas, the witty and sprightly minister who had won Louis
XV.'s special affection because of the charm with which he endowed mere
business for "the man who was always bored"--Maurepas had just been
exiled to Bourges. "Pontchartrain," the king sent word to him, "is too
near." The struggle between the minister and the favourite had been one
of extraordinary violence. Maurepas was for ever dashing off satirical
verses on the girl who had reached the steps of the throne, and
incessantly pursuing her with the cruel and insolent shafts of his wit;
his muse indeed did not shrink from the most brutal insults. Nor was the
Marquise a whit more tender towards her foe: she openly dubbed him liar
and knave, and assured everybody that he was trying to get her poisoned.
A surgeon was actually required to be in constant attendance upon her,
and she always had an antidote within reach. At table she was careful
never to be the first to partake of any dish, and in her box at the
theatre she would drink no lemonade but what had been prepared by her
surgeon.
The packet which Danry had posted arrived at Versailles on April 29, and
Quesnay, the physician to the king and the Marquise, was requested to
open it. Having done so with infinite precaution, he recognized the
vitriol and alum and toilet powder, and declared at once that there was
not a pennyworth of danger in the whole contrivance. But since alum and
vitriol were substances capable of being turned to baneful uses, he
thought that possibly it was a case of a criminal design clumsily
executed.
There is not a shadow of doubt that Louis XV. and his mistress were
seriously alarmed. D'Argenson himself, who had upheld Maurepas against
the favourite, had the greatest possible interest in seeing the affair
cleared up as soon as possible. The first move was altogether in favour
of the informer. D'Argenson wrote to Berryer that Danry was deserving of
a reward.
No time was lost in instituting a search for the authors of the plot.
The lieutenant of police selected the most skilful and intelligent of
his officers, the detective Saint-Marc, who put himself in communication
with Danry. But he had not spent two days with the assistant surgeon
before he drew up a report demanding his arrest. "It is not unimportant
to note that Danry is a surgeon, and his best friend an apothecary. In
my opinion it is essential to apprehend both Danry and Binguet without
further delay, and without letting either know of the other's arrest,
and at the same time to search their rooms."
Accordingly Danry was conveyed to the Bastille on May 1, 1749, and
Binguet was secured the same day. Saint-Marc had taken the precaution to
ask the assistant surgeon for a written account of his adventure. This
document he put into the hands of an expert, who compared the
handwriting with the address on the packet sent to Versailles. Danry was
lost. Suspicion was but too well confirmed by the results of a search in
his room. Being shut up in the Bastille, Danry knew nothing of all these
proceedings, and when, on May 2, the lieutenant-general of police came
to question him, he replied only with lies.
Berryer, the lieutenant of police, was a man of much firmness, but
honourable and kindly disposed. "He inspired one's confidence," wrote
Danry himself, "by his urbanity and kindness." This excellent man was
vexed at the attitude taken up by the prisoner, and pointing out the
danger he was incurring, he besought him to tell the truth. But at a
second examination Danry only persisted in his lies. Then all at once he
changed his tactics and refused to answer the questions put to him.
"Danry, here we do justice to every one," said Berryer to him, to give
him courage. But entreaties had no better success than threats. Danry
maintained his obstinate silence; and D'Argenson wrote to Berryer: "The
thorough elucidation of this affair is too important for you not to
follow up any clue which may point towards a solution."
By his falsehoods, and then by his silence, Danry had succeeded in
giving the appearance of a mysterious plot to what was really an
insignificant piece of knavery.
Not till June 15 did he make up his mind to offer a statement very near
the truth, which was written down and sent at once to the king, who read
it over several times and kept it in his pocket the whole day--a
circumstance which indicates to what importance the affair had now
swelled. Suspicions were not dispelled by the declaration of June 15.
Danry had misrepresented the truth in his former examinations, and there
was reason to believe that he was equally misrepresenting it in the
third. Thus he owed his ruin to his silence and his self-contradictory
depositions. Six months later, on October 7, 1749, when he was at
Vincennes, Dr. Quesnay, who had shown much interest in the young
surgeon, was sent to find out from him the name of the individual who
had instigated the crime. On his return the doctor wrote to Berryer,
"My journey has been utterly useless. I only saw a blockhead, who
persisted nevertheless in adhering to his former declarations." Two
years more had passed away when the lieutenant of police wrote to
Quesnay:--"February 25, 1751. Danry would be very glad if you would pay
him a visit, and your compliance might perhaps induce him to lay bare
his secret soul, and make a frank confession to you of what up to the
present he has obstinately concealed from me."
Quesnay at once repaired to the Bastille, bearing with him a conditional
promise of liberty. Working himself up into a frenzy, Danry swore that
"all his answers to the lieutenant of police had been strictly true."
When the doctor had taken his leave, Danry wrote to the minister: "M.
Quesnay, who has been several times to see me in my wretchedness, tells
me that your lordship is inclined to believe I had some accomplice in my
fault whom I will not reveal, and that it is for this reason your
lordship will not give me my liberty. I could wish, my lord, from the
bottom of my heart, that your belief were true, for it would be much to
my profit to put my guilt upon another, whether for having induced me to
commit my sin or for not having prevented me from committing it."
It was the opinion of the ministers that Danry had been the instrument
of a plot against the life of the Marquise de Pompadour directed by some
person of high rank, and that at the critical moment he had either
taken fright, or else had made a clean breast of the matter at
Versailles in the hope of reaping some advantage from both sides. These
facts must be kept in mind if we are to understand the real cause of his
confinement. Kept, then, in the Bastille, he was subjected to several
examinations, the reports of which were regularly drawn up and signed by
the lieutenant of police. Under the _ancien régime_, this officer was,
as we have seen, a regular magistrate, indeed he has no other
designation in the documents of the period; he pronounced sentence and
awarded punishments in accordance with that body of customs which then,
as to-day in England, constituted the law.
Binguet, the apothecary, had been set at liberty immediately after
Danry's declaration of June 15. In the Bastille, Danry was treated with
the utmost consideration, in accordance with the formal instructions of
Berryer. He was provided with books, tobacco, and a pipe; he was
permitted to play on the flute; and having declared that a solitary life
bored him, he was given two room mates. Every day he was visited by the
officers of the fortress, and on May 25 the governor came to tell him of
the magistrate's order: "That the utmost attention was to be shown him;
if he needed anything he was to be requested to say so, and was to be
allowed to want for nothing." No doubt the lieutenant of police hoped,
by dint of kindness, to persuade him to disclose the authors of the
unfortunate plot which was the figment of his imagination.
Danry did not remain long in the prison of the Suburb Saint-Antoine; on
July 28 Saint-Marc transferred him to Vincennes, and we see from the
report drawn up by the detective with what astonishment the Marquis du
Châtelet, governor of the fortress, heard "that the court had resolved
to send him such a fellow." Vincennes, like the Bastille, was reserved
for prisoners of good position; our hero was sent there by special
favour, as he was told for his consolation by the surgeon who attended
him: "Only persons of noble birth or the highest distinction are sent to
Vincennes." Danry was indeed treated like a lord. The best apartment was
reserved for him, and he was able to enjoy the park, where he walked for
two hours every day. At the time of his admission to the Bastille, he
was suffering from some sort of indisposition which later on he ascribed
to his long confinement. At Vincennes he complained of the same illness,
with the same plea that his troubles had made him ill. He was attended
by a specialist as well as by the surgeon of the prison.
Meantime the lieutenant came again to see him, reiterating assurances of
his protection, and advising him to write direct to Madame de Pompadour.
Here is what Danry wrote:--
"VINCENNES, _November 4, 1749_.
"MADAM,--If wretchedness, goaded by famine, has driven me to commit
a fault against your dear person, it was with no design of doing
you any mischief. God is my witness. If the divine mercy would
assure you to-day, on my behalf, how my soul repents of its heinous
fault, and how for 188 days I have done nothing but weep at the
sight of my iron bars, you would have pity on me. Madam, for the
sake of God who is enlightening you, let your just wrath soften at
the spectacle of my repentance, my wretchedness, my tears. One day
God will recompense you for your humanity. You are all-powerful,
Madam; God has given you power with the greatest king on all the
earth, His well-beloved; he is merciful, he is not cruel, he is a
Christian. If the divine power moves your magnanimity to grant me
my freedom, I would rather die, or sustain my life on nothing but
roots, than jeopardize it a second time. I have staked all my hopes
on your Christian charity. Lend a sympathetic ear to my prayer, do
not abandon me to my unhappy fate. I hope in you, Madam, and God
will vouchsafe an abundant answer to my prayers that your dear
person may obtain your heart's desires.
"I have the honour to be, with a repentance worthy of pardon,
Madam, your very humble and very obedient servant,
"DANRY."
A letter which it is a pleasure to quote, for it shows to great
advantage beside the letters written later by the prisoner. It was only
the truth that he had no evil design on the favourite's life; but soon
becoming more audacious, he wrote to Madame de Pompadour saying that if
he had addressed the box to her at Versailles, it was out of pure
devotion to her, to put her on her guard against the machinations of her
enemies, in short, to save her life.
Danry's letter was duly forwarded to the Marquise, but remained without
effect. Losing patience, he resolved to win for himself the freedom
denied him: on June 15, 1750, he escaped.
* * * * *
In his _Memoirs_ Danry has related the story of this first escape in a
manner as lively as imaginative. He really eluded his jailers in the
simplest way in the world. Having descended to the garden at the usual
hour for his walk, he found there a black spaniel frisking about. The
dog happened to rear itself against the gate, and to push it with its
paws. The gate fell open. Danry passed out and ran straight ahead,
"till, towards four o'clock in the afternoon, he fell to the ground with
fatigue, in the neighbourhood of Saint-Denis."
There he remained until nine o'clock in the evening. Then he struck into
the road to Paris, passing the night beside the aqueduct near the
Saint-Denis gate. At daybreak he entered the city.
We know what importance was attached at court to the safe custody of the
prisoner: there was still hope that he would make up his mind to speak
of the grave conspiracy of which he held the secret. D'Argenson wrote at
once to Berryer: "Nothing is more important or more urgent than to set
on foot at once all conceivable means of recapturing the prisoner."
Accordingly all the police were engaged in the search; the description
of the prisoner was printed, a large number of copies being distributed
by Inspector Rulhière among the mounted police.
Danry took up his lodging with one Cocardon, at the sign of the Golden
Sun; but he did not venture to remain for more than two days in the same
inn. He expected his old chum Binguet to come to his assistance, but
Binguet was not going to have anything more to do with the Bastille. It
was a pretty girl, Annette Benoist, whom Danry had known when he was
lodging with Charmeleux, that devoted herself heart and soul to him. She
knew she herself was running the risk of imprisonment, and already
strangers of forbidding appearance had come asking at the Golden Sun who
she was. Little she cared; she found assistance among her companions:
the girls carried Danry's letters and undertook the search for a safe
lodging. Meanwhile, Danry went to pass the night under the aqueducts; in
the morning he shut himself in the lodging the girls had chosen for him,
and there he remained for two days without leaving the house, Annette
coming there to keep him company. Unluckily the young man had no money:
how was he to pay his score? "What was to be done, what was to become of
me?" he said later. "I was sure to be discovered if I showed myself; if
I fled I ran no less risk." He wrote to Dr. Quesnay, who had shown him
so much kindness at Vincennes; but the police got wind of the letter,
and Saint-Marc arrived and seized the fugitive in the inn where he lay
concealed. The unlucky wretch was haled back to the Bastille. Annette
was arrested at the Golden Sun at the moment when she was asking for
Danry's letters; she too was shut up in the Bastille. The warders and
sentinels who were on duty at Vincennes on the day of the escape had
been thrown into the cells.
By his escape from Vincennes, Danry had doubled the gravity of his
offence. The regulations demanded that he should be sent down into the
cells reserved for insubordinate prisoners. "M. Berryer came again to
lighten my woes; outside the prison he demanded justice and mercy for
me, inside he sought to calm my grief, which seemed less poignant when
he assured me that he shared it." The lieutenant of police ordered the
prisoner to be fed as well as formerly, and to be allowed his books,
papers, knick-knacks, and the privilege of the two hours' walk he had
enjoyed at Vincennes. In return for these kindnesses, the assistant
surgeon sent to the magistrate "a remedy for the gout." He asked at the
same time to be allowed to breed little birds, whose chirping and lively
movements would divert him. The request was granted. But instead of
bearing his lot with patience, Danry grew more and more irritable every
day. He gave free rein to his violent temper, raised a hubbub, shrieked,
tore up and down his room, so that they came perforce to believe that he
was going mad. On the books of the Bastille library, which circulated
from room to room, he wrote ribald verses against the Marquise de
Pompadour. In this way he prolonged his sojourn in the cells. Gradually
his letters changed their tone. "It is a little hard to be left for
fourteen months in prison, a whole year of the time, ending to-day, in
one cell where I still am."
Then Berryer put him back into a good room, about the end of the year
1751. At the same time he gave him, at the king's expense, a servant to
wait on him.
As to Annette Benoist, she had been set at liberty after a fortnight's
detention. Danry's servant fell sick; as there was no desire to deprive
the prisoner of society, he was given a companion. This was a certain
Antoine Allègre, who had been there since May 29, 1750. The
circumstances which had led to his imprisonment were almost identical
with those to which Danry owed his confinement. Allègre was keeping a
school at Marseilles when he learnt that the enemies of the Marquise de
Pompadour were seeking to destroy her. He fabricated a story of a
conspiracy in which he involved Maurepas, the Archbishop of Albi, and
the Bishop of Lodève; he sent a denunciation of this plot to Versailles,
and, to give it some semblance of truth, addressed to the favourite's
valet a letter in disguised handwriting, beginning with these words: "On
the word of a gentleman, there are 100,000 crowns for you if you poison
your mistress." He hoped by this means to obtain a good situation, or
the success of a business project he had in hand.
Intelligent, with some education, and venturesome, Danry and Allègre
were just the men to get on well together, so much the better that the
schoolmaster dominated the comrade to whom he was so much superior. The
years that Danry spent in company with Allègre exercised so great an
influence on his whole life that the lieutenant of police, Lenoir, could
say one day: "Danry is the second volume of Allègre." The letters of the
latter, a large number of which have been preserved, bear witness to the
originality and energy of his mind: their style is fine and fluent, of
the purest French; the ideas expressed have distinction and are
sometimes remarkable without eccentricity. He worked untiringly, and was
at first annoyed at the presence of a companion: "Give me, I beg you, a
room to myself," he wrote to Berryer, "even without a fire: I like being
alone, I am sufficient for myself, because I can find things to do, and
seed to sow for the future." His temperament was naturally mystical, but
of that cold and acrid mysticism which we sometimes find in men of
science, and mathematicians in particular. For Allègre's principal
studies were mathematics, mechanics, and engineering. The lieutenant of
police procured for him works on fortification, architecture, mechanics,
hydraulics. The prisoner used them to compile essays on the most diverse
questions, which he sent to the lieutenant of police in the hope of
their procuring his liberation. Those essays which we possess show the
extent of his intelligence and his education. Danry followed his example
by-and-by, in this as in everything else, but clumsily. Allègre was
also very clever with his fingers, and could make, so the officials of
the château declared, whatever he pleased.
Allègre was a dangerous man: the warders were afraid of him. Some time
after his entrance into the Bastille he fell ill, and a man was set to
look after him; the two men did not agree at all. Allègre sent complaint
after complaint to the lieutenant of police. An inquiry was made which
turned out not unfavourable to the keeper, and he was left with the
prisoner. One morning--September 8, 1751--the officers of the Bastille
heard cries and clamour in the "Well" tower. Hastily ascending, they
found Allègre in the act of stabbing his companion, who lay on the floor
held down by the throat, wallowing in the blood that streamed from a
gash in the stomach. If Allègre had not been in the Bastille, the
Parlement would have had him broken on the wheel in the Place de Grève:
the Bastille was his safety, though he could no longer hope for a speedy
liberation.
Danry, in his turn, wore out the patience of his guardians. Major
Chevalier, who was kindness itself, wrote to the lieutenant of police:
"He is no better than Allègre, but though more turbulent and choleric,
he is much less to be feared in every respect." The physician of the
Bastille, Dr. Boyer, a member of the Academy, wrote likewise: "I have
good reason to distrust the man." The temper of Danry became embittered.
He began to revile the warders. One morning they were obliged to take
from him a knife and other sharp instruments he had concealed. He used
the paper they gave him to open communications with other prisoners and
with people outside. Paper was withheld: he then wrote with his blood on
a handkerchief; he was forbidden by the lieutenant of police to write to
him with his blood, so he wrote on tablets made of bread crumbs, which
he passed out secretly between two plates.
The use of paper was then restored to him, which did not prevent him
from writing to Berryer: "My lord, I am writing to you with my blood on
linen, because the officers refuse me ink and paper; it is now more than
six times that I have asked in vain to speak to them. What are you
about, my lord? Do not drive me to extremities. At least, do not force
me to be my own executioner. Send a sentry to break my head for me; that
is the very least favour you can do me." Berryer, astonished at this
missive, remarked on it to the major, who replied: "I have not refused
paper to Danry."
[Illustration:
Beginning of a letter written with blood on linen by Danry (Latude)
while a prisoner at Vincennes, to Rougemont, the king's lieutenant.
]
So the prisoner forced them more and more to the conclusion that he was
a madman. On October 13, 1753, he wrote to Dr. Quesnay to tell him that
he wished him well, but that being too poor to give him anything else,
he was making him a present of his body, which was on the point of
perishing, for him to make a skeleton of. To the paper on which he
wrote, Danry had sewn a little square of cloth, adding: "God has given
the garments of martyrs the virtue of healing all manner of diseases. It
is now fifty-seven months since I have been suffering an enforced
martyrdom. So there is no doubt that to-day the cloth of my coat will
work miracles; here is a bit for you." This letter was returned to the
lieutenant of police in December, and on it we find a marginal note in
Berryer's hand: "A letter worth keeping, as it reveals the prisoner's
mind." We know in what fashion madmen were wont to be treated in the
eighteenth century.
But suddenly, to the great astonishment of the officers of the château,
our two friends amended their character and their conduct. No more
noises were heard in their room, and they answered politely anyone who
came to speak to them. But their behaviour was even more odd than ever.
Allègre used to walk up and down the room half naked, "to save his
toggery," he said, and he sent letter after letter to his brother and
the lieutenant of police, asking them to send him things, particularly
shirts and handkerchiefs. Danry followed suit. "This prisoner," wrote
Chevalier to the lieutenant of police, "is asking for linen. I shall not
make a requisition, because he has seven very good shirts, four of them
new; he has shirts on the brain." But why decline to humour a prisoner's
whim? So the commissary of the Bastille had two dozen expensive shirts
made--every one cost twenty livres, more than thirty-three shillings of
our money--and some handkerchiefs of the finest cambric.
If the wardrobe-keeper of the Bastille had kept her eyes open, she would
have noticed that the serviettes and cloths which went into the room of
the two companions were of much smaller dimensions when they came out.
Our friends had established communication with their neighbours above
and below, begging twine and thread from them and giving tobacco in
exchange. They had succeeded in loosening the iron bars which prevented
climbing up the chimney; at night they used to mount to the platforms,
whence they conversed down the chimneys with prisoners in the other
towers. One of these hapless creatures believed himself to be a prophet
of God; he heard at night the sound of a voice descending upon his cold
hearth: he revealed the miracle to the officers, who only considered him
still more insane than before. On the terrace Allègre and Danry found
the tools left there in the evening by the masons and gardeners employed
at the Bastille. Thus they got possession of a mallet, an auger, two
sorts of pulleys, and some bits of iron taken from the gun-carriages.
All these they concealed in the hollow between the floor of their room
and the ceiling of the room below.
Allègre and Danry escaped from the Bastille on the night of February 25,
1756. They climbed up the chimney till they reached the platform, and
descended by means of their famous rope ladder, fastened to a
gun-carriage. A wall separated the Bastille moat from that of the
Arsenal. By the aid of an iron bar they succeeded in working out a large
stone, and they escaped through the hole thus made. Their rope ladder
was a work of long patience and amazing skill. When in after days
Allègre went mad, Danry appropriated the whole credit of this
enterprise which his friend had conceived and directed.
At the moment of leaving, Allègre had written on a scrap of paper, for
the officers of the Bastille, the following note, which is an excellent
indication of his character:--
"We have done no damage to the furniture of the governor, we have only
made use of a few rags of coverlets of no possible use; the others are
left just as they were. If some serviettes are missing, they will be
found at the bottom of the water in the great moat, whither we are
taking them to wipe our feet.
"_Non nobis, Domine, non nobis, sed nomini tuo da gloriam!_
"_Scito cor nostrum et cognosce semitas nostras._"[46]
Our two companions had provided themselves with a portmanteau, and they
made haste to change their clothes as soon as they had cleared the
precincts of the fortress. A foreman of works whom Danry knew interested
himself in them, and conducted them to one Rouit, a tailor, who lodged
them for some little time. Rouit even lent Danry forty-eight livres,
which he promised to return as soon as he reached Brussels. At the end
of a month our two friends were across the frontier.
It is very difficult to follow Danry's proceedings from the time when he
left Rouit to the moment of his reincarceration in the Bastille. He has
left, it is true, two accounts of his sojourn in Flanders and Holland;
but these accounts are themselves inconsistent, and both differ from
some original documents which remain to us.
The two fugitives had considered it advisable not to set out together.
Allègre was the first to arrive at Brussels, whence he wrote an insolent
letter to Madame de Pompadour. This letter led to his discovery. On
reaching Brussels, Danry learnt that his friend had been arrested. He
lost no time in making for Holland, and at Amsterdam he took service
with one Paul Melenteau. From Rotterdam he had written to his mother,
and the poor creature, collecting her little savings, sent him 200
livres by post. But Saint-Marc had already struck on the track of the
fugitive. "The burgomaster of Amsterdam readily and gladly granted the
request made by Saint-Marc on behalf of the king, through the
ambassador, for the arrest and extradition of Danry." Louis XV. confined
himself to claiming him as one of his subjects. Saint-Marc, disguised as
an Armenian merchant, discovered him in his retreat. Danry was arrested
in Amsterdam on June 1, 1756, conducted to a cell belonging to the town
hall, and thence brought back to France and consigned to the Bastille on
June 9. Word came from Holland that Saint-Marc was there regarded as a
sorcerer.
By his second escape the unhappy man had succeeded in making his case
very serious. In the eighteenth century, escape from a state prison was
punishable with death. The English, great apostles of humanity as they
were, were no more lenient than the French; and everyone knows what
treatment was meted out by Frederick II. to Baron de Trenck. He was to
have remained in prison only one year; but after his second escape he
was chained up in a gloomy dungeon; at his feet was the grave in which
he was to be buried, and on it his name and a death's-head had been cut.
The government of Louis XV. did not punish with such rigour as this. The
fugitive was simply put in the cells for a time. At the Bastille the
cells were damp and chilly dungeons. Danry has left in his _Memoirs_ an
account of the forty months spent in this dismal place,--an account
which makes one's hair stand on end; but it is packed full of
exaggeration. He says that he spent three years with irons on his hands
and feet: in November, 1756, Berryer offered to remove the irons from
either hands or feet at his choice, and we see from a marginal note by
Major Chevalier that he chose the feet. Danry adds that he lay all
through the winter on straw without any coverlet: he was actually so
well supplied with coverlets that he applied to Berryer for some others.
To believe him you would think that when the Seine was in flood the
water rose as high as his waist: as a fact, when the water threatened to
invade the cell, the prisoner was removed. Again, he says that he passed
there forty months in absolute darkness: the light of his prison was
certainly not very brilliant, but it was sufficient to enable him to
read and write, and we learn from letters he sent to the lieutenant of
police that he saw from his cell all that went on in the courtyard of
the Bastille. Finally, he tells us of a variety of diseases he
contracted at the time, and cites in this connection the opinion of an
oculist who came to attend him. But this very report was forged by Danry
himself, and the rest he invented to match.
In this cell, where he professes to have been treated in so barbarous a
manner, Danry, however, proved difficult enough to deal with, as we
judge from the reports of Chevalier. "Danry has a thoroughly nasty
temper; he sends for us at eight o'clock in the morning, and asks us to
send warders to the market to buy him fish, saying that he never eats
eggs, artichokes, or spinach, and that he insists on eating fish; and
when we refuse, he flies into a furious passion." That was on fast days;
on ordinary days it was the same. "Danry swore like a trooper, that is,
in his usual way, and after the performance said to me: 'Major, when you
give me a fowl, at least let it be stuffed!'" He was not one of the
vulgar herd, he said, "one of those fellows you send to Bicêtre." And he
demanded to be treated in a manner befitting his condition.
It was just the same with regard to clothes. One is amazed at the sight
of the lists of things the lieutenant of police got made for him. To
give him satisfaction, the administration did not stick at the most
unreasonable expense, and it was by selling these clothes that Danry, at
his various escapes, procured a part of the money he was so much in
need of. He suffered from rheumatism, so they provided him with
dressing-gowns lined with rabbit-skin, vests lined with silk plush,
gloves and fur hats, and first-rate leather breeches. In his _Memoirs_
Danry lumps all these as "half-rotten rags." Rochebrune, the commissary
charged with the prisoners' supplies, was quite unable to satisfy him.
"You instructed me," he wrote to the major, "to get a dressing-gown made
for the Sieur Danry, who asks for a calamanco with red stripes on a blue
ground. I have made inquiries for such stuff of a dozen tradesmen, who
have no such thing, and indeed would be precious careful not to have it,
for there is no sale for that kind of calamanco. I don't see why I
should satisfy the fantastic tastes of a prisoner who ought to be very
well pleased at having a dressing-gown that is warm and well-fitting."
On another occasion, the major writes: "This man Danry has never up to
the present consented to accept the breeches that M. de Rochebrune got
made for him, though they are excellent, lined with good leather, with
silk garters, and in the best style." And Danry had his own pretty way
of complaining. "I beg you," he wrote to the governor, "to have the
goodness to tell M. de Sartine in plain terms that the four
handkerchiefs he sent me are not fit to give to a galley-slave, and I
will not have them on any account; but that I request him kindly to give
me six print handkerchiefs, blue, and large, and two muslin cravats." He
adds, "If there is no money in the treasury, go and ask Madame de
Pompadour for some."
One day Danry declared that something was wrong with his eyes.
Grandjean, the king's oculist, came more than once to see him, ordered
aromatic fumigations for him, gave him ointments and eye-salve; but it
was soon seen that all that was wrong was that Danry desired to get a
spy-glass, and to smuggle out, with the doctor's assistance, memoirs and
letters.
On September 1, 1759, Danry was removed from the cells and placed in a
more airy chamber. He wrote at once to Bertin to thank him, and to tell
him that he was sending him two doves. "You delight in doing good, and I
shall have no less delight, my lord, if you favour me by accepting this
slight mark of my great gratitude.
"Tamerlaine allowed himself to be disarmed by a basket of figs presented
to him by the inhabitants of a town he was proceeding to besiege. The
Marquise de Pompadour is a Christian lady; I beg you to allow me to send
her also a pair: perhaps she will allow her heart to be touched by these
two innocent pigeons. I append a copy of the letter which will accompany
them:--
"'MADAM,--Two pigeons used to come every day to pick grains out of
my straw; I kept them, and they gave me young ones. I venture to
take the liberty of presenting you with this pair as a mark of my
respect and affection. I beseech you in mercy to be good enough to
accept them, with as much pleasure as I have in offering them to
you. I have the honour to be, with the profoundest respect, Madam,
your very humble and obedient servant,
"'DANRY, for eleven years at the Bastille.'"
Why did not Danry always make so charming a use of the permission
accorded him to write to the minister, the lieutenant of police, Madame
de Pompadour, Dr. Quesnay, and his mother? He wrote incessantly, and we
have letters of his in hundreds, widely differing one from another. Some
are suppliant and pathetic: "My body is wasting away every day in tears
and blood, I am worn out." He writes to Madame de Pompadour:--"Madam,--I
have never wished you anything but well; be then sensible to the voice
of tears, of my innocence, and of a poor despairing mother of sixty-six
years. Madam, you are well aware of my martyrdom. I beg you in God's
name to grant me my precious liberty; I am spent, I am dying, my blood
is all on fire by reason of my groaning; twenty times in the night I am
obliged to moisten my mouth and nostrils to get my breath." Everyone
knows the famous letter beginning with the words, "I have been suffering
now for 100,000 hours." He writes to Quesnay: "I present myself to you
with a live coal upon my head, indicating my pressing necessity." The
images he uses are not always so happy: "Listen," he says to Berryer,
"to the voice of the just bowels with which you are arrayed"!
In other letters the prisoner alters his tone; to plaints succeed cries
of rage and fury, "he steeps his pen in the gall with which his soul is
saturated." He no longer supplicates, he threatens. There is nothing to
praise in the style of these epistles: it is incorrect and vulgar,
though at times vigorous and coloured with vivid imagery. To the
lieutenant of police he writes: "When a man is to be punished in this
accursed prison, the air is full of it, the punishments fall quicker
than the thunderbolt; but when it is a case of succouring a man who is
unfortunate, I see nothing but crabs;" and he addresses to him these
lines of Voltaire:--
"Perish those villains born, whose hearts of steel
No touch of ruth for others' woes can feel."
He predicts terrible retribution for the ministers, the magistrates, and
Madame de Pompadour. To her he writes: "You will see yourself one day
like that owl in the park of Versailles; all the birds cast water upon
him to choke him, to drown him; if the king chanced to die, before two
hours were past someone would set five or six persons at your heels, and
you would yourself pack to the Bastille." The accused by degrees becomes
transformed into the accuser; he writes to Sartine: "I am neither a dog
nor a criminal, but a man like yourself." And the lieutenant of police,
taking pity on him, writes on one of these letters sent to the minister
of Paris: "When Danry writes thus, it is not that he is mad, but frantic
from long imprisonment." The magistrate counsels the prisoner "to keep
out of his letters all bitterness, which can only do him harm." Bertin
corrected with his own hand the petitions Danry sent to the Marquise de
Pompadour; in the margin of one of them we read, "I should think I was
prejudicing him and his interests if I sent on to Madame de Pompadour a
letter in which he ventures to reproach her with having _abused his good
faith and confidence_." Having amended the letter, the lieutenant of
police himself carried it to Versailles.
The years of captivity, far from humbling the prisoner and abasing his
pride, only made him the more arrogant; his audacity grew from day to
day, and he was not afraid of speaking to the lieutenants of police
themselves, who knew his history, about his fortune which had been
ruined, his brilliant career which had been cut short, his whole family
plunged into despair. At first the magistrate would shrug his shoulders;
insensibly he would be won over by these unwavering assertions, by this
accent of conviction; and he ends actually by believing in this high
birth, this fortune, this genius, in all which Danry had perhaps come to
believe himself. Then Danry takes a still higher tone: he claims not
only his freedom, but compensation, large sums of money, honours. But
one must not think that this sprang from a sordid sentiment unworthy of
him: "If I propose compensation, my lord, it is not for the sake of
getting money, it is only so that I may smooth away all the obstacles
which may delay the end of my long suffering."
In return, he is very ready to give the lieutenant of police some good
advice--to indicate the means of advancement in his career, to show him
how to set about getting appointed secretary of state, to compose for
him the speech he is to make to the king at his first audience. He adds:
"This very time is extremely favourable to you; it is the auspicious
hour: profit by it. Before they take horse on the day of rejoicing for
the conclusion of peace, you ought to be a counsellor of state."
He is very ready also to send to the king schemes conceived in his
prison for the welfare of the realm. Now it is a suggestion to give
sergeants and officers on the battlefield muskets instead of spontoons
and pikes, by which the French arms would be strengthened by 25,000 good
fusiliers. Now it is a suggestion for increasing postal facilities,
which would augment the resources of the Treasury by several millions
every year. He recommends the erection of public granaries in the
principal towns, and draws up plans of battle for giving unheard-of
strength to a column of men three deep. We might mention other and
better suggestions. These notions were drowned in a flood of words, an
unimaginable wealth of verbiage, with parallels drawn from the history
of all periods and every country. His manuscripts were illustrated with
pen and ink sketches. Danry copied and recopied them incessantly, sent
them to all and sundry in all sorts of forms, persuaded the sentinels
that these lofty conceptions intimately concerned the safety of the
state and would win him an immense fortune. Thus he induced these good
fellows to compromise their situation by carrying the papers secretly to
ministers, members of the Parlement, marshals of France; he threw them
from the windows of his room, and, wrapped in snowballs, from the top of
the towers. These memoirs are the work of a man whose open and active
mind, of incredible activity indeed, plans, constructs, invents without
cessation or repose.
Among these bundles of papers we have discovered a very touching letter
from the prisoner's mother, Jeanneton Aubrespy, who wrote to her son
from Montagnac on June 14, 1759:--
"Do not do me the injustice of thinking that I have forgotten you,
my dear son, my loving son. Could I shut you out of my thoughts,
you whom I bear always in my heart? I have always had a great
longing to see you again, but to-day I long more than ever, I am
constantly concerned for you, I think of nothing but you, I am
wholly filled with you. Do not worry, my dear son; that is the only
favour I ask of you. Your misfortunes will come to an end, and
perhaps it is not far off. I hope that Madame de Pompadour will
pardon you; for that I am trying to win heaven and earth over to
your cause. The Lord is putting my submission and yours to a long
test, so as to make us better realize the worth of His favour. Do
not distress yourself, my son. I hope to have the happiness of
receiving you again, and of embracing you more tenderly than ever.
Adieu, my son, my dear son, my loving son, I love you, and I shall
love you dearly to the grave. I beg you to give me news of your
health. I am, and always shall be, your good mother,
DAUBRESPI, _widow_."
Is not this letter charming in its artless pathos? The son's reply is
equally touching; but on reading it again one feels that it was to pass
under the eyes of the lieutenant of police; on examining it closely, one
sees the sentiments grimacing between the lines.
No one knew better than Danry how to play on the souls of others, to
awake in them, at his will, pity or tenderness, astonishment or
admiration. No one has surpassed him in the art, difficult in very
truth, of posing as a hero, a genius, and a martyr, a part that we shall
see him sustain for twenty years without faltering.
In 1759 there entered upon the office of lieutenant of police a man who
was henceforth to occupy Danry's mind almost exclusively--Gabriel de
Sartine. He was a fine sceptic, of amiable character and pleasing
manners. He was loved by the people of Paris, who boasted of his
administrative abilities and his spirit of justice. He exerted himself
in his turn to render the years of captivity less cruel to Danry. "He
allowed me," writes the latter, "what no other State prisoner has ever
obtained, the privilege of walking along the top of the towers, in the
open air, to preserve my health." He cheered the prisoner with genial
words, and urged him to behave well and no longer to fill his letters
with insults. "Your fate," he told him, "is in your own hands." He
looked into Danry's scheme for the construction of public granaries, and
when he had read it said, "Really, there are excellent things, most
excellent things in it." He visited Danry in prison and promised to do
his utmost to obtain his liberation. He himself put into the hands of
Madame de Pompadour the _Grand Mémoire_ which Danry had drawn up for
her. In this memorial the prisoner told the favourite that in return for
a service he had rendered her in sending her a "hieroglyphic symbol" to
put her on her guard against the machinations of her enemies, she had
caused him to suffer unjustly for twelve years. Moreover, he would now
only accept his freedom along with an indemnity of 60,000 livres. He
added: "Be on your guard! When your prisoners get out and publish your
cruelties abroad, they will make you hateful to heaven and the whole
earth!" It is not surprising that this _Grand Mémoire_ had practically
no result. Sartine promised that he would renew his efforts on his
behalf. "If, unhappily, you should meet with some resistance to the
entreaties you are about to make for me," wrote Danry, "I take the
precaution of sending you a copy of the scheme I sent to the king."
(This was the memorial suggesting that muskets should be given to the
officers and sergeants.) "Now the king has been putting my scheme in
operation for five years or more, and he will continue to avail himself
of it every time we are at war." Sartine proceeded to Versailles, this
marvellous scheme in his pocket. He showed it to the ministers and
pleaded on behalf of this protégé of his who, from the depths of his
dungeon, was doing his country service. But on his return he wrote to
the major of the Bastille a note in regard to Danry, in which we read:
"They have not made use, as he believes, of his military scheme."
Danry had asked several times to be sent to the colonies. In 1763 the
government was largely occupied with the colonization of La Désirade. We
find a letter of June 23, 1763, in which Sartine proposes to send Danry
to La Désirade "with an introduction to the commanding officer." But
nothing came of these proposals.
* * * * *
All his life, Danry sought to compass his ends by the aid of women. He
was well aware of all the tenderness and devotion there is in these
light heads; he knew that sentiment is always stronger in them than
reason: "I was always looking out for women, and wished to find young
women, for their gentle and loving soul is more susceptible of pity;
misfortune moves them, stirs in them a more lively interest; their
impressionability is less quickly dulled, and so they are capable of
greater efforts."
While taking his walk on the towers of the Bastille in the fresh morning
air, he tried by means of gestures and signals to open relations with
the people of the neighbourhood. "One day I noticed two young persons
working alone in a room, whose countenances struck me as pretty and
gentle. I was not deceived. One of them having glanced in my direction,
I wafted her with my hand a salutation which I endeavoured to make
respectful and becoming, whereupon she told her sister, who instantly
looked at me too. I then saluted them both in the same manner, and they
replied to me with an appearance of interest and kindliness. From that
moment we set up a sort of correspondence between us." The girls were
two good-looking laundresses named Lebrun, the daughters of a wigmaker.
And our rogue, the better to stimulate the little fools to enthusiastic
service in his behalf, knocked at the door of their young hearts,
willing enough to fly open. He spoke to them of youth, misfortune,
love--and also of his fortune, prodigious, he said, the half of which he
offered them. Glowing with ardour, the girls spared for him neither
time, nor trouble, nor what little money they had.
The prisoner had put them in possession of several of his schemes, among
others the military one, with letters for certain writers and persons of
importance, and in addition a "terrible" indictment of Madame de
Pompadour for the king, in which "her birth and her shame, all her
thefts and cruelties were laid bare." He begged the girls to have
several copies made, which they were then to send to the addresses
indicated. Soon large black crosses daubed on a neighbouring wall
informed the prisoner that his instructions had been carried out. Danry
seems no longer to have doubted that his woes were coming to an end,
that the gates of the Bastille were about to fly open before him, and
that he would triumphantly leave the prison only to enter a palace of
fortune: _Parta victoria!_[47] he exclaims in a burst of happiness.
And so we come to one of the most extraordinary episodes in this strange
life.
In December, 1763, the Marquise of Pompadour was taken seriously ill.
"An officer of the Bastille came up to my room and said to me: 'Sir,
write four words to the Marquise de Pompadour, and you may be sure that
in less than a week you will have recovered your freedom.' I replied to
the major that prayers and tears only hardened the heart of that cruel
woman, and that I would not write to her. However, he came back next day
with the same story, and I replied in the same terms as on the previous
day. Scarcely had he gone than Daragon, my warder, came into my room and
said: 'Believe the major when he tells you that within a week you will
be free: if he tells you so, depend upon it he is sure of it.' Next day
but one the officer came to me for the third time: 'Why are you so
obstinate?' I thanked him--it was Chevalier, major of the Bastille--for
the third time, telling him that I would sooner die than write again to
that implacable shrew.
"Six or eight days after, my two young ladies came and kissed their
hands to me, at the same time displaying a roll of paper on which were
written in large characters the words: 'Madame de Pompadour is dead!'
The Marquise de Pompadour died on April 19, 1764, and two months
afterwards, on June 19, M. de Sartine came to the Bastille and gave me
an audience; the first thing he said was that we would say no more about
the past, but that at the earliest moment he would go to Versailles and
demand of the minister the justice which was my due." And we find, in
truth, among the papers of the lieutenant of police, the following note,
dated June 18, 1764: "M. Duval (one of the lieutenant's secretaries)--to
propose at the first inspection that Danry be liberated and exiled to
his own part of the country."
Returning to his room, Danry reflected on these developments; for the
lieutenant of police to show so much anxiety for his liberation was
evidently a sign that he was afraid of him, and that his memorials had
reached their destination and achieved their end. But he would be a
great ass to be satisfied with a mere liberation: "100,000 livres" would
scarcely suffice to throw oblivion over the injustices with which he had
been overwhelmed.
He revolved these thoughts in his head for several days. To accept
freedom at the hands of his persecutors would be to pardon the past, a
mistake he would never fall into. The door opened, the major entered,
bearing in his hand a note written by de Sartine: "You will tell County
Number 4 that I am working for his effectual liberation." The officer
went out; Danry immediately sat down at his table and wrote to the
lieutenant of police a letter replete with threats, insults, and
obscenity. The original is lost, but we have an abstract made by Danry
himself. He concluded with leaving to Sartine a choice: "he was either a
mere lunatic, or else had allowed himself to be corrupted like a villain
by the gold of the Marquis de Marigny, the Marquise de Pompadour's
brother."
"When Sartine received my letter, he wrote an answer which the major
brought and read to me, in which these were his very words: that I was
wrong to impute to him the length of my imprisonment, that if he had had
his way I should long ago have been set free; and he ended by telling me
that there was Bedlam for the mad. On which I said to the major: 'We
shall see in a few days whether he will have the power to put me in
Bedlam.' He did not deprive me of my walk on the towers; nine days
after, he put me in the cells on bread and water." But Danry was not
easily put out. No doubt they were only meaning to put his assurance to
the test. He went down to his cell singing, and for several days
continued to manifest the most confident gaiety.
From that moment the prisoner made himself insufferable to his
guardians. It was yells and violence from morning to night. He filled
the whole Bastille with bursts of his "voice of thunder." Major
Chevalier wrote to Sartine: "This prisoner would wear out the patience
of the saintliest monk"; again: "He is full of gall and bitterness, he
is poison pure and simple"; once more: "This prisoner is raving mad."
The lieutenant of police suggested to Saint-Florentin, the minister, to
transfer Danry to the keep of Vincennes. He was conducted there on the
night of September 15, 1764. We are now entering on a new phase of his
life. We shall find him still more wretched than in the past, but
constantly swelling his demands and pretensions, and with reason, for he
is now, mark you, a nobleman! He had learnt from a sentinel of the
Bastille of the death of Henri Vissec de la Tude, lieutenant-colonel of
a dragoon regiment, who had died at Sedan on January 31, 1761. From that
day he determined that he was the son of that officer. And what were his
reasons? Vissec de la Tude was from his own part of the country, he was
a nobleman and rich, and he was dead. These arguments Danry considered
excellent. He was, however, in complete ignorance of all that concerned
his father and his new family; he did not know even the name "Vissec de
la Tude," of which he made "Masers de la Tude"; Masers was the name of
an estate belonging to Baron de Fontès, a relation of Henri de Vissec.
The latter was not a marquis, as Danry believed, but simply a chevalier;
he died leaving six sons, whilst Danry represents him as dying without
issue. It goes without saying that all that our hero relates about his
father in his _Memoirs_ is pure invention. The Chevalier de la Tude
never knew of the existence of the son of Jeanneton Aubrespy, and when
in later years Danry asked the children to recognize him as their
natural brother, his pretensions were rejected. Nevertheless our
gentleman will henceforth sign his letters and memoirs "Danry, or rather
Henri Masers d'Aubrespy," then "de Masers d'Aubrespy," then "de Masers
de la Tude." When Danry had once got an idea in his head, he never let
it go. He repeated it unceasingly until he had forced it upon the
conviction of all about him--pertinacity which cannot fail to excite our
admiration. In the patent of Danry's pension of 400 livres granted by
Louis XVI. in 1784, the king calls the son of poor Jeanneton "Vicomte
Masers de la Tude."
As may well be imagined, the Vicomte de la Tude could not accept his
liberty on the same terms as Danry. The latter would have been satisfied
with 60,000 livres: the viscount demands 150,000 and the cross of St.
Louis to boot. So he writes to the lieutenant of police. Sartine was too
sensible a man to be long obdurate to the prisoner on account of these
extravagances. "I was transferred to the keep of Vincennes on the night
of September 15, 1764. About nine hours after, the late M. de Guyonnet,
king's lieutenant, came and saw me in the presence of the major and the
three warders, and said: 'M. de Sartine has instructed me to inform you,
on his behalf, that provided you behave yourself quietly for a short
time, he will set you free. You have written him a very violent letter,
and you must apologize for it.'" Danry adds: "When all is said and done,
M. de Sartine did treat me well." He granted him for two hours every day
"the extraordinary promenade of the moats." "When a lieutenant of
police," says Danry, "granted this privilege to a prisoner, it was with
the object of promptly setting him free." On November 23, 1765, Danry
was walking thus, in company with a sentinel, outside the keep. The fog
was dense. Turning suddenly towards his keeper, Danry said, "What do you
think of this weather?" "It's very bad." "Well, it's just the weather to
escape in." He took five paces and was out of sight. "I escaped from
Vincennes," writes Danry, "without trickery; an ox would have managed it
as well." But in the speech he delivered later in the National Assembly,
the matter took a new complexion. "Think," he cried, "of the unfortunate
Latude, in his third escape, pursued by twenty soldiers, and yet
stopping and disarming under their very eyes the sentinel who had taken
aim at him!"
* * * * *
When Latude was at large, he found himself without resources, as at his
first escape. "I escaped with my feet in slippers and not a sou in my
pocket; I hadn't a thing to bless myself with." He took refuge with his
young friends, the Misses Lebrun.
In their keeping he found a part of his papers, plans and projects,
memorials and dissertations. He sent "a basketful" of these to Marshal
de Noailles, begging him to continue to honour him with his protection,
and imparting to him "four great discoveries he had just made; first,
the true cause of the tides; secondly, the true cause of mountains, but
for which the globe would be brought to a standstill and become
speedily vitrified; thirdly, the cause of the ceaseless turning of the
globe; fourthly, the cause of the saltness of sea-water." He wrote also
to the Duke de Choiseul, minister of war, in order to obtain a reward
for his military scheme; he wrote making overtures of peace to Sartine:
in return for an advance of 10,000 crowns of the 150,000 livres due to
him, he would overlook the past: "I was resolved," he says, "to stake
all on one cast." In reply, he received a letter naming a house where he
would find 1200 livres obtained for him by Dr. Quesnay. He proceeded to
the address indicated--and was there captured.
He was at once taken back to Vincennes. He declares that he was about to
be set at liberty at the moment of his escape: and now a new detention
was commencing. We shall not relate in detail the life he was now to
lead. Materially he continued to be well treated, but his mind became
affected, his rages became more and more violent, reaching at last
paroxysms of fury. Here are some extracts from letters and memorials
sent to Sartine: "By all the devils, this is coming it too strong. It is
true, sir, that I'd defy the blackest devils in all hell to teach you
anything in the way of cruelty; and that's but poor praise for you." He
writes on another occasion: "The crime of every one of us is to have
seen through your villainies: we are to perish, are we? how delighted
you would be if some one told you that we had all strangled ourselves in
our cells!" Danry reminds the lieutenant of police of the tortures of
Enguerrand de Marigni, adding: "Remember that more than a thousand
wretches have been broken in the Place de Grève who had not committed
the hundredth part of your crimes."... "Not a single person would be
astonished to see you flayed alive, your skin tanned, and your carcase
thrown into the gutters for the dogs to eat."... "But Monsieur laughs
at everything, Monsieur fears neither God, nor king, nor devil, Monsieur
swills down his crimes like buttermilk!"
In prison Latude wrote memoirs which he filled with calumnies on the
ministers and the court. These memoirs are composed in the most dramatic
style, with an inimitable accent of sincerity. It was known that the
prisoner found a thousand means of sending them outside the walls, and
it was feared that they might be circulated among the populace, whose
minds--the year is 1775--were beginning to ferment. Latude had just been
flung into a cell in consequence of a fresh outbreak against his
jailers. "On March 19, 1775, the king's lieutenant entered, accompanied
by the major and three warders, and said to me: 'I have obtained leave
to let you out of the cell, but on one condition: that you hand over
your papers.'
"'Hand over my papers! I tell you, sir, I'd rather be done to death in
this cell than show the white feather so!'
"'Your trunk is upstairs in your room: I've only to say the word and the
seals would be broken and your papers taken out.'
"I replied: 'Sir, justice has formalities to which you are bound to
conform, and you are not allowed to commit such outrages.'
"He took five or six steps out of the cell, and as I did not call him
back, he came back himself and said: 'Just hand them to me for ten days
to examine them, and I give you my word of honour that at the end of
that time I will have them returned to your room.'
"I replied: 'I will not let you have them for two hours even.'
"'All right,' he said; 'as you won't entrust them to me, you have only
to stay where you are.'"
Latude relates in his _Memoirs_ with great indignation the story of a
flute he had made, on which he used to play, his sole diversion during
the long hours of solitude; his jailers had the barbarity to take it
from him. The governor of the fortress, out of compassion, offered to
restore it. "But it will only be on condition that you play by day only,
and not at night." At this stipulation, writes Latude in his _Rêveries_,
"I could not refrain from bantering him, saying, 'Why, don't you know,
sir, that forbidding a thing is just the way to make me eager for it?'"
And so at Vincennes as at Paris they came to consider Danry as a madman.
Among the books given him for his amusement there were some dealing with
sorcery. These he read and re-read, and from that time onward he saw in
all the incidents of his life nothing but the perpetual intervention of
devils evoked by the witch Madame de Pompadour and her brother the
magician, the Marquis de Marigny.
Sartine came again to see the prisoner on November 8, 1772. Danry begged
him to send a police officer to make a copy of a memorial he had drawn
up for his own justification; to send also an advocate to assist him
with his advice, and a doctor, to examine the state of his health. The
police officer arrived on the 24th. On the 29th, he wrote to the
lieutenant of police: "I have the honour to report that in pursuance of
your orders I proceeded to the château of Vincennes on the 24th curt.,
to hear from Danry something which, he asserts, concerns the minister:
it is impossible to hear anything which concerns him less. He began by
saying that to write all he had to tell me I should have to remain for
three weeks with him. He was bound to tell me the story of 180
sorceries, and I was to copy the story, according to him, from a heap of
papers he drew from a bag, the writing of which is undecipherable."
We know from Danry himself what passed at the visit of the advocate. He
entered the prisoner's room about noon. Danry handed him two memorials
he had drawn up and explained their purport. "Instantly he cut me short,
saying, 'Sir, I have no belief whatever in witchcraft.' I did not give
in, but said, 'Sir, I cannot show you the devil in bodily shape, but I
am very certain I can convince you, by the contents of this memorial,
that the late Marquise de Pompadour was a witch, and that the Marquis de
Marigny, her brother, is at this very time still having dealings with
the devil.'
"The advocate had read but a few pages when he stopped dead, put the
manuscript on the table, and said, as though he had been wakened out of
a deep sleep, 'Would you not like to get out of prison?' I replied:
'There's no doubt of that.' 'And do you intend to remain in Paris, or to
go to your home?' 'When I am free, I shall go home.' 'But have you any
means?' Upon this I took his hand and said: 'My dear sir, I beg you not
to take offence at what I am going to say.' 'Speak on,' he said, 'say
whatever you like, I shall not be offended.' 'Well then, I see very
clearly that the devil has already got hold of you.'"
In the same year, Malesherbes made his celebrated inspection of the
prisons. "This virtuous minister came to see me at the beginning of
August, 1775, and listened to me with the most lively interest." The
historian who has the completest knowledge of everything relating to the
Bastille, François Ravaisson, believed that Malesherbes left the
wretched man in prison out of regard for his colleague Maurepas. "One
would have thought that Maurepas' first act on resuming office would
have been to release his old accomplice." This conjecture is destroyed
by a letter from Malesherbes to the governor of Vincennes: "I am busy,
sir, with the examination of the papers relating to your various
prisoners. Danry, Thorin, and Maréchal are quite mad, according to the
particulars furnished to me, and the two first gave indubitable marks
of madness in my presence."
In consequence, Danry was transferred to Charenton on September 27,
1775, "on account of mental derangement, in virtue of a royal order of
the 23rd of the said month, countersigned by Lamoignon. The king will
pay for his keep." On entering his new abode, Latude took the precaution
to change his name a third time, and signed the register "Danger."
In passing from the fortress of Vincennes to the hospital of Charenton,
Danry thought it was as well to rise still higher in dignity. So we see
him henceforth styling himself "engineer, geographer, and royal
pensioner at Charenton."
His situation was sensibly changed for the better. He speaks of the
kindnesses shown him by the Fathers of La Charité.[48] He had companions
whose society pleased him. Halls were set apart for billiards,
backgammon, and cards. He had company at his meals and in his walks. He
met Allègre, his old fellow-prisoner, whom he came upon among the
dangerous lunatics in the dungeons; Allègre had been removed in 1763
from the Bastille, where he was shattering and destroying everything.
His latest fancy was that he was God. As to Danry, he had taken so
kindly to his rôle as nobleman that to see his aristocratic and
well-to-do air, to hear his conversation, full of reminiscences of his
family and his early life, no one could have doubted that he actually
was the brilliant engineer officer he set up for, who had fallen in the
prime of life a victim to the intrigues of the favourite. He hobnobbed
with the aristocratic section of society at Charenton and struck up an
intimacy with one of his associates, the Chevalier de Moyria, son of a
lieutenant-colonel, and a knight of Saint-Louis.
Meanwhile the Parlement, which sent a commission every year to inspect
the Charenton asylum--a commission before which Danry appeared on two
separate occasions--did not decide that he ought to be set at liberty.
But one fine day in September, 1776, the prior of the Fathers, who took
a quite exceptional interest in the lot of his pensioner, meeting him in
the garden, said to him abruptly: "We are expecting a visit from the
lieutenant of police; get ready a short and taking address to say to
him." The lieutenant of police, Lenoir, saw Danry, and listened to him
attentively, and as the prior's account of him was entirely favourable,
the magistrate promised him his liberty. "Then Father Prudentius, my
confessor, who was behind me, drew me by the arm to get me away, fearing
lest, by some imprudent word, I might undo the good that had been
decided on"--a charming incident, much to the honour of Father
Prudentius.
But on consideration it appeared dangerous to fling so suddenly upon
society a man who would be at a loss how to live, having neither
relatives nor fortune, having no longer the means of gaining a
livelihood, and a man, moreover, whom there was only too much reason to
mistrust. Lenoir asked the prisoner if, once set at liberty, he would
find the wherewithal to assure his existence; if he had any property; if
he could give the names of any persons willing to go bail for him.
What did this mean--_if_ he had any property, _if_ he could find
sureties? He, Masers de Latude! Why, his whole family, when the Marquise
de Pompadour had him put in the Bastille, was occupying a brilliant
position! Why, his mother, of whose death he had had the agony to hear,
had left a house and considerable estates! Latude took his pen, and
without hesitation wrote to M. Caillet, royal notary at Montagnac: "My
dear friend, I would bet ten to one you believe me dead; see how
mistaken you are!... You have but to say the word and before the
carnival is over we shall eat a capital leveret together." And he speaks
to his friend the notary of the fortune left by his mother, and of his
family, who all of them cannot fail to be interested in him. Latude
himself was not greatly astonished at receiving no reply to this
epistle: but it must have passed under the eyes of the lieutenant of
police, and what more did he want?
Latude's new friend, the Chevalier de Moyria, had already been for some
time at liberty. The prisoner hastened to send him a copy of his letter
to the notary. "The reply is a long time coming, M. Caillet is dead,
doubtless." What is to become of him? These twenty-eight years of
captivity have endangered his fortune, have made him lose his friends;
how is he to find the remnant of his scattered family? Happily there
remains to him a friendship, a friendship still recent, but already
strong, in which he places his whole confidence. "Chevalier, it would
only need your intervention to deliver me, by inducing your good mother
to write to M. Lenoir." The Chevalier de Moyria sent an amiable reply.
Danry wrote another and more urgent letter, with such success that not
only the Chevalier's mother, but also an old friend of the Moyria
family, Mercier de Saint-Vigor, a colonel, and controller-general of the
queen's household, intervened, and made applications at Versailles. "On
June 5, 1777, King Louis XVI. restored to me my freedom; I have in my
pocket the warrant under his own hand!"
* * * * *
On leaving Charenton, Danry signed an undertaking to depart immediately
for Languedoc, an undertaking which he did not trouble to fulfil. Paris
was the only city in France where a man of his stamp could thrive. He
was now fifty-two years old, but was still youthful in appearance, full
of go and vigour; his hair, as abundant as it had been in youth, had not
become white. He soon found means of borrowing some money, and then we
see him opening a campaign, exerting himself to get in touch with the
ministers, gaining the protection of the Prince de Beauvau, distributing
memorials in which he claimed a reward for great services rendered, and
launched out into invectives against his oppressors, Sartine in
particular. Minister Amelot sent for him, and in tones of severity
notified him that he was to leave the city at once. Latude did not wait
for the command to be repeated. He had reached Saint-Bris, about a
hundred miles from the capital, when he was suddenly arrested by the
police officer Marais. Brought back to Paris, he was locked up in the
Châtelet on July 16, 1777, and on August 1 conducted to Bicêtre. The
first use he had made of his liberty was to introduce himself to a lady
of quality and extort money from her by menaces. The officer found a
considerable sum in his possession.
Bicêtre was not a state prison like the Bastille and Vincennes, or an
asylum like Charenton; it was the thieves' prison. On entering, Danry
took the precaution of changing his name a fourth time, calling himself
Jedor. He is, moreover, careful in his _Memoirs_ to give us the reason
of this fresh metamorphosis: "I would not sully my father's name by
inscribing it on the register of this infamous place." From this day
there begins for him a truly wretched existence; huddled with criminals,
put on bread and water, his lodging is a cell. But his long martyrdom is
nearing its end: the hour of his apotheosis is at hand!
Louis XVI. had now been on the throne for several years, and France had
become the most impressionable country in the world. Tears flowed at the
slightest provocation. Was it the sentimental literature, which Rousseau
made fashionable, that produced this moving result, or contrariwise, was
the literature successful because it hit the taste of the day? At all
events, the time was ripe for Latude. His recent unlucky experience was
not to dishearten him. On the contrary, it is with a greater energy, a
more poignant emotion, and cries still more heartrending, that he
resumes the story of his interminable sufferings. The victim of cruel
oppressors, of cowardly foes who have their own reasons for smothering
his voice, he will not bend his head under his abominable treatment; he
will remain proud, self-assured, erect before those who load him with
irons!
On the birth of the Dauphin, Louis XVI. resolved to admit his wretched
prisoners to a share of his joy and to pronounce a great number of
pardons. A special commission, composed of eight counsellors of the
Châtelet and presided over by Cardinal de Rohan, sat at Bicêtre. Danry
appeared before it on May 17, 1782. His new judges, as he testifies,
heard his story with interest. But the decision of the commission was
not favourable to him. He was not so much surprised at this as might be
supposed: "The impure breath of vice," he wrote to the Marquis de
Conflans, "has never tainted my heart, but there are magistrates who
would let off guilty men with free pardons rather than expose themselves
to the merited reproach of having committed injustice of the most
revolting kind in keeping innocence for thirty-three years in irons."
Giving rein to the marvellous activity of his brain, he composed at
Bicêtre new schemes, memorials, and accounts of his misfortunes. To the
Marquis de Conflans he sends a scheme for a hydraulic press, "the
homage of an unfortunate nobleman who has grown old in irons"; he
induces the turnkeys to carry memorials to all who may possibly interest
themselves in him. The first to take compassion on him was a priest, the
Abbé Legal, of the parish of St. Roch, and curate of Bicêtre. He visited
him, consoled him, gave him money, showed him attentions. Cardinal de
Rohan also took much interest in him, and sent him some assistance
through his secretary. We are coming at last to Madame Legros. This
wonderful story is so well known that we shall tell it briefly. A
drunken turnkey chanced to lose one of Latude's memorials at a corner of
the Rue des Fossés-Saint-Germain-l'Auxerrois: it was picked up and
opened by a woman, a haberdasher in a small way. Her heart burned within
her as she read of these horrible sufferings, depicted in strokes of
fire. She inspired her husband with her own emotion; henceforth it was
to be the aim in life of these worthy people to effect the unhappy man's
deliverance, and Madame Legros devoted herself to the self-imposed task
with indefatigable ardour, courage, and devotion. "A grand sight," cries
Michelet, "to see this poor, ill-clad woman going from door to door,
paying court to footmen to win entrance into mansions, to plead her
cause before the great, to implore their support!" In many houses she
was well received. President de Gourgues, President de Lamoignon,
Cardinal de Rohan, aided her with their influence. Sartine himself took
steps on behalf of the unhappy man. Two advocates of the Parlement of
Paris, Lacroix and Comeyras, devoted themselves to his cause. Copies
were made of the prisoner's memorials and distributed in every
drawing-room; they penetrated even into the boudoir of the queen. All
hearts were stirred by the accents of this harrowing voice.
The Marquis de Villette, who had become celebrated through the
hospitality he showed to Voltaire when dying, conceived a passionate
enthusiasm for Danry. He sent his steward to Bicêtre to offer him a
pension of 600 livres on the sole condition of the prisoner's leaving
his case entirely in the Marquis's hands. Latude received this singular
proposal with becoming dignity. "For two years a poor woman has been
devoting herself to my cause. I should be an ungrateful wretch if I did
not leave my fate in her hands." He knew that this pension would not
escape him, and it was not for 600 livres that he would have consented
to rob his story of the touching and romantic features it was
increasingly assuming.
Further, the French Academy actually intervenes! D'Alembert is all fire
and flame. From this time a stream of visitors of the highest
distinction flows through the squalid prison. At length the king himself
is led to look into the affair. He has the documentary evidence brought
to him and examines it carefully. With what anxiety everyone awaits his
decision! But Louis XVI., now acquainted with the case, replies that
Latude will be released--_never_! At this decree, to all appearance
irrevocable, all the prisoner's friends lose heart, except Madame
Legros. The queen and Madame Necker are on her side. In 1783, Breteuil,
the queen's man, comes into power; on March 24, 1784, the release is
signed! The Vicomte de Latude receives a pension of 400 livres, but is
exiled to his own part of the country. New importunities, new
applications; at last they succeed: Latude is free to live in Paris!
This is the grandest period in the life of a great man! Latude is soon
in occupation of a modest but decent and well-ordered suite of rooms on
the fourth floor. He lives with his two benefactors, M. and Madame
Legros, petted, spoilt in a thousand ways. The Duchess of Beauvau has
obtained for Madame Legros from Calonne, out of funds intended for the
support of distressed gentlefolk, a pension of 600 livres: the Duchess
of Kingston[49] grants a pension of the same amount. In addition to the
royal pension, Latude receives 500 livres a year from President Dupaty
and 300 from the Duke d'Ayen. Moreover, a public subscription is opened,
and the list is filled with the greatest names in France. An agreeable
competency is assured to the Legros couple and their adopted son. At its
sitting on March 24, the French Academy solemnly awarded the Montyon
prize to the valiant little haberdasher. "The Dame Legros came to
receive the medal amid the acclamations of the whole assembly."
The name of Latude is on everyone's lips; he wins admiration and pity on
all sides. Ladies of the highest society are not above mounting to the
fourth story, accompanied by their daughters, to bring the poor man "aid
in money, with their tears." The hero has left a complacent description
of the throng: duchesses, marchionesses, grandees of Spain, wearers of
the cross of St. Louis, presidents of the Parlement, all these met at
his house. Sometimes there were six or eight persons in his room.
Everyone listened to his story and lavished on him marks of the most
affectionate compassion, and no one failed before going away "to leave a
mark of his sensibility." The wives of Marshals de Luxembourg and de
Beauvau, the Duchess de la Rochefoucauld, the Countess de Guimont, were
among the most zealous. "Indeed," says our hero, "it would be extremely
difficult for me to tell which of these countesses, marchionesses,
duchesses, and princesses had the most humane, the most compassionate
heart."
Thus Latude became one of the lions of Paris: strangers flocked to his
lodging, hostesses ran off with him. At table, when he spoke, all voices
were hushed with an air of deference and respect; in the drawing-room
you would find him seated in a gilt chair near the fireplace where great
logs were blazing, and surrounded by a thick cluster of bright, silky,
rustling robes. The Chevalier de Pougens, son of the Prince de Conti,
pressed him to come and stay at his house; Latude graciously consented.
The American ambassador, the illustrious Jefferson, invited him to
dinner.
Latude has himself described this enchanted life: "Since I left prison,
the greatest lords of France have done me the honour of inviting me to
eat with them, but I have not found a single house--except that of the
Comte d'Angevillier, where you could meet men of wit and learning in
scores, and receive all sorts of civilities on the part of the countess;
and that of M. Guillemot, keeper of the royal palaces, one of the most
charming families to be found in Paris--where you are more at your ease
than with the Marquis de Villette.
"When a man has felt, as I have felt, the rage of hunger, he always
begins by speaking of his food. The Marquis de Villette possesses a cook
who is a match for the most skilful in his art: in a word, his table is
first-rate. At the tables of the dukes and peers and marshals of France
there is eternal ceremony, and everyone speaks like a book, whereas at
that of the Marquis de Villette, men of wit and learning always form the
majority of the company. All the first-class musicians have a cover set
at his table, and on at least three days of the week he gives a little
concert."
On August 26, 1788, died one of the benefactresses of Latude, the
Duchess of Kingston, who did not fail to mention her protégé in her
will. We see him dutifully assisting at the sale of the lady's furniture
and effects. He even bought a few things, giving a _louis d' or_ in
payment. Next day, the sale being continued, the auctioneer handed the
coin back to Latude: it was bad. Bad! What! did they take the Vicomte de
Latude for a sharper? The coin bad! Who, he would like to know, had the
insolence to make "an accusation so derogatory to his honour and his
reputation?" Latude raised his voice, and the auctioneer threatened to
bundle him out of the room. The insolent dog! "Bundle out rogues, not
gentlemen!" But the auctioneer sent for the police, who put "the Sieur
de Latude ignominiously outside." He went off calmly, and the same day
summoned the auctioneer before the Châtelet tribunal, "in order to get a
reparation as authoritative as the defamation had been public."
In the following year (1789) Latude made a journey into England. He had
taken steps to sue Sartine, Lenoir, and the heirs of Madame de Pompadour
in the courts in order to obtain the damages due to him. In England, he
drew up a memorandum for Sartine, in which he informed the late
lieutenant of police of the conditions on which he would withdraw his
actions. "M. de Sartine, you will give me, as compensation for all the
harm and damage you have made me suffer unjustly, the sum of 900,000
livres; M. Lenoir, 600,000 livres; the heirs of the late Marquise de
Pompadour and Marquis de Menars, 100,000 crowns; in all, 1,800,000
livres;" that is to say, about £160,000 in English money of to-day.
[Illustration: LATUDE.
_From the Painting by Vestier (Hôtel Carnavalet)._]
The Revolution broke out. If the epoch of Louis XVI., with its mildness
and fellow-feeling, had been favourable to our hero, the Revolution
seems to have been ordained on purpose for him. The people rose against
the tyranny of kings: the towers of the Bastille were overthrown.
Latude, the victim of kings, the victim of the Bastille and arbitrary
warrants, was about to appear in all his glory.
He hastened to throw into the gutter his powdered peruque and viscount's
frock; listen to the revolutionist, fierce, inflexible, indomitable,
_uncompromising_: "Frenchmen, I have won the right to tell you the
truth, and if you are free, you cannot but love to hear it.
"For thirty-five years I meditated in dungeons on the audacity and
insolence of despots; with loud cries I was calling down vengeance, when
France in indignation rose up as one man in one sublime movement and
levelled despotism with the dust. The will to be free is what makes a
nation free; and you have proved it. But to preserve freedom a nation
must make itself worthy of it, and that is what remains for you to do!"
In the Salon of 1789 there were two portraits of Latude with the famous
ropeladder. Below one of these portraits, by Vestier, a member of the
Royal Academy, these lines were engraved:--
Instruit par ses malheurs et sa captivité
A vaincre des tyrans les efforts et la rage,
Il apprit aux Français comment le vrai courage
Peut conquérir la liberté.[50]
In 1787 the Marquis de Beaupoil-Saint-Aulaire had written, inspired by
Latude himself, the story of the martyr's captivity. Of this book two
editions appeared in the same year. In 1789 Latude published the
narrative of his escape from the Bastille, as well as his _Grand
Mémoire_ to the Marquise de Pompadour; finally, in 1790 appeared
_Despotism Unmasked, or the Memoirs of Henri Masers de Latude_, edited
by the advocate Thiéry. The book was dedicated to La Fayette. On the
first page we see a portrait of the hero, his face proud and energetic,
one hand on the ropeladder, the other extended towards the Bastille
which workmen are in the act of demolishing. "I swear," says the author
at the commencement, "that I will not relate one fact which is not
true." The work is a tissue of calumnies and lies; and what makes a most
painful impression on the reader is to see this man disowning his
mother, forgetting the privations she endured out of love for her son,
and ascribing the credit of what little the poor thing could do for her
child to a Marquis de la Tude, knight of St. Louis, and
lieutenant-colonel of the Orleans Dragoons!
But the book vibrates with an incomparable accent of sincerity and of
that profound emotion which Latude knew so well how to infuse into all
those with whom he had to do. In 1793, twenty editions had been
exhausted, the work had been translated into several languages; the
journals had no praise strong enough for the boldness and genius of the
author; the _Mercure de France_ proclaimed that henceforth it was a
parent's duty to teach his children to read in this sublime work; a copy
was sent to all the departments, accompanied by a model of the Bastille
by the architect Palloy. With good reason could Latude exclaim in the
National Assembly: "I have not a little contributed to the Revolution
and to its consolidation."
Latude was not the man to neglect opportunities so favourable. To begin
with, he sought to get his pension augmented, and presented to the
Constituent Assembly a petition backed by representative Bouche. But
Camus, "rugged Camus," president of the committee appointed to
investigate the matter, decided on rejection; and at the sitting of
March 13, 1791, deputy Voidel delivered a very spirited speech; his view
was that the nation had unhappy folk to succour more worthy of their
concern than a man whose life had begun with roguery and villainy. The
Assembly sided with him; not only was Latude's pension not increased,
but on consideration, the pension granted by Louis XVI. was altogether
withdrawn.
Horror and infamy! "What madness has seized on the minds of the
representatives of the most generous nation in the world!... To slay a
hapless wretch the mere sight of whom awakens pity and warms into life
the most sluggish sensibility ... for death is not so terrible as the
loss of honour!" The valiant Latude will not abide the stroke of such an
insult. Ere long he has brought Voidel to retract; in the heart of the
Assembly he gains an influential supporter in the Marshal de Broglie.
The Constituent Assembly is replaced by the Legislative, and Latude
returns to the charge. He is admitted to the bar of the House on January
26, 1792; the matter is re-committed and gone into a second time on
February 25. We should like to be able to quote at length the speech
which Latude himself composed for his advocate; here is a portion of the
peroration:--
"That a man, without any outside assistance, should have been able to
escape three times, once from the Bastille and twice from Vincennes,
yes, gentlemen, I venture to say he could not have succeeded except by a
miracle, or else that Latude has more than extraordinary genius. Cast
your eyes on this ladder of rope and wood, and on all the other
instruments which Latude constructed with a mere knife, which you see
here in the centre of this chamber. I resolved to bring before your own
eyes this interesting object, which will for ever win admiration from
men of intelligence. Not a single stranger comes to Paris without going
to see this masterpiece of intelligence and genius, as well as his
generous deliverer, Madame Legros. We have resolved to give you,
gentlemen, the pleasure of seeing this celebrated woman, who
unremittingly for forty months set despotism at defiance, and vanquished
it by dint of virtue. Behold her there at the bar with M. de Latude,
behold that incomparable woman, for ever to be the glory and the
ornament of her sex!"
It is not surprising that the Legislative Assembly was deeply moved by
this eloquent harangue and this exhibition of the lady, as touching as
unexpected. It unanimously voted Latude a pension of 2000 livres,
without prejudice to the pension of 400 livres previously awarded.
Henceforth Latude will be able to say: "The whole nation adopted me!"
However, the little mishap in the Constituent Assembly was to be the
only check that Latude suffered in the course of his glorious martyr's
career. Presented to the Society of "Friends of the Constitution," he
was elected a member by acclamation, and the Society sent a deputation
of twelve members to carry the civic crown to Madame Legros. The leader
of the deputation said, in a voice broken by emotion, "This day is the
grandest day of my life." A deputation from the principal theatres of
Paris offered Latude free admission to all performances, "so that he
might go often and forget the days of his mourning." He was surrounded
by the highest marks of consideration; pleaders begged him to support
their cases before the tribunals with the moral authority bestowed on
him by his virtue. He took advantage of this to bring definitively
before the courts his claims against the heirs of the Marquise de
Pompadour. Citizen Mony argued the case for the first time before the
court of the sixth arrondissement on July 16, 1793; on September 11 the
case came again before the magistrates: Citizens Chaumette, Laurent, and
Legrand had been designated by the Commune of Paris as counsel for the
defence, and the whole Commune was present at the hearing. Latude
obtained 60,000 livres, 10,000 of which were paid him in cash.
And now his life became more tranquil. Madame Legros continued to lavish
her care on him. The 50,000 livres remaining due to him from the heirs
of the Marquise were paid in good farm lands situated in La Beauce, the
profits of which he regularly drew.
Let us hasten to add that France did not find in Latude an ungrateful
child. The critical situation in which the nation was then struggling
pained him deeply. He sought the means of providing a remedy, and in
1799 brought out a "Scheme for the valuation of the eighty departments
of France to save the Republic in less than three months," and a "Memoir
on the means of re-establishing the public credit and order in the
finances of France."
When the estates of Madame de Pompadour were sequestrated, the farms
Latude had received were taken from him; but he induced the Directory to
restore them. He was less fortunate in his requisition for a licence for
a theatre and a gaming-house. But he found consolation. The subsidies he
went on extorting from right and left, the proceeds of his farms, the
sale of his books, and the money brought in by the exhibition of his
ropeladder, which was exhibited by a showman in the different towns of
France and England, provided him with a very comfortable income.
The Revolution became a thing of the past. Latude hailed the dawning
glory of Bonaparte, and when Bonaparte became Napoleon, Latude made his
bow to the emperor. We have a very curious letter in which he marks out
for Napoleon I. the line of conduct he should pursue to secure his own
welfare and the good of France. It begins as follows:--
"SIRE,--I have been five times buried alive, and am well acquainted with
misfortune. To have a heart more sympathetic than the common run of men
it is necessary to have suffered great ills.... At the time of the
Terror I had the delightful satisfaction of saving the lives of
twenty-two poor wretches.... To petition Fouquet d'Etinville on behalf
of the royalists was to persuade him that I was one myself. When I
braved death in order to save the lives of twenty-two citizens, judge,
great Emperor, if my heart can do ought but take great interest in you,
the saviour of my beloved country."
We are given some details of the last years of Latude's life in the
_Memoirs_ of his friend, the Chevalier de Pougens, and in the _Memoirs_
of the Duchess d'Abrantès. The Chevalier tells us that at the age of
seventy-five years he still enjoyed good health; he was "active and gay,
and appeared to enjoy to the full the delights of existence. Every day
he took long walks in Paris without experiencing the least fatigue.
People were amazed to find _no trace_ of the cruel sufferings he had
undergone in the cells during a captivity of thirty-five years." His
popularity suffered no diminution under the Empire. Junot awarded him a
pension from funds at his disposal. One day the general presented him
to his wife, along with Madame Legros, whose side Latude never left.
"When he arrived," says the Duchess d'Abrantès, "I went to greet him
with a respect and an emotion that must have been truly edifying. I took
him by the hand, conducted him to a chair, and put a cushion under his
feet; in fact, he might have been my grandfather, whom I could not have
treated better. At table I placed him on my right. But," adds the
Duchess, "my enchantment was of short duration. He talked of nothing but
his own adventures with appalling loquacity."
At the age of eighty, a few months before his death, Latude wrote in the
most familiar terms to his protector, the Chevalier de Pougens, a member
of the Institute: "Now I assure you in the clearest possible words, that
if within ten days of the present time, the 11th Messidor, you have not
turned up in Paris (the Chevalier was staying at his country estate), I
shall start the next day and come to you with the hunger of a giant and
the thirst of a cabby, and when I have emptied your cellar and eaten you
out of house and home you will see me play the second act of the comedy
of _Jocrisse_[51]; you will see me run off with your plates, and dishes,
and tankards, and bottles--empty, you may be sure--and fling all your
furniture out of the window!"
On July 20, 1804, Latude compiled one more circular, addressed to the
sovereigns of Europe: the kings of Prussia, Sweden, and Denmark, the
Archduke Charles, brother of the Emperor; and to the President of the
United States. To each of them he sent a copy of his _Memoirs_,
accompanied by the famous scheme for replacing with muskets the pikes
with which the sergeants were armed. He explained to each of the
sovereigns that as the country he ruled was profiting by this child of
his genius, it was only just that he should reap some benefit.
Jean Henri, surnamed Danry, alias Danger, alias Jedor, alias Masers
d'Aubrespy, alias De Masers de Latude, died of pneumonia at Paris, on
January 1, 1805, aged eighty years.
CHAPTER VII.
THE FOURTEENTH OF JULY.
In the remarkable book entitled _Paris during the Revolution_, M.
Adolphe Schmidt writes: "All the purely revolutionary events, the events
of the Fourteenth of July, of October 5 and 6, 1789, were the work of an
obscure minority of reckless and violent revolutionists. If they
succeeded, it was only because the great majority of the citizens
avoided the scene of operations or were mere passive spectators there,
attracted by curiosity, and giving in appearance an enhanced importance
to the movement." Further on he says: "After the fall of the
Gironde,[52] Dutard expressed himself in these terms: 'If, out of 50,000
Moderates, you succeed in collecting a compact body of no more than
3000, I shall be much astonished; and if out of these 3000 there are to
be found only 500 who are agreed, and courageous enough to express their
opinion, I shall be still more astonished. And these, in truth, must
expect to be Septembrised.'[53] 'Twelve maniacs, with their blood well
up, at the head of the Sansculotte section,' writes Dutard in another
report, 'would put to flight the other forty-seven sections of Paris.'
Mercier, after the fall of the Gironde, thus expresses himself in regard
to the reign of Terror: 'Sixty brigands deluged France with blood:
500,000 men within our walls were witnesses of their atrocities, and
were not brave enough to oppose them.'"
To enable the reader to understand the extraordinary and improbable
event which is the subject of this chapter, it would be necessary to
begin by explaining the circumstances and describing the material and
moral state of things in which it happened; and that, unhappily, would
occupy much space. Let us take the two principal facts, see what they
led to, and then come to the events of the Fourteenth of July.
For its task of governing France, the royal power had in its hands no
administrative instrument, or, at any rate, administrative instruments
of a very rudimentary character. It ruled through tradition and
sentiment. The royal power had been created by the affection and
devotion of the nation, and in this devotion and affection lay its whole
strength.
What, actually and practically, were the means of government in the
hands of the king? "Get rid of _lettres de cachet_," observed
Malesherbes, "and you deprive the king of all his authority, for the
_lettre de cachet_ is the only means he possesses of enforcing his will
in the kingdom." Now, for several years past, the royal power had
practically renounced _lettres de cachet_. On the other hand, during the
course of the eighteenth century, the sentiments of affection and
devotion of which we have spoken had become enfeebled, or at least had
changed their character. So it was that on the eve of the Revolution the
royal power, which stood in France for the entire administration, had,
if the expression may be allowed, melted into thin air.
Below the royal power, the lords in the country, the upper ten in the
towns, constituted the second degree in the government. The same remarks
apply here also. And unhappily it is certain that, over the greater part
of France, the territorial lords had forgotten the duties which their
privileges and their station imposed. The old attachment of the
labouring classes to them had almost everywhere disappeared, and in many
particulars had given place to feelings of hostility.
Thus on the eve of '89 the whole fabric of the state had no longer any
real existence: at the first shock it was bound to crumble into dust.
And as, behind the fragile outer wall, there was no solid structure--no
administrative machine, with its numerous, diverse, and nicely-balanced
parts, like that which in our time acts as a buffer against the shocks
of political crises,--the first blow aimed at the royal power was bound
to plunge the whole country into a state of disorganization and
disorder from which the tyranny of the Terror, brutal, blood-stained,
overwhelming as it was, alone could rescue it.
Such is the first of the two facts we desire to make clear. We come now
to the second. Ever since the year 1780, France had been almost
continually in a state of famine. The rapidity and the abundance of the
international exchanges which in our days supply us constantly from the
remotest corners of the world with the necessaries of life, prevent our
knowing anything of those terrible crises which in former days swept
over the nations. "The dearth," writes Taine, "permanent, prolonged,
having already lasted ten years, and aggravated by the very outbreaks
which it provoked, went on adding fuel to all the passions of men till
they reached a blaze of madness." "The nearer we come to the Fourteenth
of July," says an eye witness, "the greater the famine becomes." "In
consequence of the bad harvest," writes Schmidt, "the price of bread had
been steadily rising from the opening of the year 1789. This state of
things was utilized by the agitators who aimed at driving the people
into excesses: these excesses in turn paralyzed trade. Business ceased,
and numbers of workers found themselves without bread."
A few words should properly be said in regard to brigandage under the
_ancien régime_. The progress of manners and especially the development
of executive government have caused it utterly to disappear. The
reader's imagination will supply all we have not space to say. He will
recollect the lengths of daring to which a man like Cartouche[54] could
go, and recall what the forest of Bondy[55] was at the gates of Paris.
So grew up towards the end of the _ancien régime_ what Taine has so
happily called a spontaneous anarchy. In the four months preceding the
capture of the Bastille, one can count more than three hundred riots in
France. At Nantes, on January 9, 1789, the town hall was invaded, and
the bakers' shops pillaged. All this took place to the cries of "Vive le
roi!" At Bray-sur-Seine, on May 1, peasants armed with knives and clubs
forced the farmers to lower the price of corn. At Rouen, on May 28, the
corn in the market place was plundered. In Picardy, a discharged
carabineer put himself at the head of an armed band which attacked the
villages and carried off the corn. On all sides houses were looted from
roof to cellar. At Aupt, M. de Montferrat, defending himself, was "cut
into little pieces." At La Seyne, the mob brought a coffin in front of
the house of one of the principal burgesses; he was told to prepare for
death, and they would do him the honour to bury him. He escaped, and his
house was sacked. We cull these facts haphazard from among hundreds of
others.
The immediate neighbourhood of Paris was plunged in terror. The batches
of letters, still unpublished, preserved in the National Archives throw
the most vivid light on this point. Bands of armed vagabonds scoured the
country districts, pillaging the villages and plundering the crops.
These were the "Brigands," a term which constantly recurs in the
documents, and more and more frequently as we approach the 14th of July.
These armed bands numbered three, four, five hundred men. At Cosne, at
Orleans, at Rambouillet, it was the same story of raids on the corn. In
different localities of the environs of Paris, the people organized
themselves on a military basis. Armed burghers patrolled the streets
against the "brigands." From all sides the people rained on the king
demands for troops to protect them. Towns like Versailles, in dread of
an invasion by these ruffians, implored the king for protection: the
letters of the municipal council preserved in the National Archives are
in the highest degree instructive.
At this moment there had collected in the outskirts of Paris those
troops whose presence was in the sequel so skilfully turned to account
by the orators of the Palais-Royal. True, the presence of the troops
made them uneasy. So far were the soldiers from having designs against
the Parisians that in the secret correspondence of Villedeuil we find
the court constantly urging that they should be reserved for the
safeguarding of the adjoining districts, which were every day exposed to
attack, and for the safe conduct of the convoys of corn coming up to
Versailles and Paris. Bands mustered around the capital. In the first
weeks of May, near Villejuif, a troop of from five to six hundred
ruffians met intending to storm Bicêtre and march on Saint-Cloud. They
came from distances of thirty, forty, and fifty leagues, and the whole
mass surged around Paris and was swallowed up there as into a sewer.
During the last days of April the shopmen saw streaming through the
barriers "a terrific number of men, ill clad and of sinister aspect." By
the first days of May, it was noticed that the appearance of the mob had
altogether changed. There was now mingled with it "a number of strangers
from all the country parts, most of them in rags, and armed with huge
clubs, the mere aspect of them showing what was to be feared." In the
words of a contemporary, "one met such physiognomies as one never
remembered having seen in the light of day." To provide occupation for a
part of these ill-favoured unemployed, whose presence everybody felt to
be disquieting, workshops were constructed at Montmartre, where from
seventeen to eighteen thousand men were employed on improvised tasks at
twenty sous a day.
Meanwhile the electors chosen to nominate deputies to the National
Assembly had been collecting. On April 22, 1789, Thiroux de Crosne, the
lieutenant of police, speaking of the tranquillity with which the
elections were being carried on, added: "But I constantly have my eye on
the bakers."
On April 23, de Crosne referred to the irritation which was showing
itself among certain groups of workmen in the Suburb Saint-Antoine
against two manufacturers, Dominique Henriot, the saltpetre-maker, and
Réveillon, the manufacturer of wall-papers. Henriot was known, not only
for his intelligence, but for his kindliness; in years of distress he
had sacrificed a portion of his fortune for the support of the workmen;
as to Réveillon, he was at this date one of the most remarkable
representatives of Parisian industry. A simple workman to begin with, he
was in 1789 paying 200,000 livres a year in salaries to 300 workers;
shortly before, he had carried off the prize founded by Necker for the
encouragement of useful arts. Henriot and Réveillon were said to have
made offensive remarks against the workmen in the course of the recent
electoral assemblies. They both denied, however, having uttered the
remarks attributed to them, and there is every reason to believe that
their denials were genuine.
During the night of April 27 and the next day, howling mobs attacked the
establishments of Henriot and Réveillon, which were thoroughly
plundered. Commissary Gueullette, in his report of May 3, notes that a
wild and systematic devastation was perpetrated. Only the walls were
left standing. What was not stolen was smashed into atoms. The
"brigands"--the expression used by the Commissary--threw a part of the
plant out of the windows into the street, where the mob made bonfires of
it. Part of the crowd were drunk; nevertheless they flung themselves
into the cellars, and the casks were stove in. When casks and bottles
were empty, the rioters attacked the flasks containing colouring
matter; this they absorbed in vast quantities, and reeled about with
fearful contortions, poisoned. When these cellars were entered next day,
they presented a horrible spectacle, for the wretches had come to
quarrelling and cutting each other's throats. "The people got on to the
roofs," writes Thiroux de Crosne, "whence they rained down upon the
troops a perfect hailstorm of tiles, stones, &c.; they even set rolling
down fragments of chimneys and bits of timber; and although they were
fired upon several times and some persons were killed, it was quite
impossible to master them."
The riot was not quelled by the troops until 10 o'clock that night; more
than a hundred persons were left dead in the street. M. Alexandre Tuetey
has devoted some remarkable pages to Réveillon's affair; he has
carefully studied the interrogatories of rioters who were arrested. The
majority, he says, had been drunk all day. Réveillon, as is well known,
only found safety by taking refuge in the Bastille. He was the only
prisoner whom the Bastille received throughout the year 1789.
In the night following these bacchanalian orgies, the agents of the
Marquis du Châtelet, colonel of the Gardes Françaises, having crept
along one of the moats, "saw a crowd of brigands" collected on the
further side of the Trône gate. Their leader was mounted on a table,
haranguing them.
We come upon them again in the report of Commissary Vauglenne, quoted by
M. Alexandre Tuetey. "On April 29, Vauglenne took the depositions of
bakers, confectioners, and pork butchers of the Marais, who had been
robbed by veritable bands of highwaymen, who proceed by burglary and
violence; they may possibly be starving men, but they look and act
uncommonly like gentlemen of the road."
Meanwhile, in the garden of the Palais-Royal, Camille Desmoulins was
haranguing groups of the unemployed and ravenous outcasts, who were
pressing round him with wide glaring eyes. Desmoulins vociferates: "The
beast is in the trap; now to finish him!... Never a richer prey has ever
been offered to conquerors! Forty thousand palaces, mansions, châteaux,
two-fifths of the wealth of France will be the prize of valour. Those
who have set up as our masters will be mastered in their turn, the
nation will be purged!" It is easy to understand that in Paris the alarm
had become as acute as in the country; everyone was in terror of the
"brigands." On June 25 it was decided to form a citizen militia for the
protection of property. "The notoriety of these disorders," we read in
the minutes of the electors, "and the excesses committed by several mobs
have decided the general assembly to re-establish without delay the
militia of Paris." But a certain time was necessary for the organization
of this civil guard. On June 30, the doors of the Abbaye, where some
Gardes Françaises had been locked up, some for desertion, others for
theft, were broken in by blows from hatchets and hammers. The prisoners
were led in triumph to the Palais-Royal, where they were fêted in the
garden. The extent of the disorders was already so great that the
government, powerless to repress them, had perforce to grant a general
pardon. From that day there was no longer any need to capture the
Bastille, the _ancien régime_ was lost.
The disturbances at the Palais-Royal, the rendezvous of idlers, light
women, and hot-headed fools, were becoming ever more violent. They began
to talk of setting fire to the place. If some honest citizen plucked up
courage to protest he was publicly whipped, thrown into the ponds, and
rolled in the mud.
On July 11, Necker was dismissed from the ministry and replaced by
Breteuil. At this time Necker was very popular; Breteuil was not, though
he ought to have been, particularly in the eyes of supporters of a
revolutionary movement. Of all the ministers of the _ancien régime_, and
of all the men of his time, Breteuil was the one who had done most for
the suppression of _lettres de cachet_ and of state prisons. It was he
who had closed Vincennes and the Châtimoine tower of Caen, who had got
the demolition of the Bastille decided on, who had set Latude at
liberty, and how many other prisoners! who had drawn up and made
respected, even in the remotest parts of the kingdom, those admirable
circulars which will immortalize his name, by which he ordered the
immediate liberation of all prisoners whose detention was not absolutely
justified, and laid down such rigorous formalities for the future, that
the arbitrary character of _lettres de cachet_ may be said to have been
destroyed by them. Nevertheless the orators of the Palais-Royal
succeeded in persuading many people that the advent of Breteuil to the
ministry presaged a "St. Bartholomew of patriots." The agitation became
so vehement, the calumnies against the court and the government were
repeated with so much violence, that the court, in order to avoid the
slightest risk of the outbreak of a "St. Bartholomew," ordered all the
troops to be withdrawn and Paris to be left to itself.
Meanwhile, Camille Desmoulins was continuing to thunder forth: "I have
just sounded the people. My rage against the despots was turned to
despair. I did not see the crowds, although keenly moved and dismayed,
strongly enough disposed to insurrection.... I was rather lifted on to
the table than mounted there myself. Scarcely was I there than I saw
myself surrounded by an immense throng. Here is my short address, which
I shall never forget: 'Citizens! there is not a moment to lose. I come
from Versailles; M. Necker is dismissed; this dismissal is the alarm
bell of a St. Bartholomew of patriots; this evening all the Swiss and
German battalions will march from the Champ de Mars to cut our throats.
Only one resource remains to us: we must fly to arms!'"
The Parisians were in an abject state of fright, but it was not the
Swiss and German battalions which terrified them. The author of the
_Memorable Fortnight_, devoted heart and soul as he was to the
revolutionary movement, acknowledges that during the days from the 12th
to the 14th of July, all respectable people shut themselves up in their
houses. And while the troops and decent people were retiring, the dregs
were coming to the surface. During the night of July 12, the majority of
the toll gates, where the town dues were collected, were broken open,
plundered, and set on fire. "Brigands," armed with pikes and clubs,
scoured the streets, threatening the houses in which the trembling and
agitated citizens had shut themselves. Next day, July 13, the shops of
the bakers and wine merchants were rifled. "Girls snatched the earrings
from women who went by; if the ring resisted, the ear was torn in two."
"The house of the lieutenant of police was ransacked, and Thiroux de
Crosne had the utmost difficulty in escaping from the bands armed with
clubs and torches. Another troop, with murderous cries, arrived at the
Force, where prisoners for debt were confined: the prisoners were set
free. The Garde-Meuble was ransacked. One gang broke in with their axes
the door of the Lazarists, smashed the library, the cupboards, the
pictures, the windows, the physical laboratory, dived into the cellar,
stove in the wine-casks and got gloriously drunk. Twenty-four hours
afterwards some thirty dead and dying were found there, men and women,
one of the latter on the point of childbirth. In front of the house the
street was full of débris and of brigands, who held in their hands, some
eatables, others a pitcher, forcing wayfarers to drink and filling for
all and sundry. Wine flowed in torrents." Some had possessed themselves
of ecclesiastical robes, which they put on, and in this attire yelled
and gesticulated down the street. In the minute books of the electors we
read at this date: "On information given to the committee that the
brigands who had been dispersed showed some disposition to reassemble
for the purpose of attacking and pillaging the Royal Treasury and the
Bank, the committee ordered these two establishments to be guarded." On
the same day, they luckily succeeded in disarming more than a hundred
and fifty of these roisterers, who, drunk with wine and brandy, had
fallen asleep inside the Hôtel de Ville. Meanwhile the outskirts of
Paris were no safer than the city itself, and from the top of the towers
of the Bastille they could see the conflagrations which were started in
various quarters.
The organization of the citizen militia against these disorders was
becoming urgent. When evening came, the majority of the districts set
actively to work. Twelve hundred good citizens mustered in the Petit
Saint-Antoine district. It was a motley crew: tradesmen and artisans,
magistrates and doctors, writers and scholars, cheek by jowl with
navvies and carpenters. The future minister of Louis XVI., Champion de
Villeneuve, filled the post of secretary. The twelve hundred citizens,
as we read in the minutes, "compelled to unite by the too well founded
alarm inspired in all the citizens by the danger which seems to threaten
them each individually, and by the imminent necessity of taking prompt
measures to avert its effects, considering that a number of
individuals, terrified perhaps by the rumours which doubtless
evil-disposed persons have disseminated, are traversing, armed and in
disorder, all the streets of the capital, and that the ordinary town
guard either mingles with them or remains a passive spectator of the
disorder it cannot arrest; considering also that the prison of the Force
has been burst into and opened for the prisoners, and that it is
threatened to force open in the same way the prisons which confine
vagabonds, vagrants, and convicts ... in consequence, the assembled
citizens decide to organize themselves into a citizen militia. Every man
will carry while on duty whatever arms he can procure, save and except
pistols, which are forbidden as dangerous weapons.... There will always
be two patrols on duty at a time, and two others will remain at the
place fixed for headquarters." Most of the other districts imitated the
proceedings of the Petit-Saint-Antoine. They sent delegates to the Hôtel
des Invalides to ask for arms. The delegates were received by Besenval,
who would have been glad to grant them what they requested; but he must
have proper instructions. He writes in his _Memoirs_ that the delegates
were in a great state of fright, saying that the "brigands" were
threatening to burn and pillage their houses. The author of the
_Memorable Fortnight_ dwells on the point that the militia of Paris was
formed in self-defence against the excesses of the brigands. Speaking of
the minute book of the Petit-Saint-Antoine district, an excellent
authority, M. Charavay, writes: "The burgesses of Paris, less alarmed
at the plans of the court than at the men to whom the name of _brigands_
had already been given, organized themselves into a militia to resist
them: that was their only aim. The movement which on the next day swept
away the Bastille might perhaps have been repressed by the National
Guard if its organization had had greater stability." The fact could not
have been better put.
The Hôtel de Ville was attacked, and one of the electors, Legrand, only
cleared it of the hordes who were filling it with their infernal uproar
by ordering six barrels of powder to be brought up, and threatening to
blow the place up if they did not retire.
During the night of July 13, the shops of the bakers and wine-sellers
were pillaged. The excellent Abbé Morellet, one of the Encyclopædists,
who, as we have seen, was locked up in the Bastille under Louis XV.,
writes: "I spent a great part of the night of the 13th at my windows,
watching the scum of the population armed with muskets, pikes, and
skewers, as they forced open the doors of the houses and got themselves
food and drink, money and arms." Mathieu Dumas also describes in his
_Souvenirs_ these ragged vagabonds, several almost naked, and with
horrible faces. During these two days and nights, writes Bailly, Paris
ran great risk of pillage, and was only saved by the National Guard.
The proceedings of these bandits and the work of the National Guard are
described in a curious letter from an English doctor, named Rigby, to
his wife. "It was necessary not only to give arms to those one could
rely on, but to disarm those of whom little protection could be expected
and who might become a cause of disorder and harm. This required a good
deal of skill. Early in the afternoon we began to catch a glimpse here
and there among the swarms of people, where we saw signs of an
irritation which might soon develop into excesses, of a man of decent
appearance, carrying a musket with a soldierly air. These slowly but
surely increased in number; their intention was evidently to pacify and
at the same time to disarm the irregular bands. They had for the most
part accomplished their task before nightfall. Then the citizens who had
been officially armed occupied the streets almost exclusively: they were
divided into several sections, some mounting guard at certain points,
others patrolling the streets, all under the leadership of captains.
When night came, only very few of those who had armed themselves the
evening before could be seen. Some, however, had refused to give up
their arms, and during the night it was seen how well founded had been
the fears they had inspired, for they started to pillage. But it was too
late to do so with impunity. The looters were discovered and seized, and
we learnt next morning that several of these wretches, taken redhanded,
had been executed." Indeed, the repressive measures of the citizens were
not wanting in energy. Here and there brigands were strung up to the
lamp-posts, and then despatched, as they hung there, with musket shots.
The author of the _Authentic History_, who left the best of the
contemporary accounts of the taking of the Bastille which we possess,
says rightly enough: "The riot began on the evening of July 12." There
was thus a combination of disorders and "brigandage" in which the
capture of the Bastille, though it stands out more prominently than the
other events, was only a part, and cannot be considered by itself.
The morning of the Fourteenth dawned bright and sunny. A great part of
the population had remained up all night, and daylight found them still
harassed with anxiety and alarm. To have arms was the desire of all; the
citizens and supporters of order, so as to protect themselves; the
brigands, a part of whom had been disarmed, in order to procure or
recover the means of assault and pillage. There was a rush to the
Invalides, where the magazines of effective arms were. This was the
first violent action of the day. The mob carried off 28,000 muskets and
twenty-four cannon. And as it was known that other munitions of war were
deposited in the Bastille, the cry of "To the Invalides!" was succeeded
by the cry "To the Bastille!"
We must carefully distinguish between the two elements of which the
throng flocking to the Bastille was composed. On the one hand, a horde
of nameless vagabonds, those whom the contemporary documents invariably
style the "brigands"; and, on the other hand, the respectable
citizens--these certainly formed the minority--who desired arms for the
equipment of the civil guard. The sole motive impelling this band to
the Bastille was the wish to procure arms. On this point all documents
of any value and all the historians who have studied the matter closely
are in agreement. There was no question of liberty or of tyranny, of
setting free the prisoners or of protesting against the royal authority.
The capture of the Bastille was effected amid cries of "Vive le roi!"
just as, for several months past in the provinces, the granaries had
been plundered.
About 8 o'clock in the morning, the electors at the Hôtel de Ville
received some inhabitants of the Suburb Saint-Antoine who came to
complain that the district was threatened by the cannon trained on it
from the towers of the Bastille. These cannon were used for firing
salutes on occasions of public rejoicing, and were so placed that they
could do no harm whatever to the adjacent districts. But the electors
sent some of their number to the Bastille, where the governor, de
Launey, received the deputation with the greatest affability, kept them
to lunch, and at their request withdrew the cannon from the embrasures.
To this deputation there succeeded another, which, however, was quite
unofficial, consisting of three persons, with the advocate Thuriot de la
Rosière at the head. They were admitted as their predecessors had been.
Thuriot was the eloquent spokesman, "in the name of the nation and the
fatherland." He delivered an ultimatum to the governor and harangued the
garrison, consisting of 95 Invalides and 30 Swiss soldiers. Some
thousand men were thronging round the Bastille, vociferating wildly. The
garrison swore not to fire unless they were attacked. De Launey said
that without orders he could do no more than withdraw the cannon from
the embrasures, but he went so far as to block up these embrasures with
planks. Then Thuriot took his leave and returned to the Hôtel de Ville,
the crowd meanwhile becoming more and more threatening.
[Illustration: THE CAPTURE OF THE BASTILLE.
_From an anonymous contemporary painting now in the Hôtel Carnavalet._]
"The entrance to the first courtyard, that of the barracks, was open,"
says M. Fernand Bournon in his admirable account of the events of this
day; "but de Launey had ordered the garrison to retire within the
enclosure, and to raise the outer drawbridge by which the court of the
governor was reached, and which in the ordinary way used to be lowered
during the day. Two daring fellows dashed forward and scaled the roof of
the guard-house, one of them a soldier named Louis Tournay: the name of
the other is unknown. They shattered the chains of the drawbridge with
their axes, and it fell."
It has been said in a recent work, in which defects of judgment and
criticism are scarcely masked by a cumbrous parade of erudition, that
Tournay and his companion performed their feat under the fire of the
garrison. At this moment the garrison did not fire a single shot,
contenting themselves with urging the besiegers to retire. "While M. de
Launey and his officers contented themselves with threats, these two
vigorous champions succeeded in breaking in the doors and in lowering
the outer drawbridge; then the horde of brigands advanced in a body and
dashed towards the second bridge, which they wished to capture, firing
at the troops as they ran. It was then for the first time that M. de
Launey, perceiving his error in allowing the operations at the first
bridge to be managed so quietly, ordered the soldiers to fire, which
caused a disorderly stampede on the part of the rabble, which was more
brutal than brave; and it is at this point that the calumnies against
the governor begin. Transposing the order of events, it has been
asserted that he had sent out a message of peace, that the people had
advanced in reliance on his word, and that many citizens were
massacred." This alleged treachery of de Launey, immediately hawked
about Paris, was one of the events of the day. It is contradicted not
only by all the accounts of the besieged, but by the besiegers
themselves, and is now rejected by all historians.
A wine-seller named Cholat, aided by one Baron, nicknamed La Giroflée,
had brought into position a piece of ordnance in the long walk of the
arsenal. They fired, but the gun's recoil somewhat seriously wounded the
two artillerymen, and they were its only victims. As these means were
insufficient to overturn the Bastille, the besiegers set about devising
others. A pretty young girl named Mdlle. de Monsigny, daughter of the
captain of the company of Invalides at the Bastille, had been
encountered in the barrack yard. Some madmen imagined that she was
Mdlle. de Launey. They dragged her to the edge of the moat, and gave the
garrison to understand by their gestures that they were going to burn
her alive if the place was not surrendered. They had thrown the unhappy
child, who had fainted, upon a mattress, to which they had already set
light. M. de Monsigny saw the hideous spectacle from a window of the
towers, and, desperately rushing down to save his child, he was killed
by two shots. These were tricks in the siege of strongholds of which
Duguesclin would never have dreamed. A soldier named Aubin Bonnemère
courageously interposed and succeeded in saving the girl.
A detachment of Gardes Françaises, coming up with two pieces of
artillery which the Hôtel de Ville had allowed to be removed, gave a
more serious aspect to the siege. But the name of Gardes Françaises must
not give rise to misapprehension: the soldiers of the regular army under
the _ancien régime_ must not be compared with those of the present day.
The regiment of Gardes Françaises in particular had fallen into a
profound state of disorganization and degradation. The privates were
permitted to follow a trade in the city, by this means augmenting their
pay. It is certain that in the majority of cases the trade they followed
was that of the bully. "Almost all the soldiers in the Guards belong to
this class," we read in the _Encyclopédie méthodique_, "and many men
indeed only enlist in the corps in order to live on the earnings of
these unfortunates." The numerous documents relating to the Gardes
Françaises preserved in the archives of the Bastille give the most
precise confirmation to this statement. We see, for example, that the
relatives of the engraver Nicolas de Larmessin requested a _lettre de
cachet_ ordering their son to be locked up in jail, where they would pay
for his keep, "because he had threatened to enlist in the Gardes
Françaises."
From the fifteen cannon placed on the towers, not a single shot was
fired during the siege. Within the château, three guns loaded with grape
defended the inner drawbridge; the governor had only one of them fired,
and that only once. Not wishing to massacre the mob, de Launey
determined to blow up the Bastille and find his grave among the ruins.
The Invalides Ferrand and Béquart flung themselves upon him to prevent
him from carrying out his intention. "The Bastille was not captured by
main force," says Elie, whose testimony cannot be suspected of
partiality in favour of the defenders; "it surrendered before it was
attacked, on my giving my word of honour as a French officer that all
should escape unscathed if they submitted."
We know how this promise was kept, in spite of the heroic efforts of
Elie and Hulin, to whom posterity owes enthusiastic homage. Is the mob
to be reproached for these atrocious crimes? It was a savage horde, the
scum of the population. De Launey, whose confidence and kindness had
never faltered, was massacred with every circumstance of horror. "The
Abbé Lefèvre," says Dusaulx, "was an involuntary witness of his last
moments: 'I saw him fall,' he told me, 'without being able to help him;
he defended himself like a lion, and if only ten men had behaved as he
did at the Bastille, it would not have been taken.'" His murderers
slowly severed his head from his trunk with a penknife. The operation
was performed by a cook's apprentice named Desnot, "who knew, as he
afterwards proudly said, how to manage a joint." The deposition of this
brute should be read. It has been published by M. Guiffrey in the _Revue
historique_. To give himself courage, Desnot had gulped down brandy
mixed with gunpowder, and he added that what he had done was done in the
hope of obtaining a medal.
"We learnt by-and-by," continues Dusaulx, "of the death of M. de
Losme-Salbray, which all good men deplored." De Losme had been the good
angel of the prisoners during his term of office as major of the
Bastille: there are touching details showing to what lengths he carried
his kindliness and delicacy of feeling. At the moment when the mob was
hacking at him, there happened to pass the Marquis de Pelleport, who had
been imprisoned in the Bastille for several years; he sprang forward to
save him: "Stop!" he cried, "you are killing the best of men." But he
fell badly wounded, as also did the Chevalier de Jean, who had joined
him in the attempt to rescue the unfortunate man from the hands of the
mob. The adjutant Miray, Person the lieutenant of the Invalides, and
Dumont, one of the Invalides, were massacred. Miray was led to the
Grève, where the mob had resolved to execute him. Struck with fists and
clubs, stabbed with knives, he crawled along in his death agony. He
expired, "done to death with pin-pricks," before arriving at the place
of execution. The Invalides Asselin and Béquart were hanged. It was
Béquart who had prevented de Launey from blowing up the Bastille. "He
was gashed with two sword-strokes," we read in the _Moniteur_, "and a
sabre cut had lopped off his wrist. They carried the hand in triumph
through the streets of the city--the very hand to which so many citizens
owed their safety." "After I had passed the arcade of the Hôtel de
Ville," says Restif de la Bretonne, who has left so curious a page about
the 14th of July, "I came upon some cannibals: one--I saw him with my
own eyes--brought home to me the meaning of a horrible word heard so
often since: he was carrying at the end of a _taille-cime_[56] the
bleeding entrails of a victim of the mob's fury, and this horrible
top-knot caused no one to turn a hair. Farther on I met the captured
Invalides and Swiss: from young and pretty lips--I shudder at it
still--came screams of 'Hang them! Hang them!'"
Further, they massacred Flesselles, the provost of the guilds, accused
of a treacherous action as imaginary as that of de Launey. They cut the
throat of Foulon, an old man of seventy-four years, who, as Taine tells
us, had spent during the preceding winter 60,000 francs in order to
provide the poor with work. They assassinated Berthier, one of the
distinguished men of the time. Foulon's head was cut off; they tore
Berthier's heart from his body to carry it in procession through
Paris--charming touch!--in a bouquet of white carnations. For the fun
was growing fast and furious. De Launey's head was borne on a pike to
the Palais Royal, then to the new bridge, where it was made to do
obeisance three times to the statue of Henri IV., with the words,
"Salute thy master!" At the Palais Royal, two of the conquerors had
merrily set themselves down at a dining-table in an entresol. As we
garnish our tables with flowers, so these men had placed on the table a
trunkless head and gory entrails; but as the crowd below cried out for
them, they shot them gaily out of the window.
Those who had remained in front of the Bastille had dashed on in quest
of booty. As at the pillage of the warehouses of Réveillon and Henriot,
and of the convent of the Lazarists, the first impulse of the conquerors
was to bound forward to the cellar. "This rabble," writes the author of
the _Authentic History_, "were so blind drunk that they made in one body
for the quarters of the staff, breaking the furniture, doors, and
windows. All this time their comrades, taking the pillagers for some of
the garrison, were firing on them."
No one gave a thought to the prisoners, but the keys were secured and
carried in triumph through Paris. The doors of the rooms in which the
prisoners were kept had to be broken in. The wretched men, terrified by
the uproar, were more dead than alive. These victims of arbitrary power
were exactly seven in number. Four were forgers, Béchade, Laroche, La
Corrège, and Pujade; these individuals had forged bills of exchange, to
the loss of two Parisian bankers: while their case was being dealt with
in regular course at the Châtelet, they were lodged in the Bastille,
where they consulted every day with their counsel. Then there was the
young Comte de Solages, who was guilty of monstrous crimes meriting
death; he was kept in the Bastille out of regard for his family, who
defrayed his expenses. Finally there were two lunatics, Tavernier and de
Whyte. We know what immense progress has been made during the past
century in the methods of treating lunatics. In those days they locked
them up. Tavernier and de Whyte were before long transferred to
Charenton, where assuredly they were not so well treated as they had
been at the Bastille.
Such were the seven martyrs who were led in triumphant procession
through the streets, amid the shouts of a deeply moved people.
Of the besiegers, ninety-eight dead were counted, some of whom had met
their death through the assailants' firing on one another. Several had
been killed by falling into the moat. Of this total, only nineteen were
married, and only five had children. These are details of some interest.
There was no thought of burying either the conquerors or the conquered.
At midnight on Wednesday the 15th, the presence of the corpses of the
officers of the Bastille, still lying in the Place de Grève, was
notified to the commissaries of the Châtelet. In his admirable work M.
Furnand Bournon has published the ghastly report that was drawn up on
that night. It is a fitting crown to the work of the great day: "We, the
undersigned commissaries, duly noted down the declaration of the said
Sieur Houdan, and having then gone down into the courtyard of the
Châtelet (whither the corpses had just been carried), we found there
seven corpses of the male sex, the first without a head, clothed in a
coat, vest, breeches, and black silk stockings, with a fine shirt, but
no shoes; the second also without a head, clothed in a vest of red
stuff, breeches of nankeen with regimental buttons, blue silk stockings
with a small black pattern worked in; the third also headless, clothed
in a shirt, breeches, and white cotton stockings; the fourth also
headless, clothed in a blood-stained shirt, breeches, and black
stockings; the fifth clad in a shirt, blue breeches, and white gaiters,
with brown hair, apparently about forty years old, and having part of
his forearm cut off and severe bruises on his throat; the sixth clothed
in breeches and white gaiters, with severe bruises on his throat; and
the seventh, clothed in a shirt, breeches, and black silk stockings,
disfigured beyond recognition."
Meanwhile the majority of the victors, the first moments of intoxication
having passed, were hiding themselves like men who had committed a
crime. The disorder in the city was extreme. "The commissioners of the
districts," writes the Sicilian ambassador, "seeing the peril in which
the inhabitants were placed before this enormous number of armed men,
including brigands and men let out of prison on the previous days,
formed patrols of the National Guard. They proclaimed martial law, or
rather, they issued one solitary law declaring that whoever robbed or
set fire to a house would be hanged. Indeed, not a day passed without
five and even as many as ten persons suffering this penalty. To this
salutary expedient we owe our lives and the safety of our houses."
More than one conqueror of the Bastille was hanged in this way, which
was a great pity, for two days later his glorious brow might have been
crowned with laurels and flowers!
It has been said that the Bastille was captured by the people of Paris.
But the number of the besiegers amounted to no more than a thousand,
among whom, as Marat has already brought to our notice, there were many
provincials and foreigners. As to the Parisians, they had come in great
numbers, as they always do, to see what was going on. We have this too
on the testimony of Marat. "I was present at the taking of the
Bastille," writes the Chancellor de Pasquier also: "what has been called
the 'fight' was not serious, and of resistance there was absolutely
none. A few musket shots were fired to which there was no reply, and
four or five cannon shots. We know the results of this boasted victory,
which has brought a shower of compliments upon the heads of the
so-called conquerors: the truth is that this great fight did not give a
moment's uneasiness to the numerous spectators who had hurried up to see
the result. Among them there was many a pretty woman; they had left
their carriages at a distance in order to approach more easily. I was
leaning on the end of the barrier which closed in the garden skirting
Beaumarchais' garden in the direction of the Place de la Bastille. By my
side was Mdlle. Contat, of the Comédie Française: we stayed to the end,
and I gave her my arm to her carriage. As pretty as any woman could be,
Mdlle. Contat added to the graces of her person an intelligence of the
most brilliant order."
By next day there was quite another story. The Bastille had been
"stormed" in a formidable and heroic assault lasting a quarter of an
hour. The guns of the assailants had made a breach in its walls. These,
it is true, were still standing intact; but that did not signify, the
guns had made a breach, unquestionably! The seven prisoners who had been
set free had been a disappointment, for the best will in the world could
not make them anything but scoundrels and lunatics; some one invented an
eighth, the celebrated Comte de Lorges, the white-headed hero and
martyr. This Comte de Lorges had no existence; but that fact also is
nothing to the purpose: he makes an admirable and touching story. There
was talk of instruments of torture that had been discovered: "an iron
corslet, invented to hold a man fast by all his joints, and fix him in
eternal immobility:" it was really a piece of knightly armour dating
from the middle ages, taken from the magazine of obsolete arms which was
kept at the Bastille. Some one discovered also a machine "not less
destructive, which was brought to the light of day, but no one could
guess its name or its special use"; it was a secret printing-press
seized in the house of one François Lenormand in 1786. Finally, while
digging in the bastion, some one came upon the bones of Protestants who
had once been buried there, the prejudices of the time not allowing
their remains to be laid in the consecrated ground of the cemetery: the
vision of secret executions in the deepest dungeons of the Bastille was
conjured up in the mind of the discoverers, and Mirabeau sent these
terrible words echoing through France: "The ministers were lacking in
foresight, they forgot to eat the bones!"
The compilation of the roll of the conquerors of the Bastille was a
laborious work. A great number of those who had been in the thick of the
fray did not care to make themselves known: they did not know but that
their laurel-crowned heads might be stuck aloft! It is true that these
bashful heroes were speedily replaced by a host of fine fellows
who--from the moment when it was admitted that the conquerors were
heroes, deserving of honours, pensions, and medals--were fully persuaded
that they had sprung to the assault, and in the very first rank. The
final list contained 863 names.
Victor Fournel in a charming book has sung the epic, at once ludicrous
and lachrymose, of the men of the 14th of July. The book, which ought to
be read, gives a host of delightful episodes it is impossible to
abridge. In the sequel these founders of liberty did not shine either
through the services they rendered to the Republic, or through their
fidelity to the immortal principles. The Hulins--Hulin, however, had
done nobly in trying to save de Launey--the Palloys, the Fourniers, the
Latudes, and how many others! were the most servile lackeys of the
Empire, and those of them who survived were the most assiduous servants
of the Restoration. Under the Empire, the conquerors of the Bastille
tried to secure the Legion of Honour for the whole crew. They went about
soliciting pensions even up to 1830, and at that date, after forty-three
years, there were still 401 conquerors living. In 1848 the conquerors
made another appearance. There was still mention of pensions for the
conquerors of the Bastille in the budget of 1874--let us save the
ladder, the ladder of Latude!
This is the amusing side of their story. But there is a painful side
too: their rivalries with the Gardes Françaises, who charged them with
filching the glory from them, and with the "volunteers of the Bastille."
The heroes were acquainted with calumny and opprobrium. There were, too,
deadly dissensions among their own body. There were the true conquerors,
and others who, while they were true conquerors, were nevertheless not
true: there were always "traitors" among the conquerors, as well as
"patriots." On July 1, 1790, two of the conquerors were found beaten to
death near Beaumarchais' garden, in front of the theatre of their
exploits. Next day there was a violent quarrel between four conquerors
and some soldiers. In December two others were assassinated near the
Champs de Mars. Early in 1791 two were wounded, and a third was
discovered with his neck in a noose, in a ditch near the military
school. Such were the nocturnal doings on the barriers.
It remains to explain this amazing veering round of opinion, this
legend, of all things the least likely, which transformed into great men
the "brigands" of April, June, and July, 1789.
The first reason is explained in the following excellent passage from
_Rabagas_[57]:--
_Carle._--But how then do you distinguish a riot from a revolution?
_Boubard._--A riot is when the mob is defeated ... they are all
curs. A revolution is when the mob is the stronger: they are all
heroes!
During the night of July 14, the Duke de la Rochefoucauld woke Louis
XVI. to announce to him the capture of the Bastille. "It's a revolt
then," said the king. "Sire," replied the duke, "it is a revolution."
The day on which the royal power, in its feebleness and irresolution,
abandoned Paris to the mob, was the day of its abdication. The Parisians
attempted to organize themselves into a citizen militia in order to
shoot down the brigands. The movement on the Bastille was a stroke of
genius on the part of the latter--instinctive, no doubt, but for all
that a stroke of genius. The people now recognized its masters, and with
its usual facility it hailed the new régime with adulation. "From that
moment," said a deputy, "there was an end of liberty, even in the
Assembly; France was dumb before thirty factionaries."
What rendered the national enthusiasm for the conquerors more easy was
precisely all those legends to which credence was given, in all
sincerity, by the most intelligent people in France--the legends on the
horrors of the Bastille and the cruelties of arbitrary power. For fifty
years they had been disseminated throughout the kingdom, and had taken
firm root. The pamphlets of Linguet and Mirabeau, the recent stupendous
success of the _Memoirs of Latude_, had given these stories renewed
strength and vigour. Compelled to bow before the triumphant mob, people
preferred to regard themselves--so they silenced their conscience--as
hailing a deliverer. There was some sincerity in this movement of
opinion, too. The same districts which on July 13 took arms against the
brigands could exclaim, after the crisis had passed: "The districts
applaud the capture of a fortress which, regarded hitherto as the seat
of despotism, dishonoured the French name under a popular king."
In his edition of the _Memoirs of Barras_, M. George Duruy has well
explained the transformation of opinion. "In the _Memoirs_, the capture
of the Bastille is merely the object of a brief and casual mention.
Barras only retained and transmits to us one single detail. He saw
leaving the dungeons the 'victims of arbitrary power, saved at last from
rack and torture and from living tombs.' Such a dearth of information is
the more likely to surprise us in that Barras was not only a spectator
of the event, but composed, in that same year 1789, an account of it
which has now been discovered. Now his narrative of 1789 is as
interesting as the passage in the _Memoirs_ is insignificant. The
impression left by these pages, written while the events were vividly
pictured in his mind, is, we are bound to say, that the famous capture
of the Bastille was after all only a horrible and sanguinary saturnalia.
There is no word of heroism in this first narrative: nothing about
'victims of arbitrary power' snatched from 'torture and living tombs';
but on the other hand, veritable deeds of cannibalism perpetrated by the
victors. That is what Barras saw, and what he recorded on those pages
where, at that period of his life, he noted down day by day the events
of which he was a witness. Thirty years slip by. Barras has sat on the
benches of the 'Montagne.'[58] He has remained an inflexible
revolutionist. He gathers his notes together in view of _Memoirs_ he
intends to publish. At this time, the revolutionist version of the
capture of the Bastille is officially established. It is henceforth
accepted that the Bastille fell before an impulse of heroism on the part
of the people of Paris, and that its fall brought to light horrible
mysteries of iniquity. This legend, which has so profoundly distorted
the event, was contemporary with the event itself, a spontaneous fruit
of the popular imagination. And Barras, having to speak of the capture
in his _Memoirs_, discovers his old narrative among his papers, and
reads it, I imagine, with a sort of stupefaction. What! the capture of
the Bastille was no more than that!--and he resolutely casts it aside."
In the provinces, the outbreak had a violent counterpart. "There
instantly arose," writes Victor Fournel, "a strange, extraordinary,
grotesque panic, which swept through the greater part of France like a
hurricane of madness, and which many of us have heard our grand-fathers
tell stories about under the name of the 'day of the brigands' or 'the
day of the fear.' It broke out everywhere in the second fortnight of
July, 1789. Suddenly, one knew not whence, an awful rumour burst upon
the town or village: the brigands are here, at our very gates: they are
advancing in troops of fifteen or twenty thousand, burning the standing
crops, ravaging everything! Dust-stained couriers appear, spreading the
terrible news. An unknown horseman goes through at the gallop, with
haggard cheeks and dishevelled hair: 'Up, to arms, they are here!' Some
natives rush up: it is only too true: they have seen them, the bandits
are no more than a league or two away! The alarm bell booms out, the
people fly to arms, line up in battle order, start off to reconnoitre.
In the end, nothing happens, but their terrors revive. The brigands have
only turned aside: every man must remain under arms." In the frontier
provinces, there were rumours of foreign enemies. The Bretons and
Normans shook in fear of an English descent: in Champagne and Lorraine
a German invasion was feared.
Along with these scenes of panic must be placed the deeds of violence,
the assassinations, plunderings, burnings, which suddenly desolated the
whole of France. In a book which sheds a flood of light on these facts,
Gustave Bord gives a thrilling picture of them. The châteaux were
invaded, and the owner, if they could lay hands on him, was roasted on
the soles of his feet. At Versailles the mob threw themselves on the
hangman as he was about to execute a parricide, and the criminal was set
free: the state of terror in which the town was plunged is depicted in
the journals of the municipal assembly. On July 23, the governor of
Champagne sends word that the rising is general in his district. At
Rennes, at Nantes, at Saint-Malo, at Angers, at Caen, at Bordeaux, at
Strasburg, at Metz, the mob engaged in miniature captures of the
Bastille more or less accompanied with pillage and assassination. Armed
bands went about cutting down the woods, breaking down the dikes,
fishing in the ponds.[59] The disorganization was complete.
Nothing could more clearly show the character of the government under
the _ancien régime:_ it was wholly dependent on traditions. Nowhere was
there a concrete organization to secure the maintenance of order and
the enforcement of the king's decrees. France was a federation of
innumerable republics, held together by a single bond, the sentiment of
loyalty every citizen felt towards the crown. One puff of wind sent the
crown flying, and then disorder and panic bewilderment dominated the
whole nation. The door was open to all excesses, and the means of
checking them miserably failed. Under the _ancien régime_, devotion to
the king was the whole government, the whole administration, the whole
life of the state. And thus arose the necessity for the domination of
the Terror, and the legislative work of Napoleon.
THE END.
INDEX
Allègre, Latude's fellow prisoner, 154, 185-192, 217.
Ameilhon, city librarian, 55.
Argenson, D', 60, 72, 95, 175, 182.
Arsenal library, 55, 56.
Atrocities of the mob, 258-266.
Avedick, Armenian patriarch, 133.
Barras, 272.
Bastille, its situation, 47;
appearance, 48;
repute, 49, 50;
archives, 50-56;
origin, 57;
site, 58;
construction, 59, 60;
additions to, 61;
appearance in later days, 61, 62;
early uses, 63;
becomes state prison, 63, 64;
prisoners, 65;
its administration, 66;
gradual transformation, 67;
character of prisoners, 68, 69;
secretary, 70;
office of lieutenant of police, 71;
his duties, 71, 72;
becomes like modern prisons, 77, 78;
abolition of torture, 78;
duration of prisoners' detention, 80;
expenses, 81;
plans for altering, 81-83;
a _prison de luxe_, 85;
treatment of prisoners, 86;
the rooms, 87;
manner of prisoners' entrance, 88, 89;
cells, 92, 93;
tower rooms, 93, 94;
furniture, 95, 96;
examination of prisoners, 96, 97;
indemnified if innocent, 98, 99;
allowed companions, 100, 101;
prison fare, 102-107;
clothes, 107, 108;
books, 108, 109;
exercise, 109;
diversions, 109, 110;
funerals, 110, 111;
liberation, 111, 112;
the Iron Mask, 114-146;
men of letters, 147-165;
capture, 238-272.
Berryer, 175, 176, 178, 184, 188, 189, 193.
Besmaus, de, 70.
Binguet, 171, 179.
Bread riots, 242, 243.
Breteuil, 78, 248.
Brigands, 241, 245, 250.
Burgaud, 135.
Campan, Madame de, 144, 145.
Carutti's theory of Iron Mask, 134.
Cellamare conspiracy, 72, 73.
Character of French government and society, 239-241.
Chevalier, major, 49, 51, 120, 121, 187, 189, 194.
Citizen militia, 251-253.
Clothes of prisoners, 107, 108.
Crosne, de, lieutenant of police, 244-246.
D'Aubrespy, Jeanneton, 169, 201.
Dauger suggested as Iron Mask, 135.
Desmoulins, 247, 249.
Diderot, 165.
Diversions of prisoners, 109, 110.
Du Junca's journal, 69, 89, 90, 114-116, 122.
Dusaulx, 51.
Encyclopædia, 80.
Estrades, Abbé d', 138-142.
Food of prisoners, 102-107.
Funerals, 110.
Games of prisoners, 101, 102.
Gleichen, baron, 130.
Griffet, Father, 120.
Heiss, Baron, first to suggest true solution of Iron Mask, 136.
Henriot, 245.
Houdon, sculptor, 82.
July 14th, 255-276.
Jung's theory of Iron Mask, 134.
Kingston, Duchess of, 225, 227.
La Beaumelle, 152-155.
Lagrange-Chancel, 132.
La Reynie, 71.
Latude, 168-237.
Launay, Mdlle. de, _see_ Staal, Madame de.
Launey, de, governor, 256, 258, 260.
Lauzun, 91.
Legros, Madame de, 223-226, 232, 233.
Lenoir, lieutenant of police, 186.
_Lettres de cachet_, 240.
Lieutenancy of police created, 97.
Linguet, 163-165.
Loiseleur's theory of Iron Mask, 134.
Loquin's theory of Iron Mask, 133.
Losme, de, 261.
Louis XIV. and Iron Mask, 137-140.
Louis XV. and Iron Mask, 144.
Louis XVI. and Iron Mask, 144.
Louvois, 70, 141.
Maisonrouge, king's lieutenant, 73-76.
Malesherbes, 78, 156, 216.
Man in the Iron Mask, documents, 114-125;
legends, 125-136;
true solution, 136-146.
Marmontel, 158-163.
Mattioli, the Iron Mask, 136-146.
Maurepas, 144, 173-175.
Mirabeau, 166, 167.
Morellet, 155-158, 253.
Moyria, de, 218-220.
Necker, 248.
Palatine, Madame, 125.
Palteau, M. de, 118, 119.
Papon's theory of Iron Mask, 127.
Parlement, 76, 77.
Pensions to prisoners, 98, 99.
Pompadour, Madame de, 173, 206.
Pontchartrain, 69.
Puget, king's lieutenant, 83.
Quesnay, Dr., 175, 177, 178.
Ravaisson, librarian, 54, 55, 134.
Register of St. Paul's church, 117, 142, 143.
Regnier's lines, 59.
Renneville's meals, 103, 104.
Réveillon, 245, 246.
Ricarville, companion of the Iron Mask, 123, 124.
Richelieu, Cardinal, 63-66.
Richelieu, Duke de, 76, 129, 130.
Rigby, Dr., 253, 254.
Risings in the provinces, 273.
Rochebrune, commissary, 195.
Rohan, Cardinal de, 222.
Sade, Marquis de, 95.
Saint-Mars, governor, 87, 115-119, 127, 142.
Saint-Marc, detective, 169, 176, 180, 183, 192.
Sartine, de, 49, 202, 203, 207, 210, 215.
Sauvé, Madame de, her dress, 108.
Solages, de, 84.
Staal, Madame de, 73-76, 94, 95, 102.
Taulès, de, 132.
Tavernier, 106.
Theories on Iron Mask, 125-136.
Thuriot de la Rosière, 256.
Tirmont, companion of Iron Mask, 123, 124.
Vieux-Maisons, Madame de, 128.
Villette, Marquis de, 224.
Vinache's library, 109.
Vincennes, 165-167, 180.
Voltaire, 99, 126, 128, 129, 148-152.
LONDON:
GILBERT AND RIVINGTON, LD.
ST. JOHN'S HOUSE, CLERKENWELL, E.C.
* * * * *
Typographical errors corrected by the etext transcriber:
FOOTNOTES:
[1] The castle of Tours, 147 miles south-west of Paris, which Louis XI.
made his favourite residence. See Scott's _Quentin Durward_.--T.
[2] Jean Balue (1471-1491), chaplain to Louis XI. For traitorously
divulging the king's schemes to his enemy, the Duke of Burgundy, he was
for eleven years shut up in the castle of Loches, in an iron-bound
wooden cage.--T.
[3] A French author (1624-1693) who was involved in the fall of Louis
XIV.'s dishonest finance minister, Fouquet, in 1661, and was imprisoned
for five years in the Bastille, amusing himself with reading the Fathers
of the Church and taming a spider. See Kitchin's _History of France_,
iii. 155-157.--T.
[4] Antoine de Caumont, duc de Lauzun (1633-1723), a courtier of Louis
XIV., whose favours to the Duke made Louvois, the minister, his bitter
enemy. He was twice imprisoned in the Bastille, the second time at the
instance of Madame de Montespan. He commanded the French auxiliaries of
James II. in Ireland. See Macaulay's _History_, Chaps. IX., XII.,
XV.--T.
[5] A game played with a sort of box, in the top of which are cut holes
of equal size, and with metal discs or balls, the object being to pitch
the balls into the holes from a distance. A similar game may be seen at
any English country fair.--T.
[6] The famous president of the Cour des Aides and Minister of the
Interior, renowned for his consistent support of the people against
oppression. He was banished in 1771 for remonstrating against the abuses
of law; but returning to Paris to oppose the execution of Louis XVI., he
was guillotined in 1794.--T.
[7] Antonio del Giudice, prince de Cellamare (1657-1733), the Spanish
ambassador, was the instigator of a plot against the Regent in 1718. See
Kitchin, _ib._ iii. 474.--T.
[8] The Hôtel des Invalides, residence of pensioned soldiers, &c. still
a well-known building of Paris.--T.
[9] A château, four miles east of Paris, notable as the place where St.
Louis, the royal lawgiver of France, dispensed justice. The _donjon_
still exists, serving now as a soldier's barracks.--T.
[10] One of the first prisons on the system of solitary confinement in
cells erected in Paris. It dates from 1850.--T.
[11] The Abbé de Buquoy (1653-1740) owed his imprisonment originally to
having been found in company with dealers in contraband salt when the
_gabelle_, or salt-tax, compelled the French people to buy salt, whether
they wanted it or not, at a price _two thousand times_ its true value.
He was a man of very eccentric views, one of which was that woman was
man's chief evil, and that was why, when the patriarch Job was stripped
of children, flocks, herds, &c., his wife was left to him!--T.
[12] The madhouse, eight miles east of Paris.--T.
[13] A château originally outside Paris, now included in the city
itself, once used as a hospital and jail, now a hospital for aged and
indigent poor and for lunatics. The first experiments with the
guillotine were tried there.--T.
[14] See _infra_, p. 83.
[15] The title rôle in a comedy by Henri Mounier, entitled _Grandeur et
décadence de M. Joseph Prudhomme_ (1852). He is a writing-master, very
vain, given (like Mr. Micawber) to tall talk and long-winded periods. He
has become typical of "much cry and little wool." As an officer of the
National Guard he says, "This sabre constitutes the finest day in my
life! I accept it, and if ever I find myself at the head of your
phalanxes, I shall know how to use it in defence of our
institutions--and, if need arise, to fight for them!"--T.
[16] In the early days of the Revolution, Paris was divided into
sections or wards, and as the _pike_ had played a great part in the
recent disturbances, one of the wards was known as the "Pike"
section.--T.
[17] A disciple of the Marquis de Sade (see p. 35), a notorious
debauchee, whose book _Justine_ was a disgusting mixture of brutality
and obscenity.--T.
[18] The pseudonym of Beffroy de Reigny (1757-1811), author of farces,
and of a _Précis historique de la prise de la Bastille_.--T.
[19] The name given to the constitutional struggles of the nobles and
the Parlement of Paris against Mazarin and the royal power (1648-1654).
The name is derived from _fronde_, a sling. A wit of the Parlement, one
Bachaumont, "told the lawyers of that august body that they were like
schoolboys playing in the town ditches with their slings, who run away
directly the watchman appears, and begin again when his back is turned."
See Kitchin, iii. pp. 102-128.--T.
[20] See _Monte-Cristo_.--T.
[21] Delivered to the French Association for the Advancement of Science
in 1893.
[22] The battle fought on August 10, 1557, in which Egmont with a
combined force of Spaniards, Flemish, and English (sent by Queen Mary)
routed Constable Montmorency and the finest chivalry of France. It was
in commemoration of this victory that Philip II. built the palace of the
Escurial, shaped like a gridiron because the battle was fought on St.
Lawrence's day.--T.
[23] The following unpublished letter from Pontchartrain to Bernaville,
intimating his probable nomination as governor of the Bastille, shows
exactly what Louis XIV.'s government demanded of the head of the great
state prison:-
"Versailles, September 28, 1707.
"I have received your letter of yesterday. I can only repeat what I
have already written: to pay constant attention to what goes on in
the Bastille; to neglect none of the duties of a good governor; to
maintain order and discipline among the soldiers of the garrison,
seeing that they keep watch with all the necessary exactitude, and
that their wages are regularly paid; to take care that the
prisoners are well fed and treated with kindness, preventing them,
however, from having any communication with people outside and from
writing letters; finally, to be yourself especially prompt in
informing me of anything particular that may happen at the
Bastille. You will understand that in following such a line of
action you cannot but please the king, and perhaps induce him to
grant you the post of governor; on my part, you may count on my
neglecting no means of representing your services to His Majesty in
the proper light.
"I am, &c.,
"PONTCHARTRAIN."
[24] The appellation of the eldest brother of the reigning king.--T.
[25] Under the _ancien régime_, there being no Minister of the Interior
(Home Secretary), each of the ministers (the War Minister, Minister for
Foreign Affairs, &c.) had a part of France under his charge. The
Minister of Paris was usually what we should call the Lord
Chamberlain.--T.
[26] The court which up to the time of the Revolution was the seat of
justice, presided over by the Provost of Paris. It held its sittings in
the castle known as the Châtelet.--T.
[27] A judicial, not a legislative body. It was constantly in antagonism
to the king.--T.
[28] The famous Encyclopædia edited by D'Alembert and Diderot. It
occupied twenty years of the life of the latter, and went through many
vicissitudes; its free criticism of existing institutions provoking the
enmity of the government. Voltaire was one of its largest
contributors.--T.
[29] This raised Linguet's indignation. "The consideration of this
enormous expense has given to some ministers, among others to M. Necker,
a notion of reform; if this should come to anything, it would be very
disgraceful to spring from no other cause. 'Suppress the Bastille out of
economy!' said on this subject, a few days ago, one of the youngest and
most eloquent orators of England."
[30] The Hôtel Carnavalet, museum in Paris, where a large number of
documents and books are preserved relating to the history of the
city.--T.
[31] It may be noted that the different escapes contributed to the
gradual tightening of the rules of the Bastille. After the escape of the
Comte de Bucquoy, such ornaments as the prisoners could attach cords to
were at once removed, and knives were taken from them; after the escape
of Allègre and Latude, bars of iron were placed in the chimneys, and so
forth.
[32] The second of the four principal officers of the Bastille. The
officers were: (1) the governor; (2) the king's lieutenant; (3) the
major; (4) the adjutant. There was also a doctor, a surgeon, a
confessor, &c. The garrison consisted of Invalides.--T.
[33] The most surprising instance is that of an Englishman, who returned
spontaneously from England to become a prisoner in the Bastille. "On
Thursday, May 22, 1693, at nightfall, M. de Jones, an Englishman,
returned from England, having come back to prison for reasons concerning
the king's service. He was located outside the château, in a little room
where M. de Besmaus keeps his library, above his office, and he is not
to appear for some days for his examination, and is to be taken great
care of."--Du Junca's Journal.
[34] This was not the Lauzun already mentioned, but his nephew, Armand
Louis de Gontaut, duke de Biron (1747-1793), who was notorious
throughout Europe for his gallantries.--T.
[35] An official of the royal council, whose function originally was to
examine and report on petitions to the king. He became a sort of
superior magistrate's clerk.--T.
[36] "1751, March 2. I have received a letter from Dr. Duval (secretary
to the lieutenant of police), in which he tells me that M. Berryer
(lieutenant of police) is struck with the cost of the clothes supplied
to the prisoners for some time past; but, as you know, I only supply
things when ordered by M. Berryer, and I try to supply good clothes, so
that they may last and give the prisoners satisfaction."--Letter from
Rochebrune, commissary to the Bastille, to Major Chevalier.
[37] These extracts are translated literally, in order to preserve the
clumsy constructions of the unlettered official.--T.
[38] Step-sister of Louis XIV. The following extracts from her
correspondence show how, even in circles that might have been expected
to be well informed, the legend had already seized on people's
imaginations:--
"Marly, October 10, 1711. A man remained long years in the Bastille, and
has died there, masked. At his side he had two musketeers ready to kill
him if he took off his mask. He ate and slept masked. No doubt there was
some reason for this, for otherwise he was well treated and lodged, and
given everything he wished for. He went to communion masked; he was very
devout and read continually. No one has ever been able to learn who he
was."
"Versailles, October 22, 1711. I have just learnt who the masked man
was, who died in the Bastille. His wearing a mask was not due to
cruelty. He was an English lord who had been mixed up in the affair of
the Duke of Berwick (natural son of James II.) against King William. He
died there so that the king might never know what became of him."
[39] The insurgents who rose for the king against the Revolutionists in
Brittany: see Balzac's famous novel. The movement smouldered for a great
many years.--T.
[40] The Gregorian calendar was abolished by the National Convention in
1793, who decreed that September 22, 1792, should be regarded as the
first day of a new era. The year was divided into twelve months, with
names derived from natural phenomena. Nivose (snowy) was the fourth of
these months. Thus, the period mentioned in the text includes from
December 21, 1800, to January 19, 1801.--T.
[41] Since M. Funck-Brentano's book was published, his conclusions have
been corroborated by Vicomte Maurice Boutry in a study published in the
_Revue des Etudes historiques_ (1899, p. 172). The Vicomte furnishes an
additional proof. He says that the Duchess de Créquy, in the third book
of her _Souvenirs_, gives a _résumé_ of a conversation on the Iron Mask
between Marshal de Noailles, the Duchess de Luynes, and others, and
adds: "The most considerable and best informed persons of my time always
thought that the famous story had no other foundation than the capture
and captivity of the Piedmontese Mattioli."--T.
[42] "I have seen these ills, and I am not twenty yet."
[43] These verses were, of course, in Latin.--T.
[44] Palissot was a dramatist and critic who in his comedy _Les
Philosophes_ had bitterly attacked Rousseau, Diderot, and the
Encyclopædists generally.--T.
[45] The old prison of Paris. It was the debtors' prison, famous also
for the number of actors who were imprisoned there under the _ancien
régime_. It was demolished in 1780.--T.
[46] "Not unto us, O Lord, but unto Thy name give glory!
"Know our heart and search out our ways."
[47] "The victory is won!"--T.
[48] Charenton was under the direction of a religious order known as the
_Frères de la Charité_, who undertook the care of sick and weak-minded
poor.--T.
[49] This was Elizabeth Chudleigh (1720-1788), the notorious beauty who
privately married the Hon. Augustus Hervey, afterwards Earl of Bristol,
separated from him after three years, and became the mistress of the
second Duke of Kingston, whom she bigamously married. After his death
she was tried by the House of Lords for bigamy, and fled to France to
escape punishment. Her gallantries and eccentricities were the talk of
Europe.--T.
[50] Instructed by his misfortunes and his captivity how to vanquish the
efforts and the rage of tyrants, he taught the French how true courage
can win liberty.
[51] Jocrisse is the stock French type of the booby, and as such is a
character in many comedies. He breaks a plate, for instance; his master
asks him how he managed to be so clumsy, and he instantly smashes
another, saying, "_Just like that!_" His master asks him to be sure and
wake him early in the morning; Jocrisse answers: "Right, sir, depend on
me; _but of course you'll ring_!"--T.
[52] The Girondists (so called from Gironde, a district of Bordeaux)
were the more sober republican party in the Assembly, who were forced by
circumstances to join the Jacobins against Louis XVI. With their fall
from power in the early summer of 1792 the last hope of the monarchy
disappeared.--T.
[53] Referring to the horrible massacres of September, 1792, when about
1400 victims perished.--T.
[54] The French Dick Turpin. Of good education, he formed when quite a
youth a band of robbers, and became the terror of France. Like Turpin,
he is the subject of dramas and stories.--T.
[55] A forest near Paris, on the line to Avricourt. It was a famous
haunt of brigands. There is a well-known story of a dog which attacked
and killed the murderer of its master there.--T.
[56] Literally "cut-top": we have no equivalent in English.--T.
[57] A five-act comedy by Victorien Sardou.
[58] The nickname given to the Jacobins, the extreme revolutionists, who
sat on the highest seats on the left in the National Assembly.--T.
[59] Which were the strict preserves of the aristocrats: to fish in them
was as great a crime as to shoot a landlord's rabbit was, a few years
ago, in England.--T.
End of Project Gutenberg's Legends of the Bastille, by Frantz Funck-Brentano
*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LEGENDS OF THE BASTILLE ***
***** This file should be named 43231-8.txt or 43231-8.zip *****
This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
http://www.gutenberg.org/4/3/2/3/43231/
Produced by Chris Curnow, Chuck Greif and the Online
Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
file was produced from images generously made available
by The Internet Archive)
Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
will be renamed.
Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules,
set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project
Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you
do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is
subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
redistribution.
*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
http://gutenberg.org/license).
Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic works
1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be
used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few
things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See
paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works. See paragraph 1.E below.
1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the
collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an
individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in
a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check
the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning
the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
States.
1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
copied or distributed:
This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or
re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license
1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
1.E.9.
1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked
to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg-tm License.
1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or
distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
that
- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is
owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments
must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License. You must require such a user to return or
destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
Project Gutenberg-tm works.
- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
of receipt of the work.
- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the
Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
1.F.
1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
your equipment.
1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
DAMAGE.
1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you
received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with
the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy
is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
opportunities to fix the problem.
1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any
provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists
because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
people in all walks of life.
Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
assistance they need, are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org.
Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation
The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
http://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at
809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
[email protected]. Email contact links and up to date contact
information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
page at http://pglaf.org
For additional contact information:
Dr. Gregory B. Newby
Chief Executive and Director
[email protected]
Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation
Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations
($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
status with the IRS.
The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations
where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To
SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
particular state visit http://pglaf.org
While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
approach us with offers to donate.
International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other
ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations.
To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate
Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works.
Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily
keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
http://www.gutenberg.org
This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
