The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Noble Woman, by Ernest Protheroe
This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or
re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
Title: A Noble Woman
The Life-Story of Edith Cavell
Author: Ernest Protheroe
Release Date: January 26, 2011 [EBook #35075]
Language: English
*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A NOBLE WOMAN ***
Produced by Steven Gibbs, Richard J. Shiffer and the Online
Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
A NOBLE WOMAN
The Life-Story of
EDITH CAVELL
By
ERNEST PROTHEROE
Author of 'In Empire's Cause.' &c., &c.
'I will give thee a crown of life.'
London
THE EPWORTH PRESS
J. ALFRED SHARP
_First Edition, January, 1916_
_Second Edition, September, 1916_
_Third Edition, January, 1918_
_Fourth Edition, May, 1918_
CONTENTS
CHAP. PAGE
I. INTRODUCTION 7
II. THE HEEL OF THE OPPRESSOR 17
III. THE ARREST 29
IV. SPINNING THE TOILS 37
V. THE SECRET TRIAL 44
VI. THE FIGHT FOR A LIFE 52
VII. THE BLOOD OF THE MARTYR 63
VIII. IN MEMORIAM 73
IX. BRITISH OFFICIAL REPROBATION 89
X. GERMANY'S CYNICAL DEFENCE 99
XI. JUSTICE AND SAVAGERY CONTRASTED 108
XII. PULPIT AND PEN UNITE IN DENUNCIATION 114
XIII. THE LASH OF THE WORLD'S PRESS 128
XIV. AMERICA'S VERDICT 159
XV. CONCLUSION 167
I
INTRODUCTION
Edith Louisa Cavell was born in 1866 at the country rectory of
Swardeston, near Norwich, of which parish her father, the Rev. Frederick
Cavell, was rector for forty years. In that pleasant sunny house the
little girl passed her early days in uneventful happiness, for
Swardeston had few interests apart from the obscurities of its own rural
retirement.
The rector, who was a kindly man at heart, but firm to the point of
sternness where his duty was concerned, ruled his home with evangelical
strictness. His daughter Edith was a thoughtful child; and her
unfailing consideration for others and her concern for their welfare
caused her to be beloved by everybody. But the child's innate gentleness
was tinged with a sense of duty remarkable in one of her years, which
characteristic was the undoubted outcome of her father's precept and
example.
Edith Cavell's education was as thorough as her parents could contrive;
and, apart from mere scholarship, her outlook was widened by being sent
to a school at Brussels.
When the Rev. Frederick Cavell died, the family removed from Swardeston
to Norwich, and Edith decided to adopt the profession of nursing the
sick poor. To that end on September 3, 1895, she entered the London
Hospital as a probationer, and remained in that great institution for
nearly five years. From the first, by her unselfish devotion to duty she
endeared herself to her colleagues and patients alike. Part of the time
she was staff nurse in the 'Mellish' Ward; and when the authorities
sent her to Maidstone at the great outbreak of typhoid in that town, she
did excellent work.
Later, Miss Cavell was appointed to the post of night superintendent at
St. Pancras Infirmary, where she remained for three years; then she
migrated to Shoreditch Infirmary to act as assistant superintendent. As
evidence of her more than ordinarily wide experience, it should be
stated that for a time she worked at Fountain Hospital, Lower Tooting,
under the Metropolitan Asylums Board; and for nine months she acted
temporarily as matron of the Ashton New Road District Home, Manchester.
In all these varied spheres of activity Nurse Cavell proved herself not
only a capable nurse, but she became a clever, painstaking teacher, able
to illustrate her eloquent lectures by means of her own facile and
useful diagrams. Many nurses acknowledge their indebtedness to her lucid
teaching, and are proud to claim their one-time association with one
whose devotion and energy made her an ornament of a noble profession.
The sense of duty, which in the child was indicated so plainly, in after
years developed into almost a religion. Every one with whom Miss Cavell
came in contact speedily understood that she placed duty before either
friendship or personal comfort. Her hospital training had taught her the
value of discipline, and she would never tolerate inefficiency, or any
tendency towards slackness, in her subordinates. As a surgical nurse her
skill was remarkable; but her undoubted _forte_ was the power of
organization, which is almost rare compared to mere cleverness in the
technical details of nursing.
Her absorption in her calling and her outwardly stern and reserved
demeanour sometimes caused Nurse Cavell to be misunderstood; but those
who were fortunate enough to serve under her quickly came to learn to
admire her, equally as a nurse and a kind woman. Her expressive eyes
were an index to her overflowing sympathy; and her fellow nurses found
themselves impelled to take their troubles and difficulties to her, sure
of a patient hearing and tactful and sympathetic advice.
In 1906 Miss Cavell was offered and accepted the position of matron of a
surgical and medical home in Brussels, which had been founded by
Monsieur de Page. This enlightened and enthusiastic Belgian doctor was
impressed by the need of a better knowledge of hygiene and aseptic
methods, of which through no fault of their own the nursing sisters in
Belgium were generally ignorant.
Nurse Cavell's new post was one that called for the utmost discretion,
for she was an Englishwoman and a Protestant, engaging in work which
hitherto was practically a monopoly of the Roman Catholic religious
sisterhood. But even inborn prejudice, and in some cases positive
enmity, could not long hold out against Miss Cavell's professional
skill, backed up by her charm of manner; and in quite a short time she
was as popular with the Belgian staff and patients as had always proved
to be the case in her English experience.
The establishment of a training school for nurses was a bold experiment,
for Belgian women of good birth and education were accustomed to look
upon earning their own living as a loss of caste.
The English nurse was fully aware of the difficulties with which she had
to contend, and resolutely set herself to combat them. Soon she had five
pupils, who commenced their work on recognized lines. Their uniform
consisted of blue cotton dresses, high white aprons with white linen
sleeves to cover the forearm, which was bare beneath, 'Sister Dora' caps
without strings, and white collars. 'The contrast,' wrote Miss Cavell to
the _Nursing Mirror_, 'the probationers present to the nuns in their
heavy stuff robes, and the lay nurses in their grimy apparel, is the
contrast of the unhygienic past with the enlightened present. These
Belgian probationers in three years' time will look back on the first
days of trial with wonder.'
By April, 1908, the probationers had increased to thirteen; and by 1912
the number was thirty-two. Some of the members of the staff were English
nurses who had worked in the London Hospital or the Shoreditch
Infirmary. They not only assisted in training the probationers, but also
attended the private patients in the Nursing Home which was attached to
the school.
Miss Cavell's school met with the warm approval of the Queen of the
Belgians, who was quick to realize the value of trained nursing in
Brussels. When Queen Elizabeth broke her arm a few years ago she did not
hesitate to have it attended to by the nurses at the Home. Her Majesty's
action was an exceedingly valuable tribute to the institution and the
Englishwoman at its head. It gave public opinion a lead that caused the
School and Home to be viewed favourably, where, perhaps, hitherto the
new departure had been deprecated, if only because it was considered to
be an unnecessary rival of the nuns and lay nurses, who worked under
religious vows.
The Queen came to hold a very sincere regard for Miss Cavell, and it is
certain that the feeling was reciprocated. Little did the royal patient
and the English nurse then imagine that within but a few short years
they would figure together in adversity, in their respective spheres, as
two of the most pathetic heroines in modern history.
Quiet and unassuming, yet determined and courageous, Nurse Cavell
continued her good work, which was bound to have a marked effect on the
future of the Belgian nursing profession. She herself declared that 'the
spread of light and knowledge is bound to follow in years to come. The
nurses will not only teach, as none others have the opportunity of
doing, the laws of health and the prevention and healing of disease;
they will show their countrywomen that education and position do not
constitute a bar to an independent life; they are rather a good and
solid foundation on which to build a career which demands the best and
highest qualities that womanhood can offer.'
In acting as directress of three hospitals, Miss Cavell found full scope
even for her unusual organizing capabilities. In addition to her arduous
lectures throughout the day, she gave four lectures to the doctors and
two to the nurses every week. She always attended at the
operating-theatre herself. One of her greatest pleasures was the
children's ward, decorated in blue and white after her own design; she
made a special point of visiting the little inmates every evening. The
better class of Belgians paid for the services of the private staff of
nurses, but the call of the poor never went unheeded.
Although Miss Cavell was intensely happy in her work in Brussels, she
always looked forward with positive joy to visiting her aged mother,
with whom she spent every possible holiday in England. In the summer of
1914 mother and daughter were enjoying one of these affectionate
reunions.
Suddenly the great war-cloud burst. Edith Cavell was in her mother's
garden weeding a bed of heartsease when she heard the news. She needed
no heart-searching to decide where her duty lay; and, without
hesitation, she returned hotfoot to Belgium, where she had an intuition
that she would be wanted.
II
THE HEEL OF THE OPPRESSOR
When Germany had disclosed her infamous designs against the neutrality
of Belgium, followed by her declaration of war against France, succeeded
in a few hours by the entry of Great Britain into the fray, Miss
Cavell's intuition of trouble became an absolute and appalling fact,
with the positive certainty that war's ghastly harvest would mean work
for nurses in Brussels.
Forthwith the Berkendael Medical Institute became a Red Cross Hospital,
of which Miss Cavell was _directrice_, with a number of English and
Belgian nurses under her charge. Others of her training staff and some
of the school probationers were in a board school, which had been
rapidly converted into another hospital. Some of the nurses of the
Training Institute were of German nationality, and these sorrowfully
made a hasty departure for the Dutch frontier, carrying only hand
luggage, which was all that they were allowed to take. Miss Cavell was
sorry to have to send them away, but they would have been in a most
invidious position if they had remained in an enemy capital towards
which the German army was ruthlessly hacking its way.
Although there was every indication of the extreme danger of Belgium,
none could foresee the inexpressible agony that awaited her. How utterly
Miss Cavell herself failed to realize the impending doom of the heroic
little nation was shown in her letter of August 12, 1914, which she
addressed to the Editor of _The Times_:
'Sir,
'I notice that there is a big movement on for the establishment of
Red Cross Hospitals in England. In the natural course of things
these will get almost exclusively naval men, whereas the army
wounded will have to be dealt with on the Continent, and, as far as
can be seen at present, mainly at Brussels.
'Our institution, comprising a large staff of English nurses, is
prepared to deal with several hundreds, and the number is being
increased day by day. May I beg, on behalf of my institution, for
subscriptions from the British public, which may be forwarded with
mention of the special purpose, to H.B.M.'s Consul at Brussels?
'Thanking you in anticipation, I am yours obediently,
'E. CAVELL,
'_Directrice_ of the Berkendael Medical
Institute, Brussels.
'Ambulance 53,
'Rue de la Culture, 149, Bruxelles,
'August 12, 1914.'
Probably Miss Cavell learned later that the big movement in England to
which she referred not only provided for our wounded soldiers from
France and Belgium, but also distant Gallipoli, when that region became
embroiled in the almost world-wide War.
Events moved with startling rapidity. It was on August 4 that the German
troops commenced to swarm across the Belgian frontier. Liège was
attacked with a fury and violence that fortresses hitherto considered
practically impregnable could not withstand. Only eight days after the
dispatch of her letter to _The Times_ the heroic English nurse witnessed
the entry of 20,000 Germans into Brussels.
'News came,' she wrote to the _Nursing Mirror_, 'that the Belgians, worn
out and weary, were unable to hold back the oncoming host.... In the
evening (August 20) came word that the enemy were at the gates. At
midnight bugles were blowing, summoning the civic guard to lay down
their arms and leave the city.... As we went to bed our only consolation
was that in God's good time right and justice must prevail.'
Although Nurse Cavell was an Englishwoman, and her sympathies were
claimed for the people within whose gates she had laboured for eight
years, her great heart could feel compassion for the physical sufferings
of the invaders, for the article continued: 'Many more troops came
through. From our road we could see the long procession, and when the
halt was called at midday some were too weary to eat, and slept on the
pavement in the street. We were divided between pity for these poor
fellows, far from their country and their people, suffering the
weariness and fatigue of an arduous campaign, and hate of a cruel and
vindictive foe bringing ruin and desolation to a prosperous and peaceful
land.'
From that date Nurse Cavell was cut off from the outside world.
Enveloped in the fog of war, nothing was heard of her for eight months,
although she had arranged to act as special correspondent to the
_Nursing Mirror_. Not until the month of April was another and last
communication received. It was dated March 29, 1915, but was not
delivered in London until seventeen days later, when it came to hand in
a dilapidated condition and without any outward sign that it had
undergone inspection by the Censor. The article cannot be quoted at full
length, but a few paragraphs of it vividly depict the conditions of life
under the iron heel of a relentless conqueror:
'From the day of the occupation till now we have been cut off from the
world outside. Newspapers were first censored, then suppressed, and are
now printed under German auspices; all coming from abroad were for a
time forbidden, and now none are allowed from England....
'The once busy and bustling streets are very quiet and silent; so are
the people who were so gay and communicative in the summer. No one
speaks to his neighbour in the tram, for he may be a spy. Besides, what
news is there to tell, and who has the heart to gossip?
'I am but a looker-on after all, for it is not my country whose soil is
desecrated and whose sacred places are laid waste. I can only feel the
deep and tender pity of the friend within the gates, and observe with
sympathy and admiration the high courage and self-control of a people
enduring a long and terrible agony.'
Edith Cavell had anticipated that there would be work for her in
Brussels. She found it in abundance, first in nursing wounded Belgians,
succeeded by an influx of suffering Germans, for the new authorities
allowed her to continue her work; and in due course numbers of English
and French soldiers came under her ministering care. And be it noted
that to be wounded was a sure passport to the great heart of the English
nurse. Even the injured invaders were tended with impartial care, in
accordance with the great tenet of the Red Cross nursing creed, that
suffering humanity shall know no distinctions, whether friend or foe,
their necessities calling for the same single-minded devotion.
Miss Bertha Bennet Burleigh relates that she spent a pleasant half-hour
with Miss Cavell, whom she met by chance shortly after the German
occupation. In conversation the lady journalist learned that the nurses
in the various nursing institutions had been requested to give an
undertaking that they would also act as guards of the wounded. Miss
Cavell said, 'We are prepared to do all we can to help them to recover
from their wounds, but to be their jailers, never!' A German general
smote the table with his clenched fist when the nurse gave her emphatic
reply, but he could not cow her indomitable will. 'He looked,' Sister
Edith afterwards told one of her colleagues, 'as if he would like to
shoot me dead.' From that day onwards the German authorities commenced
to deal harshly with the British Red Cross nurses who were in their
power.
There is evidence available to prove that many Germans had occasion to
bless the good offices of Nurse Cavell; and from all who passed through
her hands she won the most profound esteem, which in itself was a cause
of offence to the German authorities, who knew that they themselves were
just as cordially detested.
But Edith Cavell's greatest offence lay in the fact that she was an
Englishwoman, heroic daughter of the race that no specious promise or
bribe could tempt from the path of honour; that could not view its
treaty signature as a 'scrap of paper,' whose 'contemptible little army'
had played a dramatic part in hurling back the Germans when Paris was
literally in their mailed grasp; and that had succeeded in locking the
once weak line of the Allies, which now forbade approach to the Channel
ports of France from which a royal bully had proposed to attack the
shores of England.
Baron von Bissing had been appointed Governor-General of Belgium, and
forthwith he had commenced to terrorize the inhabitants. Brussels was
plastered with proclamations calculated to make life scarcely worth
living. One of them in particular forbade any person to assist subjects
of countries at war with Germany to leave Belgium.
It is not quite certain whether Baron von Bissing ever came in personal
contact with Miss Cavell, but it is positive that she became suspect to
some of his emissaries, who promptly set about weaving a web for her
undoing. It did not take long for clever German spies to ascertain that
the English nurse had supplied British, French, and Belgian refugees
with food, clothing, and money, and had connived, if not actually
assisted, in their escape across the frontier into Holland.
No purpose would be served by attempting to deny that there was in
existence a Band of Mercy whose object it was to smuggle fugitives out
of Belgium. The members of this secret organization included Prince
Reginald and Princess Marie de Croy of Belignies, the Comtesse de
Belleville, a French abbé, Mademoiselle Thulier, M. Philippe Bancq, a
Belgian architect, and others. It may be stated that the Princess is
partly of English extraction, and her arrest caused the death of her
English grandmother as a result of shock and subsequent illness. The
Comtesse de Belleville belongs to the French nobility through her
father, while her mother, the Vicomtesse d'Hendecourt, is Belgian. She
spent much of her time in Belgium, devoting herself largely to
charitable work, and when war broke out she came to the aid of her
distressed compatriots.
Nurse Cavell undoubtedly participated in these simple acts of humanity
which the Germans construed into 'crimes.' She permitted her hospital to
be used in the chain of rest-houses by means of which fugitives escaped
detection and capture, as they were passed from point to point towards
their golden enfranchisement across the Dutch frontier. Admittedly Miss
Cavell did wrong in setting the German military law at defiance, but it
was the policy of German 'frightfulness' that was her justification.
The enemy army violated their own treaty obligations, and had plundered,
burnt, slaughtered, and ravished a helpless people in a manner that had
not been conceivable in this twentieth century. Edith Cavell's contact
with wounded soldiers had afforded her first-hand information concerning
the brutal atrocities of which the invaders were guilty, and doubtless
gave rise to a passionate desire to enable any wounded British
compatriot, Belgian or French friend, to escape from the common peril.
For nearly a whole year Nurse Cavell continued her work, one supreme and
unbroken test of the heroic spirit with which she was imbued. It was
wonderful that her God-given befriending of refugees should have escaped
detection so long; but at length the German Administration in Belgium
verified some of the escapes of men from their iron thrall, and Edith
Cavell was wrenched from her hospital by soldiers and put in prison.
III
THE ARREST
On the evening of August 5 Nurse Cavell was engaged in binding lint on
the wound of one of the invaders, when a peremptory knock on the door
resounded through the quiet hospital. Not waiting for admission, half a
dozen German soldiers burst open the door with the butt-ends of their
rifles and entered the ward. Without preamble the corporal in charge
seized Miss Cavell roughly, and commenced to drag her away from his
wounded compatriot to whom she ministered.
The Englishwoman did not quail before this uncouth representative of
'Kultur,' but with calmness and dignity demanded to know the reason of
the brutal exhibition of authority. The bullying corporal's instructions
evidently included nothing in the way of explanation. He considered a
cuff to be the best means of meeting the situation; and forthwith he
marched her through the gathering gloom to the military prison of St.
Gilles.
The German authorities made no public announcement of the arrest of the
English nurse or any of her alleged associates. In all probability at
first they maintained secrecy in the hope of being able to incriminate
other suspects, and thus make a clean sweep of an agency that had
attempted to lift by the fraction of an inch the iron heel that was
grinding out the life of suffering Belgium.
Three weeks elapsed before Edith Cavell's relatives in England heard of
her arrest from a chance traveller who had come to England from Belgium.
The news was communicated to the Foreign Office, and on August 26 Sir
Edward Grey requested Mr. Page, the United States Ambassador in London,
to make inquiry of the United States Minister at Brussels whether the
arrest of Miss Cavell was an actual fact, and, if so, the reason
assigned for it.
In the interval the German authorities were hard at work in securing
evidence, not merely to justify the arrest, but to provide plausible
excuse for the execution of the prisoner, which later sinister mockeries
of justice proved to have been a foregone conclusion from the
commencement.
It is believed that not only did German spies ransack Belgium for
evidence, but some even visited Norwich to interrogate Miss Cavell's
friends, to trace her movements, and, if possible, to intercept her
correspondence. But even then the testimony against the prisoner
aggregated but a sorry charge of presenting a great-coat to an ill-clad
man, a glass of water to a thirsty pilgrim, and small coins to persons
who were being hunted for their lives. There was a fear that these
'crimes' would be insufficient to secure a conviction on a capital
charge. There was no time to ferret out any real damning testimony, and
so the jailers of the English nurse fell back upon the method of
attempting to convict her out of her own mouth.
It requires to be accentuated that Miss Cavell, apart from her
profession, was a well-read woman. She knew more than a little of modern
German philosophy, and had come to believe that the triumph of
Prussianism would result in the collapse of Christianity. Once, when she
was expressing some such view, a friend inquired whether it was prudent.
'Prudent?' she exclaimed, with reproach in her eyes. 'In times like
these, when terror makes might seem right, there is a higher duty than
prudence.' And as she was a woman who would not count the cost of
clinging to her standards, she was little likely to hide her opinions
when confronted by the enemy.
It is a prime feature of English justice that the veriest felon need not
incriminate himself; nay, he is specifically warned that any statement
he makes may be used as evidence against him. Practically he is reminded
of the old legal axiom that a man who is his own lawyer has a fool for a
client, with the consequent advisability to bridle his tongue against
any unwise admission. The conception of German justice in Brussels was
the converse, and the accusers of the Red Cross representative of a
hated race deliberately laid snares for the extortion of the evidence
they required.
The course of procedure was terribly reminiscent of the methods of the
old Spanish Inquisition. True, Miss Cavell was not subjected to actual
physical torture, but the mental strain was calculated to break down
anything in the nature of obstinacy. With diabolical cunning she was cut
off from communication with the world outside the jail as completely as
if she were dead, lest any whisper of warning to guard her tongue might
reach her from outside; and often she had to face interrogation by
brutal and implacable enemies, who sought not to do her justice, but
only to assure her condemnation.
It is a comfort to believe that Miss Cavell's keen perception and her
knowledge of German unscrupulousness enabled her to realize the
inevitable end that awaited her, thus saving her from carking
speculation that might have unhinged her reason. With Christian
fortitude she grasped the inestimable boon of resignation, fully assured
that 'death is the liberator of him whom freedom cannot release, and the
comforter of him whom time cannot console.'
Really the secrecy of her arrest and imprisonment and the precautions
taken for her utter isolation were scarcely worth the trouble the crafty
conspirators had taken, for Nurse Cavell took up a simple and heroic
position that greatly simplified matters from the German standpoint. She
was not an inexperienced girl, she was a noble woman of clever
intellect, and had never been in doubt of the penalty she might incur by
succouring compatriots and friends in distress in defiance of the
German military code.
Inspired in her perilous work by the dictates of purest humanity, which
has been the glory of women of all nations in all ages, she boldly
avowed to her accusers that she had nothing to conceal. The last thing
to have entered her mind would have been to attempt to mitigate her
offence by lying; she would not even palter with disingenuousness. Not
only did she admit the charges against her, but she related incidents
about which her inquisitors had but the most fragmentary particulars, or
even only flimsy suspicions. She did not hesitate to supply dates and
details for which the spies had sought in vain.
It is impossible to tell when Miss Cavell first became aware that a
considerable number of her friends were under arrest. In any case during
her long incarceration in prison and the numerous interrogations she had
to undergo in order to elicit the admissions to construct the case
against her, she scrupulously avoided the implication of other persons.
No brutality, no wheedling, no bribe, could ever have made that brave
soul disloyal by word or deed to any of her associates.
IV
SPINNING THE TOILS
The Germans have asserted that Edith Cavell's arrest, trial, and
punishment were necessary as a warning, especially to others of her sex,
that enterprises conducing to the disadvantage of their army were
punishable with death. It is sufficient commentary upon this claim to
remember that Baron von Bissing caused the English nurse to be arrested
in secret and tried _in camera_, when publicity was a prime necessity if
her case was to act as a warning to others.
The arrest took place on August 5, but the fact was carefully
concealed--and the significant reason is not far to seek. Germany had
agreed that all British civil subjects in Belgium, so long as the
German army occupied the country, were under the protection of the
United States Minister. Baron von Bissing's paramount duty was to notify
Miss Cavell's arrest without delay to Mr. Brand Whitlock, the American
Minister in Brussels.
This obviously honourable course found no place in von Bissing's
villanous scheme of vengeance. If he could avoid it, he had no intention
of allowing his English prisoner the benefit of neutral protection. But
news of the arrest did in due course reach the American Legation, and
Mr. Whitlock at once commenced to make inquiries, in which he was
assisted by Mr. Hugh Gibson, his secretary, and Maitre G. de Leval, a
Belgian advocate and legal adviser to the Legation.
On August 31 Mr. Whitlock wrote to Baron von der Lancken, the German
Political Minister in Brussels, asking whether it was true that Miss
Edith Cavell had been arrested. If so, the reasons for the arrest were
requested, and the German judicial authorities were asked to allow M.
de Leval to interview the prisoner and make arrangements for her
defence.
Baron von der Lancken having vouchsafed no answer to the American
Minister, Mr. Whitlock reiterated his request on September 10, which
elicited a reply that was delivered on the 21st. It was ominously
suggestive that the Baron had dated his letter September 12, obviously a
crafty subterfuge to palliate the delay, which was all part and parcel
of a treacherous intention to deceive those who had the temerity to
desire that justice be done to Nurse Cavell.
The Baron's letter stated that the accused admitted that she had
facilitated the departure from Belgium of British, French, and Belgians
of military age. Her defence was in the hands of Advocate Braun, who was
in touch with the competent German authorities. The missive ended with
the statement that for M. de Leval to be permitted to visit Miss Cavell,
so long as she was in solitary confinement, would be contrary to the
principles of the Department of the Governor-General.
Promptly the American Legation wrote to M. Braun, requesting him to
attend at the Legation in order that he might afford details of the
accusation made against his client, and further to consort arrangements
for her defence.
Although time was now pressing, seven weeks having elapsed since the
arrest, Braun wasted several more days before he put in an appearance at
the Legation, which certainly indicated no energetic interest in the
unfortunate prisoner. This casual attitude became understandable as by
degrees the German plot disclosed itself. It was amazing with what a web
of deception the Department of the Governor-General considered it
necessary to weave about one poor weak woman, evasions, chicanery, and
callousness summing up a cold-blooded villany of purpose without
parallel in the annals of any nation subscribing to the most elementary
principles of humanity, leaving justice altogether out of the question.
Braun's next tardy step was to inform the American Legation that 'owing
to unforeseen circumstances' he was unable to act further on behalf of
Miss Cavell, whose personal friends had besought his assistance; but he
had arranged for M. Sadi Kirschen, another Belgian lawyer, to defend the
prisoner.
There was thus a fresh delay while M. de Leval got into communication
with Kirschen, a meeting with whom provided but very cold comfort. The
legal adviser to the American Legation was astounded to learn that the
prisoner's new advocate was ignorant of the details of the charges
against her; for the German military code did not permit him to see his
client before the trial, and he was not allowed to inspect any documents
in connexion with the case.
When M. de Leval announced that he himself would attend the trial,
Kirschen strongly deprecated any such course. He asserted that the
judges would not approve of the presence of a neutral spectator, and
they might show their annoyance by delivering a judgement more severe
than otherwise would be the case. M. de Leval, not desiring to prejudice
the prisoner in any way, did not persist in his intention to be present
at the trial. He had to rely upon Kirschen's statement that the tribunal
would act with fairness, and that a miscarriage of justice was a very
remote possibility. Kirschen further explained that these trials of
suspects generally developed so slowly that, as the charges against Miss
Cavell were disclosed, he would be able to elaborate the best possible
defence.
In view of later events it is evident that Kirschen was but a cog in the
wheel of German 'rightfulness'; but at the time there was nothing in his
demeanour or his expressions of opinion to cause one to suspect his
genuineness. But it goes without saying that if M. de Leval had evinced
the utmost determination to attend the trial, the Department of the
Governor-General would have found means to prevent the presence of an
unbiased spectator of their clandestine and insincere method of
'justice.'
V
THE SECRET TRIAL
The trial of Edith Cavell took place behind an almost impenetrable veil
of secrecy. A fortnight after the execution of the victim certain German
newspapers printed an account that was mainly a brief for the
prosecution, while the accused were put in as unfavourable a light as
possible. Fortunately an eye-witness afterwards afforded M. de Leval
additional details, by which we are enabled to picture the scene with
tolerable certainty; and surely never since Joan of Arc faced the
corrupt Bishop of Beauvais has the light of heaven looked down on a more
merciless and brutal caricature of law and justice.
The secret court-martial was held in the Brussels Senate House, where
thirty-five persons were charged with similar offences. The judges'
names were not made public. Of the accused, the principal were Edith
Cavell and Princess Marie de Croy, the Comtesse de Belleville and
Mademoiselle Thulier, and M. Philippe Bancq. Prince Reginald de Croy did
not stand his trial, for the simple reason that the Germans had been
unable to lay hands on him. Armed guards had escorted the prisoners to
the court, where soldiers with fixed bayonets stood between them.
The court-martial was not likely to be a long and tedious affair, for
the prisoners had been questioned and cross-examined _ad nauseam_ long
before this final stage, and in most cases the accused had signed
depositions admitting their guilt.
The outstanding figure among the prisoners was Miss Cavell, the typical
Red Cross nurse, whom sick soldiers love and reverence, whose
incomparable devotion to duty places her in the forefront of the
world's womanhood. She appeared in the uniform in which she had been
arrested: the white cap covering the back of the head; the stiff collar
around the neck; starched bow beneath the chin; and on her arm the Red
Cross, the badge of her merciful mission.
Even in a British court of justice perfectly innocent people are
overawed by their surroundings, causing them to be self-conscious,
nervous, and distracted at a time when cool collectedness should be the
first line of their defence. But Miss Cavell knew that she was arraigned
before unjust judges, who lacked the virtues of charity, sincerity,
humanity, and probity, without which the exercise of judgement is a
mockery and a sham.
Her clear and expressive eyes looked out of a countenance that two
months of close confinement had made deathly white. She was of the stuff
of which martyrs are made. For what amounted to no more than a series of
acts of womanly compassion she had become the sport of dire misfortune;
but 'misfortune is never mournful to the soul that accepts it; for such
do always see that every cloud is an angel's face.' Edith Cavell
fearlessly looked about the court, viewing with evident curiosity the
row of malevolent-looking officers in gorgeous uniforms, who occupied
the judges' bench under the black Prussian eagle that is now the emblem
of a nation's degradation. Occasionally her delicate features were
illumined with a commiserating smile to encourage those who shared her
own imminent peril.
The case for the prosecution was that the accused were the principals in
an organization that assisted British, French, and Belgian soldiers to
escape from Belgium. It was alleged that fugitives were first smuggled
into Brussels, where they were hidden either in a convent or in Miss
Cavell's hospital. Later, as opportunity offered, they were disguised
and conducted in tram-cars out of the city, and handed over to guides
who led the way by devious routes to the Dutch frontier.
When Miss Cavell was called upon to plead, she mastered her physical
weakness, and serenely faced her accusers. In gentle accents she
asserted that to the best of her belief she had but served her country,
and, so far as that was wrong, she was ready to take the blame. Calmly
she contemplated her end; cheerfully she was willing to be the
scapegoat, in the hope that some at least of her friends might escape
the dread punishment that she perceived would be her fate.
She was interrogated in German, which an interpreter translated into
French, with which tongue she was perfectly familiar. She spoke without
trembling, and exhibited a clear and acute mind. Often she added some
greater precision to her previous depositions. Her answers were always
direct and unhesitating. When the Military Prosecutor inquired why she
had helped soldiers to go to England, the reply came promptly: 'If I had
not done so they would have been shot. I thought I was only doing my
duty in saving their lives.'
'That may be true so far as British soldiers were concerned,' agreed the
interlocutor, 'but it did not apply to young Belgians. Why did you help
them to cross the frontier, when they would have been perfectly free and
safe in staying here?'
Miss Cavell treated this question with the silent contempt it deserved.
She knew only too well what freedom and safety had been accorded to many
Belgians of military age who had been found in their own desecrated
fatherland.
She not only admitted that she had assisted refugees to escape, but she
acknowledged that she had received letters of thanks from those who had
reached England in safety. This was a vital admission. German evidence
alone could have charged her with an 'attempt' to commit the crime, but
the letters of thanks conclusively proved that she had 'committed' the
offence.
Among the other prisoners, M. Philippe Bancq was equally fearless.
Without a quaver he admitted that he had assisted young Belgians to
escape and rejoin their army. 'As a good Belgian patriot,' said he, 'I
am ready to lay down my life for my country.'
The Military Prosecutor demanded that the death penalty be passed upon
Nurse Cavell and eight other prisoners. Whether the Englishwoman's
compassionate conduct that was her offence and her heroic bearing under
trial made an impression on her judges, one cannot tell. Their apparent
disagreement may only have been a theatrical adjunct to the tragedy
which Baron von Bissing had staged with consummate care. It may have
been that they lacked the moral courage to pronounce sentence in her
presence. In any case, judgement was postponed. In an ordinary trial
this respite would have given play to hope, the miserable man's god,
which keeps the soul from sinking in despair.
But hope could neither flatter nor deceive Edith Cavell as she was led
back under escort to her cell to wait--to wait for the assured
condemnation that her eyes of courage must have perceived at the end of
the cul-de-sac of German infamy.
VI
THE FIGHT FOR A LIFE
The trial had occupied two days, and had ended on Friday, October 8. M.
Kirschen had promised to keep M. de Leval informed how the matter was
proceeding. He duly notified the date of the trial; but in thorough
keeping with what had gone before, during the two days' progress of the
inquiry he made no sign. He did not disclose that the Military
Prosecutor had asked for the death penalty; he maintained silence even
when the sentence was promulgated. Thus he was a party to cutting off
the unhappy prisoner from the only friends who could bring powerful
influence to bear upon the authorities for a revision of the sentence.
Kirschen not only did not communicate with M. de Leval, but he
disappeared entirely after the trial.
It is placed on record by one present in court that Kirschen pleaded
well for his client, but it is doubtful if it were more than a formal
plea for mercy for one who was prejudged and her fate already sealed.
That Kirschen is believed to be an Austrian by birth, although a
naturalized Belgian, doubtless explains much that for a time had
mystified the officials of the American Legation. It makes one's gorge
rise to think that while the German conspirators pretended to allow the
prisoner a friendly advocate, he was in reality a hideous travesty, a
hypocritical cat's-paw of the Department of the Governor-General.
After the perpetration of the crime M. Kirschen informed a sceptical
world that he was not of Austrian origin, but was born at Jassy, in
Roumania. He also denied that he promised to inform the American
Legation about the sentence, and, in fact, did not know until it was
announced publicly. It need only be commented that M. de Leval's letters
to his chief are in emphatic contradiction, and there is no doubt whose
word is worthy of credence.
Failing to find M. Kirschen or learn any news of him, on Sunday night M.
de Leval went to see Baron von der Lancken. The Baron was out, and Mr.
Conrad, a subordinate, was unable to give any information.
On Monday morning M. de Leval was informed by Conrad that the American
Legation would be made acquainted with the judgement immediately it was
pronounced, at the same time volunteering the assurance that it need not
be expected for 'a day or two.'
M. de Leval did not propose to rely upon any German assurances, and,
further, was bent upon learning some of the details of the trial. In
view of M. Kirschen's continued silence, he called at the house of the
advocate at 12.30, but was informed that he would not be at home until
late in the afternoon. He therefore proceeded to the house of another
lawyer, who had been interested in one of Miss Cavell's fellow
prisoners, but failed also to find that gentleman. However, he called
upon M. de Leval a few hours later, and reported that he had heard that
judgement would be passed on Tuesday morning. He also said that he had
good grounds for believing that the sentence of the court would be
severe for all the prisoners.
Meanwhile repeated telephonic inquiries were made by the American
Legation at the Politische Abteilung (Political Department), and upon
each occasion it was stated that sentence had not been pronounced; and
this was the reply as late as 6.20, together with the renewed promise to
afford the required information as soon as it came to hand. And so the
day dragged on.
Yet the death sentence had been passed at five o'clock in the afternoon,
and the execution of Miss Cavell was fixed for the same night! Not until
8.30 p.m. did the American Legation learn from a reliable outside
source that sentence had been passed, and the execution would probably
take place at two o'clock in the morning. Thus the American Minister was
hoodwinked up to almost the last moment. The same fiendish mind that had
engineered the secret arrest and the trial _in camera_ had deliberately
jockeyed the Legation out of anything like the time required for taking
the requisite steps to secure the deferring of the execution, pending an
appeal in the highest quarters for clemency.
At this critical juncture Mr. Brand Whitlock was ill in bed; but,
nevertheless, with Mr. Hugh Wilson, he threw himself into the task of
attempting to save Miss Cavell's life, although the brief time at their
disposal afforded but a slender chance of success. In a letter already
prepared for dispatch to Baron von der Lancken, it was pointed out that
the condemned Englishwoman had been treated with more severity than had
been the result in other similar cases, although it was only her own
commendable straightforwardness that enabled the charges against her to
be proved. It was urged that she had spent her life in alleviating the
sufferings of others, and at the beginning of the War she had bestowed
her care as freely on German soldiers as on others. Her career as a
servant of humanity should inspire the greatest sympathy and call for
pardon. A letter in identical terms was addressed to Baron von Bissing.
Apart from what may be termed these strictly official communications,
the Minister directed a touching personal appeal to Baron von der
Lancken that was calculated to move the heart of a Bashi-Bazouk.
'My dear Baron,
'I am too ill to present my request in person, but I appeal to the
generosity of your heart to support it and save this unfortunate
woman from death. Have pity on her!
'Yours sincerely,
'BRAND WHITLOCK.'
That this poignant intercession failed in its purpose is indubitable
proof, if further testimony were necessary, that the Prussian model of
manliness is utterly devoid of chivalry, and that blood-lust takes the
place of the ordinary dictates of humanity.
Forthwith Mr. Gibson and M. de Leval sought out the Marquis de
Villalobar, the Spanish Ambassador, and together the anxious trio
proceeded to the house of Baron von der Lancken. Not only was the Baron
not at home, but no member of his staff was in attendance, which
suggests even to the most charitable chronicler that the visit had been
anticipated. An urgent message was sent after the Baron, with the result
that he returned home a little after ten o'clock, and was shortly
followed by two members of his staff.
When the circumstances necessitating the visit were explained to Baron
von der Lancken, he professed to disbelieve that the death sentence had
been passed, and asserted that in any case there would be no execution
that night, and that the matter would lose nothing by waiting until the
morning. But the neutral diplomatists were too hot upon the trail of
German trickery and prevarication to permit of the desired
procrastination; they were ambassadors in mercy rather than mere
politics, and they firmly insisted upon the Baron instituting immediate
inquiries. He retired to engage in telephonic communication with the
presiding judge of the court-martial, doubtless not to seek for
information, but to condole with each other upon the disclosure of their
cunning scheme to these pestering neutrals, whose interference they had
exercised their ingenuity to avoid.
Shortly the Baron returned and admitted to his visitors that their
information was correct, whereupon Mr. Gibson presented the letters
appealing for delay in execution of the sentence, and at the same time
he verbally emphasized every conceivable point that might assist to gain
even the most temporary respite; and in these representations the
Spanish Minister lent all the support at his command.
Baron von der Lancken informed them that in these matters the supreme
authority was the Military Governor; that the Governor-General had no
authority to intervene; and that appeal could be carried only to the
Emperor, and only in the event of the Military Governor exercising his
discretionary power to accept an appeal for clemency.
Upon the urgent appeal of the neutral diplomatists Baron von der Lancken
agreed to speak to the Military Governor on the telephone. He was absent
half an hour, and upon his return stated that he had been to confer
personally with the Military Governor, who declared that the sentence
upon Miss Cavell was the result of 'mature deliberation,' and that the
circumstances in her case rendered 'the infliction of the death penalty
imperative.'
The Baron's attitude was that of absolute finality, and in signification
of the end of the interview he asked Mr. Gibson to take back the note
which he had presented to him. This apparently simple request was
typical of the subtleties of Teutonic diplomacy, which cynically
repudiates its own 'scraps of paper,' and consequently cannot be
expected to hold those of others in very high esteem. Astute as Baron
von der Lancken may have imagined himself to be, his idea is patent to
an ordinarily unsophisticated mind, which not unnaturally, albeit
ungenerously, infers that at some time in the future the Baron may
desire to deny that he had received the written appeal of the American
Minister, which would be borne out by its absence from the official
archives. He is welcome to any satisfaction that the preparation for
mendacity may afford an atrophic conscience and a mental attitude that
is foreign to honourable diplomacy.
For an hour longer the visitors argued and pleaded, only to be informed
very positively that 'even the Emperor himself could not intervene'; but
even then Mr. Gibson and the Marquis de Villalobar continued to make
fresh appeals for delay. Finally the Spanish Minister drew Baron von der
Lancken aside in order to express some forcible opinions that he
hesitated to say in the presence of the Baron's subordinates and M. de
Leval, a Belgian subject; and in the meantime Mr. Gibson and M. de Leval
argued desperately with the younger officers--but all in vain.
Edith Cavell was doomed to death by that same tyranny that had
consummated the horrors of Louvain, that had heaped up atrocity upon
atrocity to appal all Christendom. As the bells of the city chimed the
midnight hour the victims' friends returned in despair to the American
Legation.
VII
THE BLOOD OF THE MARTYR
At eleven o'clock that same night, while Mr. Gibson and the Marquis de
Villalobar were expostulating with Baron von der Lancken, the Rev. H. S.
T. Gahan, the British Chaplain in Brussels, entered the cell in which
Nurse Cavell had spent the last ten weeks of her life.
Even in that supreme hour when she was being hurried to the grave by her
implacable foes, she knew no fear. She was calm and resigned. Upon her
gentle lips was no execration of her enemies, but only sentiments that
make us infinitely proud of her, that shall be repeated by generations
yet unborn, that shall endure in our national affection and reverence as
long as British tongues have speech and words have meaning.
In his report to the American Legation Mr. Gahan said that Nurse
Cavell's first words were concerned with a matter concerning herself
personally, 'but the solemn asseveration which accompanied them was made
expressly in the light of God and eternity.' In expressing the wish for
all her friends to know that she willingly gave her life to her country,
she said, 'I have no fear nor shrinking; I have seen death so often that
it is not strange or fearful to me.' She further said, 'I thank God for
this ten weeks' quiet before the end. Life has always been hurried and
full of difficulty. This time of rest has been a great mercy. They have
all been very kind to me here. But this I would say, standing as I do in
view of God and eternity, I realize that patriotism is not enough. I
must have no hatred or bitterness towards any one.'
When the chaplain administered the Holy Communion, she received the
gospel message of consolation with all her heart; and when he repeated
the words of the hymn 'Abide with me,' Miss Cavell softly joined in the
last verse:
Hold Thou Thy cross before my closing eyes;
Shine through the gloom and point me to the skies;
Heaven's morning breaks, and earth's vain shadows flee;
In life, in death, O Lord, abide with me.
Afterwards the chaplain and Miss Cavell quietly conversed until the
jailer intimated that the interview must end. She then gave him final
parting messages for relatives and friends. 'She spoke of her soul's
need at the moment, and she received the assurance of God's word as only
the Christian can do'; and when he bade her 'good-bye' she smiled and
said, 'We shall meet again.'
Early in the morning Miss Cavell was led out to execution. As there is
no official account of her last moments, we at first had to rely chiefly
upon the report of the Amsterdam _Telegraaf_, a thoroughly reliable and
influential journal; but later, additional details were available from
various accredited sources. The _Telegraaf_ records that the soldiers of
the shooting party were greatly impressed by the courage and fortitude
of the nurse, and much distressed at their enforced participation in a
dastardly crime. Each individual soldier purposely aimed high so that he
might not have the murder on his conscience. The whole firing party thus
being impelled by the same humane motive, the volley left the victim
standing unharmed.
Only in that dread moment did her physical strength refuse to respond
further to her sublimely heroic spirit. She swooned and fell; and the
officer in charge of the soldiers stepped forward and shot her through
the head, close to the ear, as she lay mercifully unconscious of her
surroundings.
Whether it be true or not that the soldiers acted as described, one
would like to believe it, if only because it would afford some
satisfaction to think that the German rank and file can be stirred by
humane impulses to which their superiors are strangers. The rough
soldiers would appear as veritable angels compared to Baron von Bissing
and von der Lancken, his companion in crime. These ruffians consigned
themselves by their conduct to everlasting loathing and contempt; to
satisfy their rabid hate of England they proved themselves worthy peers
of Judge Jeffreys, Robespierre, Nana Sahib, and other unnatural
monsters.
Six weeks after the grim tragedy three of Miss Cavell's friends returned
to England from Belgium, and several of their statements correct
previous errors. One of these ladies saw Miss Cavell in prison a few
days before the end, but by that time the secrecy and isolation from all
advice had accomplished all that her jailers desired. The visitor says
that during the interview Miss Cavell was quite herself, wonderfully
calm, and preferred to talk on ordinary topics. Originally it was stated
that the execution took place at 2 a.m. in the prison of St. Gilles, but
Miss Wilkins, who took over the management of the hospital after Miss
Cavell's arrest, was at the prison at five o'clock on the morning of the
12th. She was just in time to see her friend being conducted to the
motor-car in which she was to be driven to the Tir National, two miles
out of Brussels, which was the selected place of execution. She walked
firmly, and, from the expression of her face, she was serene and
undisturbed.
The German military chaplain was with her at the end, and afterwards
gave her poor body Christian burial. He told Mr. Gahan that 'she was
brave and bright to the last. She professed her Christian faith, and
that she was glad to die for her country.' 'She died like a heroine.'
But the German chaplain did not inform Mr. Gahan that, accustomed as he
was to painful death scenes, the brutal end of the gentle victim so
horrified him that he himself sank to the ground in a dead faint--a
weakness that stands to the credit of his heart and calling.
The Rev. H. S. T. Gahan was sent to Brussels by the Colonial and
Continental Church Society only a few months before the outbreak of the
War. He was imprisoned for a few days in November, 1914, but was
released when the Americans represented that they required a clergyman.
All other British men were deported, but many British women and children
remain in Brussels. Many of those who have contrived to escape from the
stricken capital testify to the help and kindness and sympathy of the
British chaplain.
It has been asserted that by her own request Miss Cavell was permitted
to face her executioners with unbandaged eyes and unbound hands. But
more than that, according to later information, the Germans, with one of
their acute refinements of cruelty, allowed her to witness the execution
of M. Bancq, and it was this sight, more than fear of her own end, that
caused her to collapse.
The only announcement of Miss Cavell's death received by her friends and
pupils was through a poster displayed on the walls of Brussels baldly
announcing that the execution had taken place; and letters which were
addressed to them the day before she died were not delivered until a
month afterwards.
The body of the martyr was buried by her enemies near the prison of St.
Gilles. Mr. Whitlock, on behalf of the First President of the Brussels
Court of Appeals and President of the Belgian School of Certificated
Nurses, asked Baron von der Lancken for the body of Miss Cavell, its
directress. It was undertaken, in the removal of the body and its burial
in the Brussels district, to conform to all the regulations of the
German authorities. Mr. Whitlock remarked that he felt sure that His
Excellency would make no objection to the request, and that the
institution to which Miss Cavell had generously devoted a part of her
life would be permitted to perform a pious duty. Baron von der Lancken
did not send a written reply, but called upon Mr. Gibson in person. He
stated that under the regulations governing such cases it was
impossible to exhume the body without written permission from the
Minister of War in Berlin. Thus the Germans took the opportunity of
crowning their foul deed with the final dishonour of a refusal of even
such a last pitiful request.
Really it is immaterial where Edith Cavell's body may be laid to rest,
although sentiment may demand its ultimate recovery. Her memory will
lack nothing. It is enshrined in glowing effulgence in the hearts of
Britons and our Allies for all time.
Although our story is the record of Edith Cavell, we can spare a thought
for her heroic companions. M. Philippe Bancq declared his willingness to
die for his country, and the Germans took him at his word. Princess
Marie de Croy was sentenced to ten years' imprisonment; but the Comtesse
de Belleville and Mademoiselle Thulier were condemned to death. Upon
strong representations made by the King of Spain and the Pope, however,
the German Emperor hastened to pardon these two ladies, because he was
aware of the universal horror caused by the deliberate political murder
of Miss Cavell. Von Bissing, too, evidently was warned by the Kaiser to
moderate his bloodthirstiness, as evidenced by a promise of their lives
to all British and French soldiers still hidden in Belgium if they
surrendered without delay. Verily, it was speedily proved that Nurse
Cavell had died that others might live--and it is not always the case
that even the greatest sacrifices bear so speedy a fruit.
VIII
IN MEMORIAM
It is almost impossible to express how deeply the heart of the nation
was stirred by the crowning deed of infamy signalized in the tyrannous
execution of Edith Cavell; and all classes, from the highest to the
lowest, were desirous of testifying their admiration of one whose
devotion to duty and consecrated death will ever be an inspiration to
our race.
The following message was dispatched from the King and Queen to Mrs.
Cavell, the stricken mother of the dead heroine:
'BUCKINGHAM PALACE,
'_October 23, 1915_.
'Dear Madam,--By command of the King and Queen I write to assure
you that the hearts of their Majesties go out to you in your
bitter sorrow, and to express their horror at the appalling deed
which has robbed you of your child. Men and women throughout the
civilized world, while sympathizing with you, are moved with
admiration and awe at her faith and courage in death.
'Believe me, dear Madam, yours very truly,
'STAMFORDHAM.'
Queen Alexandra's letter, through the medium of the Rector of
Sandringham, ran as follows:
'I am commanded by Her Majesty Queen Alexandra to write and say how
deeply Her Majesty feels for you in the sad and tragic death of
your daughter. Her Majesty views the unheard-of act with the utmost
abhorrence; no words of mine are in any way adequate to express the
deep feelings of Her Majesty as she spoke to me of Miss Cavell's
death. Her Majesty's first thought was of you, and I was to tell
you how deeply, very deeply, Her Majesty sympathizes with you.
"Her poor, poor mother. I go on thinking of her," were Her
Majesty's words. The women of England are bearing the greatest
burden of this terrible War, but by all the name of Miss Cavell
will be held in the highest honour and respect. We shall always
remember that she never once failed England in her hour of need.
"May God bless and comfort you!" is the prayer of Her Majesty.'
Naturally the tragic death of their heroic sister went like a
trumpet-blast through the ranks of the nursing profession, and the
following letter of sympathy addressed to Mrs. Cavell from the President
and Council of the Royal British Nurses' Association was signed by
Princess Christian herself:
'We, the President and Council of the Royal British Nurses'
Association, desire to express the warm and heartfelt sympathy of
the whole Association with you in the bereavement which has fallen
on you in such tragic circumstances. Your daughter's heroic death
is one which will always remain a lasting memorial to devotion,
courage, and self-sacrifice, and her name will ever be remembered
among those heroes who have laid down their lives for their
country.'
Of the condolences from abroad a few examples must suffice. M. Cambon,
the French Ambassador in London, received from the Committee of Foreign
Affairs of the Chamber of Deputies the following telegram for
transmission to the House of Commons:
'The Chairman and Members of the Committee of Foreign Affairs of
the Chamber of Deputies, deeply moved by the tragic fate of Miss
Cavell, desire to offer to the members of the House of Commons the
expression of the respect and admiration which they feel for the
noble heroine of British patriotism, and beg the House of Commons
to accept, on behalf of themselves and of their colleagues, their
message of grief and indignation.'
Acting under the instructions of his Government, the Belgian Minister
telegraphed to Mrs. Cavell:
'The Belgian Government shares with emotion and respect in your
grief. Our entire population to-day associates in a universal
sentiment of admiration and gratitude the name of Miss Cavell with
that of the many Belgian women who have already fallen martyrs to
German barbarism, and from whose innocent blood will arise new
heroism for the defence of civilization.'
A GREAT MEMORIAL SERVICE.
London in particular, and the nation in general, laid its wreath of
prayer around the bier of Edith Cavell in a great memorial service held
in St. Paul's Cathedral on October 29, 1915. It was a fitting and
touching token of affection and admiration of one of our greatest
national heroines, solemnly performed in one of the most sacred of our
national shrines.
The morning found London enshrouded in blue-grey mist; but at eleven
o'clock, the time of service, the weather-worn old sanctuary commenced
to gleam in pale sunshine, as if it were a halo from the glorious dead
to lighten the gloom of the sorrowing multitude.
St. Paul's Cathedral has witnessed many moving ceremonies, sad and
joyful, pathetic and glorious, but never in its history had it witnessed
a spectacle quite like the present occasion, which had its origin in a
brutal act of tyranny that had given rise to a cry of horror to agitate
the civilized world.
Under Wren's great dome were gathered representatives of every
department of the national life. Mr. E. W. Wallington attended on behalf
of the King and Queen. It had been expected that Queen Alexandra would
be similarly represented, but Her Majesty preferred to attend in person
in strictest privacy, typical of that gracious tact that has made her
universally beloved, and one more proof of her special friendship for
nurses.
The family of the martyred nurse was represented by two married sisters,
Miss Scott Cavell, matron of the Hull and East Riding Convalescent Home,
and other relatives. The aged mother was not present; she was too
weighed down by weight of years and sorrow to face a public ordeal whose
pathos would have been too poignant to bear. In imagination could be
conjured up a white-haired stately dame in her quiet Norwich home,
engaging in a simultaneous service all her own in the silence of her
saddened heart.
Among the more distinguished members of the congregation were the Prime
Minister and not a few members of the Cabinet; members of both Houses of
Parliament; Sir A. Keogh (representing Lord Kitchener); Lord Charles
Beresford, a popular representative of the Navy; the Diplomatic Corps;
the High Commissioners of Canada and Australia; the Deputy Lord Mayor
and Sheriffs in state; and notable representatives of the arts,
sciences, commerce, &c. For the rest there was a vast concourse, all
bent upon the one single purpose of taking advantage of the grave and
beautiful Anglican ritual to place on record, without bitterness, hate,
or venom, their deep sense of the foul crime that had sent Edith Cavell
to her death.
But the outstanding feature of the multitude was the nurses. Six hundred
of them were in reserved seats, but there must have been at least two
thousand in the building. First and foremost were various members of
Miss Cavell's training school in Belgium; and, of course, the 'London,'
in their dark rifle green, had a prominent place in the great company of
nurses of all grades, ambassadors and delegates of their noble
profession. Many of them were simply in caps and aprons with a cloak
around their shoulders, suggesting that they had come straight from
their duties in the city's palaces of pain to engage in a service that
was a fresh consecration of their merciful calling.
Except for the gorgeous habiliments of the civic officials, Queen
Alexandra's corps of nurses provided the only note of colour in the
touch of red at the capes; for even the band of the First Life Guards
was dressed in sober khaki instead of their usually resplendent
uniforms.
Wounded soldiers, often in groups, were pathetically noticeable among
the congregation, poor fellows who could testify above all others to the
mercy and healing brought to the sick and the maimed by 'a noble type of
good heroic womanhood.' Of the whole immense gathering the majority were
women. A large proportion of them were in black, the significant badge
of grief for the loss of their own particular dear ones, the brave
fellows who have laid down their lives on the battle-fields, or on the
ocean for whose mistress-ship they died.
As the Cathedral clock boomed out the hour the drums rolled in prelude
to Chopin's 'Funeral March,' which struck the first note of emotion in
the massed assembly and brought it to its feet. Slowly the choir, headed
by the symbol of our and Edith Cavell's faith, moved to their places,
preceding the clergy, chief of whom were the Bishop of London and Dr.
Bury, the Bishop of Central Europe.
The service proper commenced with the hymn 'Abide with me,' in which ten
thousand voices joined, and never was it sung with more feeling and
reverence. The last verse in particular must have called to every mind
that inexpressibly sad scene in St. Gilles' Prison. The words brought
solace and strength to Nurse Cavell, and some of her quiet faith, her
touching fortitude, seemed to be communicated to the congregation.
Following the special Psalms and the Lesson from the Burial Service,
band and organ together played the Dead March in _Saul_; and as the
notes pulsed and throbbed, pealed out with mighty rush of sound, or
decreased to little more than the volume of human breath, the terror of
death became secondary to the triumph of the spirit.
With singularly moving effect the choir commenced to sing the Liturgy of
St. Chrysostom, the beautiful prayer that contrasted so strongly with
the crashing harmonies that had scarcely ceased to reverberate far up in
the empty dome.
Prayers from the Burial Service were followed by a special petition
that, 'laying aside our divisions, we may be united in heart and mind to
bear the burdens which the War has laid upon us....' The congregation
sang 'Through the night of doubt and sorrow,' with its happy marching
swing; the Bishop of London pronounced the Benediction; then came the
resonant notes of the National Anthem; and the organ played a
recessional as the choir and clergy retired. A moment later two thousand
nurses fell to their knees, and 'if ever a soul went well charioted to
its Maker it was the soul of Edith Cavell.'
The service was over, and those who had been privileged to participate
in a soul-searching ceremony streamed out into the hum of the mightiest
camp of men the world has ever known. It was like coming from the Holy
of Holies, with an everlasting memory to kindle the love and enthusiasm
of all who worship at the shrine of duty.
And the wonder of it all, it was a great national tribute to one who a
fortnight earlier was unknown outside her own family and immediate
circle of friends. She had 'lived unknown till persecution dragged her
into fame and chased her up to heaven,' as a cry of horror and
execration, mingled with agonized pity for her harrowing fate, flashed
her name from peak to peak and continent to continent.
* * * * *
The columns of the British press were flooded with letters denouncing
the crime and acknowledging the death of the martyr as an irresistibly
compelling call to duty; and innumerable suggestions were made for
perpetuating in tangible form the memory of a daughter of England who
had taught us how to die.
One notable scheme for a memorial was speedily announced in connexion
with the London Hospital, which happened to be establishing a new
nursing home, which was to bear the name of Queen Alexandra. With true
nobility of heart Queen Alexandra promptly requested that her name
should give way to that of Edith Cavell, and public subscriptions
quickly assured an enlargement of the original scheme.
The _Daily Telegraph_ initiated a subscription fund to provide a statue
in stone and bronze by Sir George Frampton, and the eminent sculptor
intimated that his work would be a labour of love and a voluntary gift.
The Westminster City Council offered a site opposite the National
Portrait Gallery; and thus the statue will face Trafalgar Square,
already rich in national memories. Edith Cavell's death first became
known in England on Trafalgar Day. The base of the Nelson Monument was
hidden under the customary floral tributes to our greatest naval hero,
and amid them was placed a wreath of laurels, a symbol of the martyrdom
of the heroic nurse, of which the public would learn through the press
the following day. It will be peculiarly fitting for the statue to Edith
Cavell, whose last words were that she was glad to die for her country,
to be within sight of the column where stands the one-armed Nelson,
whose last immortal signal, 'England expects every man to do his duty,'
has ever been an inspiration not only to the Fleet, but to every true
lover of his country.
Other ideas for the perpetuation of the name of Nurse Cavell included
the raising of a Cavell Regiment, that should be a living monument of
brave men, who would be heartened and vivified by the noble life and
death of their devoted countrywoman. But the true spirit of Britons
negatived the necessity for a particular regiment. The next day after
the announcement of the death of Miss Cavell every eligible man in her
native village joined the Forces, and the recruits, all told, must have
numbered many thousands.
Probably it would afford general satisfaction if another proposal bore
fruit, namely, the institution of a new Order, equivalent to the
Victoria Cross, for heroism by women of our race and Empire; and the
heroism of our women in the present War emphasizes the justice and
wisdom of some such acknowledgement.
Up and down the country there were soon memorial schemes, generally in
connexion with local hospitals or the British Red Cross Society. One of
the first of this kind was the endowment of a bed in King Edward VII's
Hospital, Cardiff, by Sir W. J. Thomas. There speedily followed the
proposed institution of other beds to be named after Miss Cavell: the
City of Dublin Hospital asked for £500 to endow a bed; the 'Ediths' of
Yorkshire commenced to collect to perpetuate her memory in the north;
and a fund of £1,000 was started for a free bed for nurses at the Mount
Vernon Hospital for Consumption.
Miss Scott Cavell made it known that her sister had hoped some time in
the future to establish a home for nurses only, those either
convalescent or tired, or who required a temporary home on holiday from
abroad, or a temporary place of rest only. A subscription list was at
once opened to give effect to a plan that had been so near Nurse
Cavell's heart.
A similar idea, but on a larger scale, was favoured by Sir John Howard,
well known in Brighton as the giver of the John Howard Convalescent Home
for Ladies in Reduced Circumstances. He announced that in memory of Miss
Cavell he would build twenty-four cottage homes for incapacitated
nurses, and endow each with the sum of ten shillings a week. This
munificent memorial will entail the expenditure of about £30,000.
IX
BRITISH OFFICIAL REPROBATION
The language of diplomacy is of a restrained and judicial character,
even when dealing with questions that arouse in the lay mind a whole
storm of feeling. But the letter of Sir Edward Grey of October 20, 1915,
addressed to Mr. Page, the United States Ambassador in London, with
studied calmness and marked dignity indicts the German authorities of an
unwarrantable haste in carrying out the sentence that amounts to
political murder. The Foreign Secretary's comments were as follows:
'Sir E. Grey is confident that the news of the execution of this
noble Englishwoman will be received with horror and disgust, not
only in the United States, but throughout the civilized world. Miss
Cavell was not even charged with espionage, and the fact that she
had nursed numbers of wounded German soldiers might have been
regarded as a complete reason in itself for treating her with
leniency.
'The attitude of the German authorities is, if possible, rendered
worse by the discreditable efforts successfully made by the
officials of the German civil administration at Brussels to conceal
the fact that sentence had been passed, and would be carried out
immediately. These efforts were no doubt prompted by the
determination to carry out the sentence before an appeal from the
finding of the court-martial could be made to a higher authority,
and show in the clearest manner that the German authorities
concerned were well aware that the carrying out of the sentence was
not warranted by any consideration.
'Further comment on their proceedings would be superfluous.
'In conclusion, Sir E. Grey would request Mr. Page to express to
Mr. Whitlock and the staff of the United States Legation at
Brussels the grateful thanks of His Majesty's Government for their
untiring efforts on Miss Cavell's behalf. He is fully satisfied
that no stone was left unturned to secure for Miss Cavell a fair
trial, and, when sentence had been pronounced, a mitigation
thereof.
'Sir E. Grey realizes that Mr. Whitlock was placed in a very
embarrassing position by the failure of the German authorities to
inform him that the sentence had been passed, and would be carried
out at once. In order, therefore, to forestall any unjust criticism
which might be made in this country, he is publishing Mr.
Whitlock's dispatch to Mr. Page without delay.'
Sir Edward Grey also wrote to the Spanish Ambassador in London
acknowledging the good services of the Spanish Minister at Brussels, and
concluding thus:
'His Majesty's Government much appreciates the efforts made by the
Marquis de Villalobar on this occasion, and the sentiments of
humanity and chivalry which animated him, and they would be
grateful if your Excellency would be good enough to so inform the
Spanish Government.'
In the House of Lords the Earl of Desart asked the Government if they
could give any information with regard to the execution of Miss Edith
Cavell by the German authorities in Belgium. Her offence, he said, of
assisting her own countrymen and the countrymen of our Allies to escape
was one which a belligerent was entitled to protect itself against, and
a sentence of execution might even be passed, but such sentence ought
never to have been carried out by any country. It was rumoured that
other persons against whom similar charges had been made were lying in
peril of their lives, and it might be possible through the action of
neutral countries to prevent a recurrence of one of the greatest
tragedies of the War.
The Marquis of Lansdowne replied:
'I am not surprised, and I am sure no member of the House can be
surprised, that the noble Earl should have called attention to this
most deplorable incident. We have been during the last few months
continually shocked by occurrences each more terrible and moving
than its predecessor; but I doubt whether any incident has moved
public opinion in this country more than the manner in which this
poor lady was, I suppose I may say, executed in cold blood.
'It is no doubt the case that she may by her conduct have rendered
herself liable to punishment, perhaps to severe punishment, for
acts that could be taken to be a violation of the kind of law which
prevails when war is going on. But I have no hesitation in saying
that she might at any rate have expected that measure of mercy
which, I believe, in no civilized country would have been refused
to one who was not only a woman, but a very brave and devoted
woman, and one who had given all her efforts and energies to the
mitigation of the sufferings of others.
'I am able to tell my noble friend that a full report relating to
the circumstances under which Miss Cavell was executed was
forwarded to the Foreign Office by the United States Ambassador. We
learn from this report that the representatives of the United
States and Spain at Brussels up to the very last moment neglected
no opportunity or effort in order to obtain a commutation of the
death sentence passed on Miss Cavell, or even to obtain at least a
period of suspense before that sentence was carried into effect.
These efforts failed.
'With regard to the second part of my noble friend's question, I am
able to tell him that two French ladies have been condemned to
death on a charge of sheltering British and French fugitive
soldiers. These ladies were to have been executed on Monday last;
but I am glad to be able to add that, as the result of strong
representations made by His Majesty the King of Spain and by the
Pope, the execution of these sentences has been postponed pending
consideration by the German Emperor of the reports on both cases.
I will only add that I am convinced there is not a man or woman in
this country who will not join with the noble Earl in the protest
he has made against this terrible occurrence.'
In the House of Commons Mr. Asquith, the Prime Minister, said:
'If there be moments such as come to all of us when we are tempted
to be fainthearted, let us ask ourselves what year in our history
has done more to justify our faith in the manhood and the womanhood
of our people? It has brought us, as we cannot at this moment
forget, the imperishable story of the last hours of Edith Cavell,
facing a terrible ordeal worse than that of the battle-field. She
has taught the bravest man amongst us the supreme lesson of
courage. Yes, and in this United Kingdom and throughout the
Dominions of the Crown there are thousands of such women. A year
ago we did not know it. We have great traditions, but a nation
cannot exist by traditions alone. Thank God, we have living
examples of all the qualities which have built up and sustained our
Empire. Let us be worthy of them, and endure to the end.'
The Secretary for Foreign Affairs was asked whether, according to
Article 10 of the Hague Convention of 1907 and the guarantee of the
neutrality of Belgium, to which Prussia was a party, the late Miss
Cavell was, according to such law as could be applied to her case,
guilty of any military offence.
Sir E. Grey: 'It seems unnecessary to go into technical legal points to
condemn what has been done in this case. The reprobation of it, which I
believe is widespread in the world, rests upon higher considerations,
which arouse deeper feelings, than mere illegality.'
In another question the Secretary for Foreign Affairs was asked whether
he had taken, or intended to take, any steps to convey to the Military
Governor of Brussels that, when opportunity offered, he would be held
personally responsible by His Majesty's Government for the
quasi-judicial assassination of Miss Cavell.
Lord Robert Cecil: 'On May 5 last the Prime Minister assured the House
that due reparation would be exacted from all persons, whatever their
position, who can be shown to have maltreated our prisoners in Germany.
That pledge still holds good, and applies with twofold force in the case
of the savage murder under legal forms of a noble woman. I do not think
that it would serve any good purpose to attempt to convey this resolve
to any particular German official, who, for aught we know at present,
may not be the chief offender.'
The statement of the Prime Minister to which the above reference was
made was as follows:
'The Government were at least as anxious as anybody else that when
the proper time came due reparation should be exacted from all
persons, whatever their position or their antecedents, who could be
shown to have violated the most elementary principles, and perhaps
the most fundamental, of all the rules and usages of civilized
warfare.'
If there be any value in the British Government's expressed
determination, then assuredly von Bissing and von der Lancken will be
indicted for the offence that stinks in the nostrils of the whole
world.
X
GERMANY'S CYNICAL DEFENCE
Germany speedily found it wise to attempt to justify the execution of
Miss Cavell in order to moderate the storm of indignation that had been
aroused in neutral countries. To that end Dr. Zimmermann,
Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs, set forth the German defence in an
interview granted to a United States correspondent in Berlin.
'It was a pity,' said Dr. Zimmermann, 'that Miss Cavell had to be
executed, but it was necessary. She was judged justly. We hope it
will not be necessary to have any more executions.
'I see from the English and American press that the shooting of an
Englishwoman and the condemnation of several other women in
Brussels for treason has caused a sensation, and capital against us
is being made out of the fact. It is undoubtedly a terrible thing
that the woman has been executed; but consider what would happen to
a State, particularly in war, if it left crimes aimed at the safety
of its armies to go unpunished because committed by women. No
criminal code in the world--least of all the laws of war--makes
such a distinction; and the feminine sex has but one preference,
according to legal usages, namely, that women in a delicate
condition may not be executed. Otherwise men and women are equal
before the law, and only the degree of guilt makes a difference in
the sentence for the crime and its consequences.
'I have before me the court's verdict in the Cavell case, and can
assure you that it was gone into with the utmost thoroughness, and
was investigated and cleared up to the smallest details. The
result was so convincing, and the circumstances were so clear, that
no war court in the world could have given any other verdict, for
it was not concerned with a single emotional deed of one person,
but a well-thought-out plot, with many far-reaching ramifications,
which for nine months succeeded in doing valuable service to our
enemies and great detriment to our armies. Countless Belgian,
French, and English soldiers are again fighting in the ranks of the
Allies who owe their escape to the band now found guilty, whose
head was the Cavell woman. Only the utmost sternness could do away
with such activities under the very nose of our authorities, and a
Government which in such case does not resort to the sternest
measures sins against its most elementary duties toward the safety
of its own army.
'All those convicted were thoroughly aware of the nature of their
acts. The court particularly weighed this point with care, letting
off several of the accused because they were in doubt as to
whether they knew that their actions were punishable. Those
condemned knew what they were doing, for numerous public
proclamations had pointed out the fact that aiding enemies' armies
was punishable with death.
'I know that the motives of the condemned were not base; that they
acted from patriotism; but in war one must be prepared to seal
one's patriotism with blood, whether one faces the enemy in battle,
or otherwise in the interest of one's cause does deeds which justly
bring after them the death penalty. Among our Russian prisoners are
several young girls who fought against us in soldiers' uniforms.
Had one of these girls fallen, no one would have accused us of
barbarity against women. Why now, when another woman has met the
death to which she knowingly exposed herself, as did her comrades
in battle?
'There are moments in the life of nations where consideration for
the existence of the individual is a crime against all. Such a
moment was here. It was necessary once for all to put an end to the
activity of our enemies, regardless of their motives; therefore the
death penalty was executed so as to frighten off all those who,
counting on preferential treatment for their sex, take part in
undertakings punishable by death.
'It was proved after a long trial of the sentenced persons that
they for some months past had been engaged in assisting Belgians of
military age to enlist in hostile armies, and in enabling French
and English deserters to escape the country. They had many helpers,
and had organized branches.
'The Governor-General had repeatedly issued warnings against such
activity, pointing out that severe punishment for such action was
unavoidable.
'The guilty persons were sentenced in a public sitting according to
the law based on the provisions of the imperial penal code and the
military penal code for war treason and espionage. No special law
exists for Belgium, and no so-called "usage of war" influenced the
verdict of the court.'
Dr. Zimmermann maintained that the execution was carried out in
accordance with the established regulations, death occurring immediately
after the first volley, as attested by the physician who was present.
The greater part of Dr. Zimmermann's futile reasoning is not worth
discussion in detail. The one outstanding fact is the common belief that
no military authorities in Europe, other than German, would have
executed Miss Cavell for an offence actuated by purest motives of
patriotism, and in which there was not the faintest suspicion of
espionage. It may be remarked, too, that in America Judge Lynch never
executed a woman. The attempt to draw a parallel case between Nurse
Cavell and Russian women who have fought as soldiers is puerile in the
extreme. In the case of the Russian, she is dressed in male uniform, and
the German who shoots her in action does so in ignorance of her sex;
Miss Cavell was a Red Cross nurse whose services to German wounded
alone should have struck a spark of compassion.
* * * * *
Later, an inspired telegram was issued from Berlin to counteract the
'incorrect and exaggerated' discussions in the foreign press. It was
stated that Miss Cavell was sentenced in a public sitting, although it
is an incontrovertible fact that the American Legation could not get
permission to be represented. It is laid to Miss Cavell's charge that
she 'nursed only rich people for heavy fees.' Even if it were true, it
would not palliate the German offence of hurried and clandestine murder;
but we know, and the Germans know, that her whole life was spent in
doing good for others. Finally is repeated the old statement that
cruelties were committed by Lord Kitchener during the Boer War on women
and children. This oft-repeated libel needs no refutation of ours,
because it was demolished years ago by the German official history of
the Boer War.
The next step in German impudence was an attempt to make believe that
in the documents exchanged between the American Legation in Brussels and
the German authorities as published by the British Government, some
circumstances of the utmost importance are inaccurately reported by the
Belgian lawyer who acts as legal adviser to the Legation. To this Sir
Edward Grey informed the press that the papers relating to the case of
Miss Cavell were published exactly as they were received from the
American Embassy and with the American Embassy's consent.
On November 20, however, nearly a month later, the British Foreign
Office did make public one correction:
'The letter addressed by the United States Minister at Brussels to
the Ambassador in London, under date October 14, to the effect that
the German prosecutor had asked for a sentence of death against
Miss Edith Cavell _and eight other persons implicated by her
testimony_ was due to erroneous information furnished to the
United States Legation, and, so far as it has been possible to
discover, no other person has been directly implicated by any
testimony on the part of Miss Cavell.'
The acknowledgement of this mistake, however, could have afforded the
Germans but little satisfaction, because its only effect was the removal
of a slur on the loyalty of Miss Cavell to her friends.
In the clumsy attempt to justify their savagery the Germans have done
nothing to prevent judgement going by default in the heart of all
civilized nations. They omit all reference to their inhuman haste and
calculated trickery, and their venomous refusal to allow exhumation and
proper burial. No laws of war permit such outrages, no military
necessities can excuse and no pedantic partisan can vindicate them.
XI
JUSTICE AND SAVAGERY CONTRASTED
Sir John Simon, the late Home Secretary, in an interview with a United
States correspondent in London, averred that in the record of Britain's
treatment of persons accused of military offences the case of Miss
Cavell had and could have no parallel. To no woman, even in cases of
clearly proved espionage, had Britain meted out a sentence of death; and
in no case is a woman, whatever her nationality, tried in any but a
civil court.
It may be urged that in an occupied territory such as Belgium the
administration of the law may call for slight difference; but the Cavell
case was not a sudden or unexpected discovery that called for a
drumhead court-martial on a battle-field. The 'crime' was committed in
Brussels, where the invaders claim to have restored orderly government
under their own civil governor.
'In England the accused is brought before a tribunal which holds a
preliminary inquiry taking the summary evidence. He is always
assisted by a lawyer, and a complete record of the evidence, oral
and documentary, is given to the accused, who is then allowed an
interval to prepare for defence. _If it is a woman, the trial
always takes place before a civil tribunal_; if a man, he has the
right to claim to be tried before a civil tribunal instead of a
court-martial, if he be a British subject. At the trial, whether
military or civil, the lawyers for the defence have the same
opportunities as are given the accused in an ordinary case in peace
times.
'In the last case involving a woman in this country the offender
was of German birth, though technically a subject of another
country owing to marriage. She was acting in association with a
male spy, and was detected travelling to various points in order to
collect information about naval defences. The evidence against her
was overwhelming, and did not depend solely on witnesses, but on
documents found in her possession and letters written by her and
her associates.
'Going through the preliminary proceedings as previously described,
she was tried in September by three civil judges of our High Court
and a jury, and was convicted, not of harbouring German soldiers,
but of deliberate and persistent spying for the purpose of
providing the enemy with important information. Her male companion
was condemned to death; she was sentenced to ten years'
imprisonment.
'In the case of a court-martial, reconsideration always takes
place; in a civil trial, such as the one just recounted, there is a
right of appeal to the Court of Criminal Appeal and consideration
by the Home Secretary, who gives his advice as to the prerogative
of mercy. In the particular case mentioned the woman did not
appeal.
'In any case when the accused has claimed to have connexion with a
neutral country we have not waited for application to be made to
us. We thought it right to give the neutral Embassy information of
the arrest. It has happened in several cases that the accused was
carrying what he alleged to be a United States passport. In such
cases, as the others, the American Embassy was consulted, and the
solicitors and counsel for defence were retained with the Embassy's
approval.
'Execution never follows a sentence here without a proper interval.
Indeed, there was a case not long ago when on the eve of the
execution a postponement was requested in order that some further
representation might be considered. The sentence was postponed for
a week, and the whole case was reviewed in the light of the new
material. In a case now pending the accused says he wishes to call
evidence from the other side of the world. We don't know whether
the evidence will be helpful, but we have postponed the final trial
from August to December.
'Mind you, I am not claiming any credit for the British Government
for our procedure. There is nothing unusual, to my mind, in taking
care that the accused persons have the fullest opportunity for
their defence. The thing that strikes Englishmen as most incredible
in the case of Miss Cavell is the calculated indifference with
which the inquiries of the American and Spanish Ministers were
treated. If the excuse is suggested that in time of war severe and
harsh measures have to be taken, our own experience is enough to
show that it is possible to combine a regard for the rights of the
accused and the respect for humane considerations with the effect
of punishment of hostile offences of the most serious kind.
'It would have seemed impossible for the Germans to do anything to
increase the horror produced by their behaviour in Belgium. It
would have seemed impossible to do anything which could cement more
closely the bond of sympathy between the populations of England and
Belgium. But they have accomplished both impossibilities by one
horrible act of brutality.'
The foregoing contrast between British and German conceptions of justice
is practically the difference between barbarism and civilization; and
Sir John Simon's impressive exposition of the difference between the two
systems calls for nothing to elaborate it.
XII
PULPIT AND PEN UNITE IN DENUNCIATION
The publication of the official correspondence affording the details of
Miss Cavell's stealthy execution raised a storm of righteous
indignation, which found expression in every pulpit in the British
Isles; while on the platform or in the press men of light and leading
joined in their condemnation of the German atrocity. The following are
but a few notable examples of whole sheaves of similar outpourings.
* * * * *
The Bishop of London, in preaching the Trafalgar Day Sermon, at St.
Martin-in-the-Fields, said:
'The cold-blooded murder of Miss Cavell, a poor English girl,
deliberately shot by Germans for housing refugees, will run the
sinking of the _Lusitania_ close in the civilized world as the
greatest crime in history. There is one thing about the incident
which, perhaps, was not taken into account by those who perpetrated
the crime. It will settle the matter once for all about recruiting
in Great Britain. There will be no need now of compulsion. I wonder
what Nelson would have said if he had been told that an
Englishwoman had been shot in cold blood by the members of any
other nation? He would have made more than the diplomatic inquiries
which have been made by a great neutral into this crime, right and
proper as those inquiries are. He would have made his inquiries by
the thunder of the guns of the British Fleet, and pressed the
question with the Nelson touch which won Trafalgar, as, indeed, our
own Fleet at this moment is only too ready to do. But is it
possible that there is one young man in England to-day who will
sit still under this monstrous wrong? The three million new
recruits asked for will be there. Why was she put to death? Why was
she murdered? Three thousand thousand Englishmen, and Scotsmen and
Irishmen too, will know the reason why. God's curse is on the
nation that tramples underfoot and defies the laws of chivalry
which once relieved the horrors of war.'
The following is the Rev. F. B. Meyer's eloquent contribution:
'We may thank God for the chivalrous reverence in which the British
race holds womanhood; and how nobly that reverence has been
responded to is evident in the unparalleled service which the women
of our time have been giving to fill the depleted ranks of labour
and to render invaluable service in all departments, from the
hospital to the harvest-field.
'The crowning horror of the German treatment of womanhood is the
atrocious murder of this woman, who lived to alleviate suffering,
and who only did what any one of us would have done in saving the
lives of refugees who sought the shelter of a home. There should be
no necessity for executing a woman in war-time; and if it is said
that crime is committed in passion, the murder of Miss Cavell is
inexcusable even on that ground, because she was executed in cold
blood.
'It is impossible for any British men who are of suitable age and
physical fitness for the army to hold back, because it is certain
that the measure meted out to Nurse Cavell would be gentleness
itself compared to the treatment which would befall our womanhood
if once the German invasion triumphed over our resistance.
'If only the crime that we deprecate to-day would lead us to
concentrate our thought on the War, we should be doing more than we
realize towards bringing it to an end. The pessimist, the croaker,
the grumbler, the critic, work in a contrary direction. Our
enemies, with their Hymns of Hate and concentrated venom,
endeavour to hurt us, and they forget that passions of that sort
recoil on their instigators as poisonous gases roll back with the
wind to those who sent them. We do not concentrate in a spirit of
revenge or hatred, but in the stern resolve of an entire nation
that we shall never stay our hands until our Empire is free from
all fear of menace.
'Miss Cavell has set the world an example of how we should bear
ourselves in a supreme crisis. Her heroic conduct, her calm
composure in the face of death, cannot be accounted for merely by
her temperament. They were due to her religious faith.
'She died as a Christian, looking towards the Redeemer, and forgave
her persecutors, and she will go on ministering still.
'A life like hers will reverberate through the world. Thousands
will be inspired by her example, and long after the War has passed
away her name and character will shine like a beacon light in
history.'
The Rev. Lord William Cecil contributed a special sermon to the columns
of the _Daily Telegraph_, of which is quoted only the final portion:
'Edith Cavell lives in the heart of the nation; nay, in the esteem
of the world.
'She by her deed has won undying renown, and has made England more
glorious. Far and wide will they tell the tale, and add--"Of such
are the English."
'The work of the statesman passes. New generations arise, with new
problems and new combinations. The victories of the general are
forgotten or live in the musty pages of history with dates and
sententious comments of the historian. But glorious deeds of
sacrifice never die. They live and grow mightier as years roll on.
'The old English chronicler, Hall, after discussing the question
whether Joan of Arc was justly killed or no, adds this
comment--that "it matters not, for in a few years the whole story
will be forgotten." Poor fool! He forgot that good deeds live, and
therefore can never be forgotten. So we shall tell the story of
Edith Cavell to the wondering children, and they on their knees
will lisp in childish words a prayer that they may grow like such a
holy woman.
'And the ages that are to come will learn her name. Yes, long after
other great actors in this awful tragedy are forgotten--when the
names of kings and kaisers are lost in the obscurity of the
past--the sacrifice made by Edith Cavell will be remembered as we
remember the holy deeds of saints and the martyrdom of the
Christian virgins.
'This foul world needs some saint to save it.
'The world that tells lies, breaks sworn treaties, murders and
kills, needs a ransom. Vile as it is, so vile that those who look
on it marvel at the depravity of human nature, and now, as a
sin-offering, a woman has been offered by the blood-lusting
Germans.
'The sacrifice will surely tell in the great world beyond, and a
blessing will come from her death.
'The heavenly trumpets sound the victory. Fear and cruelty shall
not prevail. Honour, love, and sacrifice are conquerors. And this
world will be saved from that combination of human power and
vileness which is revealed to the world by the Prussian military
system.
'Edith Cavell, by her sacrifice, pleads with God to send
righteousness again on this war-torn earth.
'She will conquer.'
Mr. T. P. O'Connor delivered more than one eloquent speech, and that
which we quote may be accepted as the voice of Ireland:
'If ever we had any doubts as to what our duty is in this War, it
must have been removed by the events of the past few days. We have
given to this cause of liberty one of the noblest figures that ever
appeared in the martyrology of liberty throughout the history of
the world.
'I like to think of Miss Cavell as a symbol of our race. By her
devotion to duty, her assiduity in her work, her determination to
stand by her post, her humanity to the enemy as well as to the
friend, her words of courage, and at the same time of broad pity
and humanity, even under the shadow of death, that woman has done
more to inspire our race in our fight than the gallantry even of a
hundred thousand men.
'I am glad to see that a great newspaper has opened a fund for the
purpose of raising an adequate monument to her memory; but no
monument of marble or of bronze will speak as her own personality,
her own life, and her death.'
The following is extracted from a powerful article by Professor J. H.
Morgan in the _Graphic_:
'The execution of Miss Cavell is not, perhaps, the most revolting
of the innumerable outrages committed by the German army, but it
is certainly the most callous and the most authoritative. Hundreds
of women and young girls have been outraged by German officers and
men; many have been shot, and others burnt alive. But what
distinguishes the case of Miss Cavell--not forgetting the singular
nobility of her character--from these obscurer tragedies is the
fact that, owing to the presence of the vigilant and high-minded
Minister of a neutral State, the veil has been lifted upon the
whole proceedings, from their inception to their mournful
conclusion in the courtyard of the prison of St. Gilles, and the
world has had revealed to it in the most lurid light the sinister
character of German "justice."
'The noble woman who, out of the abundance of her charity, sought
to save men from these things has been condemned and executed on a
charge of having offended against military law. I know nothing more
tragically ironical than that the Power which has broken all laws,
human and divine, should seek to justify the condemnation of Edith
Cavell with all the pomp of a tribunal of justice. While thousands
of ravishers and spoilers go free, one woman who had spent her life
in ministries to such as were sick and afflicted is handed over to
the executioner. Truly there has been no such trial since Barabbas
was released and Christ led forth to the hill of Calvary.'
Mr. G. K. Chesterton contributed a scathing indictment to the
_Illustrated London News_:
'There is not much that can be said, or said easily, about the
highest aspects of the murder of Edith Cavell. When we have said,
"Dear in the sight of God is the death of His saints," we have said
as much as mere literature has ever been able to say in the matter.
'The thing was not done to protect the Prussian power. It was done
to satisfy a Prussian appetite. The mad disproportion between the
possible need of restraining their enemy and the frantic
needlessness of killing her is simply the measure of the distance
by which the distorted Prussian psychology has departed from the
moral instincts of mankind. The key to the Prussian is in this
extraordinary fact: that he does truly and in his heart believe
that he is _admired_ whenever he can manage to be dreaded. An
indefensible act of public violence is to him what a poem is to a
poet or a song to a bird. It at once relieves and expresses him; he
feels more himself while he is doing it. His whole conception of
the State is a series of such _coups d'état_. In Poland, in Alsace,
in Lorraine, in the Danish provinces, he has wholly failed to
govern; indeed, he has never really attempted to govern. For
governing means making people at home.
'Wherever he goes, and whatever success he gains, he will always
make it an occasion for sanguinary pantomimes of this kind. And
awful as is the individual loss, it is well that now, at the very
moment when men, wily or weak, are beginning to talk of
conciliatory possibilities in this incurable criminal, he should
himself have provided us with this appalling reply.'
Mr. Hall Caine attended the great Memorial Service in St. Paul's
Cathedral; and below is a short extract from his impressions as recorded
in the _Daily Telegraph_:
'What has brought this multitude together? A great victory? The
close of a great campaign? The funeral (as at this time last year)
of a grand old warrior who, after many glorious victories, has
died, as is most fit, within sound of the guns in the War he
foretold, and is being borne to his lasting place amid the
acclamations of his countrymen and the homage of the world? No, but
the memory of a poor woman, a hospital nurse, who has been foully
done to death by a barbarous enemy, condemned for acts of mercy and
humanity, tried in secret, shot in haste, and then buried in a
traitor's grave!
'What a triumph for religion, for Christianity, for the Church!
What an answer to Nietzsche! What a rebuke to Treitschke! What a
smashing blow to the all-wise philosophers who have been telling us
that Corsica has conquered Galilee! That in these dark and evil
days the people of London should assemble in tens of thousands to
thank God for the shadow of the scaffold and to find inspiration in
thinking of the martyr's end is proof enough that not lust of
empire, not "the will to power," not war for its own sake or for
the triumphs it brings in its train, but religion, with its
righteousness, is still the bread of our souls.'
XIII
THE LASH OF THE WORLD'S PRESS
SELECTIONS FROM BRITISH JOURNALS
_The Times._
'The ordinary German mind is doubtless incapable of understanding
the "horror and disgust" which the military execution of Miss
Cavell will arouse throughout the civilized world. We shall be
surprised if within the next few days the press of all neutral
lands does not re-echo these feelings with an intensity which will
astonish the disciples of "Kultur." Here we have in its highest
development that boasted product of the Teutonic intelligence and
the Teutonic heart. The very spirit of Zabern, but of Zabern in
war-time, broods over the whole brutal and stupid story. There is
not in Europe, outside Germany and her Allies, a man who can read
it without the deepest emotions of pity and of shame. The victim
was a lady who had devoted her life to the noblest and the most
womanly work woman can do. She was the head of a great nursing
institute which has trained numbers of nurses for Germany as well
as for Belgium. She herself nursed many wounded Germans at the
beginning of the War. She has been sentenced to death by their
officers, and shot by their comrades. So is it that the Germans
requite the charity of strangers. She had been guilty of a military
offence--the offence of harbouring her own wounded countrymen and
Belgians amongst whom she had lived and worked, and of getting them
across the Dutch frontier. That was enough for the uniformed
pedants who tried her, and for their civilian subordinates. She was
perfectly straightforward and truthful with the court. They sent
her to her death upon her own admissions. They could not, even by
their own harsh law, have convicted her without these admissions.
Her frankness did not profit her any more than did her sex, her
calling, or her services to the Kaiser's wounded troops. There was
the fact: she acknowledged certain acts which could be twisted into
"conveying soldiers to the enemy," and the legal penalty for this
offence under the German military code is death. That was enough
for her judges. They sentenced her on a Monday afternoon, and had
her shot in the dark at two o'clock next morning. Napoleon ordered
a similar "execution" in the ditch of Vincennes. It cost him and
his Empire dear.
'There is not much more to tell. The Councillor to the American
Legation was refused permission to visit the prisoner after
sentence, and a like refusal was at first given to the English
clergyman, Mr. Gahan. This last refusal, worthy of the Jacobins who
refused a confessor to Marie Antoinette, was, however, not
persisted in, and the doomed Englishwoman had the consolations of
her own Church, and received the Holy Communion from Mr. Gahan's
hands. He found her "admirably strong and calm." She admitted again
her guilt according to German military law, but assured him that
"she was happy to die for her country." Her country with one voice
acknowledges the claim. She did in very truth die for England, and
England will not lightly forget her death. That she had committed a
technical offence is undeniable; but so did Andreas Hofer and other
victims of Napoleonic tyranny whose doom patriotic Germans never
cease to execrate. We do not know whether the hide-bound brutality
of the military authorities or the lying trickery of the civilians
is the more repulsive. Both were determined that Miss Cavell should
die, and they conspired together to shoot her before an appeal
could be lodged. They have killed the English nurse, as Napoleon
killed the Duc D'Enghien, and by killing her they have immeasurably
deepened the stain of infamy that degrades them in the eyes of the
whole world. They could have done no deed better calculated to
serve the British cause.'
_The Morning Post._
'Often as in the course of the past fifteen months we have been
astounded by the relapses into elemental barbarism which our
adversaries have exhibited, perhaps there is no case that shows up
so much as this the ghastly descent of the German character into
primitive brutality. When it is admitted that the charge was proved
true, by the accused's confessions, and that it was a charge that,
according to the military code in force at Brussels, might be
visited with the penalty of death, all is said that can be said for
the real criminals. A proclamation of martial law usually invests
the military authority with the power of inflicting the severest
penalties over a wide range of offences. This does not mean that
that authority is to deal in nothing but death sentences. But it
is quite useless to look for any colourable pretext for German
remorselessness in this matter. They were resolved from the first
to commit this deed of cruelty, but they were feverishly anxious
that it should be kept secret until beyond recall. From the moment
that the American Legation was known to have got news of Miss
Cavell's arrest and to be concerned in seeing that she was properly
defended, the German local Government begins to adopt every means
for throwing dust in the eyes of the United States representatives.
Surely such a story has never been presented to the modern world as
is here unfolded.
'All who have given attention to Napoleonic literature must have
recollections of prints of the death of the Duc D'Enghien--the
firing party under the glare of the torches, the prisoner standing
on the brink of his newly dug grave. In Napoleon's lifetime, and
for many years after, nothing hurt his personal reputation more
than this summary, furtive execution in the dead of night that
seemed to proclaim its own blood-guiltiness. But the great
Frenchman acted in this matter with the motives and in the manner
of an Eastern Sultan. He saw a man whom, rightly or wrongly, he
believed to be a danger to himself; he arrested him lawlessly on
foreign soil, and struck him down lawlessly. But what is there in
common between such an episode and the midnight execution of a
defenceless woman who never meant harm to any human being, who only
came within reach of the criminal law by her superior regard for
the higher precepts of mercy and compassion?
'When we think of the scene in that Brussels jail we may well
wonder that at this time of day it should be possible to get men to
participate in such a deed. Is it that insufficient blood has been
shed during this past year that men should hunger after one
harmless life? Yet we should evidently make a great mistake to
treat our heroic countrywoman's end as if a mere case for
compassion.
'One cannot mourn beyond a certain point for such a death. Who
could have dreamed a few years ago that English womanhood would be
producing such a heroine--the counterpart and realization in actual
life of the Antigone whom the tragedian's inspired imagination has
held up to the world's admiration for so many centuries?'
_The Daily Telegraph._
'We do not know whether any comment would be adequate in a case
like this, or whether, indeed, all comment is not superfluous. We
have had large experience of the brutality with which the enemy
conducts his warfare, and especially the inhuman recklessness with
which he pursues his vengeance against the civilian population of
the countries which he invades. We venture to think, however, that
in the case of a nurse, a woman whose life is dedicated to the
alleviation of pain, cruelty of this kind, cruelty that presses
against her the very extremity of martial law, is more diabolical
even than all the other counts of a growing indictment. No other
nation in Europe, we believe, would have put a nurse to death in
circumstances of this kind. They would have made some allowance for
her woman's tender heart, even though she had been guilty of an
offence, and therefore deserved some punishment. Nothing, probably,
can now brand with fouler infamy the German name, stained as it is
by all the damning items in its past record, from Louvain and the
_Lusitania_ down to the murder of an English nurse.'
_The Standard._
'Those who sorrow for the death of a good and brave Englishwoman
who died for her country as truly and nobly as any soldier in the
field must most warmly acknowledge the efforts made on her behalf
by the Ministers of the United States and of Spain. Everything
which could be done by gentlemen of kindly spirit and resolution to
save her was done. We are once more under a debt of unbounded
gratitude to those neutrals who have, from the first, striven to
maintain some of the mitigations of the horrors of warfare which
our enemy thrusts aside with contempt. They strained their
diplomatic prerogatives to the utmost in the cause of mercy, and,
if all their efforts were unavailing to combat the logical savagery
of the German military mind, the fault was none of theirs. We must
add also that, despite the horror at the outrage which they cannot
conceal, the representatives of the United States who have reported
are perfectly fair to the Germans. Although their own proposals for
the defence of Miss Cavell were rejected, they do not deny that her
trial was, in a sense, fair, and that the issue was in accordance
with the evidence and the provisions of the German military code.
The correspondence of Mr. Brand Whitlock with Mr. Page, and the
documents he forwards, gain the greater cogency from their frank
avowal of that fact. Murder by process of law is, of course, no
rare thing. Judge Jeffreys was a murderer of that kind. But it has
always aroused greater anger and contempt among men of right
feeling than murder of any other kind, and those, we are sure, will
be the feelings aroused throughout the world by the story of the
murder of this noble woman, who, if she offended against the laws
of her country's foes, could have been so easily rendered harmless
by means far less severe. The vengeance of the strong upon the weak
is the most abhorrent spectacle in the eyes of all right-minded
people which can be exhibited.
'It would be easy to pour forth vials of denunciation on the heads
of the Germans for this act. But it is utterly useless to do so,
and, if useless, then weak. A homely proverb says that you can
expect nothing from a pig but a grunt, and we know by this time
what to expect from our present enemy. Their standard of justice,
of manliness, of chivalry, is altogether diverse from ours, and
atrocities such as this done on Miss Cavell must simply confirm us
in our determination that it is our standard and not theirs which
is going to prevail in the world of the future. As one outrage
follows another the conviction grows the stronger that the world on
the Prussian model would be an intolerable place, and that every
man who loves freedom, mercy, and justice had better die than live
to see it so. The correspondence must be read in full. We shall not
attempt to discuss it in detail. In due course, as we most fully
believe, the blood of all those who have perished to slake the
brutal German thirst for dominion will be required at the hands of
the guilty. On the other hand, the name of Edith Cavell is
henceforth enshrined among the patriots and martyrs who have died
nobly for the honour of the Empire. May her relatives and friends
find comfort in that thought!'
_The Daily Mail._
'The story of Miss Cavell's arrest, trial, and martyrdom is one of
those sublime tragedies which make the deepest appeal to the heart
of man. The facts cover the enemy with eternal infamy. The Germans
did to death a woman whose whole life had been dedicated to the
service of suffering man, for a breach of a barbarous law which
they themselves had imposed. All efforts to save her were in vain.
The German authorities tricked and attempted to deceive the United
States Minister at Brussels, who made the most persistent exertions
in her behalf. They evidently hurried on the execution in order
that no chance might baulk them of their prey. This is a deed which
in its horror and wicked purposelessness stuns the world and cries
to heaven for vengeance.
'Miss Cavell neither grieved nor faltered when she knew her fate.
She was happy, she said, to die for her country; and a life which
had been generously devoted to a noble work was crowned by an
heroic death. It is difficult to say what inspiration a nation does
not draw from such an example as hers, which lifts up even the
meanest and most selfish heart to new heights of unselfish love and
devotion. "To weep would do her wrong." Her life and death are
beautiful as those of the saints of old, and will move mankind like
immortal music or song. In the truest sense she may be said to have
died happy. Her country will never forget her. Her memory will
brace our troops in the hour of battle, and when the grey forms
close in the North Sea it will be there. Those who die thus have
won immortality.'
_The Daily Chronicle._
'In a War which numbers its casualties by millions, and which has
witnessed holocausts of atrocity like the sinking of the
_Lusitania_ and the sack of Louvain, the murder of a single lady
may seem a small episode. But the enormity of a crime is not always
measured by the number of its victims. Here was a lady of education
who had devoted her life to the relief of human suffering. The head
of a great nursing institute, she had helped to train hundreds of
nurses, including Germans. When the War broke out she devoted her
whole strength to the care of the wounded, and had lavished her
personal attention on wounded German soldiers. Latterly she had
assisted certain British, French, and Belgian soldiers to escape to
England across the Dutch frontier. Charged with this military
offence, she admitted it with complete candour; indeed, she seems
to have been the principal witness against herself. One may safely
affirm that, having regard to her transparently humanitarian
motives and all the circumstances of the case, no Government in the
world but the German would have inflicted the death penalty on such
a culprit. They not merely inflicted it, but compassed its
infliction with a mixture of duplicity and brutality that must make
every decent human being's gorge rise. Of Miss Cavell herself no
one will dispute that if any death in this War has been heroic,
hers was; one cannot say less, and no one could say more. The sense
of the whole civilized world can be left to judge between this
helpless woman and her murderers.'
_The Scotsman._
'That Miss Cavell was guilty of an offence against martial law was
not denied. But it was not a crime that implied any moral
delinquency or transgression of the normal rules of human conduct.
On the contrary, it was prompted by the spirit of self-sacrifice
and mercy that had guided her whole life, but of which not the
tiniest measure was yielded to herself by the men who pursued her
to the death. While it may be said that she acted imprudently, and
that punishment, and even severe punishment, for her offence was to
be looked for, she acted from motives and under circumstances that
could only raise her in the eyes of all who are capable of
appreciating generosity, courage, and kindness. No suspicion of
espionage was attached to her conduct; no accusation of that nature
was brought against her; and on being charged with what she had
done, she made full and frank acknowledgement. This candour of
confession was turned against her as one of the aggravations of
her offence. It is made but too clear that the tribunal before
which she was hurried thirsted for her blood and for the blood of
all who were concerned in the escape of those prisoners from the
tender mercies of the Brussels military authorities. Having already
lain for several weeks in prison, Miss Cavell was brought before a
court-martial, and after a two-days' trial was sentenced to death
in the evening and led out to execution early next morning. There
was a surreptitiousness as well as a vindictiveness about the whole
proceedings that cannot but amaze, as well as horrify and disgust.'
_The Irish Times._
'If any one in Ireland still fails to see the necessity for
resisting to the utmost the extension of Prussian power in Europe,
this should open his eyes. It will be equally admitted by every one
but her executioners that her sex, her kindness to German wounded,
and her charitable intentions in committing the undoubted offence
against the law imposed upon Belgium by the conquerors should have
been regarded as good reasons for treating her with leniency. All
these considerations were ignored by the German authorities. Their
haste to accomplish the foul deed without possibility of
interference is not out of keeping with the worst that we know of
savage races. In utter contrast with their proceedings, there was
reported yesterday the hearing in a North of England town of an
appeal by a woman charged with attempted espionage against a
sentence of six months' imprisonment. The woman was of German
descent; she had sought information concerning a shell factory, and
she admitted that she would have passed it on to the Germans if
possible. Her trial was fair and careful, and she had the fullest
opportunity of securing legal advice at every stage. Her appeal was
patiently heard. So it is with every case of the kind, whatever may
be the nationality of the accused person. British justice has a
name throughout the world. Henceforth, so will German justice, but
the name will be of other significance.'
_The Nursing Mirror._
'The heroic and tragic death of Miss Edith Cavell has placed the
martyr's crown on the head of this most courageous and patriotic
woman, and has consecrated afresh the whole of the nursing
profession for her sake in the eyes of the world. Never has the
heart of the nation been more deeply stirred than by this crowning
deed of infamy; never have the vials of its righteous indignation
been poured forth in such a torrent of just anger. The whole of the
civilized world has risen as one man to protest against this
violation of all the laws of mercy and of judgement against this
act by which Germany stands forth for all time alone, apart,
leprous and unclean, among the people of the earth. Her words to
the chaplain on the evening before her execution were those of
quiet courage and resignation. Spoken in the stern solemnity of
that prison cell, with the sincerity that comes from the nearness
of the eternal dawn, these words carry a force and conviction they
might otherwise lack to every one of her fellow workers round the
world, and are driven home to each heart like a nail fastened in a
sure place.... This day of national adversity is our day of
opportunity. In it may we be all "brave in peril, constant in
tribulation, and in all changes of fortune, and down to the gates
of death, loyal and loving one to another."'
_The Lady's Pictorial._
'It is difficult to speak of the crime which has blotted the
already foul page of Germany's infamy in constrained language. The
whole civilized world stands aghast at the callous brutality and
deceit of the German officials in Brussels who have done to death a
noble Englishwoman; and words are impotent things in which to
express the horror, the disgust, the fury, that this brave woman's
murder has excited. Nor is it possible to deal in other than
conventional phrases with her splendid self-sacrifice. She has died
for her country, but she has also won the martyr's crown. Her love
for her country was boundless. To serve it she ran a risk the
gravity of which she fully recognized, and she freely admitted that
in so doing she had offended against military laws. We all know--it
is written for all time on the pages of history--how she paid the
penalty. There is no need to retell the shameful story, to extol
further her splendid heroism, to waste breath in execrating the
savages whose name is now besmirched beyond all cleansing; whose
blood-thirst has been slaked at the heart of a helpless woman. But
it is worth while--it cannot be too often repeated--to cry aloud
that Edith Cavell died that her countrywomen may live. Who dared to
ask what is one woman among the tens of thousands of men who have
perished for their country in view of all that this heroic nurse's
slaughter means to England? Dying in her country's service,
sacrificed to the savagery of the most treacherous, bestial,
merciless enemy against which civilized peoples have ever had to
fight, a victim to their lust of hate, she has left to Englishwomen
an example and a message which must surely stir them to follow her,
if need be, to death.'
_The British Weekly._
'The Saxon name Edith, which is linked with the most ancient
glories of English history, has acquired a new lustre through the
sufferings of Edith Cavell. In every church on Sunday preachers
sounded the praise of the loving, gentle woman who was shot by the
Germans in Brussels in the dark of a mid-October night a few hours
before the fleet of Zeppelins started on their flight towards
London. Her only crime was that she furthered the escape from
Belgium of her countrymen and their Allies. The shield clasped for
their sake in her delicate hand was like the buckler of Arthur in
Spenser's poem, "All of diamond perfect pure and cleene," and
coming ages will see that it was hewn out of the adamant rock.
Amid the panoply of the martyrs her diamond shield will burn.'
_The Catholic Times._
'Baron von Bissing, the German Governor-General of Belgium,
recently addressing a meeting of German women in Brussels, said,
"We must do our best to carry on here in Belgium a real German
'Kultur' work." He has just given the world a proof of what the
Germans can do for the promotion of "Kultur" in Belgium. It is a
proof which has brought home fully to civilized people the truth
that when the Germans are called barbarians there is no
exaggeration in the charge. The shooting of women is a relic of
barbarism abhorrent to the general feeling of the present day. The
execution of Miss Cavell brings into relief once more the main
characteristic of German warfare. Laws, civilized customs,
honourable traditions, must give way if they obstruct German
domination. A multitude of Belgians, male and female, have been put
to death with as much cruelty as was displayed towards Miss
Cavell. It is needless to say that by revealing their true
character during the War the Germans have been fighting most
effectively against their own cause. The horror excited by their
infamies is worth whole regiments of recruiting-sergeants. Not only
in the countries at war with Germany, but amongst the populations
of the neutral nations, it produces the firm belief that there
could be no greater enemy of popular rights than Germany, and that
the success of German "Kultur" work would blast civilization like a
deadly blight.'
THE VOICE OF FRANCE
The French Senate 'bowed with respect and profound emotion before the
memory of this heroic martyr to duty, who sacrificed her life in the
cause of patriotism and of eternal right'; and the French press glowed
with magnificent tributes to the memory of the brave Englishwoman. One
of the most striking articles was that communicated to _L'Homme
Enchaîné_ by M. Clemenceau:
'It was necessary that Miss Cavell, symbolizing in her heroic death
and her simplicity an incalculable mass of awful butchery, should
rise from her tomb to show the Germans that every soul of living
humanity revolts with disgust against a cause which can only defend
itself by a most cowardly assassination.
'The profound truth is that she honoured her country in dying for
that which is the finest in the human soul--the conscience of a
grandeur of which the greater part of us dreams, and which only a
few of the elect have a chance of realizing. This was the lot of
Miss Cavell; driven to a wall by a detachment of riflemen, she was
walking without a complaint, without a regret, being already no
longer of this earth, when a physical faintness made her falter. To
me it only makes her appear greater, since, combination of strength
and weakness, she thus showed herself woman, purely woman, to the
end. "Eloi, Eloi, lama sabachthani?"--"My God, My God, why hast
Thou forsaken Me?"--said Another on His cross, in a moment of
weakness and distress by which the splendour of His sacrifice was
increased.
'Edith Cavell did not speak a word; she fell. Thereupon an officer,
a representative gentleman of "Germany above everything," a
delegate of the Emperor, and, through the Emperor, of "the old
German God," carrying out his despicable task of butcher, calmly
drew near, placed his revolver at the temple of his victim, pressed
the trigger, and then, with his hand red with blood, signed to his
"men," if such I may call them, that the work of Germania was done.
We shall not forget the name of Miss Cavell, but we do not know, we
never shall know, the name of the other. He calls himself a
German--that is enough. Every other German would have claimed the
honour of carrying out the same task. Since the day of Joan of Arc,
to whose memory I know that the British will one day wish to erect
a statue, Great Britain has owed us this return. She has given it
nobly.
'Now the Eumenides are let loose--Miss Edith Cavell, murdered by a
coward, will live among the men of all ages and of all countries
with a life which, for a time of which one cannot foresee the end,
will bring shame and torment on the people on whom her blood lies;
and that the lesson may be lasting, I should like to see in Rome,
Brussels, Nish, Paris, London, and Petrograd, as an indestructible
memorial of a community of sentiment, a statue of this noble woman
and of the German officer. It would be sufficient to take as a
model the excellent drawing published by Abel Faivre in the _Echo
de Paris_, in which that fine artist has indicated in a few strokes
of sublime grandeur the nobility of the blessed victim, and,
without forcing anything, the features of the assassin.
'Those who come after us, and whose knowledge of the terrible
realities of these days will only be derived from cold,
dispassionate words, must have before their eyes an image recalling
the living facts: Edith Cavell and a Boche without name,
representative of a people which, feeling the weight of universal
opprobrium, has not found one spark of conscience from which to
utter one word of protest.'
_The Journal des Débats._
'Miss Cavell died like a heroine, like a true worthy daughter of
England, the victim of those who would like to have killed her
country, and who revenged themselves on a woman. The murder of Miss
Cavell deserves to be avenged, and it will be, and in a manner more
terrible than the Germans dream of. The soul of England and the
soul of France are to-day united over the body of poor but glorious
Miss Cavell in a most sacred oath.'
_Intransigeant._
'The German who cold-bloodedly, without even the excuse of the
passion of battle, judged, condemned, and executed Miss Cavell is
a monster, a being who has placed himself voluntarily beyond the
pale of human law. England, who has furnished us with so many
causes for gratitude since the beginning of the War, now offers for
our admiration a loyal, strong, and simple heroine. This winter at
the feast of Joan of Arc English officers brought flowers to her
statue. The French will not forget the great example of Edith
Cavell. She has entered the eternal light which shines on the
foreheads of heroines and martyrs. For centuries to come little
children will spell her name, and learn in the story of her life
lessons of courage.'
DUTCH PROTESTS
The German reign of terror just over their own borders the Dutch may
accept as a menace and a warning to themselves; but the assassination of
Nurse Cavell aroused the most emphatic denunciations of the crime.
_The Amsterdam Telegraaf._
'Under the fatherly government of Bissing, the Belgians at present
have cause to envy the Parisians of 1793 in the Reign of Terror.
Not a person is sure of his life, and certainly not an honest and
brave person, for the German reign of terror seeks by frightful
examples to make the whole of Belgium a nation of traitors and
cowards. Love of country, which the Germans themselves claim to
honour as the highest virtue, they punish in the enemy as the most
frightful crime.
'In the last fortnight were pronounced ten sentences of death and
thirty-two of penal servitude for from ten to fifteen years. Among
these death sentences were four women. We wrote once in this
journal, "Holland is incapable of shuddering any more." We were
wrong. The death penalty on a brave woman has caused the whole of
this country to freeze with horror. Openly and unashamed Germany
makes herself a nation of outlaws against whom in the future every
possible measure of reprisal must be counted as warranted.'
_Nieuws Van Den Dag._
'What poor psychologists German officials and officers seem to be!
They started with the request to the Belgian Government for free
passage; they then overwhelmed the neutral press with one-sided
reports regarding the _Lusitania_ case and the visits of Zeppelins
to undefended towns; finally, incidents of this sort! Everywhere
they betray a lack of the most elementary conception of
psychology.'
XIV
AMERICA'S VERDICT
Apart from questions of common humanity, Americans are keenly interested
in the tragical end of Edith Cavell because of the untiring services of
the American Legation in Brussels, first to see that the accused had a
fair trial, and, second, their desperate and heroic efforts to gain time
in which to formulate a final appeal for clemency. The admiration of all
true Americans must be excited by the account of the humane endeavours
of their representatives, which lose not a jot because their appeals
were made to a cold-blooded, ferocious tribunal that is a stranger to
compassion, and does not subscribe to the ordinary decencies of
civilized life and practice.
The following press comments indicate the unanimity of the note of
detestation with which America views one of the greatest crimes of all
time.
_New York Herald._
Under the heading 'Nana Sahib in Belgium' was foreshadowed the
national abhorrence which will hold Germany to be the moral leper
of civilization. Mr. Whitlock's report 'will cause a wave of horror
to sweep over the world at the possibility of a nation which is
capable of perpetrating such terrible deeds as a mere matter of
military routine succeeding in this War and dominating Europe.
'For the consolation of those weaklings who object to the execution
of Miss Cavell it is announced that the black act was done
according to German military law, and therefore "legal." So the
slayings in Louvain, Dinant, and other blood-soaked spots in
Belgium were in accordance with military law, and therefore
"legal." The sinking of the _Lusitania_ was therefore similarly
"legal." The desolation of Armenia was in accordance with Turkish
military law, and therefore "legal." The order of Herod, if
re-enacted by the military authorities of Germany, would be in
accordance with German military law, and therefore "legal." But the
civilized world would denounce it just as it denounced the Belgian,
_Lusitania_, and Armenian slaughters, and as it is denouncing the
execution of Miss Cavell.'
_New York Times._
'In the great tribunal of civilization the Germans have done
themselves immeasurable hurt by their savagery against those who
opposed them. Putting the interests of State above the interests
and rights of the individual, putting the ends Germany seeks to
attain above all other things on earth, destroying the peace of the
world, bringing on the bloodiest War in history, a War that has
brought to their deaths millions of the people of Europe and
threatens to impoverish great nations, all for the attainment of
ends the world has denounced in themselves, and by means which too
often have violated the foundation principles of humanity and
justice, Germany has brought herself into a position where the
world turns from her in horror, and dreads nothing so much as the
success of her arms. Man's love of life, the chivalric sentiment of
man for woman, tender consideration for the helplessness of age and
of youth, all these she has maimed and bruised and defaced with her
mailed fist, all these she has trampled under foot. The execution
of Edith Cavell but carried out the spirit and purpose of the
Imperial military policy.'
_The Sun._
'In spite of the manifestations of "frightfulness" with which the
record is already crowded, we are not willing to believe that
chivalry to women is dead in the German army. To the rank and file
von Bissing can never be a hero. Doubtless his monstrous deed will
be justified; nevertheless, it will sicken the soul of many an
honest German officer. And the German women--for woman is true to
her sex the world over--will deplore the fate imposed upon one who
was the victim of her sympathies. Never has there been a war in
which women have not played such a part as this Englishwoman did.
'Indeed, to all Germans who have not been corrupted by Prussian
militarism, the hurried, stealthy shooting of hapless Edith Cavell
in the dead of night behind prison walls will always be a bitter
memory. More than all the counts in the Bryce Report of atrocities
in Belgium it will weigh in the scale of judgement, for it has
struck the world with horror.'
_The Tribune._
'Alive, Miss Cavell was but an offender against German military
rules; dead, dead after summary conviction, dead under
circumstances that give the incident the character of a midnight
assassination and the colour of an atrocity, she becomes to all men
of English blood a martyr and an inspiration to new patriotic
devotion.
'The thing is like the Zeppelin raids, it is like the Louvain
slaughter, it is like the _Lusitania_ massacre. The wrongs done to
the women and children of a race do not terrify the men. They only
serve to rouse the spirit, strengthen the arm, nerve the will.
"Terribleness" is but the emptiest of threats and the weakest of
weapons. There is something almost pathetic in the German dullness
to the things that move the world. It begs, whines, pleads for the
goodwill and the approval of neutral mankind. It stands almost as a
suppliant for the alms of approval of other races. But in the same
moment, without warning, without reason, without anything but an
incomprehensible stupidity and folly, it does something that shocks
the moral sense, the humanity, of men and women the world over.'
_Philadelphia Public Ledger._
'The Administration has a duty in this matter which it should not
overlook. Miss Cavell, as a British subject, was under the
protection of the American Legation. The American Minister made
both an official and a personal request that her life might be
spared. This request was not only refused, it was treated with
contempt. Mr. Gibson's report is scrupulously restrained in
language, but his indignation may easily be read between the lines.
The sentence was carried out with a haste that emphasizes the
insults to the United States; the procedure from the beginning was
marked by insolence to its representatives. To let the matter drop
here would be a confession that this country can neither protect
its citizens' interests, nor those of other nations whose interests
it has undertaken to guard.'
_The Baltimore Sun._
'It is difficult to speak in temperate language of the execution of
Edith Cavell. ... The world will pronounce this one of the
crowning atrocities of cold-blooded brutality. It is impossible to
think of it without horror, to speak of it without execration.'
_The Chicago Tribune._
'The execution of Edith Cavell should and may be the cause of
mental awakening on the part of those who have hitherto remained
obstinately secure in the face of a world of terrors....
Civilization is breaking faster and faster. How far the sword and
torch will sweep no man can prophesy, but this we know--the
American nation has given to the German Empire an offence greater
than that furnished by Belgium, and has not as yet taken any step
to protect itself from retribution.'
XV
CONCLUSION
It may be urged against this simple chronicle of the life and death of
Edith Cavell that an Englishman could be expected to approach the
subject only in too heated and partisan a spirit to set forth the case
dispassionately.
There is no occasion to import factitious bitterness into the tragedy,
which was born in prejudice, suckled in suspicion, and reared to its
foul maturity on hatred. All the cogent and damning facts dealing with
the arrest, trial, and death of the heroic Red Cross nurse are vouched
for by the American Legation in Brussels; these facts are embodied in
the statements communicated by Mr. Whitlock to Mr. Page for transmission
to Sir Edward Grey, and may be read in the British 'White Paper,'
_Miscellaneous No. 17_ (1915), entitled, 'Correspondence with the United
States Ambassador respecting the execution of Miss Edith Cavell at
Brussels.'
The American Legation summed up the truth so far as the Germans would
allow the truth to be made known--and it may be accepted that what
details they permitted to escape from their net of secrecy and deceit
would be only those that would enable them to put the best face on what
they were pleased to consider merely a regrettable, but inevitable,
incident of warfare.
In this old world of ours, however, 'murder will out.' Whatever steps
Potsdam cunning took to keep the secret in its own dark bosom, the
enormity was disclosed to a scornful world, and the Germans found
themselves in a common pillory upon which beat the fierce light of a
merciless criticism and well-merited opprobrium.
The German authorities may be safely left to the judgement of
fair-minded peoples; and in passing it may be remarked that civilized
communities have an inherent regard for justice, even when it operates
to their own immediate disadvantage. It would be a sorry world if it
were otherwise; how sorry a few nations who consigned their honour to
the melting-pot can make it, we know only too well. It would be sorrier
still but for the firm conviction that in the end right will triumph
over might, justice will prevail over injustice, encouraging us to look
forward to the time when 'Civilization smiles; Liberty is glad; Humanity
rejoices; and Pity exults.'
When the welter of blood and the ruinous dissipation of treasure is at
an end, and we can appraise our tangible losses in life and money and
endeavour to form some conception of the moral gains resulting from the
conflict, amid the innumerable individual deeds that make us proud of
those of our race the heroism in life and death of Edith Cavell will
shine forth like a precious jewel.
It is well to remember that 'of every tear that sorrowing mortals shed,
some good is born, some gentler nature comes'; and in her death and the
tears that we shed for it, the martyr leaves behind her an inestimable
legacy that will yield rich dividends to humanize the souls of those who
are left behind to admire and reverence the example of a noble woman.
* * * * *
When the foregoing paragraph was written, one's faith in the strength of
our Empire and belief in the righteousness of our cause justified the
sure knowledge that we had not witnessed the real conclusion of this
pathetic soul-rending incident, that was without exact parallel in our
varied Empire story; but one could only wait--and wonder.
For three further searing years the war continued its desolating course,
that entailed the death and mangling of millions of the combatants and
the expenditure of uncountable wealth.
The end came with dramatic suddenness that almost paralysed the
suffering nations, who could scarcely realize that intense courage,
energy, and determination had at length given the Allies the victory.
Even while the Germans stood at the bar of justice at the Peace
Conference, Mother Empire decided the time had arrived to take Edith
Cavell to her own broad bosom; and the dust of one of the most gallant
women of our race was brought from Belgium to be reinterred under the
shadow of Norwich Cathedral, in the county that must ever be proud that
it gave her birth.
From Dover the body of Nurse Cavell came through Kent towards the
capital; the orchards were in full blossom, the fields golden with
buttercups, every bank blue and white with wild flowers, as if England
had put on her richest garment to receive her own.
From Victoria Station the funeral _cortège_ passed into the streets
amid the wonderful stillness and silence of vast crowds, a tribute of
silence that acclaimed the dead no less surely and splendidly than the
living heroes of the war had been welcomed home by the heartfelt cheers
of the multitude.
To the roll of the drums, the stately tread of escorting Coldstreamers,
the beautiful melody of funeral marches by the Scots and Welsh Guards'
bands, the gun-carriage and its honoured burden came to Westminster
Abbey, where, in the shadows of the dim old church, the first portion of
the funeral ceremony was to be performed.
A great congregation, representing all classes of society, had
assembled, and the nursing profession and the various branches of the
women's military services were largely in evidence. For fully half an
hour the waiting gathering listened enraptured to entrancing and
uplifting music of the Grenadier Guards' band.
The last notes died away. Suddenly the assembly rose as Queen Alexandra
was ushered to her seat. With her was Princess Victoria; and the King
was represented by the Earl of Athlone.
A few moments later the strains of Chopin's funeral march could be heard
outside the Abbey, betokening the arrival of the _cortège_; and then
beautiful voices echoed and re-echoed through aisle and transept as the
choir met the coffin, which progressed slowly from the great west door
towards the catafalque that waited to receive its noble burden. Tall
Guardsmen bore shoulder high the coffin, covered with the Union Jack,
which Edith Cavell had honoured with her life. To rest upon the glorious
colours Queen Alexandra had sent a magnificent wreath of red and white
carnations and arum lilies, to which an autograph card was attached upon
which she had written:
In memory of our brave, heroic, never-to-be-forgotten Nurse Cavell.
Life's race well run,
Life's work well done,
Life's crown well won,
Now comes rest.
From ALEXANDRA.
The service was marked by severe simplicity that savoured nothing of
exultation over a fallen foe; and yet there was the beautiful exultation
that belongs essentially to the Church of England Order for the Burial
of the Dead, which proceeded with tense emotion until the congregation
and choir united in singing 'Abide with me.' The Dean pronounced the
blessing.
The Dead March from _Saul_ was played with all the poignant appeal of
rolling and booming drums, wailing reeds, and the triumphant clangour of
brass. The 'Last Post,' heralded by a roll of drums, commencing so
softly as scarcely to be audible, swelled to a roar before it died into
the silence, on which broke the bugles; and last the 'Réveillé.'
Out of the shadows of the centuries into the sunlit street the
flower-decked coffin was borne by the eight Guardsmen bearers to be
replaced on the gun-carriage, which passed through the crowded City to
Liverpool Street Station, _en route_ for Norwich, and every yard of the
way there was evidence that the spirit of Edith Cavell was living in
the throngs who mourned her loss, even as they honoured her sacrifice.
Later in the day came the final scenes in the obsequies of Edith Cavell
at Norwich Cathedral, where the ashes of the world-famous victim of an
unchivalrous foe had come home for sepulture in an atmosphere of
intimate and almost personal concern. The citizens turned out in tens of
thousands. Every department of the civic life of the county was
represented, but again the nurses were in the forefront of the picture.
Wreaths came from near and far, and among not a few from Belgium was one
inscribed 'Elizabeth, Reine des Belges.'
The tribute of Empire had already been paid in London, and the closing
ceremony was more in keeping with the sweet simplicity of her who was
being laid to rest by the side of her mother amid the peaceful and
mellow surroundings of the ancient Close, in a sequestered little corner
called 'Life's Green.'
At the graveside the Bishop of Norwich delivered a touching address, in
which he dwelt more upon the manner of Nurse Cavell's death rather than
the work of her life. In conclusion he said:
'Edith Cavell rests under the shade of our cathedral in its
eight-hundredth year, adding one more to the long line of those
blessed saints of God over whom it has watched in life and death. We
will think of her while her body rests in its keeping as herself
alive unto God and present with the Lord, and we will look on to the
glad day when she and we and all we love, having waited and watched
for the glory of the Resurrection, at last shall see
The splendour of the morning
Dawn on the hills.'
* * * * *
Printed by the Southampton Times Company, Ltd., 70 Above Bar
End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Noble Woman, by Ernest Protheroe
*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A NOBLE WOMAN ***
***** This file should be named 35075-8.txt or 35075-8.zip *****
This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
https://www.gutenberg.org/3/5/0/7/35075/
Produced by Steven Gibbs, Richard J. Shiffer and the Online
Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
will be renamed.
Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules,
set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project
Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you
do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is
subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
redistribution.
*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
https://gutenberg.org/license).
Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic works
1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be
used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few
things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See
paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works. See paragraph 1.E below.
1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the
collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an
individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in
a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check
the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning
the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
States.
1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
copied or distributed:
This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or
re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
1.E.9.
1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked
to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg-tm License.
1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or
distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
that
- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is
owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments
must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License. You must require such a user to return or
destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
Project Gutenberg-tm works.
- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
of receipt of the work.
- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the
Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
1.F.
1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
your equipment.
1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
DAMAGE.
1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you
received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with
the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy
is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
opportunities to fix the problem.
1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any
provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists
because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
people in all walks of life.
Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org.
Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation
The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
https://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at
809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
[email protected]. Email contact links and up to date contact
information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
page at https://pglaf.org
For additional contact information:
Dr. Gregory B. Newby
Chief Executive and Director
[email protected]
Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation
Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations
($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
status with the IRS.
The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations
where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To
SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
particular state visit https://pglaf.org
While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
approach us with offers to donate.
International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other
ways including including checks, online payments and credit card
donations. To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate
Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works.
Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily
keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
https://www.gutenberg.org
This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
