The Project Gutenberg eBook of Wanderings in London, Piccadilly, Mayfair, and Pall Mall
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online
at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States,
you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located
before using this eBook.
Title: Wanderings in London, Piccadilly, Mayfair, and Pall Mall
Author: E. Beresford Chancellor
Release date: September 27, 2023 [eBook #71743]
Language: English
Original publication: New York: James Pott & Co, 1909
Credits: Alan, Steve Mattern and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WANDERINGS IN LONDON, PICCADILLY, MAYFAIR, AND PALL MALL ***
Wanderings in Piccadilly
Mayfair and
Pall Mall
[Illustration: GARDENS OF CARLTON HOUSE IN 1784.]
Wanderings in London
Piccadilly, Mayfair
and Pall Mall
BY
E. BERESFORD CHANCELLOR, M.A.
F.R. Hist: Soc:
Author of
“THE SQUARES OF LONDON,” ETC.
WITH
TWENTY ILLUSTRATIONS OF OLD LONDON
(Four of them in Colour)
JAMES POTT & CO.
NEW YORK
1909
WANDERINGS IN LONDON
PICCADILLY, MAYFAIR
AND PALL MALL
To facilitate the “Wanderings”
of inexperienced pilgrims, more
especially of those from America, a
MAP OF THE DISTRICT
will be found within the two covers
of the book; that in the front giving
the more eastern, and that in the
back the more western limits of the
district concerned.
WARD & CO.
COLOUR PRINTERS
33 & 34 Craven Street
CHARING CROSS
LONDON, W.C.
PUBLISHERS’ NOTE
Old London vanishes, another London takes its place; the interesting
old spots associated with the leisurely life and refinement of the
century that has gone, are being swept away one by one. In many ways we
would welcome a return of those dear old days, with their appreciation
of the _belles lettres_ and the fine arts, and with all their oddities
and quaint customs, but they have gone for ever. They played their part
in the development of the national life: to us they are but memories.
We owe no small debt of gratitude, however, to those who--like the
author--amidst all the changes that are taking place, have tried to
keep alive for us with pen and pencil, a remembrance of a period so
different from our own. Especially, perhaps, will many of our American
cousins recognise this debt when in their migrations they try to hunt
up places of interest connected with their English forbears.
Mr. Chancellor is most happy as he takes us round the old streets
and houses, and gives--as it were--almost personal introductions to
the quaint and interesting people who inhabited them. His pages are
sentient with living personages, and as we read we forget the years
that have rolled away, while we enjoy the laugh and quip with the
interesting old characters which are met with at every turn and corner.
To begin one’s peregrinations at the corner of Bond Street and
Piccadilly seems at first sight a little arbitrary, but one soon
realises that in starting from “Stewart’s,” and keeping within a
half-mile radius of this centre, one is really covering by far the most
interesting portion of the West End; while the old shop, which--during
more than two centuries--has given its name to this corner of Bond
Street, and which, as Mr. Chancellor declares, is to Americans one of
the best known spots in Europe, is in itself a most interesting link
with the past and present.
The Author, and the Publishers, acknowledge with thanks their
indebtedness to Edward Gardner, Esq., for kind permission to reproduce
six views of Old London from his unique Collection of Drawings and
Prints.
Contents.
CHAPTER I.--PICCADILLY. PAGE
Stewart’s Corner--Albemarle Street--Dover Street--The
White Horse Cellar--Hatchett’s Restaurant--Berkeley
Street--Devonshire House--Stratton
Street--Bolton Street--Bath House--The Clubs of
Piccadilly--Clarges Street--Half Moon Street--Cambridge
House--Ritz Hotel--Down Street--Gloucester
House--“Old Q.” 1 to 28
CHAPTER II.--ST. JAMES’S STREET & PALL MALL.
The Green Park--Constitution Hill--Cleveland
Row--St. James’s Palace--Arlington Street--St.
James’s Street--The Clubs of St. James’s Street--Chocolate
Houses--King Street--Pall Mall--Pall
Mall Clubs--Pall Mall Taverns--Carlton House 29 to 56
CHAPTER III.--THE HAYMARKET, ST. JAMES’S
SQUARE AND PICCADILLY (EAST).
The Haymarket--The Haymarket Theatre--Suffolk
Street--The Opera House--His Majesty’s Theatre--St.
James’s Square--Jermyn Street--St. James’s
Church--Piccadilly Circus--Pickadilla Hall--Piccadilly
East--Quaritch’s--The Albany--Burlington
House, Burlington Arcade 57 to 83
CHAPTER IV.--BOND STREET.
Bond Street--Famous Residents--Prince of Wales’s
Coffee House--Burlington Street--Burlington
Gardens--Vigo Street--Clifford Street--Savile Row--Cork
Street--Conduit Street--Maddox Street--George
Street--Hanover Square--St. George’s
Church--Brook Street--Grosvenor Street--Bruton
Street--Grafton Street--Hay Hill--Berkeley
Square 84 to 114
CHAPTER V.--MAYFAIR.
Sir Richard Grosvenor and the Westminster Property--Origin
of “Mayfair”--Davies Street--Grosvenor
Square--North and South Audley Streets--Park
Street--Norfolk Street--Upper Brook Street--Upper
Grosvenor Street--Mount Street--Charles
Street--Curzon Street--Curzon Chapel--Hertford
and Chesterfield Streets--Lesser Streets of Mayfair--Park
Lane--Tyburn Lane--Great Houses in Park
Lane--Hamilton Place--Mayfair, the Home of
Fashion 115 to 140
PRESS OPINIONS.
“A good little book for pilgrims, ‘more especially,’ as it states,
‘those from America,’ who wish to recognise the multitude of
distinguished ghosts who crowd the district dealt with.”--_Graphic._
“Always readable and interesting. The chief attraction of the book,
which, by the way, is charmingly ‘got up,’ is to be found in the
twenty plate illustrations of Old London streets and houses. Four are
successful reproductions in colour.”--_Antiquarian._
“In this pretty little book ... these notes on the heart of the West
End are made to gyrate round Stewart’s Tea Rooms at the corner of Bond
Street, called ‘Stewart’s Corner.’ The publisher seems to have felt
that to assume this shop to be the hub of the best part of London is
sufficiently remarkable to require explanation, so he writes:--‘To
begin one’s peregrinations at the corner of Bond Street and Piccadilly
seems at first sight a little arbitrary, but one soon realizes that
in starting from “Stewart’s” and keeping within a half-mile radius of
this centre, one is really covering by far the most interesting portion
of the West End.’ The plates, which are mostly reproductions of old
prints, are singularly interesting (especially the coloured ones), and
are themselves worth the price of the book.”--_Athenæum._
“Mr. Chancellor guides the reader round the old streets and houses,
introducing him personally, as it were, to the quaint and interesting
people who inhabited them.”--_The Queen._
“A little book gathering up in a quite popular way some of the
associations of the district, with many illustrations of it as it
appeared in the past.”--_“Times” Literary Supplement._
“The author of ‘The Squares of London’ has in a high degree the
faculties of selection and concentration, and in his hundred and
fifty pages he has been able to tell us so much and to tell it so
well.”--_Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic News._
“There is no lack of interest, past and present, in the district about
which our author discourses. Piccadilly is notorious for its ‘ghosts’;
and St. James’s Street, Park Lane, Grosvenor Square, Pall Mall,
Albemarle Street, to name a few places at random, have an abundant
population of the same kind. This little volume, which is judiciously
illustrated, makes good reading.”--_The Spectator._
“A pretty little book this, with charming illustrations of the West End
in days of old, four of them in colour. The pages are rich in brief
anecdote, as well as topographical details of interest.”--_The Lady’s
Pictorial._
“It is just the book for the Londoner who is always interested in the
old spots that are being swept away one by one; and the novice who
knows nothing of the subject will be fascinated by these pictures of
former days.”--_Methodist Times._
“Those who are interested in this class of literature will find Mr.
Chancellor’s book interesting, all the more so if they have some
acquaintance with the English literature of the last two centuries.
The area covered is large, but there is no lack of interest, past
and present, in our author’s discoursings about it. The volume is
judiciously illustrated.”--_Catholic Times._
“Pictures of St. James’s Street in George the Third’s reign, the palace
at the foot in the days of the Stuarts, Carlton House during the
Regency, together with various old inns, mansions, and other vanished
buildings, combine to make an illustrated gallery of a departed
era.”--_The Bookseller._
“Famous streets, famous buildings, famous men. Mr. Chancellor
catalogues them in an agreeable literary form, with plenty of notes and
incidents and historic origins.”--_The Globe._
“Mr. Chancellor’s small volume is among the best. It has a real
literary flavour, and is full of reminiscences of times long past.
The twenty illustrations of old London (four of them in colour) are
particularly well chosen.”--_Publishers’ Circular._
“A compact memorial volume like this is of special value. We are
conducted round the fine old streets and famous houses, and are given
almost personal introductions to the famous and quaint folk who
inhabited them.”--_Christian Commonwealth._
“In hunting up places of interest connected with our forbears, the
author has endeavoured, and successfully, to keep alive for us a
remembrance of a past period.”--_Broad Arrow._
“A pleasant sketch describing the West End of London in the eighteenth
and the early part of the nineteenth century, drawing a vivid picture
of life in that part of London at that time, and giving details
concerning many famous buildings.”--_Record._
“This charming little work must needs be invaluable to all lovers of
London, among whom the author reckons our American cousins, for whose
more especial benefit he has given a map of the district in two parts,
one representing the Eastern and the other the Western limits of his
rambles.”--_Western Morning News._
“Mr. Chancellor recalls many historical facts about these old streets
and houses, re-peopling them with English men and women of long ago,
telling anecdotes and gossiping in pleasantest manner.”--_Yorkshire
Daily Post._
“There is much to be learned from these pages how these parts of London
came to be built, and why the streets bear various strange names, of
which Maddox is one.”--_Nottingham Guardian._
“The author of ‘The Squares of London’ has undoubtedly done a great
deal to keep alive for us, with a ready and able pen, memories of the
old London which are tending to become less and less distinct with the
march of time and the rush of new ideas.”--_Huddersfield Examiner._
“The book is full of delightful gossip regarding the clubs, theatres,
and great houses of past and present times.”--_The Northern Whig._
“A capital and interesting book of its kind, full of pleasant
reminiscences of the days of the leisurely life and refinement of the
century that has gone.”--_Manchester Evening News._
“The volume is well illustrated, and the reproductions from old prints
and drawings of mansions which have altogether disappeared--as, for
instance, Northumberland House, with its famous lion--are particularly
interesting.”--_Glasgow Herald._
“This admirable book is packed full of historical and biographical
information, retailed in the pleasantest possible manner.”--_Liverpool
Daily Courier._
“Mr. Chancellor is an excellent cicerone in describing for us
the old streets and houses and the quaint people who inhabited
them.”--_Yorkshire Herald._
“With this little book in his pocket (where it will hardly reveal
itself), or on his table, the visitor to London can add greatly to his
enjoyment.”--_Aberdeen Journal._
“A delightful little guide to the localities mentioned.”--_Aberdeen
Free Press._
“With this book in the coat pocket--to glance at in convenient
corners--one could spend some pleasant hours.”--_Bolton Journal._
List of Plates.
GARDENS OF CARLTON HOUSE IN 1784 _To face Title_
STEWART’S CORNER _To face page_ 2
*CLARENDON HOUSE 8
*THE WHITE HORSE CELLAR (HATCHETT’S RESTAURANT),
PICCADILLY 12
(_From a Drawing by George Cruickshank._)
THE GLOUCESTER COFFEE HOUSE, PICCADILLY 14
THE GATES OF HYDE PARK IN 1756 27
(_From a Drawing by Jones._)
THE TURNPIKE AT HYDE PARK CORNER 28
ST. JAMES’S STREET, WHITE’S CLUB, AND BROOKS’S
CLUB 36
ST. JAMES’S PALACE 44
CARLTON HOUSE (_George IV. proclaimed King_) 52
THE OPERA HOUSE COLONNADE, PALL MALL, AND
CARLTON HOUSE SCREEN 64
ST. JAMES’S SQUARE 68
*“THE BULL AND MOUTH,” PICCADILLY 75
LOWER REGENT STREET, FROM PICCADILLY CIRCUS,
WITH CARLTON HOUSE AND SCREEN 76
“THE WHITE BEAR,” FORMERLY “THE FLEECE,”
PICCADILLY 78
THE PICCADILLY HOTEL 79
DENMAN HOUSE, PICCADILLY 81
OLD BURLINGTON HOUSE, PICCADILLY 82
*LONG’S HOTEL, BOND STREET 87
*“THE WESTERN EXCHANGE,” OLD BOND STREET 91
*THE MAY FAIR IN 1716 115
THE ENTRANCE TO PICCADILLY, AT HYDE PARK
CORNER, WITH ST. GEORGE’S HOSPITAL 139
*From the Collection of Edward Gardner, Esq.
CHAPTER I.
_PICCADILLY._
“_By night or by day, whether noisy or stilly,
Whatever my mood is--I love Piccadilly._”
LOCKER-LAMPSON.
Dr. Johnson in one of his rhetorical flights said that Charing Cross
was practically the centre of the universe. “I think,” he observed to
Boswell, on a celebrated occasion, “the full tide of human existence
is at Charing Cross.” Theodore Hook, on the other hand, considered
that that small area in St. James’s, bounded by Piccadilly and Pall
Mall, St. James’s Street and Waterloo Place, was the acme of fashion,
and contained within itself all that was best worth cultivating in the
Metropolis.
Like all generalizations, neither of these dicta will bear the test
of logical analysis. Hook’s favourite quarter has undergone many a
change, and its present-day equivalent is more likely to be found in
that larger area known to all the world as Mayfair. Similarly, although
much of the tide of human existence still flows past the spot where
Queen Eleanor’s body rested for the last time, on its way to the Abbey,
that tide flows as fully and with as much noisy vehemence past half a
hundred other crowded spots in London. It is probable, however, that
at no one point does it surge and rage (to carry on the metaphor),
with greater force than at the spot where Piccadilly and Bond Street
join. At this spot stands “Stewart’s”--famed all the world over. I say
“Stewart’s,” as I should say in Venice, “Florian’s,” or in New York,
“Delmonico’s”; for there are certain famous establishments in all great
cities which require no more specific designation.
Who is there, indeed, that knows not Stewart’s? It has been presiding
over this corner for the last two hundred years and more. It must be
the oldest baker’s and confectioner’s business in London, beside which
even such ancient houses as “Birch’s” or “Gunter’s” are comparatively
modern. To-day it bears upon its rebuilt front, the date of its
establishment--1688, and the massive foundations and old brickwork,
which were brought to light during the recent rebuilding, fully support
the theory that this was one of the original buildings erected by Sir
Thomas Bond on the site of Clarendon House, when he laid out the street
which bears his name.
Let us take this shop, as characteristic of many others, and try to
recall what it may have witnessed in the lapse of years. In its early
days it was, no doubt, too much occupied with its own affairs to take
much note of great personages or historic events; but after it had
settled down, so to speak, and had become, as it did, the purveyor of
the staff of life to the Coffee-houses that had sprung up around it, it
may be supposed to have given an eye, now and then, to the interesting
men and beautiful women who passed by, or who made it a rendezvous
while some of them waited for those who were spending or making
fortunes in the gambling hells of St. James’s Street hard by.
[Illustration:_Stewart’s Corner
Old Bond Sᵗ & Piccadilly_
REBVILT 1907.]
The Augustan age is here! Can that little shrivelled body limping
along, having just come from its lodging in Berkeley Street, contain
the great mind of Alexander Pope? Surely ’tis he, having but this
moment penned a letter to Martha Blount, or put the finishing touches
to his “Farewell to London.” He is probably on his way to visit my
lord Burlington, whose home (the precursor of the later mansion built
by his great grandson, and now known by the massive buildings of the
modern Burlington House), is close by. Horace Walpole tells us that
when asked why he built his mansion so far _out of town_, the first
Earl replied, “Because he was determined to have no building beyond
him!” _Credite posteri!_ but he meant, and should have added, “to the
north,” which is, in itself, wonderful enough for us to realize now,
for Clarendon House and Berkeley House were already in existence to
the west. Could it have been Pope, who asked the question? It seems
likely, for we remember the anecdote of the irate gentleman who being
in the poet’s company and required to give a definition of “a point of
interrogation,” replied “that it was a little crooked thing that asked
questions!”
And then that fine looking man in the full bottomed wig, can that
be Mr. Addison of the _Spectator_, fresh from his lodgings in the
Haymarket hard by, and still glowing in the reflected glory of “The
Campaign?” None other. And lo! here is the handsome face of his hero,
who “taught the doubtful battle where to rage,” as he hobbles along
(he will soon be off to Bath to try and cure his gout)--fit indeed,
_monstrari digito_, for other things besides his military glory. He
will not turn in at Stewart’s we may be sure, for if the “tears of
dotage” have not yet begun to flow, at least he is learning to save
his money.
Here, too, comes jolly Dick Steele; he has just been into a coffee
house to pen a line of excuse to his “dearest Prue,” in Kensington
Square, and is on his way to a jollification with some of his boon
companions; forgetful of his “Apology,” and hardly living up to the
ethics of his “Christian Hero.” Still with all his faults, a pleasanter
figure to meet than that dark-faced, dissatisfied-looking man in
clerical attire. That is the redoubtable Dean Swift himself, one of
the great geniuses, not only of his own day, but of all time. He knows
this part of the town as well as he knows all the turns and twists of
contemporary politics; and has probably come from his rooms in Ryder
Street almost opposite. Wherever he is he will be penning that famous
“Journal to Stella,” or plotting and planning with the heads of the
Opposition--and there is no clearer or more potent brain among them.
If he goes into the St. James’ Coffee House, or White’s Chocolate
House, “the most fashionable hell in London,” or trudges further east
to Willis’s, in Bow Street, be sure there will be plenty to note his
strange manner and call him “the mad parson!” Perchance he may be
taking the air to prepare himself for that particular dinner with my
Lord Abercorn when there smoked upon the board the “fine fat haunch of
venison, that smelt rarely on one side,” which he mentions, with such
gusto, in his journal; or perhaps he is setting out on one of his long
rambles to Chelsea to dine with the Dean of Carlisle, or to sup with
Lord Mountjoy at Kensington Gravel Pits.
An observant traveller who visited London about this period, remarks
that “Most of the streets are wonderfully well lighted, for in front
of each house hangs a lantern or a large globe of glass, inside of
which is placed a lamp which burns all night.” The light which hung
before “Stewart’s” must have illuminated the face of many a “toast,”
many a “Macaroni,” as they came up Bond Street, and sometimes that
of one of those terrible “mohocks.” My Lord Mohun, not yet dreaming
of his sanguinary and fatal encounter with his grace of Hamilton,
but sufficiently notorious for that mysterious affair when Mountfort
the player fell mortally wounded near his lodging in Norfolk Street;
the eccentric Duke of Wharton, who once sent a bear to his tutor as
an appropriate concomitant to his “bearish conduct”; who, marrying
at sixteen, became a sort of Jacobite hero, and showed by some of
his writings in “The True Briton,” what gifts he had squandered by a
riotous life; and who finally ended his career in a Bernardine Convent,
“the scorn and wonder of our days,” as Pope writes, “a sad outcast of
each church and state.” Hervey, the “Sporus” of the same bitter pen,
having dragged himself for a space from the Court, of which he was so
characteristic an ornament, and from the company of the Princess who
secretly loved him. Perhaps he will to-morrow fight, behind Arlington
House, hard by, with Pulteney, who called him “a thing below contempt.”
That slip of the foot at the critical moment saved the “thin-spun
life,” and like so many protagonists in such encounters, the whilom
enemies embrace, with more fervour on Pulteney’s part than on that of
“My Lord” who but bows in silence and withdraws.
And then what a galaxy of beauty reflects the light from that “lantern
or large globe of glass!” Here is Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, not very
much affected by the virulent lines of the “wicked wasp of Twickenham”;
the lovely Molly Lepel, who married Lord Hervey, and whom Lady Suffolk
loved so much; Mary Bellenden, afterwards Mrs. Campbell, another of
those maids of honour whom Gay and Prior sung, and Swift and Arbuthnot
undertook to prove the best wives, although we remember that the
coachman at Leicester House solemnly forbade his son ever to think of
any of them in so tender a way! Here, too, is Lady Mary Coke, who was
used to almost regard herself as a royal widow, on the death of Edward
Duke of York--for which “mealy faced boy” she had a “_tendre_”; the
Duchess of Queensberry, Prior’s “Kitty ever fair,” whom Walpole thought
looked “(by twilight) like a young beauty of an old-fashioned century,”
and who died in Savile Row, in 1777, “of a surfeit of cherries.”
The list might be indefinitely extended, but “_Anni labuntur_” and
other centuries are hurrying us along, bringing new faces in their
train; George Selwyn with his witty talk and mania for executions; he
is off now, probably to see John Rann, or “Sixteen-stringed Jack,” as
he was called, strung up at Tyburn tree--my Lord Pembroke accompanies
him, and the cronies chancing to meet a lot of young chimney sweeps
who beg for money, Selwyn suddenly addresses them solemnly with the
words “I have often heard of the sovereignty of the people. I suppose
your highnesses are in Court mourning;” Charles James Fox, the most
eminent of those “sons of faro,” who having lost his last penny and
consoled himself by reading Homer in the small hours, is thinking of
a “passover” to the Continent, which, as Selwyn says, will _not_ be
relished by the Jews; Lord March may also be seen, the wicked “old Q”
of many a notorious story; and Hare--“the hare with many friends,” as
his acquaintances nick-named him; and then the dandies of a later day;
Alvanley, who succeeded Selwyn as a wit and almost rivalled Brummell as
a dandy; “Ball” Hughes and “Teapot” Crawfurd; Lord Yarmouth and Prince
Esterhazy; Jack Lee, and the great Brummell himself, who has cut the
Regent and is thinking of bringing the old king into fashion!
These, and how many others, have not passed by that corner in
Piccadilly where Stewart’s stands; they are but the ghosts of the
beauties and exquisites of a bygone day that loiter there--for in this
strenuous age no one dawdles--all is hurry and confusion, and the idle
stroller, other than Thespian, is almost a thing of the past. Let
us for the moment try to imitate our forbears and “take a walk down
Piccadilly.”
What changes have not taken place in this street of streets! It was
known by the quaint name it still bears as early as 1633, for Gerarde
in his famous Herbal, mentions “the wild bu-glosse,” that “grows about
the drie ditch-bankes about Pickadilla.” This is not the place to go
into the mysteries of nomenclature, and many have been the theories as
to the origin of the name; but that is probably the correct solution
which traces it to the ruffs called Pickadils, worn by the gallants
of James’s and Charles’s time. Blount in his “Glossography” (1656)
thus speaks of the matter: “A Pickadil is that round hem, or the
several divisions set together about the skirt of a garment or other
thing; also a kind of stiff collar, made in fashion of a band. Hence,
perhaps, the famous ordinary near St. James’s, called Pickadilly, took
denomination, because it was then the utmost, or skirt house of the
suburbs, that way.”
Thus Blount, and I think we may leave it at that. We shall return later
on to the “famous ordinary,” which was known as Pickadilla Hall, and
was situated at the north-east corner of the Haymarket: now we are on
our way west, like the wise men of old.[1]
[Sidenote: ALBEMARLE STREET.]
The first tributary street we come to is Albemarle Street, formed, at
the same time as Bond Street, about 1684, by Sir Thomas Bond, on the
site of Clarendon House, which the great Lord Clarendon built from the
designs of Pratt, according to Evelyn, on ground which had been granted
him by Charles II., in 1664. The Diarist had “never seen a nobler
pile,” and he had every opportunity for criticising it thoroughly as,
on one occasion, the Chancellor himself showed him all over it; and the
extant views of it fully confirm Evelyn’s enthusiasm. The populace,
however, saw in the great place the results of bribery and corruption,
and Dunkirk House, Holland House, and Tangier House, were titles
freely applied to it. On Clarendon’s death, the house was sold (1675)
to the second duke of Albemarle (the son of the great Monk) for £26,000
(it had cost £40,000 originally). In consequence of extravagance in
all sorts of ways, however, its new owner was not long able to keep
it, and he in turn sold it, it is said, for £20,000, to Sir Thomas
Bond, who pulled it down and built Albemarle Street (then called
Albemarle Buildings), and Bond Street on its site. Evelyn, on September
18th, 1683, notes that he “walked to survey the sad demolition of
Clarendon House, that costly and only sumptuous palace of the late Lord
Chancellor Hyde,” “where,” he adds, “I have often been so cheerful with
him and sometimes so sad.”
[Illustration: CLARENDON HOVSE
(_From a print of the period._)]
Albemarle Street, “of excellent new buildings, inhabited by persons of
quality,” as the New View of London (1708) describes it, has had some
interesting inhabitants. Here, in 1712, Sir William Wyndham and his
family escaped in their night clothes from the fire that destroyed his
house, for which he had given £6,000, as he told Swift, when many rare
pictures and other valuables were destroyed; here, in Lord Grantham’s
house, lived for a time the Prince of Wales, afterwards George II.,
until he moved to Leicester House. Bishop Berkeley was lodging at
Mr. Fox’s (an apothecary’s) in this street, from 1724 to 1726, as he
records in his “Literary Relics,” and Sir Richard Mead, who formed that
fine collection of drawings subsequently added to the Royal Collection,
resided here in 1720.
Many years later the Duc de Nivernois was lodging in the street, and
here received on one occasion Gibbon “more as a man of letters than as
a man of fashion,” much to the latter’s chagrin. Lord Bute, another
minister who became, as Clarendon had done, an object of popular
hatred, was living here in 1764; and there is a story told by Lord
Malmesbury, that when a Mr. Calvert asked in the House of Commons
“Where is Athens? What is become of Lacedæmon?” some member of the
Opposition called out that “they had gone to Albemarle Street.”
It is obviously possible to do little more than mention the names
of some of the other distinguished residents in Albemarle Street.
Here lived Zoffany, the painter, who executed, about this period, a
portrait of Wilkes, “looking--no, squinting--at his daughter,” as
Walpole records: Robert Adam, the architect of so many fine dwellings,
died here, in 1792, and his brother James two years later, at No. 13;
Charles James Fox was living here when Rogers first knew him; Sir
James Mackintosh was at No. 26, on his return from India in 1811, and
“Leonidas” Glover, died in a house here, in 1785.
Albemarle Street has been noted for its hotels. Here was Dorant’s,
where Byron stayed, when he was publishing his “Hours of Idleness”; and
the famous Grillion’s, where Louis XVIII. in exile held his Court.
The name of Byron brings us appropriately enough to No. 50, Albemarle
Street--for here the great publishing firm of Murray, so closely
connected with his name, has been settled since John Murray removed
hither from Fleet Street, in 1812.
The columnar façade of the Royal Institution, the work of Vulliamy,
forms a curiously solemn note in Albemarle Street, but its importance
as a great scientific centre more than justifies its severe, almost
melancholy, appearance.
[Sidenote: DOVER STREET.]
Dover Street, to which we come a few steps further west, was built
about 1686, and was named after Henry Jermyn, Lord Dover. He lived
in a house which was subsequently advertised for sale in the “Daily
Journal” for January, 1727. It would appear that after his death his
widow had been residing here, for the notice indicates that the cause
of the sale was that lady’s decease. Mention is particularly made of
a beautiful staircase painted by Laguerre, as well as “all manner of
conveniences for a great family.” The house was on the east side, and
not far from it, Evelyn came to dwell in 1699, having taken the lease
of a residence on the same side of the street. That mad Duke of Wharton
whom I have already mentioned, also lived in Dover Street, “in a most
sumptuous building, finely finished and furnished”; so did the great
Robert Harley, Earl of Oxford, as well as his son, the second Earl,
who married the heiress of the Duke of Newcastle. Pope used to stay
here as a guest at this time; and as Arbuthnot was also living in the
same street these two friends would often, we are to suppose, discuss
that “half pint of claret” which the latter humorously told Pope, he
could still afford. Another of this coterie, Bolingbroke, was wont to
lodge at “Mr. Chetwynd’s,” as Gay informs Swift, probably with a view
to a philosophic, albeit, a merry meeting there. Sir William Wyndham
was also a former resident; so was Miss Reynolds, the sister of Sir
Joshua, whom Johnson used to visit; Lord King, the biographer of Locke;
Archdeacon Coxe, who wrote ponderous tomes about Sir Robert Walpole
and the House of Austria, and Nash, the architect, who built the more
imposing portion of Regent Street.
But the two most interesting houses were (for one has disappeared,
and its site is covered by a mushroom block of red brick flats, and
although the other still remains, it is empty and will probably soon go
the way of all old buildings) Ashburnham House and Ely House.
The former, with its gateway and lodge designed by Robert Adam in 1773,
was the town house of the Earls of Ashburnham, but others beside that
family occasionally inhabited it, and for a time it was the Russian
Embassy; Prince Lieven being the first ambassador residing here, and
Pozzo di Borgo the last.
Ely House, designed by Sir Robert Taylor, has been, since 1772, the
town residence of the Bishops of Ely, and was conveyed to that See in
exchange for Ely Place, Holborn.
Dover Street has always been rather famous for its hotels, and in
this respect at least, its reputation is well sustained. Le Telier’s
was one of the older ones, and is notable as being the house to which
the Literary Club moved from Sackville Street, before going into St.
James’s Street.
[Sidenote: THE WHITE HORSE CELLAR.]
Just before we reach Berkeley Street, we come to Hatchett’s Restaurant,
the old “White Horse Cellar,” so named from the emblem in the crest of
the House of Hanover. The old original “White Horse Cellar,” whence
in the good old days the coaches left on their way to the west, stood
nearly opposite, close to Arlington Street. As may be seen from old
sporting prints, the outside of the original house was covered on
particular occasions with oil lights of various colours--lights
which many a jaded traveller must have seen with pleasure, and many
a fresh one left with regret. One of these occasions was the King’s
birthday, when the coachmen and guards donned new scarlet liveries, and
even the coaches were touched up. Sir Vincent Cotton, Capt. Probyn,
Lord Worcester and Sir Thomas Jones were among the amateur whips who
frequently handled the ribbons and tooled their coaches down the
intricacies of Piccadilly; and we can quite believe Hazlitt when he
says that “the finest sight in the metropolis is the setting off of the
mail coaches from Piccadilly.”
[Illustration: THE WHITE HORSE CELLAR--HATCHETT’S RESTAURANT--PICCADILLY
(_From a Drawing by George Cruikshank._)]
How many of us would not have given a good round sum to have seen Mr.
Pickwick laboriously climb on to the top of the vehicle which was to
carry him to Bath, or Sam Weller’s surprise when he observed the name
of “Pickwick” painted on the coach door; or “the young man of the name
of Guppy,” meeting Esther Summerson here on her arrival in London one
foggy afternoon in November; or Jerry Hawthorn “fairly knocked up by
all the excitement, getting into the coach”--being one of six inside,
“what time his friends shake him by the hand, whilst the Jews hang
round with oranges, knives and sealing wax, whilst the guard is closing
the door.” All we can do is to rehabilitate the scene of the former
from Dickens’s pen; and to imagine ourselves watching the latter in
Cruickshank’s drawing.
Another hostelry from which coaches departed on their long journeys was
the “Gloucester Coffee House,” kept by one Dale, which stood where the
Berkeley Hotel, formerly known as the St. James’s Hotel, is now; and
“The Green Man and Still” was yet another house of call for the coaches
that went westward.
[Sidenote: BERKELEY STREET.]
Berkeley Street, formerly known as Berkeley Row, boasts one or two
interesting residents in the past. Here Cosway dwelt, and it was here
that he first attracted the notice of the Prince of Wales, whose
portrait he “drew in little” so often and so successfully. In the same
house, too, had previously lived Shackleton, the portrait painter; and
it was to a residence here that Mr. Chaworth was carried after his duel
with Lord Byron (the great uncle of _the_ Lord Byron), which took place
at the “Star and Garter,” in Pall Mall, over a dispute as to the best
way of preserving game. Lord Byron, the survivor, underwent his trial
in Westminster Hall, but was acquitted, and a certain French traveller,
M. Grosley, who was present at the trial, saw his lordship a few days
later taking part in the debate on the Regency Bill, as if nothing had
happened.
[Sidenote: DEVONSHIRE HOUSE.]
The long front of Devonshire House, with its fine gates, which were
originally at the Duke’s place at Chiswick, now faces us. It was
erected from the designs of Kent, for the third Duke of Devonshire, two
years after Berkeley House had been burnt down (in 1733). Its beautiful
grounds are only divided from those of Lansdowne House by Lansdowne
Passage, a short cut, sunk below the ground level, from Curzon Street
to Hay Hill. There are iron bars at each end of this passage, and
probably few people know why they were placed there. As a matter of
fact, they were put up in consequence of a mounted highwayman in
the eighteenth century, after having got away from Piccadilly with
some booty, riding his horse through this passage and up the steps at
the end. Thomas Grenville is the authority for this anecdote, and the
robber was seen galloping past his residence in Bolton Street.
[Illustration: THE GLOUCESTER COFFEE HOUSE, PICCADILLY.]
Devonshire House is one of the great houses of London, and is full of
Art treasures, a list of which alone would fill a volume; particularly
remarkable is the collection of drawings by the old masters, which
includes the original “Liber Veritatis” of Claude de Lorraine; and a
superb collection of engravings by Marc Antonio--to mention but these.
In the library is the great Kemble collection of old plays, including
the first four folios of Shakespeare’s works, &c., which the sixth Duke
bought for £2,000. What are they not worth now?
The portico replaced, in 1840, the old entrance which was by a flight
of steps on each side; and among the other improvements made by the
sixth Duke was the addition of a fine marble staircase up which all the
great ones of several generations have passed, from the days when the
beautiful Duchess welcomed Fox here, and the Prince Regent, “surrounded
by the first Whig families in the country,” stood to see the apotheosis
of the “man of the people” after the Westminster election, to days
within memory, when Dickens and his friends acted here for charity.
[Sidenote: STRATTON STREET.]
Beyond Devonshire House is Stratton Street, which is, of course, named
after Lord Berkeley, the hero of Stratton fight. Although there have
been one or two interesting people living in this street in the past,
such as Campbell, the poet, who was here in 1802; James Douglas, the
author of “Nenia Britannica”; and Lord Lynedoch, who was second in
command in the Peninsula, the chief interest attaching to it is the
fact that at No. 1, which belonged to Coutts, the banker, and looks on
to Piccadilly, lived for many years, until her death quite recently,
the venerable Baroness Burdett-Coutts. The house next door, No. 80,
Piccadilly, with its old-fashioned front and painted glass windows to
the ground floor rooms, was for many years the residence of her father,
Sir Francis Burdett, and it was from here that, in 1810, he was taken
to the Tower. For two days he successfully barricaded himself in the
house, but entrance being eventually forced, he was found, somewhat
theatrically, teaching one of his children Magna Charta. The riots
consequent on this incarceration are mentioned at length in many of the
letters and diaries of the period; and the soldiers, for their share in
suppressing them, were termed “Piccadilly Butchers.”
The house next door (No. 81) stands on the site of the celebrated
Watier’s Club, established in 1807. Watier had been cook to the Prince
of Wales, and although his gastronomic skill was unquestionable, and
although Brummell was the presiding genius (or, was it because of
that fact?), the club, which had been the ruin of many a member, only
existed for about 12 years, according to Gronow, whose well-known story
of its origin, may be repeated here:--
“Upon one occasion some gentlemen of both White’s and Brookes’s had the
honour to dine with the Prince Regent, and, during the conversation,
the Prince inquired what sort of dinner they got at their clubs, upon
which Sir Thomas Stepney, one of the guests, observed, ‘that their
dinners were always the same, the eternal joints or beefsteaks, the
boiled fowl with oyster sauce, and an apple-tart; this is what we have
at our clubs, and very monotonous fare it is.’ The Prince, without
further remark, rang the bell for his cook, Watier, and in the presence
of those who dined at the Royal table, asked him whether he would take
a house and organize a dinner-club. Watier assented, and named Madison,
the Prince’s page, manager, and Labourie, from the Royal kitchen, the
cook.”
It was here that once, on Brummell’s calling with a tragic air to a
waiter to bring a pistol, for he had been losing heavily, one of the
members, Bob Leigh, who proved to be mad, said, “Mr. Brummell, if you
really wish to put an end to your existence, I am extremely happy to
offer you the means,” at the same time producing two loaded pistols
from his pockets and laying them on the table; and here, too, Jack
Bouverie threw his bowl of counters at the head of Raikes who had been
making some ill-timed jests at his losses.
[Sidenote: BOLTON STREET.]
Bolton Street here joins Piccadilly. Formed in 1699, it was described
by Hatton, a few years later, as “the most westerly street in London,
between the road to Knightsbridge, south, and the Fields, north.” Here
both Martha and Theresa Blount once lived, and were called the “Young
Ladies in Bolton Street” by their admirer, Pope. The poet not only
visited them here, but was also occasionally the guest of the eccentric
Earl of Peterborough, who lived in the same street for fourteen years,
from 1710. George Grenville, also resided in Bolton Street, as did
another politician, Lord Melbourne; and at least three notable ladies
are connected with this vicinity, Fanny Burney (Madame D’Arblay),
who came to live in the street in 1818, shortly after the death of
General D’Arblay, and was visited by Scott and Rogers and many another
fashionable and literary notabilities; Mrs. Delany, who lived in the
adjoining Bolton Row in 1753; and Mrs. Vesey, whose evening parties
probably kept the quieter denizens of the street awake o’nights.
If, as is sometimes reported, Prince Charles Edward really did pay a
visit to London in 1760, and was present at the Coronation, then he set
out for the Abbey from a house in Bolton Street, for here he is said to
have lodged, without even “the semblance of a kingly crown” about his
brows.
[Sidenote: BATH HOUSE.]
When Horace Walpole, who loved not his father’s old enemy, Lord Bath,
wrote on one occasion that “the grass grows just before my Lord Bath’s
door, whom nobody will visit,” he indicated the large house still known
as Bath House which occupies much of the western side of Bolton Street,
and which was originally built by William Pulteney, Earl of Bath, on
whom so many bitter epigrams were written, and whose parsimony was so
notorious. As an example of the former, I may remind the reader of
those lines “written on the Earl of Bath’s door in Piccadilly,” by Sir
Charles Hanbury Williams, which run thus:
“_Here dead to fame lives patriot Will,
His grave a lordly seat,
His title proves his epitaph,
His robes his winding sheet._”
As a proof of the latter, is extant the story that having visited
Holkham, and forgetting to tip the servants, a pang of conscience
spurred his lordship to send back a horseman six miles, _with half a
crown_. An even better illustration of his ostentation and meanness
combined is preserved by George Colman, who relates that when driving
through the lodge gates of his country house, word would be given to
halt; the outriders repeated the order, the coachman pulled up his four
horses, and from the becoronetted carriage, William Pulteney, Earl of
Bath, Viscount Pulteney, of Evington, Baron of Hedon, P.C., F.R.S.,
etc., etc., would stretch forth his arm and drop into the palm of the
curtseying gatekeeper--_a halfpenny_!
After Lord Bath’s death, his brother and inheritor of his vast fortune,
occupied Bath House for three years, when he also departing to the
land of shades (Charon got but small tips from these _Adelphi_ it may
be presumed), the place was let to the Duke of Portland. In 1821,
Alexander Baring bought it and rebuilt the mansion. He was created
Lord Ashburton fourteen years later, and was the head of the great
banking house, which the Duc de Richelieu once said was the sixth great
power in Europe. Under the Ashburton _régime_, Carlyle, who was more
friendly with Lady Ashburton than Mrs. Carlyle always approved of, was
a frequent visitor here. In our days it has been the town house of
the millionaire Baron Hirsch, and is now the residence of Sir Julius
Wernher, so that it would appear to have always been associated with
worldly riches and well-known names.
[Sidenote: CLUBS OF PICCADILLY.]
At this point begins that remarkable series of clubs for which
Piccadilly is almost as famous as Pall Mall; indeed, between the
United Empire Club at No. 84, and the Lyceum, at No. 128, there are
a good baker’s dozen of these “assemblies of good fellows, meeting
under certain conditions,” as Dr. Johnson defined them. Those in this
quarter of the town are for the most part comparatively modern, and I
believe I am right in saying that not one of their names will be found
included in Timbs’ interesting work on “Clubs and Club Life.” It would
form but monotonous reading to set them all down here, and I should
be arrogating to myself by doing so the functions of the compiler of
Directories were I to attempt it, but as we go along, one or two will
require a word chiefly from the fact of their inhabiting houses which
are otherwise interesting.
[Sidenote: CLARGES STREET.]
Clarges Street, however, for a moment, intervenes before we come to one
of them. It was formed between 1716 and 1718, by Sir Walter Clarges,
on ground adjoining Clarges House, the residence of his father, Sir
Thomas, who, it will be remembered, was the brother-in-law of the great
Duke of Albemarle. Like all the streets in this neighbourhood, it is
connected with many a well-known name; Mrs. Delany, the friend of
George III. and Queen Charlotte; Miss O’Neil, the beautiful actress,
who nearly extinguished Mrs. Charles Kemble, and created a _furore_ by
her rendering of “Juliet” at the Dublin theatre; Edmund Kean, whom no
one could extinguish, and who is said to have kept a tame puma in his
house; the beautiful Emma Hart, better known as Lady Hamilton; William
Mitford, who wrote the story of Grecian prowess, and was himself a
Colonel of Militia; Mrs. Carter, that learned lady, who introduced
Epictetus to the unlearned; and Lord Macaulay, who remembered
everything, and was called by Lord Melbourne “a book in breeches,”
highly to the amusement of Queen Victoria. These are some of the great
ones who have left their record on the houses in Clarges Street.
[Sidenote: HALF MOON STREET.]
Half Moon Street, close by, which takes its name from an old inn with
this sign, one of the many public houses which at one time congregated
in this quarter, of which the “Hercules Pillars,” the “Swan,” the
“Golden Lion,” the “Horse Shoe,” the “Barleymow,” and the “White
Horse,” may be mentioned--was formed about 1730. Boswell once lodged
here, and on his own shewing, gave admirable dinners, “and some
claret,” to such as Hume and Franklin; Garrick and Oglethorpe. Madame
D’Arblay’s last residence was also here, over a linen-draper’s shop;
and here, “in a little, projecting window,” might once have been seen
“all day long, book in hand, with lively gestures and bright eyes,” the
poet Shelley; so that someone said he only wanted a pan of water and
some fresh turf “to look like a young lady’s bird, hanging outside for
air and song.” Here, too, it was, while stepping into her carriage,
that the notorious Lola Montes, was arrested in 1849, on a charge of
bigamy.
[Sidenote: CAMBRIDGE HOUSE.]
For a moment a break in the succession of tributary streets, gives us
pause to return to some of the more interesting houses in Piccadilly
itself; and one of the most noticeable of these is that once known as
Cambridge House, but now as the Naval and Military or “In and Out”
Club, the latter colloquial designation having its simple origin in
the large “In” and “Out” directions for drivers, at its two entrances.
This fine house has had at least four names, for, besides those given,
it was originally known as Egremont House, and later as Cholmondeley
House. It took its first title from the second Earl of Egremont, who
died here in 1763 “of an apoplexy, which from his figure was reasonably
to be expected,” writes Lord Chesterfield. The third Earl, whom Mrs.
Delany thought “a pretty man,” and even Horace Walpole allowed to be
handsome, also lived here for a time. The name of the house was changed
to Cholmondeley House when the first Marquis of Cholmondeley was
residing here. He had been Chamberlain to the Prince of Wales in 1795,
and was, after George IV.’s accession, Lord Steward of the Household;
he died in 1827, and some years later the old Duke of Cambridge (father
of the late Duke) came to reside here, when the designation of the
house was again changed to that of its owner.
Many are the good stories told of His Royal Highness and his habit
(like Lord Dudley’s) of “thinking aloud,” particularly in church--such
as his audible remark, when the parson had uttered the words “Let us
pray,” of “By all means;” his “No, no, I don’t mind tithes, but can’t
stand half,” when the clergyman had read the text as to the expediency
of giving half of one’s possessions to the poor; and his common-sense
view of the non-efficacy of a certain prayer for rain: “No good--shan’t
get rain while the wind’s in this quarter;” and so on.
On his death in 1850, the Duke was succeeded in the occupancy of the
house by a man who was also the hero of many excellent “mots”--Lord
Palmerston.
“_The frolicsome statesman, the man of the day
A laughing philosopher, gallant and gay_,”
as Locker-Lampson called him. It is said that much of Palmerston’s
popularity was due to the splendid functions which took place under
Lady Palmerston’s auspices in this fine mansion. At his death there was
some idea of pulling down the house to make room for a Roman Catholic
Cathedral, but happily the scheme fell to the ground, and the place
is, with some additions necessary to the club which occupies it, in
practically the same state as when the royal Duke thought aloud in its
chambers, or the Prime Minister nonchalantly sauntered through its
gates.
[Sidenote: OTHER PICCADILLY CLUBS.]
Passing the Junior Naval and Military Club at No. 96, the Badminton
at No. 100, and the massive buildings of the Junior Constitutional,
representing Nos. 101 to 104, Piccadilly, we come to a beautiful house,
now the home of the Isthmian Club, which removed here from its premises
opposite Berkeley Street, now absorbed by the magnificent Ritz Hotel.
This residence, No. 95, was originally known as Barrymore House,
having been built in 1780, by Novosielski, for the Earl of Barrymore,
on a site once occupied by the workshop of that Van Nost, who was
responsible for the statue of George I. formerly in Grosvenor Square.
Lord Barrymore was the eldest of those three brothers and one sister,
who earned for themselves the unflattering _sobriquets_ of Hellgate,
Cripplegate, Newgate, and Billingsgate--the second being in allusion
to one of the brothers who was lame, and the last, to the sister whose
command of strong language was “extensive and peculiar.” Gambling and
general profligacy--by the way “profligate” might have summed up the
whole family--brought Lord Barrymore to great distress, and Raikes
records in his Diary that when the peer wished to give a dinner, he
had perforce--_à la_ Dick Steele--to dress up the bailiffs, who were
perpetually in the house, in his own liveries and get them to wait at
table!
It is hardly surprising to learn that the house was left unfinished at
the death of this unsavoury personage, and subsequently Smirke added
the porch. After a fire had occurred here--the curious thing being that
it did not happen in Barrymore’s lifetime--the place was repaired and
opened as the “Old Pulteney Hotel,” and here it was that the Emperor of
Russia stayed, when the allied Sovereigns were in this country in 1814.
After its day as an hotel, the Marquis of Hertford purchased the house,
and greatly improved, but practically never occupied it. This was the
third Lord Hertford, who married that Maria Fagniani, about whose
paternity George Selwyn and Old Q. could never satisfactorily agree,
and who is so largely responsible for the magnificent art collection
which Sir Richard Wallace left to the nation.
Next door, divided by a narrow passage, is No. 106, which is now
known as the “St. James’s Club.” Built on the site of an old inn
called “The Greyhound,” by the sixth Earl of Coventry, “the grave
young lord,” as Walpole calls him--who, by the bye, married one of
the beautiful Gunnings, who killed herself, ’tis said, by trying to
improve the loveliness that Nature had given her. Here he died in 1809;
his successor to the title also lived here, and, after his decease
in 1831, it became the headquarters of the “Coventry House Club” (or
the “Ambassadors’”), which was, however, closed in 1854. The house
next door is also a club--“The Savile”--one of the literary clubs of
modern London. In the old days, it was the home of the famous Nathan
Rothschild, who made a great _coup_ over the Battle of Waterloo, and
once told Spohr that the only music he cared for was the chink of money!
As we loiter along, the trees of the Green Park attract us, and the
gradual widening of the thoroughfare as we approach Hyde Park Corner,
an improvement made but a few years since, gives an additional effect
to the _coup d’œil_ that here presents itself. That curious object
over there, a sort of high shelf standing on two iron supports, has
exercised many a mind as to its uses. Perhaps not many people are aware
that the solution is to be found on a plate affixed to the object
itself, the words of which are as follows: “On the suggestion of R. A.
Slaney, Esq., who for 26 years represented Shrewsbury in Parliament,
this porters’ rest was erected in 1861 by the Vestry of St. George,
Hanover Square, for the benefit of porters and others carrying burdens.
As a relic of a past period in London’s history it is hoped that the
people will aid in its preservation.” But we must return to our bricks
and mortar and the associations connected with them.
[Sidenote: DOWN STREET.]
Now we are at the corner of Down Street, which leads directly to
Mayfair; and here (in No. 116, Piccadilly) is now the Junior Athenæum
Club, but known in earlier days as Hope House, which H. T. Hope, the
author of “Anastasius” and the creator of “Deepdene,” at Dorking--built
in 1848-9, at a cost of £80,000.
When a stranger is brought to this point and shewn the narrow way
dividing the club from the adjoining houses, and is told that it is
Park Lane (_see page 134_) he probably, being ignorant of locality,
receives a shock, having in mind the celebrity of this part of the town
and the fine houses which he has been taught to believe exist in it.
But this narrow street _is_ technically the commencement of Park Lane,
and does much to account for the somewhat inappropriate title by which
this fashionable thoroughfare is known.
The tenuity of this connecting neck, between Piccadilly and Park Lane
proper (if I may so term it), is still more accentuated by the huge
block of flats now being erected on the site of Gloucester House,
until recently the well-known residence of the late Duke of Cambridge.
Formerly this was the town house of that Lord Elgin who is famous as
having acquired the marvellous collection of antique marbles over which
poor Haydon was so enthusiastic, and here these treasures of antiquity
were for a time to be seen. The house took its name from the Duke of
Gloucester, who bought it in 1816, when he married his cousin the
Princess Mary, one of the many children of George III.
[Illustration: THE GATES OF HYDE PARK IN 1756.
(_From a Drawing by Jones._)]
When Gloucester House was still in existence the two adjoining
mansions, Nos. 138 and 139, stood out in the glory of their stone
façades, from the old brick house which receded somewhat from the road,
but now they in their turn threaten to become dwarfed by the huge
erection which towers above them.
These two houses were originally one, and here lived that “wicked old
Q.”--the Duke of Queensberry, whose manner of life was so notorious.
Here the old profligate sat under a sunshade in fine weather to ogle
the girls who passed by, and to send by his groom Radford, many an
impertinent message to the more attractive of them. Here this “Star of
Piccadilly” on one occasion, while engaging a running footman (he was
one of the last to keep this former appendage to noble state), made the
man put on his livery and run up and down in front of the house, and
finding him suitable, told him so, when the rogue replied, “and your
livery will suit me,” and making a mock bow, bolted, and was seen no
more!
It may be well, as we are now at the end of Piccadilly proper (for,
although the houses on the other side of Hamilton Place, among which
is that famous “No. 1, London,” as someone once called Apsley House,
where the great Wellington lived, and put up the celebrated iron
shutters, now removed, are given in Directories as in Piccadilly,
they should more properly be considered as at Hyde Park Corner), to
end our perambulation at the house of one who was so pre-eminently a
Londoner as “Old Q.” I wish we could have done so in better company,
and inasmuch as Lord Byron once resided at No. 139, then called, “13,
Piccadilly Terrace,” we do so, for although his lordship, apart from
his remarkable genius, was not a pattern of morality, he compares
well with the nobleman whose only redeeming merits were that he was
no fool and loved London as he probably loved few things. When in
town once in September, a friend asked Lord Queensberry if he did not
find it empty. “Yes,” he replied, “but ’tis fuller than the country;”
and there is little doubt but that even in those early days, no place
could have been selected for anyone to better enjoy the life of London
than that spot where the tide of humanity met, at the junction of
Piccadilly and Park Lane, with almost as full a force as we have seen
it do at the corner of Piccadilly and Old Bond Street, where Stewart’s,
hoary with antiquity (but to-day one of the most artistic buildings
in the neighbourhood), stands, and where those keenest judges in the
world--our American cousins--love to foregather, on the spot that is
perhaps better known to them than any other in London.
The Piccadilly Turnpike, which is such a feature in contemporary prints
of this part of the West End, was removed in 1721 from the end of
Berkeley Street to Hyde Park Corner. It remained here till 1825, in
October of which year it was sold and removed.
[Illustration: THE TURNPIKE AT HYDE PARK CORNER, 1706.]
CHAPTER II.
_ST. JAMES’S STREET AND PALL MALL._
“_O bear me to the paths of fair Pall Mall,
Safe are thy pavements, grateful is thy smell._”
--GAY’S “TRIVIA.”
Can we do better, after the surfeit of bricks and mortar which we have
just undergone, than relax our jaded senses and relieve our wearied
eyes by loitering for a few moments in the Green Park? See! it is just
across the way, and a convenient entrance helps to tempt our steps. It
is not extensive, but it is an oasis that many a Londoner--besides Lord
Beaconsfield, who loved to wander there, when he had one of his rare
opportunities--will seek with eagerness and enjoy with a thankful heart.
[Sidenote: THE GREEN PARK.]
When Piccadilly was “the way to Redinge,” and before Buckingham
House--the red-brick precursor of the present Palace--had risen on the
site of Tart Hall, the site of the Green Park was waste land, with
here and there a little ditch, and here and there a willow; and yet it
has had “its scenes, its joys and crimes,” in common with every square
foot of ground in the metropolis. We may be sure it felt the tread
of armed men in 1554, when Wyatt’s rebellion threatened to upset the
throne of “bloody Mary”; and a century later, in 1643 to be precise,
cannot we in imagination see the crowd of men, women, and children
streaming across it to give a helping hand in the formation of those
fortifications which were to prevent a king from entering his capital?
As to its crimes, it is certain that there were plenty of those
committed when the guardianship of the peace was a very different thing
from what we pampered mortals are accustomed to consider it. Why, the
duels alone that were fought here would make matter for a good-sized
chapter. Beau Fielding fights Sir Henry Colt, in 1696, and, they say,
runs him through the body before he has time to draw his sword, but,
nevertheless, gets disarmed himself; and “That thing of silk, Sporus,”
as I have already indicated, meets William Pulteney here, some thirty
years later, what time the Park had become so favourite a place for
such encounters that it is specifically mentioned as “a rendezvous for
duels,” in a guide to London of the period.
Had Queen Caroline--that clever woman who managed George II. and ruled
the kingdom with Walpole--had her way, a royal residence might now be
actually in the Park. She did build a library here, practically where
Stafford House now stands, but that is as far as she went. Her royal
husband, who, with his many faults, was a brave man, and knew how to
fight--and on foot, too, as he did at Dettingen--liked reviews of all
things, and used to have his troops manœuvring about in the Park on all
sorts of occasions. One such review is mentioned in 1747, when “the
regiment (Sir Robert Rich’s Dragoons) made a very fine appearance, and
his Majesty was greatly pleased with them,” we are told. The Duke of
Cumberland’s Dragoons, which distinguished themselves, or otherwise,
according to the Stuart or Hanoverian sympathies of the time, in “the
’45,” were out, for the same picturesque reason, some days later.
Then there was that great celebration for the conclusion of the War of
Succession, when a huge temple was erected, and fireworks blazed to the
accompaniment of a military overture written by the illustrious Handel
himself.
Sir Robert Peel wanted to transform the Park into something analogous
to what we have seen occurring to the Mall, but surely with less happy
results; one of its very charms lies in the fact that in the midst
of Urbanism (to coin a word) it remains rustic, in the very centre
of conventionalism it is unconventional. The great minister, when
advocating such an alteration, could little have supposed that his
death would be so closely connected with this spot; but here it was
that, riding down Constitution Hill yonder, his horse threw him, on
June 29th, 1850, and three days later he was no more.
[Sidenote: CONSTITUTION HILL.]
This Constitution Hill, about the origin of which name no good
explanation is forthcoming, was in Strype’s day known simply as the
“Road to Kensington,” as may be seen on his plan dated 1720.
Here it was that Charles II. was walking towards Hyde Park
when--according to Dr. King’s well-known anecdote--he met the Duke of
York in his coach, just as he was about to cross Hyde Park Corner.
The Duke, on being informed that his Majesty was walking, immediately
alighted, and going up to the King told him he was surprised to find
him on foot and with so few attendants; intimating that Charles was
exposing himself to some danger. “No kind of danger, James,” replied
the Merry Monarch, “for I am sure no man will kill me to make you
king.” But the road has not always been so safe for kingly heads, for
here, it will be remembered, the lunatic Oxford shot at Queen Victoria,
as she was driving, on June 10th, 1840.
The wall of Buckingham Palace grounds runs the entire length of
Constitution Hill, to which additional width is just being given, and
as we wend our steps across the Park, at an angle, towards the little
paved way that leads by Stafford House, we can see the commencement
of that great memorial which will perpetuate in stone, as they are
enshrined in the hearts of the people, the virtuous life and great
qualities of Queen Victoria.
Stafford House lies in front of us, to the right. A wondrous pile, it
was originally built for that Duke of York whose effigy stands on the
top of the great pillar in Carlton House Terrace. Although glorious
within, externally--except from its size--it is not imposing, and its
plainness gives point to the remark of some wit of the period that it
looked like a packing-case out of which Bridgewater House, the graceful
building on our left, had been taken.
When Fielding, as we have seen, fought with Colt, he did so in sight of
the windows of Cleveland House, which originally stood close by, the
ground having been given by Charles II. to that Duchess of Cleveland
who caused him so much trouble, and who had a partiality for the Beau
who fought beneath her windows.
[Sidenote: CLEVELAND ROW.]
Cleveland Row takes its name from old Cleveland House, and forms the
south side of that most curious of “quadrates,” Cleveland Square.
Theodore Hook once lived in the Row, at No. 5; so did Lord Rodney and
Sir Sidney Smith; Thomas Grenville, of bibliophilic fame; and Lord
Stowell, the great lawyer, and brother of Lord Eldon. George Selwyn
died at what was then called, 1, Cleveland Court, in 1791; and Mason,
the poet, was residing here at a “Mr. Mennis’s” four and twenty years
earlier. Walpole and Townshend had their memorable quarrel, parodied
by Grey in his “Beggar’s Opera,” in a room in one of the houses; while
Lord Bute, in 1761, moved a portion of the Foreign Office hither from
its former _locale_ in the Cockpit at Westminster.
[Sidenote: ST. JAMES’S PLACE.]
The houses that adjoin Bridgewater House to the north are those of
which the entrances are in St. James’s Place and Arlington Street. The
most architecturally noticeable is the first we see, Spencer House,
in the making of which, the talent of John Vardy, James Stuart, and
M. H. Spong was combined. A little further on is the house in which
the poet Rogers lived and gave those breakfasts and dinners which have
become historic. The contents were so carefully selected and so rich,
as treasures of art or literature, that Byron used to say there was not
a single object which did “not bespeak an almost fastidious elegance
in the possessor;” and Moore, and Macaulay, and Burney, and a hundred
others who were guests here, have left confirmatory praise. Here it was
that Byron, invited to meet Moore and Campbell (what a constellation!)
would eat nothing but potatoes mashed up in vinegar, and then, ’tis
said, went off later to a club in St. James’s Street and made a hearty
supper off beefsteaks! Here Chantry, the great sculptor, told his
host that it was he who, in the days of his probation as a working
carpenter, had made a certain piece of furniture in the dining room;
but there would be no end to the recollections clustering about this
house if I did not place a curb on my pen. Other poets have lived in
St. James’s Place--Addison and Parnell, besides many another well-known
personality; Molly Lepel, and Sir John Cope; Secretary Craggs, and
Charles James Fox; “Perdita” Robinson, and Sir Francis Burdett; Wilkes,
the noisy demagogue, and Warren Hastings, the great pro-consul.
[Sidenote: ARLINGTON STREET.]
Arlington Street is hardly less interesting. There is the home of the
Cecils, where one great Prime Minister, Lord Salisbury, could once
look across the street at the windows of the house that had sheltered
another--Sir Robert Walpole. As the son of the latter once wrote
to Montagu: “Nothing can be more dignified than this position.” In
the past, as in the present, its houses have been the homes of the
illustrious. The street was formed in 1689, and was the property of
that Arlington who was one of the “A’s” of the famous (or, shall we
say, infamous?) “Cabal.” The Duchess of Cleveland withdrew hither,
after the death of Charles had made Cleveland House too costly an
abode; the Duchess of Buckingham, wife of that Duke, castigated
in Dryden’s best-known lines, and daughter of Fairfax, Cromwell’s
henchman; Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, who resided here with her father,
the Duke of Kingston; Pulteney, Earl of Bath--as if he could never get
away from his enemy, Sir Robert; and Henry Pelham, who lived at No.
17, in the house built by Kent and now Lord Yarborough’s. At No. 21
Lord Sefton gave his famous dinners with Ude as _chef_ in command; and
Lord Wimborne’s house, which is already dwarfed by the neighbouring
“Ritz,” once belonged to Lord Camden, then to the Duke of Beaufort,
and was subsequently sold to the Duke of Hamilton for £60,000; while
John Lothrop Motley was renting Lord Yarborough’s house, from 1869-70,
during his term of office as United States Minister.
If we turn back into St. James’s Street and look down that famous
thoroughfare two things cannot fail to strike us--one, the effective
screen at the bottom formed by the picturesque clock-tower of the
Palace which dates from Henry VIII.’s time; the other, the marked
declivity in the ground, which is only comparable with Ludgate Hill, in
the East, and is considerably steeper than any part of Piccadilly or
Knightsbridge, in the West.
[Sidenote: ST. JAMES’S STREET.]
St. James’s Street is a street of memories, if ever there was one
in London; to mention all the interesting people who have lodged in
it would make a very fair chapter; to record even the bare outlines
of the history of its clubs and coffee-houses would form another.
Appropriately is it named “St. James’s Street,” for it is pre-eminently
_the_ thoroughfare of this aristocratic quarter. Here may still be seen
one or two old shops that recall Georgian days, although the street is
undergoing such a metamorphosis of rebuilding that one never knows but
that some fine morning their familiar fronts may have disappeared; here
survive some of the most exclusive and best known of the Clubs which
are the particular characteristic of this quarter; and the unchanged
front of the Palace at the lower end is such a dominating note in the
picture, that, looking down the street, when one of those mists so
beloved of Whistler give atmospheric mystery to the thoroughfare, we
may almost expect to see Charles II. sauntering through its portals
with Rochester or Sedley; or George II. driving through its gates on
his way to Kensington Palace or Richmond Park.
The history of
“_The dear old street of clubs and cribs,
As north and south it stretches_,”
is one which, if its record were fully written, would be found to have
no little connection with the annals of the country. Its position, its
proximity to the Palace, its past inhabitants, its famous club houses
(where so much of the history of the country was, and is, evolved,) all
make for its claim in this respect.
[Sidenote: WHITE’S CLUB.]
On our left is the famous bow window of “White’s,” where the dandies
used to assemble to quiz the ladies on their way to the drawing-rooms.
What a history has that club! It has been written, and fills two large
volumes, and the “betting book” is a sight for gods and men--if not for
young men and maidens. In the old days they used to bet on anything
and everything, and there is the story of the man who fell down in a
fit, outside the club windows, and wagers being immediately laid as
to whether he was dead or not, certain interested members solemnly
objected to means being taken to revive the unhappy individual--as it
would have affected the validity of the bets laid!
[Illustration: White’s Club. JAMES’S STREET IN THE REIGN OF GEORGE III
Brooks’s Club.]
It was by giving his arm to one then unknown to fame, from the
bottom of the street to the door of White’s, that Brummell considered
he had rendered a very important service to a young man, and as it
were, given him a splendid set-off in life!
The origin of the club, for which, it will be remembered, Horace
Walpole once designed a coat of arms, was White’s Chocolate House,
which was established in 1698, just ten years after Stewart’s Bakery,
as we have seen, opened its doors at the corner of Bond Street.
White’s was then on the west side of St. James’s Street, five
doors from the bottom, and occupied the one-time residence of that
Countess of Northumberland, who was such a “grande dame,” that her
grand-daughter-in-law, the Duchess of Somerset, is reported to have
never sat down in her presence without previously asking her leave.
It soon became a hot-bed of aristocratic gamesters. Robert Harley
never passed by without cursing it, as the bane of half the nobility;
Whitehead, in one of his poems, does not hesitate to call it a den of
thieves; and although Chesterfield once wrote to his son that “a member
of a gaming club should be a cheat or he will soon be a beggar,” that
teacher of manners and morals practically lived at White’s, not putting
in practice, it is to be hoped, what he taught by precept.
The Club was burnt down in 1733; but, phœnix-like, sprang up again
soon after, at Gaunt’s Coffee House, which was next door to the St.
James’s Coffee House near the south-west corner of the street. Arthur,
Mackreth, Martindale, and Raggett, all names familiar to students
of the social life of the eighteenth century, were the successive
proprietors of White’s, after 1736, when the Chocolate House was
formed into a regular club. Nineteen years after that date it was
removed to the premises it now occupies and its present outward
appearance is due to alterations made nearly a century later.
[Sidenote: BOODLE’S CLUB.]
Boodle’s, another famous club, is almost opposite, at No. 28, and
was known formerly, from its gastronomic reputation, as the “_Savoir
Vivre_.” The Club House was designed by Adam for John Crunden, in
1765, and additions were made to it in 1821. It was largely frequented
by country gentlemen, who knew probably how hard it was “to rival
Boodle’s dinners,” and it used to be said, in consequence, that if
a waiter came into the reading-room and called out, “Sir John, your
servant has come,” every other head was mechanically turned in answer
to the summons! Both Gibbon and Wilberforce were members, as was that
Sir Frank Standish, caricatured by Gillray as “A Standing Dish at
Boodle’s.” Gillray, by the bye, lived next door, at No. 29, where, in
1815, he committed suicide by throwing himself from an upper window.
[Sidenote: CROCKFORD’S CLUB.]
Opposite “White’s” is the Devonshire Club, which occupies the site of
the famous Crockford’s, probably the most notorious gaming house of its
day. It took its name from one Crockford, who had been a fish salesman
in the City, but, coming to the West, made an immense fortune here.
The house was built for him, in 1827, from the designs of the Wyatts.
The internal decorations were so lavish that the ubiquitous Creevey
describes the place as “magnificent, and perfect in taste and beauty,”
and adds that “it is said by those who know the Palace of Versailles,
to be even more magnificent than that,” which certainly sounds like
thundering hyperbole! The great “Ude” catered for the palates of
Crockford’s _habitués_, and there is a story told of the illustrious
_chef_, during his connection with the club, to the following
effect:--Colonel Damer happening to enter Crockford’s one evening to
dine early, found Ude in a towering rage, and asking the cause, was
thus answered by the infuriated _cordon bleu_:--“_Monsieur le Colonel_,
did you see that man who has just gone out? Well, he ordered a red
mullet for his dinner. I made him a delicious little sauce with my own
hands. The price of the mullet marked on the _carte_ was 2s.; I asked
6d. for the sauce. He refuses to pay the 6d. The _imbecile_ apparently
believes that the red mullets come out of the sea with my sauce in
their pockets!” Of such are the woes of genius! It was Ude, too, who,
on hearing of the last illness of his former patron the Duke of York,
exclaimed, “Ah! _Mon pauvre Duc_, how much you shall miss me where you
are gone!”
Wellington was a member of Crockford’s, though he never played deeply;
so was Theodore Hook, who, because his doctor had once warned him
against exposing himself to the _night_ air, had the following method
of abiding by the _medico’s_ instructions:--“I therefore,” he said,
“come up every day to Crockford’s, or some other place to dinner, and I
make it a rule on no account to go home again till about four or five
o’clock in the morning!”
[Sidenote: BROOKS’S CLUB.]
Another famous Club in St. James’s Street, was Brooks’s, which was
nearly opposite the original White’s. Like so many of these clubs it
took its name from a former proprietor, although it was at first
merely a gaming club, formed by Almack.
Brooks, whom Tickell immortalises (if he could immortalise anything) as
“_Liberal Brooks, whose speculative skill,
Is hasty credit, and a distant bill_,”
removed the club from its quarters in Pall Mall to its present
position, and opened it in 1778, but, unlike Crockford, he does not
appear to have made a fortune out of the concern.
The members included such great ones as Reynolds and Burke and Garrick,
Hume and Gibbon, Horace Walpole, Sheridan, and Wilberforce. The latter
has recorded his first appearance here, thus: “Hardly knowing anyone,
I joined, from mere shyness, in play at the faro table, where George
Selwyn kept bank. A friend, who knew my inexperience and regarded me as
a victim decked out for sacrifice, called to me, ‘What, Wilberforce,
is that you?’ Selwyn quite resented the interference, and, turning to
him, said, in his most expressive tone, ‘Oh, sir, don’t interrupt Mr.
Wilberforce; he could not be better employed.’”
_Apropos_ of Gibbons’ membership of Brooks’s, a curious memento should
still be among the treasures of some lucky bibliophile, for, when Fox’s
effects were sold, at his death, in 1806, there was included among them
the first volume of Gibbon’s “Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire,”
presented by the writer to the great statesman who had written the
following words on one of the blank leaves:--
“The author, at Brooks’s, said there was no salvation for this country
until six heads of the principal persons in administration were laid
upon the table. Eleven days after, this same gentleman accepted a
place of lord of trade under those very Ministers, and has acted with
them ever since!”
There are no end to the anecdotes connected with Brooks’s, and the
famous or notorious people with whom they are connected. Here is
Roger Wilbraham, what time honours were in the air, asking Sir Philip
Francis, an absorbed player, what he thought they would give him; and
the irate gamester, suddenly turning round and roaring out, “A halter,
and be d----d to you!”; here, it is said, the Prince of Wales was a
party to the hoax by which Sheridan got elected in the very teeth of
the redoubtable Selwyn; here, at a later date, the brewer, Alderman
Combe, losing heavily to Brummell who patronisingly said he would never
in future drink any porter but his opponent’s, retorted with “I wish
every other blackguard would tell me the same;” and here is the Duke
of Devonshire partaking of that broiled bladebone of mutton for which
he had such a passion, and which was regularly prepared for him at the
club!
[Sidenote: OTHER ST. JAMES’S STREET CLUBS.]
Many other clubs which to-day are to be found in this street, are
descendants of earlier institutions, while some have taken the place of
older ones; among the latter may be named the Devonshire, and the New
University, with its noticeable buildings which Waterhouse designed:
the former are distinguished by their names alone; the “Cocoa Tree,”
the “Thatched House,” and “Arthur’s.” Built in 1825, on the site of the
original Chocolate House, “Arthur’s” took its name from that Arthur
whose son-in-law, Mackreth, eventually succeeded to its ownership.
It will be remembered that it was on the occasion of one of the waiters
here being convicted on a charge of robbery, that Selwyn remarked:
“What a horrid idea he will give of us to the people in Newgate.” The
Thatched House Club, which grew out of the “Thatched House,” where the
Dilettanti Society and innumerable other fraternities were wont to
foregather, does not stand on the site of the original clubhouse, which
was till recently occupied by the Civil Service Club at the corner of
King Street; but the name was formerly preserved in “Thatched House
Court,” which has long since passed away.
[Sidenote: ST. JAMES’S STREET CHOCOLATE HOUSES.]
Just as the St. James’s Chocolate House was the resort of the Whigs in
the Augustan age so the Tory headquarters were at the “Cocoa Tree,”
which was metamorphosed into a club some time in George II.’s reign,
and was then noted for high play. There is extant the story of one
O’Birne, an Irish gamester, who had won a round £100,000 at the Cocoa
Tree from a young man named Harvey. “You can never pay me,” said the
Irishman. “I can,” replied Harvey, “my estate will sell for the debt.”
“No,” said O’Birne, “I will win ten thousand--you shall throw for the
odd ninety,” which, being done, Harvey, who would seem to have hardly
deserved his luck, won! Gibbon, and later Byron, belonged to this
club, and this reminds me that it was while lodging in St. James’s
Street that the latter awoke one morning and found himself famous. An
extraordinary medallion portrait under glass commemorates the house
(No. 8) in which the author of “Childe Harold” lodged, and it was from
here that he set forth to deliver his maiden, and only speech in the
House of Lords.
Among other interesting residents of St. James’s Street was Charles
James Fox; and here Walpole saw his furniture being carried off to
satisfy his horde of creditors. To hark back, we find Waller in a house
on the west side, and Lord Brouncker, the first President of the Royal
Society, living here; Pope at “my lodgings at Mr. Digby’s, next door
to ye Golden Bell, on ye second Terras in St. James’s Street;” Wolfe,
who wrote from here in 1758 to Pitt, desiring employment in America;
and Gibbon, who died 26 years later, at No. 76, now part of the
Conservative Club.
It was in this street that Dr. Johnson once did some shopping with
Boswell; calling at Wirgman’s toy-shop (at No. 69, where Arthur’s is
now) “to choose a pair of silver buckles, as those he had were too
small.”
[Sidenote: KING STREET.]
King Street, through which we can see the trees of St. James’s Square,
must not delay us, or we shall never get along, but we may remember
that from 1673, when it was formed, to 1830, it was not a street proper
at all, but merely one of those exiguous courts, of which Crown Court,
in Pall Mall, is a survivor. There is one private house of interest in
King Street, for at No. 1c, as a memorial tablet commemorates, Napoleon
III., while yet only Prince Louis Napoleon, resided for two years,
1838-40, after he had been expelled from Switzerland. While living here
he was enrolled as a special constable during the Chartist riots; and
while here he also took part in that famous Eglinton Tournament which
required nothing to make it successful but fine weather. It was from
King Street that the future Emperor started on his unsuccessful descent
on Boulogne, when it is said that he procured a tame eagle from Covent
Garden as a sort of political property, which was to be released on his
stepping on to French soil--a piece of theatrical legerdemain that cost
him the adherence of at least one follower. I may remind the stranger
that the famous Willis’s Rooms, formerly Almack’s, that “Matrimonial
Bazaar,” as Lord William Pitt Lennox calls it, the laws of which were
as those of the Medes and Persians, as the great Duke of Wellington
once had reason to remember when he was turned away from its doors, are
still in King Street, but turned to other uses, and that just opposite
stands the equally famous “Christie’s,” where old and new masters are
continually changing hands.
As we turn into Pall Mall, the picturesque buildings of St. James’s
Palace tempt us to loiter; but that is a subject which once entered
upon in this little book would lead me into an endless maze of
historical and topographical _data_, and we must unwillingly pass by.
[Sidenote: PALL MALL.]
Here we are in the very heart of Clubland; indeed, so long ago as 1849,
when J. T. Smith wrote his fascinating book on the Streets of London,
he speaks of this noble street as bidding fair to contain in a short
time nothing but club-palaces, as he very properly terms them; and
to-day (as Thackeray wrote): “Extending down the street palace after
palace rises magnificent, and under their lofty roofs warriors and
lawyers, merchants and nobles, scholars and seamen, the wealthy, the
poor, the busy, the idle assemble.”
[Illustration: _Sᵗ. James’s Palace, view’d from Pall Mall._]
[Illustration: _The Same from the Park._]
[Sidenote: THE CARLTON AND REFORM CLUBS.]
Here are the two great political headquarters--the Carlton, founded
by the Duke of Wellington and some of his supporters, and built, so
far as its premises here are concerned (for it was originally housed
in Charles Street close by), in 1836, from the designs of Smirke;
and the Reform, which, as its name implies, was started to help
the cause of the great Reform Bill, in 1830. The present beautiful
buildings of the latter club were the work of Barry, and carry us in
imagination to that Farnese Palace at Rome from which some features in
its construction were borrowed. The kitchens, as important adjuncts
to a club as they are to a college, were designed by the great Alexis
Soyer. Among the great successes of this admirable genius (who, by the
bye, had been, in turn, _chef_ to Prince George of Cambridge, Lord
Ailsa, and Lord Panmure), was the great banquet held on the occasion of
Queen Victoria’s Coronation, and the dinner given to Lord Palmerston,
in 1850. In the latter case a gastronomic triumph was particularly
appropriate, for “Pam” liked a good dinner as much as any man, and,
indeed, an opponent once had to confess that “Lord Palmerston is
redeemed from the last extremity of political degradation by his cook!”
[Sidenote: THE JUNIOR CARLTON CLUB.]
Another great club in Pall Mall, the Junior Carlton, is an off-shoot of
the Carlton. Formed in 1864, and originally located at No. 14, Regent
Street, the club moved to its present quarters in 1867, when several
small houses in St. James’s Square and Pall Mall having been pulled
down, it arose on their site under the architectural wand of Brandon.
Some 20 years later, Adair House was demolished and the club enlarged.
Opposite the Junior Carlton, on the same side of Pall Mall (the tiny
George Street intervening), is the Army and Navy Club, which has its
chief front in the Square. The building was erected by Parnell and
Smith, in 1848-51, and is modelled on the Palazzo Cornaro at Venice.
[Sidenote: OTHER PALL MALL CLUBS.]
Across the way, and next to the Reform, is the unpretentious front
of the Travellers’ Club, the idea of which originated with Lord
Castlereagh about the year 1814. Barry built the present house in
1832. In view of its name, it is interesting to know that one of its
rules ordains that no one is eligible as a member “who shall not
have travelled out of the British Islands to a distance of at least
500 miles from London in a direct line.” When that rule was formed
travelling was a very different business from what it is to-day, for
now one can hardly overcome the results of a London season without
going this distance, and many people find it necessary to go twice as
far to keep their minds occupied and their livers in order.
Talleyrand was an _habitué_ of the Travellers’, and it was here that he
made his well-known reply to someone who wondered how a certain great
lady could, at her age, have married, as she had done, a _valet de
chambre_: “It was late in the game” replied Talleyrand, who was playing
whist at the time. “At nine we don’t reckon honours.”
The Athenæum, at the corner of Waterloo Place, built in 1829, is a very
learned club, and appropriately has the finest club library in London.
Its premises, which are thoroughly classic, were designed by Decimus
Burton. It had been instituted five years previously by, among others,
Sir Thomas Lawrence, Wilson Croker, Sir Humphrey Davy, and that Jekyll,
whom George IV., when Prince of Wales, insisted on Eldon’s making a
Master in Chancery. I will not again inflict the well-known anecdote on
long-suffering readers; but I may remind them that on one occasion the
hospitality of the Junior Army and Navy, on the other side of Waterloo
Place, was, during some cleaning process, extended to the members of
the Athenæum, many of whom graced the church, and that soon after,
the umbrella of one of the service members mysteriously disappeared;
whereupon the irate soldier exclaimed, “Exactly, I knew what it would
be when we agreed to allow those d----d bishops to come to our shop!”
Talking of shops reminds me that Hoby’s, the celebrated bootmaker’s,
was, till quite recently, opposite, at the corner of John Street--the
shortest thoroughfare, by the bye, in London. The original Hoby was
a great character, and said what he liked to his customers, who were
legion, and frequently illustrious. He made the Duke of Wellington’s
boots, and always attributed the successes of that great leader to this
fact, and also, parenthetically, to the prayers which he used to offer
up on his behalf!
Two examples of Hoby’s way of talking to his _clientèle_ are extant;
one, when Ensign Churchill complained of some boots made to his order,
and Hoby, putting on a mock serious face, turned to an assistant
and told him to put up the shutters, as if the Ensign’s custom was
withdrawn, there was an end of the business; the other, when a nobleman
complained of his riding boots being uncomfortable when he walked,
whereupon Hoby told him that he had made the boots for riding not for
walking.
As we are wandering about Pall Mall in a somewhat desultory manner, I
make no excuse for turning back from the Athenæum to the large building
near by, which up to quite recently, formed an inadequate home for the
War Office. That part of it which has a small courtyard in front, in
which stood the graceful statue of Sidney Herbert, was rebuilt for the
use of the Secretary of State for War; but the most interesting portion
is that known as Schomberg House, which was erected in 1650, at the
time when Pall Mall was planted with elm trees. It took its name from
that Duke of Schomberg who was killed at the Battle of the Boyne, and
was much improved by the third and last Duke; but its chief claim to
notice lies in the fact that Gainsborough (as Cosway had done before
him) lived the last years of his life here, and expired in the second
floor room (which is now indicated by a tablet), in 1788, with the
well-known exclamation on his lips: “We are all going to heaven, and
Vandyck is of the company.”
The house next door (to the west), now the Eagle Insurance Office, is
interesting from the fact that it stands on the one-time residence of
Nell Gwyn, the gardens of which stretched to the Mall, and here took
place that “familiar discourse between the King and Mrs. Nellie, as
they call an impudent comedian, she looking out of her garden on a
terrace, at the top of the wall, and the King standing on the green
walk under it,” which Evelyn has thus recorded, and E. M. Ward, R.A.,
perpetuated on canvas. This site is the only freehold in Pall Mall, and
the story goes that on Charles giving “Mrs. Nellie” a lease of the
place, she took the parchment and threw it in his face, intimating at
the same time that nothing short of “freehold tenure” was good enough
for her.
The two adjoining houses have been, not long since, converted into one,
and now form the London residence of T.R.H. the Prince and Princess
Christian.
When the great “Sarah of Marlborough” was amazed by, as she called
them, her neighbour George’s “orange chests,” she was in residence at
the large red brick house, faced with stone, which a grateful nation
had presented to her husband (although the Duchess always said it
cost him £40,000 to £50,000 out of his own pocket), and which had
been erected in 1709, on part of the pheasantry of St. James’s Park,
which had been leased by Queen Anne to her old favourite. Here the
great Duke, “with the tears of dotage” flowing from his eyes, expired
in 1722, and one of the great sights of Pall Mall must have been that
almost regal funeral which the Duchess arranged herself, and in which
figured that funeral-car which she refused at a later date to lend to
the Duchess of Buckingham, because, as she said, no one was worthy to
be carried on what had borne the illustrious victor of Blenheim! Some
fifty years after her husband’s death, the indomitable old “Sarah,” at
the age of 84, was told that she must be blistered or she would die,
to which she replied in angry tones, “I won’t be blistered and I won’t
die.” She died in the year 1774.
Marlborough House was subsequently purchased (in 1817) by the Crown, as
a residence for the Princess Charlotte and Prince Leopold; and here,
after the death of the Princess, the widower lived for some years; so
did Queen Adelaide after the decease of William IV., and in 1850, the
house was settled on the Prince of Wales (now His Majesty the King);
but before he occupied it, its lower apartments had been used for
various art exhibitions. The entrance is anything but imposing, and is
rendered still more insignificant by the high buildings of the Junior
Oxford and Cambridge Club next door, adjoining which are the Guards’
Club and the imposing front of the Oxford and Cambridge itself, the
latter of which was built by Smirke in 1836.
On the north side of Pall Mall we get a glimpse of an almost Georgian
perspective if we look up the narrow Crown Court, and can for the
moment forget its new front and the adjoining elaborate buildings which
have been recently erected facing Marlborough House. This Court is one
of the few survivors of many, and is shewn on old plans, which, on the
other hand, do not give Pall Mall Place (of later construction), a
little further east, which passes under one of the windows of No. 51,
once the famous headquarters of Dodsley, the publisher. This house then
rejoiced in that sign of “Tully’s Head,” appearing on the titles of so
many of the best-known works of the eighteenth century which the great
Dodsley ushered into the world.
[Sidenote: PALL MALL TAVERNS.]
Pall Mall has been in the past--for you shall seek long enough for
them now--noted for its taverns. There was, for instance, the “Queen’s
Arms,” where the sanguinary duel between the Duke of Hamilton and
Lord Mohun was planned; and the “Star and Garter” (the descendant of
which has but recently disappeared), where Lord Byron killed Mr.
Chaworth in 1765, and where the first Cricket Club is said to have been
founded in 1774, by Sir Horace Mann (a Kent cricketer and Walpole’s
correspondent), the Duke of Dorset, and Lord Tankerville, of the Surrey
and Hants eleven, and others.
Then there was “Wood’s at the Pell Mell” mentioned by Pepys, where,
in 1662, Mr. Jermyn and Captain Howard fought a duel; and the “Sugar
Loaf,” the “Golden Pestle and Mortar,” the “Golden Door,” and the
“Barber’s Pole”--to mention but these--were signs that might previously
have been seen here. The Coffee Houses numbered among them the
well-known “Smyrna” of early Georgian days, and the “King’s Arms,”
where the “Liberty” or “Rumpsteak Club” met and concerted measures
against Sir Robert Walpole.
It was in Pall Mall, near the bottom of the Haymarket, that Thynne was
murdered at the instigation of Konigsmarck--a brutal deed which may
still be seen commemorated on the tomb of the victim in Westminster
Abbey; here, too, the mail from France was robbed at half-past eight
on January 7th, 1786, almost in the very faces of the Palace Guard, as
Walpole relates with natural astonishment; and here the Gordon Rioters
were with difficulty prevented from destroying that Schomberg House we
have but recently been gazing at.
If great people have left their mark on the street, some curious
individualities have also been connected with it. Think of four women
racing down Pall Mall for a prize, to wit, “a holland smock, a cap,
checked stockings, and laced shoes!” Yet this is what was witnessed
here in the year of grace 1733. This appears to have been permitted by
the long-suffering authorities, but when one of the residents offered
“a laced hat” to be run for by five men, so great a disturbance was
created that the magistrates intervened.
During the earlier years of Charles II.’s reign, when Catherine of
Braganza came over to share his throne, if nothing else, streets
were named with some profusion after that ill-treated lady; thus, as
Piccadilly was then converted into Portugal Street, so, for a time at
least, Pall Mall was known as Catherine Street. Its former, and present
better-known denomination is derived, as all the world is aware, from
the game of Pall Mall or Paille-Maille--from Palla, a ball, and maglia,
a mallet--a game somewhat analogous to our croquet, which was once
played in the “Mall” close by.
[Sidenote: CARLTON HOUSE.]
Although its name is redolent of Carolean times, it is probable that
few streets have been so altered in outward appearance as Pall Mall.
The chief cause of this is undoubtedly the favour it has found in the
eyes of club promoters, for it is the palatial buildings of these
institutions that have chiefly robbed the street of its old-world
appearance. But at its eastern extremity, the greatest alteration is
due to the demolition of Carlton House, which practically occupied the
centre of Waterloo Place at its southern end, and extended east and
west with its grounds, entrance court, and screen, where Carlton House
Terrace and the Duke of York’s monument now exist.
[Illustration: CARLTON HOUSE.
_George IV. proclaimed King._]
The history of Carlton House has not been written. It is probably
just as well that no one has attempted to record the annals of
that mansion, for what we know of it from the innumerable memoirs and
diaries of the period covering the better part of George III.’s reign
and the Regency, is not particularly edifying.
Carlton House was built in 1709, by Lord Carlton, or Carleton, as
it was then spelt, on whose death, in 1725, the house came into the
possession of his nephew, the Earl of Burlington. Kent laid out the
gardens, which extended from Spring Gardens to Marlborough House,
at the back of the entire length of Pall Mall, east and west. Lord
Burlington presented the house to his mother, who sold it, in 1732,
to Lord Chesterfield, purchasing on behalf of Frederick, Prince of
Wales. After that Prince’s death, his widow resided here till her
demise in 1772. Eleven years later, George, Prince of Wales, came
into possession, and under his auspices, with the help of Holland,
the architect, the place was practically rebuilt, the brickwork being
covered with stone, a Corinthian portico added, and that celebrated
screen erected, of which Prince Hoare once wrote:
“_Dear little columns, all in a row,
What do you do there?
Indeed, we don’t know!_”
on the site of some houses which had previously hidden the mansion from
Pall Mall. (See Plates at pp. 64 and 76.)
Under its new master, Carlton House witnessed many vicissitudes;
now being the scene of the most lavish entertainments; anon being
practically shut up, when the Prince could not persuade his Royal
father to ask Parliament for money to pay his perennial debts, and
tried to force his hand by an exhibition of erratic economy; at one
time teeming with the gay crowd that formed the Prince’s court, when
the great Whig families rallied around him, and the beautiful Duchess
of Devonshire--“the best bred woman in Europe”--the Duchess of Rutland,
Mrs. Fitzherbert, and Mrs. Crewe of the “Buff and Blue” toast, “rained
influence”; at another time echoing to the merry wit of Sheridan, the
classical allusions of Fox, the broad stories of Hanger, and even
the rich tones of the great Sir Walter himself as he joined in the
vociferous cheering that greeted the toast of “The Author of Waverley.”
If those walls could have related what they heard, many an unedifying
tale would have been told, but also the actual truth of many an
anecdote which tradition has handed down to us. Did Brummell really
tell the Prince to “ring the bell,” and did his Royal Highness do so,
and order “Mr. Brummell’s carriage”? Did the Royal host become so
actually imbued with the idea that he had been present at Waterloo,
that he would frequently refer to the hero of that day, with: “Was I
not there, Duke?” to which Wellington was wont to reply, with a bow
and a grim smile, “I have often heard you say so, Sir?” Did Sir Philip
Francis on one occasion go up to the entrance and, instead of ringing
the bell, knock loudly on the door with his stick; and did the Prince
Regent’s confidential friend, Colonel McMahon, subsequently expostulate
with, “Upon my word, Francis, you must try and keep Sir Philip in
order? Do you know he has been knocking at the Prince’s door with a
stick, and making such a noise, because he was not admitted, that we
thought we should never get him away?”
These, and how many other stories might we not substantiate or
otherwise with the help of that mural evidence!
“_But the long pomp, the midnight masquerade,
With all the freaks of wanton wealth array’d_,”
have passed away with Carlton House for ever, and in its place we have
the flight of stone steps leading to the Park, down which a carriage
had once rushed headlong but for Mr. Gladstone’s restraining hand, and
a stone Duke of York gazing at the sky.
The Prince Regent, when he became George IV., thought of connecting
Carlton House with Marlborough House by a great gallery running the
length of Pall Mall, and dedicated to the portraits of the Royal
and notable persons of this country. Had he done so, he would have
anticipated the National Portrait Gallery of to-day, and built a nobler
Valhalla; but Nash was allowed to demolish Carlton House and cover its
site with the great mansions and terraces which now stand there.
The Princess Charlotte--the nation’s hope, so untimely cut off--was
born at Carlton House, but she is more closely connected with Warwick
House, which almost adjoined it on the east side, and stood at the
end of Warwick Street, which still exists. The original Warwick House
had been the birthplace of that Sir Philip Warwick, whose memoirs of
his Royal master, Charles I., are frequently to be met with. When the
Princess Charlotte lived here with her governess, Miss Knight, the
latter states that the entrance was secured by bars of iron on the
inside, and that the Princess was obliged to go through the court
of Carlton House. The same lady gives as dreary an account of the
house, as Fanny Burney did of Kew Palace; it was, she says, “an old
moderate-sized dwelling, at that time miserably out of repair, and
almost falling to ruins.” This was in 1813; in the following year the
Princess, worn out by petty restraints, the coercive measures of the
Prince Regent, and above all her enforced separation from her mother,
escaped from the house and drove in a hackney cab to Queen Caroline’s
then residence in Connaught Place. Hither, however, she returned at
the urgent solicitations of Brougham and the Duke of Sussex; and here,
subsequently, occurred that scene between the Regent and the Princess
and her attendants which forms the subject of a well-known caricature
drawing.
It is difficult to pass by Charing Cross and its manifold memories,
but if we gave way to the temptation, we should find fresh attractions
in Whitehall and the Strand, and I must unwillingly refrain from
penetrating further east. The Haymarket, which we are now going up, and
Piccadilly east, which we shall presently come to, are, however, both
so full of interest that I hope we shall find matter in these “pastures
new” to compensate us.
CHAPTER III.
_THE HAYMARKET, ST. JAMES’S SQUARE, AND PICCADILLY (EAST)._
“_A spacious street of great resort._”--STRYPE.
[Sidenote: THE HAYMARKET.]
The Haymarket is one of those thoroughfares whose names speak for
themselves. To-day, it is true, it has little the appearance of that
which its title indicates, and it is, therefore, all the pleasanter
to find its older uses recalled in its present denomination. The
curious thing is that the St. James’s hay-market, which was held close
by, so early as the days of Elizabeth, should have survived to so
comparatively recently as the reign of William IV.; yet it was not till
1830, that the Act was passed which removed the market to the vicinity
of Regent’s Park. That the Haymarket was long an important thoroughfare
is evidenced by Strype, who calls it “a spacious street of great
resort, full of inns and places of entertainment, especially on the
west side.”
Let us first see what were the “inns” which clustered here in such
profusion that a solemn topographer should have thought it necessary
to specifically mention them. The names of some of them have survived,
and I find, appropriately enough, “The Nag’s Head,” “The White Horse,”
“The Black Horse,” and “The Cock,” as well as “The Phœnix” (that
perennial fowl), “The Unicorn” (that hardly less ubiquitous animal),
and “The Blue Posts,” one of the best known of them all. If we look at
a plan of this locality, dated 1755, we shall see that the west side
of the street was riddled with small alleys or yards, some of which
were part and parcel of the taverns that once congregated here. Thus,
nearly at the bottom, on the site of the Carlton Hotel, was Phœnix Inn
Yard; next to it, where His Majesty’s Theatre now stands, the yard of
“The White Horse”; “The Cock” Yard was about half-way up, and “The
Nag’s Head” Yard next it. At the back of these, approached from Pall
Mall by two streets, known as St. Alban’s, and Market Streets, was the
St. James’s Market itself, since replaced by an extension of Regent
Street and Waterloo Place. “Black Horse” Yard was nearly at the top of
the Haymarket, where the continuation of Jermyn Street now runs, and
practically on the site of the Piccadilly Station of the Tube Railway;
while where Charles Street crosses the Haymarket on its western side
was formerly a small passage, known as Six Bell Alley.
“The Blue Posts” Tavern was at No. 59, and was long a favourite resort.
Otway mentions it in one of his plays; so does Bishop Cartwright in his
diary; and in contemporary newspapers are accounts of those affrays
which so frequently disturbed the harmony of these places of recreation.
“The Cock” was probably identical with the tavern bearing this sign
in Suffolk Street close by, which Pepys mentions, and which it is
likely had something to do with the origin of the name of the adjacent
Cockspur Street; while the other taverns must have often afforded
refreshment to the various notable people, who once resided in the
Haymarket.
One of the greatest of these, who we know loved to take his ease at
his inn, was Addison, who, while lodging in an attic over a small shop
here, wrote “The Campaign,” at the request of the Government. One day,
in after years, a little deformed man with eloquent eyes, fired with
enthusiasm, brought a friend to this same attic, and mounting the three
pair of stairs, opened the door of the small room, and exclaimed, “In
this garret Addison wrote his ‘Campaign’”--it was Pope pointing out the
workshop of genius to Harte.
Among various past notable residents, Sir Samuel Garth stands for
physic in the Haymarket; his house, from 1699 to 1703, being the
sixth door from the top, on the east side; and histrionic art is well
represented by Mrs. Oldfield, who was residing close by, from 1714 to
1726. Garth was a poet besides being a physician, and in the former
_rôle_ ridiculed apothecaries, about whom he must have known more
than most men, in his well-known “Dispensary,” a poem which appeared
in the year he came to live here. Nance Oldfield, if not of blameless
life, was indisputably a great actress, and I believe the only one who
lies in the Abbey, where her remains were buried with much pomp and
circumstance.
Painting, as is appropriate in a street which to-day boasts a number
of well-known picture shops, is represented by George Morland, who was
born here in 1763. The inequality of his work is characteristic of
the ups and downs of his reckless life; at one time he was producing
masterpieces, at another he was dashing off pot-boilers and tavern
signs. One wonders if among the latter was that sign which Broughton,
the pugilist, hung outside his public-house between the Haymarket and
Cockspur Street, and which represented the champion boxer himself “in
his habit as he lived.”
Nearly at the top of the street on the east side is an old
tobacconist’s shop (who does not know Fribourg’s?) which, in
appearance, carries us back to Georgian days, and shows how much has
been lost in picturesqueness by the modern methods of shop-building.
Wishart’s, another tobacconist’s, which has, however, unfortunately
disappeared, must have looked very much then as Fribourg’s continues
to do to-day. But the Haymarket has undergone such a metamorphosis
that the latter is the only survival of a past day, if we except the
portico of the Haymarket Theatre; and now that a Tube Railway Station
has invaded the street, the last touch has been given to it in the way
of modernity.
It is, however, appropriate that the spot in which Nance Oldfield
once lived should be so associated with the “vagabonds” as is this
thoroughfare, for here are the Haymarket Theatre, and His Majesty’s,
which latter stands partly on the site of that Haymarket Opera House,
Queen’s Theatre, King’s Theatre, and Her Majesty’s Theatre--to give it
all its various names--which most of us remember.
[Sidenote: THE HAYMARKET THEATRE.]
I will say a word about the Haymarket Theatre first, because it still
exists, and by its porticoed front helps to recall the Haymarket itself
of earlier days.
The present theatre, as we shall see, followed an earlier one which
stood not actually on its site, but on ground adjoining it, as may be
seen from an old view of this portion of the Haymarket.
This play-house was originally intended for use during the summer,
and in consequence of there being a more important theatre then in
existence (on the site of His Majesty’s), it was known as “The Little
Theatre in the Haymarket.” Built at the not extravagant cost of
£1,500, by one John Potter, it was opened on December 29th, 1721, by
a French Company, who styled themselves “The Duke of Montagu’s French
Comedians.” Their initial piece does not seem to have been a success;
and later “The Female Fop” (which Sandford says he wrote in a few
weeks, when but fifteen years of age), died a natural death after only
a few nights’ performance, although it served its purpose in helping to
inaugurate the new venture.
Some years later--to be precise, in 1735--the play-house was taken by
a company bearing the strange title of “The Great Mogul’s Company,”
and here Fielding’s “Pasquin” and “Historical Register” were given.
These plays never pretended to be anything but satires, and it is
interesting to know that their performance occasioned the passing of
“The Licensing Act,” which first gave the Lord Chamberlain that power
of veto over plays, the exercise of which has been the cause of so much
heart-burning ever since; and which, at the time, was the cause of many
amusing attempts at evasion, particularly by Theophilus Cibber, one of
the earlier managers, and Foote, whose invitation to the public “to
drink a dish of chocolate with him” could hardly have misled even the
most unsophisticated of country cousins.
For three years from 1744, Macklin managed the theatre, and was then
succeeded by Foote, who continued to run the house, off and on, for
no less than thirty successful years. With his “Devil on Two Sticks”
he is said to have cleared between three and four thousand pounds, of
which, by the bye, little or nothing was left at the end of the year.
Foote, indeed, had a remarkable aptitude for squandering money, and the
motto which he had placed in his carriage: “Iterum, iterum, iterumque,”
had a new significance given it by his perpetually renewed attempts to
replace the money that had taken unto itself wings!
In 1766, a patent was passed for the establishment of a new theatre
here, for Foote; and in the following year it was made a “Royal
Theatre.” Just ten years later Foote sold his interest in the house to
the elder Colman, on the apparently splendid terms of an annuity of
£1,600, and permission to play as often and when he liked to the extent
of a further £400 a year. But although one can understand Dr. Johnson’s
wonder as to what Colman was going to make out of it, the arrangement
turned out well for him, as Foote died within a year, and played only
three times.
Colman was succeeded in his management by his son, whose first season
commenced in 1790, and who, fifteen years later, sold half his share to
Messrs. Morris and Winston. Later, the well-known Thomas Dibdin took
over the concern, and it was during his management that, on August
15th, 1805, occurred a great riot here, organised by members of the
sartorial trade, who took exception to the performance of a piece
entitled “The Tailors, a Tragedy for Warm Weather,” as reflecting on
their calling. To such a height, indeed, did matters come that special
constables and a company of the Life Guards were requisitioned to
assist the regular Bow Street officers.
Some years later--to be precise, in 1820--the present play-house,
whose historian is the well-known actor-manager, Mr. Cyril Maude--was
erected, from the designs of Nash, at a cost of £18,000; the earlier
theatre remained open until the larger house was finished, when it
closed, on October 14th, 1820, with a performance of “King Lear.”
I may remind the reader that such great exponents of the Thespian art,
as Mrs. Abington, Miss Farren, Edwin, Elliston, Bannister, Henderson,
and “Gentleman Lewis” have all acted at the original house; while the
great names of Macready, Webster, and Buckstone, besides Sothern, the
Bancrofts, Mr. Tree, and Mr. Cyril Maude in our own days, are among
those closely associated with the present theatre.
It was of the Haymarket Theatre that the story is told that that
inveterate punster H. J. Byron was once asked (I believe by Lady--then
Mrs.--Bancroft) to give a motto to be placed over the pay-office, when
he immediately suggested “So much for Booking ’em” as an appropriate
heading!
[Sidenote: SUFFOLK STREET.]
Suffolk Street, running partly behind the play-house, is one of the
older streets in this neighbourhood, having been formed in 1664, on the
site once occupied by the town house of the Earls of Suffolk. Although
the present street is relatively modern, its lines follow those of the
older one. At its Pall Mall eastern corner stands the United University
Club in its stately rebuilt magnificence, but the street is connected
more intimately with Art than Letters, being the home of the Society
of British Artists. Once it echoed to the tread of Swift, when he came
to visit Vanessa, who for a time lodged here with her mother. Adam
Smith was a former resident, as was Moll Davis, for whom the King
furnished a house here, before her apotheosis in St. James’s Square
hard by, as Pepys tells us; and when the Italian Corticelli had his
town house here, frequented, in the days of George I., for raffles and
assignations, the little thoroughfare must have presented a gay and
gallant sight, with which its present-day solemn respectability cannot
have much in common.
But perhaps Suffolk Street is chiefly interesting, particularly just
now, when Free Trade and Protection are again rivals for our suffrages,
as being the last home of Richard Cobden; for here he died in lodgings,
at No. 23, on April 2nd, 1865. A memorial tablet marks the house where
the great Free Trader breathed his last, and whither he had come only a
few weeks previously.
[Sidenote: THE OPERA HOUSE, & HIS MAJESTY’S THEATRE.]
On the other side of the Haymarket a very important change has
occurred, owing to the demolition of the old theatre, and the erection
on its the present house, as well as the building of the Carlton Hotel,
which did away with the colonnade, once the noticeable feature of this
corner of the Haymarket and Pall Mall.
[Illustration: The Opera House Colonnade. PALL MALL EAST. Carlton House
Screen.]
This old play-house, which, as we have seen, went through many changes
of nomenclature, was the work of Sir John Vanbrugh, who was backed
by a sum of £30,000, subscribed by 300 people, who had in return a
right of free entrance to any of the performances. The lovely Lady
Sunderland, Marlborough’s daughter, laid the first stone, in 1703,
the theatre being completed two years later, when it was opened with
a performance of “The Indian Emperor,” by Dryden. Unfortunately,
however, Vanbrugh appears to have thought more of its architectural
beauties than its acoustic properties, for not the combined management
of Vanbrugh and Congreve (who had joined the poet-architect in the
concern), nor the acting of the great Betterton and the company that
came with him from Lincoln’s Inn Fields, could make Dryden’s lines or
Vanbrugh’s conceits heard even by a tithe of the audience.
Vanbrugh was succeeded in the management by Owen MacSwiney, under whom
an Opera Company, including the famous Niccolini, gave a series of
performances here. A year later, Betterton, who had betaken himself to
the rival camp at Drury Lane, was lured back and engaged to act for a
month with a strong company supporting him. After this the house was
again given over to opera, and Aaron Hill became manager, in 1710. He
it was who made overtures to Handel to write the lyrics of an opera,
the result being “Rinaldo,” which the master is said to have composed
in a couple of weeks.
In the following year Heidegger, whose name is to be found in the
“Dunciad,” and who was Master of the Revels to George I.--fancy the
solemn Hanoverian revelling!--became manager.
From 1717 to 1720, no Italian operas were performed in the Haymarket,
but in the latter year a number of noblemen and gentlemen combined to
start a society chiefly devoted to the performance of Handel’s works,
although Bononcini was also employed, hence arising that celebrated
feud between the adherents of “Tweedledum and Tweedledee.”
There is on record another great feud between the partisans of the two
rival singers Cuzzoni and Faustina, which eventually resulted in the
former leaving this country, cheered, if she could be, by some lines by
Ambrose Phillips, who termed her the “charmer of an idle age,” although
the management of the Opera House had not much reason to echo this
flattering sentiment.
Later, the opera having fallen into some financial difficulties, Handel
and Heidegger determined to carry it on on their own responsibility.
From this time, 1734, when Handel’s partnership with Heidegger ended,
to 1782, the Opera House was the scene of all sorts of entertainments,
from Handel’s operas and Mlle. Hemel’s dancing, to the ball given by
the Knights of the Bath, in 1779, and the masquerade of thirty years
earlier, when George II. appeared in an “old-fashioned English habit”
(an excellent disguise), and Miss Chudleigh, with next to nothing on,
reminded the scandalised Horace Walpole of Andromeda, rather than the
Iphigenia whom she was supposed to represent.
Some years after the alterations to the theatre, when it was under
the management of Gallini, a disastrous fire occurred there, which
practically destroyed it, but phœnix-like, a new building quickly arose
on its site, although many people, Walpole among them, thought that
it was a useless expenditure, as the days of opera appeared to have
departed for ever. The new house was designed by Novosielski, and
Lord Buckinghamshire laid the first stone, in April, 1790, it being
completed in the following year. Later, Michael Kelly and Storace
managed it jointly when Sheridan and Taylor were the lessees.
Although principally used either as a theatre or opera house, an
innovation was attempted, in 1787, by the introduction of ballets, one
of which, entitled “Bacchus and Ariadne,” seems to have been anything
but adapted _virginibus puerisque_; and it was a question whether
the presentation of it or its withdrawal would cause the greater
indignation!
The names of Goold, the founder of the Union Club, and Taylor, who was
perennially in difficulties, Waters and Ebers, Laporte and Lumley,
under the last of whom that great quartette composed of Taglioni,
Grisi, Grehn, and Cerito performed; and Smith and Mapleson, are among
those who figured at various times as _impresarios_ here; while the
singers whose voices once echoed through that vast auditorium were such
as Jenny Lind and Sontag, Pasta and Tietjens, Mario and Tamburini.
A second great fire, on December 6th, 1867, again destroyed the
building, which was subsequently re-erected with its principal
frontage in Pall Mall, at a great cost; this in its turn we have seen
disappear, and the new “His Majesty’s Theatre” rise on its site, with
its chief entrance in the Haymarket, and a long frontage to Charles
Street. Luckily, the old arcade is embodied in the new building, and
here are still to be seen those dear little shops that look so clean
and prosperous and yet so diminutive--like a sort of Tom Thumbs among
business establishments!
At the north corner of Charles Street and Regent Street is the Junior
United Service Club, in which, report hath it, that a certain part of
the dining-room, frequented by the older members, is known as “Rotten
Row”; while across Waterloo Place (or really the continuation of Regent
Street) is yet another Club--the Caledonian--housed in the former
residence of the late Lord Waterford.
[Sidenote: ST. JAMES’S SQUARE.]
A few steps further and we are in the heart of St. James’s Square. Here
history and legend will run away with us if I do not restrain my pen,
for every house has an interesting history; each has been the abode of
some famous personage.
Here, in the south-east corner, is the long front of Norfolk House,
the residence of the last six Dukes of Norfolk; behind it still stands
the old house, used principally as a lumber-room, in which George
III., and his brother, the Duke of York, were born, what time the
mansion was lent to Frederick, Prince of Wales, by an accommodating
Duke. The Bishop of London’s official town residence, whither the Duke
of Hamilton, after his celebrated duel with Lord Mohun, was carried,
is next door, nestling between the ducal abode and Lord Derby’s
iron-balustraded mansion. Commerce has invaded the Square, for, at the
opposite corner, is a Bank, and next to it Lord Falmouth’s house, which
has some old cannon as posts planted in the pavement before it.
[Illustration: ST. JAMES’S SQUARE IN 1760.]
In Lord Cowper’s, No. 4, is that magnificent room designed by Lord
Burlington, which is a wonder to those who see it for the first time.
This is one of the few houses in the Square which has remained in the
hands of a single family since the Square was formed by Lord St.
Alban’s, in Charles II.’s day. Lord Strafford’s house is next door;
and on the other side it is flanked by Lord Bristol’s, another of the
houses to which one family has steadfastly adhered.
It is curious, having this in view, and remembering the aristocratic
traditions associated with the Square, to find so many of the houses
now turned to alien uses. Clubs--the Windham, the Sports, the Portland,
the Nimrod, the East India, and the Army and Navy--occupy no less
than half a dozen of them; the London Library is housed in a rebuilt
structure on the site of the former residence of Admiral, the Earl
of Torrington; and an art gallery peers out of the corner premises
abutting on King Street.
Members of the great families of Sunderland, Portland, Halifax,
Legge, Hyde, Devonshire, etc., besides those I have mentioned, have
all resided here; so, too, did the wonderful old Lady Newburgh, who
remembered I don’t know how many sovereigns, and was a friend of one
of the most unfortunate, Charles I.; the first Lord Palmerston, who
married an heiress under romantic circumstances; Sir Allen Apsley, who
was Treasurer to the Duke of York, and who on one occasion received the
future James II. as a guest beneath his roof “for one night only,” as
they say in theatrical circles; Sir Cyril Wyche, who was a President
of the Royal Society; Sir John Duncombe, a former Chancellor of the
Exchequer; _and_ Sir Charles Grandison; besides Ambassadors from nearly
all the courts of Europe.
No; it is to the past that we must turn to find even this most
select of Squares in its glory. When all the great houses were
standing--Cleveland House (now represented by a huge and incongruous
block of flats), Lord Jermyn’s fine mansion, on the site of the
Portland Club, and Mr. Guinness’s residence, and Ossulston House, where
the Bank and Lord Falmouth’s now stand--an additional distinction must
have been given the Square, especially when we remember the great and
beautiful residents who were then to be seen in its precincts.
The history of this Square is a particularly fascinating one; but
it can be but lightly touched on here.[2] As we have seen, a king
was born in its chief house, so, at a later day, a queen was to be
observed driving from another residence, that of the notable Sir Philip
Francis, to take her trial at Westminster, and a curious print of the
period shows Queen Caroline in her carriage surrounded by a vast crowd
leaving No. 17, which house, together with its next door neighbour, was
subsequently to be demolished to make room for the East India Club.
Another notable residence is No. 20, the only example in the Square,
but a fine one, of Robert Adam’s work. It was for many years the home
of the Watkin Williams Wynn family, for one of whom it was built, in
1772, until recently, when it passed into Lord Strathmore’s possession.
But not always have the residents been of noble birth or irreproachable
morals, and as we again emerge into Pall Mall by the Army and Navy
Club’s gorgeous buildings--the work of Parnell, and standing on the
spot where once the famous Raggett, the proprietor of White’s, opened
the unsuccessful Union Club--we are reminded that in a small house
on part of its site once lived that Moll Davis, the actress, whose
singing of an old ballad attracted the questionable attentions of
Charles II. The footsteps of the Merry Monarch must have often echoed
in the Square, where the siren dwelt, and where also lived so many of
his friends and acquaintances. Other footsteps have been heard here;
those of Johnson and Savage, who, cold and hungry, passed a whole night
wandering round the central garden with its statue of King William III.
(which was so unconscionable a time in getting itself erected), while
they settled the affairs of the nation and dreamed of that immortality
which one, at least, was to attain.
By the bye, that open space, formerly a mere rubbish heap, has seen
many vicissitudes. Once it had a considerable piece of water within
its enclosure, and was octagonal in shape; earlier still it was merely
enclosed by posts and rails in a most uncompromising square; to-day it
is, to use a much-loved 18th century word, an “umbrageous” garden.
The present inhabitants would be sufficiently startled if Mr. Brock
were to suggest a display of fireworks there; but in past days this
was a regular concomitant to any great public rejoicings, and many
of the influential residents interested themselves in these “_feux
d’artifice_.” The victory of the Boyne, the capture of Namur, the Peace
of Ryswick were some of the more notable occasions for, as contemporary
prints assure us, really remarkable efforts in pyrotechnic display.
But we must quit St. James’s Square, with its historic memories,
its ghosts of the great and beautiful; its houses built by the
Brettinghams, Storys, Barebones, and Friths, and decorated by the
Adams, the Kauffmanns, the Ciprianis, and the Amiconis of a past day;
and to do so let us retrace our steps to its north side, where York
Street will lead us into Jermyn Street.
[Sidenote: JERMYN STREET.]
It is not difficult to trace the name of York Street to the Duke of
York, who afterwards became an unpopular king; but it requires some
effort of the imagination to connect with Apple-tree Yard, in the same
street, that orchard of apple-trees for which this spot was famous in
the reign of Charles I.
When the Spanish Ambassador was living in St. James’s Square, the
chapel connected with the Embassy was situated in York Street, and
the building, with the arms of Castile upon it, was standing till so
recently as 1877.
Jermyn Street, into which we now turn, is famous. It is as
characteristically redolent of the West End as (say) Leadenhall Street
is of the East. All sorts and conditions of interesting people have
lived or lodged in it; Marlborough, when yet John Churchill, and only a
colonel; the Duchess of Richmond, known to readers of De Grammont and
students of the later Carolean days, as _La Belle Stuart_; the haughty
Countess of Northumberland; Secretary Craggs and Bishop Berkeley, and
Lord Carteret; to say nothing of Verelst, the painter, of whose vanity
so many stories are told by Walpole. The great Sir Isaac Newton, until
he went to Chelsea; Shenstone, when he could tear himself away from
his beloved “Leasowes”; and Gray, who, as Johnson said, would go down
to posterity with a thinner volume under his arm than any of the great
poets, also resided in Jermyn Street. The latter lodged at Roberts’,
the hosiers, or Frisby’s, the oilman’s, as he found convenient (paying
not more than half a guinea a week for his rooms), just as Bishop
Berkeley had done at an earlier day at Burdon’s, with its sign of “The
Golden Globe.”
In the nineteenth century the street may have been enlivened by the
jokes of Sidney Smith or the gentle caroling of Tom Moore, for they
both sojourned here, the one at No. 81, in 1811, the other at No.
58, fourteen years later. But a greater than either once stayed for
a short space in the street; for at one of the many hotels which
have flourished and faded here, the great Sir Walter remained for
three weeks, after his return from the Continent; and here he lay in
that waking dream which had but one dominant expression in its dull
monotony, the unconquerable desire to be once again in his “ain hame,”
and to hear the busy Tweed rippling over its stones.
[Sidenote: ST. JAMES’S CHURCH.]
In spite of much rebuilding there yet remains one object here which
will help to recall us to the past--the Church of St. James’s, which
fronts both Jermyn Street and Piccadilly. It was erected by Henry
Jermyn, Earl of St. Albans, soon after he had begun the development of
his neighbouring property. Wren had a hand in it, when it was commenced
in 1680, but he concentrated his efforts on the interior, which is
extraordinarily light and spacious. Grinling Gibbons was responsible
for the beautiful marble font and a portion of the altar; and the
organ was originally made for James II. Its rectors have occasionally
attained high preferment, no less than three--Tenison, the first; Wake,
the second, and Secker, at a later date, reaching the Archbishopric.
Interesting things have happened in this church. Once the minister was
ordered not to lay the text on the cushion (as was then the custom)
of the Princess Anne, who used to attend here when she was living at
Berkeley House, nor “to take any more notice of her than other people,”
as old Sarah of Marlborough indignantly records; but the rector refused
to do this without an order in writing, which the Crown did not think
it expedient to give; Defoe was scandalised at the charges made here
for a seat, “where it costs one almost as dear as to see a play”; and
in the churchyard Gibbon once stumbled and sprained his foot, but he
is careful to particularise the time of the mishap, “between the hours
of one and two in the afternoon,” so that there need be no shaking of
heads. Gibbon, who was nothing if not “genteel,” selected his church
well, for Vanbrugh, in his “Relapse,” makes Lord Foppington say that he
always attended St. James’s for “there’s much the best company!”
[Illustration: “THE BULL AND MOUTH,” PICCADILLY.]
The church and the churchyard in which Gibbon slipped, are so full
of illustrious dead, that it would seem, indeed, a difficult matter
to pass through them without stumbling against some “pointed clay.”
Here lies Cotton, who shares the fame of the “Compleat Angler” with
his friend Walton; Tom D’Urfey, who made up those “pills to purge
melancholy” which so many have found a pleasant enough prescription;
the artist Van der Velde, the royal marine painter, who knew the trick
of marine painting if anyone did; Dahl and Haysman, the portraitists,
and Harlowe, who reproduced the trial scene of Queen Katherine. Mrs.
Delany was laid to rest here, so was Mark Akenside, who died in Old
Burlington Street; Dodsley, the great Pall Mall bookseller; Gillray,
who caricatured a whole generation, and “Old Q,” who scandalised
another, and so on; while the great Chatham, and Chesterfield--that
“glass of fashion”--were both held at the font which Grinling Gibbons
had adorned.
[Sidenote: PICCADILLY CIRCUS.]
If we continue westward along Jermyn Street we shall come to St.
James’s Street, which we have already traversed, and if eastward, to
the Haymarket, which we have but recently left; let us therefore go up
the little passage by the side of the church, and find ourselves in the
full bustle of that part of Piccadilly which we have till now neglected.
Piccadilly Circus is one of the sights of London. It is the
starting-point of at least four great thoroughfares. To the west lies
Piccadilly; to the east, Coventry Street, leading to Leicester Square;
to the north-west runs Regent Street; to the north-east, Shaftesbury
Avenue; while (lower) Regent Street, leading to Waterloo Place, lies
south.
“_That gentle hill which goeth
Down from the ‘County’ to the Palace gate_,”
as Tom Hood called it, contained several other landmarks which have
disappeared, among them, the church on the right hand going towards
Pall Mall, and “The Bull and Mouth,” at the top south-east corner,
whence the “Age” coach, tooled by the Duke of Beaufort, used to leave
on its journey westward. Later the “Bull and Mouth” was known as “The
Spread Eagle,” established in 1820, and now it fulfils some part of its
former rôle by being converted into a railway receiving office.
Whether by day, when the flower girls sit around the base of Gilbert’s
“Cupid,” (a “cold pastoral” indeed, in his exposed situation, aiming
his arrow at the luggage on the cabs or the passengers on the omnibuses
as they pass and repass his happy hunting-ground); or by night,
as Yoshima Markino would possibly prefer, when the lamps from the
Trocadero or the Criterion are dimly perceived through a fog, or are
almost indecently glaring in a clear sky (if ever London has a clear
sky above it), Piccadilly Circus is a sight, I always think, to wonder
at. It is a perpetual eddy of many waters. If not unhasting, certainly
unresting are the passengers on those streams which flow in from so
many points and seek so many exits. Here the denizens of Soho emerge
to their farthest western limits; here the West End, in electric
broughams, comes to the outskirts of its own country. Theatre and
music-hall are here “at grips” with their opposition entertainments.
Everything comes in time to Piccadilly Circus. The man strolling out
from the play in evening dress and crush hat may be hailed by a friend
in ulster and shooting boots, whose hansom is the last stage of a
journey from the Hebrides or the Himalayas; the east and the west meet
here on common ground for that amusement which would seem to be taken
in anything but the sad spirit predicated of it by Continental nations.
[Illustration: LOWER REGENT STREET, FROM PICCADILLY CIRCUS, WITH
CARLTON HOUSE AND SCREEN. Site of “Bull and Mouth.”]
And then for the stranger there is such a pleasant commingling of the
old and the new at this point. The wilds of Soho, with its historic
Square, its streets that defy the most exact logical definition, its
church, its memories of Dr. Manette and the sweet Lucy; Leicester
Square where once was a royal palace, and the homes of Reynolds,
and Hunter, and Hogarth, and our one and only Sir Isaac; and where
the Empire, and the Alhambra (awhile the home of that most dreary
Panopticon) compete nightly with all the bravery of illumination and
gigantic “chuckers out.”
In Regent Street, which had its genesis in the Prince Regent’s desire
for a fine thoroughfare between Carlton House and his residence in
Regent’s Park, and the making of which did away with as much dirt and
squalor as Shaftesbury Avenue has attempted to do in our own day,
Nash’s magnificent sweep is now, alas! interrupted by Mr. Norman Shaw’s
splendid “Piccadilly Hotel,” the elevation of which shows the design
adopted for the rebuilding of the Quadrant. The once famous colonnade
has long since disappeared; but in the Haymarket, the Theatre, and
Fribourg’s delightful old shop still show what it once looked like. And
then with these we have the _dernier cri_ of His Majesty’s Theatre, the
Tube railway station, and the roar of the motor ’bus.
If we can but escape from these leviathans of the road, let us beat a
hasty retreat from beneath Cupid’s bended bow and outstretched leg, and
make our way back by Piccadilly to Stewart’s corner, from whence we
first started on our perambulation.
At the Circus we are nearly on the site of that famous gaming-house,
known as Pickadilla Hall, of which the earliest mention appears to have
occurred in 1623, when it was in the possession of one Robert Baker,
whose widow sold it to that somewhat notorious Colonel Panton, who was
associated with Titus Oates, and whose name survives in Panton Street.
He it was who built Panton Square, where the Comedy Theatre now stands,
in one of the houses of which, in 1762, the Ambassador of Morocco cut
off his servant’s head because the latter had displeased his sable
Excellency in some trivial matter, with the result that the resentful
envoy and his retinue received a sound thrashing from an infuriated mob
which got wind of the circumstance.
[Sidenote: PICCADILLY EAST.]
Even in those early days a good deal of trouble was taken to keep
Piccadilly, that is, as far as Sackville Street (for the remaining
portion was then known as Portugal Street or the “way to Reading”),
well paved, and free from contamination in other ways, as Evelyn’s
Diary and Burton’s Parliamentary Journals attest.
By a plan, dated 1720, we can see that then, as now, several small
alleys led into, what in the plan is termed German Street. There was
on the south side Salter’s Court, and--appropriately as being in the
vicinity of Pickadilla Hall--Fleece Yard; and Eagle Street and King’s
Arms Yard between St. James’s Church and Duke Street. On the north
side Shug Lane is given as on part of the site of Regent Street, and
leading to “Marybone Street”; Bear Alley, a few steps further west,
probably where stood “The White Bear,” formerly known as the “Fleece”
Inn, one of the busiest of the old coaching houses, and dating from
the middle of the 17th century. Here West, the painter, stayed on his
arrival in London from America; and Luke Sulivan and Chatelain,
the engravers, both died, the latter only having taken lodgings here on
the previous night. And Magget’s Lane is given beyond Air Street and
close to Swallow Street.
[Illustration: THE “WHITE BEAR” (FORMERLY THE “FLEECE” INN),
PICCADILLY.]
[Illustration: THE PICCADILLY HOTEL.
(_Built on the site of St. James’s Hall_)]
The Arts have been, till recently, well represented in Piccadilly, for
nearly opposite to Burlington House, to which we shall shortly come,
is the building of the Institute of Painters in Water Colours, and
close by was, till the other day, St. James’s Hall, where the best
of good music was unable to wean the public from their fireside or
their theatre stalls in sufficient numbers to make it pay; and so that
star-bedizened ceiling and orientally decorated Hall is no more, but
is now succeeded by the splendid front of the new “Piccadilly Hotel,”
the latest, and architecturally the most interesting and original of
the many fine hotels that have sprung up in London during the last few
years. Indeed, “the Piccadilly,” as, I suppose, it will be familiarly
called, is, both inside and out, a remarkable example of the palatial
character which modern luxury seems to demand in the building and
management of latter-day hotels. As I have said, some old land-marks
had to make way for it; but what’s not destroyed by Time’s devouring
hand?
[Sidenote: QUARITCH’S.]
Even Quaritch’s, the bookseller’s (now removed to Grafton Street),
known as well to American and foreign bibliophiles as to ourselves,
has been turned to other uses! Who that loves books didn’t know the
great Quaritch and his top hat, as distinctive as Napoleon’s grey coat
or Wellington’s duck trousers? Indeed, Quaritch was the Napoleon or
Wellington, which you will, of booksellers, and Sotheby’s his chosen
field of battle, where in great contests, he suffered no defeats. That
hat, crushed on his head, and so old that it was not to be easily
recognised as ever having been of silk, was one day placed beneath a
glass flower-cover by a daughter wrought to despair at the inefficacy
of repeated admonitions, and the conqueror recognised at last that it
had become merely a relic!
With the disappearance of St. James’s Hall and Quaritch’s, Piccadilly
would seem to be losing all touch with past times, did not Hatchard’s
Book Shop, Fores’ Print Shop, Lincoln & Bennett’s, Denman’s,[3] and
Stewart’s still remain to crystallise in their well-known names those
past days of which, say what we will, we seem to be losing grip with
every succeeding year.
[Sidenote: THE ALBANY, PICCADILLY.]
This fine old house, which has, since 1804, been divided into suites of
apartments for single men, was designed by Chambers. In 1770, it was
sold by the second Lord Holland to Lord Melbourne, who subsequently
exchanged it with the Duke of York for Melbourne House, Whitehall. In
Lord Holland’s time it was called Piccadilly House, and a previous
mansion on the same site had been known as Sunderland House.
[Illustration: DENMAN HOUSE, PICCADILLY.
(_The Vignette shows the old building, No. 20, rebuilt 1903_).]
It is altogether cloistral, and the curious covered passageway running
through from Piccadilly to Burlington Gardens, from which suites of
rooms are reached, helps to give it that seclusion which Macaulay, one
of its most notable inhabitants, delighted in. It combined what he best
liked--“a college life at the West End of London.” The various suites
are numbered in blocks; thus, Macaulay’s was No. 1 E, on the second
floor, where the earlier volumes of the great history were written;
“Monk” Lewis lived in No. 61 K.; George Canning at No. 5 A. Lord Byron
and Lord Lytton both had sets of chambers here, and the former enters
in his journal for March 28th, 1814, the fact that on that day he took
possession of the rooms, rented from Lord Althorp for seven years.
It was from here that he set out to be married to Miss Milbanke on a
fateful day for them both, January 2nd, 1815. Lytton, at a later date,
occupied the same apartments, and wrote many of his novels here. Lady
Lytton once told a friend that she had heard from him that he was here
“with Solitude”; but, paying her lord and master an unexpected visit,
she found “Solitude” gowned in white muslin and sitting on his knee!
[Sidenote: BURLINGTON HOUSE.]
Close to Bond Street is shown on the plan of 1720 the large building
of old Burlington House. The illustration, taken from an old print of
the period, gives an excellent view of it, with its ample courtyard
in front and its extensive gardens behind. Think of the site of this
being at the time of the Restoration nothing but pasture land! Pepys
says that Denham, who wrote those two immortal lines on the Thames,
and who is said by De Grammont to have poisoned his wife (who, if such
a proceeding could be justified, would seem to have given her lord
every reason, by her conduct with the Duke of York), built the house.
Denham does not appear to have ever lived in it, however; its original
occupier being the first Earl of Burlington, and it was when once
visiting him here that Pepys, in endeavouring to seal a letter, set his
periwig on fire, as readers of his diary will remember.
The glory of the mansion commenced with the third Earl of Burlington,
that munificent patron of art and practical architect, whose praises
Pope and Gay and Walpole were never tired of singing. He it was who
rebuilt the place essentially as it is to-day, the chief portion of
the design being due, however, to Colin Campbell. The semi-circular
colonnade which originally flanked the house, as well as the long wall,
according to Ralph, the most expensive in England, with its three
entrances facing Piccadilly, were taken down in 1868.
When, in process of time, the place came into the possession of the
Cavendishes, they sold it, in 1854, to the Government for £140,000.
For a time it seemed uncertain to what purpose it would be relegated,
and all sorts of suggestions were made. Finally it was added to by
new buildings in Burlington Gardens, for the use of the University
of London, and by a new façade facing Piccadilly. Now-a-days several
learned Societies have their headquarters in portions of the
extensive buildings, but to “the man in the street” Burlington House
spells the Royal Academy, the council of which obtained a lease of
their building in 1866.
[Illustration: OLD BURLINGTON HOUSE AND GARDENS, PICCADILLY.]
Now let us find our way back again to Piccadilly by the easy route,
especially in wet weather, of the Burlington Arcade--a sort of _Passage
des Princes_ of London--designed for Lord George Cavendish, in 1818,
which tradition says was originally intended as a covered court to
prevent dirt and rubbish from being thrown on the walks of Burlington
House gardens.
One could, of course, go loitering over reams of paper in Piccadilly,
for nearly every house or its site has had a history; every stone
has echoed the footsteps of the illustrious and interesting for many
a generation. All the great pageants of London have passed between
its shops and houses into the night. And now, as we turn into the
bustle of its chief and richest artery, let us exclaim with Phil
Porter:--“Farewell, my dearest Piccadilly.”
CHAPTER IV.
_BOND STREET._
“_And now our Brothers Bond Street enter
Dear Street of London’s charms the centre._”
--LYTTON.
[Sidenote: BOND STREET.]
Bond Street is really as much the centre of the charms of London
to-day, as it was when Lord Lytton wrote the lines quoted above; if
by charms we mean fine shops, about which Lord Beaconsfield once
waxed eloquent, and a segregation of brilliant humanity; otherwise
it is curious that a thoroughfare of such importance should be at
once so narrow and so cut up by tributary streets, in some cases,
wider than it is itself, which make it crowded and inconvenient to a
degree only possible in a City as old and as relatively unchanged in
outline as London; for Bond Street, although not of any great age, as
we understand the word, would probably be considered by those not so
familiar as ourselves with antiquity, as having a decent pedigree, for
it dates from 1686, and forms perhaps the most important portion of the
scheme of development associated with Sir Thomas Bond.
It occupies a part of the site of Clarendon House, and when that
mansion with its grounds of 300 acres was purchased by Bond and others,
the street was formed. The west side was the first to be built, being
then termed Albemarle Buildings, from the Duke of Albemarle who sold
Clarendon House to Bond. Hatton described the street in its early
days as being “inhabited by the nobility and gentry.” You shall seek
long enough to-day before you find members of either class represented
among the inhabitants other than occasionally in the various hotels
in the street, or perhaps in chambers above the shops, which is but a
repetition of what was the custom at an earlier day, when all sorts
of illustrious individuals gave as their addresses the upper parts
of business premises which, in the absence of numbers to houses and
shops, were sufficiently distinctive; thus, when we read of (say) the
“Duke of A., at Mr. Jones’s, hairdressers,” we are not to assume that
that capillary artist entertained noble guests in his first floor
front, other than in the light of lodgers who paid handsomely for the
privilege of being in a fashionable street without having to keep up
a fashionable house. But, at first, private houses were as much _de
rigueur_ in Bond Street as they are in Brook Street or Grosvenor Street
to-day, and one of the earliest titled inhabitants was that Duke of
St. Albans, the son of Charles II. and Nell Gwynn, whose title would
seem to have been a royal afterthought, according to the well-known
story, which tells us that, on one occasion, his mother addressed him
as “little bastard,” when Charles, who overheard it, remonstrated with
her for the use of the term, whereupon Mistress Eleanor, who probably
used the ugly word for a sufficiently good reason, replied that the
child had no other name. This, apparently, set the King a-thinking,
with the result that shortly afterwards, a patent of nobility was made
out for the boy. Although I can’t say in what year the Duke took up his
residence here (it was probably about 1720), he died in 1726, and an
advertisement in _The London Gazette_ in the following year contains an
intimation to the effect that his Grace’s house was then for disposal,
in consequence of his decease.
The _Court Guide_ is responsible for the names of other inhabitants,
and among them may be noted that Duke of Kingston who married a
painfully notorious wife--Miss Chudleigh; and that Countess of
Macclesfield who proved such an unnatural mother to Savage, the poet.
In 1708, I find Lords Abingdon, Anglesea, and Coningsby mentioned
as living in Old Bond Street; some years later the Countess of
Gainsborough resided here; but the street as a residential quarter is
more interesting from the fact that Laurence Sterne died, at what is
the present No. 41, in 1768. The man whose name was on everyone’s lips,
and whose extraordinary work was in everyone’s hands, departed to the
land of shades with only two hirelings to bid him Godspeed; and one
of these alien hands, that of John Macdonald, a footman, has left the
description of that last strange scene. “About this time Mr. Sterne,
the celebrated author, was taken ill at the silk-bag shop in Old Bond
Street.... I went to Mr. Sterne’s lodgings; the mistress opened the
door; I inquired how he did. She told me to go up to the nurse; I went
into the room, and he was just a-dying. I waited ten minutes; but in
five he said, ‘Now it is come’! He put up his hand as if to stop a
blow, and died in a minute.”
[Illustration: LONG’S HOTEL, BOND STREET.]
The ubiquitous Boswell was lodging in Old Bond Street a year after
Sterne’s death, and Pascali Paoli, whose name looms largely in
Boswell’s “voluminous page,” had already come here some eight years
earlier. Gibbon, on his return from Lausanne, also lodged in Bond
Street, where he writes: “While coaches were rattling through Bond
Street, I have passed many a solitary evening in my lodgings with
my books”; while half a century earlier Mrs. Loe, a friend of Lady
Wentworth’s, was residing here, in 1710, and we find the old gossip
visiting her and subsequently informing her son that “she (Mrs. L.) had
ten wax candles, six in one room and fower in a very little one and
very fynly furnished,” to her ladyship’s evident astonishment.
At No. 24, the Artists’ Benevolent Institution was housed, in 1814;
but this particular building is more interesting still from the fact
that, in 1791, it was the residence--one of his many in London--of Sir
Thomas Lawrence; while Northcote, the artist, at No. 2, in 1781, and
Ozias Humphrey, the miniature painter, at No. 13, in 1796, combine with
Lawrence, to represent Art here.
Bond Street, if to a lesser degree than some other thoroughfares close
by, has always been noted for its hotels, one of the most famous being
Long’s, at Nos. 15 and 16, rebuilt and greatly enlarged in 1888, which
was patronised by Sir Walter Scott; and here he met Lord Byron for the
last time in 1815; and Stevens’s Hotel, two doors off, where Byron was
to be met with in the days when he affected to live a fashionable life
and consort with the “Dandies.” Stevens’s was at No. 18, and, having
been rebuilt in 1888, is now a jewellers’; another hostelry has also
disappeared these 30 years--this was the Clarendon Hotel, at No. 169,
which occupied the former town residence of the Dukes of Grafton, where
at a later time the great Chatham once lived.
Old Bond Street, which begins at “Stewart’s Corner,” runs into New
Bond Street with nothing to mark their division or to indicate that
they form, except in name, anything but one continuous thoroughfare.
The latter was not, however, formed till about 30 years after its
prototype; but it equals it in interest by reason of the illustrious
ones who have dwelt in it. Here, for instance, came in 1727, to lodge
with his cousin Lancelot, at a house then described as “over against
the Crown and Cushion,” the great Dean of St. Patrick’s, whom we
have met with in Piccadilly when he was lodging in Pall Mall or Bury
Street; here lived a few years later that most delightful of garrulous
memoir-writers, Mrs. Delany, the friend of Fanny Burney and Queen
Charlotte and of how many others; Lord Coventry, who married one of
the beautiful Gunnings, was here, in 1732; so was Lord Craven and Lord
Abergavenny; later still George Selwyn cut his jokes in the street and
hurried by this way to many a last scene at Tyburn, not far off in the
Oxford Road. Dr. Johnson’s ponderous form might have been seen here,
rolling along, as he touched all the posts he passed.
Thomson, “who sang the seasons and their change,” and used to lie abed
so unconscionable a time o’mornings also lived in New Bond Street,
before he flitted to “ambrosial Richmond.”
Not only have men of thought and fashion resided here, but men of
action, in the persons of Lord Nelson and Sir Thomas Picton, have been
represented. The former was staying at No. 147, in 1797, and therewith
a curious circumstance is on record. After he had been created Duke of
Bronté, he was accustomed to make presents to his friends of casks of
Marsala, for which his estates in Sicily were celebrated. Curiously
enough, during some excavations next door to Nelson’s one-time
residence, a cask of this wine, in a bricked-up cellar, was discovered.
So rotten, however, had the cask become, that on exposure to the air it
fell to pieces.
Southey tells of the following incident which occurred during Nelson’s
sojourn here.
“One night, after a day of constant pain, Nelson retired early to
bed ... the family was soon disturbed by a mob knocking loudly and
violently at the door. The news of Duncan’s victory had been made
public, and the house was not illuminated. But when the mob was told
that Admiral Nelson lay there in bed, badly wounded, the foremost of
them made answer, “You shall hear no more from us to-night.”
Sir Thomas Picton, who fell at Waterloo, was living in Bond Street at
the same time that Nelson and Lady Hamilton were there, and a few years
later we find the redoubtable Lord Camelford a resident at No. 148. His
rooms were so typical of those of a man about town of the day, that
Cruickshank introduced the interiors in his illustrations to Pierce
Egan’s “Tom and Jerry”; while the authors of the “Rejected Addresses”
have also left on record an enumeration of the various lethal weapons
that decorated the walls.
Lord Camelford was one of those fire-eaters who never seem able to
exist for any length of time without “entrance to a quarrel.” He was
known and feared throughout the town, and few cared to tackle the
man who was so ready to seek an occasion for fighting, and so deadly
in the field. It is thus that the best stories told of him are those
which relate his encounters with strangers, one of which I will give,
in the words of Timbs, who collected much interesting data about Lord
Camelford’s career.
“Entering one evening the Prince of Wales’s Coffee-house in Conduit
Street, Lord Camelford sat down to read the papers. Soon after came in
a conceited fop, who seated himself opposite his Lordship, and desired
the waiter to ‘bring a pint of Madeira and a couple of wax candles and
put them into the next box.’ He then drew to himself Lord Camelford’s
candle and began to read. His Lordship glanced at him indignantly and
then continued reading. The waiter announced commands completed, when
the fop lounged round into the box and began to read. Lord Camelford
then, mimicking the tone of the coxcomb, called for a pair of snuffers,
deliberately walked to the next box and snuffed out both the candles,
and returned to his seat. The coxcomb, boiling with rage, roared out,
‘Waiter, who is this fellow that dares thus to insult a gentleman? Who
is he? What is he? What do they call him?’ ‘_Lord Camelford_, sir,’
replied the waiter. ‘Who? Lord Camelford!’ returned the fop, in a tone
of voice scarcely audible, terror-struck at his own impertinence. ‘Lord
Camelford! What have I to pay?’ On being told, he laid down the money
and stole away without daring to taste his Madeira!”
[Illustration: “THE WESTERN EXCHANGE,” BOND STREET.]
It was while living in Bond Street that Lord Camelford chose to ignore
the general illuminations for the peace of 1801, and would allow no
lights to shine in the windows of his rooms. The result was that the
mob attacked the house, and proceeded to break all the windows, whereat
the pugnacious peer, undaunted, sallied forth with a thick stick,
and proceeded to lay about him to such good effect that it was not
till a considerable space of time had elapsed that he was overpowered
by numbers, and was, perforce, constrained to retreat in an almost
unrecognizable and wholly undignified condition.
To-day Bond Street, Old and New, is as nearly a complete street of
shops as any in London; indeed, it is pre-eminently the “street of
beautiful shops,” as Mr. Meredith calls it, and is, in this connection,
known throughout the world. Anyone walking down it would have to
draw heavily on his imagination, if he would try to realise that, as
Bramston writes:--“Pease, cabbages, and turnips once grew where now
stands New Bond Street ...”, so completely has time metamorphosed this
once rural spot into a promenade of bricks and mortar, where the ends
of the world seem to have been ransacked to fill its marts with all the
riches of Nature and Art conceivable by the mind of man.
The shops of Bond Street have always been famous. In the early years
of the 19th century the so-called Western Exchange was established
there, but has long since disappeared. Its size can be estimated by the
illustration here given, taken from an old coloured print of the day.
But undeniably fashionable and central as is Bond Street, the stranger
will be struck at its exceeding tenuity, especially in that part where
Grafton Street joins it. Here, during the season, one is accustomed to
see carriages and carts in apparently inextricable confusion, until the
white glove of authority is raised aloft and confusion ceases to be
confounded.
Lord Beaconsfield, who knew and loved his London thoroughly, once wrote
that, “Those who know Bond Street only in the blaze of fashionable
hours can form but an imperfect conception of its matutinal charm when
it is still shady and fresh, when there are no carriages, rarely a
cart, and passers-by gliding about on real business.”
Should, then, we wish to feel “as in some Continental city,” which
the author of “Endymion” assures us is the case, if we share Bond
Street with the lark, we must join this blythe spirit, before the late
breakfasted “West End” surges through its long vista.
One of the street’s former residents, we may be sure, never did this,
for, when the poet Thomson was lodging at a milliner’s here, he, to use
Mrs. Piozzi’s words, “seldom rose early enough to see the sun do more
than glisten on the opposite windows of the streets.”
[Sidenote: BURLINGTON STREET AND BURLINGTON GARDENS.]
Burlington Gardens, leading to Old Burlington Street, and, by Vigo
Street, to Regent Street, is the first thoroughfare we come to on
the right after leaving Piccadilly. Old Burlington Street has passed
through no less than three changes of name. In 1729 it was known as
Nowell Street; four years later it blossomed into Great Burlington
Street; to-day this adjective is, appropriately, discarded. It, of
course, takes its name from Lord Burlington, whose palace stood between
Burlington Gardens and Piccadilly, and whose grounds once occupied
the land where the street now runs. The West End branch of the Bank
of England is housed in Burlington Gardens in the residence formerly
known as Uxbridge House, from the lesser title of that Marquis of
Anglesea who once owned it, and who died here, in 1854. Famous for his
share in the victory of Waterloo, one of his legs lies buried in the
little church adjoining the battle field, and the old soldier was once
surprised, on paying it a subsequent visit, to find the resting place
of his limb converted into a sort of shrine. Uxbridge House was erected
in 1790-2 by Vardy and Bonami, and stood on the site of Queensbury
House, where Gay’s patron and patroness, who set up that great monument
to the poet, in Westminster Abbey, once lived.
Another titled lady, whose connection with a poet has alone caused
her name to survive, resided in Burlington Street, in the person of
Lady Warwick, the widow of the great Addison; and among other past
inhabitants mention may be made of Lord Hervey (Pope’s “Sporus” and
“Lord Fanny”); Mark Akenside, the poet-physician, who died here in
1770; and Sir Joseph Banks, who took a house here in the following
year; Colonel Ligonier (whose portrait by Reynolds is one of that
Master’s memorable achievements), and the Marquis Cornwallis, who
resided at No. 29, where he died in 1805.
Another great soldier is indirectly connected with the street, for
we find Wolfe writing to his mother and brother who were at one time
living here, although there is no evidence to show that the hero of
“The Heights of Abraham” himself ever resided in Burlington Street.
The “great” Lady Cork--for I think she deserves the adjective--is,
however, closely associated with this street. That noble patroness of
literature, and last of the “blue stockings”--to use the words in
their best sense--died here, in 1840, and Hayward has recorded the
charm of her personality, her good nature, and unusual gifts.
It is an interesting fact that in Burlington Street brass door-plates
bearing the names of private persons (of which Lord Powis’s in Berkeley
Square is the sole survivor) were first used in London.
[Sidenote: VIGO STREET.]
Vigo Street, which connects Burlington Gardens with Regent Street,
takes its name from the sea-fight which occurred at Vigo Bay in 1702.
It was formerly known as Vigo Lane, which title was originally applied
to that portion of the thoroughfare now known as Burlington Gardens,
as well. The change seems to have taken place subsequently to the
formation of Regent Street.
[Sidenote: CLIFFORD STREET.]
A few steps further up Bond Street, we come to Clifford Street, where
Dr. Addington, the father of Lord Sidmouth, lived, at No. 7. Lord
Sidmouth himself, who was, in consequence of his father’s profession
and also because he once prescribed a soporific for George III., known
as “the Doctor,” also dwelt here, and was, at least on two occasions,
visited here by Lord Nelson. Bishop Hurd, known both ecclesiastically
and also for his edition of Horace, also once resided close by, at
No. 5; and Sir Arthur Wellesley was staying at No. 14, in 1806; while
the Prince of Orange, who came to this country with the object of
becoming engaged to the Princess Charlotte--an object frustrated by the
Grand Duchess of Oldenburg, as well as by the Princess’s almost open
repugnance to the not very prepossessing gentleman himself--lodged at
his tailor’s, at No. 8.
The street also once had its particular Coffee-house (as what street
in London in those days had not?), known as the “Clifford Street
Coffee-house,” which is chiefly interesting from the fact that the
“Debating Club,” of which “Conversation” Sharp and Lord Charles
Townshend were shining lights, once had its headquarters here.
[Sidenote: SAVILE ROW.]
Clifford Street leads into Savile Row, named after Dorothy, the heiress
of Savile, Marquis of Halifax, and wife of the architect Earl of
Burlington. Here Lady Suffolk, Queen Caroline’s “good Howard,” and most
respectable of Royal mistresses, lived, in a house she had purchased
for £3,000, in 1735. William Pitt and his brother were also residing
in Savile Row in 1781, and here died, under the pathetic circumstances
known to all the world, Richard Brinsley Sheridan, at No. 17, whence
he wrote to Rogers that agonizing letter for assistance to prevent the
bailiffs “putting the carpets out of window,” as the dying man phrased
it. A tablet indicates the last home of “Sherry,” who had enlivened a
generation with his wit and astonished it by his surprising gifts.
Among other residents at a later date, at No. 20, was Bobus Smith,
the brother of Sydney; and Grote, the historian of Greece, who died,
at No. 12, on June 18th, 1871. Here Mrs. Grote gave those musical
receptions at which the voice of Jenny Lind and the recitals of Chopin
and Thalberg were to be heard. A memorial tablet now indicates Grote’s
residence here.
Sir Benjamin Brodie, the great surgeon, was at one time living at No.
16, Savile Row, and Tierney, the politician, drew his last breath at
No. 11, in 1830.
[Sidenote: CORK STREET.]
Cork Street, joining Clifford Street and Burlington Gardens, was named
after Richard Boyle, Earl of Cork, and its chief feature was the fine
house, or, rather one should perhaps say, externally fine house,
for Walpole affirms that “all its beauty was outside”--which Lord
Burlington designed, in 1723, for Field-Marshal Wade, on whose death,
in 1748, it was sold by public auction.
In Cork Street lived Dr. Arbuthnot, the friend of Pope and Swift, and
one of the three “Yahoos of T’witnam”; he appears to have come here
in 1729, and here he died six years later. Another one-time resident
was Mrs. Abigail Masham, who replaced Sarah of Marlborough in the
affections and confidence of Queen Anne.
Cork Street has always been notable for its hotels, from the time
when Gibbon speaks of the Cork Street Hotel, to the later days of the
Burlington, where the Empire-builder, Cecil Rhodes, was wont to put up.
[Sidenote: CONDUIT STREET.]
Conduit Street can be reached from Savile Row by one the quaintest
little alleys in the West End, called Savile Place, a tiny thoroughfare
which I never go through without expecting to see a Sedan chair waiting
at the other end, and a bewigged and besworded gentleman or a hooped
and patched lady passing through on their way to it. If we followed
them we should find ourselves in the middle of Conduit Street, but, as
for my purpose it is more convenient to enter at its western end, let
us pass along Bond Street until we come to this its largest tributary.
The width of Conduit Street is accounted for when we know that it
originally consisted of private houses, although you shall seek long
enough nowadays ere you find one that has not been transformed into
a business establishment of some sort or another. The street was
completed in 1713, and takes its name from a conduit of water which
stood in what was then known as Conduit Mead, a field of 27 acres,
described in the vaguest of vague ways as lying between Piccadilly and
Paddington, and of which Lord Clarendon had obtained in 1666 a lease
of 99 years at the nominal rental (oh! those rents of former days, are
they not alone sufficient to stamp that far-gone period as the “good
old times”?) of £8 per annum.
The Chapel of the Trinity, which had been built by Archbishop Tenison,
in 1716, and replaced the older wooden chapel, once used by James II.
on Hounslow Heath, when his camp was pitched there, but subsequently
brought hither and left stranded in what now seems somewhat incongrous
surroundings, was standing so late as 1877; but its site has now given
place to one of the many tailors’ establishments for which Conduit
Street is noted. Evelyn, in an entry in his diary for July 18th,
1691, mentions attending service at the original chapel, then but
newly arrived here from Hounslow. One can with difficulty imagine the
place surrounded by those fields in which Carew Mildmay, according to
Pennant, remembered shooting woodcock, and before Lord Burlington, the
first to build here, had set about the development of the property.
When, however, houses _were_ erected, they soon found illustrious
tenants. The Earls of Macclesfield had their town residence at what is
now No. 9 and to-day the headquarters of the Royal Society of British
Architects, and other Societies. The notorious Duke of Wharton was
also living here, in 1725; so were Boswell and Wilberforce at later
dates. One wonders if it was in Conduit Street that poor Sheridan was
once found drunk, but, so far as speech was concerned, anything but
incapable, and when asked by the Watch whom he might be, hiccuped out,
“William Wilberforce”! Delmé Redcliffe died in this street; and at 36,
resided Sir Walter Farquhar, the physician whose name has come down to
posterity chiefly through the fame of one of his patients, the great
William Pitt. Farquhar was not the only doctor of note whose address
was in Conduit Street, for Sir Astley Cooper died here, at No. 39,
in 1841, and that Dr. Eliotson who once saved Thackeray’s life (and
to whom in consequence the novelist dedicated “Pendennis”), lived at
No. 37, a house doubly famous (though since rebuilt), having been
the residence of George Canning, for a year, as a memorial tablet
testifies. But the chief interest in the street, lies in the fact that
here, on January 24th, 1749, was born Charles James Fox, perhaps the
most remarkable of all the remarkable men who made the later years of
George III.’s long reign memorable.
The street had, of course, its taverns or coffee-houses; notably,
“The Prince of Wales’s,” where David Williams inaugurated the Royal
Literary Fund, in 1772, the year in which Boswell came to lodge here,
and the scene of the last of those quarrels which Lord Camelford was
never tired of provoking. This terrible fire-eater seems to have at
last met more than his match (at one time it was generally supposed
that he never would do so) in a Captain Best, and as the result of
a dispute about a lady of easy ethics named Simmons, the two went
away to the fields behind Holland House, and fought the last duel in
which Camelford was ever to take part, in the year of grace 1804. His
Lordship had at an earlier date, wantonly insulted the great traveller
Vancouver, in the same street; and there was therefore a sort of poetic
justice in the coincidence that he should forfeit his life as the
result of one more dispute in this locality.
Another tavern in the street had also a gruesome notoriety, for it was
from “The Coach and Horses” that Thurtell, the cold-blooded murderer of
Weare, drove in that gig, made famous by Carlyle’s celebrated allusion,
to pick up and drive into the country his “murdered man”--to apply
Keats’s magnificent anticipatory phrase.
[Sidenote: MADDOX STREET.]
To the north of Conduit Street we come to Maddox Street, one of those
formed by the Earl of Burlington as part of his building development,
in 1721. It takes its curious name from that of the original ground
landlord, Sir Benjamin Maddox, who died in 1670.
[Sidenote: GEORGE STREET.]
The chief thoroughfare running through Maddox Street is George Street,
connecting Conduit Street with Hanover Square.
First named Great George Street in honour of King George I., it was
formed about 1719, and, apart from its many past inhabitants of light
and leading, is known all the world over as containing that church of
St. George’s, Hanover Square, which has always been associated with
the weddings of fashion.
[Sidenote: ST. GEORGE’S, HANOVER SQUARE.]
It was one of the fifty churches which were ordered to be erected in
Queen Anne’s reign, and was commenced during the last year of her rule.
It either took an unconscionable time in building or its erection was
delayed, for it was not consecrated till 1724. James of Greenwich,
as he is called, was the architect, and even Ralph, who wrote a sort
of gossiping survey of London, and is so hypercritical that hardly
anything in the metropolis wholly pleases him, unreservedly praises
the elevation of its Corinthian portico and its lofty clock-tower. The
interior is not particularly striking, but the marriage-registers are
of the greatest interest and importance. Here will be found the names
of the Duke of Kingston and Miss Chudleigh, who were married in 1769,
the lady already being the wife of Mr. Hervey, and afterwards figuring
in that celebrated bigamy case, about which most of us have read or
heard. Three years after this wedding, we find the great miniature
painter, Richard Cosway’s name opposite that of Marion Hatfield, who,
as Mrs. Cosway, also made some mark as a painter of portraits “in
little.”
Twenty years later Sir William Hamilton leads to the altar Emma Hart,
whose name is as closely associated with the fame of Nelson and the
genius of Romney as with that of her lawful lord; while at least one
member of the Royal family has been married in St. George’s; for here,
in 1793, the Duke of Sussex was united to Lady Augusta Murray, a
marriage rendered void by the Royal Marriage Act.
Among other names which may be picked out from an almost inexhaustible
list, are those of the Earl of Derby, who, on the death of his first
wife, married in somewhat indecent haste, the beautiful and talented
actress, Miss Farren, although the actual ceremony was performed at his
Lordship’s house in Grosvenor Square; Mr. Heath, who was united here to
the notorious Lola Montes, for whose “_beaux yeux_,” a king of Bavaria
almost lost his throne; and Mr. Cross, who was married, in 1880, to
Miss Evans, known to all readers as George Eliot.
[Sidenote: George Street, Continued.]
George Street, as well as Hanover Square, has in latter days taken on
itself a certain business and commercial air, sadly at variance with
its past traditions, for where we now find offices, and particularly
dressmakers’ headquarters, once dwelt people of fashion, and some of
national importance. For instance, No. 25, with its fine stone front,
erected for Earl Temple in 1864, and later the residence of the Duchess
of Buckingham, was, before its transformation a smaller house in which
lived successively John Copley, the painter of the well-known “Death
of Chatham,” and other much engraved pictures, and his son, who became
Lord Chancellor Lyndhurst, and who died here in 1863.
At No. 3, Madame de Stael stayed when on her visit to this country,
and here probably posed as untiringly as we know she did at Lansdowne
House. Admiral Hawke once lived at No. 7, and next door, at No. 8,
David Mallet, for whom is claimed, in common with James Thomson, the
authorship of “Rule Britannia,” which was first written as a lyric in
that Masque which the joint authors produced for Frederick, Prince of
Wales.
Besides Copley, two other artists once resided in George Street; Sir
William Beechey and Sir Thomas Phillips; neither perhaps in the first
flight, but both untiring wielders of the brush, and in their day
successful portrait painters.
Richard Brinsley Sheridan’s bright eyes and bardolphian face must often
have lighted up the street as he listened to the chimes at midnight,
at No. 9; and at an earlier day, the somewhat solemn visage of Lord
Chancellor Cowper was to be seen here as he passed stately up the steps
of No. 13, where his wife may have been penning that valuable diary
which has come down to us. The list might be carried on interminably.
Only one or two more names, and we must hurry into Hanover Square. The
Earl of Albemarle and Lord Stair, of George II.’s day, lived in this
street; and in 1762, the witty Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, who once, on
someone’s hinting that her hands were in need of ablution, replied,
“You should see my feet,” and whom Walpole described ungallantly as
“always a dirty little thing.” Who else can I pick out? Sir Charles
Clarges, in 1726; Colonel Francis Charteris, three years later, and
Lord Shelburne, in 1748. These, and how many others, pass by like
ghosts and carry us back to “the snows of yesteryear!”
[Sidenote: HANOVER SQUARE.]
As we look up George Street, the pleasant green oasis of Hanover
Square’s central garden faces us, grouped round the great statue of
Pitt which Chantry designed, and which was put up in 1831. There is
no inscription on the base other than the name and dates of birth
and death; but Sydney Smith, for once departing from his usual genial
humour, wrote a suggested epitaph for it, so galling and so bitter,
that it might have drawn the ghost of the “pilot that weathered the
storm” from the shades where such great spirits dwell, and set it
wandering with uneasy footsteps round its bronze counterfeit!
The Square was formed between the years 1716 and 1720. Being part
of that great property which came to Harley, second Earl of Oxford,
through his marriage, in 1713, with the Lady Henrietta Cavendish
Holles, heiress of John, Duke of Newcastle. It was at first intended to
call it Oxford Square, and only a loyal afterthought was responsible
for its present designation. Notwithstanding that it has almost
entirely lost that residential character with which it began its
fashionable career, there luckily survive some of the original
houses--Nos. 17 and 18 being cases in point--but the majority have
been rebuilt out of all knowledge. To-day in these are found clubs,
fashionable dressmakers, learned societies, anything you will but
private residents; but in past times it held its own with any of the
West End squares in the celebrity and importance of its inhabitants.
For instance, No. 13, known as Harewood House, which until recently
was associated with the Royal Agricultural Society, was built by
William Adam for the bibliophilic Duke of Roxburgh. Its present name
was given it when the Earl of Harewood purchased it in 1795, and it
remained in his family for just upon a century. At what was formerly
numbered 15, but now 17, lived Mrs. Jordan, the beautiful and talented
actress who fascinated the Duke of Clarence, afterwards William IV.
Angelica Kauffmann was employed to decorate the principal ceiling here,
and marbles from Italy were used in the formation of the beautiful
mantelpieces. Next door (now No. 18), where, in 1824, Sir John Malcolm
inaugurated the Oriental Club, was, from 1771, for ten years occupied
by Lord Le Despenser, who, as Sir Francis Dashwood, was one of the most
notorious of that band of Medmenham monks, whose “Hell Fire Club,” with
its orgies, in which John Wilkes was one of the protagonists, was the
scandal of the day. When the Oriental Club was formed the house was
rebuilt, in 1827, by the Wyatts, for its accommodation.
Another important house in the Square was Downshire House, built in
1793, and once the residence of Lord Hillsborough. To-day it is a Bank;
but in 1835 Prince Talleyrand was living here, and its walls may have
heard some of the brilliant “_mots_” which this extraordinary man was
wont to enunciate in what Sydney Smith described as “gurgling, not
talking.” Yet another celebrated individual is associated with the
place, for, after Talleyrand’s departure, Earl Grey, the hero of the
great Reform Bill, lived here for a time. Two doors off once resided
Lord Palmerston; not the “Pam” of the satirists and whilom Prime
Minister, but his father; while later the Duchess of Brunswick, sister
of George III., died in the same house in 1813.
If we can call “Lansdowne the polite,” as Pope terms him, a poet, and
Ambrose Phillips one (he does to some extent deserve the title), then
Hanover Square has been the home of the muses; and indeed, since I can
add the name of Thomas Campbell, there should be no doubt about the
matter, for all three lived, and two of them died here; the first in
1735, the second fourteen years later. The United Services have also
contributed their share of inhabitants, and great ones at that, for not
only Field-Marshal Lord Cobham, to whom Pope dedicated his “Characters
of Men,” but also Lord Rodney, (who was the first to make use of that
manœuvre of “breaking the line,” which Nelson carried into such deadly
effect at Trafalgar), and Lord Anson, a hardly less brilliant naval
commander, all resided in the precincts of the Square.
Perceval Pott is hardly remembered to-day, but in his time he was a
great surgeon; Sir James Clark, physician to the late Queen Victoria,
is better known, and as both these benefactors to the ills of humanity
lived in the Square, medicine may be said to have been well represented
here in the past. Let me make an end of names with that of Mr.
Hamilton, whose “single speech,” so full of promise, is invariably
associated with him, and who once occupied a house here.
It was in Hanover Square that the fine building erected by Sir John
Gallini in 1771, was opened as the Hanover Square Concert Rooms,
where John Christian Bach gave for eight years a series of concerts,
and where later the “Ancient Music Society,” and later still, the
Philharmonic Society, drew crowded audiences, and may be regarded
as the first serious and successful attempts to make classical
music popular in this country. In 1862 the rooms were enlarged and
redecorated, and, as the “Queen’s Concert Rooms” held on gallantly for
thirteen years, when they went the way of all musical flesh in London!
Let us now return and cross Bond Street, and, casting an eye up South
Molton Street, where a stone on No. 36 indicates that the thoroughfare
was formed in 1721; and not forgetting that the painter-poet and
extraordinary visionary William Blake was living there, at No. 17, in
1807, let us wander up Brook Street.
[Sidenote: BROOK STREET.]
With Brook Street we enter into the purlieus of Mayfair, which stands
for the West End, as Whitechapel does for the East, in those points of
social habit characteristic of the two extreme quarters of the town.
Like so many of the thoroughfares in this quarter of London, Brook
Street has gone through its second and third baptism, for first it was
called Little Brook Street, and later Lower Brook Street. The stream
once known as the Tyburn, which followed in its course South Molton
Lane, across Brook Street, through the gardens of Lansdowne House to
Buckingham Palace, is responsible for the name of Brook Street, but the
pedestrian will need to pass over no bridges now on his way to Pimlico.
Statesmen and doctors, musicians and painters, have all in the past
helped to give an interest to Brook Street, which to-day must chiefly
rely on its fashionable residents, with here and there a stray
politician, for what of interest it may be said to possess. It is
still undoubtedly a fine street, and not a few of its houses help to
carry us back to past days. Once Edmund Burke lived in it, at what is
now No. 72. The great Handel’s spinet may have been heard through the
open windows of No. 57 as he tried, shall we say, the exquisite air
from “Rinaldo,” or gave the finishing touches to that “Water music”
which was to charm (if his ears ever could be charmed by sweet sounds)
his gracious Majesty King George II. We had better not intrude too
curiously into the workshop of genius, or we might receive a shock,
if we found its master not intent on some inspired number from the
“Messiah,” but spoiling one of his few books (a presentation copy,
perchance, and oh! the feelings of the author), with fingers greasy
with muffins, or indulging in one of his gargantuan feasts at which
he alone was “de gompany.” It would be like coming upon the great
Beethoven, not in the throes of the Ninth Symphony, or the “Waldstein”;
but hurling cups and saucers at his terrified maidservant!
Not far from Handel’s lodgings (on the wall of which, by the bye,
a tablet reposes) a painter, and an engraver plied their quieter
arts and laboured in their “unregarded hours,” for here both Gerard
Vandergucht and his artist son Benjamin lived, and here were finished,
with infinite pains, those engravings in which the elder man reproduced
the refinement of Vandyck and the strength of Dobson. Thomas Barker
(Barker of Bath, as he is termed) also painted in Brook Street; and the
healing-art has been represented here by such medical names to conjure
disease with as Jenner and Gull, Williams, Savory, and Broadbent. Sir
Charles Bell, who died here in 1832, and Lord Davey, who happily is
still with us, represent science; and Lord Lake, one of the famous of
those, who, as Carlyle put it, “get their living by being killed”--the
art of war.
Dear old Mrs. Delany, who was always young, and yet makes us think of
her as always old and charming, lived here; and Sydney Smith, with whom
we are for ever meeting (never too often, however), cut his jokes, (in
which was often hidden so much genial philosophy), in Brook Street,
among innumerable other places in London; while readers of “Dombey and
Son” will remember that Cousin Feenix’s “dull and dreary” residence was
in this fashionable thoroughfare. Claridge’s Hotel is in Brook Street,
as most people know; but it looks very different to-day to what it must
have done when the father of “Little Dorrit” stayed there on his return
from the Continent.
[Sidenote: GROSVENOR STREET.]
By taking a short cut down Avery Row we shall find ourselves in
Grosvenor Street, which was formed about 1726, and was a later
addition to that great building development which was begun by Sir
Richard Grosvenor in 1695. In size and appearance it is analogous to
Brook Street. If Lord Balcarres lives in the former, have we not Earl
Carrington in the latter? If Brook Street can boast Lord Davey, cannot
Grosvenor Street glory in the presence of Queen Victoria’s trusted
physician, Sir James Reid; and till recently the Right Hon. James
Lowther, Speaker of the House of Commons, and officially first of the
untitled ones of England? And in the past a similar comparison could be
sustained. We have noted some of the interesting residents of a bygone
day in Brook Street; let us glance for a moment at those who once lived
here. We can begin with a Prime Minister; for Lord North, that amiable
and somnolent first Minister of the Crown, whose equanimity allowed
him to peacefully doze while the Opposition was successfully voting
the overthrow of his Government, lived here, in 1740; in the same year
Sir Paul Methuen, the ancestor of Lord Methuen, the distinguished
soldier of our own day, was residing here. Then there is that Miss
Lane, notorious if for nothing else, at least for being the mistress
of Frederick, Prince of Wales--the “Fritz” of many a popular, and
generally scurrilous, ballad.
A later period brings before us the figure of Lord Crewe; and the
Marquis Cornwallis, who was living in Grosvenor Street for five years
(1793-8) before he went to reside in Grafton Street; and William
Huskisson, whose tragic death saddened the inauguration of the first
railway line in England. Samuel Whitehead was another old Parliamentary
hand who was living here in 1800, as was Sir Humphrey Davy (at No.
28) eighteen years later, and before he removed to his last residence
in Park Street, on the other side of the Square; and still later,
that fashionable physician of the day, Matthew Baillie, whose merits,
Moore, and Rogers (who once said that “bile and Baillie were his only
companions”) were never tired of advertising.
[Sidenote: BRUTON STREET.]
As we return southwards again, by way of Bond Street, we come to Bruton
Street, which faces Conduit Street, but was not formed till nearly
fifteen years after that thoroughfare.
As in most of the streets in this quarter there are several fine
old houses to be found here, two of them, Nos. 17 and 22, being
particularly noticeable. Here the great Duke of Argyle and Greenwich
drew his last breath, in 1743. Six years later Horace Walpole came from
Bolton Row to live here, many years before he succeeded to that title
which he affected to consider such a weariness to the flesh.
But a greater than Walpole makes Bruton Street memorable, for here,
in the year in which George III. ascended the throne, was residing
William Pitt; so, too, some quarter of a century later, was Sheridan
before he went to one of many subsequent residences in George Street,
Whitehorse Street, Queen Street, and Savile Row.
Indeed Bruton Street seems always to have been a favourable resort of
statesmen, and among lesser lights of the political world--and few will
find fault at being placed among the smaller constellations by the side
of such planets as Sheridan and Pitt--we find living here at various
times Lord Hobhouse, Lord Granville, Lord Chancellor Cottenham, and,
perhaps another planet, George Canning, in 1809, after he had left
Maddox Street. Painting has been represented by William Owen, R.A.,
who died here in 1825; and medicine, by Sir Matthew Tierney, who was a
resident in 1841.
[Sidenote: GRAFTON STREET.]
As we approach the Piccadilly end of Bond Street, only one more turning
intervenes before we stand again at Stewart’s Corner; this is the small
Grafton Street, forming as it were a boundary to both Albemarle and
Dover Streets, which run into it. It takes its name from that Duke
of Grafton who lived in the family mansion at the corner of Clarges
Street, and who was associated with Lord Grantham in 1735, in the
purchase of the property through which it runs.
Not always has it borne even the title of a street, for once it was
known as “Ducking Pond Row,” which would seem to indicate the vicinity
of fields and one of those pieces of water in which recalcitrant
spouses, when the “scold’s bridle” failed in effect, were solemnly
placed in a “ducking stool,” and lowered into watery depths until their
powers of “nagging” were deemed to have been thoroughly eradicated.
At a still later date, 1767 to wit, Grafton Street was known as “Evans
Row,” but its more euphonious title has long since been restored to it.
London knows it chiefly on account of the Grafton Galleries which are
situated at No. 7, and which annually attract crowds of art lovers. The
celebrated Dilettanti Society and their fine collection of portraits
are now housed here. Several clubs, notably the Turf, the Green Park
Club, and the New Club, have their headquarters in Grafton Street, the
latter club in the house, No. 4, in which Lord Brougham lived and died
in 1848, after he had left Berkeley Square.
Another great statesman also once resided in Grafton Street, in the
person of Charles James Fox, who was here, in 1783, before he moved to
his temporary lodging at an hotel in Berkeley Square, and afterwards
to the house in which we have met him in Clarges Street. When Mrs.
Fitzherbert left Upper Grosvenor Street she came to live in Grafton
Street in 1796; and among other notable inhabitants of the past, the
names of Admiral Earl Howe, who died here, at No. 11, in 1799; Lord
Stowell, at No. 16; the Marquis Cornwallis, subsequently to his sojourn
in Grosvenor-Street; and the Right Honourable George Tierney, in 1809,
occur to me.
[Sidenote: HAY HILL.]
If we leave Grafton Street, where it turns at right angles and
continues without break into Dover Street, we shall see on our right a
sharp declivity leading into Berkeley Square; this is Hay Hill, named
from a farm which once stood here--if one can possibly imagine anything
of the sort in this locality, unless the trees in Lansdowne House
gardens, which are seen at the bottom of the hill, are sufficient to
carry our minds to anything so rural. The Tyburn flowed at the foot of
Hay Hill, as we have seen, and perhaps a water mill creaked noisily
where nowadays the hoofs of toiling horses grind the pavement. In any
case it seems to have been a desirable possession, for I find that, in
1617, it was granted to Hector Johnstone, who afforded help, probably
of a monetary character, to that unfortunate Elector Palatine of
Bohemia, whose father-in-law, our own pacific James I., was so dilatory
in assisting.
At a later date, in Queen Anne’s day to wit, it was granted to the
Speaker of the House of Commons, who eventually sold it, and gave the
£200 which he thus obtained for it to the poor. If proof were wanted of
the sudden and immense increase in the value of property in the West
End, we have it in the fact that, before 1759, the same estate was
disposed of by the Pomfret family, into whose possession it had come,
for the very respectable sum of £20,000 odd.
Hay Hill has its historical importance, for here the heads of Sir
Thomas Wyatt and three of his adherents were exposed after the failure
of the well-known attempt to unthrone Queen Mary in 1554; and here
George, Prince of Wales, with the Duke of York, returning from one of
their frequent nightly revels, was held up by a highwayman, and the
combined resources of the heir to the throne and his brother amounted
to just half a crown!
[Sidenote: BERKELEY SQUARE.]
At the bottom of Hay Hill, we are in Berkeley Square, in many respects
the most interesting of London’s “quadrates,” as they were once termed.
It was formed on portions of the grounds of Berkeley House, and
Evelyn, the Diarist, helped to lay out the estate, of which it is a
part. Lansdowne House, with its gardens, occupies the south side of the
square. This magnificent example of Adam’s work was erected for Lord
Bute, George III.’s unpopular Minister, but was sold by him, in a yet
unfinished state, to the Earl of Shelburne, the ancestor of the Marquis
of Lansdowne, who now occupies it. It naturally dwarfs all the other
houses in the square, but many of these are also full of interest.
At No. 6 lived the second Lord Chatham, and here William Pitt sometimes
stayed; close by, at No. 10, Sir Colin Campbell lived and died; and
next door to his residence was the last of Horace Walpole’s homes in
London, now indicated by a tablet.
Other interesting people whose names have in the past been connected
with Berkeley Square include Colley Cibber, and Charles James Fox; Lord
Clive, who committed suicide at No. 45, and Lord Brougham, who occupied
in turn two houses here; Lord and Lady Clermont, in whose house the
beautiful Duchess of Devonshire took refuge from the Gordon Rioters,
and Lady Anne Lindsay, who wrote “Auld Robin Gray”; Lord Canterbury,
once Speaker of the House of Commons when Mr. Manners Sutton; and
Child, the banker, whose daughter ran away with Lord Westmorland,
and whose house, No. 38, now rebuilt, is the residence of the Earl
of Rosebery. In fact the whole square is full of memories, social,
historical, and political, and clinging about almost every house are
recollections of the witty, the powerful, and the illustrious, who
have at one time or another dwelt within their walls.
From Berkeley Square and its adjacent streets we enter into that large
district known as Mayfair, which in the next chapter we shall have all
our work cut out to even superficially examine.
[Illustration: THE MAY FAIR IN 1716.]
CHAPTER V.
_MAYFAIR._
“_Gay mansions with supper-rooms and dancing-rooms--full of light and
music._”--CARLYLE, “SARTOR RESARTUS.”
Compared with London as a whole, Mayfair is quite a small quarter; but
regarded as a congeries of innumerable streets, and two large squares,
it is an extensive and intricate area, and a summer’s day might well be
exhausted before we had investigated all the twists and turns of its
maze-like complexity.
It is true that its northern half has some sort of method due to Sir
Richard Grosvenor’s development of the great Westminster property,
of which Grosvenor Square is the key-note; but its southern portion
is, with here and there an exception, wanting in logical form, and
threatens, I fear, to make the perambulation of it somewhat confusing
to those to whom London is a sort of _terra incognita_.
It will be well to take Grosvenor Square as our starting-point, but
before we set out a word must be said about the name, which is generic
to the whole area. It almost speaks for itself; and is derived from
that “Fair” formerly held here during the first fortnight in May, and
dating from the time of James II. Unlike our conception of fairs,
however, this one was instituted specifically “for musick, showes,
drinking, gaming, raffling, lotteries, stage-plays, and drolls,”
and appears to have had nothing to do with the traffic and barter
with which we are accustomed to associate these fast disappearing
institutions. Nor was it merely the resort of the _profanum vulgus_;
the nobility and gentry, we are told, made a point of frequenting
it; and the fields in which it was held,--for then all this part
was occupied by meadows and open ground--must have presented a gay
appearance, with its booths and shows, surrounded by a brilliantly
dressed throng, brought into still greater prominence by the more
soberly attired crowd which surrounded it.
The “May Fair” continued as a regular institution until 1708, when it
was put a stop to, chiefly on account of the disorders arising from it,
and the questionable company that attended its equally questionable
exhibitions; but partly on account, no doubt, of the erection of houses
and the formation of streets, which began about this time. It, however,
died hard, and was intermittently revived, in gradually lessening
form; prize-fighting, boxing, and bull-baiting taking the place of
“stage-plays and musick,” till nearly the end of the 18th century, when
it ceased altogether to exist, and left only its name as evidence of
its former vitality.
[Sidenote: DAVIES STREET.]
Before entering Grosvenor Square, Davies Street has a particular
interest in that it takes its name from that Mary Davies, daughter
of Alexander Davies, of Ebury, who married Sir Thomas Grosvenor, and
through whom the bulk of this great property came into the possession
of the Westminster family.
At its Oxford Street end, Davies Street practically forms one with
South Molton Lane, which at the beginning of the 18th century rejoiced
in the not very euphonious designation of Shug Lane. There is, however,
little to delay us here, unless we have a mind to glance into the
modern church of St. Anselm, designed by Messrs. Balfour and Thackeray
Turner, in the Byzantine style, and opened about eleven years since. I
may, however, remind the reader that “Joe” Manton, the great gunmaker,
carried on business at Nos. 24 and 25; and also that Tom Moore was
living in the street, in 1817.
Turning into Brook Street, let us enter Grosvenor Square at its
north-east corner.
[Sidenote: GROSVENOR SQUARE.]
Grosvenor Square is the largest (it is about six acres in extent)
and, in some respects, the most fashionable of London’s “quadrates.”
It was formed in 1695, by that great builder Sir Richard Grosvenor,
who employed Kent, the celebrated landscape gardener, to lay out the
central enclosure, in which once stood the statue of George I. by Van
Nost. It was on this spot that the citizens of London, when setting up
those defences against the Royalists, in 1642, on which we found them
engaged when we were wandering in the Green Park, erected an earthwork,
known as Oliver’s Mound, from which we may probably infer the personal
superintendence of the future Protector, or at least his rapidly
growing influence.
As to-day nearly every house in Grosvenor Square is occupied by some
influential or notable individual, so in the past has, practically,
each been the home of an interesting personality. The great Earl of
Chesterfield was living here in 1733, until he moved to the new
mansion he had erected for himself facing the Park, and here it was
that Johnson was “repulsed from his doors” or “waited in his outward
rooms.” Chesterfield, it will be remembered, married the daughter (she
was then termed the niece) of that ill-favoured mistress of George
I., Melusina de Schulemberg, created by her royal admirer, Duchess of
Kendal, who, by the bye, also resided in the Square. The Marquis of
Rockingham, once for a short time Prime Minister, died here in 1782,
and Lord North, another Prime Minister, just ten years later, after
he had left his former residence in Grosvenor Street, where we have
already met with him.
Besides these two first ministers of the Crown, politics have been
represented by a number of other well-known names, from which I can
but pick out those of Lord Chancellor Hardwicke, who was here for half
a dozen years; the Earl of Harrowby, at whose house--formerly No. 39,
but now 44--the Cato Street conspirators hoped to make a holocaust of
the entire Government; Lord Canning, in 1841, and another member of
the same gifted family, Lord Stratford de Redclyffe, who died here
in 1880, and whose effigy may be seen beside that of Lord Canning in
the Abbey. Thomas Raikes, who was called by the wits “Phœbus Apollo,”
because he rose in the east and set in the west--an allusion to his
dual connection with the City and Mayfair--was one of Grosvenor
Square’s past inhabitants of interest. Raikes is now remembered by
his diary, a valuable record of his times, and his correspondence and
friendship with Wellington, but his brother Robert, the initiator of
Sunday Schools, carved out a name, _aere perennius_, for himself,
and by its reflected light Thomas is also partially illuminated. That
curious compound of genius and eccentricity, William Beckford, who
wrote “Vathek” in three days and nights without intermission, and,
what is more, wrote it in French, also lived here, at No. 22. Here was
housed a portion of that extraordinary collection of pictures, books,
furniture, and bric-a-brac which came, through the marriage of Miss
Beckford with the Duke of Hamilton, into the possession of the latter;
and the dispersal of which, in the eighties, was the sensation of the
season, and crowded Christie’s and Sotheby’s with a wondering and
envying throng.
Beckford used to be visited here by Lord Nelson and Lady Hamilton,
two of the very few people he would ever admit to view the wonders of
Fonthill, his Wiltshire seat, from the doors of which fairy palace he
once repulsed George IV. himself. _Apropos_ there is a story of a man
forcing his way into Fonthill by some subterfuge, and being entertained
_en grand seigneur_ by the owner. When, however, the hour for retiring
came, Beckford led him to the front door, and wished him good-night,
adding that he had better _be careful of the bloodhounds_. The wretched
man then realised that he was alone in a vast Park with no companions
but his host’s formidable guardians, and he is said to have passed the
night in the first tree he could climb.
A story is a story, but this one has carried us many a mile from
Grosvenor Square. One connected with the Square itself, however, tells
how Dr. Johnson once knocked down a sturdy beggar in its precincts,
what time probably the great Cham of literature was on his way to visit
his friends, the Thrales, who lived here for a time, until the death
of Henry Thrale, in 1781. The town house of the Stanley family was in
this Square till 1832, when they removed to St. James’s Square, and
here Lord Derby married Miss Farren, in 1797, in the same year in which
John Wilkes, who was then residing at No. 30 (now No. 35), died. Sir
Stamford Raffles, Lord Granville, Lord Shaftesbury, the philanthropist,
and Sir John Beaumont, are among the many other notable people who have
helped to shed lustre upon Grosvenor Square. The Square has been twice
renumbered, with the exception of the east side, where the owners made
such successful efforts to preserve the original numbering that even
parochial authority gave way before them. Once, at an earlier day, the
inhabitants made an equally strenuous but less defensible attempt to
contest innovation; and it was not till 1842, _credite posteri_, that
the Square was lighted with gas, it being the last important place in
London to be so illuminated.
[Sidenote: NORTH AND SOUTH AUDLEY STREETS.]
At the north-west corner of the Square is North Audley Street, taking
its name from Hugh Audley, while its continuation at the south-west,
where it finally debouches into Curzon Street, is known as South
Audley Street. Its most important mansion, one of the most beautiful
in London, is Chesterfield House, facing Hyde Park through Stanhope
Street. It was built by the great Earl of Chesterfield in 1749, Ware
being the architect. Although it still preserves its fine courtyard,
its fair proportions at the back, where its gardens formerly extended
down the better part of Curzon Street, have been greatly curtailed
by the erection of houses. The mansion itself, however, with its
wonderful drawing-room, its library, where Lord Chesterfield lounged or
wrote his celebrated “Letters to his Son,” which Johnson criticised so
pithily and so severely--its marble staircase and Ionic portico, both
of which came from Canons, and gave the Earl the opportunity for a mild
jest about his “canonical pillars,” still remain. In 1869, Mr. Magniac
gave the enormous sum of £175,000 for the place, and here housed his
wonderful collections; but these have gone the way (Christie’s way) of
all beautiful things, and to-day Lord Burton owns the place.
But Chesterfield House is not the only fine mansion in Audley Street,
for, at No. 8, is Alington House, now Lord Alington’s, but formerly
known as Cambridge House, where, in 1826, the Duke of York, brother of
George IV. was living.
In another mansion, formerly called Bute House, once lived during the
earlier years of George III.’s reign, and died in 1792, that Earl of
Bute whose unpopularity I have before mentioned, and whose intimate
friendship with the Princess Dowager of Wales (the widow of “Fritz,”
and mother of George III.) gave rise to so many ill-natured and
probably quite erroneous reports. Home, who wrote the now forgotten
tragedy of “Douglas,” and who was a close friend of Lord Bute, was
living in South Audley Street at the same time. Home was naturally a
gifted man, but was also one of those who experienced the unhappy fate
of being over-eulogized by an uncritical generation, and Shakespeare’s
fame was deemed to totter before his work. What he is now probably best
remembered by is the famous reply of Dr. Johnson, to whom one of Home’s
admirers quoted with enthusiasm his line: “Who rules o’er freemen
should himself be free.” “Why, sir,” replied Johnson, “one might as
well say: ‘Who kills fat oxen, should himself be fat!’”
Close to St. Mark’s church in North Audley Street, lived, at various
times, quite a bevy of notable ladies. Maria Edgeworth was one of
these, and Lady Suffolk another, and Mary and Agnes Berry, before they
went to reside in Curzon Street, where we shall presently meet with
them.
All sorts and conditions of interesting people have resided in South
Audley Street. Regardless of chronology, let me set down some of
their names at random, commencing appropriately with a great church
dignitary, Archbishop Markham, who died here in 1807; then, there was
General Paoli, the Corsican patriot; Sir William Jones, famous for
his learning, and Westmacott for his perpetuation in stone of many
a learned one; Lord John Russell, Prime Minister, reformer, author,
what you will; and Holcroft, whose name as a dramatist is forgotten
for ever; Queen Caroline, that injudicious but badly used woman, who,
on her arrival from Italy in 1820, stayed at the house of Wood, who
championed her cause; Baron Bunsen, the clear-sighted diplomatist, and
Louis XVIII., that gastronomic monarch, and his brother, Charles X.,
who, under the evil guidance of Prince Polignac, lost a throne that had
cost so many lives and so much money to recover.
[Sidenote: PARK STREET.]
Park Street runs parallel with Audley Street. Formerly known as Hyde
Park Street, it was one of the later developments of this part of the
town, although it was formed anterior to 1768, in which year the
actress Nelly O’Brien is stated to have died in it. A very different
person also lived here (in No. 113) at a later day, in the person of
that Lydia White, who, till the end of her life, delighted to gather
around her the lions of the day. One of the last of these to visit her
was Scott, who records in his diary that, on November 13th, 1826, he
“found her extended on a couch, frightfully swelled, unable to stir,
rouged, jesting, and dying.” Harness, writing to Dyce, at an earlier
period, tells an anecdote illustrating her readiness of repartee:--“At
one of Miss Lydia White’s small and most agreeable dinners in Park
Street, the company (most of them, except the hostess, being Whigs)
were discussing in rather a querulous strain the desperate prospects
of their party. ‘Yes,’ said Sydney Smith, ‘we are in a most deplorable
condition; we must do something to help ourselves; I think we had
better sacrifice a Tory virgin.’ This was pointedly addressed to Lydia
White, who, at once catching and applying the allusion to Iphigenia,
answered, ‘I believe there is nothing the Whigs would not do to raise
the wind.’” This “really clever creature,” as Sir Walter calls her,
died at her house here in 1827. Sir Humphrey Davy also came to live
here, from Grosvenor Street, in 1825, and remained a resident till his
death, two years after that of Miss Lydia; and Richard Ford, who made a
guide-book to Spain, a permanent work of literary charm, was another of
the street’s past notable inhabitants.
[Sidenote: GREEN STREET.]
A few steps southward will bring us to Green Street, in which stands
Hampden House, now the residence of the Duke of Abercorn.
No. 56 Green Street was formerly known as the “bow-window house,”
and here Miss Farren, who afterwards became Countess of Derby, once
resided, and gave those suppers to “all the pleasantest people in
London,” which Hume, Walpole, and Lord Berwick have recorded. Sydney
Smith died in Green Street, at Miss Farren’s old house, in 1845, and
here it was that he once told his doctor that he felt so feeble that
if anyone were to put a pin into his hand he would not have strength
enough to stick it into a Dissenter!
[Sidenote: NORFOLK STREET.]
Between Green Street and Park Lane intervenes the little Norfolk
Street, at a house in which Lord William Russell was barbarously done
to death by his valet in 1840. Here Lady Hesketh, the friend of Cowper;
Sir James Mackintosh; and, later, Lord Overstone, the millionaire
banker, resided.
[Sidenote: UPPER BROOK STREET.]
A little further on is Upper Brook Street, where once lived Lord
George Gordon, famous for his connection with the anti-Catholic riots,
which, had not George III. acted with splendid promptitude, might have
resulted in a holocaust of London. Here also resided George Grenville,
the statesman and creator of that marvellous library which is, to-day,
one of the wonders of the British Museum; Mrs. Damer, the talented
friend of Horace Walpole, for whom she executed the Eagle which once
stood in the Tribune at Strawberry Hill; and Hamilton, of “single
speech” fame.
[Sidenote: UPPER GROSVENOR STREET.]
As Upper Brook Street joins the north side of Grosvenor Square with
Park Lane, so Upper Grosvenor Street leads directly from its southern
side to that latter-day synonym for worldly riches.
Here lived such notable people as Lord Erskine, the great lawyer, Sir
Robert Peel, and also Lord Crewe, who appears to have moved hither
from Grosvenor Street, or, as we ought to say, Lower Grosvenor Street.
But the chief feature of the street is Grosvenor House, the well-known
residence of the Duke of Westminster, the fine screen and gates of
which, designed by Candy, were put up in 1842, and form a curious
break in the otherwise unbroken regularity of the houses. I shall have
something to say about Grosvenor House, when we come to Park Lane; so
that now we need not interrupt our walk, which in a moment will bring
us to Mount Street, taking its name from “Oliver’s Mound,” formerly in
Grosvenor Square.
[Sidenote: MOUNT STREET.]
Mount Street dates from about 1740, but since then it has been wholly
rebuilt with red-brick structures, the majority of which are now shops,
with flats above them, and thus preserves nothing of its earlier
character, when such as Lady Mary Coke, the compiler of a most valuable
and delightful diary, Fanny Burney (Madame D’Arblay), whose work in the
same direction is, known to all the world, and Sir Henry Holland, who
has also left us his reminiscences, lived in it.
From Mount Street we pass easily, by way of South Audley Street, to
that congeries of thoroughfares, which lie between Berkeley Square and
Park Lane.
[Sidenote: ALDFORD STREET.]
If we take those on the east, we shall first come to Aldford Street,
which was known for a century and a half (until 1886) as Chapel
Street. Much of the street has been rebuilt, and therefore some of
its intrinsic interest has disappeared, notably the house in which
Beau Brummell once lived, and where he was wont to receive the Prince
Regent at those “_petits soupers_,” and at those wonderful ceremonies
of the toilet, the details of which Captain Jesse has recorded with
so much gusto. But a greater than Brummell was once a resident in
Aldford Street, for, at No. 23, the poet Shelley was staying in the
same year (1813) in which we have encountered him in Half Moon Street.
Beyond this solitary celebrity, however, there is nothing to delay our
passing on to South Street, which runs parallel to Aldford Street in a
southerly direction.
[Sidenote: SOUTH STREET.]
This street was formed about 1737, and till nearly the middle of the
18th century, the chapel attached to the Portuguese Embassy (formerly
at 74, South Audley Street), where Garrick was married, was situated in
it.
Brummell once lived here (at No. 24), and so did, in 1837, Lord
Melbourne (at No. 39), while among other names of note connected with
it mention may be made of Charles James Fox, Lord and Lady Holland,
and John Allen, so indissolubly connected with the annals of Holland
House; Mademoiselle d’Este, the daughter of the Duke of Sussex; the
Duke of Orleans, better known as Philippe Egalité, and Miss Florence
Nightingale whose name is a household word in two hemispheres.
[Sidenote: DEANERY AND TILNEY STREETS.]
Deanery Street passes by the side of Dorchester House (which I must
leave for notice till we reach Park Lane) to Tilney Street. The former,
a small serpentining thoroughfare, takes its name from the Dean and
Chapter of Westminster, who are the ground-landlords, and to whom Lord
Chesterfield made an amusing reference in his will. It was first called
“Dean and Chapter Street,” and was formed at the same time as South
Street.
Tilney Street is perhaps chiefly remembered as the residence of Mrs.
Fitzherbert, whose house was at the corner facing Park Lane, the bow
windows of which still indicate it. Here it was that, in June, 1800,
after their temporary separation, Mrs. Fitzherbert and her husband,
George, Prince of Wales, were openly reconciled at a public breakfast,
which “proclaimed to the fashionable world of London that her relations
with the Prince were resumed on the old footing.”
Soame Jenyns also lived in Tilney Street, and died there in 1787.
Forgotten nowadays, he was in his time a prolific writer, and his style
was considered as a model of clearness and ease. His epigram on Johnson
is generally supposed to have been the only ill-natured thing he ever
produced; here it is:--
“_Here lies Sam Johnson. Reader, have a care;
Tread lightly, lest you wake a sleeping bear.
Religious, moral, generous, and humane
He was; but self-sufficient, proud and vain;
Fond of, and overbearing in, dispute;
A Christian and a scholar--but a brute!_”
What would Miss Jenkins and Miss Pinkerton have said?
[Sidenote: GREAT STANHOPE STREET.]
At least two Prime Ministers have lived in Great Stanhope Street--Lord
Palmerston, from 1814 to 1843, before he went to Piccadilly; and Sir
Robert Peel, for five years from 1820; while Lord Brougham is given as
residing at No. 4, in 1834, in occupancy of which house he had been
preceded, respectively, by Lords Mansfield and Exeter.
To these may be added the names of two military veterans. Lord Raglan,
in 1853, and Viscount Hardinge, who died at No. 15, three years later;
as well as Colonel Barré, who lived at No. 12, where he died, in 1802.
Before proceeding into Curzon Street, let us return by way of South
Audley Street, and turn into Waverton Street, which forms the west side
of a species of gridiron of thoroughfares, of which Farm Street is the
north side and Charles Street the south.
[Sidenote: FARM STREET.]
Farm Street is one of the thoroughfares that took their names from
their association with those agricultural pursuits which we have
nowadays such difficulty in associating with this fashionable
neighbourhood. This “common pasturage” and the “milk maids” formerly
connected with it, have been recently brought vividly to mind by the
action of the “milk ladies” of St. James’s Park, the lineal descendants
of those of Mayfair, who successfully resisted an attempt to deprive
them of their rights.
A Jesuit Church stands in Farm Street, that of the Immaculate
Conception, which, it is interesting to remember, was the first regular
church possessed by the Jesuits in London after their expulsion from
Somerset House and St. James’s under Charles I.
[Sidenote: JOHN STREET.]
John Street, laid out about 1730, running at right angles, connects
Farm Street with Hill Street, and also possesses a church; in this
case the well-known Berkeley Chapel, built about 1750, of which
Sydney Smith and, later, Cary, the translator of Dante, were former
incumbents. The chapel has been twice redecorated, in 1874 and 1895;
and, apart from its associations, is worth a visit, if only to see the
memorial window placed there to the memory of the late Duke of Clarence.
[Sidenote: HILL STREET.]
Hill Street, formed about 1742, probably takes its name from some
inequality of the ground, more pronounced when all this part was fields
than now when building development has been responsible for a generally
levelling process.
Mrs. Montagu lived in Hill Street, while she was building for herself
the fine mansion in Portman Square, where she covered the walls with
birds’ feathers and “wanton Cupids,” and once a year entertained the
chimney-sweeps of the district.
Another resident was that Admiral Byng, whose infamous execution called
forth a well-known sarcasm from Voltaire; while others who lived here
in the past were Lord Camden, the great Lord Chief Justice; Lord
Brougham, before he received his title; the Earl of Malmesbury, whose
four volumes of entertaining memoirs record his diplomatic experiences
and successes at half the courts of Europe; and Lords Lyttelton and
Carlisle, both poets of distinctly minor attainments. Other names
might be added; but to be exhaustive would be to hamper the wings of
imagination.
[Sidenote: HAYES STREET.]
Passing by Hayes Street, now used as mews by the exigencies of fashion,
and where, at the corner, a public-house with its sign bearing the
inscription, “I am the only running Footman,” will recall to our minds
this former appendage to fashionable state, of which “Old Q.” was the
last to make use, we come to Charles Street, thus named after Charles,
Earl of Falmouth, a brother of Lord Berkeley, the ground-landlord.
[Sidenote: CHARLES STREET.]
This is the last of what I call “the gridiron,” and is generally known
as Charles Street, Berkeley Square, from its entering the square at its
south-west corner.
Royalty in the person of William IV., when Duke of Clarence, has been
represented in this street; while Sydney Smith, when he was incumbent
of Berkeley Chapel close by, was residing here, at No. 33, the house
in which the daughter of Lord Hervey was burnt to death, in 1815.
It was about the purchase of this house that Smith once wrote “the
lawyers discovered some flaw in the title about the time of the Norman
Conquest, but, thinking the parties must have disappeared in the
quarrels of York and Lancaster, I waived the objection!”
Among other residents I find the names of Lord Ellenborough, once
Governor-General of India; Beau Brummell, at No. 42, in 1792; Lady
Grenville, after the death of her husband, the Prime Minister; and
Bulwer Lytton. The latter, in 1839, fitted up his house in a most
lavish style, and one of the rooms was made to represent, as closely
as might be, one of the chambers in Pompeii. James Smith, one of the
authors of the “Rejected Addresses,” has left an amusing account of a
visit he once paid here.
[Sidenote: CURZON STREET.]
A few steps brings us into Curzon Street. It is curious to notice the
difference between the two ends of this fashionable thoroughfare, or
rather it was till the Duke of Marlborough set up his splendid mansion
amidst the small shops and public-houses which distinguish the eastern
part, where Bolton, Clarges, and Half Moon Streets dwindle away into
it, and Lansdowne Passage forms an exiguous connection between it and
Berkeley Street.
Once the street was known as Mayfair Row; its present designation being
derived from the family name of Lord Howe, the owner of the property.
If we except Sunderland House, the Duke of Marlborough’s, (_apropos_
of which the story is told that Queen Victoria once informed the Duke
she had never been in Curzon Street, so prescribed are frequently the
peregrinations of sovereigns) the chief mansion is Crewe House, the
residence of the Earl of Crewe. Until comparatively recently it was
known as Wharncliffe House, having been acquired by Mr. J. Stuart
Wortley for £12,000, in 1818, and continuing in his family (later
ennobled by the Barony of Wharncliffe) till its present owner bought it
at a very different figure. Originally, in 1708, Mr. Edward Shepherd,
who built Shepherd’s Market opposite, in 1735, lived here; and, in
1750, it was purchased by Lord Carhampton for £500, if one can possibly
believe in the adequacy of so small a sum to buy anything in such a
neighbourhood!
So many illustrious people have lived and died in Curzon Street that
pages might easily be filled with their names; but a few must here
suffice, and appropriately, as living once at No. 1, since demolished,
I find that great actress, Madame Vestris; and at No. 8, the celebrated
Miss Berrys, who both died here in 1852, and lie buried in Petersham
churchyard. Their house was once taken by Baron Bunsen, who records
moving into it in 1841. Sir Henry Holford, the surgeon, who was one
of those who gazed on the actual features of Charles I. when that
monarch’s coffin was opened, and who left an interesting account of the
circumstance, died at a house in Curzon Street, in 1844; and at No. 19,
Benjamin Disraeli, Earl of Beaconsfield, drew his last breath, in 1882.
Other residents whose names may be set down were Lord Marchmont, the
friend of Pope; Mason, the poet; and Francis Chantry, the sculptor,
long before he became famous; Lord Macartney, whose mission to China is
to be found recorded in a bulky volume, and who, according to Walpole,
occupied here a “charming house--cheap as old clothes,” which once
belonged to Lord Carteret.
Opposite Crewe House stands Curzon Chapel, or, as it is as often
called, Mayfair Chapel. The original structure dated from 1730, but
it was subsequently rebuilt, although it is so plain and ugly that it
could not possibly have been improved by the process.
The chapel is notorious for those illegal marriages conducted by the
Rev. Alexander Keith, until the scandal was put an end to here by
his being unfrocked in 1742. But this action on the part of a justly
incensed church did not deter him from carrying on the same practices
at another chapel, which he inaugurated close by. What the Church was
unable to do, the Law effected, and the subsequent passing of the
Marriage Act, in 1754, finally put a stop to Mr. Keith’s illicit
activity. It is said that when told that the Bishops would stop his
illegal marriages, he replied, “Let them; and I’ll buy two or three
acres of ground, and by God, I’ll _under-bury_ them all!”
Of those who took advantage of this short cut to wedlock were the Duke
of Chandos, who was married (if the word can be permitted in such a
connection) to Mrs. Anne Jeffrey, in 1744; Lord Strange and Lucy Smith,
two years later; Lord Kensington and Rachel Hill, in 1749; and Lord
George Bentinck and Mary Davies, in 1753.
The year before this last match, occurred the best-remembered of these
“splicings,” when the Duke of Hamilton was wedded at half-past twelve
o’clock at night to the beautiful Elizabeth Gunning, who lived to be
the wife of two and the mother of four dukes. Horace Walpole has left
a vivid account of the ceremony, in which a ring torn from a curtain
replaced that circlet of gold which is recognised as the more usual
type of matrimonial bondage.
[Sidenote: HERTFORD AND CHESTERFIELD STREETS.]
Hertford Street, formed about 1764, now almost rivals Wimpole Street
in the numbers of the medical profession who reside in it; but at an
earlier day it was the home of politicians, with here and there a
soldier, and here and there a poet; while it was in a house here that
the Duke of Cumberland, brother of George III., was married to Mrs.
Horton, in 1771.
Sheridan had one of his many residences here, at No. 10, in 1793,
and Lord Charlemont, whose wife’s name continues (in booksellers’
catalogues) to be erroneously connected with a notorious translation
of Voltaire’s “Pucelle,” was living in the street in 1766. So, too,
were Lord Goderich, and the Earl of Mornington, some years later; and,
in 1792, died here General Burgoyne, whose surrender to the American
forces at Saratoga precipitated that independence which the United
States soon after obtained.
The first Earl of Liverpool, father of the Prime Minister, died here
in 1808; and Earl Grey was living in this street in 1799; while other
politicians who have been former residents were Robert Dundas and
Charles Bathurst, Lord Langdale and Bulwer Lytton, the last of whom
lived at No. 36 from 1831 to 1834, and here wrote “Paul Clifford,” “The
Last Days of Pompeii,” “Rienzi,” “Alice,” and “Ernest Maltravers.”
Lord Sandwich, the well-known “Jemmy Twitcher,” died at No. 11, in
1792, and “Capability Brown,” the great landscape gardener, at another
house here, nine years earlier. But perhaps the street’s chief claim to
remembrance is the fact that Edward Jenner resided at No. 14, for some
years, from about the beginning of 1803. Contrary to expectation, his
fees fell off on his setting up here, and, together with the excessive
rent he was obliged to pay, and the additional expenses of London life,
he found it impossible to continue to reside here. A tablet now marks
the house where this benefactor to the human race once fought his
double fight against disease and poverty!
Chesterfield Street joins Chesterfield Gardens, which stand on the site
of the once ample grounds of Chesterfield House. George Selwyn dates
many of his letters from one of the houses in this street; while Beau
Brummell was residing in another, No. 4, till 1810, and here he was
visited often enough by the Prince of Wales, who sometimes remained so
late that he was compelled, says Jesse, to insist on Brummell giving
him a quiet dinner, which not uncommonly ended in a midnight debauch.
[Sidenote: PARK LANE.]
Park Lane stands alone among the streets of London. In that it has
only one side, and looks directly into one of London’s Parks, it might
at first seem to have some analogy to the western end of Piccadilly;
but Piccadilly is made up of clubs, with here and there a business
establishment and--except at Hyde Park Corner itself--private houses
but sparsely scattered down it; whereas Park Lane practically consists
of the mansions of the wealthy. So much so is this the case, indeed,
that it has latterly become synonymous with worldly riches, and is
now the objective at which Socialistic and democratic stump orators
level their sarcasms from their convenient vantage ground within the
park railings; what time the law in helmet and white gloves smiles
tolerantly, and the plutocrats lunch unmoved.
It will be well to start from its northern end, where it joins
Oxford Street, or the Tyburn Road, as it was once called, for Park
Lane used formerly to be known as Tyburn Lane, and close by the
Marble Arch--permanently at rest after its journey from the front
of Buckingham Palace--was Tyburn Tree, where the end of innumerable
malefactors drew crowds of excited and unseemly witnesses.
It is somewhat anomalous that this “glass of fashion” among streets
should have been, so comparatively recently as 1769, connected with
such gruesome associations; but it is also equally difficult to
imagine it as the dreary, unkept by-way which it was during the
Augustan age, when millionaires were not; and the petrol of the motor
was not smelt in the road.
[Sidenote: GREAT HOUSES OF PARK LANE.]
The first of the great mansions we come to is Brook House, which stands
at the corner of Upper Brook Street. It was designed by Wyatt, and was
for many years the residence of Lord Tweedmouth, and noted for the
receptions held here, when the Liberal Party indulged in its revels.
A step and we come to Dudley House, built by the late Lord Dudley, and
once the casket that contained many of those wonders of art which this
most princely of peers loved to gather around him.
At the corner of Upper Grosvenor Street stands a sort of magnificent
temple dedicated to music and the fine arts. This is the concert or
ballroom which the late Duke of Westminster, apparently regardless of
architectural symmetry, added to Grosvenor House, which is seen behind
it. It reminds me of nothing so much as a beautiful pearl which has
succeeded in emerging from the parent shell, but not wholly detaching
itself from the parental ligaments.
As we have seen, the entrance to Grosvenor House is in Park Street;
but I said nothing about the mansion then, because it seems to belong,
as does its vast garden extending to Mount Street, to Park Lane. The
residence, which was known as Gloucester House, at the time when the
Duke of Gloucester, brother of George III., acquired it in 1761, is, of
course, one of the great, as differentiated from merely large, houses
of London, and it contains a collection of pictures and works of art
which a millionaire would have to exhaust his fortune in purchasing,
and which could only be adequately described by a Waagen or a Smith.
Just beyond South Street stands what I suppose few people, having
regard to both its exterior and interior, will deny to be the finest
private residence in London--Dorchester House, which was erected by
Vulliamy, in the Italian Renaissance style, for the late Mr. Holford.
Surrounded as it is by every conceivable kind of architectural
experiment, it may be deemed out of place; but, taken by itself, it is
a perfect reproduction on a lavish scale of those Italian palaces to
which the blue sky of the South forms the one necessary background. The
interior is commensurate, both in size and detail, with its commanding
exterior, and only the pen of the late Mlle. de la Ramée (“Ouida”)
could do justice to the marble staircase. The art collection housed
here is extraordinarily fine, while the yearly exhibitions of Old
Masters at Burlington House are seldom without one or more examples
from among the masterpieces which hang on the walls of Dorchester House.
It has frequently been let, sometimes as when the Shahzada was there,
for a short period; sometimes, as now, when it has become the residence
of the Hon. Whitelaw Reid, the United States Ambassador, for a term
of years. Its perfection of taste and its rare and beautiful contents
remind me that, appropriately enough, the Marquis of Hertford, whose
name is indissolubly associated with such things, died here in 1842.
At the south corner of Stanhope Street we come to the last of the great
houses of Park Lane--Londonderry House, now the residence of the
Marquis of Londonderry, but formerly known as Holdernesse House, it
having been erected by the Wyatts in 1850, on the site of the former
town house of the Earls of Holdernesse.
Next door to Londonderry House is quite a small house of somewhat
elaborate design. This was built on the site of another residence,
by Mr. Whittaker Wright, whose name is remembered in connection with
a notorious trial a few years since, and who, “_immemor sepulcri_,”
as Horace says, built a house which he was never destined to enjoy,
somewhat as in earlier days Baron Grant erected a palace in Kensington
which was demolished before it was occupied.
At this point Park Lane splits itself into two thoroughfares, the
smaller being Park Lane proper, and by its tenuity giving some _raison
d’étre_ for its designation, the latter being known as Hamilton Place,
which takes its name from that Hamilton who was Ranger of Hyde Park
during the reign of Charles II., and who erected a number of small
houses here in what was then but a _cul de sac_, on ground which formed
an integral part of the park itself.
[Sidenote: HAMILTON PLACE.]
The houses in this street were rebuilt by Adam in 1809, but it was not
till about sixty years later that the street was carried through to
Park Lane, and became its chief outlet into Piccadilly.
The mansion (No. 1) at the corner of Piccadilly was built by Lord
Chancellor Eldon when he left Bedford Square, and here he died in 1838.
Next door was occupied, from 1810 to 1819, by the Duke of Bedford, who
moved here from Great Stanhope Street; while later residents include
Earl Gower, afterwards Duke of Sutherland, the Right Hon. Thomas
Grenville, and the Duke of Argyll.
[Illustration: THE ENTRANCE TO PICCADILLY AT HYDE PARK CORNER, WITH ST.
GEORGE’S HOSPITAL.]
At No. 4, the great Duke of Wellington was living in 1814, while
yet Apsley House was in the occupation of his brother, the Marquis
Wellesley. Others who have lived here include the Earl of Lucan, in
1810, and Lord Grenville, twelve years later. In our own day it has
been the town residence of the Earl of Northbrook, the head of the
Baring family and some time Governor-General of India.
Mr. Leopold de Rothschild’s beautiful house (No. 5), which looks
directly on to the park and has a view up Park Lane, was, from 1810
to 1825, the residence of the Earl of Buckinghamshire, and many years
later, of the Marquis Conyngham.
One of London’s rare if not always beautiful statues stands at the
junction of Park Lane and Hamilton Place. Utility has been combined
with decoration in this case, for it also forms a fountain, presided
over by the Muses of Tragedy, Comedy, and History--not Farce, as might
have been expected, unless there be some subtly ironical meaning
hidden in the otherwise illogical collocation. Above stand, in evident
wonderment, Chaucer, Shakespeare, and Milton, in marble, and on the
summit Fame puffs industriously at her trumpet. Thornycroft was
responsible for this work, which was erected in 1875, at the cost of
£5,000, the money being provided from the estate of an old lady who
died intestate and without heirs.
Before we finally quit Park Lane one or two of its former interesting
residents must receive a short word of notice. Thus, at the corner
of Upper Grosvenor Street--at that time known as No. 1, Grosvenor
Gate--Disraeli was living, from 1839 till 1873; and friend and brother
novelist and politician, Sir Edward Bulwer Lytton, was residing in 1842
at what was known as No. 1 Park Lane, during which period “Zanoni” was
published.
The names of Warren Hastings, Richard Sharp, and Lady Palmerston are
also connected, _cum multis aliis_, with this famed street; and in
one of those houses which look on to the Lane, but which have their
entrances in other streets--in this case Seamore Place--lived the
gorgeous Lady Blessington (1832-6), after her departure from St.
James’s Square and before her final apotheosis in Kensington Gore. The
white-painted semi-circular front of her former residence at the corner
of Pitt’s Head Mews, may still be seen; and it will not take a great
stretch of the imagination to picture that beautiful and talented woman
surrounded by all that extravagance and luxury could suggest, sitting
upon its balcony, and penning those short stories, or editing those
wonderful “books of beauty,” which formed the fashionable literary
_pabulum_ of early Victorian days.
Within a radius of half a mile from Stewart’s corner of Old Bond
Street we have traversed that part of the town which is associated
pre-eminently with the fashionable, and in a lesser degree with the
literary and artistic, traditions of two centuries of London life.
Compared with the innumerable memories which its stones evoke, the
area covered is a relatively small one, but had space here been less
restricted, one might have gone on wandering over acres of paper while
setting down the names of persons and places, and lingering over the
stories and anecdotes with which they are connected.
INDEX.
PAGE.
Adam, Robert, 10, 12, 38, 70
“ James, 10
“ William, 103
Addison, 3, 34, 59, 93
Adelaide, Queen, 50
Albany, The, 80
Albemarle, Duke of, 20, 84
“ Earl of, 102
Albemarle Street, 8
Aldford Street, 125
Alington House, 121
Almack’s, 44
Alvanley, Lord, 7
“Angler, The Compleat”, 74
Anglesea, Marquis of, 93
Apsley House, 139
Arbuthnot, 11, 96
Argyle, The Great Duke of, 109, 139
Arlington Street, 34
Ashburnham, Earl of, 12
Ashburnham House, 12
Ashburton, Lord, 19
Audley Streets, North and South, 120
Avery Row, 108
Bach, John Christian, 105
Bank of England, 91
“Barber’s Pole,” The, 51
Bath House, 18
Bath, Lord, 18
Barry, 45, 46
Barrymore House, 23
“Barleymow,” The, 21
Baring, Alex., 19
Barrymore, Earl of, 23
Beaconsfield, Lord, 90, 132, 139
“Bear, The White”, 78
Beechy, Sir Wm., 102
Beckford, Wm., 119
Bellenden, Mary, 6
Berkeley, Bishop, 9, 72
“ Chapel, 12, 128
“ Hotel, 14
“ Row, 14
“ Square, 112
“ Street, 14
Berry, The Misses, 122, 132
Betterton, 65
Blake, Wm., 106
Blessington, Lady, 140
Blount, Martha and Theresa, 17
“Blue Posts,” The, 56
Bolton Street, 17
Bolingbroke, Lord, 11
Bond, Sir Thos., 8, 83
Bond Street, Old and New, 84, 86
Boswell, 21, 43, 86
Bouverie, Jack, 17
Brodie, Sir Benjamin, 95
Brook House, 136
“ Street, 106
Broughton, 60
Brougham, Lord, 111, 113, 127
Brouncker, P.R.A., 43
“Brown, Capability”, 134
Brummell, Beau, 7, 16, 41, 54, 126, 130, 134
Bruton Street, 109
Buckingham, Duchess of, 34
Buckingham Palace, 32
“Bull and Mouth,” The, 75
Bunsen, Baron, 122, 132
Burdett-Coutts, Baroness, 16
Burgoyne, General, 134
Burke, Edmund, 106
Burlington, Lord, 53, 79
Burlington Arcade, 83
Burlington Gardens, 92
“ House, 81
“ Street, 92
Burney, Fanny, 18, 21, 125
Bute, Earl of, 121
Bute House, 121
Bute, Lord, 10, 33, 121
Byng, Admiral, 129
Byron, Lord, 10, 14, 27, 50, 81
Cambridge, Duke of, 22, 26, 45
Cambridge House, 22
Camden, Lord, 35, 129
Camelford, Lord, 89
Campbell (Poet), 16, 33, 105
Campbell, Colin (Architect), 82
“ Sir Colin, 113
Canning, George, 81, 98, 111
Canterbury, Lord, 113
Carleton, Lord, 53
Carlton Hotel, 64
“ House, 52
Carlyle, Thos., 19
Caroline, Queen, 70, 122
Carter, Mrs., 21
Catherine Street, 52
Catherine of Braganza, 52
Cato Street, 118
Cavendish, Lord George, 81
Cecils, Home of the, 34
Chantrey, 33, 102, 132
Chapel of the Trinity, 97
Charles II., 31, 36
Charles Edward, Prince, 18
“ Street, 130
Charlotte, Princess, 49, 55, 94
Chatham, Lord, 75
“ “, the second, 113
Chaworth, Mr., 14, 51
Chesterfield House, 120
Chesterfield, Lord, 22, 37, 53, 75, 120
Chesterfield Street, 139
Child, Mr. (Banker), 113
Chocolate House, Arthur’s, 41
“ “, St. James’s 42
“ “, White’s 4, 37
Cholmondeley House, 22
Christie’s, 44
Chudleigh, Miss, 85, 99
Cibber, Colley, 61, 113
Clarendon House, 2, 3, 8, 84
Clarges, Sir Thos., 20
“ Sir Walter, 20
Clarges Street, 20
Clarges House, 20
Claridge’s Hotel, 108
Clark, Sir James, 105
Clermont, Lord and Lady, 113
Cleveland, Duchess of, 34
Cleveland House, 32, 34
“ Row, 32
“ Square, 32
Clifford Street, 94
Clive, Lord, 113
Club, Ambassadors’, 25
“ Arthur’s, 41, 43
“ Army and Navy, 46, 69, 70
“ Athenæum, 46
“ Badminton, 23
“ Boodles’, 38
“ Brooks’s, 39
“ Caledonian, 68
“ Carlton, 45
“ Civil Service, 42
“ Cocoa Tree, 41, 42
“ Conservative, 43
“ Coventry House, 25
“ Crockford’s, 38, 39
“ Devonshire, 38, 41
“ East India, 69, 70
“ Green Park, 111
“ Guards’, 50
“ “In and Out”, 22
“ Isthmian, 23
“ Junior Athenæum, 26
“ “ Carlton, 45
“ “ Constitutional, 23
“ “ Naval and Military, 23
“ “ Oxford and Camb., 50
“ “ United Service, 68
“ Lyceum, 20
“ Naval and Military, 22
“ New, 111
“ New University, 41
“ Nimrod, 69
“ Liberty, 51
“ Oriental, 104
“ Oxford and Cambridge, 50
“ Portland, 69
“ Reform, 45
“ Rumpsteak, 51
“ Savile, 25
“ Sports, 69
“ St. James’s, 25
“ Thatched House, 42
“ Travellers’, 46
“ Turf, 111
“ United Empire, 20
“ United University, 63
“ Watier’s, 16
“ White’s, 36, 38
“ Wyndham’s, 69
“Coach and Horses,” The, 99
“The Cocoa Tree”, 42
Coffee House, The Clifford Street, 93
“ “ Grant’s, 37
“ “ Gloucester, 13
“ “ King’s Arms, 51
“ “ Prince of Wales’, 98
“ “ St. James’s, 4, 37
Cobden, Richard, 64
“The Cock”, 56
Cockspur Street, 56
Coke, Lady Mary, 6, 125
Colt, Sir Henry, 30
Colman, Geo., 19, 62
Combe, Alderman, 41
Conduit Mead, 97
“ Street, 96
Constitution Hill, 1
Congreve (Dramatist), 65
Cooper, Sir Astley, 98
Cope, Sir John, 34
Cork, Earl of, 94
“ Lady, 93
Cork Street, 76
Corticelli, 64
Cosway, Richard, 14, 48, 100
Cotton, Sir Vincent, 13
Coutts (Banker), 16
Coventry, Lord, 25, 86
Cowper, Lord Chancellor, 102
Coxe, Archdeacon, 11
Craggs (Secretary), 34, 72
Crewe House, 129
Crewe, Mrs., 54
Cricket Club, The First, 51
Crown Court, 43, 50
Curzon Chapel, 132
“ Street, 131
Damer, Col., 39
D’Arblay, General, 18
“ Madame, 18, 21, 125
Dashwood, Sir Francis, 104
Davies, of Ebury, Mary, 116
“ Street, 116
Davis, Moll (Actress), 64, 71
Davy, Sir Humphrey, 47, 109, 123
Deanery Street, 126
Delaney, Mrs., 18, 20, 22, 75, 88, 107
Denham, Lord, 82
Denman House, 80
Derby, Earl of, 68, 101
Devonshire, Duchess of, 15, 54
“ Duke of, 41
Devonshire House, 14, 15
Dilettanti, Society of, 42, 111
Dodsley (Publisher), 50, 75
Dorant’s Hotel, 10
Dorchester House, 137
Douglas, Jas. (Author), 16
Dover, Lord, 11
Dover Street, 11
Down Street, 26
Downshire House, 104
Ducking-Pond Row, 110
Dudley House, 136
Edgworth, Maria, 122
Eglinton Tournament, 44
Egremont House, 22
Egremont, Second Earl of, 22
Eldon, Lord, 33, 138
Eliot, George, 101
Elgin, Lord, 26
Ely House, 12
Farm Street, 128
Farquhar, Sir Walter, 98
Farren, Nellie (Actress), 99, 124
Fitzherbert, Mrs., 54, 111, 127
Fonthill, 119
Foote (Manager), 62
Fox, Charles James, 7, 10, 34, 43, 98, 111, 113, 126
Francis, Sir Philip, 41, 54, 70
Fribourg’s (Haymarket), 60
Gainsborough, Thomas, 48
Gallini, 66
Garrick, David, 40
Garth, Sir Samuel, 59
George Street, 99
George II., 36
“ III., Birthplace of, 68
Gibbon (Historian), 9, 38, 40, 42, 43, 74, 86
Gibbons, Grinling, 73
Gillray (Caricaturist), 12, 38, 75
Glover, “Leonidas”, 10
Gloucester Coffee House, 13
“ House, 26
“Golden Door,” The, 51
“Golden Lion,” The, 21
“Golden Pestle and Mortar,” The, 51
Gordon, Lord George, 124
Grafton, Duke of, 110
“ Galleries, 111
“ Street, 110
Granville, Lord, 110, 120, 139
Gray (Poet), 72
“Green Man and Still,” The, 14
Green Park, 29
Grenville, Geo., 18, 124
“ Thomas, 15, 33
Grey (Dramatist), 33
“The Greyhound”, 25
Grillion’s Hotel, 10
Grosvenor House, 125, 136
Grosvenor, Sir Richard, 108
“ Sir Thomas, 116
Grosvenor Square, 115, 117
“ Street, 108, 125
“ Street, Upper, 124
Grote, George (Historian), 94
Gunning, The Sisters, 25, 87, 133
Gwyn, Nell, 48, 85
Halfmoon Street, 21
Hamilton, Duke of, 5, 35, 50, 133
“ Lady, 21, 99
“ Place, 27, 138
“ Sir William, 99
“ “Single-speech”, 105, 124
Hampden House, 123
Handel, 65, 66, 107
Hanover Square, 102
“ “ Concert Rooms, 105
Harewood House, 103
Harley, Earl of Oxford, 11
Harley, Robert, 37
Hart, Emma (Lady Hamilton), 21, 99
Hastings, Warren, 34, 140
Hay Hill, 14, 111
Hayes Street, 129
Haymarket, 57
“ Theatre, 60
Heidegger, 65, 66
“Hercules’ Pillars”, 21
Hertford, Marquis of, 24
Hertford Street, 133
Hervey, Lord, 5, 6, 92
Hesketh, Lady, 124
Hill, Aaron, 25
Hill Street, 129
Hirsch, Baron, 20
His Majesty’s Theatre, 60, 64
Hoby (Bootmaker), 47
Hogarth, Wm., 77
Holford, Sir Henry, 132
Holland (Architect), 53
“ Sir Henry, 125
Hook, Theodore, 1, 33, 39
Hope, H. T., 26
“Horse-Shoe, The”, 21
Hume (Historian), 40
Hunter, 77
Huskisson, Wm., 109
Hyde Park Corner, 25, 27
Institute of Painters in Watercolours, 79
Institution, Royal, 10
Jekyll, 47
Jenner, Dr., 107, 139
Jenyns, Soame, 127
Jermyn Street, 11, 72
“ “ Origin of name of, 73
Jordan, Mrs. (Actress), 103
Johnson, Dr., 1, 43, 71, 118, 119, 121, 127
John Street, Pall Mall, 47, 128
Jones, Sir Thomas, 13
Kauffmann, Angelica, 109
Kean, Edmund, 21
Keith, Rev. Alex., 132
Kemble, Mrs. Chas., 21
Kent (Architect), 14
Kingston, Duke of, 34, 85, 99
King Street (St. James’s), 43
“King’s Arms,” The, 51
Lansdowne House, 14, 111
“ Passage, 14
Lawrence, Sir Thomas, 47, 87
Leicester Square, 75, 76
Leigh, Bob, 17
Le Telier’s Hotel, 12
Lepel, Molly, 6, 34
Lieven, Prince, 12
Lind, Jenny, 67
Lindhurst, Lord, 111
Lindsay, Lady Anne, 113
Locker-Lampson, 23
Londonderry House, 138
London Library, 69
London University, 79
Long’s Hotel, 87
Louis XVIII., 10, 122
Lowther, Rt. Hon. James, 108
Lynedoch, Lord, 16
Lytton, Bulwer, Lord, 81, 130, 134, 140
Macclesfield, Countess of, 86
Macintosh, Sir James, 10
Macaulay, Lord, 21, 33, 81
Mackreth, 37, 41
MacSwiney, Owen, 65
Maddox Street, 99
Mallet, 101
Malmesbury, Lord, 10, 129
Mann, Sir Horace, 51
Mario, 67
Market Street, 58
Marlborough, Sarah, Duchess of, 49
“ Great Duke of, 49, 72, 131
Marlborough House, 49
Martindale, 37
Mason (Poet), 33
Mayfair, 115
Mayfair, Origin of name of, 115, 116
Melbourne, Lord, 18, 21, 126
“Milk Ladies” of St. James’ Park, 128
Mitford, William (Author), 21
Mohun, Lord, 5, 50
Montagu, Mrs., 129
Montes, Lola, 21, 99
Moore, Thomas, 33, 73, 117
Morland, George, 59
Motley, J. L., 35
Mount Street, 125
Murray, John (Publisher), 10
Napoleon III., 43
Nash (Architect), 12, 55, 77
Nelson, Lord, 88
Newburgh, Lady, 69
Newton, Sir Isaac, 72
Niccolini, 65
Nightingale, Florence, 126
Nivernois, Duc de, 9
Norfolk House, 68
Norfolk Street, 124
North, Lord, 108, 118
Northcote (Artist), 86
Northumberland, Countess of, 37
Novosielski (Architect), 23, 66
O’Brien, Nellie (Actress), 123
O’Neil, Miss (Actress), 20
Oldfield, Nance, 59-60
Oliver’s Mound, 117
Opera House, Pall Mall, 64
Overstone, Lord, 124
Oxford, Harley, Earl of, 11, 103
Pall Mall, 44
Pall Mall Taverns, 50
“ Origin of name of, 52
“ Place, 50
Palmerston, Lord, 23, 45, 69, 127
Park Lane, 26, 135
“ Street, 120
Parnell (Poet), 34
Peel, Sir Robert, 31, 123, 127
Pelham, Henry, 34
Peterborough, Earl of, 18
Phœnix Inn Yard, 58
Piccadilly, 1
“ Butchers, 16
“ Circus, 75
“ Hotel, 79
“ Origin of name of, 7, 8
“ Terrace, 27
“ Turnpike, 28
Pickadilla Hall, 8, 77
Picton, Sir Thomas, 88, 89
Pitt, William, 95, 110, 113
Pope, Alexander, 3, 5, 11, 43
Porters’ Rest, 25
Portland, Duke of, 19
Portugal Street, 52, 78
Pozzo-di-Borgo, 12
Probyn, Capt., 13
Pulteney, Earl of Bath, 5, 18, 19, 34
Pulteney Hotel, 24
“Old Q.,” Duke of Queensberry, 7, 24, 27, 75
Queensberry, Duchess of, 6
“Queen’s Arms,” Pall Mall, 50
Queen Victoria, Attempt on life of, 32
Queen Caroline, 70, 122
Quaritch (Bookseller), 79
Raggett, 37
Raglan, Lord, 128
Raikes (Diarist), 17, 24, 118
“ Robert, 118
Regent, The Prince, 15, 53, 55
Reid, Hon. Whitelaw, 137
Reynolds, Sir Joshua, 11, 39, 77
Ritz Hotel, 23, 35
Robinson, Mrs. (“Perdita”), 34
Rodney, Lord, 33, 105
Rogers (Poet), 10, 33
Romney, Geo., 99
Rosebery, Earl of, 113
Rothschild, Leopold de, 139
“ Nathan, 25
Roxburgh, Duke of, 103
Royal Academy, 83
“ Institution, 10
“Rule Britannia” (Authorship), 101
Russell, Lord William, 124
Sackville Street, 78
St. Alban’s Street, 58
St. Alban’s, Duke of, 85
St. Anselm, Church of, 117
St. George’s, Hanover Square, 98
St. James’s Church, 73
“ Coffee House, 4
“ Hall, 79
“ Hotel, 14
“ Market, 58
“ Palace, 35, 44
“ Place, 33, 34
“ Square, 68
“ Street, 35
Salisbury, Lord, 34
Savile Place, 95
Savile Row, 95
Schomberg, Duke of, 48
Schomberg House, 48, 51
Scott, Sir Walter, 54, 73
Secker, Archbishop, 74
Sefton, Lord, 35
Selwyn, George, 6, 33, 40, 42, 87
Shackleton (Painter), 14
Shaftesbury, Lord, 120
Shelley, 21, 126
Shelburne, Earl of, 102
Sheridan, R. Brinsley, 40, 95, 102, 110, 133
Six Bell Alley, 58
Smirke (Architect), 45
Smith, Adam, 64
“ Sidney, 33, 73, 101, 106, 122, 127 130
Smith, J. T., 44
“Smyrna,” The, 51
Society of British Artists, 64
Somerset, Duchess of, 37
South Street, Mayfair, 126
Soyer, Alexis, 45
Spencer House, 33
Spong, M. H., 33
“Sporus,” (Lord Hervey), 5, 30
“Spread Eagle,” The, 75
Stael, Madame de, 101
Stafford House, 32
Standish, Sir Frank, 38
Stanhope Street, Great, 127
“Star and Garter,” Pall Mall, 14, 50
Steele, Richard, 4, 24
Stepney, Sir Thomas, 17
Sterne, Laurence, 86
Stevens’ Hotel, 89
Stratford de Redcliffe, Lord, 118
Stowell, Lord, 33
Stratton Street, 15
Stuart, James (Architect), 33
_Stuart, La Belle_, 72
“Sugar Loaf,” The, 51
Suffolk, Lady, 6, 95
Suffolk Street, 63
Sunderland House, 131
Sutton, Manners, 113
“Swan, The”, 21
Swift, Dean, 4, 86
Talleyrand, Prince, 46, 104
Tankerville, Lord, 51
Tart Hall, 29
Taylor, Sir Robert, 12
Tenison, Archbishop, 74, 97
Thatched House Court, 42
Thatched House Club, 42
Theatre, His Majesty’s, 60, 64
“ Haymarket, 60
Thomson, James (Poet), 88, 91, 101
Tierney (Politician), 96, 111
Tierney, Sir Matthew, 111
Tietjens, Madame, 67
Tilney Street, 126
Townshend, Lord, 33
Turnpike, The Piccadilly, 28
Tyburn Lane, 135
Tyburn, The, 106, 112
Tyburn Tree, 135
Ude (Chef), 35, 39
Uxbridge House, 93
Vanbrugh, Sir John, 64
Vandergucht, Gerard, 107
Vancouver (Traveller), 98
Vanderveld (Painter), 74
Van Nost (Architect), 23
Vardy (Architect), 33
Vesey, Mrs., 18
Vestris, Madame, 132
Victoria, Queen, Attempt on life of, 32
Vigo Street, 94
Wake, Archbishop, 74
Wales, Frederick, Prince of, 53
Wales, George, Prince of, 53
Wallace, Sir Richard, 24
Waller, 43
Walpole, Horace, 6, 22, 33, 37, 40, 43, 109
“ Sir Robert, 12, 34
War Office, Old, 48
Warwick House, 55
“ Street, 55
Warwick, Sir Philip, 55
Watier (Chef), 16, 17
Watiers’ Club, 16
Watkin Williams Wynn, Sir, 70
Waverton Street, 128
Wellington, Duke of, 27, 39, 45, 54, 93, 139
Wernher, Sir Julius, 20
West (Painter), 78
Western Exchange, The, 91
Wharton, Duke of, 5, 11, 98
“White Bear,” The, Piccadilly, 78
“White Horse,” The, 21
“White Horse Cellar”, 12
White, Miss Lydia, 123
White’s Chocolate House, 4
Whitehead (Poet), 37
Wilberforce, 38, 40, 98
Wilbraham, Rodger, 41
Wilkes (Demagogue), 10, 34
William IV., 130
Williams, Sir Charles Hanbury, 19
Willis’s Rooms, 44
Wimborne, Lord, 35
Wolfe, General, 43, 92
“Woods, at the Pell Mell”, 51
Worcester, Lord, 13
Wortley-Montagu, Lady Mary, 6, 34, 102
Wright, Whittaker, 138
Wyatt, Sir Thomas, 112
Wyndham, Sir William, 11
Yarborough, Lord, 34, 35
York, Edward, Duke of, 6, 32
York, James, Duke of, 31
Zoffany (Painter), 10
FOOTNOTES:
[1] It has been suggested that the name may have had its origin in the
famous “Pickadilla” cakes first made in old Pickadilla Hall, and made
and sold at “Stewart’s” to the present day. [Publisher’s Note.]
[2] The great authority for it is Mr. Arthur Dasent’s book, while I
have a chapter on it in my “History of the Squares of London.”--E. B. C.
[3] As an example of the rebuilding of Piccadilly, so rapidly going
on during the last few years, a drawing of one of its handsomest
structures, Denman House, at the corner of Air Street, is given. Built
in 1903, it replaces the old building, where the late Mr. James L.
Denman had been established for over half a century. Messrs. Denman &
Co., having acquired the freeholds of the vineyards of the celebrated
“J. Lemoine,” Champagne, and also the “Chateau Livran” estate with its
350 acres of vines in the Medoc, required larger premises. Denman House
was therefore built, from the designs of Mr. Harold A. Woodington,
A.R.I.B.A. The upper part of the old building, which appears in the
vignette, was leased in the early fifties to the Marquis Townshend for
the Pall Mall Club.--(Publishers’ Note).
Transcriber's Notes:
Italics are shown thus: _sloping_.
Variations in spelling and hyphenation are retained.
Perceived typographical errors have been changed.
*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WANDERINGS IN LONDON, PICCADILLY, MAYFAIR, AND PALL MALL ***
Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will
be renamed.
Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright
law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works,
so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United
States without permission and without paying copyright
royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part
of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™
concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark,
and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following
the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use
of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for
copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very
easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation
of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project
Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away—you may
do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected
by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark
license, especially commercial redistribution.
START: FULL LICENSE
THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free
distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project
Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full
Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or online at
www.gutenberg.org/license.
Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg™
electronic works
1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or
destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your
possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a
Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not agree to be bound
by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person
or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be
used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few
things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic works
even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See
paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this
agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg™
electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.
1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the
Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection
of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the individual
works in the collection are in the public domain in the United
States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the
United States and you are located in the United States, we do not
claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing,
displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as
all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope
that you will support the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting
free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg™
works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the
Project Gutenberg™ name associated with the work. You can easily
comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the
same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when
you share it without charge with others.
1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are
in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States,
check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this
agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing,
distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any
other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes no
representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any
country other than the United States.
1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other
immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must appear
prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™ work (any work
on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or with which the
phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed,
performed, viewed, copied or distributed:
This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online
at www.gutenberg.org. If you
are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws
of the country where you are located before using this eBook.
1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is
derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not
contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the
copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in
the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are
redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project
Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply
either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or
obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg™
trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted
with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works
posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the
beginning of this work.
1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg™
License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg™.
1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg™ License.
1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including
any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access
to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work in a format
other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in the official
version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website
(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense
to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means
of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain
Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the
full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works
provided that:
• You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the method
you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed
to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, but he has
agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid
within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are
legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty
payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in
Section 4, “Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation.”
• You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™
License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all
copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue
all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™
works.
• You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of
any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of
receipt of the work.
• You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.
1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project
Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different terms than
are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing
from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of
the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set
forth in Section 3 below.
1.F.
1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project
Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg™
electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may
contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate
or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other
intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or
other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or
cannot be read by your equipment.
1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the “Right
of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
DAMAGE.
1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you
received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium
with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you
with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in
lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person
or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second
opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If
the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing
without further opportunities to fix the problem.
1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO
OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT
LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of
damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement
violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the
agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or
limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or
unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the
remaining provisions.
1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in
accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the
production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™
electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses,
including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of
the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this
or any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or
additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any
Defect you cause.
Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg™
Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It
exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations
from people in all walks of life.
Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s
goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will
remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future
generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see
Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org.
Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit
501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification
number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by
U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws.
The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West,
Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up
to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website
and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact
Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation
Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without widespread
public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest
array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations
($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
status with the IRS.
The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations
where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND
DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state
visit www.gutenberg.org/donate.
While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
approach us with offers to donate.
International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation
methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other
ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To
donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate.
Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg™ electronic works
Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be
freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of
volunteer support.
Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed
editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in
the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not
necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper
edition.
Most people start at our website which has the main PG search
facility: www.gutenberg.org.
This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™,
including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
