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Title: The Repair Of Casa Grande Ruin, Arizona, in 1891
Fifteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1893-94,
Government Printing Office, Washington, 1897, pages 315-348
Author: Cosmos Mindeleff
Release Date: January 10, 2006 [EBook #17488]
Language: English
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[Transcriber's Note:
All brackets except those used with footnotes are in the original text,
as are asterisks indicating long ellipsis.]
* * * * *
THE REPAIR OF CASA GRANDE RUIN, ARIZONA, IN 1891
BY
COSMOS MINDELEFF
* * * * *
CONTENTS
Introduction 321
Description of the ruins 321
Condition of Casa Grande in 1891 323
Plans for the repairs 325
Execution of the work 326
Reservation of the land 330
Specimens found in the excavations 330
Exhibits 333
I. Contract for repairing and preserving
Casa Grande ruin, Arizona 333
II. Plans and specifications for the preservation
of the Casa Grande ruin, Arizona, 1891 335
General requirements 335
Clearing out the debris 335
Underpinning walls 336
Filling in openings 336
Bracing 336
Wire fencing 337
Roof 337
III. Plans and sections 337
IV. Oath of disinterestedness 338
V. Bids 338
VI. Indorsements 339
VII. Report of Mr H. C. Rizer 340
Supplement 344
Correspondence and report relating to the condition
of Casa Grande in 1895, with recommendations concerning
its further protection 344
I. Letter of Reverend Isaac T. Whittemore, custodian
of Casa Grande, to the Secretary of the Interior,
recommending an appropriation for further
protecting the ruin 344
II. Indorsement of Mr Whittemore's letter by the Acting
Secretary of the Interior 344
III. Letter of the Acting Director of the Bureau of
American Ethnology to the Secretary of the
Interior suggesting an examination of Casa Grande
with a view of its further protection 344
IV. Letter of the Acting Secretary of the Interior
to the Director of the Bureau of American
Ethnology approving the suggestion that Casa
Grande be visited with a view of determining the
desirability of its further protection 347
V. Letter of the Director of the Bureau of American
Ethnology to the Secretary of the Interior
regarding the examination of Casa Grande by
Mr W J McGee 347
VI. Report of the Director of the Bureau of American
Ethnology to the Secretary of the Interior on the
examination of the condition of Casa Grande by
Mr W J McGee, with a recommendation concerning
its further protection 348
ILLUSTRATIONS
Plate CXII. Map of the Casa Grande group 321
CXIII. Ground plan of Casa Grande ruin 322
CXIV. General view of Casa Grande 325
CXV. Interior wall surface 326
CXVI. West front of Casa Grande showing blocks of masonry 329
CXVII. Plan showing ground-level erosion, tie-rods,
limits of work, and lines of ground sections 330
CXVIII. East-and-west ground sections 333
CXIX. North-and-south ground sections 335
CXX. South front of the ruin, showing underpinning
and ends of tie-rods 337
CXXI. View from the southeast before the completion
of the work 339
CXXII. Suggested plan of roof and support 340
CXXIII. Section through _A-B_ of roof plan,
showing suggested roof support 343
CXXIV. Section through _C-D_ of roof plan,
showing suggested roof support 345
CXXV. Map showing location of Casa Grande reservation 346
[Transcriber's Note:
In the original, all illustrations are full-page plates distributed
evenly through the text. Their exact position has not been shown in
this e-text.]
* * * * *
THE REPAIR OF CASA GRANDE RUIN
By Cosmos Mindeleff
* * * * *
INTRODUCTION
In March, 1889, an appropriation of $2,000 was made by Congress for the
repair of Casa Grande ruin in southern Arizona. This amount was
insufficient for complete restoration, but under the authority of the
act of Congress making the appropriation some work was done. Partly as
an aid to further possible work, and partly that there may be an
available record of what has been done for the benefit of future
students of American archeology, this report is presented.
A full description of Casa Grande has been given by the writer in a
published memoir[1] on that ruin, hence only a brief account will now be
necessary to aid in making the present report intelligible. Following
this description is a statement of the condition of the ruin in 1891 and
of the plans formed for its repair, the latter being necessarily
controlled by the amount appropriated. After this there is an account of
the work done, from the passage of the bill until the delivery of the
work to the agent of the United States who received it, and of the
reservation, of an area of land about the ruin by order of the
President. This is followed by a catalogue of the articles found during
the excavations in and about the ruin, which were subsequently deposited
in the National Museum; a transcript of the contract under which the
work was done, including specifications, plans, and sections, and the
report of Mr H. C. Rizer, who inspected and received the work. Finally,
there are appended the correspondence and report relating to the
condition of Casa Grande in 1895, with recommendations concerning its
further protection.
[Footnote 1: Thirteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology,
p. 289 et seq.]
Casa Grande has occupied a very important place in the literature of
American archeology, a place which it doubtless will continue to occupy;
and as dates are frequently of importance an effort has been made to
make the present report as full as possible in that respect.
DESCRIPTION OF THE RUINS
Casa Grande appears to be the sole surviving remnant of an extensive and
important class of remains in the southwest. These remains occur usually
in large groups or clusters, and Casa Grande is no exception. The name
has been ordinarily applied to a single house structure standing near
the southwestern corner of a large area covered by mounds and other
debris; but some writers have applied the term to the southwestern
portion of the area, others to the whole area.
Probably no two investigators would assign exactly the same limits to
this area, as its margins merge imperceptibly into the surrounding
country. The accompanying map (plate CXII) shows the limits of the ruins
as interpreted by the writer. The surface covered by well-defined
remains, as there shown, extends about 1,800 feet north and south and
1,500 feet east and west, or a total area of about 65 acres.
Casa Grande ruin occupies a position near the southwestern corner of the
group, and its size is insignificant as compared with the entire cluster
of ruins, or even with the remains of the large structure which occupied
the north-central part of the area. The contour interval on the map is 1
foot, sufficiently small to show much surface detail. The depressions
are indicated by dotted contours.
Within the area shown on the map there are a large number of mounds,
more or less leveled by long-continued exposure to the elements. Some
appear to be quite old, others represent buildings which were standing
within the historic period, and many interesting features are presented
which can not even be alluded to here.
Casa Grande proper was one of the smallest of the house clusters, but it
is unique in that the walls are still standing to a height of more than
25 feet. While fragments of standing wall are not uncommon, either in
the area mentioned or in the valleys of Gala and Salt rivers generally,
no other example exists, so far as known, so well preserved as the one
under consideration.
For miles around Casa Grande the ground surface is so flat that from the
summit of the walls an immense stretch of country is brought under view
in every direction. In the whole southwest, where there are thousands of
ruins, many of which represent villages located with especial reference
to outlook, there are few, if any, so well situated as this.
A ground plan of the ruin is shown in plate CXII and a general view in
plate CXIV. The area covered and inclosed by standing walls is about 43
by 59 feet, but the building is not exactly rectangular, nor do its
sides exactly face the cardinal points, notwithstanding many published
statements to that effect. The building comprised three central rooms,
each approximately 10 by 24 feet, arranged side by side with the longer
axes north and south, and two other rooms, each about 9 by 35 feet,
occupying, respectively, the northern and southern ends of the building,
and arranged transversely across the ends of the central rooms, the
longer axes running east and west. Excepting the central tier of rooms,
which was three stories high, all the walls rose to a height of two
stories above the ground. The northeastern and southeastern corners of
the structure have fallen, and large blocks of the material of which
they were composed are strewn upon the ground in the vicinity.
The exterior walls rise to a height of from 20 to 25 feet above the
ground. This height accommodated two stories, but the top of the wall is
from 1 to 2 feet higher than the roof level of the second story. The
middle room or space was built up three stories high, and the walls are
still standing to a height of 28 to 30 feet above the ground level. The
tops of the walls, while rough and greatly eroded, are approximately
level. The exterior surface of the walls is rough, as shown in the
illustrations, but the interior walls of the rooms are finished with a
remarkable degree of smoothness, so much so that it has attracted the
attention of everyone who has visited the ruin. Plate CXV shows this
feature. At the ground level the exterior wall is from 3½ to 4½ feet
thick, and in one place over 5 feet thick. The interior walls are from 3
to 4 feet thick. At the tops the walls are about 2 feet thick. The
building was constructed by crude methods, thoroughly aboriginal in
character, and there is no uniformity in its measurements. The walls,
even in the same room, are not of even thickness; the floor joists were
seldom in a straight line, and measurements made at similar places (for
example, at the two ends of a room) seldom agree.
Casa Grande is often referred to as an adobe structure, but this use of
the term is misleading. Adobe construction consists of the use of molded
brick, dried in the sun, but not baked. The walls here are composed of
huge blocks of rammed earth, 3 to 5 feet long, 2 feet high and 3 to 4
feet thick. These blocks were not molded and then laid in the wall, but
were manufactured in place.
Plate CXVI shows the character of these blocks. The material employed
was admirably suited for the purpose, being when dry almost as hard as
sandstone and nearly as durable. A building with walls of this material
would last indefinitely, provided a few slight repairs were made at the
conclusion of each rainy season. When abandoned, however, sapping at the
ground level would commence and would in time bring down all the walls;
yet in the two centuries which have elapsed since Padre Kino's visit to
this place--and Casa Grande was then a ruin--there has been but little
destruction from the elements, the damage done by relic hunters during
the last twenty years being, in fact, much greater than that due to all
causes in the preceding two centuries.
The building was well provided with doorways and other openings,
arranged in pairs, one above the other. There were doorways from each
room into every adjoining room, except that the rooms of the middle tier
were entered only from the east. Some of the openings were not used, and
were closed with blocks of solid masonry, built into them long prior to
the final abandonment of the structure.
CONDITION OF CASA GRANDE IN 1891
The south and east fronts of Casa Grande seem to have suffered,
particularly from the weather, and here rainstorms have probably caused
some of the damage. The outer faces of the walls are of the same
material as the wall mass, all the masonry being composed of earth from
the immediate site. In the construction of the walls this soil was laid
up in successive courses of varying thickness, whose limits form clearly
defined and approximately horizontal joints. The northeast and southeast
corners of the building have entirely fallen away, and low mounds of
their debris still show many knobs and lumps, parts of the original wall
mass.
The destruction of the walls was due mainly to undermining at the ground
level. The character of this undermining is shown in many of the
illustrations to this report, especially in plate CXVI, and its extent
is indicated on the accompanying ground plan (plate CXVII) by dotted
lines within the wall mass. Although the material of which the walls are
composed is very hard when dry, and capable of resisting the destructive
influences to which it has been subjected for a long time, yet under
certain conditions it becomes more yielding. The excessively dry climate
of this region, which in one respect has made the preservation of the
ruin possible, has also furnished, in its periodic sandstorms, a most
efficient agent of destruction. The amount of moisture in the soil is so
small as scarcely to be detected, but what there is in the soil next to
the walls is absorbed by the latter, rising doubtless by capillary
attraction to a height of a foot or more from the ground. This portion
of the wall being then more moist than the remainder, although possibly
only in an infinitesimal degree, is more subject to erosion by flying
sand in the windstorms so frequent in this region, and gradually the
base of the wall is eaten away until the support becomes insufficient
and the wall falls en masse. The plan shows that in some places the
walls have been eaten away at the ground level to a depth of more than a
foot. Portions of the south wall were in a dangerous condition and
likely to fall at any time.
Visiting tourists have done much damage by their vandalism. They have
torn out and carried away every lintel and every particle of visible
wood in the building. After the removal of the lintels a comparatively
short time elapses before the falling in of the wall above. Apparently
but a small amount of this damage can be attributed to rainstorms,
which, although rare in this region, are sometimes violent. There is
evidence that the present height of the walls is nearly the original
height, in other words, that the loss from surface erosion in several
centuries has been trifling, although numerous opinions to the contrary
have been expressed by causal observers. The eastern wall has suffered
more from this cause than the others; a belt on the northern half,
apparently softer than the remainder of the wall, has been eaten away to
a depth of nearly a foot. The interior wall faces are in good condition
generally, except about openings and in places near the top.
Evidences of the original flooring are preserved in several of the
rooms, especially in the north room. The flooring conformed to the
pueblo type in the use of a series of principal beams, about 3 inches in
diameter, above which was a secondary series smaller in size and placed
quite close together, and above this again a layer of rushes with a
coating of clay. All the walls show evidences of the principal series of
beams in the line of holes formed by their ends where they were embedded
in the walls. In the south wall, in parts of the east wall high up on
the level of the upper roof, and in parts of other walls a few stumps of
floor beams remained. These specimens of aboriginal woodwork have
survived only because they are not in sight from the ground, and their
existence therefore was not suspected by the tourists. Evidence of the
other features of the floor construction can be seen on the walls in
places where they have left an imprint, as described in the memoir
previously cited.
No single opening remains intact, as the lintels have been removed from
every one of them. This is particularly unfortunate, for openings at
their best are an element of weakness in a wall, and here each opening,
after the lintel was removed, became, as it were, a center of weakness
from which the destruction of the wall mass gradually proceeded further
and further.
PLANS FOR THE REPAIRS
The plans for the repair of the ruin and its preservation included the
reservation of the area covered by remains and, if possible, its
inclosure, for within that area are exhibited all the various degrees of
decay and disintegration which clearly link the comparatively well
preserved Casa Grande with the numerous almost obliterated ruins along
the Gila and the Salt, whose vestiges will become even less distinct as
time passes and cultivation increases.
It was deemed necessary to remove all the rubbish and debris within the
building and from an area measuring 10 feet from the outer walls in
every direction. Plate CXVII shows the extent of this area, and six
sections are shown in plates CXVIII and CXIX, three on east-and-west
lines and three on north-and-south lines. The lines along which these
sections were made are indicated on the plan, plate CXVII. The ground
level was determined by excavation, and is of course only approximate.
The sections show the estimated amount of debris which was to be
removed. Aside from other considerations, it was necessary to uncover
the walls to the ground level in order to do the necessary underpinning.
It was planned to underpin the walls, where erosion at the ground level
had weakened them, with hard-burned brick laid in cement mortar. Plate
CXVII shows in a measure the extent of this erosion. The brick surface
was to be set back an inch or two and faced with that thickness of
cement mortar. Plate CXX shows the south front and plate CXXI the south
and east fronts when the brickwork was completed, but before it was
plastered, and will illustrate what was planned better than can a
description.
This treatment, it was believed, would give a surface capable of
effectually resisting atmospheric influences and the destructive action
of flying sand, and at the same time would not disfigure the ruin by
making the repairs obtrusive.
The broken-out lintels of openings were to be replaced, and the cavities
above them filled in with brick faced with mortar similar to the
underpinning.
The south wall, which was in a dangerous condition, was to be supported
by three internal braces, as shown in the plan, plate CXVII. The longest
brace or beam was necessarily of wood, as the wide range of temperature
in this region, even between day and night, would produce so much
expansion and contraction in an iron rod 60 feet long that without some
compensating device the wall would be rocked on its base and its rapid
destruction necessarily follow.
EXECUTION OF THE WORK
Appended to that portion of the sundry civil appropriation act approved
March. 2, 1889,[1] in which certain expenses of the United States
Geological Survey are provided for, is the following item:
Repair of the ruin of Casa Grande, Arizona: To enable the Secretary
of the Interior to repair and protect the ruin of Casa Grande,
situate in Pinal County, near Florence, Arizona, two thousand
dollars; and the President is authorized to reserve from settlement
and sale the land on which said ruin is situated and so much of the
public land adjacent thereto as in his judgment may be necessary for
the protection of said ruin and of the ancient city of which it is a
part.
[Footnote 1: 25 Statutes, p. 961.]
On the 12th of April, 1889, there was a conference between the Secretary
of the Interior and the Commissioner of the General Land Office looking
to the execution of the law, and on the 16th of that month the
Commissioner submitted a statement on the subject, calling attention to
the fact that the appropriation would not be available until July 1
following, and suggesting that a special agent should be sent out to
examine the ruin. This suggestion was approved, and on April 27, 1889,
Special Agent Alexander L. Morrison, of the General Land Office, was
instructed to proceed to the ruins for the purpose of investigating and
reporting as to what method should be adopted for their repair and
protection. Mr Morrison was further instructed to report "all the facts
obtainable as regards said ruins of 'Casa Grande,' in order that
appropriate action may be taken by the Department for its preservation."
On May 15,1889, Mr Morrison submitted a report to the Commissioner,
describing his journey, the location of the ruin, the ruin itself, and
other ruins in the vicinity. He stated that danger to the ruin was of
three kinds--(1) by vandalism, (2) by elements, (3) by undermining. He
recommended the construction of a roof and an underpinning of stone for
the walls. Finally, he gave some historical notes, and closed with a
peroration.
Mr Morrison's plans were found impracticable, as their execution would
require an expenditure of many times the sum appropriated, and on
September 23, 1889, all the papers in the case were transmitted by the
Secretary to the Director of the Geological Survey, "for appropriate
action under the clause of the act referred to, as being within the
province of your Bureau." It was ordered that the work be commenced
without the least delay, and November 27, 1889, Mr Victor Mindeleff, of
the Bureau of Ethnology, was detailed by the Director and ordered to
proceed to the ruin and report on the best means of repairing it and
protecting it from further destruction. He was also directed to make
other investigations in the vicinity, which have no relation to the
present case.
On July 1, 1890, Mr Mindeleff submitted a report. He described the ruins
of which Casa Grande is the type, and also Casa Grande itself. He also
made a statement of the condition of the ruin and suggested that the
main destruction "was due to the undermining of the walls, and stated
that much damage had been done by tourists. He recommended (1) that an
area about the ruin be fenced in; (2) that a man be located permanently
on the ground to watch the ruins; (3) that the ruins be cleaned out; (4)
that the walls be underpinned with brick instead of stone, as previously
suggested; (5) that the tops of the walls, after removing several inches
to afford a good bearing surface, be treated with a coping of cement. It
was regarded that this plan, if carried into effect, would afford
sufficient protection against the weather, but a plan for a roof was
submitted should such a structure be deemed desirable and practicable.
Mr Mindeleff also recommended a number of tie-rods and beams, the
replacement of the broken-out lintels, and the filling of the cavities
above.
This plan was approved in its general features, but the means provided
for its execution were found insufficient. A further complication arose
from the fact that a few months later Mr Mindeleff severed his
connection with the Bureau of Ethnology and his knowledge became no
longer available.
November 20, 1890, the writer was ordered to proceed to the ruin and
inaugurate the work of repair, following, so far as practicable, the
plans already approved. He left Washington soon afterward and reached
the ruin late in December. It was found necessary to make a detailed
survey of the ruin and of the group of which it forms a part, and to
make plans and sections showing the probable amount of excavation for
the use of those who were invited to bid on the work. Furthermore, the
amount appropriated was so well known to be inadequate that great
difficulty was experienced in obtaining bids, and it was only through
the efficient cooperation of the Reverend I. T. Whittemore at Florence
and of Mr C. A. Garlick at Phoenix that success was finally achieved.
Two bids were received from the former place and one from the latter;
but this was not accomplished until March 17, 1891, the date when the
last bid was received. In the meantime the writer, having completed his
work at Casa Grande, so far as he could, had entered, in January, on an
archeologic investigation of the valley of the Rio Verde, in compliance
with his orders to that effect.
It was found impossible to execute all the work deemed requisite for the
preservation of the ruin within the limits of the appropriation. A
selection of items became necessary, therefore, and those which were of
most importance were chosen. Even in this, however, it was found that a
maximum limit on the amount of work to be done on each item must be set,
and this limit was considerably below the amount of work estimated to be
necessary.
The first thing to be done was, of course, the clearing out of the
rubbish and debris. The item next in importance was the underpinning of
the walls with brick wherever it was needed. The third item was the
restoration of the lintels and the filling of the cavities above them.
The fourth item was the tying in of the south wall, or of the several
parts of it, with braces. This was the only feature of the plan which
would appreciably disfigure the ruin, but some such device was deemed
essential for the preservation of the south wall.
These four items consumed practically all of the amount appropriated,
and the other items of the original plan were therefore omitted. The bid
of T. L. Stouffer and F. E. White, of Florence, Arizona, covering the
four items, was accepted, and a contract was made with them, under date
of May 9, 1891, for the execution of the work for the sum of $1,985.
This contract, together with the specifications, plans, and other
drawings which formed part of it, accompany this report. It was
transmitted to the Director of the Geological Survey, and by him
approved and forwarded to the Secretary of the Interior June 6, 1891. It
was approved by the Acting Secretary June 20, 1891. Finally, on July 20,
1891, it was placed on file, together "with the bids, proposals, and all
the original papers."
A time limit of two months was made in the contract, expiring August 20,
1891, but it was changed to four months from July 1, 1891, expiring
October 31, 1891. Before the time expired, however, Mr H. G. Rizer, then
chief clerk of the Bureau of Ethnology, was ordered to proceed to Casa
Grande ruin to examine the work done and, if in accord with the terms of
the contract and the specifications, to certify the amount due the
contractors. He submitted a report, under date of November 24, 1891,
which is appended hereto. He also obtained six photographic negatives of
the work as it stood a short time before its completion, and two of
these (reproduced in plates CXX and CXXI) have been utilized in the
preparation of this report.
Mr Rizer found that a considerable amount of work had been done by the
contractors in excess of that authorized, and also that not sufficient
work had been done to render the repairs permanently effective. Under
the terms of the contract, no amount in excess of that stated ($1,985)
could be paid, and payment of this amount was made late in 1891. On
January 7, 1892, the contractors filed a claim for extra work on the
ruin amounting to $600.40. The work was actually performed, but the
terms of the contract were clear, and the claim was therefore
disapproved January 28, 1892.
It would have been desirable to have had a supervisor of the work, but
as the contract consumed practically all of the amount appropriated no
provision could be made for one. It is fortunate, therefore, that the
Reverend I. T. Whittemore, who had in the meantime been appointed
honorary custodian of the ruin, generously undertook to look after the
work without compensation, and on its conclusion the small sum remaining
($15) was turned over to him, thus exhausting the appropriation. In the
sundry civil appropriation act for the year ending June 30, 1893,
provision was made for a salaried custodian of the ruin, and Mr
Whittemore was appointed to this position. Similar provision has been
continued from year to year to the present time.
It is to be regretted that the necessities of the case, imposed by the
limited amount appropriated, compelled the fixing of a maximum amount of
work so far below the amount necessary that the repair of the ruin is
incomplete. Had it been possible to carry out the plans, it is believed
that the ruin would have stood unchanged for many decades, if not for a
century. Should further provision be made for the continuation of the
work, it should include an item for the fencing of the area covered by
the ruins or of the reservation, and possibly an item for the
construction of a roof.
It is not clear that a roof is absolutely necessary, but it is certain
that it would be very undesirable. The region where this rain occurs has
probably less rainfall than any other part of the United States, but it
must not be forgotten that while rainstorms are infrequent they are
sometimes violent, and what damage they do may be done in a few hours.
All the items for the repair of the ruin, except that pertaining to a
roof, were so devised that the ruin was not materially disfigured or
changed, and were they fully carried out the ruin would present much the
same general appearance as before. It is important that this appearance
should be preserved as far as possible, but it can not be maintained if
a roof is erected over the walls. As four years have elapsed since the
completion of the work, it should be possible now to determine whether
atmospheric erosion has played a material part in the work of
destruction.[1]
[Footnote 1: See the letter of the Director of the Bureau of
American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Interior regarding the
examination of Casa Grande by Mr W J McGee in the supplement to
the present paper.]
In the original plans and in the specifications which formed part of the
contract (although this section was not operative) a plan for a roof was
included. Such a structure, if erected at all, should be made as
inconspicuous as possible and should be supported entirely from within
the building. The system of framing employed might safely be left to the
contractor if he were made responsible for the strength of the completed
structure.
RESERVATION OF THE LAND
The final step in the execution of the law quoted was taken June 22,
1892. On that date the recommendation of the writer to the Director of
the Geological Survey, referred by him to the Secretary of the Interior
and by the latter to the President, was finally approved, and it was
ordered that an area of land sufficient for the preservation of the
ruin, and comprising in all 480 acres, be reserved under authority of
act of Congress approved March 2, 1889. This area is shown on the map
reproduced in plate CXXV, the base of which is a map accompanying the
report of Mr H. C. Rizer.
The letter of the Secretary of the Interior recommending the reservation
of the Casa Grande tract, with its indorsement by the President, is as
follows:
Department of the Interior,
_Washington, June 20, 1893_.
Sir: I have the honor to recommend that the SW. ¼ SW. ¼, SE. ¼ SW.
¼, SW. ¼ SE. ¼ section 9, NW. ¼, NW. ¼ NE. ¼, SW. ¼ NE. ¼, NW. ¼ SW.
¼, NE. ¼ SW. ¼, and NW. ¼ SE. ¼ section 16, all in township 5 south,
range 8 east, Gila and Salt river meridian, Arizona, containing 480
acres more or less, and including the Casa Grande ruin, be reserved
in accordance with the authority vested in you by the act of March
2, 1889 (25 Stat., 961), for the protection of the ruin.
The Director of the Bureau of Ethnology requests that the
reservation be made, and the Acting Commissioner of the General Land
Office knows of no objection to such action.
Very respectfully,
John W. Noble,
_Secretary_.
The President.
[_Indorsement by the President_]
Executive Mansion, _June 23, 1892_.
Let the lands described within be reserved for the protection of the
Casa Grande ruin as recommended by the Secretary of the Interior.
Benj. Harrison.
The limits of this reservation are laid down on the plat of the survey
of said township in the General Land Office, and the reservation is now
under the control of the Secretary of the Interior.
SPECIMENS FOUND IN THE EXCAVATIONS
In the course of the excavations a number of specimens of archeologic
interest were unearthed. These were all preserved and on the conclusion
of the work were forwarded to the National Museum in Washington, in
compliance with the terms of the contract. Following is a list showing
the collection number and also the Museum number.
National Museum number
|
|Bureau of Ethnology number
| |
| | Article | Number of specimens
| | |
| | | | Remarks
--------+-----+---------------------+------+-----------------------------
| | | |
155088 | 595 | Fragments of large | Lot. | Plain red on both sides.
| | earthenware vessel. | |
155089 | 596 | Large bowl. | 1 | Red outside; black, polished
| | | | inside; restored.
155090 | 597 | Large vase. | 1 | Decorated outside; restored.
155091 | 598 | Pottery fragments. | 14 | Decorated.
155092 | 599 | Pottery vase (toy). | 1 | Small, dark brown.
155093 | 600 | Pottery bowl (toy). | 1 | Small, black.
155094 | 601 | Pottery disk or | 4 |
| | spindle. | |
155095 | 602 | Pottery toy | 1 | Dark brown.
| | (mountain goat). | |
| 603 | Adobe. | 2 | Lumps; 1 showing impression
| | | | of cloth, the other of a
| | | | human foot.
| 604 | Small shells. | Lot. |
| 605 | -- do -- | Lot. |
| 606 | Small shells(lonus?)| Lot. |
| 607 | Small shells (cut | Lot. | For use as pendants.
| | and perforated). | |
| 608 | Small shells, beads,| Lot. | 1 string and 2 fragments.
| | and pendants. | |
| 609 | Bone awls. | 3 |
| 610 | Bone fragments. | 6 | Partly charred.
| 611 | Chalk, obsidian | Lot. |
| | chips, and brown | |
| | adobe. | |
| 612 | Charred wood, 2 | 4 |
| | nuts, and a | |
| | corncob. | |
| 613 | Charred textiles, | 2 |
| | cloth. | |
| 614 | Wooden joist | 3 | 3, 6, and 9 inches long;
| | fragments. | | 4 inches diameter.
| 615 | Reed. | 1 | 12 inches long.
| 616 | Stone axes. | 7 | And 3 broken, grooved.
| 617 | Pounding stone and | 2 | Of sandstone, with
| | fragment. | | ring-shaped handle.
| 618 | Stone pestles | 2 | One 12½ inches long, 1¾
| | | | inches diameter; one 9½
| | | | inches long, 1¾ inches
| | | | diameter; also a fragment
| 619 | Stone mullers. | 4 |
| 620 | Stone hammers. | 6 | 1 pitted.
| 621 | Stone mullers, flat.| 6 | 5 broken.
| 622 | Stone mortar, flat. | 1 | 6½ by 12 inches; 2 inches
| | | | thick.
| 623 | -- do -- | 1 | 13 by 22 inches; 6 inches
| | | | thick.
| 624 | Stone, polished. | 1 | 22 inches long, 6½ inches
| | | | diameter; restored.
| 625 | Stone hoes or | 2 |
| | chopping knives. | |
| 626 | Limestone ornament. | 1 | Carved; fragmentary.
| 627 | Small stone vessel. | 1 | Serpent carved on the
| | | | outside.
| 628 | Stone arrowhead. | 2 | 1 of obsidian, very small,
| | | | and 1 of flint; also a
| | | | broken specimen.
Specimen number 627 B.E. was not obtained from the ruin itself, but
was found in that vicinity by Mr Whittemore and presented by him.
EXHIBITS
I. CONTRACT FOR REPAIRING AND PRESERVING CASA GRANDE RUIN, ARIZONA
_This contract_, made and entered into this ninth day of May, eighteen
hundred and ninety-one, between Theodore Louis Stouffer and Frederick
Emerson White, both of Florence, Arizona, as principals, and Augustine
Gray Williams, of Florence, Arizona, Andrew James Doran, of Florence,
Arizona, as sureties, of the first part, and the United States of
America, by Cosmos Mindeleff, acting for the Secretary of the Interior,
of the second part:
_Witnesseth_, That the said parties of the first part do hereby contract
and agree with the United States of America, as follows: That for the
consideration hereinafter mentioned they will at their own expense and
risk perform and execute the work upon the Casa Grande ruin, described
and specified in the specification hereto annexed and forming a part
hereof, in the manner and with the conditions specified, items of said
work to be as follows:
Item No. 1. Clearing out the débris: To excavate and remove 350 cubic
yards of earth and débris, or less, as specified, amount of excavation
not to exceed 350 cubic yards.
Item No. 2. Underpinning walls: To underpin the walls as specified,
requiring 750 cubic feet of brick masonry, or less, amount of masonry
not to exceed 750 cubic feet.
Item No. 3. Filling in cavities: To fill in cavities and openings as
specified, 500 lineal feet of 2 by 4 inches squared lumber and 800 cubic
feet of masonry, or less, whole amount of filling not to exceed 825
cubic feet.
Item No. 4. To brace the walls as specified in the annexed plan and
specifications.
Items numbered five and six of the specifications hereto annexed,
together with the plans, specifications, and conditions pertaining
especially and only to them and not to the other items, are omitted.
The said parties of the first part further contract and agree to deliver
over the work, completed and finished, to such person as the Secretary
of the Interior may designate, within two months after receipt of notice
that this contract has been approved by the Secretary of the Interior.
_It is further stipulated and agreed_, That should the parties of the
first part fail to complete the work within the time specified, or
should they deliver work which is not in accordance with the plans and
specifications hereto annexed, only such sum shall be paid for the work
as may be agreed upon by the said parties of the first part and the
Secretary of the Interior; and it is further stipulated and agreed on
the part of the parties of the first part that if the work is not
completed in the time specified and according to the specifications
hereto annexed they will pay to the United States a sum not exceeding
fifty dollars for each and every week after the time specified, such
payments to be deducted from the amount due for work done: _Provided_,
That the Secretary of the Interior, or such person as he may authorize
to do so, may extend the time for the completion of the work.
_And the United States of America_, by the said Cosmos Mindeleff, acting
for the Secretary of the Interior, do hereby contract and agree with the
said parties of the first part that for the aforesaid work, performed
and executed in the manner and under the conditions aforesaid, there
shall be paid to the said parties of the first part the following sums:
For item No. 1. For clearing out the débris, as specified and as above
limited, sixty cents ($0.60) for each cubic yard.
For item No. 2. For underpinning walls, as specified and as above
limited, one dollar ($1) for each cubic foot.
For item No. 3. For filling in cavities, as specified and as above
limited, one dollar ($1) for each cubic foot, including lumber.
For item No. 4. For bracing walls, as specified, two hundred dollars
($200). _Provided_, That payments for the work here contracted for shall
be made only after the inspection and approval of the work by such
person as the Secretary of the Interior shall designate.
It is an express condition of this contract that it shall have no force
or effect until it is submitted to and approved by the Secretary of the
Interior.
It is a further condition of this contract that no Member or Delegate
to Congress, or any other officer or agent of the United States, either
directly or indirectly, himself or by any other person in trust for him,
or for his use and benefit, or on his account, is a party to or in any
manner interested, in whole or in part, in this contract, or in the
enjoyments, benefits, profits, or emoluments arising therefrom.
(Signed) Theodore Louis Stouffer. [SEAL]
Frederick Emerson White. [SEAL]
Augustine Gray Williams. [SEAL]
Andrew James Doran. [SEAL]
Witnesses as to Stouffer, White, Doran, and Williams:
(Signed) Frank C. Kebbey,
_Clerk District Court, Second Judicial District,
Territory of Arizona_.
Cosmos Mindeleff, [SEAL]
_Acting for the Secretary of the Interior_.
Witnesses as to Cosmos Mindeleff:
(Signed) Jeff Hunt.
Chas. B. Eaman.
AFFIDAVIT OF CONTRACTORS
Territory of Arizona, _County of Pinal, ss:_
Augustine Gray Williams and Andrew James Doran, subscribers to and
sureties in the contract hereto annexed, being duly sworn, depose
and say, each for himself, that he is worth the sum of two thousand
dollars over and above all debts and liabilities which he owes or
has incurred, and exclusive of property exempt by law from levy and
sale under execution.
(Signed) Augustine Gray Williams. [SEAL]
Andrew James Doran. [SEAL]
Sworn to and subscribed before me this ninth day of May, A. D. 1891.
[SEAL] (Signed) Frank C. Kebbey,
_Clerk District Court, Second Judicial District,
Territory of Arizona_.
Territory of Arizona, _S Ct:_
I, Joseph H. Kebbey, associate justice of the supreme court of the
Territory of Arizona, certify that I am personally acquainted with
Augustine Gray Williams and Andrew James Doran, sureties, and that
in my opinion they are good and sufficient to the amounts in which
they have bound themselves in the foregoing contract.
Florence, Arizona Territory, 9th May, 1891.
(Signed) Joseph H. Kebbey,
_Associate Justice Supreme Court, Arizona Territory_.
II. PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR THE PRESERVATION OF THE CASA GRANDE
RUIN, ARIZONA, 1891
(_Attached to and forming part of contract_)
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
All the work upon this ruin is to be carried out in such a manner as to
interfere as little as possible with the present condition and
appearance of the building, and the contractors will be held responsible
for any injury to it.
The work is to be carried on under a supervisor, acting for the United
States, who shall have power to reject any materials it is proposed to
use in the work which are not in his judgment equal to those specified,
and he shall have power to have torn down any work done which he has
reason to suspect is not such as required by the specifications, but if
such work shall prove upon inspection to have been well done the
contractor may make a charge of the amount which would have been allowed
for that part of the work had it passed inspection.
When the work is completed it must pass the final inspection of the
supervisor, or such person as the Secretary of the Interior may
designate for the purpose.
1. CLEARING OUT THE DÉBRIS
The débris now filling up the interior is to be removed down to the
floor level, or the original ground level. The débris covering an area
measuring 10 feet from the exterior walls of the building in every
direction is also to be removed. This work is to be carried on in
conjunction with the underpinning of the walls, and is to be dependent
upon the progress of the latter, the work being done as required by the
person holding the contract for the underpinning. All proper precautions
must be observed during the progress of the work to prevent any injury
to the building, the walls being properly braced and supported before
excavation is commenced. The contractor will be held responsible for any
injury to the building. Any objects found of archeologic or other value
properly belong to the United States and must be deposited in the
National Museum. The material removed from the building and from the
area about it is to be removed to a proper distance, not less than 100
yards from the building. Proper drainage channels must be provided to
keep the excavated area permanently clear of water.
2. UNDERPINNING WALLS
The walls where eroded at the ground level are to be underpinned with
hard-burned brick, laid in good cement mortar and extending to a depth
of at least 12 inches below the original ground level. This work must be
carried on gradually and very carefully in conjunction with the clearing
out of the débris. The under surfaces of the overhanging walls must be
carefully trimmed to afford solid horizontal bearings against the
brickwork. The face of the brickwork is to be set back at least 1 inch
and not more than 2 inches from the face of the wall, and the brickwork
is to be plastered with a coating of cement mortar, 1 to 2 inches thick,
bringing it out flush with the outer wall.
3. FILLING IN OPENINGS
The broken-out lintels of openings are to be replaced by wooden lintels
composed of squared lumber, 2 by 4 inches in size, laid side by side
across nearly the whole thickness of the walls, with not more than 1
inch space between the boards, and of the same length as the original
lintels. The broken-out walls are to be trimmed to afford solid resting
places for the new lintels, which are to occupy the same horizontal
planes that the old ones did. The openings above the lintels are to be
filled in in the same manner as the underpinning previously described,
the tinder wall surfaces being carefully dressed to afford solid
horizontal bearings, the brick work being set back 1 inch from the wall
surfaces and plastered with a coating of cement mortar to bring it out
flush with the wall.
4. BRACING
One wooden brace and two iron braces are to be put in, as shown upon the
plan hereto annexed. The wooden brace is to be of one piece, or of two
pieces well bolted together, of selected lumber, free from knots and
other imperfections, squared, and measuring 6 by 8 inches in cross
section. The iron braces are to be of 1 inch diameter, best quality
wrought-iron rods. The bearing plates, four to each rod, are to be not
less than 10 inches in diameter, of sufficient strength, and securely
and permanently fastened to the braces.
5. WIRE FENCING
Such area as may be determined is to be fenced with the best quality of
galvanized iron barbed wire, strung upon posts placed 20 feet apart. The
posts are to be of mesquite, not less than 3 inches in diameter and of a
reasonable degree of straightness (not varying more than 5 inches from a
straight line). The posts are to be at least 6 feet 6 inches long and
are to be planted perpendicularly with 4 feet 6 inches clear and at
least 2 feet below the ground surface. Three lines of double wire are to
be stretched upon and securely fastened to the posts, the first at a
distance of 2 feet from the ground, the second at 3 feet, and the third
at 4 feet from the ground. Two gateways are to be provided, at such
points as may be directed, the side posts to be of squared timber, 6 by
6 inches in cross section, and the gates to be made of sawed lumber 1
inch by 5 inches, hung upon good iron hinges, and leaving a clear space
of not less than 12 feet when open, the whole to be executed in the best
and most workmanlike manner.
6. ROOF
The building is to be crowned by a roof of corrugated iron, supported in
the manner shown in the accompanying plan and sections. The uprights are
to be of selected squared lumber 1 foot square, each in a single piece,
the lower ends planted at least 3 feet below the original ground level,
and to be braced and tied to each other, as shown in the plan. The tie
pieces are to be of selected squared lumber, 4 inches by 6 inches in
cross section. The roof is to be framed and braced in the ordinary
manner, and this framing is to extend beyond the outer wall 6 feet. The
covering is to be a good quality of corrugated iron roofing, securely
fastened to the framework, and painted with three good coats of the best
quality of roof paint. The whole to be constructed and executed, in the
best and most workmanlike manner, of good materials throughout, and to
be of a strength sufficient to withstand the windstorms to which it may
be subjected.
III. PLANS AND SECTIONS--PRESERVATION OF THE CASA GRANDE RUIN, ARIZONA.
SCALE OF ALL THE PLANS AND SECTIONS. 0.1 INCH = 1 FOOT
Plans and sections accompanying specifications are as follows:
Plan showing tie-rods, limits of work, and lines of ground sections.
[Plate CXVII of this report.]
Three east-and-west sections to show estimated amount of excavation
necessary. [Plate CXVIII of this report.]
Three north-and-south sections to show estimated amount of excavation
necessary. [Plate CXIX of this report.]
Plan showing roof support. [Plate CXXII of this report.]
Two sections showing roof support. [Plate CXXIII and plate CXXIV of
this report.]
IV. OATH OF DISINTERESTEDNESS
I do solemnly swear that the copy of contract hereunto annexed is
an exact copy of contract made by me personally with Theodore Louis
Stouffer and Frederick Emerson White; that I made the same fairly,
without any benefit or advantage to myself, or allowing any such
benefit or advantage corruptly to the said Theodore Louis Stouffer
and Frederick Emerson White, or to any other person or persons; and
that the papers accompanying include all those relating to the said
contract, as required by the statute, in such case made and provided.
(Signed) Cosmos Mindeleff.
Sworn to and subscribed before me at Washington, D.C., this 18th day
of July, 1891.
[SEAL] (Signed) Jno. D. McChesney,
_Notary Public_.
V. BIDS
I
Bid for repairs on the Casa Grande ruins, in Pinal County,
Arizona, bidders to furnish all labor and materials according to
specifications:
Item No. 1. Cleaning out débris, 60 cents per cubic yard.
Item No. 2. Underpinning walls, $1 per cubic foot.
Item No. 3. Filling in openings, $1 per cubic foot.
Item No. 4. Bracing walls, $200.
Item No. 5. Wire fence, 3 cents per foot complete.
Item No. 6. Roof, $2,000.
(Signed) T. L. Stouffer.
F. E. White.
Florence, Arizona, _January 28, 1891_.
II
Bid for putting a roof on the Casa Grande ruins as per plans and
specifications furnished, $3,000.
(Signed) C. D. Henry.
III
Bid for fencing in the Casa Grande ruins: Furnishing the posts and
barbed wire, for 100 feet of fence, $7 per 100 feet.
(Signed) C. D. Henry.
IV
Bids for restoring the Casa Grande ruins:
First. Removing débris from interior of the ruins, 320 cubic yards,
more or less, $1 per yard; 140 cubic yards from exterior of the
ruins, at 60 cents per yard.
Second. Eight hundred cubic feet of brick masonry underpinning, more
or less, at $1.30 per cubic foot.
Third. One thousand cubic feet, more or less, of brick masonry to
fill in cavities, at $1.40 per cubic foot.
Fourth. Bracing walls, as per plans, $120.
Fifth. Five hundred lineal feet of 2 by 4 square timber at 8 cents
per foot, lumber measure.
(Signed) C. D. Henry.
V
Phoenix, Arizona, _February 11, 1891_.
Cosmos Mindeleff, Esq.,
_Tempe, Arizona_.
Dear Sir: I hereby submit for your consideration, in reference to
the plans and specifications for the preservation of the Casa Grande
ruins of Arizona, bids upon the following propositions, to wit:
First. "Cleaning out the débris." For the removal of 470 cubic yards
of material, more or less, at $2.65 per cubic yard.
Second. "Underpinning walls." For 800 cubic feet of brick masonry,
more or less, laid and plastered as specified, at $4.25 per cubic
foot.
Third. "Filling in openings." For filling in cavities in walls and
restoring lintels of openings, as specified, 1,000 cubic feet, more
or less, at $2.25 per cubic foot.
Fourth. "Bracing walls." For bracing walls, $85.30.
Fifth. "Wire fencing." Twenty-five dollars and twenty-five cents per
100 feet of completed fence.
Sixth. "Roofing." As per specifications, $4,722.
Respectfully submitted.
(Signed) M. E. Clauton.
VI. INDORSEMENTS
_Contract for the repair and preservation of the Casa Grande ruin,
Arizona, 1891_
Department of the Interior,
U. S. Geological Survey,
_June 6, 1891_.
Respectfully forwarded to the Secretary of the Interior, recommending
approval.
(Signed) J. W. Powell, _Director_.
Department of the Interior,
_June 20, 1891_.
The within contract is hereby approved.
(Signed) Geo. C. Chandler,
_Acting Secretary_.
June 30, 1891. Transmitted by J. W. Powell, Director, to the Secretary
of the Interior for file in returns office.
July 1, 1891. Returned for oath.
July 20, 1891. J. W. Powell, Director, transmits amended contract, with
bids, proposals, and all original papers attached.
VII. REPORT OF MR H. C. RIZER
Smithsonian Institution,
Bureau of Ethnology,
Washington, _November 24, 1891_.
Honorable J. W. Powell,
_Director of the Bureau of Ethnology_.
Sir: Complying with your order directing me to proceed to Florence,
Arizona, to witness the closing up of the work under contract for
the preservation of Casa Grande ruin near that place, and to report
to you the amount and character of the work accomplished, certifying
the amount due the contractors under each item, I have the honor to
submit the following report:
I visited the ruin first on October 20, and found the work well
advanced. Steady progress was made from said date until October 31,
the limitation expressed in the contract for prosecuting it.
In order to ascertain the exact location of Casa Grande ruin and to
aid me in the determination of the amount of work performed by the
contractors, I employed Mr Albert T. Colton, a civil engineer and
the official surveyor of Pinal county, Arizona, within the limits of
which the ruin stands. From actual measurements made by Mr Colton,
based upon official notes in his custody, he informed me the ruin
was located in the northeast corner of the northwest quarter of the
southwest quarter of section 16 of township 5 south, range 8 east. A
congressional township plat on which Mr Colton has marked the exact
location of the ruin is filed herewith, marked Exhibit A, and made a
part of this report [plate CXXV].
On October 29 Mr Colton at my instance took measurements of the
brickwork in underpinning and filling in cavities in the walls and
of the excavation done by the contractors. His estimate, based upon
these measurements, was submitted to me in writing. It is filed
herewith, marked Exhibit B, and is made a part of this report.
I find from these measurements that the contractors excavated and
removed to a point 100 yards from the ruin 570 cubic yards of
débris, 271 cubic yards of which were removed from the interior and
299 cubic yards from the exterior walls of the building, within an
area of 10 feet of said walls.
I also find the amount of underpinning done by the contractors to be
919 cubic feet, and the amount of filling in openings to be 1,161
cubic feet. The underpinning is done with hard-burned brick laid in
good cement mortar extending to a depth of 12 inches below the
original ground level. The face of the brickwork is set back from 1
to 2 inches from the face of the wall and plastered with a coat of
good cement mortar, making it flush with the outer wall.
In filling in cavities more than 500 lineal feet of 2 by 4 inch
squared lumber was used to replace broken-out lintels and laid side
by side across nearly the whole thickness of the walls, with not
more than 1 inch space between the boards. They occupy the same
horizontal planes as the original lintels, and the walls are trimmed
to afford solid resting places for them. The openings above the
lintels have been filled in the same manner as the underpinning,
with hard-burned brick set back 1 inch from the wall surfaces and
plastered with a coating of cement mortar, bringing it out flush
with the original wall.
I further find that the contractors have placed one wooden brace and
two iron braces as designated in the specifications. The wooden
brace is constructed of two pieces of good, clear, squared lumber 6
by 8 inches in cross section, well bolted together, secured by
plates of boiler iron three-eighths of an inch thick and 14 by 18
inches square. The specifications provide for this brace to run from
the south side of the south wall through the center room with a
plate on each side of the south wall and one on each side of the
wall on the north side of the center room. The contractors have
deviated from these requirements in having extended the said brace
through the entire length of the building and placed the plates that
were specified for the north wall of the center room on the
respective sides of the extreme north wall of the building. While
this deviation adds nothing to the security of the south wall, it is
doubtless as effective as it would have been had it been placed as
contemplated in the plan. It may in some degree strengthen the north
wall, and I recommend that it be accepted as in compliance with the
terms of the contract. The two iron rods called for in the
specifications are of wrought iron 1½ inches in diameter, secured by
boiler-iron plates three-eighths of an inch thick and 12 inches in
diameter, securely fastened as required in the specifications. There
was a necessary deviation from the plan as to the place the rod
nearest the east side of the building should be placed. Early in the
prosecution of the work a portion of the debris in contact with the
eastern wall was removed. During the night following this a section
of the south end of the east wall fell, carrying with it that
portion of the wall between the south and east rooms to which the
plan required said rod to be attached. In consequence the
contractors placed the rod so as to connect it with the portion of
the wall still intact. As a brace to the south wall it is placed
advantageously. In excavation, underpinning, and filling in the
contractors have exceeded the limitations prescribed in the
contract, and have therefore performed an amount of work for the
remuneration of which there is no provision. The following table
shows the amount of work authorized in each of the four items with
reference to which the contract was drawn and the amount actually
performed by contractors:
Item |1. Excavating and clearing out débris.
| |2. Underpinning walls.
| | |3. Filling in cavities.
| | | |4. Braces.
----------------------+-----------+-----------+------------+-----------+
Maximum authorized | 350 cubic | 750 cubic | 825 | 1 wood |
| yards | feet | cubic feet | and 1 iron|
| | | | |
Performed by | 570 cubic | 919 cubic | 1,161 | 1 wood and|
contractors | yards | feet | cubic feet | 2 iron |
| | | | |
Excess | 220 cubic | 169 cubic | 336 | |
| yards | feet | cubic feet | |
| | | | |
Contract Price | 60 cents | $1 per | $1 per | $200 |
| per cubic | cubic foot| cubic foot | |
| yard | | | |
| | | | |
Maximum allowances | $210 | $750 | 825 | 200 |
under contract | | | | |
| | | | |
Amount contractors | 342 | 919 | 1,161 | 200 |
claim to have | | | | |
earned | | | | |
| | | | |
Excess of contractors'| 132 | 169 | 336 | |
claim over amount | | | | |
authorized | | | | |
----------------------+-----------+-----------+------------+-----------+
From this it will be observed that, taking the rate of compensation
provided for in the contract as a basis, the contractors have
performed work in excess of that authorized to the amount of $638
[$637]. They are fully advised that there is no provision for the
payment of this excess. The requirements of the contract are, in my
opinion, fully met in the quality of material used and the work
performed.
The preservation of the ruin is incomplete. There are six places
where lintels have disappeared and not been replaced and a
corresponding number of cavities that should be filled. Deep seams
have been cut in the walls by the action of the elements, and unless
far greater provision is made for its protection the work already
done will be of small avail.
At many places where the débris came in contact with the wall
disintegration seems to have resulted. At a slight touch it
frequently crumbles. Owing to this fact two sections of the wall
fell during the progress of the work when the debris was
removed--one from the east wall, described above, and one from the
south wall near the west extremity. These breaches maybe observed as
shown in two of the six accompanying photographs [plates CXX, CXXI].
These photographs were taken ten days before the work was completed.
There being no professional photographer in that vicinity I was
compelled to take advantage of the kind offer of Mr H. H. Burrell,
an amateur photographer, who happened to be there at that time. Thus
the views I secured failed to show all the brickwork done. The
coating of mortar was not applied until after the date on which the
views were taken, in consequence of which the bare bricks are shown
in the views.
During the progress of work in removing the debris a number of
articles of interest to the ethnologist were found at various depths
and localities. They have been packed by the contractors and will be
sent to the National Museum.
The floors in the center, north, and east rooms were found to be
about 8 feet above the ground surface. The material was similar to
that of which the walls are composed. The west and south rooms
appeared to have had floors at one time on the same level, but the
surfaces had disintegrated, and there was a mass of loose earth,
which was removed to a depth of 6.9 feet below the floors of the
other three rooms, where another floor was found slightly less firm
than those.
Reverend Isaac T. Whittemore, who has been designated by the
honorable the Secretary of the Interior as the custodian of the
ruin, rendered me valuable assistance in the performance of my
mission. He has manifested a zealous concern for the preservation of
the ruin and has given time and labor to that end. There is no
provision for his just compensation. I therefore recommend that if
any funds be found available after the payment of the amount due the
contractors the same be ordered paid to Mr Whittemore for his
services.
Very respectfully,
H. C. Rizer, _Chief Clerk_.
SUPPLEMENT
CORRESPONDENCE AND REPORT RELATING TO THE CONDITION OF CASA GRANDE
IN 1895, WITH RECOMMENDATIONS CONCERNING ITS FURTHER PROTECTION
I. _Letter of Reverend Isaac T. Whittemore, custodian of Casa Grande, to
the Secretary of the Interior, recommending an appropriation for further
protecting the ruin_
Florence, Arizona,
_July 25, 1895_.
Honorable Hoke Smith,
_Secretary of the Interior_.
Dear Sir: It is with great hesitancy that I write to add to the
burdens of one so busy and burdened as I presume you to be. But it
is not for myself but for others that I write, and will try to be
laconic.
Can you embody in your next report to Congress an appeal for an
appropriation of $7,000 or $8,00[0] to roof the Casa Grande ruin, to
fence 40 acres, and make excavations of all the mounds in the
vicinity for the purpose of learning the history of the wonderful
people who once lived here and erected the buildings and built
canals?
* * * * *
Very sincerely, yours,
Isaac T. Whittemore,
_Custodian Casa Grande_.
II. _Indorsement of the Mr Whittemore's by the Acting Secretary of the
Interior_
Department of the Interior,
_August 7, 1895_.
Respectfully referred to the Director of Bureau of Ethnology for
consideration of so much of within letter as relates to the Casa
Grande ruin, and such recommendation as the facts may warrant, and
report.
Wm. H. Sims,
_Acting Secretary_.
III. _Letter of the Acting Director of the Bureau of American Ethnology
to the Secretary of the Interior suggesting an examination of Casa
Grande with a view of its further protection_
Smithsonian Institution,
Bureau of American Ethnology,
_Washington, August 28, 1895_.
Sir: Your request of August 7 for a report concerning a
recommendation by Reverend Isaac T. Whittemore, under date of July
25, that provision be made for further protecting Casa Grande ruin,
near Florence, Arizona, by the erection of a suitable roof, has been
under consideration.
In many respects Casa Grande ruin is one of the most noteworthy
relics of a prehistoric age and people remaining within the limits
of the United States. It was discovered, already in a ruinous
condition, by Padre Kino in 1694, and since that time it has been a
subject of record by explorers and historians. Thus its history is
exceptionally extended and complete. By reason of its early
discovery and its condition when first seen by white men, it is
known that Casa Grande is a strictly aboriginal structure; and
archeologic researches in this country and Mexico afford grounds for
considering it a typical structure for its times and for the natives
of the southwestern region. Many other structures were mentioned or
described by the Spanish explorers, but the impressions of these
explorers were tinctured by previous experience in an inhospitable
region, and their descriptions were tinged by the romantic ideas of
the age; very few of these structures were within the limits of the
United States, and nearly all of these situated in the neighboring
republic of Mexico disappeared long ago; there is hardly a structure
left, except Casa Grande ruin, by which the early accounts of
Spanish explorers in North America can be checked and
interpreted--none other of its class exists in the United States.
Casa Grande ruin is, therefore, a relic of exceptional importance
and of essentially unique character.
Unfortunately this structure, like others erected by the most
advanced among the native races in the southwest, is of perishable
material; it is built of adobe, or rather of cajon, i.e., of a
puddled clay, molded into walls, dried in the sun. Such walls would
stand a short time only in humid regions; but in the arid region the
material is desiccated and baked under cloudless sky and sun for
many months at a time, and becomes so hard as to resist, fairly, the
rare storms of the region. It is by reason of climatal conditions
that cajon and adobe have come into general use for building in
southwestern United States, as in contiguous parts of Mexico; and it
is by reason of the same conditions that a few of the ancient
structures remain, and the best preserved of all is found in the
Gila valley, one of the most desert regions on the western
hemisphere. Yet the best of the cajon structures is perishable; so
long as the roof remains and the summits of the walls are protected,
disintegration proceeds slowly; but when the projecting roof is
removed, the rare but violent storms attack the walls, and they are
gradually channeled and gullied by the storm waters, while the
exterior surface gradually disintegrates and falls away under the
alternate wetting and drying. Even in the most arid regions, the
earth-built structures typical of the southwest are surely, albeit
slowly, ravaged and destroyed.
Several years ago Casa Grande ruin was brought into general notice
throughout the United States in consequence of southwestern
explorations; and in 1889, in response to a petition from several
illustrious Americans, the Congress of the United States, at the
instance of Senator Hoar, of Massachusetts, made an appropriation of
$2,000 for the purpose of undertaking the preservation of this ruin.
This appropriation was expended in works urgently required to
prevent the falling of the walls and final destruction of the ruin;
they included metal stays for the walls, with brickwork for the
support and protection of the walls at their bases. Subsequently an
area of about 480 acres, including the ruin, was reserved from
settlement by Executive order. A custodian was also appointed, and,
as this office has been informed, has been continued down to the
present. This action on the part of the legislative and executive
branches of the Government can only be regarded as indicating a
desire and continued intention to preserve the ruin for the benefit
of the people of the United States.
The expenditures thus far authorized for the preservation of Casa
Grande ruin have been made in such manner as to meet the most urgent
needs only, and without them the structure would probably have been,
before this time, beyond the reach of preservation. The preservative
works were undertaken as emergency measures, rather than as steps in
carrying out a well-considered plan. From the outset it has been
understood by architects and archeologists and others familiar with
the structure that preservation can be insured only by throwing a
roof over the entire ruin in such manner as to protect the walls
from the fierce rainstorms which occasionally occur in the Gila
valley. No lesser work will preserve the ruin more than a generation
or two; and unless this work of roofing is contemplated and is
undertaken within a few years, the emergency work will be of little
avail and the money expended therein will be lost. Accordingly,
assuming a desire and continued intention on the part of the
Government to preserve this noteworthy relic, no hesitation is felt
in recommending that a suitable roof be placed over Casa Grande
ruin, at such time as may be expedient; and, in view of the rapidity
with which destruction is now in progress, there is no hesitation in
saying that the work should be undertaken at the earliest
practicable date.
It should be added that neither the Director nor any of the
collaborators in the Bureau of American Ethnology have visited Casa
Grande ruin for some three years, and accordingly that there are no
data in this office to indicate whether there is especially urgent
necessity for undertaking preservative work at this time; but much
confidence is placed in the judgment of the custodian, Reverend
Isaac T. Whittemore, who is known to several collaborators in the
Bureau.
The subject of the preservation of Casa Grande, in many respects the
most noteworthy ruin in the United States, is deemed important; and
if the Secretary of the Interior desires more specific information
concerning the present condition of the ruin, as a basis for further
action or judgment, it will be a pleasure to have an officer of this
Bureau make a special examination of, and report on, the ruin during
the autumn.
I have the honor to be, yours, with great respect,
W J McGee, _Acting Director_.
The Secretary of the Interior.
IV. _Letter of the Acting Secretary of the Interior to the Director of
the Bureau of American Ethnology, approving the suggestion that Casa
Grande be visited with a view of determining the desirability of its
further protection_
Department of the Interior,
_Washington, September 12, 1895_.
The Director of the Bureau of American Ethnology,
_Smithsonian Institution_.
Dear Sir: I am in receipt of your letter of the 28th ultimo
submitting a report upon the recommendation made by the Reverend
Isaac T. Whittemore, custodian, that provision be made for further
protection of the Casa Grande ruin near Florence, Arizona, by the
erection of a suitable roof.
In response thereto I have to state that more specific information
concerning the present condition of the ruin and the probable cost
of providing proper protection for it is desirable in the
preparation of an estimate to be submitted to Congress with a view
of securing appropriation for the work. To this end the Department
gladly avails itself of your offer to send an officer of your
Bureau, at its expense, to make a special examination and report on
the ruin during the autumn of this year.
Very respectfully,
John M. Reynolds,
_Acting Secretary_.
V. _Letter of the Director of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the
Secretary of the Interior regarding the examination of Casa Grande by
Mr W J McGee_
Smithsonian Institution,
Bureau of American Ethnology,
_Washington, October 18, 1895_.
Sir: Pursuant to your request of September 12, 1895, Mr W J McGee,
ethnologist in charge in the Bureau of American Ethnology, will in a
few days repair to Florence, Arizona, for the purpose of examining
Casa Grande ruin and determining the desirability of further works
for its preservation. * * *
In accordance with terms of preceding correspondence, it is of
course understood that the cost of the work will be borne wholly by
this Bureau.
I have the honor to be, yours, with great respect,
J. W. Powell, _Director_.
The Secretary of the Interior,
_Washington, D.C_.
VI. _Report of the Director of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the
Secretary of the Interior on the examination of the condition of Casa
Grande by Mr W J McGee, with a recommendation concerning its further
protection_
Smithsonian Institution,
Bureau of American Ethnology,
_Washington, November 15, 1895_.
Sir: Pursuant to a proposal made in connection with a report from
this office relating to the ruins known as Casa Grande, near
Florence, Arizona, under date of August 28, 1895, and to the
acceptance of this proposal in a communication from the Department
of the Interior under date of September 12, 1895, Mr W J McGee,
ethnologist in charge of the Bureau of American Ethnology, has
within a few days made an examination of Casa Grande ruin with the
view of determining the need for further protection of the ruin by a
roof or otherwise.
There are in this office two series of photographs representing the
ruin. The first series was taken in 1892 before the protective works
authorized by the Congress were commenced; the second series
represents the work in progress. In the recent examination the
present condition of the ruin was carefully compared with the
condition represented in the photographs.
On comparing the profiles of the walls, it was found that in many
cases the irregular upper surfaces retain the exact configuration of
1892, even to the slightest knobs and rain-formed crevices; the
correspondence being so close as to show that the injury and loss by
weathering during the interim has been imperceptible. In some other
cases, notably along the southern and eastern walls, the profiles
are more extensively modified; some of the points and knobs shown in
the photographs are gone, some of the old crevices are widened and
deepened, and some new crevices appear; and in some parts it can be
seen that walls are lowered several inches. On the whole the
modification of the profiles of the walls is limited, yet such as to
indicate that destruction is proceeding at a not inconsiderable
rate.
On comparing the scars and crevices on the sides of the walls, it
was found that, while many remain essentially unchanged, most are
enlarged and deepened. This is particularly noteworthy on the
eastern and southern walls, which are most beaten by wind-driven
rains, and which are also most modified in profile. It would appear
that destruction is proceeding more rapidly along the sides of the
walls than along the crests.
On examining the walls with respect to apparent solidity and
stability, it was found that nearly all are in fair or good
condition. The only portion that would seem in special danger is the
central section of the southern exterior wall. This section seems
insecure, and might at any time be overthrown by a heavy wind
following a rain storm. This section was not, unfortunately, braced
or tied to the stronger interior wall when the protective works were
carried out in 1892.
On examining the structure to ascertain the effect of the protective
works of 1892 in staying the destructive processes, particularly the
undermining of the walls by spattering rain and drifting sand, it
was found that in most cases the results have been excellent. On the
inner side of the middle section of the southern exterior wall
sapping is in progress at the ground level, and also along the rows
of joist openings for the first and second stories, and in a few
other places the protection seems inadequate; but in general the
anticipations of the projectors of the protective works seem to have
been realized.
The most serious of the destructive processes was sapping, and this
process has been nearly checked by the protective works. The second
was the desurfacing and subsequent eating away of the walls by
beating rains and frost, and this is still in progress at a moderate
rate. The least serious process was the wearing away of the crests
of the walls by rain and winds, and this is still going on at a
perceptible rate. It is impossible to determine, and difficult even
to approximate, the rate of destruction quantitatively, especially
so since it goes on cumulatively, with constantly increasing
rapidity, as the cemented surfaces are destroyed and the crevices
widen and deepen; but judging from the history of the ruin, and from
the rate of destruction indicated by comparing the photographs of
1892 with the present aspect, it would seem safe to conclude that,
if protected completely from vandalism, the ruin will be
comparatively little injured during the next five years, and will
stand perhaps half a century, without further protective works,
before moldering into dust.
In view of the slow yet ever increasing rate of destruction of the
ruin, and of its great interest as a tangible record of the
prehistoric inhabitants of this country, no hesitation is felt in
recommending that the structure be further protected, and
practically perpetuated, by a suitable roof, so designed as to
shield the walls from rain and sun and at the same time permit an
unobstructed view of the ruin from any direction.
* * * * *
I have the honor to be, sir, yours, with great respect,
J. W. Powell, _Director_.
Secretary of the Interior.
INDEX
Adobe construction, what constitutes 323
Burrell, H. H., Casa Grande photographed by 343
Clauton, M. E., bid of, for repair of Casa Grande 339
Colton, A. T., on Casa Grande reserve 340
Contract for repairing Casa Grande 333-335
Doran, A. J., affidavit of 335
contract with, for Casa Grande repair 334
Eaman, C. B., witness to Casa Grande contract 334
Garlick, C. A., cooperation of, in repair of Casa Grande 327
Henry, C. D., bids of, for repair of Casa Grande 338-339
Hoar, G.F., interest of, in Casa Grande 346
Hunt, Jeff, witness to Casa Grande contract 334
Kebbey, F. C., witness to Casa Grande contract 334, 335
Kebbey, J. H., affidavit of 335
Kino, Eusebius, Casa Grande visited by 323, 345
McGee, W. J.
directed to examine Casa Grande 347
examination of Casa Grande by 329
examination of Casa Grande recommended by 344-347
report on Casa Grande by 348-349
Mindeleff, V., report by, on Casa Grande 327
Morrison, A. L., report by, on Casa Grande 326-327
Specimens found at Casa Grande 330-332
Stouffer, T. L., bid of, for Casa Grande repair 328, 338
contract with, for Casa Grande repair 334
White, F. E., bid of, on Casa Grande repair 328, 338
contract with, for Casa Grande repair 334
Whittemore, I. T., appointed custodian of Casa Grande, 329
compensation of, recommended, 318
cooperation of, in repair of Casa Grande, 327
judgment of, regarding Casa Grande, 316
on further protection of Casa Grande, 341
Williams, A. G., affidavit of, 335
contract with, for Casa Grande repair, 334
* * * * *
[Errors and Anomalies:
W J McGee
_except in the Index, this name is consistently printed without
periods (W. J.)_
Plate CXVII shows the extent of this area, and six sections are shown in
plates CXVIII and CXIX
_text reads_ Plate VI ... VII and VIII (_as if numbering from I within
article_)
Very sincerely, yours,
_comma in original_
Indorsement of the Mr Whittemore's by the Acting Secretary
_wording as in original_ ]
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