The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Library of Work and Play: Guide and
Index, by Cheshire L. Boone
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Title: The Library of Work and Play: Guide and Index
Author: Cheshire L. Boone
Release Date: July 29, 2014 [EBook #46445]
Language: English
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end of this volume.
THE LIBRARY OF WORK AND PLAY GUIDE AND INDEX
THE LIBRARY OF WORK AND PLAY
CARPENTRY AND WOODWORK
By Edwin W. Foster
ELECTRICITY AND ITS EVERYDAY USES
By John F. Woodhull, Ph.D.
GARDENING AND FARMING
By Ellen Eddy Shaw
HOME DECORATION
By Charles Franklin Warner, Sc.D.
HOUSEKEEPING
By Elizabeth Hale Gilman
MECHANICS, INDOORS AND OUT
By Fred T. Hodgson.
NEEDLECRAFT
By Effie Archer Archer
OUTDOOR SPORTS, AND GAMES
By Claude H. Miller, Ph.B.
OUTDOOR WORK
By Mary Rogers Miller
WORKING IN METALS
By Charles Conrad Sleffel.
[Illustration: Wireless Station and Workroom of George Riches,
Montclair, N. J. George made most of the Apparatus at Home or in the
School Shop]
_The Library of Work and Play_
GUIDE AND INDEX
BY CHESHIRE L. BOONE
[Illustration]
GARDEN CITY NEW YORK
DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & COMPANY
1912
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED, INCLUDING THAT OF TRANSLATION
INTO FOREIGN LANGUAGES, INCLUDING THE SCANDINAVIAN
COPYRIGHT, 1912, BY DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & COMPANY
THE COUNTRY LIFE PRESS, GARDEN CITY, N. Y.
CONTENTS
CHAPTER PAGE
I. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE CRAFTS IN THE LIFE OF A PEOPLE 3
II. THE CULTIVATION OF TASTE AND DESIGN 16
III. THE REAL GIRL 28
IV. THAT BOY 47
V. A HOUSE AND LOT--ESPECIALLY THE LOT 67
VI. VACATIONS, ATHLETICS, SCOUTING, CAMPING, PHOTOGRAPHY 78
INDEX 85
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Wireless station and workroom of George Riches _Frontispiece_
FACING PAGE
An example of furniture such as boys like 4
Clay pots made for germination experiments 5
The work of children between ten and eleven years of age 5
Two examples of furniture grouping for the porch or outdoors 18
The numerous photographs suggest disorder and dust 19
An interesting curtain which might be duplicated by any girl 20
Since flowers are so beautiful in themselves, is it not worth
while to arrange them with judgment? 21
A school garden in Jordan Harbour, Ontario, Can. 28
Domestic science class 29
The work of girls in the public schools 30
A children's garden gives fresh air and sunshine 31
All children love to play at being "grown up" 32
Girls must sometime learn of the conventions and customs of
domestic arrangement 33
A boys' camp with Ernest Thompson Seton 48
The play idea very soon grows toward the representation of
primitive though adult customs and actions 49
A typical boy's workroom and shop 50
The kind of shop which one may have at home 51
The kite fever is an annual disease 52
Pump and waterwheel 53
Boat made by Percy Wilson and Donald Mather 54
These are the forerunners of numerous other electrical
constructions 55
A real derrick in miniature 56
Waterwheels and fan 57
A self-recording telegraph receiver 58
Wireless station and workroom of Donald Huxom 59
An electrical soldering iron and glue-pot 60
Waterwheel connected with model lathe 61
Excellent examples of high school work 62
A manual training shop 63
The machine shop 64
The study of aeroplane construction 65
A successful machine 64
Finished aeroplanes 65
The boy who does not love to camp is unique 68
This and other illustrations of homes, show such places as
people make when they care about appearance 69
Even the most beautiful house must have a background 70
One should build a house as one builds a reputation 71
Trees, shrubbery and lawn form the frame of the picture 72
There was a time not long since, when people built houses
according to style 73
A school garden 74
The Watchung School garden 75
There is a fascination about raising animals whether for sale
or as pets 76
Two more illustrations which will suggest plans for the future 77
Every child, and especially the boy, needs active outdoor
exercise 78
Organized play (woodcraft) under Ernest Thompson Seton 79
More woodcraft. Has the boy had a chance at this kind of
experience? 80
Even the technical process of photography has been
reduced to popular terms 81
In these days photography has become so simplified
that every child can use a camera to advantage 81
THE LIBRARY OF WORK AND PLAY GUIDE AND INDEX
[Illustration]
CHAPTER I
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE CRAFTS IN THE LIFE OF A PEOPLE
There was never a time in the history of the world when each race,
each nation, each community unit, each family almost, did not possess
its craftsmen and artists. In every instance, these so-called gifted
members were by no means the least important citizens; their names
appeared again and again in the stream of tradition as wonder workers
and idols of the people. This is still true in the very midst of a
materialistic age, when money and mechanics work hand in hand to
produce the most in the least time for economic reasons, and when the
individual worships "hand-made things." They may even be poorly made
or bizarre, but "handwork" satisfies the untutored. Now it is quite
possible for the machine to produce a bit of jewelry, textile, or
woodwork--even carving--quite as pleasing as any made by hand alone,
and it is being done every day. But the machine-made article must
be produced in large quantities (duplicates) for profit, whereas the
work of hand alone is unique. There lies the reason for reverence of
"handwork." It is always individual and characteristic of the workman
in style or technique and has no duplicate; it is aristocratic. Among
the primitives, the pot, necklace, or utensil was wrought by infinite
labor, and, being valuable because unique, was embellished with all
the wealth of current symbolism. It was preserved with care and became
more valuable to succeeding generations as a tangible record of race
culture and ideals. And so down to the present time, the handiwork
of the craftsman and skilled artisan has always stood as the one
imperishable record of racial development. The degree of finish, the
intricacy of design and nicety of construction are evidences of skill
and fine tools, well-organized processes, familiarity with material and
careful apprenticeship: the pattern, color, ornament, and symbolism
point to culture, learning, and standards of taste and beauty. A crude
domestic economy, rude utensils, coarse, garish costume and of simple
construction, are characteristic of an undeveloped social order. In
fact, all the arts of both construction and expression exhibit at a
given period the degree of civilization; art products are true
historical documents. Since then through their arts and crafts it
is possible for one to know a people, does it not follow that one
entrance to sympathy with the ideals and taste of the present time
is through practice in the arts? Of course a considerable mass of
information about them can be conveyed in words, especially to adults
who have passed the formative period in life and have not the same
_work_-incentive as have children. But even the adult never really
secretes much real knowledge of the arts unless he has worked in them.
He acquires rather a veneer or artistic polish which readily loses its
lustre in even a moderately critical atmosphere: he learns artistry
and the laws pertaining thereto as he would learn the length of the
Brooklyn Bridge or the population of El Paso. He merely learns to talk
about art. But children learn primarily and solely by _doing_, and the
foundations of taste and culture need to be put down early that they
may build upon them the best possible superstructure which time and
opportunity permit.
[Illustration:
Copyright, 1909, by Cheshire L. Boone
An Example of Furniture such as Boys Like and which They Can Make Under
Direction]
[Illustration:
Copyright, 1909, by Cheshire L. Boone
Clay Pots Made for Germination Experiments in Grade IV. of the Public
School. The Boys of this Grade Built a Small Kiln in which these Pots
were Fired]
[Illustration: The Work of Children between Ten and Eleven Years of Age]
The foregoing paragraphs will perhaps have opened the way for
questions: "What kind of knowledge is of most worth? Why do
children--practically all of them--try to make things, and what is
their choice?" And when these queries have been answered so far as may
be, do the answers possess immediate value?
At the outset it will be evident that no sort of knowledge will be of
much avail until it is put in such form that the student can use it to
advantage. Mere knowledge of any kind is inherently static--inert and
often seemingly indigestible, like green fruit and raw meat. One too
frequently meets college graduates, both men and women, equipped with
so-called education, who are economic failures. These people are full
of information, well up to date, but they seemingly cannot use it.
Their assortment of knowledge is apparently in odd mental sizes which
do not fit the machinery of practical thinking as applied to life: it
is like gold on a desert isle. What the boy and girl need and desire
is (1) a favorable introduction to the sources of information, and (2)
the key to its use. They will have to be shown simple facts and truths,
and have their mental relations and importance explained. By gradually
introducing new knowledge as occasion offers, the field of study is
sufficiently widened. Children profit little by books and tools alone:
they crave encouragement and some direct constructive criticism. In
such an atmosphere their endeavors become significant and profitable,
and the accumulated learning will be applied to business or economic
ideas which result in progressive thinking, which uses information as a
_tool_, not an end in itself.
If then the arts of a people stand as monuments to its beliefs and
ideals, an intimate understanding of some of the arts ought to
be provided for in every scheme of education both at home and in
school. The child is by nature interested in the attributes of things
associated with his life and upbringing. He wants to know about them,
how they are made, and learn their uses by means of experiment. The
elements of science, mechanics and natural phenomena, business and
household art, and finally play (which is often adult living in
miniature)--these comprise a large portion of the subject matter
which is of prime importance to children. It is just such material as
this which bids fair to serve in the future as the basis for public
school curricula, simply because of its strong appeal to youth and its
potential worth in forming the adult.
The boy makes a kite, a telegraph outfit, or sled in order to give to
his play a vestige of realism. He seeks to mold the physical world to
personal desires, as men do. Incidentally he taps the general mass of
scientific facts or data and extracts therefrom no small amount of
very real, fruitful information. The result possesses marvelously
suggestive and lasting qualities because it came through effort;
because the boy wanted above all things to see his machine or toy
_work_, _move_, or obey his guiding hand, he was willing to dig for
the necessary understanding of the problem. His study brought about
contact with numerous other lines of work which were not at the time,
perhaps, germain to the subject, but were suggestive and opened various
side lines of experiment to be considered later. Therein lies the lure
of mechanics and craft work, gardening, outdoor projects, camping,
etc.: the subject is never exhausted, the student can never "touch
bottom." There is always an unexplored path to follow up. The intensity
of interest in mechanical things and in nature is the one influence
which can hold the boy in line. Turn him loose among mechanical things
where nicety of fitting and accurate workmanship are essential and
he appreciates construction immediately, because it is clear that
_workmanship_ and _efficiency_ go hand in hand. It is very much the
same with the girl: she may not enjoy the tedium of mere sewing, but
when the sewing serves a personal end, when sewing is essential to her
greatest needs, these conditions provide the only, inevitable, sure
stimulus to ambition and effort.
The school of the past, and often that of the present, has sought to
produce the adult by fertilizing the child with arithmetic, grammar,
geography, and language. The process resulted in all kinds of crooked,
stunted, oblique growth, the greatest assortment of "sports" (to use
a horticultural term) the world has ever seen. It isn't intellectual
food the child needs most (though some is very necessary); the real
need is intensive cultivation. Within himself he possesses, like the
young plant, great potential strength and virility, enough to produce
a splendid being absolutely at one with his time and surroundings;
he simply requires the chance to use the knowledge and opportunities
which lie at hand. It is, then, the common subjects of every-day
interest--science, business, nature and the like--which are the sources
of knowledge which has greatest worth to children.[A] They are the
valuable ones because they are of the type which first attracts and
holds the child's attention; they are concrete. Through them one may
learn language and expression, because one has something worth saying.
The second question, "Why do children like to make things and what is
their choice?" in the light of what has been said practically answers
itself. Children work primarily in response to that law of nature
which urges the young to exercise their muscles, to become skilful and
accurate in movement, for the sake of self-preservation and survival.
It is another phase of the same law which makes one carry out in work,
in concrete form, the ideas which come tumbling in from all conceivable
sources. The child can only think and learn in terms of material
things. Finally, the child's interests, the things he desires to make
and do, are such as will minister to his individual or social needs,
his play and imitation, and such as will satisfy his desire to produce
articles of purpose. The need may be a temporary, minor one, but every
child is stubborn on this one point, that everything he does must lead
to utility of a sort; through such working with a purpose he in time
rises to an appreciation of beauty and other abstract qualities.
Now this complex condition of child and school and society, in
which there is seemingly so much waste--"lost motion"--has always
existed; the facts are not new ones by any means. It is a condition
where the child is always curious, inquisitive and ready to "hook
a ride" on the march of business, science and learning, but the
school sternly commands "learn these stated facts because they are
fundamental" (philosophically), while society, represented by the
parent, alternately abuses the school, which is collectively his own
institution, or spoils the child by withholding the tools for learning
easily. In the meantime the child, with the native adaptability and
hardiness of true need, thrives in barren, untoward surroundings,
and matures notwithstanding. In other words, the school and society
have always tended toward misunderstanding--toward a lack of mutual
interest. In this period of uncertainty, of educational groping, the
child is found in his leisure hours pushing along the paths which
connect most directly with life and action, shunning the beaten but
roundabout highways of custom and conservatism.
The deductions are evident and clear-cut. If one accepts the foregoing
statement of the case, and there is ample evidence in any community
of size, it will be clear that certain definite opportunities should
be opened to the boy or girl to make the most of native talent and
enthusiasm. Encourage the young business adventurer or artisan to make
the most of his chosen hobby (and to choose a hobby if he has not one
already), to systematize it, develop it, make it financially profitable
if that is the desire; but first, last and all the time to make it
a study which is intensive enough to satisfy his or her productive
ambitions. At this age (up to the high school period) the boy or girl
may not have been able to decide upon a profession or business, but
he is working toward decision, and he is the only one who can choose.
Instead of trying to select an occupation for him, father and mother
would do well to put the child at the mercy of his own resources for
amusement, recreation and business, merely lending a hand now and then
in their full development. It will preserve the freshness of youth
beyond the ordinary time of its absorption by a blasé attitude toward
the world, and lead toward a more healthy and critical kind of study
than the haphazard lonesomeness, or the destructive gang spirit of the
modern community.[B]
Perhaps it would not be amiss to indicate just how this unofficial
study may be promoted, and to name the resources of the parent for the
purpose. First of all, nine children out of ten will definitely choose
a hobby or recreation or indicate some preference, as photography,
animal pets, woodwork, electricity, drawing, sport, one or more of
the domestic arts, collecting coins, stamps, etc.; there are as many
tastes as children. The child may get his suggestion from the school
or companions. Any legitimate taste should be actively encouraged and
supplemented by books which really explain and by tools and materials
with which to use the books. If it is a shop he wants, try to give him
the use of some corner for the specific purpose so that the occupation
may be dignified according to its juvenile worth. Second, endeavor to
emphasize the economic and social significance of the work done and
urge right along some definite aim. If a boy wants a shop, or pets, see
that they are kept in condition, attended to, and if possible give some
measure of tangible return on the outlay of money and energy. Third,
connect the boy's or girl's chosen avocation with real living in every
possible manner. Girls are rather fond of those decorative arts which
contribute to artistic pleasure, and should they make experiments with
stenciling, block-printing, and the like, have them use them also in
embellishing their own rooms, the summer camp or club. Fourth, make
the child feel that a given hobby is not to be satisfied for the mere
asking. Put some limit on the money expenditure until it is clear that
the interest is genuine and honest, and that the child is either
producing results which are sincere, or acquiring real knowledge. Fifth
and last, but perhaps most important of all, support the school in its
effort to solve the problem of formal education, because the heavy
burden rests there. It is quite essential that the home give the boy
and girl every possible chance to develop along original and specific
lines at their own pace, to experiment with the world's activities in
miniature, and establish the probable trend of individual effort for
the future. But this can only supplement and point the way for the
formal training which the institution (school) gives. The school, being
democratic and dependent upon the general public for existence, takes
its cue therefrom, and creating ideals in consonance with public needs
perfects the method of reaching them. When father and mother believe
in a vigorous, efficient education, rooted deeply in the child's
fundamental attitude toward the world and its affairs, then will the
public approve and urge the proper kind of organized training. Even so,
the school cannot really educate the child--he educates himself through
the agents aforementioned--it simply organizes information and gives
the pupil access to methods of using facts and ideas.
In closing this chapter there is one more word to be said concerning
the main theme. The arts and crafts[C] of expression and construction
fulfil that precise function in the child's preliminary training
which they did in the early history of the race. They indicate just
that degree of manual skill and constructive ability of which both
the youthful individual and the young race are capable; they serve as
indices and guides to the development of design, taste and constructive
thinking. As the child matures he may elevate a given craft to an art
or science, but the early familiarity, the simple processes, he should
have, because they are essential to childhood. Hence, the large amount
of handwork in the kindergarten and primary school; it is the necessary
complement to academic work and balances the educational diet.
FOOTNOTES:
[A] For the elaboration of this question as it concerns girls see
Chapter IV.
[B] Both boys and girls have clubs, societies and organizations, which
are useless, enervating or merely harmless when they exist without
purpose. If, on the other hand, the aggregate energy can be collected
into profitable channels, these same gangs or societies are a real
source of education and training. Any organization without consistent,
sustained purpose is a waste of social energy. Baseball is worth while,
but the merits of high school fraternities are doubtful.
[C] It will be evident that the term _crafts_ as here used is a more
comprehensive term than when employed in connection with the arts and
crafts furore of the past few years. Any kind of manual occupation
may be a craft; if it involves a measure of art and science it may
become more than a craft. But with children the craft stage, which is
characteristic, includes many occupations which may not even be true
crafts as the term is ordinarily used.
CHAPTER II
THE CULTIVATION OF TASTE AND DESIGN
It will be evident to the thinking man or woman that art or any phase
of it is not to be taught successfully as a profession through books.
The very most that one can expect from reading is a knowledge about art
matters and acquaintance with the conventions and rules which obtain
therein. But even this slight result may be the precursor of a fuller,
more intimate familiarity with the principles of good taste and design.
One may be able to say "that is a beautiful room" or "a fine garden"
or "a charming gown" and yet be unable to produce any such things. How
is it possible then to _know_ if one cannot _do_? The answer is that,
_potentially_, every individual who really sees and appreciates beauty
can produce it through some form of artistic expression; the power to
execute and the power of invention are merely undeveloped. And as for
the artist or craftsman who can make beautiful things, but who cannot
explain how he does it--he is unique, like the mathematical genius;
he just sees the answer; it is a gift. Though there are born in every
generation a few with the divine spark of genius, the mass of men
and women has always learned by effort. In other words, it has been
possible to _teach_ the subjects which were found necessary to culture
and education; it is quite possible to present the ordinary phases of
art to the lay mind in such a way, even through books, that one may
have worthy ideals, and a healthy point of view. The present chapter
will be devoted to showing how books such as these[D] for boys and
girls can contribute to the development of taste.
Frankly, taste has much less to do with fine art than with the
arrangement and choice of the ordinary externals of living. Of course
fine art does in the last analysis pass judgment upon form, color
and design in clothes, furnishings and architecture, but the common
home variety of taste is derived directly from custom, comfort,
and convention, not from art at all. Only in the later stages of
refinement does the lay mind succumb to direct supervision by art.
On the other hand, all conventions and ideals are the result or sum
total of general experience, in which art has played its part, and
has left some impress on the individual, giving rise to belief in a
few principles so common as to be accepted by all. Principles of this
kind are not always serviceable or effective, because they are not
stated in precise language, and cannot therefore become standard. In
truth, so far as design is concerned, there are very few absolute rules
for guidance, and a book like "Home Decoration" cannot tell the child
or parent how to make a beautiful, inspiring home. Its mission is to
create the desire for fine surroundings, to suggest ways and means for
studying design, especially those phases of decoration associated with
the crafts, and above all such a book invites and helps to maintain a
_receptive attitude_ of mind toward artistic matters. In the effort
to produce work of merit, one becomes critical, and seeks reasons and
precedents for judgment. This is the beginning of design study: and the
fact that one has real interest in taste is indicative of the desire of
the cultured mind for ideals. If a child is allowed to grow up in the
"I know what I like" atmosphere, without reasonable contact with choice
things, and without the necessity for selection based upon reason,
there is small chance that such a child will ever acquire any sense of
fitness or taste in material surroundings.
[Illustration: Two Examples of Furniture Grouping for the Porch or
Outdoors. These Few Pieces Suggest Comfort, Cleanliness and Moderate
Expense]
[Illustration: The Numerous Photographs in the Upper Illustration
Suggest Disorder and Dust. They do not Decorate. Sometimes a lack of
Small, Insignificant Objects like these is the Secret of Successful
Decoration]
The aims of all practical books for boys and girls may be summarized
about as follows:
(_a_) To absorb the overflow of youthful energy and turn it into
profitable channels.
(_b_) To develop organized thinking and accomplishment, and eliminate
wasted, aimless, non-productive action. This is the complement to
the routine of formal training in academic subjects, which are in
themselves, normally un-useful.
(_c_) To explore the field of accomplishment in order to select
intelligently a future occupation.
(_d_) To develop and foster standards and ideals of efficiency,
comfort, enjoyment, beauty and social worth. This last purpose includes
taste and is the one of concern here.
The peculiar æsthetic standards which interest young people are of
the most practical kind. They apply every day and to everybody. And
they are fundamental. The illustrations given below will indicate the
common-sense way in which design should be approached:
_Color._ The tones of the color scale have not yet been systematized so
well as those of music, but each year students of design and artists
move a little toward agreement. Now, suppose one wishes to use two
or more tones in a room, how may harmonious effect be secured? The
very word "harmony" means _agreement_, and suggests _similarity_,
_likeness_, _relationship_. Therefore the tones one would use in the
embellishment of a room should possess some common _quality_ for the
harmonizing element. Each tone having that quality as characteristic is
similar in that one respect to all other tones having the same quality.
Hence they are related in a way. The relation may be made strong or
weak by the manipulation of the bond which holds the tones together.
For instance:
Red and green are not related at all. By mixing gray with each, red and
green become related through gray. By mixing yellow, orange or blue,
etc., with red and green, the relationship may be established in the
same way.
Yellow and green have a common quality--_yellow_, and in so far tend
toward harmony. But it may not be a pleasing one, and it will be
necessary to bring them still closer together by introducing other
bonds, as gray or a color. Yellow is very light and green is dark: they
will work together better if brought nearer together in value.
[Illustration: An Interesting Curtain which might be Duplicated by
almost any Girl--If She Wanted Curtains]
[Illustration: Since Flowers are so Beautiful in Themselves, is it not
Worth While to Arrange Them with Judgment?]
It is by such simple means that all color combinations are brought into
line and rendered satisfactory. No rule can be given for mixing or
choosing the actual colors, but it is a safe rule to select those of
a kind in some respect. The popular belief in low-toned (grayed) color
schemes is a sound one, and the principle can be used very comfortably
by the amateur decorator in furnishing a home. She can have any colors
she wishes, and make them pleasing, if she will unite them by some
harmonizing tone. Of course, all grays even are not rich and beautiful,
but they are better than unadulterated color. Mr. Irwin in one of his
breezy skits quotes the æsthete as saying: "Good taste should be like
the policeman at parade; he should permit the assembled colors to make
an orderly demonstration but not to start a riot." The moment the
unskilled amateur tries to use white woodwork, red wallpaper, and gilt
furniture in combination, he or she courts failure simply because the
choice lacks the pervading tone which would modify the three. There are
ways to secure harmony even under the most adverse conditions, but the
technical details are not pertinent here.
Another characteristic which stands in the way of harmony is
_emphasis_. The moment any one tone becomes greatly _different_ from
its neighbors in value or otherwise, it stands out, attracts attention,
just as in material objects, unusual, curious shapes and sizes invite
notice, often beyond their just dues. Hence a brilliant yellow house,
a bright green gown, large figured wallpaper, are over-emphatic.
Clothes, which by their color and style are loud in their clamor for
inspection, are out of key and bear the same relation to surroundings
which foreign, exotic manners and customs bear to domestic conventions.
And ordinarily one does not seek such prominence.
This question of taste is a vital one to children, and these books
about "Needlecraft," "Home Decoration," "Outdoor Work," "Gardening,"
etc., are indirectly most useful because they put the child in a
_position to choose_. The girl who sews and helps run the home is
bound to cross the path of design a dozen times a day. She is faced
with problems of arrangement, color and utility at every turn. Her own
clothes, her room, the porch and garden, whatever she touches, are
inert, lifeless things which await artistic treatment. It is when the
child is faced with the problem of personal interest and pleasure that
these elementary conceptions of design may be proposed.
_Form and Line._ Each year fashion decrees for both men and women
certain "correct" styles. At slightly longer intervals the shops offer
new models of furniture, hangings, jewelry, pottery, etc. Have these
new things been devised to meet a change in public taste? Not at all;
they are inventions to stimulate trade. Most of such productions are
out of place, incongruous, in company with present possessions. One
must have a pretty sound sense of fitness and selection in order to use
them to advantage or to resist their lure. As single examples, many of
the new things are beautiful in color and line, though they may have
nothing whatever in common with what one already owns.
One chooses a given pattern in furniture first, because of its
_utility_; second, because of its harmony in line and size with
other furniture already owned; and third, because of its intrinsic
beauty. It is much less difficult to furnish a house throughout than
to refurnish an old room in consonance with others already complete.
All the household things need not be of one kind, though the closer
one clings to a clear-cut conception of harmony (relationship of some
kind) the better the result. Hence clothes may either beautify or
exaggerate personal physique, and the garden may attach itself to the
house and grounds or stand in lonely, painful isolation. Down at bottom
design aims to assemble elements and parts into proper groups, and in
the common questions of home decorations and dress the student can
usually work on just that simple basis. It is usually the incongruous,
over-prominent, conspicuous, or isolated factor in decoration which
causes trouble.
This fragmentary discussion will perhaps suggest some of the benefit
which may come from the pursuit of crafts and occupations. The
illustrations here given are in some detail because it is so easy
to overlook design at home and in common things. Everything is so
familiar there, one is so accustomed to the furniture, rugs and their
arrangement, that it never comes to mind that the situation might be
improved. It must be remembered that, when children begin to apply
design to their own handicraft, their fundamental conceptions of beauty
originate in the home. Either the children must lose faith in home
taste, or, as they grow and learn, be allowed to bring their new-found
knowledge back into the home and "try it on." This is where the craft
does its real work. The true privilege conferred upon children by the
possession of such books as these on various special occupations is a
chance to obtain, first-hand, individual standards of perfection and
beauty. Before this they have merely accepted the home as it stood,
with no thought of what was choice or otherwise.
Since taste and design are merely implied, or indirectly included in
the several volumes, save "Home Decoration," the latter should be used
as a supplementary reference in connection with the others. As has
already been said, it is not possible or advisable to systematically
teach good taste. It will be better and more effective to just
_include_ taste in the several activities the child undertakes.
When the girl begins to make things for herself, help her to select
materials which are appropriate in every way. Have her seek materials
for the purpose. Have her _choose_ decoration and color rather than
take the first handy suggestion or copy the plans of another. She would
do well to experiment independently. The girl should create her own
room down to the last detail, not make everything herself, but plan
it, plan its arrangement, its color (tone) if possible, and make those
small decorative articles like pillows, runners, curtains, etc. But
before beginning such a comprehensive experiment in decoration have
her look about a bit and note the conditions imposed. The light and
exposure, size of the room, furniture which must be used, treatment of
hangings--these are all stubborn factors, but they respond to gradual
treatment. Then the room is hers in reality. The boy's attitude toward
taste is totally different. He cares less than the girl for the charm
of tone and arrangement; he is quite willing to despise the niceties of
decoration. He must approach the question obliquely through interest in
the efficiency of a given effort; he appreciates the utility phase of
design most of all. The boy will come to see gradually that his pets
and chickens should be decently housed, and that it is good business
to do so. He should not be allowed to impose upon his own family or
their neighbors a slovenly yard or garden. He will find that those
tools work best which are sharp and clean and always in place. His
final lesson in design grows out of association with his mates. When
he begins to go to parties, to enter the social world in a small way,
a new body of conventions in taste appear and he must be taught to
appreciate them if he would be well liked. But the real training in
design arises from manual work--the playthings, toys and utensils the
boy makes for _use_. They need not be beautiful nor is there excuse for
clumsiness in construction. One cannot expect even the mature child to
take much interest in design in the abstract, but when he meets the
subject on a common-sense basis, as a part of some personal problem,
design--even taste in color and form--acquires definite standing in his
esteem. It has earned the right. Hence a liberal contact with youthful
amusements and occupations encourages both boy and girl to build
ideals of working, and among these ideals taste is bound to appear
in some guise--usually unbidden. The book on design or decoration
is but a reference, an inspiration, a stimulant, never a text of
instruction. The ability to choose, to secure appropriate, beautiful,
accurate results, is largely a by-product of judicious reading combined
with persistent effort. It remains for the parent to skim off this
by-product as it appears and infuse a little of it into each problem
the child presents for inspection.
FOOTNOTE:
[D] Library of Work and Play.
[Illustration]
CHAPTER III
THE REAL GIRL
_What Is the Ideal Home?_
[Illustration: A School Garden in Jordan Harbor, Ontario, Canada. Any
Child Who has had this Experience, Who Has Produced or Helped Nature
to Produce such Wonderful Things, will be Richer in Sympathy for Fine
Things]
[Illustration: Domestic Science Class. These Girls not only Cook but
Learn about Foods, Housekeeping, Entertaining, and Themselves Keep Open
House at the School Occasionally]
Strange as it may seem, most of the plans for industrial training,
the majority of school courses of study, and probably seventy-five
per cent. of the books on the crafts and arts have been devised for
the use of boys. Now there are hosts of girls in this world, probably
as many girls as boys, and these girls are just as keen, intelligent,
ambitious and curious about things and how to make them, as are
boys. In very early childhood when both boys and girls have the same
interests, similar books of amusement are used by both. But as girls
develop the feminine point of view and need the stimulus of suggestion
and aid in creative work, the literature for them seems meagre; they
have somehow been passed by save for a manual now and then on cooking
or sewing, left as a sop to their questioning and eagerness. This state
of affairs is more than unfortunate, it is fundamentally wrong for
two very good reasons. (1) The girl up to the age of twelve or thirteen
has practically the same interests, pleasures and play instincts as
the boy. She is perhaps not so keenly alive to the charm of mechanical
things as the boy, but like all children regardless of sex, she seeks
to be a producer. She is just as much absorbed in pets and growing
things, in nature, in the current activities of her environment, and
requires the same easy outlet for her play instincts as the boy. (2)
The girl, when a woman grown, becomes the creator of the home, and too
often enters upon her domestic career with a minimum of skill or taste
in the great body of household arts, which in the aggregate, give us
the material comforts and homely pleasures. Moreover, since she, as a
girl, probably did not have the chance to satisfy her play desires and
consequently never learned to _do things_ herself, she is at a loss to
understand the never ceasing, tumultuous demands of her own children
for the opportunity to experiment. To quote Gerald Lee in the "Lost Art
of Reading," which is one of the real modern books: "The experience of
being robbed of a story we are about to read, by the good friend who
cannot help telling how it comes out, is an occasional experience in
the lives of older people, but it sums up the main sensation of life
in the career of a child. The whole existence of a boy may be said to
be a daily--almost hourly--struggle to escape being told things ...
it is doubtful if there has ever been a boy as yet worth mentioning,
who did not wish we would stand a little more to one side--let him
have it out with things. There has never been a live boy who would not
throw a store-plaything away in two or three hours for a comparatively
imperfect plaything he had made himself...."
When one goes deep enough--below the showy veneer of present-day
living--one comes to agree with Mr. Lee. The normal child, especially
the boy, is potentially a creator, a designer, discoverer, and we have
committed the everlasting sin of showing him short cuts, smoothing away
difficulties, saying "press here." No child can survive the treatment.
Father and mother have the very simple obligation to furnish the place,
raw material (books, tools, etc.), and encouragement.
[Illustration:
Copyright, 1909, by Cheshire L. Boone
The Work of Girls in the Public Schools, Montclair, N. J. These Girls
are only Eleven Years of Age]
[Illustration: A Children's Garden gives Fresh Air and Sunshine, and
Best of All, Brings Nature very Near. To Be Really Happy One Must Make
Nature's Acquaintance]
For these reasons, if for no other, the girl ought to have a permanent
outlet for her native ingenuity and constructive skill in such crafts
and occupations as are adapted to her strength, future responsibilities
and possible interests. A home should comprise other elements
than food and clothes, which are bare necessities; and though these
may be expanded and multiplied, becoming in their preparation real
art products, they alone are deficient in interest. Look over any
well-ordered household, note the multiplicity of things it contains
which are primarily woman's possessions, and collecting all one knows
about them, the amount of real knowledge is surprisingly small. How
much does the embryo housekeeper know about textiles, curtains,
carpets, hangings, linens, brass, china, furniture? Where do all
these charming things come from? Many of the hangings, table linen,
embroidery, etc., are home products. They cannot be bought at all. The
simple stenciled curtain which one likes so much draws attention by
virtue of its personal quality. To have such things in any abundance
the girl must create them, and this she is more than willing to do.
How may one explain the restful atmosphere of certain homes
visited? How many housewives have intelligent insight concerning
home management and administration; of simple domestic chemistry or
sanitation? Yet these are vital elements in the domestic machine.
One never mistakes a proper household, orderly, smooth running for
the showy establishment--gay outside and sad inside. Even the most
untutored child unconsciously responds to the healthy influence of
selected material environment and conditions, when these are combined
harmoniously. There are systematic ways of creating pleasant rooms,
fine grounds, comfortable places for living, places imbued with the
spirit of contentment. The people who produce such places are seldom
the professional decorator, landscape architect, and hired housekeeper.
It is the woman of the family, who, having practised some of the arts,
or at least been their disciple, has learned to appreciate order
and love beauty. Therewith comes an almost instinctive knowledge of
how to use them to advantage. One can never really have beautiful
baskets, pottery, sewing, gardens, until one has made them. One surely
cannot appreciate the true worth of clean linen, a spotless house,
and perfect routine anywhere so thoroughly as in one's own house. It
naturally follows that the girl, like the boy, should be a producer,
not a mere purchaser, of personal or domestic commodities. She may
have unlimited means, but the place where she lives as a girl and the
home she seeks to create in adult life will always be impersonal,
detached, _hotel-like_, unless she personally builds it. She must know
the structure, composition, and functions of inanimate things; this
knowledge comes easiest and persists longer through use and experience.
[Illustration: All Children Love to Play at Being "Grown Up," even
Beyond the Time of Childhood. These Girls will make Real Women, because
They are Normal and Happy]
[Illustration: Girls must sometime Learn of the Conventions and Customs
of Domestic Arrangement, and too often Their Only Opportunity Lies in
such Classes as These]
There is a good bit of psychology behind the suggestions offered, and
the reasoning is simple. All our ideas, our plans, and conceptions
are just ideas and nothing more until they have been worked up into
concrete form--put to test. There is nothing tangible about an _idea_.
But living is real; hence all the details which comprise living are
real too and mere thinking about them without action is futile. One
must execute, arrange, and experiment with the raw materials of
everyday use. The result is either pleasant or otherwise; if otherwise,
the effort has somehow failed, and one should do it again and learn
thereby; if pleasant, one is the richer and happier for a bit of
success, and is warmed by the presence of mere accomplishment.
This last phrase reveals the nub of the whole question--accomplishment.
Material surroundings and comforts of course go far to make one
happy, and they are the evidence of success, but the ideal home is
also composed of people each of whom is or should be a contributor
to the work of the world. The ideal home contains no drones, and
therefore no discontent. Now the girl cannot plunge headfirst into
the maelstrom of domestic management. She must learn her strength
and acquire confidence, and there are simple occupations for early
years, occupations which train the muscles, sharpen the wits;
occupations which through suggestion gradually lead to a wider and
wider intellectual horizon, and which, by a cumulation of information
and experience, mature both judgment and taste. These occupations form,
as it were, some chapters in the unwritten grammar of culture and
efficiency whereby the girl grows in self-reliance and maturity.
There are, for instance, a number of crafts which, in their delicacy of
technique and the artistic worth of the finished product, are splendid
occupations for girls, and some few of which every girl should know.
The girl who cannot sew is an object for sympathy; it is the typical
feminine craft for the reason heretofore named--that one cannot know
how things should be unless one is familiar with the process involved.
Gowns are manufactured of pieces of cloth cut in proper shape and
sewn together in some, to the male, occult fashion, and this complex
operation only explains itself even to a woman by going through
the experience. One has always been accustomed to think that the
accomplished mistress is also an expert needle-woman or skilled worker
in textiles of some kind. Products of the needle and loom have always
been her intimate, personal possessions, and the charm of old hangings,
lace, needlecraft of all kinds, rests in the main on this personal
quality. Without a doubt the most precious belongings of the young
girl are her own room with its contents of decorations and furnishing,
and the garments which emphasize her inherent feminine charm. It is
not only a girl's right, but her duty, to maintain her place as the
embodiment of all that is fresh, cleanly and attractive. To this end
clothes and the various other products of the needle contribute not a
little; a clean-cut, thorough experience in manufacturing things for
herself is the best assurance of future taste, which will spread out
and envelop everything she touches. It is much the same with clothes
and furnishings as with other matters, what one makes is one's own,
characteristic, appropriate, adequate, with the touch of enjoyment in
it; the purchased article is devoid of sentiment, it is a makeshift and
substitute.
Then by all means let the girl learn to sew, learn to do for herself,
to study her own needs and desires, to find as she progresses, ways
to master the details of woman's own craft, and it is hoped, lay up a
store of just the sort of experience which will enable her to supervise
the work of others in her behalf when the time comes. But sewing,
valuable as it is in connection with the young girl's problems, is not
the only craft at hand. In recent years craftworkers have revived a
number of old methods of using or preparing textiles for decorative
purposes, and some of these have proven increasingly worth while in the
household. Stenciling, block-printing, dyeing, decorative darning, and
even weaving itself, since they have been remodeled and brought out in
simple form, offer opportunities to the wideawake girl. The results in
each case may be very beautiful, and perhaps more in harmony with the
individual taste and scheme of living of the particular girl than any
materials she could buy, because they may be designed and executed for
a specific place. Few people, least of all a child, work just to be
busy; there is always a motive. With the girl it is a scarf, a belt,
collar, curtain, or sofa pillow; is it not well worth while if she
can make these for herself or her room, in her chosen design motif,
(as rose, bird, tree, etc.) and color? It may be an ordinary design,
peculiar color, but they satisfy a personal sentiment which, by the
way, can be modified and improved as time goes on. One must needs allow
children to begin with the bizarre, distorted, seemingly unreasonable,
archaic desires they have and cross-fertilize these with better ones
in the hope of producing a fine, wholesome, sturdy attitude of mind.
Among the minor crafts which may be a source of real pleasure and
good taste, two are prominent: pottery and basketry. The technique,
decorative possibilities, and functions of the finished products as
elements in household economy and ornament place these crafts high in
the list of those especially suitable for girls, though boys and adults
do find them equally interesting. Pottery is so closely associated with
flowers and growing things, with the decoration of fine rooms, with
choice spots of color, and with those receptacles and utensils which
belong to the household, that it makes a strong appeal to the feminine
mind. Here is a craft which vies with textiles in age and beauty of
design, and possesses even greater charm of manipulation because it is
plastic. One can imagine no finer outlet for creative effort.
Lastly, there is the eternal, magnificent, womanly craft--home-making.
When one stops to think that the home is the one imperishable, absolute
social unit, the power which creates it must take rank with other
vital forces of constructive economics. Mothers' clubs and women's
organizations of divers kinds, or, rather, the individuals who comprise
such societies, are continually drifting into the discussion of the
worries, difficulties, and trials which attend the household. The
instant household routine becomes awkward or inadequate it affects
adversely each individual member of the family, and naturally the
mistress who is responsible shoulders a burden. There are times when
the maid leaves, or the cooking goes wrong, or the house is cold, or
just a time when one gets started for the day badly. There are times
when the innate perversity of humans and material things runs riot.
One is led to believe that such untoward occasions, since they have
been in the past, will in all likelihood continue to crop up to the
end of time, though one cannot find any good reason why they should.
There are homes unacquainted with any household rumble or squeak,
where the domestic machinery is always in order, and flexible enough
to care for sudden overloading, or absorb any reasonable shock. In
many such places, devoid of servants and confined to a modest income,
the mistress is ever an expert; the chances are that her daughters
will be equally resourceful. Really, the only sure way to bring up an
adequate number of fine, competent, resourceful wives and home-makers
is to train them definitely for the profession. The girls must be made
acquainted with every detail of the business which they will surely
inherit. The people who would live in hotels and frankly abandon
home-making themselves merely emphasize the charm of the household,
because hotels have nothing in common with homes.
It seems rather strange that a business so old as housekeeping does
not, and never has, applied to its development the laws of commercial
enterprise. When the community or corporation state sees the need for
workmen, foremen or directors, it tries to educate individuals for the
purpose. The supply of competent men and women is not left to chance.
Whereas, womankind trusts to a very fickle fortune, that every girl
will somehow learn to steer the domestic craft and be conversant with
methods of preserving family ideals. Contrast the far-sighted plans of
business to fill its ranks with the casual training the average girl
undergoes to fit her for the future. What is her chance of success? Is
it reasonable to suppose that one who has never made a home, or even
helped actively to run one made for her, can on demand "make good?" It
is a lasting tribute to the inherent genius and indefatigable patience
of the modern woman that she has achieved so much with a minimum of
experience.
Hence, in order to properly equip one's children for a practically
inevitable future, let the girls into the secret of domestic planning;
let them know of costs and shopping, income and expenditure; of
materials and uses; the care of possessions, repairs and cleaning;
try to show them that the menu is not a haphazard combination of
ingredients and foods, but a conscious selection of viands which will
entice the appetite, furnish proper nutrition and accord with the
season. By all means emphasize the fact that housekeeping, like any
business, can be systematized so that the hundred and one activities
may succeed one another in orderly procession through the weeks and
months. Wash day and housecleaning should be absorbed into the domestic
program, and never present their grisly features to the home-coming
male, with sufficient trouble of his own.
Recent issues of the magazines have contained much discussion of
the household tangle, and most of them have ended with the slogans
"industrial education," "back to the kitchen," and such. Granted
that girls need this training, and that schools in time will give
it; granted that the social position of the servant is a source
of discussion and friction; that the demands of modern living are
exacting; and, finally, granting the insistent prominence of all
the other economic disturbances, who is, in the last analysis, to
blame? Would a business man think for one moment of handing over any
department of his affairs to one not trained for the particular duties
involved? Industry in every branch seeks men and women _fitted_ to
take charge of even minor matters. And when trained assistants are
scarce the obvious policy is to prepare other promising workers for
such special places. On the other hand, mothers too often prepare
their daughters for marriage, not for home-making, seemingly blind to
the fact that marriage is an inert, barren, static condition, save
in the stimulating atmosphere of a fine home. How can the servant
question ever be settled by untutored girls who get no closer to the
domestic question than fudge, welsh rarebit and salted peanuts? The
_school can and does_ now, in all well-ordered communities, give a very
satisfactory formal, technical training in domestic art and science.[E]
There students learn to cook and sew; they learn a good deal about
food values, dietetics and simple food chemistry, simple sanitation,
etc. But the management of a real house, system and everyday routine,
that fine sense of adjustment to the conditions as they exist--these
essentials can only be learned in the home itself. The efforts of
the school can largely supplement but never replace home guidance,
experience and _responsibility_. Keeping house ought to be a science
and art rather than a game of chance.
_Definite Suggestions_
In the "Library of Work and Play," to which the present book is the
introductory volume, one will find a collection of books replete with
suggestion. But these are not manuals, or courses to be followed from
end to end, because children do not _profit most_ by such a plan.
The child is like a pebble dropped into still water. It communicates
its energy of momentum to the surrounding fluid and makes a circular
ripple, which in turn makes another and wider ripple, until the energy
is exhausted. In much the same way the child, landed in the midst of a
more or less inert material world, acts upon it with energy, _which,
however, is never exhausted_, producing the results which become more
and more extended. He begins in the middle of a given subject and works
in all possible directions, which gives one the clue to how to make the
most of books like these.[F]
If the girl has not already indicated a decided preference for
some recreation or play, place at hand the books which show the
possibilities open to her. It would be well for one to go over them
rather carefully first in order to know what they contain. Let the girl
take her leisure in searching the chapters and illustrations for the
suggestion which strikes a responsive chord. Ofttimes it will be quite
in order to point to chapters which have a bearing on some personal
need or desire. At any rate, the book or chapters which seem to be
most significant at the time should be followed up. Read over with her
such a volume as "Home Decoration" or "Housekeeping." Let her discuss
the plans offered and try them out in her own home. Every girl wants
and should have a dainty, inspiring, beautiful room of her own, and as
she grows older she also wants the rest of the house to match, so that
she can entertain her friends with pride and confidence. If one will
take "Housekeeping," "Home Decoration," and "Needlecraft" as texts,
and select from them first those suggestions which are _immediately
apt_ in a particular home, the girl will shortly find herself looking
at home problems from several different and very important angles. But
it is desirable also that the study be taken up first in a very simple
way, in order to tie it to real living and needs. New curtains, pillows
for the porch or den, stenciled scarf, the decorations and menu for a
small party, additional linen: these are some of the problems always
coming up, which may be used as a beginning. And once the start is
made the girl should have the chance to try other experiments along
the same line. Read with her the chapter on menus and marketing, or
housecleaning, and turn the house over to the daughter for a time
to manage--absolutely. There is nothing in the world which children
love more or which develops them more quickly than responsibility,
and the mutual consideration of household affairs gives the girl real
partnership in the domestic business. She may use the "Housekeeping"
book as a kind of reference, to be sought when new problems in
management fall to her share.
The question of home decoration is so vital that it deserves special
statement. The text[G] deals with all those details of interior
furnishing and embellishment which indicate taste. All of these are
not equally important, nor do they interest all girls to the same
extent, and in using the book one can profit most by the study of those
topics which touch the individual or particular family. But everywhere
there is the problem of furniture arrangement, wall decorations, color
schemes, and the skilful use of flowers, pottery and textiles. Give
the young people, and especially the girls, an insight into how the
interior should be treated. Have them look up pertinent questions in
the text and then try their 'prentice hands at creating a pleasant,
restful, homelike house with the furnishings at hand plus whatever they
can make or secure. Really, the book is as much a volume of suggestion
for the mother, to which she can refer her daughter, as a text for the
child. There is very keen interest in taste in recent years, among
young people as well as parents, and the elements hitherto lacking
have been (1) accessible information and (2) opportunity to "try it
out." Offer that opportunity; a flat is just as fruitful a field for
experiment as a house, perhaps more.
The active participation in outdoor life, nature-study propaganda
and the multiplication of popular scientific (nature) literature
has greatly opened another field to children--that of raising pets,
gardening, etc. Here the boy or girl will readily make some choice at
an early day, if there has been any contact with such things. If not,
a volume of this kind[H] will be a real stimulant and inspiration, as
it should be, not a lesson manual. Place the book in a child's hands,
help him look over the conditions, available ground, cost, care, etc.;
let him send for circulars and catalogues, or if possible visit some
one interested in the same hobby and the experiment is under way with
irresistible momentum. It is a godsend to any child to give him a
simple, direct statement of what can be done; he furnishes the steam
and imagination for future development, and father and mother comprise
the balance wheel of the business. This volume and the one on "Outdoor
Sports" contain a mass of information which touch the interests of
practically all boys and girls at some time in their first sixteen
years. When the child is old enough to launch out in any personal
undertaking, old enough for even minor responsibilities, when he or she
expresses the desire for possession and money, then give them books
like these. Let them soak in and digest. Encourage only those requests
which are convincing, but give them all the scope possible. Every child
will eventually select the pastimes which are best for her though she
may stumble in doing so; she will make fewer mistakes, and waste less
time if she have access to books which will crystallize and guide her
ambitions.
FOOTNOTES:
[E] As the High Schools of Springfield, Newton, and Brookline, Mass.;
Cleveland, Ohio; Los Angeles, Cal., among others. And the elementary
schools of practically every well-organized community.
[F] "Library of Work and Play."
[G] "Home Decoration."
[H] "Outdoor Life."
[Illustration]
CHAPTER IV
THAT BOY
"The prime spur to all industry (effort) was and is to own and use
the finished product."--HALL.
One day the pedagogue, who was a learned man and addicted to study,
shut himself up in his library, bent on devising a method for training
boys into men. This master was well versed in the sciences so that he
could follow the stars in their courses, make the metals and substances
of the earth obey his will, and guide the plants in their growth from
seed to blossom. Nor was this scholar lacking in sympathy for the
arts, if they were not too fine, for his desires all led to systems
and orderly arrangements of matter, and those subjects which would not
succumb to analysis he looked upon coldly.
[Illustration: A Boy's Camp with Ernest Thompson Seton. There Was Never
a Boy Who Did Not "Make-Believe," and Here the Play Spirit, under
Stimulating Guidance, Becomes a Powerful Factor in Developing the
Appreciation of Community Effort]
[Illustration: The Play Idea very soon Grows Toward the Representation
of Primitive though Adult Customs and Actions, in which Several Join
a Common Body or Company. Hence City Gangs which Merely Seek Romantic
Expression]
Hence in this problem of education he made a careful survey of the
history and development of learning from the beginning--seeking
those ideals and standards of culture which had been approved for
the _scholar_, because scholars have always been held in high esteem
by those patrons who, being ignorant themselves, wanted scholarship
nearby. It was found in the course of his delving that the sciences
had originated and developed in about this order, mathematics,
astronomy, geology, botany, biology, etc. The arts of expression had
of course developed as a group, but chiefly through literature from
the beginning. There seemed to be a good deal of recent interest in
machines and engineering, and of course certain classes had always
tilled the soil, because one must have food; but the study of these
activities could not lead to culture, because culture had always had
to do with thinking, not manual labor. Therefore it became clear to
the master that up to the present time, since the end of all scholarly
ambition had been a profession (law, medicine, theology, etc.),
education must be a very simple matter. All one had to do was to
prepare certain capsules of mathematics, grammar, Greek and Latin, and
a few, very few, odd pellets of science, etc., and at stated intervals
stimulate the boy's mental organism with the various toxins in
rotation. Were these subjects not the very basis of culture, and what
would be more logical than direct systematic presentation of the
fundamental principles? If the patient did not respond nothing could
be done but to use more medicine, more lessons; there could be but one
line of treatment. With this question settled the good savant signified
his readiness to instruct youth in such branches as were desirable for
the educated man, and pupils came in numbers to obtain the precious
learning, for the pedagogue was favorably known as a great scholar. But
these pupils who came, like the master, happened to live in or about
the year 1912, when the chief interests of the people were business,
science, and engineering; when transportation and communication had
become highly developed and systematized; when farming and agriculture
were almost arts, the whole welfare of the nation rested on industry,
and utility held high rank as an element in culture among the people
who worked. Even when a boy of this period did not seek industrial
honors and follow in the footsteps of his father, he must needs be
interested as a citizen in so important a source of prosperity. Hence
the children who set out to become pupils of the learned teacher were
alive to the business and activities of their time and surroundings,
and were more than willing to learn when the learning led to a useful
end. But the scheme proposed by their mentor was such a queer scheme.
Of course it was better to go to school than do nothing and one must
study a few things, but how much more fascinating and worth while to
talk about birds and animals, trolley cars, the railway, electricity,
machines, and doing things with a purpose, than to discuss impossible
stories written by people who evidently knew very, very little about
young people, to learn unending pages of numbers and definitions and
facts, which, since one had no use for them, were speedily forgotten to
make room for better material?
[Illustration: A Typical Boy's Workroom and Shop. Pride of Personal
Possession Develops rather Early and the Boy Should Have a Place of His
Own]
[Illustration: The Kind of Shop which One May Have at Home]
Now these children were obedient and reverent toward learning and did
the tasks assigned them by their master, but in their leisure hours
they did a good bit of experimenting along other lines, and found
several other studies which were not in the master's scheme much more
to their taste. Animals and pets were not only nice, live, soft, downy,
fuzzy things to play with, but they had such queer ways and were so
useful that one could talk about them forever. And then if one raised
numbers of them, often neighbors would desire to purchase, and behold,
a business began whereby it was just possible one could make a profit
now and then. Again, it was fine if one had even a few tools so that
one could put together the toys and playthings _necessary_ to
every-day amusement. Of course it was needful to measure and calculate
and scheme about materials and costs, but all this scheming led to
real purpose, while the questions proposed by the teacher were just
questions after all and it couldn't make much difference whether one
found the answer or not.
Now the usual thing happened. Because of their reverence for
traditional learning and respect for its apostle the youths continued
to attend upon the master and go through the ceremonial form of
intellectual purification. But really their hearts were outside,
wrapped up in the work of the world, where they had found just the
tonics which were good for them.
In just so far as the school and home open ways which "enable the
student to earn a livelihood and to make life worth living" do we see
the passing of the old type school (suggested above) and ideal of
training. Not only are there comparatively few in this world capable
of receiving high polish through the so-called culture studies, but
the definition of culture has changed; now _any activity is cultural
which arouses one's best efforts_. Moreover, the boy of the present
is on the lookout for a new type of instructor, one born of the new
era of industrial success, a teacher who will unlock the mysteries of
modern nature, science, engineering and business, and who will make it
possible for the student to find his special abilities or bent at an
early age. It is no argument at all to say that the boy is too young
to know what is best for him, that the mature mind is the only safe
guide. The adult teacher and parent becomes a true guide only when he
uses as a basis for guidance those qualities and instincts of childhood
which cannot be smothered or eradicated. The child, whether boy or
girl, knows instinctively some of the kinds of information which do
not agree with him, because they possess no significance at the time
and he cannot assimilate and fatten on them. The child needs a new
and more nutritious mental diet. Father and mother cannot be of great
_direct_ assistance because, strange to say, they are not experts with
_children_, they merely know _a child_ (their own) passably well, but
they can provide a most effective, indirect, contributory stimulus
through outside opportunities for healthy play and experiment which
will supplement the formal instruction of the school. And children of
all ages up to the time they go to college need some strong outside
interest, or group of them, which will serve as a finder to
determine the trade, profession, or business of the future man.
[Illustration: The Kite Fever is an Annual Disease. Common to
practically the Whole Country. But it is a Disease which Flourishes
only among Normal Children, chiefly Boys]
[Illustration: Pump and Waterwheel. A Type of Mechanical Problem which
the Boy May Begin With, Both In and Out of School, because It Touches
His Keenest Interest]
The children who enter the school, from whatever grade of society or
given race, are all much alike--lively little animals that sleep, eat
and talk continuously, and play, though play and expression are one
and the same. They do what all animals do--keep on the move, acquire
muscular skill and precision, and endeavor by every possible means to
express their ideas and convey them to others. This expression takes
on a constructive phase when children play at store, keeping house,
fire engine, and make toys of paper and cardboard, and such amusement
is the forerunner of that intense mechanical interest which overtakes
boys about the age of ten or eleven.[I] Girls have an equally positive
leaning which is characteristic and will be noted elsewhere. Watch
any group of boys of average parentage and surroundings and make a
list of the things they construct for themselves, for their own ends.
In any such list extending over a period of several months will be
found, according to locality, such things as wagons, sleds, whistles,
kites, dog houses, pigeon roosts, chicken coops, boats, guns, etc.,
etc. The young artisan uses whatever raw material he can; he is
chiefly concerned with the plan, and makes the best of conditions and
materials. The things he makes are always for real use, a principle
held in high esteem in all the arts. In making these toys the boy
acquires some exceedingly valuable information and a physical skill
and perfection which can only be secured at an early age. He learns
about things, about raw material, about tools and utensils common to
every household; he gets on speaking terms with the fundamental laws of
mechanics and, more than one would imagine, develops a real ingenuity
in molding material to his immediate needs. The construction of a bird
house or kite is in itself simple enough, but the boy has to spend
considerable effort in finding out how to do it, which is beneficial.
Moreover, this constant struggle to get into tune with his physical
environment and subdue it results in a considerable independence,
confidence, and resourcefulness, which under moderately favorable
conditions will produce a boy alert to the world in which he lives and
full of the spirit of investigation--the critical attitude. Such a boy
will not lean on others for either learning or pleasure.
[Illustration: Boat Made by Percy Wilson and Donald Mather, Montclair,
N. J., Independent of Adult Assistance. The Method of Construction,
which is Unique and Sound, was Devised by the Boys]
[Illustration:
Copyright, 1910, by Cheshire L. Boone
These are the Forerunners of Numerous Other Electrical Constructions,
Many of Which are Produced Out of School, in the Home Workrooms and
Shops]
Actually, however, the modern boy has not been encouraged along
these lines, nor has he been taken very seriously in those activities
which affect him most; hence his struggle toward any real efficiency. A
prominent man once said:
"When I was fifteen years of age I could break wild horses to
saddle or harness, and teach kicking cows to stand while they were
being milked. I could fell trees and drop the tree in any direction
desired. I knew the relative value of all native woods, appreciated
the differences in soil, grains, fruits, and simple minerals. I could
use the draw-shove, adze axe, broad axe, cross-cut saw, sickle and
cradle. I could make a figure-four trap, an axe helve, a neck yoke,
axe yoke, whiffletree, clevis, and could braid an eight-strand cattle
whip. We used to mend our harness on rainy days and I could make a
wax-end and thread it with a bristle, and use a brad-awl. I knew
how to construct an ash-leach and to make soft-soap, apple butter,
and pumpkin pies. I knew the process of weaving flax and wool, of
making and burning brick. I knew on sight and had names for a score
or more of birds, and had a good idea of the habits of squirrels,
skunks, wolves, and the fishes that swam in the creeks. I knew how to
cure hams, shoulders, and side-meat: to pickle beef and cover apples
with straw and earth so that they would keep in safety through the
most severe winter, and open up in the spring fresh and valuable. Of
course my knowledge was not of a scientific order, and I could not
have explained it to another, because I never knew I had it."
How many boys or girls of the present time possess anything like this
sum of _useful knowledge_--useful for the conditions in which they
live? There was a time when children had to learn in order to survive,
and now that the necessity is removed and children are simply allowed
to grow without purpose, the boy and girl inevitably lose one of the
best elements in their training unless new opportunities are opened.
It is not difficult to see how the boy's interest in construction grows
and expands; mere acquaintance with boys will furnish the data. At a
comparatively early stage the youthful experiments are naturally sifted
to a few specialties, which assume prominence either because of the
boy's reading or the type of locality in which he lives. From time to
time his interest may shift, investigating one subject after another,
always seeking the unknown avocation. The process will probably lead in
time to a more or less fitting selection of trade or profession. How
else is the boy to find himself?
[Illustration:
Copyright, 1909, by Cheshire L. Boone
A Real Derrick in Miniature, Operated by Means of a Waterwheel (at the
right). The Lifting, Turning and Handling of the Bucket are Controlled
by Levers Attached to Spools (in the middle section). This Sort of
Thing is Part of Regular School Work]
[Illustration: Waterwheels (lower illustrations) and Fan (upper
illustration), made by Public School Pupils]
After he has passed through the preliminary stages of mere play and
haphazard amusement the boy becomes conscious of the mysterious,
unusual forces of electricity; they hold even adult attention and
wonder, but the boy, being more impressionable and confident,
immediately forages for information, reads enormously, and experiments.
He takes in the whole subject with a vim and sureness that is _de
facto_ evidence of its intrinsic worth for study purposes. And in
a much shorter time than adults would require, he has mastered the
fundamental laws and is eager to put this wonderful force to work,
to make things move. He has the same attitude toward steam and gas
engines, water motors, and studies them with the same intensity
of purpose. Here are dynamic elements which appeal to the human
appreciation of _power_ and which may be harnessed, subdued. The idea
is comparable to the ancient reverence for fire, water and the storm.
Since modern science has organized engineering and mechanical knowledge
and simplified it, the student can have at his disposal just the books
and periodicals needed to unlock this storeroom of mystery; these
publications were written for the purpose. But there are several other
openings for creative effort which appeal no less strongly, and among
which both the boy and girl may choose, with complete confidence that
there will be ample room for initiative, ingenuity, and utilitarian
bias.
Every child loves to go camping, and in common with his elders reveals
the close connection with primitive life in general through the
pleasure derived from the simplicity of camp life. There in the woods,
where conveniences are few, every device and construction counts the
utmost, and its purpose is apparent. The whole spirit of such living
is more in harmony with child nature and longings than the modern city
home; it supplies the craving for physical freedom and places the boy
or girl almost entirely on his own resources. What he obtains in the
way of pleasure comes from his own efforts and is correspondingly
precious. The boy especially finds in camp just as much chance for
mechanical skill as elsewhere. Temporary furniture, utensils, cooking
conveniences, the shelter, traps, etc., are suggestive. And lastly
the unconventional, untrammeled outdoor life stands in that same
relation to the boy as it did to the savage (because boyhood is a
primitive stage); he puts forth his strongest endeavors to conquer
the elements, the climate, the earth, and growing things; to provide
himself with food and shelter--in other words, to survive as the savage
sought to survive. The idea is truly epic. No wonder the child expands
and develops under the simple responsibilities imposed, and absorbs
woodcraft with such astonishing ease. The recent extraordinary growth
of the summer camp among boys' schools, and the results suggested in
the writings of Ernest Thompson Seton, are, with the unfolding of
industrial education, two pointed examples of the shifting view of
education in the home as well as school. Probably no outside agency
will in time become so effective for good as the Boy Scouts, whose code
is based on a very primitive framework suited to boys. During a recent
visit to California, and while crossing the flat prairies of Kansas,
the writer saw a company of scouts at work. It was borne in upon the
observer that there was an organization which fitted every locality,
every climate; it appealed to _boy_, not _creed_, _social order_, time,
or _adult dogma_.
[Illustration:
Copyright, 1910, by Cheshire L. Boone
A Self-recording Telegraph Receiver. An Excellent Example of what the
Juvenile Mechanical Mind will Attempt. The Number of Boys Interested in
such Projects is Considerable]
[Illustration: Wireless Station and Workroom of Donald Huxom,
Montclair, N. J. This, too, Indicates how Boys Square Themselves with
Scientific Progress]
One should at least mention athletics in this connection, because of
the excellent physical benefit in both activities. Athletics, however,
contains an element which is all-important--team work. And no restraint
is so much needed, nor so cheerfully heeded for that matter, by the
restless boy and girl as a community of effort. The elimination of a
purely selfish personal point of view is very difficult to bring about
with the best of children, because they are wrapped up in their own
affairs, and nothing serves to introduce them to the rights of others
and the value of concerted action for a common good so well as sport.
The kind does not matter. Any well-conducted, clean enjoyment of this
kind develops that mental pliability and willingness to _take a part_
which is a fundamental of citizenship. Incidentally leaders arise, and
the beginnings of organization dawn. It is a great day when the boy
learns his first code of signals in the ball team!
[Illustration:
Copyright, 1910, by Cheshire L. Boone
An Electrical Soldering Iron and Glue-pot, made at Suggestion of
Instructor for Use in School Shop]
[Illustration:
Copyright, 1909, by Cheshire L. Boone
Waterwheel Connected with Model Lathe]
There is one more side (at least) to the boy and girl
business--_earning money_. It is nothing short of marvelous that
this desire for personal income, however small, has not been taken
seriously. Why do children want to earn money? For the best reason in
the world, _independence_. Man's entire existence from the earliest
age down to the twentieth century has been one long struggle toward
it--toward survival. First he had to combat the elements and animals,
then his fellows, for possession of food, lands, water, raw materials,
and wives. When he found that possession of certain commodities added
to his importance and therefore comfort and safety, and especially
to his privilege, he sought wealth and its freedom. Now the boy and
girl follow stages in development toward similar independence, and
among the privileges most desired is that of money or possessions
of value. If they earn it, the amount represents so much work and
gives the coins a fixed worth which cannot be established in other
fashion. Moreover, this desire for income (rather than money) is
one characteristic of the child between the ages of thirteen and
fifteen years. His power of reasoning and organization are developing
rapidly, and it is the time when adult ideals and actions first look
attractive. The time is ever ripe for launching the boy or girl into
any avocation which holds their fancy, that they may forget their own
oblique tendencies to laziness, stubbornness, wayward action, and
selfishness; these are all characteristic of the stage. Sex changes
too play no inconsiderable part, because the boy's companions are for
a time all masculine. Business of some kind is just what he needs, and
if that business is profitable, a powerful motive is supplied. Perhaps
the keenest interest is that in nature, and most children at some time
have desired pets--chickens, rabbits, pigeons, dogs, song birds. There
is scarcely a town or city condition where some animal hobby cannot
be pursued without disturbing others' peace of mind. But it should be
looked into seriously as a business, a miniature counterpart of other
like enterprises. The disposal of personal service and products to
others brings the child in close contact with numbers of adults and
adult standards and business connections. It fosters responsibility
and places upon the child the burden of proof, to show that he is
entitled to a place as a valuable member of society. And just here it
may be well to say, even if the child does not need the money he earns,
it will be the most precious he will ever own, because since it came
through effort, it will be spent with due caution.
The vegetable and flower garden may be made to yield similar returns
and such products are always salable. In addition, every house, every
yard, every farm is in constant need of repairs, changes and care which
the alert boy or girl can furnish. The development of such odd tasks
into a business parallels the development of every large enterprise
which began in a modest way. It fosters the best of personal and civic
ideals, and tames the restless, self-conscious energy of youth into
smooth and profitable channels through which to journey in peace to a
sane maturity.
[Illustration: Excellent Examples of High School Work which is Really
Profitable. These Machines will Work and Develop Power which can be
Measured]
[Illustration: A Manual Training Shop]
Is it any wonder that education is so ineffective at times? In the
light of present-day appreciation of physiology and psychology it is
increasingly clear that education has furnished an impersonal, rather
stilted system of stuffing along restricted lines for a warm-hearted,
all-inquisitive, nature-loving human animal which automatically refuses
to be nourished thereby, and forages elsewhere. Although the child's
judgment can by no means be followed concerning what is best for
him, his instincts and possible future will serve as a most excellent
guide. His early training must take into account those interests
which are most keen and lasting and use them as the framework for
instruction, and all subsequent stages of training involve a distinct
obligation to build upon this elementary foundation, with a view to
social worth. Most children will have to earn a living (the girl
usually helps by managing the home), and this necessity is preëminent.
But whether rich or otherwise, the ideal of social worth remains for
all. And the least the home can do is to nurse childhood's efforts
and experiments in play and occupation which lead finally to mature
judgment and conceptions.
_How to Use Books with Boys_
Boys probably obtain more help from books than girls do because they
are more self-reliant, more assertive and impatient. And as has
been indicated, more books have been written for boys, but the same
general method of use is common to both. The boy too finds in the book
of crafts, mechanics, science, or sport a stimulant and incentive.
He reads it much as he would a story of adventure. No matter what
his greatest enjoyments may be, the perusal of accounts of others'
juvenile activities widens the productive horizon in a way not to be
ignored, and for this reason "How to Do" books of all kinds are a
serious element in the boy's life, at a time when he is less concerned
with what to do than with how to produce something. But there is a
danger in this catholicity of interest: it may become dilettantism.
The boy may merely potter or fuss with one hobby after another, more
because he cannot supply the need for more and more information, than
because he does not care. Hence it is worth while from time to time to
add more fuel to the flame of ambition in a given direction, to provide
books and tools, a working place or shop, and open the way for progress
in some stated direction.
[Illustration: The Machine Shop. Public School, Montclair, N. J.]
[Illustration: The Study of Aeroplane Construction, Public School 77,
N. Y. City. This Toy is Full of Possibilities for the Live Boy]
[Illustration: A Successful Machine]
[Illustration: Finished Aeroplanes. Public School 77, N. Y. City]
Specifically, books like those on "Mechanics, Indoors and Out,"
"Electricity," and "Carpentry," and parts of "Outdoor Work" may be
considered as of one type. When he receives the books the boy will
spend days in absorbing their contents, maybe dreaming a bit over the
possibilities in view, and finally, by a process which will always be
unintelligible to the adult, will light upon a problem or group of them
that meets his wishes, as the kite for instance; all he needs from then
on is human sympathy with the, to him, important undertaking, and
he will gallop through all phases of the kite construction and devices,
aeroplanes, propellers, forms of motive power, probably bringing up
short at the steam or gasoline engine, which opens another chapter.
The really important item connected with the use of such books is to
keep the young mechanic on one thing at a time. A bit of judicious
questioning now and then, always aimed at a group of related problems
upon which he may be engaged, will keep his mind working connectedly.
His efforts will then be cumulative in effect. Visits to the aero park,
the museums, to the shops and technical schools, and to the local power
plants are other distinct aids which should be invoked to supplement
and emphasize reading and experiment. In some of the cities model kite
and aeroplane contests are held at regular intervals, and these put
boys on their mettle to succeed. In fact the proper way to use books
of this kind is to _let the boy use them_; let him begin in the middle
of the book and work outward or at the end and go backward, but see
that he has books which present the subject vividly, simply. Provide
him with the essential tools and materials and a place to work. About
the surest way to make a success with boys is to let them have a room
or corner of their own where they can work to their hearts' content,
where they can store their precious belongings, and where companions
may come and talk over things. Really the book is inadequate alone.
Unless one provide the opening for action, books but aggravate and
excite the mind, mockingly spur the student on to "do." Hence with the
book goes a tacit obligation to provide means and place, even the most
modest, for putting the book to test.
There is yet another phase to this use of books, and it is one which
the boy will usually meet, if the texts are adequate. It is this:
whatever the young student does best will be the result of real desire,
real personal enthusiasm. It is a fallacy to suppose that the boy
interested in tools should always put up shelves, mend the door, or
fix the fence. He will execute these tasks cheerfully, but they are
not the subject of his dreams. On the other hand, if the desire be to
earn money, to have a small business of his own, fences and shelves
and plant stands may be the most interesting things in the world to
him, because they are _means_, not _ends_. Hence the printed book is
no teacher or trainer of children, no direct guide to future vocation,
but is the very essence of inspiration, the foundation from which the
young secures nourishment for day dreams and ambitions, out of which he
patiently weaves the rich fabric of experience.
FOOTNOTE:
[I] This bias toward mechanics has already been noted by teachers and
parents, but in recent years has assumed unusual significance because
of the extraordinary development of industry. This, combined with the
researches of modern psychology and pedagogy, has introduced a new, a
powerful motive into teaching.
[Illustration]
CHAPTER V
A HOUSE AND LOT--ESPECIALLY THE LOT
The past decade has witnessed a movement, just now taking aggressive
shape, which is unique--the interest in outdoors, nature study,
farming, summer homes, sport, and what is termed the simple life. It
is a movement filled with the greatest promise of any among the host
now claiming attention, and bids fair to soothe the tired nerves and
over-stimulated minds of a frantically industrial age. Busy men and
women, particularly the men, who once thought their affairs would
become hopelessly muddled if they were not at the desk each and every
day, now indulge in sport, farming or gardening, and horticulture.
They have become convinced of the benefits of fresh air and consequent
health, and have a calmer, more serene outlook on life as a whole. It
has become "quite proper" now to live in the "country," even though the
country is represented by a lot 40 × 100, for one may have a garden
which produces wonders even on such a lot. Indirectly, people get the
desire to fix up their homesteads, to plant hedges and vines, to have
window boxes and put on a kind of apologetic style which develops into
conscious pride ultimately. One cannot play with such an avocation long
without learning a bit more about nature in general, and without any
conscious resolution drifts into keeping chickens or pets as a kind
of pleasurable refuge from mundane things. All this activity is much
more than a fad; it points to a recurrence of the primitive instinct to
always bridge the ever-widening gaps between nature and the human, who
is merely an extra-developed animal himself. Children always possess
in a marked degree a love for outdoors, for animal life, for growing
things, and fight hard during the early years to satisfy the desire.
When they cannot achieve results at home, the surplus energy is worked
off by harrowing the neighbors. Steam will do a great deal of work when
under control, but if one allows steam to accumulate it must get off
sooner or later, and children are under steam always.
[Illustration: The Boy Who does not Love to Camp is Unique. This
Illustrates one of Ernest Thompson Seton's Camps where Boys Come in
Contact with Nature at Her Best]
[Illustration: This and Other Illustrations of Homes in This Chapter,
Show such Places as People Make when they Care about Appearances]
The adult, when he becomes a city dweller, takes his nature study
in stiff two-weeks' doses, fishing or shooting, plus all the modern
gastronomic tidbits he can carry, and accumulates a fine crop of
scientific fables and sunburn. This is not real rest, not even the
best acquaintance with nature; rather it is a sort of primitive spree,
inherited in garbled form from tradition as a seasonal necessity.
The truly fine side to the nature movement lies in its influence on
everyday living through a sound regard for what nature can do at her
best, and the resultant modification of taste in general. It is a
questionable satisfaction to make a whirlwind campaign into nature's
midst for a few short weeks, comfortably supported by the consciousness
of urban conveniences in the end, when there is the possibility of
bringing nature to our very doors, almost to the hearthstone. Nature is
complacent and excellent company when offered a suitable welcome.
The ideal home is ideal throughout--outside as well as in. There is no
vital difference between the kind of pride which demands clean linen
and that which craves beautiful lawns (to be used however), beautiful
flowers (also to be enjoyed), trees and porches for shade and rest.
The kind of nature too which really rests and enthuses one is the kind
which may be enjoyed for twelve months in the year; in other words,
gardens, grounds, and trees which belong to the climate, to the
locality, and, being hardy, commend themselves at all seasons.
[Illustration: Even the Most Beautiful House must have a Background to
Soften the Conventional Lines and Areas of Construction]
[Illustration: One should Build a House as one Builds a Reputation,
Gradually, Allowing Ideals and Execution to Expand and Develop
Together. Then the House and Grounds will Appear at Their Best]
But nature is no designer. The landscape gardener and the amateur must,
by their united efforts, bring an artistic plan to bear upon nature's
offerings, using her trees and flowers and the contour of the ground,
and create an environment which pleases. The result should not only
be fine of itself, but should furnish a proper and rich background
for the house which is the centre. There are in existence numerous
periodicals devoted to country living, farming, gardening, animals,
sports, and the special suburban problem, and also a very distinguished
library dealing with similar types. These have a surprisingly wide
circulation, probably because they are as a class guiding the public
taste in such matters instead of following it. This literature has in
a few short years uncovered a new public interest in matters allied to
nature, notably in home architecture and surroundings, and there is
distinct evidence at the present time of improvement in architectural
style. Domestic buildings are more appropriate in material and design
than ever before, and are such as seem to be in tune with the somewhat
informal suburban or village surroundings. Formerly architectural
style was imported from abroad, and with it came a certain few odd
fragments of landscape gardening, full of patterns, floral arabesques
and geometric arrangements, imitation Renaissance, urns and alert
iron dogs to guard the dooryard. One can still find houses with ugly
mansard roofs, stiff, forbidding doorways, and gloomy windows, the
whole perched high on a hill, or at least elevated above the street,
suggesting in every feature the barrenness of the artificial. It is
art at its worst. The effort was further emphasized by the consistent
designers through formal, wax-like landscape accessories, tender
budding plants, cast-iron benches and garden ornaments, which must
surely be blood kin to the modern steam radiator and art cook stove.
There was nothing human about such a place: it always suggested the
hereafter. But the new, healthy, public interests in outdoors, in a
joyous life, have banished those artificial shells and substituted a
type of dwelling which is planned for living. And the outside aspect of
the house gives one the impression that it belongs to that particular
spot, for those people for home purposes. Of course all houses are
not so successful, but one finds a good many nowadays. It was bound
to come, because when people began to study nature, to live closer to
their flowers and animals, to want green lawns and pleasant hills,
they soon sought a type of shelter which would nestle close to the
ground and look hospitable and inviting. Architecture and gardening
are more closely related than one would first imagine, and it is
questionable whether one can deal successfully with one and ignore the
other.
[Illustration: Trees, Shrubbery and Lawn form the Frame of the Picture,
and a Bad Frame will Spoil the Finest Picture]
[Illustration: There was a Time Not Long Since, when People Built
Houses According to Style. They Now Build for Pleasure and Comfort,
Producing the Finest Style of All]
In previous chapters the discussion of children and their training has
touched lightly upon certain points which may well be elaborated a bit
here. Most of the child's waking hours would virtually be spent out of
doors; no house is large enough. And it was urged that these intense
outside activities would be excellent foci for most profitable study.
No yard, however restricted, is too small to accommodate some hobby
which will absorb the child's energy and aid in generating constructive
skill and judgment. The matter of pocket money is also very important
and becomes a powerful motive when properly used. But there is another
and more mature point of view concerning the home as a whole, which
should not be discarded. _Every child should learn to so respect and
value his own personal property and affairs that he will respect those
of others, neighbors for instance._ He will not do this unless his
own efforts and experiments are taken seriously, or unless his home
grounds and living are maintained at top condition, or unless he
grows to appreciate a beautiful physical environment. The lawn, the
garden, poultry house and stable ought to be in perfect trim all the
time. It is better taste to have them so, and it is good business. One
cannot succeed with raising pets or animals in unsanitary quarters,
or inadequate shelter. It will not be difficult to develop proper
ideas of taste and charm in the grounds about the house if one begins
with the boy's and girl's own business and steers that to a decent
working basis. Ragged grounds, unkempt lawns, weeds, littered porches
and hopeless, tired-looking flowers--all persistent manifestations of
neglect--leave on the youthful mind ineradicable impressions which
undermine good taste.
Most boys and girls dislike any kind of work which is mere drudgery,
and most children in these days shy at work for ends other than
their own, because they have found that they can have privileges and
amusements without responsibility or other return to their parents. The
solution lies in the restoration to the boy of a feeling of personal
responsibility and pride, restoring to him and his sister the rights
of ownership to things and privileges earned, and make the children
something other than social puppets. Make their youthful occupations
count. Among those occupations one finds a number which are equally
fascinating to both children and adults.
[Illustration:
Courtesy of Miss Annie Washburn
A School Garden. If Children Cannot Expand at Home, the Public School
is Under Obligation to Satisfy the Need for Outdoor Occupation]
[Illustration:
Courtesy of Prin. F. C. Clifton
A School Garden. Watchung School, Montclair, N. J.]
Probably no accessory to the home is more to be valued than the garden,
especially the flower garden. It adds so much of color and variety to
the whole scheme, and helps to bring the house into intimate relation
with the grounds. The finest gardening has probably been due to
feminine influence, and every girl can draw from practical experience
with growing things a delicacy of taste and wealth of knowledge to
apply to ends peculiarly her own. The latent intuitive feminine outlook
often remains undeveloped in these days, and no craft will preserve and
stimulate it more than gardening. There is a reaction just now against
the formal flower beds of tender plants, a patch of exotic color
dotting otherwise irreproachable lawns, though the florist would like
to keep such arrangements in fashion, for he is seldom a true artist.
But better standards of living, a fresher study of nature, a more
personal, intimate architecture, have brought into them many of the old
garden ideals where the garden belonged to the mistress of the house
and showed it. The garden has a most significant history. It has always
been a centre of family life, and among the Romans was in fact the
element about which the household revolved. Here the family rested and
visited, worked and played. The dwelling was built around it, with
living rooms which opened on its walks and fountains, bringing the
family together in the most intimate way. The early Dutch and English
colonists brought to America a similar taste for this soothing adjunct
to the home and early put into effect such garden plans as their
limited resources permitted. And always it has been the women-folk of
the community who have kept the garden alive with persistent belief
in its harmonizing influence on the family. Not infrequently the
children learned their first lessons in business, in ownership and in
responsibility, there. Gardening is one of the oldest and simplest of
crafts and may not be overlooked in seeking a pathway for youthful
energy.
Perhaps the boy or girl would rather grow fruits or berries,
vegetables, raise pigeons, keep bees--one and all are equally good.
This is the essential fact: every boy and girl should come into direct
and positive contact with some of the important natural phenomena and
life. Growing things have to be cared for, they must have food, water
and protection. One cannot play with them when one feels like it;
they need attention every day. The obligation is a pleasant one, but
nevertheless it is an obligation and gives a much needed lesson in a
way that sticks.
Any occupation around the home, if it be one which ministers either
to the pleasure, comfort or profit of individual members, is quite
likely to knit that family into a more compact group. It keeps the
children more at home. The interchange of service and advice which
brings into relief the interdependence of the individuals stimulates
this one of the important characteristics of domestic society. There
has been an indication in recent years to lay upon the schools the
entire training for manhood and womanhood. It is expected to teach
manners and ethics, to give the proper kind of academic information,
to formulate character, to even teach "nature." It is impossible to do
this. The finest character, habits of study, executive ability, and
the social attitude must be started and nursed to strength, if not to
maturity, at home. Five hours each day under incomplete authority can
accomplish little else than formal instruction. Even the beginnings
of technical and scientific training have their roots deep in these
childish hobbies which originate and flourish at home, where a deep
obligation rests upon parents to make the most of this early time.
It is a lead the school can follow, but never originate. The school
represents the average educational ideal of a given community, and when
schools are inefficient, languish and give indifferent service, it
is an excellent index of the local culture standard. Therefore, when
parents develop to their highest pitch the enthusiasms and abilities
of childhood, when they foster family life and enrich it so that every
member, particularly the younger ones, become active participants, and
feel that they too have work to contribute to the general welfare, then
and then only will the school by force of public sentiment revise its
own standards.
[Illustration: There is a Fascination about Raising Animals whether for
Sale or as Pets. To the Child this Occupation Acquires the Dignity of a
Real Business]
[Illustration: Two More Illustrations which will Suggest Plans for the
Future]
For reasons such as these every home should be a kind of unofficial
training school, in which the courses are mostly elective. Some outdoor
hobbies which the children will enjoy should be maintained, and, on
however small a scale, the house and grounds should be planned with
this in view. The city boy and girl will have somewhat limited choice,
but even there one can enjoy several hobbies, even in a flat. One can
at least grow things, for there are few corners, even in a city, so
dark that some plants will not flourish.
[Illustration]
CHAPTER VI
VACATIONS, ATHLETICS, SCOUTING, CAMPING, PHOTOGRAPHY
[Illustration: Every Child, and especially the Boy, Needs Active
Outdoor Exercise. This kind has much to recommend it]
[Illustration: Organized Play (Woodcraft) under Ernest Thompson Seton]
The boy of to-day is at a real disadvantage in his struggle for
health and happiness. He is always a primitive at heart, surging in
the direction of direct physical expression, showing almost on the
surface the simplicity of savage instincts, to live close to the
earth, be outdoors, perform feats of strength and skill, hunt, fish,
camp and play at doing the essential acts of life. Through succeeding
generations society has perfected a veneer of convention which glosses
over the crudities of childish abandon, and as they (children) grow,
the polish becomes thicker and more lasting, even so as to make the
individual a "ready-to-wear" being. But at intervals, even in adults,
one finds the periodic plunge into camp and field. That vacations
do not always supply the benefit which doctors would, but cannot,
is rather the fault of brevity than of the outings themselves. Boys
can, as a rule, enjoy vacations without responsibilities, they can
have ample scope for the close acquaintanceship with the simplicities
of outdoor living. One of the first true signs of summer is the tents
and crude shelters in backyards of our suburban villages. It is the
nearest approach to a normal, sane existence the child can make. No
proper child omits to play "Indian" or "hunter" in his early years,
and no youth ever quite outgrows the keen pleasure of sleeping in the
open, companioned by the sighing of the night. One recent experience
of the writer, camping among the giant redwoods of California, where
one could before going to sleep have a last look at the stars framed
by the wondrous trees, and drift to unconsciousness to water music
in the gorge way down below, was a time never to be forgotten. It is
such experiences as these in the open which both keep and restore
one's mental balance; they breed cheerfulness and optimism, develop
friendships. And the boy is not so very particular about the place,
provided there is water and woods, some companions, and things
to do. He loves to swim and should learn. He wants to be of some
account and have a part in the camp, learn how to make camp, protect
things, prepare for weather, engineer the routine of camp life.
Probably no institution outside formal educational institutions is
likely to have more vital influence on boys of the future than the
Boy Scouts, already mentioned, a marvelous scheme to organize this
play spirit. It takes hold of the most primitive instincts in child
life, develops them to the highest pitch of efficiency, and turns
the enormous energy generated thereby into useful channels by the
simplest of devices--service. But be it noted, service for which the
need is perfectly plain. The boy gets the finest of physical training
imaginable and readily cultivates moral virtues which have been the
despair of teachers and parents.
[Illustration: More Woodcraft. Has the Boy had a Chance at this kind of
Experience?]
[Illustration: Even the Technical Processes of Photography have been
Reduced to Popular Terms]
[Illustration: In These Days Photography has become so Simplified that
every Child can Use a Camera to Advantage]
In general, the vacation cannot be more profitably spent elsewhere than
outdoors. If a boy cannot actually go into the woods, away from home
and the restrictions which modern living must of necessity impose, then
the next best thing is pastime or amusement which requires outdoors
for a setting. There is much to be said for each and every one of the
sports common at the present time, baseball, tennis, football, golf,
boating, riding--they are all good--and every healthy child will take
part in one or more. Now a book about sport can never teach a boy or
girl how to become skilful; it cannot explain the mystery of the golf
stroke or pitched curve, but it can and does awaken the spirit of
trial and test. It suggests that there is possibly a right way to
do things; to play even, if one would succeed. The book may tell of
the necessity for team work and organization, for system and regular
living, and observance of rules made by others. In other words, the
book acts through suggestion, very seldom directly; and for the same
reason that one gives children books on mechanics, sewing, pets and
gardening, that they may learn of the dignity and worth of these
occupations, so also does one recommend books of sport and games,
which surely are the more valuable when taken in all seriousness. It
is through their games, involving dependence upon the confidence in
others, that children acquire the best traits of character.
Aside from the inherent return in physical well-being derived from
amusement in the open air--one can use this kind of medicine twelve
months in the year--such pastime possesses a second quality of no mean
importance; it brings one, ofttimes unconsciously, into communication
or hailing distance at least of that nature which is so charming. It is
easy to see the beauties of birds and flowers and skies, in camp; and
the dynamic loveliness of crisp fall weather, even in a great city, is
evidenced out of doors by the animation of passersby. But one cannot
read about the beauties of beneficent nature; one must enjoy them
personally, and is led on to do so through those pastimes which take
place in the open. Several of these have been mentioned, and there is
one other: photography.
Photography has almost ceased to be a science; it is a habit. One
goes to the store, invests in a comfortably small parcel and a book
of instructions which says "press here," and that is about all. The
fine succeeding details are minor matters. Whether one merely "presses
the button" or goes the whole road and really makes the picture,
photography has come to be a regular accessory to sport and enjoyment.
No doubt it is evidence of human vanity, but it takes so mild a form
and is the source of so much pleasure that the world needs it, to
preserve the thousand and one scenes and incidents which comprise the
background of life.
[Illustration]
INDEX
SYMBOLS USED
*--ILLUSTRATED
A--OUTDOOR WORK
B--MECHANICS, INDOORS AND OUT
C--CARPENTRY AND WOODWORK
D--HOME DECORATION
E--ELECTRICITY
G--GARDENING
H--HOUSEKEEPING
K--OUTDOOR SPORTS
M--WORKING IN METALS
N--NEEDLECRAFT
INDEX
PAGE
Accounts
balancing, H 90-91, 99
charge accounts, H 98
check book method, H 97
credits, recording, H 96
dairy accounts, A 242
debit and credit, H 90
department method of keeping, H 92-94
housekeeping, H 87-100
How to keep household accounts, by C. W. Haskins, recommended, H 99
personal expense account, specimen, H 92
poultry raising, A 168, 172
_See also_ Allowances; Income
Acorns, care of seed for planting, A 48
Aeronautics. _See_ Aeroplanes; Balloons; Flying machines; Kites
Aeroplanes, B 158-185*, C 67-83*
balance problem, B 169
biplane
making toy model, C 68-74*
principle of construction, B 173-175*
Bleriot monoplane, B 171-173*
engines, types used, B 173
construction principles in general, B 170-171
controlling direction of, B 168-169
gyroscope principle applied, B 169
making models, B 180-184*, C 67-83*
management not difficult, B 177
Maxim's aero-curve, B 166-167*
monoplane
making a model, B 180-184, C 75-83*
principle of construction, B 171-173*, 175-177
motive power for toy model, B 182-183, C 72, 81-83
planes
aspect ratio, B 167, 170
shape of, B 164-168
propeller blades
making for a model, B 182, C 70-72*
position on machine, B 169-170
Santos Dumont monoplane, B 175-177*
testing a model, B 183
triplane, B 180
Voisin biplane, B 173-175*
why aeroplanes fly, B 163-168, 195-197
wind velocity table, B 198
wireless telegraph control a possibility, B 169
_See also_ Balloons; Flying machines; Kites
Ageratum, planting, G 84
sowing and blossoming time, G 161
Agricultural clubs
book about, A 519
organizing, A 452-454
Agricultural pests. _See_ Insect pests
Agriculture. _See_ Dairying; Domestic Animals; Drainage; Fertilizers
and Manures; Flower gardening; Forestry; Fruit gardening;
Irrigation; Soils; Trees; Vegetable gardening; Vegetables
Alaska sable, skunk skin, A 484
Alcohol as a cleaning agent, H 124, 135, 359
Airships. _See_ Aeroplanes; Balloons
Alarm clocks, electric, E 302
Alfred, King
story of the burned cakes, H 16
Algae. _See_ Seaweed
Alligator wrench, making, M 276
Allowances
how to manage, H 80
Alloys
definition of, M 208
Almonds
food value, H 255
Alternating currents. _See_ Electric currents
Althea (Rose of Sharon)
characteristics, G 356
Aluminum
extraction from clay, E 263
utensils
advantages, H 202
care of, H 206
Ammeter, E 25-34*
construction, E 25-29
how it measures electricity, E 29-30, 32-33
shunt, use of, E 32-33
Ampere, Andre Marie
Ampere's rule, E 30-32
Amusements. _See_ Games; Sports
Andirons
forging, M 363-370*
how to use, H 225
Andrew, Saint
story of the loaves and fishes, H 32
Anemometer
making, C 162-165
Anemone
Japanese, characteristics, G 333, 365
wood anemone, G 343
Angora goat, A 109-110
book about, A 517
Animals
feeding motherless animals, A 268
tamed versus domesticated, K 177
training, A 248-270
fear versus kindness, A 256-257
wild animals, A 259-263
_See also_ Domestic animals; Pets; also names of animals,
e. g., Birds, Newts, Toads, etc.
Annealing
copper bowl, M 21
definition of, M 208
steel, M 307-309
tools for, M 11-12*
Annuals (Plants)
blooming after frost, G 330
climbing, G 331
definition of, G 160
for cut flowers: table, G 329
for heavy soils: table, G 329
for rocky places: table, G 332
for sandy soils: table, G 328
for shady places: table, G 331
for sunny places: table, G 332
fragrant: table, G 330
self sowing, G 331
value of, G 316, 359
what to plant, G 322
Annunciators, Electric, E 68-71*
Antique furniture. _See_ Furniture
Ants
development from the egg, A 393-395
garden pest, G 283
habits, K 147
household pests, H 361
Anvil
metal workers' tool, M 10*
Apartment houses
heating by electricity, E 125
how to have a play house in, H 8
Apiculture. _See_ Bees
Apple
distance to plant trees, G 258
food value, H 255
saving seeds from cider making, A 50
surplus used for cider vinegar, A 413
wood for canes, A 59
Applique
embroidery, N 198-202
honiton lace, N 237
leather, N 83, 85*
overlaid work, N 200
underlaid, N 201
Apricots, dried
food value, H 255
April
birds, K 175
blooming plants, G 364
Aprons, making, N 26-30
bands and strings, N 28-30
gathering, N 26-28*
sewing apron and work bag combined, N 31-33*
Aquarium
care of sick fish, K 166
cost of ready-made boxes and globes, K 163
feeding fish, K 166
making a water-tight box, K 160-162
stocking a self-sustaining aquarium, K 164-166
what to keep in, K 161
_See also_ Gold fish
Arago, Francois Jean
wave theory of light, E 345
Arbor vitæ
characteristics, C 542
Arbors. _See_ Pergola
Arbutus
gathering and conserving, A 93
Arc lamp. _See_ Electric lamp--Arc
Archery
practice of, K 329-331
Architecture
adapting the plan to the purpose, D 6, 13
American city versus country homes, D 365-367
bungalow, plan and elevation, C 465*
dining-room plan, D 9
floor plan, D 8*
hall plan, D 9
kitchen plan, D 10
Living-room plan, D 9
A model house, D 3-33
pantry plan, D 12
plan in relation to decorations and furnishings, D 12-13
principles of design, D 4-5, 13-16
wall areas, considering, D 12
_See also_ Building; Carpentry; Cottages; Foundations; Pergola
Archimedian screw, B 143-145*, 344*
Armatures
ammeter armature, E 29
dynamo armature, E 9, 11-13
Arrowhead (Plant)
characteristics, G 366
Art
copyrighting works of art, B 426
Arthur, King
The King's Kitchen: story, H 20
Artichoke
indoor planting time, G 233
Arts and Crafts. _See_ Basket making; Bead work; Block printing; Brass
work; Copper work; Embroidery; Lace making; Leather work; Metal
work; Iron work; Silver work; Stenciling
Arum (Plant)
characteristics, G 366
Ash
characteristics, C 564
strength of wood, C 496
Ash tray
copper work, M 85*
Ashes
fertilizing value, A 433
Asparagus
insect pests, G 287
Aspidistra
indoor plant, G 196
Assisi, Saint Francis of, H 25
Association foot ball, K 331
Aster
characteristics of New England aster, G 365
half hardy plant, G 317
sowing and blossoming time, G 161
starting, G 137
Athletics
all around athletic championship, K 328-329
best college record, K 336
Olympic games, events, K 372
rowing record, K 383
training rules, K 11-12
value of, K 5-6
Atlantic cable
laying, E 65-66
Atmospheric pressure. _See_ Barometer
Attic playhouse, H 5
Atwater, W. O.
Principles of nutrition; quotation, H 251
Auger
bit, C 194*
screw principle, B 156
August
blooming plants, G 365
Australian boomerang, B 232-234*
Automobiles
gasolene consumed per mile, B 401
making frame for one and two cylinder motors, B 396-401*
making toy automobile, C 62-66*
Aviation. _See_ Aeroplanes
Axe
selecting, K 96-97
Azalea
indoor plant, G 197
B
Babylon
proposed irrigation works, B 247
Baby's breath (Plant)
characteristics, G 329, 365
Bachelor's buttons. _See_ Cornflower
Backing enamel
definition, M 208
Bacon
cuts, H 270
food value, H 250, 253
for basting meat, H 357
Bacteria in soils, G 222
Baden-Powell, Sir Robert
Organizer of the Boy scouts, K 20
Badminton (Game), K 332
Bags
braiding, N 295-296*
raffia hand bag, N 272-273*
stenciled, N 81*
Bait
fish bait, K 130-136
_See also_ Trapping
Baked beans
food value, H 257
Baking
cake, H 303
principles and process, H 283-284
thickness of food, H 276
Baking powder
composition and use, H 301
how to retain strength of, E 267
Ball
one old cat, K 375
_See also_ Base ball; Basket ball; Call ball; Cricket; Foot ball;
Hand ball; Hand polo; Hat ball; Hockey; Japanese fan ball;
LaCrosse; Polo; Push ball; Racquets; Roley Boley; Skittles;
Squash; Tennis; Tether ball; Volley ball
Ball bearings
principle of, B 28
Balloon vine
characteristics, G 331
Balloons
history, B 161-162
making paper balloons, B 369-373*
Balsam
characteristics, G 332, C 539
gathering, A 65
sowing and blossoming time, G 161
Baltimore belle, story of, N 74-76
Baltimore oriole
as insect destroyer, A 457
Bananas
food value, H 255
Band saws. _See_ Saws
Bandy (Game), K 332
Bantams
breeding and care, A 217-218
game bantams, A 217
Bar, Horizontal
making a pull up bar, C 270*
Bar pins
silver metal work, M 171-174*
Barberry
characteristics, G 355
picking, A 16-17
jelly, receipt, A 17, 18
Barometer
complex, how to make, B 258-261*
construction of, B 231-232*
inventors of, B 256
purpose of, B 261
simple, how to make, B 256-257
theory of, B 256
water barometer, how to make, B 257-258*
Base ball, K 244-266*, 332-334
art of playing, K 262-263
balls, standard, K 262
base hit, K 333
bases, K 333
bats, K 262
batsmen
left-handed, K 259
qualifications, K 260
training, K 250
batting, K 260
captain's duties, K 249-250
catcher, K 254-255
diamond, K 333
laying out, K 260-262*
doubtful balls, providing for, K 258
"fan", K 266
first baseman, K 255
gate receipts, K 264
ground rules, K 265
home run, K 333
innings, K 334
choice of, by contesting team, K 264
manager's duties, K 249
methods, old and modern, K 247-248
national game of America, K 244
nine, K 245, 332
opponent's methods, learning, K 259
outfielder, K 257-259
pitcher and pitching, K 246*, 247*, 251-254
positions, K 245, 333
scores, K 264, 333-334
second baseman, K 256
shoes, K 264
short-stop, K 256
signals, K 248
team, how to organize, K 249
third base, K 257
training rules, K 250
two-bagger, K 334
umpire, K 245
uniforms, K 263
visiting teams, expenses, K 264
what makes a game, K 264
Basket ball rules, K 334
Basket making
materials for, N 242-243
porcupine quills for, A 69
raffia work, N 250-252, 255-261*
rattan basketry, N 243-248*
reed flower baskets, G 61-64*
sweet grass baskets, A 64
Bass
bait for, K 135
Basse-taille
definition, M 208
Basswood
characteristics, C 560
Basting meat, H 283, 357
Basting stitches, N 6*
Bath tubs
cleaning, H 155
sanitation, H 217
Bathroom
care and cleaning, H 155-156
Baths
electric shower baths in a summer camp, E 244-247
summer camp device, E 160-162
Bats
usefulness of, K 149
Batteries, Electric. _See_ Electric batteries
Bayberry
description of bush, A 19
dips, making, A 20-21
leaves for sachet, A 65
Baywood
staining mahogany, C 489, D 230
Bead work, N 278-294*
chains, N 279-285*
curtains, N 292
cushion covers, N 290-293
daisy chains, N 279-282*
loom, home-made, N 282-284*
portieres, N 290-293
purse, N 285-290*
stringing the beads, N 278
Beam action, C 496
Beams, wooden
strength of materials, B 45
Bean bag
rules of game, K 336
Beans
bush beans, varieties, G 297
experiments in growing, G 119-122
food value, H 250, 254, 255
insect pests, G 288
planting seeds
depth and distance, G 42
distance of drills apart, G 297
eye downward, G 117
quantity to plant, G 36
time to plant, G 234
pole beans
ornamental value, G 296
varieties, G 297
seeds
age for planting, G 34
germination per cent., G 33, 233
germination time, G 32
soil, G 119, 296
_See also_ Lima beans; String beans
Bearings
anti-friction, B 326*
Beck-iron
definition of, M 208
Bedbugs, H 363-364
Bedell, Frederick
discovery that the same wire carries two currents, E 187
Bedroom
atmosphere, H 158
care of
morning work, H 146-155
night preparation, H 154
personal responsibility, H 53
furnishings for a girl's room, H 54
furniture, designs for, D 57-58*
guest room, H 367
_See also_ Beds; Closets
Bedroom electric heater, E 126*
Bedroom slippers. _See_ Slippers
Beds
bough beds, K 65*
camping outfits, K 64-66*
designs, D 60*, 373*
doll's bed of pasteboard, and fittings, H 11-12
making fittings for a doll's bed, N 50-56*
making up a bed, H 54, 149-155
Bed spread. _See_ Counterpane
Bee balm (Flower)
habits and characteristics, G 333, 347
Bee-hive. _See_ Bees
Bee-keepers Association, value of, A 326
Bee stings
prevention and cure, A 317-318
Beech nuts
characteristics, A 37
gathering, A 38
Beef
cuts and their uses, H 268-269
food value: table, H 252
Beef tea
making, H 278
Bees, A 287-336
books about, A 518
brood chamber, description, A 302*, 303
what goes on in, A 304-307
buying, hints about, A 294-297
cost of colony, A 288
development from the egg, A 393-395
diseases and enemies, A 322, 325
egg-laying, A 305
feeding, spring and fall, A 321
hives
arranging, A 292
drone and queen trap at entrance, A 316*
entrance to, A 303
kinds, A 297, 300-304, 325
modern, A 301-304*
observation hive, A 325, K 169
old-fashioned, A 300
opening
how to open, and remove frames, A 315-318
reasons for, A 314
putting together, A 298
supers, A 302*
ventilation, A 294
where to place, A 290-291
hiving, A 313-314
honey
harvesting, A 316
making, A 322-323
plants which supply, A 322
supply for hives, A 319
uses of, A 326
honeycomb cells, A 315-316
how bees work, A 324-325
how to approach the hive, A 303
Italian, A 296
keeping
how to begin, A 287-290
supplies for first year, A 296-298
life, length of, A 306
locating the hives, A 290-291
marketing the honey, A 326-327
nucleus, meaning, A 296
observation hives, A 325, K 169*
products of the hives, A 322-325
profit in, A 299-300, 334-336
protecting from wind and sun, A 291-292
queen bee
clipping wings, A 316
locating, A 316
rearing, A 331-333
testing, A 304
runaway swarms, securing, A 288
shipping, A 294
smoking, A 314-315
success with bees: stories, A 328-336
swarm catcher, home-made, A 310-313*
swarming
reasons for, A 304
time and process, A 307-309
to prevent, A 315
varieties, A 295
wax making, A 323
wintering, A 319-321*
worker bees, development of, A 305-306
Beeswax for cleaning irons, H 317
Beetles
development from the egg, A 393-395
extermination of pests, G 117, 285, 287, 292
mounting specimens, A 384*
Beets
boiling, G 298
cooking preparation, H 293
food value, H 255
insect pests, G 288
planting seeds, G 298
depth and distance, G 42
quantity to plant, G 36
time to plant, G 234
seed
age for planting, G 34
germination time, G 32
soil preparation, G 298
transplanting, to avoid, G 122, 298
Begonias
bedding plant, G 324
window box plant, G 193
Bell, Alexander Graham
inventor of the telephone, E 274
Bellflower
habits and characteristics, G 346
Bellicent
mother of Gareth, H 21
Bellows
blacksmith's, M 216*
metal worker's, M 12*
Bells
brass work, M 145-147*
_See also_ Electric bells
Belt buckle
copper work, M 88-90*
designs for, M 195*
Belt pin
copper work, D 350*
Belts
knotted raffia, N 273-274
Irish crochet, N 335-337*
tooled leather, designs and process, D 324-328*
Bench
double seat for summer house, C 422-424*
riverside, B 158
selection of wood for, C 409
stationary outdoor bench, C 408-409
_See also_ Settees
Bench hook
making, C 139-142
Bench stop, C 139
Bench work. _See_ Carpentry; Whittling
Berries
food value, H 255
picking, A 8-20
seasons, A 8
washing, H 295
_See also_ names of berries, e. g., Raspberry; Strawberry;
Thimbleberry; etc.
Bessemer steel. _See_ Steel
Bethsaida
Story of the loaves and fishes, H 32
Bezel setting, M 152-157*, 163*, 176
Bicycle
sprocket wheel, B 327*
Biennials
definition, G 160
what and how to plant, G 322
Binding edges and seams, N 51*
Biplane
construction, B 173-175*
making a toy model, C 68-74*
Birch
aspen leaved, C 558
bark, removing, A 66-67
uses, A 67
black or sweet birch, C 557
blue or hornbeam, C 559
gray, C 558
kinds and characteristics, C 556-559
red, C 557
staining mahogany color, D 230
white, canoe, or paper birch, C 557
yellow, C 557
Birds
April birds, K 175
attracting the birds, A 454-459*
bath, making, C 219*
books about, A 519
crows as pets, K 176
eggs and nests, collecting, A 460
enemies, A 460-461, K 174
flight, theory of, B 195-197
game preserve, creating, A 464-465
houses
building, C 213-220*, K 174-175
location, C 213
suiting the birds, C 219
supports for, C 218
March birds, K 175
May birds, K 176
migration, K 175
nesting time, K 176
non-migrating, K 176
protecting fruit from, A 461
protection and care of, A 458-459
song birds, attracting, A 454-457
unlawful to cage, K 173
that stay all winter, K 175
traffic in skins, A 459-460
training, A 263-265
value as garden pest destroyers, G 280, A 455-457
Bit and brace. _See_ Carpentry and Woodwork--Tools
Bites of insects
treatment of, H 364
Bittersweet, A 56
Black bass
bait for, K 134
Blacksmithing, M 215-357
equipment, M 215
fuel, M 229
fullering, meaning, M 225
iron used, M 230-232
tools, M 222, 224-226*, 228, 229
_See also_ Forge; Forging; Horseshoeing; Iron work; Tempering; Steel;
Welding
Blankets
campers' outfit, K 66
making for doll-bed, N 54*
washing woollens, H 324, 328
Bleeding heart
characteristics, G 335, 365
Blood root
habits and characteristics, G 343
Blindman's buff (Game), K 337
Block and tackle. _See_ Pulleys
Block printing on fabrics
designs and process, D 99-106*
laundering articles, D 107
materials used for, 107
Blood stains
removing, H 360
Blotting pads
leather, design and making, D 335-338*
metal corners, making, M 122-124*
making and carving hand blotter, C 125-127*
Blow pipe
metal workers' tools, M 12*
Blowing engines
diagonal catch and hand gear, B 315
Blue flag. _See_ Iris
Blue printing
leaves and flowers, A 360-361
Bluebell
characteristics, G 364
Blueberries
burning over land, A 13, C 514
canning factories, A 12
picking, A 13
varieties, A 13
where found, A 11, C 514
Bluebird
insect destroyer, A 456
migration, K 175
Bluets, G 341
Bluing clothes, H 18, 320
Boards. _See_ Lumber
Boat building, B 84-109*
carvel ribbon built boat, B 89
centre line of shaft, B 90
decks, B 91
dimensions of the _Mocking Bird_, B 68*
displacement, B 89
exhaust pipe
fitting up, B 97-98
pet-cock, B 99
under water, B 98-99
expansion chamber, B 98
floor boards, B 91
keel
block for, B 76
laying and setting up, B 85-87*
keelson, B 86*
knees, B 91
"knock down" system, B 66, 68
launching the boat, B 134, 136-138
laying off the profile, B 90
lettering the name, B 131-132
materials and dimensions, B 90-93*
motor
dimensions, B 95
installing, B 93-95*
motor bed, fitting, B 91, 97
offsets, table of, B 92
patterns, buying, B 62
plan and section of the _Mocking Bird_, B 66-68*
propeller shaft, installing, B 93
section of launch, B 89*
sections, spacing of, B 91-92
sheathing, B 89*
skeleton, fitting posts together, B 88*
steering gear, B 346*
stem, B 86*, 90
thwarts, B 91
unloading materials, B 84-85
varnishing the boat, B 112
_See also_ Screw propeller
Boat house building, B 36-64*
covering the frame, B 40
doors and windows, B 37
foundation, B 36*
frame, end and side, B 37-40*
pier, constructing, B 19, 76
roof, B 40-42
slides or ways, B 44-45
Boats
fishing boats, fitting and cost, K 140
_See also_ Boat building; Canoes and Canoeing; Launch; Screw
Propeller
Bob sled, K 223*
Bob white
migration, K 176
planting seed birds, A 464
Bo-bo and the roast pig, H 18
Bobolink
migration, K 176
Bog plants, G 366
Bohnenberger's machine, B 334*
Boiling
meats and fish, H 278
principle and process, H 277
seasoning, H 279
vegetables, H 279
Boiling point of liquids, H 277
Bolsters, H 152
Bolts
forging, M 240-244*
Book case
designs, D 53*, 151*, 177*, C 351*
"knock down" design and construction, D 150-156*
mission style, C 352
staining the wood, D 236, 237
with adjustable shelf, design and construction, C 350-353*
with glazed doors, design and construction, D 176-180*
_See also_ Book rack
Book cover
limp leather design and making, D 342-345*
Book mark
copper work, M 128*
Book rack
copper work, M 121*, D 351*
folding, designing and making, C 247-249*
wall rack, designing and making, C 347-350*, D 156-161*
Book shelves. _See_ Book case; Book rack
Book supports
copper work, M 121*, D 351*
Books
care of, H 349
Boomerang, Australian
making, B 232-234*
Boone, Daniel
wilderness traveler, K 51
Bootees
knitted, N 363-366*
Bordeaux mixture
receipt, G 121, 294
uses, G 282, 288, 291
Boring. _See_ Drilling and Boring
Bossing up, M 208, 419
Botany
collecting native plants in California, A 96-98
_See also_ Flower gardening; Flowers
Bottles
killing bottle for insects, A 378-380*, K 151*, 154
washing, H 183
Boulder up (Game), K 345
Boulders
moving on rollers, B 18-19*
raising, B 15-17*
Bow and arrow, K 329
Bowling
lawn bowling, K 366
Bowls. _See_ Brass work; Copper work; Metal work; Pottery
Box elder
characteristics, C 548
Box furniture, C 475-478*
Box kite. _See_ Kites
Box making
design to resemble books, C 397*
dovetail joints, C 315-318*
drawing instrument box, C 240*
hinging a lid, C 239
knife and fork box, C 223-226*
nail box, C 206-209*
pencil box, making and carving, C 106-108*
proportions, C 235
seat and chest combined, C 476*
simple box, C 40*
toilet boxes, C 315-318*, 235-241*
_See also_ Copper work; Inlaying; Metal work; Wood carving
Boy Scouts of America, K 19-49*
activities, K 43
ambulance badge, qualifications for, K 27
aviator badge, qualifications for, K 28
badges, K 27-36
bee-keeper's badge, qualifications for, K 28
blacksmith's badge, qualifications for, K 28
bugler's badge, qualifications for, K 28
campaigning, K 43
camps, routine and model programme, K 46-49
carpenter's badge, qualifications for, K 29
clerk's badge, qualifications for, K 29
cook's badge, qualifications for, K 29
cyclist's badge, qualifications for, K 29
dairyman's badge, qualifications for, K 30
electrician's badge, qualifications for, K 30
engineer's badge, qualifications for, K 30
farmer's badge, qualifications for, K 30
finances, K 41
fireman's badge, qualifications for, K 31
first aid to animals' badge, qualifications for, K 31
first-class tests, K 24-25
founder of society, K 20
gardener's badge, qualifications for, K 31
handy man's badge, qualifications for, K 31
headquarters, K 19
horseman's badge, qualifications for, K 32
interpreter's badge, qualifications for, K 32
laws, K 25-27
leather workers' badge, qualifications for, K 33
life saver's badge, qualifications for, K 38
marksman's badge, qualifications for, K 33
master-at-arms badge, qualifications for, K 33
membership requirements, K 22-25
missioner's badge, qualifications for, K 33
musician's badge, qualifications for, K 33
oath, K 22
official hand book, how to obtain, K 49
origin, K 20
pathfinder's badge, qualifications for, K 34
patrols, forming, K 27, 38-39
photographer's badge, qualifications for, K 35
pioneer's badge, qualifications for, K 35
piper's badge, qualifications for, K 35
plumber's badge, qualifications for, K 35
poultry farmer's badge, qualifications for, K 36
principles of good scouting, K 39
printer's badge, qualifications for, K 36
purpose, K 20
salute and secret sign, K 22
scout craft, K 21, 43
scout master, qualifications and duties, K 26, 42-43
second-class tests, K 23
sign posts for scout master, K 43-46
signaler's badge, qualifications for, K 36
seaman's badge, qualifications for, K 36
stalker's badge, qualifications for, K 37
starman's badge, qualifications for, K 37
surveyor's badge, qualifications for, K 38
swimmer's badge, qualifications for, K 38
tenderfoot, class requirements, K 22
troop, organization, K 26-27, 40-41
Boys' clubs. _See_ Clubs
Brace and bit. _See_ Carpentry and Woodwork--Tools
Bracelets
silver work, M 174-177*
Bracket
brass work, M 146-147*
iron work, M 393-395*
wood
corner bracket, C 246*
designs, C 242-244*
making, C 245
Braiding
coronation braid
daisy pattern, N 109-111*
what it is and how to sew it on, N 108-109*
fastening the ends of the braid, N 107
flat braid, how to sew it on, N 108
rugs and mats, N 296
soutache braid, N 107
stamping the design, N 107
weaving
four strands, N 295*
how to begin, N 295-296*
joining a new strand, N 296, 298*, 301
on frame, N 296-301*
six strands, N 296*
Braising, H 280
Brass
cleaning, H 135, M 140
coloring blue black, M 205
coloring green, C 379
composition and characteristics of, M 133
tarnish, to prevent, M 140
Brass work, M 133-147*
bell and bracket, M 145-147*
bracket, M 146-147*
crumb tray and scraper, M 135-136*
finger bowl, M 133-135*
handles to vase, making, M 143
soldering a vase, M 144
tea caddy, M 136-140*
vase, M 140-145*
weighting a vase, M 143
_See also_ Copper work; Metal work
Brazilian point lace, N 238*
Brazing metals, M 310-315
preparation of parts and process, M 311-314
value, M 314
Bread
baking, H 283
brown bread, food value, H 257
camp cooking, K 87-88
curled bread for camping, E 303
food value, H 250, 254, 300
freshening dry bread, H 354
ingredients, purpose of, H 298-299
kneading, H 299
mixing, H 299
raising, H 300
setting, H 299
unleavened, H 300
yeast for, H 296-297
Bread board
making, C 222-223*
Breakfast food
food value, H 254
left overs, H 355
Breeding
purpose and standards, K 177
skill in breeding Dutch belted varieties, K 184
_See also_ Domestic animals; also names of animals, e. g., Horse;
Poultry; Swine etc.
Bridges
building a foot bridge, B 70-73*
Brier stitch. _See_ Feather-stitching
Broilers. _See_ Electric broilers; Poultry raising
Broiling
process and utensils, H 275-276
Brooches
silver work, M 171-174*
Brooders
making, K 199
Brook trout
bait, K 136
reclaiming a trout stream, A 271-273
Broth. _See_ Soups
Brother Juniper's cooking: story, H 25
Brown bread
combinations for food values, H 257
Brushes
paint brushes, H 342
stenciling brushes, N 79-80*
_See also_ Commutators (Electricity)
Brussels sprouts
soil and planting, G 299-300
Brussels stitch, N 229-231*
Buckeye tree
characteristics, C 565
Buckles
belt buckles, making, M 88-90*, 195*
turn buckles, forging, M 324, 330-334*
Buckthorn for hedges, G 357
Buckwheat
cakes and sausage, food value, H 258
food value, H 254
Budding plants, G 250-253
Buffet
design, D 56*
Building
base boards, C 475
batter boards, posts and sills
setting, D 25
cheap finishings, C 475
chimneys, style of, C 472
construction
boat house details, B 36-42*
house details, D 25-32*
cornice detail, D 29*
flashing chimneys, C 472
interior finish details, D 31*
joists, placing, B 39
model house, D 3-33
rollers for moving heavy weights, B 44
sills, setting, D 26-28*
walls, finishing, C 472
woods and their uses, C 536
working drawings for, D 21-23
_See also_ Architecture; Bird houses; Boat building; Boat house;
Carpentry; Columns; Doors; Floors; Foundations; House framing;
Joints; Pergola; Poultry house; Summer house; Strength of
materials; Windows; Wood
Buildings
wrecking, B 12-13, 43
Bulbs (Metal)
forging iron bulbs, M 385-388*
Bulbs (Plant), G 165-179
California bulbs, collecting and cultivating, A 94-99
bedding plants, G 171, 324
blue flowers, list, G 178
colors, list, G 177-179
drying and storing, G 176
easiest to grow, G 166
flat for, making, G 61*
forcing varieties, G 171
insect pests, G 293
outdoor planting, soil preparations, G 170
planting, hints, G 171
planting in lawns, G 360, A 169, 434
potting for winter, soil and drainage, G 171
red flowers, list, G 179
resting time, G 173
to prevent plants from blossoming low down, G 175
transferring to light and heat, G 174, 175
water bulbs, G 168
care and development, G 175
when to buy, G 167
white flowers, list, G 177
winter care of, G 139
yellow flowers, list, G 178
_See also_ Canna; Chinese lilies; Crocus; Hyacinths; Narcissus;
Tulips
Bulgarian drawn work, N 222-226*
Bull in the ring (Game), K 337
Bungalow
plan and elevation, C 465*
Bunsen burner, M 11*
Burdock
class and seed time, G 278
destroying, A 471
distribution of seed, G 273
Bureau drawers
arrangement and care of contents, H 53-54
doll's playhouse in, H 9
Burgees, B 108
Bur-marigold (Beggarticks)
class and seed time, G 278
Burned wood. _See_ Pyrography
Burns
care of, H 364
Burroughs, John
love for birds, A 263
Butcher knife. _See_ Knives
Butt joints, C 251*
Butter
food value, H 250, 254
how to judge butter, H 271
Butterflies
breeding, A 398-400
classifying a collection, A 386
collecting, A 381-384*, K 151-153
series to illustrate development, A 395-397
time for, A 388
development from the egg, A 393-395
killing bottle and how to use it, A 378-380, K 151*, 154
mounting a collection, A 381-386*, K 153*
net for catching, K 151*
Butterfly weed
habits and characteristics, G 348, 365
Buttermilk
cleansing properties, H 356
Butternut tree
characteristics, A 36, C 564
Buttonball tree
characteristics, C 562, G 79
Buttonholes, N 58-62*
cutting, N 62
loops, making, N 62*
stitch, N 58*
tailor-made, N 59*
thread for, N 58, 62
Buttonholing
blanket stitch, N 142*
finishing edge, N 130, 133
Hedebo embroidery, N 202-206*
honeycomb stitch, N 144*
knotting thread, to avoid, N 131
Mount Mellick, N 143
padding, N 130-131
Roman cut-work, N 138-142*
American stitch, N 139*
European stitch, N 139-140*
scalloping, N 132*
cutting out, N 133
triangular buttonholing, N 143*
_See also_ Wallachian embroidery
Buttons
sewing on, N 4-6*
Buttonwood
characteristics, C 562
Buying. _See_ Marketing
C
Cabbage
bleaching heads, G 126
cooking preparations, H 293
family, G 299
food value, H 255
growing, G 123-128
harvesting, G 126
indoor planting, G 233
insect pests, G 125, 288
planting seed
depth and distance to plant, G 42
early and late crops, G 124
quantity to plant, G 36
time to plant, G 234
savoy variety for poor soil, G 301
seed germination
per cent., G 233
time required, G 32
soil requirements, G 19, 301
storing, G 127
Cabinet
with drawers, making, C 209-212*
with shelves and glass doors, making, D 176-179*
_See also_ Filing cabinet; Medicine cabinet; Tool cabinet
Cabinet work. _See_ Carpentry and Woodwork
Cables, submarine
laying the Atlantic cable, E 65-66
number in operation, E 66
rates, E 67
Cactus
use of pitch, A 64
Cahill, Dr.
inventor of Telharmonium, E 293-295
Cake
baking, H 303
freshening dry cake, H 351
making, H 301-303
substituting lard for butter, H 355
Calcimine
cleaning walls, H 122
Calendar back
whittling, C 18*
Calendula
sowing and blossoming time, G 161
Calf
beef versus dairy feeding, A 121
diseases, A 120
fattening, A 121
feeding, A 119-122
raising, A 118-126
teaching to drink, A 119
training to lead, A 121, 258
watering, A 122
Calfskin
for leather work, N 84
California bulbs
collecting and growing, A 94-99
California poppies
sowing and blossoming time, G 161
Calipers
blacksmiths' tools, M 225
Call ball, K 338
Caloric theory of heat, E 342
Calves. _See_ Calf
Cambium, A 441
Camelot, H 20, 22
Cameras
kinds and cost, K 303-304
lenses, K 307
Camp stool
making, C 406-408*
Camphor for packing, H 347, 349
Camping
beds, K 64-66*
blankets, K 66
bough bed, K 65*
Boy Scouts' camp, K 46-49
brush leanto, K 69*
clothing, K 71-74
cooking, K 75-92*
bread, K 87-88
coffee, K 87
fish, K 89, 90
frying, K 91
game, K 89, 90
Indian meal, K 88
johnny cake, K 88
left overs, K 89
meat, time, K 90
rice, K 90
rules, K 86-92
utensils, K 82-83
vegetables, K 89, 90
drainage problem, K 57
electric lights, installation and cost, E 162-169
fireplaces, building, K 78-79
fires
for cooking, K 77-82*
gypsy rig, K 79
hunter's fire, K 78-79
lighting in the rain, K 68
making, K 67-69
that will burn all night, K 68, 78*
firewood, providing for, K 55-56
fitting up an old mill, E 160-161
food, care of, K 85-86
girl's work in, K 323-324
hints for comfort, K 71-74
locality, choosing, K 53-54
mosquitoes, protection from, K 70
outfit, K 58-74*
ovens, K 80-82*
principles of, K 50-54
selecting a leader, K 53
shower bath device, E 161*
site, selecting, K 54-58
sleeping bag and head shelter, K 52*
tents, K 58-60*
pegs, securing, K 60
pitching, K 61-64*
sod cloth, K 61
water supply device, K 54-55*
Canadian pine, C 536
Candleberry, A 18-19
Candles
bayberry dips, A 20-21
shades, making from cardboard and paper, D 358*
Candlestick
copper work, M 47-56*
pottery, designing, D 313-315*
spiral, iron work, M 388-391*
wrought iron, making, M 380-383*
Candytuft
annual, G 322
characteristics, G 330, 332
sowing and blossoming time, G 161
Cane rush, K 338
Canes
woods used for, A 59-60
Canna
bedding plants, G 324
planting bulbs, G 139, 159
planting seeds, G 159
Canning and preserving
elderberries, A 16
Canoe tilting (Game), K 339
Canoeing, K 240-243*
accidents, avoiding, K 242
girl's sports, K 321
Indian model canoe, K 240*
paddling, K 242-243
sailing canoes, K 241-243*
Canterbury bell
biennial, G 322
Capstan, B 79, 347*
Car springs, B 264-265*
Carafe
washing, H 183
Carbohydrates
effect of boiling processes, H 277
food composition, H 248
in vegetables, H 250
proportion in diet, H 249, 252
Carbon bisulphide
insecticide, G 283, 289
Carbon filaments. _See_ Electric lamps--Incandescent
Carbonic acid
as leaf food, G 242-243
Carbureter, B 95*
Card, Leslie E.
How I started with hens, A 168-172
Card case
making and embroidering, N 183-186*
tooled leather, design and making, D 338-340*
Card tray
copper work, D 355-358*
Carpentry and Woodwork
beveling, C 147*
gage device for, C 260
bill of material, value in making, C 189*, 206
board feet, estimating, C 503
construction, C 250-257
curved rails, making, D 183
curves, cutting with gouge, C 258-260*
cutting up old lumber, B 75-76
doweling, D 134
dressing down lumber, C 144-147, 186-190
estimating lumber, C 498-509
gaining-in shelves, D 153*
glued-up work, joining, D 134-136*
gluing
joints, D 140-142*, 144-146
mitre joints, C 232-234*
process, C 225
gouge work, C 258-265*
grooves
chiseling, C 207-208, 211
cutting, C 110-111*
gouging, C 258-260*
joint edge, meaning, C 186
joints. _See_ Joints in main alphabet
mathematics of woodwork, C 498-509*
mortise, cutting, D 154
nails
holding power, B 46-47
sinking, C 208*
outdoor carpentry, C 457-480*
panels
for desk, D 184-187*
for door, C 354-355, 528-530
original purpose of, C 528-530*
planing, C 146, D 133-134, 136
position for planing, C 178
surface planing and taking out wind, C 179
use of shooting board, C 106*
rabbeting, C 210-211
sand papering, D 187
shop equipment, C 133-149*
grindstone, C 181-184*
lumber rack, C 150-154*
nail box and cabinet, C 206-212*
tool box, making, C 226-227*
tool chest and cabinet, making, C 339-346
work bench, types, C 134-138*
spokeshave work, examples, C 126*, 266*, 271*
squaring up stock, C 144-147, 185-190*
stock, selection and preparation, D 130-133*
systematic plan in working, D 138-139
testing grain of the wood for strength, C 245
truing up, C 148-149, D 136-138*
undercutting, C 263-264*
warping, to prevent, D 135*
working face of lumber, C 186
_See also_ Building; Doors; Floors; House framing; Joints; Lumber;
Polishing; Rustic furniture; Stains and staining; Strength of
materials; Whittling; Windows; Wood; Wood finishing
Carpentry and Woodwork--Problems
box furniture, C 475-478*
brackets, C 242-246*
bread board, C 222*
camp stool, C 406-408*
chest and box seat combination, C 476*
checkerboard, C 332-338*
clock cases, C 276-290*
coat hanger, C 266*
couch hammock, C 478-480*
drawers, making, C 206-210*, 359*
drawing board, C 24*, 381
foot stools, C 291-300*
mission style, C 374-375*
handles for hatchet and hammer, C 271*
hinges, setting, C 239
household utensils, C 221-226, 272-273*
knife and fork box, C 223-226*
ladle, C 272*
linen chest, C 377-380*
magazine rack, D 52*, 165-170*
mechanical drawing outfit, C 381-398*
medicine cabinet, C 354-360*
mitre box, C 228-231*
Morris chair, D 50*, 188-193
nail boxes, C 206-212*
pen and ink trays, C 258-264*
pin tray, C 264*
rustic furniture, D 209-211*
sugar scoop, C 272*
toilet boxes, C 315-318*, 235-241*
tool cases and chest, C 226-227*, 339-344
tool rack, C 341*
towel rack, C 274*
towel roller, C 267-269*
umbrella stand, D 161-165
mission design, C 375*
_See also_ Bird house; Book case; Book rack; Box making; Building;
Chairs; Desk; Doors; Floors; House framing; Inlaying, wood;
Joints; Mechanical drawing; Mission furniture; Pergola; Picture
frames and framing; Plant stands; Poultry house; Settees; Stains
and staining; Tables; Tabourette; Toy making; Whittling;
Windows; Wood; Wood carving; Wood finishing
Carpentry and Woodwork--Tools
auger bit, C 194*
bench hook, C 139-142*
bench stop, C 139
bit and brace
"chuck", C 193
extension bit, C 195*
ratchet attachment for corners, C 196
types, C 193-197*
boring tools, C 193-198*
braces, making, C 148
cases and cabinets, making, C 226-227*, 339-346*
centre bit, C 193*
chisels, socket and tang, C 207*
clamps, devices for, C 201*
coping saw, C 20*
cutting tools, construction and action, C 169
dowel bit, C 194
draw knife, C 216*
drill bits, C 196
drills, C 193-198*
dulling edges on old lumber, B 75-76
files, kind and uses, C 204
Forstner bit, C 196*
gimlet bit, C 194*, 196
gouge, C 258-260*
hammers, C 203*
hand screw, C 200-201*
using, C 224-226*
mallet, C 200*
mitre box, C 228-231*
nail set, C 208*
oil stone, C 183*
planes, C 176-184*
pliers, C 199*
quality, C 133
rack, C 341*
rules, C 205
saw horse, making, C 143-149*
saws, C 169-175*
screw driver, C 199*
screw driver bit, C 195
sharpening, C 179-184*
shooting board
how to make, C 189*
how to use, C 106*
spirit level, C 205*
spokeshave, C 126
square, steel, C 205*, M 5*
surface plate, D 136
template, C 264*
vise, quick action, C 138*
winding sticks, D 137*
Carpets
cleaning, H 128
storing, H 348
_See also_ Rugs
Carriages
cleaning, A 408
Carrier pigeons, K 180
Carrot
planting seed
quantity to plant, G 36
time to plant, G 234
seed
age for planting, G 34
germination period, G 32, 233
soil for, G 301
thinning plants, G 301
varieties, G 301
wild carrot, G 273, 278
Carving
shelf fungi, A 62
_See also_ Wood carving
Case hardening, M 308-310
Cast-iron
brazing, M 312
Castors, Acme pin, D 193
Cat
characteristics, K 170-173
Cat (Game), K 339
Cat-stitch
embroidery stitch, N 102*
Cat-tail
characteristics, G 366
Catalpa
characteristics, G 367
ornamental value, G 353
Catbird
insect destroyer, A 456
migration, K 175
Caterpillars
collecting specimens, A 395
garden pests, G 282, 285, 287, 290
Cauliflower
cooking, preparation for, H 293
growing, G 299
insect pests, G 289
seed, germination per cent., G 233
time to plant, G 234
Cavies
care of pets, K 183-184
raising for pets, A 206
varieties, K 183
Cedar
red
characteristics, C 541
durability, C 494
white, characteristics, C 541
Cedar bird
migration, K 175
Cedar chest
making, C 377-380*
Ceiling
as reflector, H 121
care of, H 121
decorations to correct defects of height, D 38
Celery
blanching, G 132
fertilizer for, G 131
food value, H 255
insect pests, G 287, 290
planting plants, G 131-132
planting seeds, G 302
indoor planting time, G 233
seed
age for planting, G 34
germination per cent., G 233
germination period, G 32
soil for, G 131, 301
substitutes for, in salad, H 358
transplanting, G 302
trenches for, G 131
Cellar, H 208-213
care of, H 212
cleaning walls, H 210
materials for floor and wall, H 208, 210
must, preventing, H 212
racks for barrels and pans, H 213
rooms and equipment, H 210-211
ventilation, H 208
windows, H 208
Cells. _See_ Electric batteries
Cellular kites, making, C 91-92*
Cement
cellar walls, H 208
coloring for pottery, D 208
columns, building, C 438-440
dams, B 246-247
engraver's receipt, M 205
floors, making, A 137
foundations
boat house, B 36
house, C 459
pergola, C 426-433
lining pond, G 135-136
mixing for floors and walks, A 137, B 20, 32, C 432, G 135
Portland, origin and uses, B 246-248
retaining walls, riverside, B 238-245
Cement blocks
making, B 242-245
Cement furniture, D 201-209*
color for inlaid designs, D 208
decoration, D 207*
finishing coat, D 206
scratch coat, making and laying, D 204
wire forms for, making, D 202-203
Cement walks
floating operation, B 33
jointing, B 34
laying out, B 9-12
leveling, B 30*
materials, B 19-20, 32
roots, danger from, B 15
sides, making, B 30*
tampers for, B 31
trench digging and filling, B 14, 29-30, 32
Centigrade scale, B 262
Centre punch. _See_ Punch
Chafing dish, electric, E 113*
Chain-stitch
crocheting, N 308*
embroidery, N 99-100*
Chains
welding iron chains, M 250-253*
adding links, M 253
_See also_ Bead work; Necklace
Chairs
box furniture making, C 406-408
dining-room, design, D 54*
Duxbury design, D 59
hall chair, design, D 48*
kitchen furniture, H 196
Morris chair
designs, D 50*, 189*
making, D 188-193*
_See also_ Bench making; Settees
Chalk
French chalk, H 332, 360
lime composition, G 216
Chamber work, H 146-159
Chamois gloves
washing, H 331
Chamois skin
for leather work, N 84
Champleve
definition, M 208
enameling, M 202
Chanterelles, mushrooms, A 89
Character
influence of occupations on, A 6
Charcoal
how made, M 230
purifying qualities, H 242, 354
Charge accounts. _See_ Accounts
Chasing metals
definition of, M 209
Chassis. _See_ Automobiles
Checkerboard
designing and making, C 333-338*
table, making, C 337*
woods to use, C 332-333
Cheese
food value, H 254
Chemical elements
of food, H 248
of the human body, H 247
Cherry tree
characteristics of the wild or black variety, C 561
seeds, care of, A 48
wood for canes, A 59
Chest
making a box seat combination, C 476*
making a linen chest, C 377-380*
_See also_ Tool boxes and chests
Chesterton, G. R.
keeping good health: quotation, H 244
Chestnut
characteristics of tree, C 562
chinquapins, characteristics, A 32-33
cultivating, A 31
disease, A 30
durability of the wood, C 494
food value, H 255
grafting trees, A 31
Japanese, hardy variety, A 30
varieties, A 30
weevil, pest, A 33
wood finish
antique, C 489
fuming, D 233
Chicken house. _See_ Poultry houses
Chickens. _See_ Poultry
Chickweed
class and seed time, G 278
Chimney, house
cold, meaning of, H 224
fire, extinguishing, H 234
"flashing", C 472
_See also_ Flues
China aster
characteristics, G 329
Chinese lilies
water bulbs, G 168, 175
Chinese windlass, B 81
Chinquapin
characteristics, A 32-33
weevils, pest, A 33
Chip carving. _See_ Wood carving
Chisel
cape chisel, making, M 299*
cold chisel, hardening and tempering, M 293
making, M 298*, 325*
what used for, M 225*
hot chisel
making, M 324*
what used for, M 225*
metal work tool, M 9*
sharpening, C 179-184*
silver work tool, making, M 157-158*
socket and tang, how to use, C 207-208*
stone chisel, forging, M 341-344*
wood chisel, forging, M 337-338
Chlorinated soda
ink stain remover, H 359
Chocolate
food value, H 256
Christmas greens
collecting and marketing, A 50-57
Christmas tree
harvesting, A 53
oak trees transformed, A 51
Chrysanthemum
back ground plants, G 321
characteristics, G 335
time of blooming, G 322
Chuck ribs, H 268
Cider
wastefulness in making, A 50
Cigar box
copper decorations, M 84*, 85
Cigar lighters, Electric, E 115*
Circle
how to draw, C 28-30*
Citizenship
training for, A 449-451
City water supply. _See_ Water works
City yard
making and cost of a garden, G 23, 134-141
Clamps, C 201*
Clams
cooking, H 291
food value, H 254
testing, H 291
washing, H 291
Clap boards
for siding, C 445
removing, B 12
Clarkia
characteristics, G 328, 332
Claw tool
making, M 353*
Clay. _See_ Soils
Clay modeling. _See_ Pottery
Cleaning
delicate colors and textures, H 332
restoring color taken out by an acid or alkali, H 361
stains and spots on fabrics, H 358-361
woodwork, H 123
_See also_ Brass; Carpets; Curtains; Embroidery; Flues; Furnace;
Furniture; House cleaning; Matting; Pictures; Rugs; Shades;
Tiles; Vegetables; Walls; Vacuum cleaners
Cleft grafting. _See_ Grafting
Clematis
decorative value, G 359
Japanese, characteristics, G 365
Clippings
making envelope file, N 187-189*
Clocks
cases, making, C 276-290*
clocks for cases, selecting, C 276
electric clocks
alarm clocks, E 302
master clock, E 77-78
operation, E 75-78
program clocks, E 77
self winding, E 76
watchman's time detector, E 78*
fastening the clock into the case, C 282*
grandfather's clock, design and construction, C 284-290*
hall clock, design and construction, D 193-198*
wood finish, D 237
mantel clock, design and construction, C 282-284*
mission style, design and construction, C 277-278*
pendulum clock case, design and construction, C 281-282*
pulley mechanism, B 310*
wall clock, design and construction, C 279-281*
_See also_ Watches
Cloisonne
definition of, M 209
enameling, M 201
Closets, Clothes
cleaning and care, H 53, 157
window in, D 12
Closets, Toilet
cleaning bathroom toilet, H 155
sanitary equipment and care of outdoor closets, H 222
Closing the house, H 349-351
Clothes basket for laundry, H 315
Clothes-horse, H 318
Clothes line, care of, H 311
Clothes pins, care of, H 315
Clothes poles, H 315
Clothes press. _See_ Closets, Clothes
Clothing and dress
art and fashions, D 122
being well dressed, D 122-125
business women's attire, D 127
camp outfit, K 71-74
care of
importance, H 57
in bureau drawers, H 53-54
in closets, H 158
responsibility for, H 53
children's attire, D 127
color in, D 124
decorative principles, D 121
girl's equipment for outdoor sports, K 319-320
harmony and good lines, D 123
proportion of income assigned for, H 74, 76, 78
_See also_ Dressmaking; Sewing
Clouds
cumulus, B 365
formation, B 356-357
hail clouds, B 366
Clubs
agricultural, organizing, A 452-454
garden club, G 3-16
outdoor club, A 451-454
science club, E 339
sewing club, N 11
wireless club, E 331-332
_See also_ Boy Scouts of America
Coal
bituminous, value of, M 229
estimating energy in, E 6
specific gravity, B 279
supply decreasing, E 6
_See also_ Fire making
Coasting, K 223
luge-ing, K 371
Coat hangers
making, C 266*
Cocklebur
class and seed time, G 278
Cockroaches, H 362
Cocoa
food value, H 256
Cocoanuts
food value, H 255
Cocoon. _See_ Silkworms
Codfish
combinations for food value, H 257
food value, H 253
Codling moth
woodpecker enemy of, K 168
Coffee
camp cooking, K 87
Coffee mill
mechanical principle of, B 307-308*
Coffee percolator, Electric, E 113*
Coffee pots
care of, H 207
Coffee stains, H 359
Coffee tree, Kentucky
characteristics, C 566
Cold chisel. _See_ Chisel
Coldframe
changing to a hotbed, G 38
directions for making, G 48-50*
drilling the rows, G 98
planning, G 19
soil and location, G 97
storage for endive, G 305
transplanting from, G 101-102
Coleus
bedding plant, G 324
Collar
metal work appliance, M 209
Collar, dress. _See_ Dressmaking; Irish Crochet
Collar slides
silver work, M 170-171*
Collecting. _See_ Insects; Plants; Seaweed; Shells
College athletics
best records made in intercollegiate contests, K 336
College education
earning, A 3, 7
Color
due to wave length, E 315
in dress, D 124
restoring to fabrics, H 361
_See also_ Floral decoration; House decoration
Colts. _See_ Horses
Columbine
habits and characteristics, G 341, 364
Columns, concrete
constructing and setting for pergola, C 434-440*
Combs
silver work, M 194-196*
Commutation (Electricity)
brushes, E 36
principle of, E 35-36
Compass
use in drawing, C 28-30
Compost. _See_ Fertilizers and manures
Concrete. _See_ Cement
Cones. _See_ Pine
Conic sections
describing, B 338*
Coniferous trees, C 535-542
Conservation of natural resources
conserving nature's crops, A 92-94
_See also_ Forestry
Cook
duties, H 109, 112
Cook book
making from books and magazines, H 284
Cookery, H 274-308
camp cookery, K 75-92*
definition, H 274
emergencies, H 354-357
freshening bread or cake, H 353
left overs, utilizing, H 355, K 89
mixtures, principles of, H 296-305
preparation of foods for, H 285-305
processes, H 275-285
purpose of, H 275
sequence of work in getting a meal, H 305-308
soda, uses of, H 356
substitutes for articles called for by receipts, H 354-355
sun as cook, H 274
time tables, H 309-310
warming over food, H 355
_See also_ Baking; Boiling; Braising; Bread; Broiling; Cake; Canning
and preserving; Coffee; Corn; Desserts; Diet; Eggs; Electric
cooking; Fireless cookers; Fish; Food; Frying; Game; Meat;
Mushrooms; Oysters; Pastry; Poultry; Rice; Roasting; Shell fish;
Soups; Stewing; Tea; Traveler's cooker; Vegetables
Coons. _See_ Raccoons
Copper work
annealing, M 21
ash tray, M 85*
belt buckle, M 88-90*, 195*
belt pin, D 350*
bill file, M 124-126*
book mark, M 128*
book rack, M 121*, D 351*
bowls, M 19-25*
chalice, M 60*
loving cup, M 86
nut set, M 38*
shaping, M 19*
box for jewels, M 112-115*
candlestick, M 47-56*
drip pan, M 48*
night candle holder, M 50-52*
sconce, M 52-56*
shaping, M 48*
card tray, D 355-358*
cedar chest, trimmings, M 115-117*
chalice, M 60-63*
cigar box decorations, M 84*, 85
coloring, D 357, M 202, 204, 205
corners, D 353*
cutting heavy copper, M 34*
desk set, M 117-129*
draw filing, M 37
enameling on copper, D 354, 355
facets, how made, M 22
filing, M 36-38*
hammering, M 21-23*, 29-30*, 39*
handles
candlestick, M 49
loving cup, M 87*
making and riveting, M 76-77
making and soldering, M 78-79
hat pin, D 348-50*, M 64-67*
soldering pin to head, M 68*
hat pin holder, M 69-72*
hinges, M 100-106*, 112-115*
ink well holder, M 118-121*
jars, M 56-60*, 82-85*
jewel box, M 107-115*
hinges, M 112-115*
knobs on lids, M 83
lamp, Electric, M 92-96*
lamp shade
framework, M 96-98*
setting glass, M 98-99*
letter opener, D 347*
letter rack, D 346-347*
lids
chalice, M 62-63*
ink well holder, M 120*
jewel box, M 111-112*
rose jar, M 59
tobacco jar, M 83-84*
loving cup, M 86-88*
match safe, M 81-82*
molds for, M 27-28
nut set, M 38-40*
nut spoon, M 39-40*
paper knife, D 347*, M 34-38*, 126*
turned handle, M 127*
patina, imitation, M 202
composition for, M 204
pen tray, M 118-119*
polishing, M 25
rose jar, M 56-60*
Russian coffee pot, M 63*
sawing, M 35-36*
sconce, M 52-56*
serving tray, M 75-77*
sheet copper, grades, M 14
smoking set, M 79-86*
soldering
handles, M 78-79
hat pin, M 68*
spindle, M 124-126*
spoon for nut set, M 39-40*
teapot stand, D 351-353*
tobacco jar, M 82-85*
trays, M 26-33*, 75-77*
ash tray, M 85*
handles, making and riveting, M 76-77
pen tray, M 118*
round, M 26-31*
serving tray, M 75-77*
smoking set, M 80-81*
square, M 31-33*
watch fob, D 353-355*
_See also_ Brass work; Metal work; Silver work; Tools
Copyright
application items, B 426
assigning rights, B 425
directions for securing, B 422-426
duplicate certificates, B 425
fees for recording, B 423
issue of work, not limited, B 425
invalid, when, B 423
labels, B 426
paintings, statues, etc., B 426
penalties for breaking laws, B 423, 424
projected work, B 425
renewals, B 425
term, B 424
trade marks, B 426
translation rights, B 424
volumes and variations, B 425
Coral
how coral is formed, G 216
Coral bells
characteristics, G 334
Coral fungi, A 86
Coreopsis
annual, G 322
characteristics, G 329
sowing and blossoming time, G 161
Corn
contest in growing corn, G 142-150
cooking dried corn, A 428
cultivation of soil, G 144
drying, A 427-428
food value, H 255
husking for cooking, H 294
husks, uses of, A 63
insect pests, G 290
percentage of corn to cob, G 148
points for judging, G 147
planting seeds
distance to plant, G 42, 144
depth to plant, G 35, 42, 144, 235
quantity to plant, G 36, 144
time to plant, G 234
planting varieties near together, G 145
pollination, how plants are fertilized, G 145
raising on a suburban lot, A 124
seed
age for planting, G 34
book about, A 518
germination per cent., G 33, 233
selection, G 142-144, 228, A 410-412*
soil required, G 19, 144
stalk pith, use of, A 63
Corn meal
food value, H 254
cleansing property, H 332
Corned beef
food value, H 252
Cornell University
poultry course, A 173
Cornflower
biennial, G 332
characteristics, G 330, 332
planting, G 159
self-sowing, G 316
sowing and blossoming time, G 161
Corning, W. O.
experiment with raising goats, A 116-118
Coronation braid
how to braid, N 108-111*
Cosmos
characteristics, G 332
sowing and blossoming time, G 161
Cost of living
division of income, H 69-86
Cottages
building and furnishing a simple home, D 366-374*
cost of materials, D 372
Cotyledon
seed nourishment, G 230
Couch Cover
weaving design, D 260-262
Couch hammock, C 478-480*
Couching
embroidery stitches, N 124*
Counterpane
making for doll-bed, N 55*
Counting-out rhymes, K 340
Country homes. _See_ Cottages
Country life
making the country a better place to live in, A 449-512
_See also_ Camping; Gardening; Sports
Court, tennis, K 341
Cover for note book
tooled leather, D 331-336
Cows
milking, A 245-247
by electricity, E 54
profits in keeping cows, A 243-244
from one cow on a suburban lot, A 123-126
testing for milk supply, A 244
_See also_ Calf; Milk
Crab (Machine), B 79*
Crabapple, Wild
butter or sauce, A 22
regions found, A 21
Crabs
food value, H 254
cooking soft shell crabs, H 293
opening and cooking hard shells, H 292
Craigin, Belle S.
Amateur's experience in poultry raising, A 166-168
Cranks (Machinery)
crank motion, B 312*
mechanism, B 319*
Cream. _See_ Milk and cream
Cream of tartar
uses, H 301
Credit. _See_ Accounts
Creepers
insect destroyers, A 456
Creosote
wood preservative, C 494
Cricket, K 341-343
Crocheting, N 306-319*
abbreviations for stitches, N 306
chain stitch, N 308*
crazy stitch, N 326
cross stitch, N 318*
doll's cap, N 320-321
doll's hug-me-tight, N 321-323*
double crochet, N 308*
edging stitch
loop, N 311*
narrow, N 313*
tiny edging, N 311*
fringe, N 317
hooks, N 306-307*
insertion stitch
cone, N 314*
loop, N 312*
tiny insertion, N 310*
insertion with ribbon, N 315*
jacket, N 323-324*
shell stitch, N 329-332*
patterns, N 320-332*
position of hands, N 307*
rainbow pattern, N 316-317*
scarf, cross stitch, N 318*
shawl, rainbow pattern, N 316-317*
shells, N 310*, 329-332*
single crochet stitch, N 308*, 324*
slip stitch, N 308
slippers, N 324-329*
crazy stitch, N 326*
star stitch, N 326-329*
star stitch, N 324*, 326*
treble crochet, N 309*
washing, N 332*
Crocus
planting in lawns, A 169, 434
planting tables, G 177, 178
Crops
succession crops, G 92
_See also_ Gardening
Croquet, K 343
golf-croquet, K 354
_See also_ Roque
Cross bow spring, B 266*
Cross stitch
embroidery stitches, N 103-106*, 107*, 108*
marking towels, N 156
Crosses
drawing designs, C 25*, 27
Greek, inlay design, C 322
Crowbars
making, M 352*
Crows
as pets, K 176
Crucible cast steel. _See_ Steel
Crumb tray and scraper
brass work, M 135-136*
Crystals, snow, B 367*
Cuckoo
insect eater, A 456
Cucumber
food value, H 255
how to peel, H 294
indoor planting time, G 233
insect pests, G 290
origin of, G 303
planting seed
directions, G 303
time to plant, G 234
seed
age for planting, G 34
germination per cent., G 233
thinning plants, G 303
Cucumber vine
ornamental value, G 359
Cuff links
metal work, M 192-194*
Cuffs. _See_ Dressmaking
Cumulus, B 365
Curling (Game), K 344
Curling iron, Electric, E 116*
Curtains
dry cleaning, H 332
dusting, H 131
girl's room, furnishings, N 380-381
materials for stenciling, N 81
stencil design, N 75*
stenciling, D 108-117*
stretching, H 328
valance, D 116
washing, H 328-329
weaving, designs and materials, D 262-265
_See also_ Block printing
Curves
drawing, B 339*
Cushions. _See_ Pillows
Cut worms, G 293
detecting and destroying, G 284
toads enemies of, K 168
Cyanide bottle for killing insects, A 379*, K 152
Cypress
varieties and characteristics, C 540
D
Dado joints, C 236*, 255
Daffodil
narcissus family, G 169
Van Sion variety, G 168
white and yellow, planting table, G 177, 178
Dairy cow. _See_ Cows
Dairy Products
food value, H 254
_See also_ Butter; Milk
Dairying
book about, A 517
keeping accounts, A 241-242
sanitary milk pail, A 246*
Daisy
characteristics of the English daisy, G 334
class and seed time of ox-eyed and yellow, G 278
embroidery stitches, N 177-179*
Dampers
in pipes and ovens, H 229
principle of stoves and ranges, H 227-230
Dams
famous dams of concrete, B 246-247
Dandelion
class and seed time, G 278
greens, A 63
Daphne
characteristics, G 355
Darning
Limerick darning, lace stitches, N 234
stockings, N 9-11*
Dates
food value, H 255
Day and night
cause of, B 213
Debit. _See_ Accounts
Decanter
washing, H 183
Decoration and ornament
woods suitable for, C 240
_See also_ Block printing; Carving; Embroidery; Enamel and
enameling; Floral decoration; House decoration; Leather work;
Metal work; Pottery; Pyrography; Stenciling; Wood carving
Decoration, interior. _See_ House decoration
Deer
book about, A 518
Design. _See_ Architecture; Basket making; Bead work; Brass work;
Copper work; Embroidery; Furniture; House decoration; Leather
work; Metal work; Pottery; Silver work; Stenciling; Wood
carving
Desk
library desk
design, D 47*
design and construction, D 184-187*
wood finish, D 237
mission style writing desk, design, C 375*
writing desk, design, D 50*
Desk pad
copper fittings, making, M 122-124*
leather, design and making, D 335-338*
Desk sets
copper, M 117-129*
pen and ink trays, gouge work, C 258-264*
Dessert
combinations for food value, H 259
Deutzia
characteristics, G 256
Devil's snuff box, A 87
Dibber, G 47*
Dies (Metal work)
making, M 206-208
Diet
carbohydrates, H 248-252, 277
chemical properties, H 249
giving undue concern to, H 244-247
ideal, objection to, H 261
principles of, H 246-263
proteins, H 248-252, 277
_See also_ Food
Digestion. _See_ Diet
Digitalis
made from foxglove, A 57
Dining-room, H 160-187
care of, H 51, 160-171
furniture
arrangement, D 61
design, D 53-57*
ideal, H 187
plan in the model house, D 9
work, setting and serving the table, H 160-171
Dirigible balloons, B 162
Dish washing
cloths, care of, H 184
decanters and bottles, H 183
egg stains, removing, H 183
glasses, H 180
preparation of dishes, H 179
process, H 179-185
rinsing dishes, H 182
silver, H 181
steel knives, H 184
wiping and putting away, H 52, 182-184
without running water, H 178
Disinfectants
use in plumbing, H 218
Ditch drains. _See_ Drainage
Dividers (Tools)
forging, M 340-341*
using in metal working, M 5*, 24*
Diving, K 238*
girls as divers, K 320
Dixie's land (Game), K 345
Dock, yellow
class and seed time, G 278
Dogs
as friends, K 187
bathing, K 188
boarding dogs as a business, A 237-238
profits from, A 239
breeds, K 187-188
farm dogs, A 106
feeding, A 238, K 188
puppies, A 224
fleas, K 188, 189
house, working drawing of a toy house, C 42*
housing, K 188
punishing, K 189
raising, A 223-226
story of success in, A 235-240
selecting a pet, K 187-188
training, A 249-252, K 189-192
for cattle herding, A 250, 251
for hunting, K 190-192
for retrieving, A 250
for running machinery, A 255-256
Dog's tooth violet
characteristics, G 342
Dogwood
characteristics, C 563, G 356
Doilies
Irish crochet edge, N 335*
Doll's clothes
cap
crocheted, N 320-321*
knitted, N 362*
cape, knitted, N 360*
hug-me-tight, crocheted, N 321-323*
jacket, knitted, N 360-362
leggings, knitted, N 363*
_See also_ Dressmaking; Sewing
Doll's furniture
bed fittings, N 50-56*
cigar box trunk, H 12
pasteboard box for bed, H 11, 12
Domestic Animals
books about, A 517
raising, A 100-202
for pets, A 203-240
_See also_ Cat; Cow; Dog; Horse; Pigeon; Poultry; Sheep; Swine
Domestic Economy. _See_ Housekeeping
Door handles
metal work, M 406, 407, 416*
Door hasp
forging, M 338-340*
Door knockers
escutcheon plate, M 410*, 412-414
iron metal work, M 410-415*
Door pulls
metal work, M 415*
Doors
batten door, C 448*
electric door opener, E 55*
frames, setting, C 469
hanging, C 474
inside trim, C 473*
paneled, C 354-355, 528-530*
saddles, C 474
Dough. _See_ Bread; Pastry
Dovetail joints, C 253*, 256*, 313-314*
Dowel bit, C 194
Dowel for weaving, N 297
Dowel joints, C 251*
Doweling, D 134
Dracenas
window box plant, G 193
Drafting. _See_ Mechanical drawing
Dragon-flies
habits, A 388
Drainage
ditch building, G 123
grading and digging, G 114
pipe, depth laid, G 111
problem for garden plot, G 110-122
"sighting" for drop and bed level, G 112-114
sloping land, G 17
standing water, G 21
stones for trough, setting, G 116
tiles, laying, G 115
types of drains, G 22
wooden troughs, disadvantage of, G 115
Drainage, House. _See_ Plumbing; Refrigerator
Draught
of open fires, H 224
principle of stoves and ranges, H 227-230
Draw knife, C 216*
Draw plate
definition of, M 209
Drawer pulls
metal work, M 417-419*
Drawing
designing a corner for stencil work, D 111
designs for block printing, D 100-101*
how to enlarge or reduce a drawing, C 390, B 339
outline drawing for stencil work, D 112
_See also_ Mechanical drawing
Drawing board
making, C 24*, 381-383*
Drawing instruments
making a box for, C 240*
making a mechanical drawing outfit, C 381-398
Drawnwork, N 207-226*
all-over, N 213-220*
Bulgarian weaving patterns, N 222-226*
butterfly pattern, N 220-222*
convent work, N 213-216*
daisy pattern, N 219*
feather stitch, N 212*
filling spaces, N 219
frames for, N 222
handkerchiefs, N 213-219*
maltese cross, N 219
Mexican, N 211*
sheaf stitch, N 211*
soaping threads, N 213
twist stitch, N 212*
_See also_ Fagotting; Hardanger embroidery; Hemstitching
Dress. _See_ Clothing and dress
Dresser. _See_ Bureau
Dressmaking
bands, cutting, N 64
bias bands, cutting, N 65
box plaits, N 71
collars
cutting, N 64
fastening to waist, N 70
cuffs
cutting, N 64
sewing on sleeves, N 68
cutting from a pattern, N 63-67*
frills, cutting, N 64
patterns
allowing for seams, N 65
cutting doll's skirt from, N 42*
cutting from, N 63-67
drawing and cutting, N 41*
notches and perforations, N 66
pinning material on, N 66-67*
plaiting skirt, N 71-72*
seams, tailored, N 72
skirts
bands, N 39*, 44
basting seams, N 42
cutting from a pattern, N 42, 63-64*
hemming, N 36, 43
plackets and gussets, N 35-40*, 43
plaiting, N 71-72*
putting on the bands, N 44
sleeves
cutting, N 64
gathering, N 69*
putting into waist, N 70*
putting together, N 68*
waists
cutting, N 64
cutting from pattern, N 67*
joining seams, N 69
_See also_ Sewing
Driftwood
gathering, A 405
Drilling and boring tools
draw boring, C 415*
drills for copper and silver, M 9*
forging and tempering rock drills, M 344-349*
forging hand drills, M 347-349*
kinds and their uses, C 193-198*
Driveways of ashes, G 77
Drowning
method of rescue from, K 239
Dry cleaning
delicate and light-colored articles, H 332
Duck on a rock (Game), K 345
Ducks
book about, A 517
brooders, A 193
characteristics, A 192
feeding ducklings, A 192
how to select for cooking, H 271
marketing, A 191
raising, A 190-193
ducks versus chickens, A 191-192
story of a boy's animal cage, A 235
varieties, K 181
water not essential for raising, A 190-191
wood ducks, domesticating, A 462*
Duplicating machine, B 416
Dusting
bedroom, H 53
floors, H 125
house cleaning process, H 145
little services, H 51
opening the house, H 352
Dutch collar
Irish crochet, N 346-350*
Dutch oven, K 81
Dyeing
colors, how to obtain, D 278-279
hints, D 277-278
lace, N 238
Dynamometer, B 324*
Dynamos, E 3-9
alternating current, E 21-24
batteries replaced by, E 249-250
construction of a simple dynamo, E 222-225*
definition of, E 19
efficiency, E 5-6
field, E 9, 11-13
generating electricity, E 9-10
how a dynamo generates both direct and alternating currents, E 222
how used as a motor, E 45-48
installing, E 225
load, E 105
magneto, E 19-24*
illustration of use, E 21-23
rate of vibration, E 22-23
use for ringing telephone bells, E 287-290*
principle of a simple dynamo, E 11-13*
producing tones with, E 293-295
series wound, E 34*
shunt wound, E 34*
transmitters not power producers, E 7
_See also_ Armatures
E
Earth
attraction exerted by sun and moon, B 229-230
diameter, B 213
distance from sun and moon, B 229-230
elements, B 214
globular form proved, B 212-213*
rotation, B 213, 214
Eddy kites
making, C 86*
Edging. _See_ Crocheting; Irish crochet
Edison, Thomas A.
discovery of carbon filaments, E 134
new storage battery, E 262-263
Eggplant
cooking preparation, H 294
parasites on, G 304
planting seed, G 304
indoor planting time, G 233
time to plant, G 234
seed, germination per cent., G 233
soil for, G 304
transplanting, G 304
Eggs
cooking, preparation for, H 288
ducks' eggs, A 192
fancy breed eggs, A 221
food value, H 254
gold fish eggs, A 229
Guinea fowl, value of, A 179
insect eggs, A 393
judging freshness of, H 271
marketing, A 158
pheasant eggs, packing, A 199
preserving
for winter use, A 177-178
yolks in water, H 357
record for laying hens, A 157
selecting for sitting hens, A 148
separating yolks from whites, H 288
stains
removing, H 183
_See also_ Poultry
Egyptian Pyramids, B 54-56
Elderberries
canning, receipt, A 16
picking, A 15
steam pudding, receipt, A 16
Electric annunciators
construction and operation, E 68-71*
Electric apparatus and appliances
using electricity to aid the memory, E 301-304
_See also_ Armatures; Clocks; Dynamos; Telegraph; Telephone; Vacuum
cleaners; and words beginning Electric
Electric armatures. _See_ Armatures
Electric batteries
cells, positive and negative plates, E 256, 261
dry cells
cost, E 166
increase of voltage by increased resistance, E 194-198
structure, E 250-251
use for lighting a summer camp, E 162-167*
electrolytic cells, E 257-260
galvanic cells
depolarizing agent, E 256
effect of heat on chemical action, E 254
electricity produced by chemical action, E 251
polarization of, E 256-257
replaced by dynamos, E 249-250
simple cell, chemical action, E 254-256
sparking apparatus for a gasolene engine, E 178-203*
storage batteries, E 258-263
Edison battery, construction and care, E 262-263
lead, construction and care of, E 261-262
why they run down, E 192-194
Electric bells
alternating current bells, E 288
equipment and installation in a house, E 296-299
operated by induced current, E 350-352
operated by wireless outfit, E 324*
operation of electric bells and buzzers, E 72-75*
transmitter in wireless telegraph, E 321
Electric buzzer
operation, E 72-73*
used in electric organ, E 278-279
Electric cars
electric heaters, E 125
_See also_ Electric railroads
Electric central station, E 204-217*
Electric cigar lighter, E 115*
Electric circuit breakers, E 78*
Electric circuits
open and closed, E 73
Electric clocks. _See_ Clocks
Electric conductors
copper sulphate, E 259
copper versus iron, E 64
effect of impurities in water, E 64
salt solution, E 253, 265
water, E 200
Electric controllers
arc lamp feed, E 84
automatic
air control, E 53
principle of, E 49-53*
elevator switches, E 83
principle of, E 17
_See also_ Electric rheostat
Electric cooking
broilers, E 114*
chafing dish, E 113*
coffee percolator, E 113*
fireless cooker, E 128-132*, 308
hot plate, E 110-113*
oven, E 114, 305-308*
toaster, E 115
traveler's cooker, E 113*
with incandescent lamps, E 127*
Electric curling iron, E 116*
Electric currents
alternating
definition, E 31
for telephone bells, E 288
generation of, E 11
how produced, E 21-24
changing alternating to direct currents, E 238-239
chemical reaction produced by powerful currents, E 263-264
decomposition of water, E 264
different currents pass through the same wire, E 187
direct, definition of, E 31
induced current
by interrupting the circuit, E 184
by moving the magnet, E 17-18
direction of, E 186
experiments, E 349-352
magnetic field about, E 353*
primary and secondary, in spark coils, E 184-192*
produced by chemical action, E 251-263
rectifiers, E 238-239
secondary, voltage, E 189-190
telephone, E 287
Electric engine
principle of a toy engine, E 58*
Electric flash light, E 154-155*
Electric flasher, E 120-125*
Electric fuses, E 117*
"blowing", E 146, 292
Electric gas lighter, E 118-120*
Electric generators. _See_ Dynamos
Electric heating
apartments, E 125
applications, E 107-159
bedroom heater, E 126*
cars, E 125
hot plates versus incandescent lamps, E 131
pad, E 117
principle of, E 97-106*
_See also_ Electric cooking
Electric hot plate, E 110-113*
Electric incubator, E 114
Electric induction coil
illustration, E 96
Electric insulators and insulation, E 14
glass knobs for telephone wires, E 290
Electric iron, E 243*
principle and cost of using, E 107-110
Electric lamps, Arc
arc lamp feed, E 84
carbons, adjustment, E 150-152*
glass globes, economy of, E 150-152
mechanism, E 147-150
mercury vapor lamp, E 155-156*
Moore light, E 156
search light, E 153*
stereopticon, E 153*
Electric lamps, incandescent
burglar's flash light, E 154-155*
connecting lamps with the circuit, E 142*
construction, E 142-143*
cooking with, E 127*
current required, E 30
filament
carbon, E 134-135
life of, E 144-145
making of, E 142
testing, E 141
development of, E 132-135*
metal, E 145-146
platinum wire, E 133
sizes, measuring, E 134
hylo, use and cost of, E 138*
intensity, comparison of, E 137-141
Nernst lamps, E 157
numbers manufactured, E 134
operating by induced currents, E 349-352*
operating by wireless outfit, E 327
resistance, E 29
of lamps in parallel, E 123*
socket, E 143*
tungsten lamp, E 141*, 144, 145
Electric light
percentage of waste in producing, E 150
search light, E 153*
Electric light fixtures
copper lamp, M 92-96*
design, D 361-364*
Electric lighting
cost, E 41, 139-141, 144
fitting up a summer camp, E 160-167
growth of demand for, E 134
Electric measurements
units, E 37-42*
ampere, E 30
kilowatt hour, E 41
volt, E 39
watt, E 39
Electric meters
care when closing house, H 351
reading, H 239
_See also_ Ammeter; Voltmeter; Wattmeter
Electric milking machine, E 54
Electric motors, E 43-56
acting as dynamo, E 36
compared with dynamo, E 47-48*
E. M. F. in motors, E 48
_See also_ Electric controller
Electric organs, E 55, 278-279*, 293-295
pipe organ, E 44-52
Electric oven, E 114
automatic control of temperature, E 306-308*
brick, construction, E 305-308
Electric potential
meaning of difference in potential, E 200-202
Electric power
conversion of steam into electric energy, E 4
cost in large and small plants, E 204
production of, E 3-10
Electric power distribution
cost, E 210
distances, power and cost, E 210-211
loss in transmission, E 210, 216
voltage in relation to distances, E 211
Electric power plants
central stations, E 204-205*
equipping an amateur plant, E 220-239
estimating the capacity, E 219
number and annual output in the United States, E 205
water power for, E 202-217
Electric pumps
use of, E 51-54
Electric push buttons, E 74-75*
for elevators, E 69-70*
house bells, E 297-299
Electric railroads
current controller, principle of, E 53
toy operated by wireless outfit, E 325-327*
what moves the cars, E 16
Electric resistance
impedance, E 285-286
laws for wires, E 120
of electric lamps, E 29
of lamps in parallel, E 123*
ohmic resistance, E 285
principle of electric heating and lighting, E 100-106
resistance board, E 30
starting box, E 48, 81-83*
telephone circuit, E 285-287
unit, ohm, E 91-93
variation of heat with resistance, E 291
wires, diameters and resistance, E 136
Electric rheostats, E 47-49*
_See also_ Electric controller
Electric seal, A 491
Electric shock
conditions necessary, E 170
electric waves, E 315
experiments with spark coil, E 176, 178-180, 180-183*
how it feels, E 170-177
Electric shower bath
constructing, E 244-247*
Electric soldering iron, E 116
Electric spark coil
automobile spark coil, E 95*
gasolene engine equipment, E 178-203*
how voltage is raised by the spark coil, E 180-183
jump spark coils, E 184
make and break coils, E 183
primary and secondary, E 188-192
principle, E 180-187*
telephone, E 279-281*
vibrator, E 190
voltage, E 191
wireless telegraph, E 321-322*
with two windings, E 187-191*
Electric spinner, E 57*
Electric switches, E 74-75*
circuit breakers, E 78*
double-pole, single throw, E 52*
Electric thermostat, E 124
for brick oven, E 306-308*
Electric toys
engine, E 58*
spinner, E 57*
train operated by wireless, E 325-327
Electric transformer
construction, E 212-216*
illustration, E 96*
magnetic circuit, E 214*
relation of voltage to windings, E 215
step-up and step-down transformer, E 216
Electric washing machine
construction and use, E 241-243*
Electric waves, E 309-323
changes in length, E 316
Hertzian waves, E 346
Electric welding, E 158-159
Electric wires
diameters, E 135-137
glass knobs for insulating, E 290
ground wire for wireless telegraph, E 321
resistance
laws of, E 120
tables, E 135-137
Electric wiring
use of earth circuit, E 290-291
Electricity
Ampere's rule, E 30-32
chemical transformer, E 256
doing chores with, E 241-243*
E. M. F., meaning, E 203
electrical current compared with water current, E 176, 197-198, 201
every-day uses, list, E 219
galvanic, E 248
how electricity feels, E 170, 177
medical use, E 175
Ohm's law, E 92-93
_See also_ Induction (Electricity); Telegraph; Telephone; Wireless
telegraph; also headings beginning Electric and Electro
Electrocution, E 175-176
of rats, E 271-273*
Electrolysis
of solutions, E 257-261
of water, E 264-266
Electrolyte, E 256
Electrolytic actions in every-day life, E 266-270
Electrolytic cell, E 257-260
Electromagnet, E 11-24
applications of, E 54-96*
arc lamp control, E 148
construction, E 15*
discovery of, E 14, 17
lifting power, E 15-16, 79-81
magnetic intensity, E 16
principle of, E 14-15
strength compared to bar magnets, E 16
use in relay, E 322
Electrometallurgy
separating iron from ore, E 79*
Electromotive force
counter electromotive force in motors, E 48*
Electroplating, E 259-261
Elevators
electric controllers, operation of, E 83
how annunciators are operated, E 68-71*
Elijah and the widow's cruse of oil, H 32
Ellipse, drawing, B 210-211*, C 19*
string and pin method, C 112*
trammel method, C 113*
Elm
red or slippery elm, C 558
rock or cork elm, C 560
white or American, C 559
Embankments
retaining wall for riverside, B 238-245
wall for lawn, G 74
Emblems
bullion embroidery, N 155
Embossing iron, M 361
Embroidery, N 98-241*
bars, twisted and woven, N 141*
blanket stitch, N 142*
bullion stitch, N 165-166*
bullion work, N 154-156
butterfly pattern, drawnwork, N 220-222*
buttonhole and satin stitch design, N 166*
buttonholing, N 130-134*, 142-145*
card case, N 183-186*
cat stitch, N 102, 215*
chain stitch, N 99-100*
cleaning
washing, H 329, N 136-137
without washing, N 379
collars, Hedebo embroidery, N 203*
combination stitch, N 148-154*
combinations of colors and stitches, D 118-119
compass design, N 167-168
couching stitch, N 124*
cross stitch, N 103-106*, 107*, 108*
daisies, N 167, 177-180*
designs, planning, D 118
drawnwork, N 211-226*
eyelet work, N 160-163*
fagotting, N 145-146*, 229*
feather-stitching, N 116-118*
flower work, N 176-189*
colors, N 176
shading, N 179-180
stems, N 180
French knots, N 164-165*
Hardanger, N 190-197*
Hedebo embroidery
bars, N 204*
circles, N 204-206*
materials for, N 202
triangles, N 204*
hemstitching, N 207-210*, 215*
herring-bone stitch, N 101*
honeycomb stitch, N 144*
hoops, N 122-123
ismet stitch, N 125*
Kensington stitch, N 178-179*
lace, embroidering on, N 180
ladder stitch, N 158-159*
lazy-daisy stitch, N 119-120*
leaves, shading, N 179
letters, N 147-154*
lingerie hats, N 171-174
long and short stitch, N 177*
monograms, N 152-154*
needles, N 121
outline stitch
combination stitches, N 148-154*
rough and smooth, N 101*
padding, N 99, 130-131, 147-148, 156
picots, N 192*, 194*
pin cushion top, N 193-196*
pyramid stitch, Hardanger, N 195*
ribbon work, N 181-189*
card case, N 183-186*
rococo, N 181-189*
Roman cut work, N 138-142*
satin stitch, N 147-149*, D 119
design, N 158*
scalloping, N 132-133
drawing scallops, N 135
seeding, N 154*
shadow embroidery, N 125-128*
silks, when not to use, N 157
skeleton stitch, N 381
smocking, N 112-114*
spider stitch, N 142
stamping patterns, N 128-129
star patterns, Hardanger, N 191*
stem stitch, N 154
substitute for, N 379*
suggestions for a girl's room, N 372-381
threading the needle, N 103
tools, N 121-123
Turkish stitch, N 125*
Van Dyke stitch, N 151*
Wallachian embroidery, N 134-137*
Emergencies, housekeeping, H 353-369
Enamel and enameling, M 197-211
backing, M 208
basse-taille, M 208
black spots, removing, M 201
champleve method, M 202, 208
characteristics of enamel, M 197
cloisonne, M 201, 209
finishing, M 201
firing process, M 199-201
muffle furnace for, M 199
on copper, D 354-355
on silver, D 355
placing enamel on metal, M 198
polishing, M 205
preparing enamel, M 197
tools, M 197
unsoldering, M 205
_See also_ Wood finishing
Enamel ware
kitchen utensils, H 201
Endive
blanching, G 305
planting and transplanting, G 305
seed, time to plant, G 234
winter culture, G 305
Engineering. _See_ Mechanics
Engines
external and internal combustion, B 121-122, 128-130, 387
oscillating, B 333-334*
parallel motion, mechanism, B 332-333*
speed regulator, B 328*
steam versus gas or oil, advantages, B 121
_See also_ Electric engines; Electric motors; Gasolene motors;
Horse power; Steam engines; Turbines
English bind weed (Morning glory)
class and seed time, G 278
Engraving
cement, M 205
iron work, M 361
Ensigns, code, B 108, 109
Entomology. _See_ Insects
Envelope for clippings
making, N 187-189*
Equestrian polo, K 377
Ermine, A 495
Escallops. _See_ Scallops
Escutcheon plates, M 410*, 412-414
Etching
iron work, M 362
Ether (of space)
chemical waves, effect of, E 336
development of the universal ether idea, E 339-348
kinds of ether waves, E 310-316
medium for transmitting wave motions, E 343
original meaning, E 344
wave theory, exponents of, E 344-346
waves sent forth by Halley's comet, E 333-338
Evergreens, C 535-542
for hedge, G 82
landscape gardening, G 354
southern smilax, A 54
_See also_ Pine
Exercise
value of, K 10-13
walking, K 14-17
Exhibits, vegetables and flowers, G 201-208
flowers, arrangement, G 205
labeling, G 205
vegetables
arrangement, G 202, 204
preparation of, G 202
Eyelet work
designs for, N 163*, 164*, 167-168
edges of, N 169
lingerie hat, N 169*
making eyelets, N 161-162*
padded eyelets, N 162*
Eyes and hooks
sewing on, N 24-25*
F
Face plate
definition of, M 209
Fagots
collecting, A 406
Fagotting
lace stitches, N 229*
Bermuda fagotting stitch, N 145-146*
Fahrenheit scale, B 261
Fancy work. _See_ Applique; Basket making; Bead work; Braiding;
Crocheting; Embroidery; Hemstitching; Knitting; Lace making;
Needle work; also names of articles, e. g., Pin case; Sewing
apron, etc.
Faraday, Michael
discovery of magneto-induction, E 14, 17
theory of ether phenomena, E 345
Farm machines
dog power for running, A 255
Farmers' bulletins
how to secure, A 513
Farming. _See_ Dairying; Domestic animals; Drainage; Fertilizers and
manures; Flower gardening; Forestry; Fruit; Gardening;
Irrigation; Soils; Trees; Vegetable gardening; Vegetables
Fashion. _See_ Clothing and dress
Fat (Game), K 346
Fats
food composition and value, H 249, 250
frying fats, H 282
proportion in diet, H 249, 252
Feather race, K 347
Feather-stitching
decorations in, N 119
double stitch, N 117*
marking with, N 156
seaweed stitch, N 118*
single stitch, N 116*
threads, N 118*
Feathers
goose, A 189-190
poultry, A 159
Feed rolls
mechanism, B 316*
Fences. _See_ Hedges
Fermentation
principle of, A 414
Fern dish
making pottery, D 310-313*
Ferns
care of, in house, G 197
gathering, A 55, 359
varieties to grow, G 198
Fertilization of plants, G 246-248
Fertilizers and manures
amount required for poor soil, G 18
hen manure, A 143
leaf mold, making, A 421-424
preparing manure for hotbeds, G 108
sod for compost, G 262
source of nitrogen, G 223
wood ashes, A 433
for strawberries, G 94
_See also_ Humus; Lime; Nitrates; Phosphates; Potash
Field athletics. _See_ Track athletics
Field, Cyrus, W.
and the Atlantic cable, E 65
Figs
food value, H 255
Files and rasps, C 204
draw filing in copper work, M 37
metal work, M 9
Filing cabinet
construction, C 358-359*
drawer designs to represent books, C 397*
for drawings, making, C 395-396
Filling. _See_ Wood finishing
Finance. _See_ Accounts; Allowances; Housekeeping; Income
Finger bowls
brass work, M 133-135*
use of, H 172
Finishing. _See_ Wood finishing
Fir. _See_ Balsam
Fire
mystery of flame, H 226
Fire extinction
burning grease, H 236
chimneys, H 234
Fire making
camp fires, K 67-69
for cooking, K 77-82*
coal fire, H 227-233
daily care, H 232
laying and lighting, H 231
furnace fires, H 233
lighting a fire with kerosene, H 231
open wood fires, H 223-227
_See also_ Ranges
Fire of coal: story, H 37
Fire screen for metal work, M 11*
Fire tools
making, M 370-379*
poker, forging, M 371*
shovel, forging, M 372*
stand for, making, M 377-379
tongs, making, M 374-377*
riveting, M 376
_See also_ Andirons
Firearms
shot guns versus rifles for boys, K 112
use of, K 110-124*
Fireless cookers
electric, E 128-132*, 308
Fireplaces
camp fireplaces, K 78-79
hearth, flue and draught, H 223-224
made of field rock, D 371*
tiles, making, D 318-320
_See also_ Andirons; Fire tools
Fires
damage from, C 513
danger from oily cloths, H 12
preventing forest fires, A 467-468
Fireworks
operated by wireless outfit, E 327-328*
Firing pottery, D 299-301*
Fish
boiling, H 290
whole, H 278
broiling, H 275-276
cleaning, H 289
to preserve heads and tails, H 290
food value, H 250, 253
combined with vegetables, H 259
frying, K 91
how to select for cooking, H 271
pan fish, meaning, K 130
protecting from natural enemies, A 273
taming, A 266
_See also_ Brook trout; Gold fish; Shell fish; Trout
Fish spears
forging, M 240*
Fishing, K 125-143*
bait, K 130-136*
bait casting, K 137-138
boats, K 140
fly casting, K 130, 134-137*
gaff, K 141
game fish, K 126
hooks, K 128-129*
landing nets, K 141*
line winder, whittling, C 15*
lines, selection and care, K 128, 135
methods, K 129
qualifications of a successful fisherman, K 125
reels, K 127
rods, selecting, K 127
rules, K 142
still fishing, K 129, 139-140
tackle, K 126-129*
time to fish, K 141
trolling, K 133*, 139*
Fixtures. _See_ Electric light fixtures
Flag (Plant)
characteristics of dwarf flag, G 334
Flags
yacht signal code, B 107-109
Flannels
washing, H 324, 328
Flash light
burglar's, E 154-155*
Flat irons. _See_ Electric iron
Fleece. _See_ Goats; Sheep
Flemish oak stain, D 231
Fletcher, Horace
theory of food chewing, K 10
Fleur-de-lis. _See_ Iris
Flicker
bird house for, C 219
Flies
book about, A 519
breeding places, A 476-477
danger to health, A 475
development from the egg, A 393-395
exterminating, A 475-478
Floating heart
characteristics, G 366
Floors
building
estimating lumber for octagon or hexagon, C 507-509
for model house, D 28
for summer house, C 417
laying floors, C 471
setting beams, C 470
carpets versus rugs for, H 125
cement floors for poultry house, A 137
color scheme in house decoration, D 16
cleaning appliances, H 142
dusting, H 125
finish for wood floor, H 192
kitchen floors and floor coverings, H 191
polishing, H 126
refinishing, H 127
waxed floors, polishing, H 126
_See also_ Carpets; Matting; Rugs; Strength of materials; Vacuum
cleaner
Floral decoration
backgrounds, D 89-90
color scheme, D 84-86
combinations, D 83
dining table, D 91-92
garden method, D 83
grouping, D 82
holders and vases, D 86-89*
Japanese idea, D 81
principles of arrangement, D 93-94
wild flowers, decorative value, A 56
Flour
cleansing qualities, H 332
food value, H 254
Flower basket
weaving, G 61-64*
Flower embroidery. _See_ Embroidery
Flower gardening, G 315-335
annuals, G 328-331
blooming after frost, G 330
arrangement of plants, G 317
background plants, G 317, 320, 321
bedding plants, G 323
biennials, G 322
border plants, G 137, 321
climbing annuals: table, G 331
color scheme, G 315, 361
cut flowers: tables, G 329, 333
drills, making, G 156
establishing a nursery business in California, A 94-99
formal garden
border, G 152
color scheme, G 154
diagram of, G 153
gradation of plants, G 151, 152
staking plots and paths, G 154, 155
straight lines in, G 357
fragrant flowers: tables, G 330, 333
girls' work, G 151-164
hardy and self-sowing plants, G 316-321
house plants, G 196-198, H 139
informal gardens, G 358
insect pests, G 199, 293
location of garden, G 361
perennials, G 333-335
potted plants, G 180-200
drainage, G 172, 183-185
pests, remedy, G 199
pots, cleaning, G 184
potting process, G 186-187
soil, G 171, 183-185
transplanting, G 181-182
watering, G 199
profit in
selling flowers, G 373
selling seeds, G 371-372
selling young plants, G 370-371
rock garden, G 324-326
round beds, making, G 136-137
school grounds, G 82-84
screening unsightly places, G 362
selection of flowers for landscape effect, G 361
self-sowing annuals: table, G 331
shady places, annuals for: table, G 331
slipping plants, G 188-190
soil, annuals that suit heavy or sandy soils, G 328-329
succession in bloom by months, G 316, 364
time table, G 161
topping plants, G 199
_See also_ Bulbs; Gardening; Vines; Wild flower gardening; Window
boxes; also names of special flowers, e. g., Chrysanthemum;
Larkspur; Pansy
Flower missions, A 62
Flowers
collections, labeling, K 156
preparation and mounting, K 155
cut flowers
annuals for, G 329, 333
care of, H 160
honey or pollen producing, A 322
jardiniere for, making, G 66-68*
pistils and stamens, G 246-247
propagating wild flowers, A 467
protecting wild flowers, A 465-467
supplying city children with wild flowers, A 61
water and bog plants, G 366
_See also_ Floral decoration; Flower gardening; Plants; Wild flower
gardening; Window box; also names of special flowers, e. g.,
Lily
Flues
cleaning, H 234
purpose of, H 224
_See also_ Chimney
Flux
definition of, M 209
iron and steel, M 221
use of, in welding, M 247
Fly casting, K 134-137*
Flying
theory of, B 195-197
Flying machines
glider, B 179
heavier than air and lighter than air types, B 162-163
_See also_ Aeroplanes; Balloons
Fobs. _See_ Watch fobs
Foliage plants, G 324
Follow the leader (stump master), K 387
Food
ash, meaning of, H 249
carbohydrates, H 248
combinations, H 257-261
condensed, harmful, H 261
fats, H 249
non-nourishing, value of, H 260
pre-digested, harmful, H 261
proportion of income to be used for food, H 74, 78
protein, H 248
refuse, meaning, H 248
values, H 247-257
experiments of United States Government, H 250
variety essential, H 249, 262
_See also_ Cookery; Diet; Fish; Fruit; Marketing; Meat; Vegetables;
also names of special foods, e. g., Bread; Macaroni, etc.
Football, K 267-283*, 348-350
association or soccer, K 269, 331
captain, K 273
centre rush, qualifications, K 270, 272
dangers of the game, K 267
"down", K 275, 281, 349
drop kick, K 272, 349
ends, qualifications, K 270, 273
field goal, K 276, 349
full-back, qualifications, K 272, 273
goals, choosing, K 276
gridiron, K 273*, 274, 348
half-back, qualifications, K 271, 273
kicking off, K 276, 281
line-up diagram, K 268, 270*
players, weight and size, K 270
playing the game, K 274-276, 348
positions of players, K 269, 349
punt, K 349
quarter-back, qualifications, K 270, 273
Rugby, K 269
rules, K 280-283
rushing the ball, K 275
"safety", K 282
scores, K 276, 281-282, 348
scrimmage, K 281
season, K 267
shoes, K 280*
signals, K 277-279
tackles, qualifications, K 270, 273
team, organization, K 269-273
team work, K 273-274
touchdown, K 275, 349
training, K 283
uniform, K 279-280*, 350
Foot bridge. _See_ Bridge building
Foot pound, B 123
Foot stools
designs and construction, C 291-300*
mission style, design, C 374-375*
Forest fires
damage from, C 513
preventing, A 466-468
Forestry
book about, A 516
conservation, C 519
value of forests, C 514-516
waste timber problems, A 406
_See also_ Lumber and lumbering; Trees; Wood lots
Forge
bellows, M 216*
building fire in, M 217-218
construction, M 216
draught systems, M 227-229
explosion, danger of, M 229
portable forge, M 222-223*
draught system, M 228
tuyere, M 216
Forget-me-not
characteristics, G 365, 366
Forging
bending, M 236
bending corner in iron, M 271-273*
bolts, M 240-244*
butcher knife, M 354-357*
crow bar, M 352*
dividers, pair of, M 340-341*
door hasp, M 338-340*
eccentric strap, M 334*
fish-spear, M 240*
fork, two pronged, M 239*
garden hoe, M 335-337*
gate hooks, M 236-238*
grub hoe, M 328-330*
hand drills, M 347-349*
hand hammers, M 316-322*
harness hooks, M 238*
heating steel, M 290
hinge and butt, M 283-285*
ice-shaver, M 327*
nail puller or claw tool, M 353*
nuts, M 244-246*
oxidizing fire, M 233
pipe method, M 333
pitchfork, M 239*
punching holes, M 245*
reducing fire, M 233
rock drills, M 344-349*
shackles, M 349-352*
sockets for wire ropes, M 281-283*
stake pin, M 233-235*
staples, M 235-236*
steel hook, M 266-271*
stone chisels and picks, M 341-344*
tongs, iron, M 287-288*
turn buckles, M 330-334*
upsetting
bolts, M 241*
definition, M 315
rings, M 249
wood chisel, M 337-338
wrenches of steel, M 273-281*
_See also_ Blacksmithing; Iron work; Welding
Formal garden, G 151-155, 357
Forsythia
selection principles, G 37
Foundations
boat house, B 36
cellar, C 459
concrete
box mold for, C 430, 458*
bracing, C 460*
leveling, C 460
pergola foundation, C 426-433
setting columns, C 435
setting wooden frame, C 435, 458
thickness of wall, C 459
depth for houses, C 458-459
house building, D 25-28*
posts
for small buildings, C 443
setting, D 26-28*
setting and leveling, C 413-417*
Four o'clock
sowing and blossoming time, G 161
Fowl. _See_ Poultry
Fox
book about the silver fox, A 517
Foxglove
biennial, G 322
characteristics, G 333, 334, 347, 365
digitalis made from, A 57
sowing and blossoming time, G 161
Fragrant herbs and grasses, A 64
Frames. _See_ Picture frames
Framing. _See_ House framing; Picture frames
Francis of Assisi, Saint
stories about, H 25
Franklin, Benjamin
kite flying, B 186
Fraternity pillows, N 376
French chalk for dry cleaning, H 332, 360
French hem, N 21
French knots
letter outlining, N 150
needle for, N 166
working, N 164*
French seal, A 501
Fresnel, Augustin Jean
theory of light wave, E 345
Fringe
knotting fringe, N 275-277*
raffia, N 274
Frogs
taming, A 266
Fruit
food values, H 255
selection of, for food, H 271
washing, H 295
_See also_ names of fruits, e. g., Apple; Grape; Orange, etc.
Fruit trees
budding, G 251-253
distance to plant, G 258
protecting fruit from birds, A 461
seeds versus grafting, G 257-258
_See also_ Grafting
Frying
fats for, H 282
methods, H 281
Fuchsias
bedding plants, G 324
Fuel
blacksmith's fuels, M 229
refuse timber, A 406
_See also_ Coal
Fulcrum
principle of, B 21-28*
Fullering. _See_ Blacksmithing
Fumed oak and chestnut, process, D 233
Fungi
shelf fungi, A 62
_See also_ Mushrooms
Fur
dry cleaning, H 332
packing, H 347
_See also_ Ermine; Mink; Mole; Muskrat; Rabbit; Sable; Seal; Skins;
Skunk; Weasel
Furnace
draughts and dampers, H 227-230
gas and oil for heating steel, M 290
house furnace, management and cleaning, H 233
muffle furnace for enameling, M 199
Furniture
antique
mahogany table refinished, D 241-243
re-finishing, D 238-243
bedroom, D 57-58*
beds, designs, D 60*, 373*
box furniture, making, C 476-478*
care of furniture and fittings, H 121-145
castors, Acme pin, D 193
concrete furniture, making, D 201-209*
covers for, H 348
decorative value, D 46
dining-room, D 53-57*
enameling white, D 235
evolution of, C 291-292
hall furniture, D 47-50*
kitchen furniture, H 193-199
living room, D 50-53*
outdoor, C 408-416*, D 198-211*
designing, principles of, D 200
painted, cleaning, H 134
polish, H 133, 162
renovating, D 238-239
rustic, D 209-211*
woods for, A 410, K 101-102
selection for use and beauty, H 115-120
upholstered, cleaning, H 132, 332
_See also_ Book case; Book rack; Carpentry and Woodwork--Problems;
Chairs; Desk; House decoration; Stains and staining; Tables;
Tabourette; Wood; Wood carving; Wood finishing
Furrows. _See_ Gardening
Fusee, principle of, B 80*
Fuses. _See_ Electric fuses
G
Gaging lumber, C 186, 188
Gaillardia
characteristics, G 332, 335
sowing and blossoming time, G 161
Gained or housed joints, C 255*
Galileo, Galilei
barometer invention, B 256
Galloway, Beverly T.
back yard swimming pool, A 282-286
Galvani, Luigi
production of electric currents by chemical action, E 248
Galvanic electricity, E 248
Galvanized iron, E 248
soldering, M 44
Galveston sea wall, B 247
Gambling in housekeeping expenditures, H 70
Game and game birds
cooking in camp, K 89, 90
creating a private game preserve, A 464-465
domesticating wild game, A 461-464
protecting, A 463
wild rice food for, A 78
_See also_ Bantams; Guinea fowl; Pheasants
Games
list of one hundred games, K 326-328
_See also_ Archery; Base ball; Camping; Canoeing; Coasting; Fishing;
Football; Golf; Hockey; Hunting; Skating; Skiing; Swimming;
Tennis; also names of games, e. g., Croquet; Marbles, etc.
Garbage
can
cleaning, H 110, 221
location, H 221
disposal of, H 220
in country, H 222
Garden club
election of officers, G 14
exhibits, G 201-208
reports on garden plots secured, G 3-12
vote to aid Oldfield Centre school grounds, G 14
vote to disbar girls, G 16
Garden hockey, K 350
Garden paths
materials and making, G 358
Garden pests. _See_ Insect pests
Gardening
city back yard, G 23, 134-141
compost pile, G 262
drills, making, G 156
exhibits, G 201-208
furrows, making, G 264*, 266-267
hill, meaning of, G 116
hoeing, G 266
indoor experiments, G 28-40
money-making garden, G 368-376
selling garden fittings, G 372-373
plan, drawing, G 43-47*
paper plan for garden plots, G 261
preparing new plot, G 261-263
pricking out plants, G 100
raking, G 266
rows, direction to plant, G 260
rubbish, removing from new site, G 263
site for a garden, choosing, G 259-261
sowing seeds, G 268
spading, G 263-265
success, principles of, G 270
succession crops, G 92
thinning seedlings, G 268
transplanting, G 101-102, 118, 268-270
trenching, G 263-265*
work shop end of the garden, G 41-71*
_See also_ Coldframe; Drainage; Fertilizers and manures; Flower
gardening; Herbs; Hotbeds; Insect pests; Landscape gardening;
Lawns; Plant food; Plants; School grounds; Seeds; Soils;
Vegetable gardening; Vegetables; Vines; Weeds
Gardening--Tools and appliances
bulb flat, making, G 61*
dibber, G 47*
flower basket, weaving, G 61-64*
good versus poor tools, G 89-90
hoe, how to use, G 107
labels for plants, making, G 58*
measurements on tool handles, G 156
plant jardiniere, G 66-68*
pot rest, G 68-71*
reel, making, G 51*
sieve, making, G 59-61
spades, how to use, G 88
stake, making, G 50*
sundial, making, G 64-66*
Gareth
service in the king's kitchen, H 20
Garlic, wild
class and seed time, G 278
Garret playhouse, H 5
Gas and oil engines
compared with steam engines, B 121, E 179
construction and fuel supply, B 128-130
cylinder, what takes place in, E 178
water supply, quantity, B 130
_See also_ Gasolene motors
Gas furnace
heating steel, M 290
Gas lighter, Electric, E 118-120*
Gas lighting
average bill for careful families, H 76
Gas meters
reading, H 238
Gas range
baking bread in, H 283
cleaning, H 235
fire from fat, extinguishing, H 236
lighting, H 234
Gasolene
composition, B 104
danger of explosion, B 104
Gasolene automobiles. _See_ Automobiles
Gasolene launch. _See_ Boat building; Launch
Gasolene motors
action, B 388
automobile frames, construction, B 396-401*
carbureter, B 95*
description and dimensions, B 95*
exhaust pipe, B 97-98, 103
expansion chamber, B 98
four-stroke cycle, B 388-391*
installing in launch, B 93-95
motive power, how obtained, B 388
motor-cycle, principle, B 387-388
muffler, B 97-98
multiple cylinders, B 393
petcock, B 99
pipe joints, finishing, B 102
power, developing, B 105-107
single cylinder, B 391, 394*
sparking, B 105-106
electric equipment for, E 178-203
stationary
foundations, B 100-102
location, B 99
vibration, avoiding, B 100-102
stopping the engine, B 104
suction and overflow pipes, B 102
tank, setting, B 102
testing new engine, B 111
two-cylinder, B 392*
two-stroke cycle, B 388
vertical, B 391
water jacket, B 110
water supply, B 103-104
Gate hooks
forging, M 236-238*
Gearing. _See_ Mechanical movements
Geese
book about, A 517
breeds, A 189, K 181
domesticating wild geese, A 463
fattening for market, A 189
feathers, plucking, A 189-190
feeding and caring for goslings, A 188
food value, H 253
how to select for cooking, H 271
raising, A 188-190
setting eggs, A 188
Genista
indoor plant, G 197
Georgia pine. _See_ Pine
Geraniums
bedding plant, G 323
slipping, G 188-190
wild geranium, G 342
window box plant, G 193
Germination of seeds. _See_ Seeds
Gifts
playthings outgrown, H 10
spent in advance, offense of, H 70
the tenth of your income, H 81
Gilding
lettering name on boat, B 131
Gimlet bit, C 194*, 196
Ginger root
use of, A 58
Girders, wooden
strength of materials, B 45
Girls' clubs. _See_ Clubs
Girls
outdoor sports for, K 318-325
Girl's room
color scheme, N 375, 378, 379
cretonne versus linen for furnishings, N 373
curtains, N 380-381
stenciling furnishings, N 377
wall decorations, N 377
window seat, N 374
Girl's secret, G 25-27
Glass
cutting with a wheel cutter, D 196
for lamp shade, M 400
kitchen utensils, H 203
leaded glass, soldering, D 196-197*
polishing, H 134
washing, H 180
Glider flying machine, B 179
Glove box. _See_ Boxes
Gloves
cleaning chamois gloves, H 331
Glue
preparing and using, C 225
_See also_ Carpentry
Gnomon
making, B 209
Goat
age, telling, A 111
Angora
commercial value, A 114
fleece, A 109, 114
book about, A 517
common goat, advantages of, A 114-116
feeding, A 111-113
housing, A 109, 113
kid, care of, A 111
market value, A 117
milk, value, A 115
products, A 110
profit from, A 107-108
raising, A 107-118
experiment in New England, A 116-118
rate of increase, A 115
selecting for a herd, A 110
space needed, A 109, 114
value in reclaiming land, A 116-118
water supply, A 109
Goat skin
for leather work, N 84*
Godetia
characteristics, G 322, 329, 331
Gold fish
age, A 227
book about, A 517
characteristics, A 226
color of young, A 231
diseases, A 232
eggs, care of, A 229
enemies, A 233
food, A 228, 231
habits, A 228
hospital, A 232
making an aquarium, K 160-162
raising for profit, A 228-233
rearing tank, A 228, 230
spawning pond, A 229
storage tank, A 231
training, A 227
winter tank, A 232
Golden bell
characteristics, G 355
Golden glow
characteristics, G 334, 365
Golden oak finish, D 230
Golden seal
value, A 57
Golf, K 296-300*, 351-354
addressing, K 297*
bogie score, K 300
caddy, K 352
clubs, K 299*, 352
course, K 296, 351
hole, K 297, 351
links, K 353
playing the game, K 352
putting, K 300
green, K 297, 352
scoring, K 298, 300
tee, K 297
Golf-croquet, K 354
Gong. _See_ Brass work--bell
Gophers
destroying, A 493
Gouge
blacksmith's tool, M 225
sharpening, C 179-184*
woodworker's tool, C 258-260*
Governors (Machinery)
gyroscope governor, B 335*
steam engine, B 313-316*, 329
Grafting
cleft grafting, G 257-258
improving stock, G 254-258
occupation for boys, A 409*
scion and stock, G 254-256
season for, G 255
tongue grafting, G 256
wax making, G 256
whip grafting, G 256-257
Grain
food value, H 250, 254
_See also_ Corn
Grandfather's clock
making, C 284-290*
Granite for roadway, G 85
Grape
food value, H 255
green grape jelly, receipt, A 15
wild grapes
picking, A 14
jelly receipt, A 15
Grape juice
book about, A 518
food value, A 417
making, A 418-421
Grass seed
kind for rapid growth, G 76
preparing the soil, G 74-76
sowing, G 77
Grass stain
removing, H 359
Grasses
basketry uses, A 64
Grasshoppers
distinguishing young from old, A 393
garden pests, G 282
Grates. _See_ Fireplaces
Gravel
road beds, G 85
_See also_ Cement walks
Graver
definition of, M 209
Gravitation
definition, E 341
laws of, B 277-280
principle of, B 57-59
Gravity
acceleration, meaning of, B 278
force, meaning of, B 277
specific gravity, meaning of, B 279-280
Grease spots
removing, H 360
Greek cross, C 322
Greens (Cookery)
dandelion greens, A 63
Greens, Christmas, A 50-57
Grinding machine
edge runners or chasers for crushing, B 336*
Grindstones
grinding tools with, C 181-184*
principle of, B 28
types and uses, C 181*
Grosbeak, rose-breasted
insect destroyer, A 457
migration, K 176
Grounds. _See_ School grounds
Grouse
book about, A 519
Guests
entertainment of, H 366-369
Guinea fowl
book about, A 517
characteristics, A 179, 181-182
eggs, value, A 179
feeding, A 180
marketing, A 179, 181
raising, A 180-182
Guinea pigs
as pets, K 183
making a house for, C 451-454*
raising for pets, A 205
_See also_ Cavies
Gum. _See_ Spruce gum
Gum tree
sweet gum, red gum, or liquid amber, C 562
Gun. _See_ Firearms; Rifles; Shotgun
Gussets. _See_ Sewing
Gymnastics
outdoor life versus gymnastics, K 11
pull up bar, making, C 270*
Gyroscope
applied to aeroplanes, B 169
Bohnenberger's machine, B 334*
construction of, B 267-268*
mechanism, B 334*
H
Hab-enihan (Game), K 354
Hacmatack, C 530
Hail
formation, B 363-366
Haley over (Game), K 355
Halibut
food value, H 253
Hall clock
design and construction, D 193-198*
Hall furniture, D 47-50*
Halley's comet
ether waves sent forth by, E 333-338
Halley's thermometer, B 261
Halved joints, C 253*
Ham. _See_ Pork
Hamburg steak, H 268
Hammer
adze eye claw hammer, C 203*
claw hammer, C 203*
cross peen hammer, making, M 316-318*
hand hammer, M 224*
handles, making, C 271*
hard wood peg for copper work, M 28
peen, M 254*
planishing hammer, M 8*
raising hammer, M 7*
round peen hammer, making, M 318-322*
set hammer, M 225*, 323*
shaping hammer, M 7*
Hammocks
making couch hammocks, C 478-480*
Hand ball, K 355
Hand polo, K 356
Hand tennis, K 356
Handkerchief
drawnwork, N 213-219*
hemstitching, N 207-209*
rolling the edge, N 21*
Handkerchief box. _See_ Boxes
Handles
wooden, making, C 271*
_See also_ Copper work; Metal work
Hands
removing stains, H 357
Hardanger embroidery, N 190-197*
bars, weaving, N 192
block stitch, N 190-191*
materials, N 190
picots, N 192*, 194*
pin cushion tops, N 193-196*
pyramid stitch, N 195*
star pattern, N 191*
Hardening metals. _See_ Steel
Hardie
blacksmith tool, M 226*
making, M 322*
Hardy plants
meaning, G 317
Hare
"varying" hare, A 499-500
Hare and hounds, K 17
Harebell, Carpathian
characteristics, G 334
Harrowing, G 124
Harvesting nature's crops, A 8-100
Haskins, Charles Waldo
How to keep household accounts, recommended, H 99
Hat
baby's buttoned hat, N 174-175
how to select a hat, D 125
lingerie hat, N 169*, 171-174
raffia hats, N 262-270
for doll, N 253-255
Hat ball, K 357
Hat pin
copper work, D 348-350*, M 64-69
Hat pin holder
copper work, M 69-71*
Hatchet handle
making, C 271*
Haws (fruit)
location and uses, A 24
Hawthorne, Nathaniel
quotation, H 43
Hawthorne, English
characteristics, G 366
Hayes, Ruth
success with chickens, A 160-163
Hazel nut
cultivating, A 33-34
for fence hedge, A 34
gathering time, A 35
pruning bushes, A 35
Health. _See_ Hygiene
Hearth
meaning, H 224
Heat
British thermal unit, E 100-101
calorie and caloric, meaning, E 342
generation, E 98-100
transmission by radiation, E 314
waves
length, E 316
production and velocity, E 313-315
theory, E 343
Heating
automatic control of temperature, E 306-308*
regulation by electric flasher, E 120-125*
_See also_ Electric heating; Fuel; Furnace; Steam radiators
Hedebo embroidery, N 202-206*
Hedges
hazel bush, A 34
poplar versus evergreen, G 82
shrubs for, G 357
Helianthus
background plant, G 320
sowing and blossoming time, G 161
Helicoptere flying machine, B 163
Heliotrope
bedding plant, G 324
characteristics of winter plant, G 333
Hellebore, white
insecticide, G 117, 285
Hemlock
characteristics, C 539
Hemming. _See_ Sewing
Hemp ropes. _See_ Ropes
Hemstitching
double hemstitching, N 210*
handkerchiefs, N 207-209*
padded, N 215-216*
Hen coops. _See_ Poultry
Hen manure. _See_ Fertilizers and manures
Henry, Joseph
first to make electro-magnets, E 14
Hens. _See_ Poultry
Hepatica
blossoming time, G 339
habits and characteristics, G 339, 364
Herbarium, K 155
Herbs
bee balm, G 347
for basket weaving and sachets, A 64
in colonial gardens, G 326
list of, G 327
soil for, G 326
uses, G 326
Hero engine, B 114*
Herring
food value, H 253
Herring-bone
embroidery stitch, N 101*
Hertz, Heinrich
discovery of electric waves, E 346
Hertzian waves, E 346
Hewitt, Peter Cooper
inventor of mercury vapor lamp, E 156
Hexagon
problem in estimating lumber for hexagon floor, C 508
Hickory
characteristics, A 39-40, C 564
food value of nuts, H 256
lumber value, A 39
varieties, A 40
Hide and seek, K 361
Hides. _See_ Skins
High kick, K 357
Hinges
copper or brass, metal work, M 116*
copper or silver, metal work, M 100-106*
iron hinge and butt, making, M 283-285*
ornamental, making, M 391-393*
riveting, M 114*
setting, C 239
Hives. _See_ Bees
Hockey
forward, K 214
garden hockey, K 350
goal tender, K 214
ice hockey, K 212-215*, 358
lawn hockey, K 367
"puck", K 212
rink, K 215
rules, K 215
skates, cost, K 358*
team, K 214, 358
uniform, K 213, 358
_See also_ Curling
Hoe
forging a garden hoe, M 335-337*
forging a grub hoe, M 328-330*
how to use, G 107-266
Hog. _See_ Swine
Hogan, Clarence A.
raising chickens, A 159
Hoisting machinery
inclined plane, B 52-62, 64
lewis for lifting stones, B 347*
lifting magnets, E 79-81*
screws, B 139-147
tongs for lifting stones, B 348*
_See also_ Capstan; Pulleys; Windlass
Holly
care of trees, A 52
characteristics, C 560
wood, value, A 52
wreaths, making and marketing, A 52-53
Hollyhocks
background plant, G 320
characteristics, G 334, 365
sowing and blossoming time, G 161
Home decoration. _See_ House decoration
Homemaking
art of, H 44
_See also_ Housekeeping
Homing pigeons, K 180
Honey
cooking with, A 327
food value, H 254
marketing, A 326
plants which supply, A 322
wholesomeness, A 326
_See also_ Bees
Honeysuckle
decorative value, G 359
Honiton applique, N 237
Hood
knitted, N 366-368*
Hooke, Robert
wave theory of light, E 343
Hooker, Ava
a start with poultry, A 172-177
Hooks
centrifugal check hooks, B 326*
forging
gate hooks, M 236-238*
harness hooks, M 238*
steel hook, M 266-271*
Hooks and eyes, sewing on, N 24-25*
Hoops, embroidery, N 122-123
Hop hornbeam, or iron wood
characteristics, C 558
Hop vine
value, G 360
Hopover (Game), K 358
Hopscotch, K 359
Hopper joints, C 251*
Horizontal bar
making a pull up bar, C 270*
Horse
book about, A 517
raising colts, A 101-103
training, A 252-255, 258
Horse chestnut, G 367
Horse power
converting into kilowatts, B 125
estimating, B 122-125
estimating energy in coal, E 6
Horsemanship, K 225-232*
bridle wise horse, K 227
care of the horse, K 230
girls as riders, K 321
jumping fences, K 231*
mounting, K 226-227*
packing a horse, K 230
saddles, selecting, K 225-226*
selecting the horse, K 232
styles of riding, K 227-228
Horseshoeing, M 221-222*
heels, M 222
making shoes, M 218-222*
mule shoes and horse shoes, M 218
toe calk, M 221*
Hospitality. _See_ Guests
Hot water bottle
electric heating pad, E 117
Hotbed
coldframe changed to, G 38
directions for making, G 48-50*
preparing for winter, G 108, 109
time to transfer plants, G 235
Ho-ti and the roast pig, H 18
House cleaning, H 337-352
appliances for, H 140, 147
order of work, H 143-145
principles, H 142
repairs and renovations, H 338, 339
small spaces, H 338
unobtrusive methods, H 128
weekly schedule, H 108
woodwork, H 123
_See also_ Ceilings; Cellar; Curtains; Floors; Flues; Furnace;
Furniture; Garbage can; Kitchen; Lamps, oil; Laundry work;
Matting; Painting; Paper-hanging; Pictures; Refrigerator; Rugs;
Shades; Tiles; Vacuum cleaners; Walls; Windows
House decoration
ceilings, D 36
correcting defects of height, D 38
color scheme, D 16-20
harmony, D 35-36
interior woodwork, D 20
southern and northern exposures, D 18-19
corrective for architectural defects, D 37-38
decorative fabrics, D 95-120
Dutch room, suggestion, N 379
experimenting, D 41-43
floors, color scheme, D 16, 20, 36
French room, suggestions, N 379
furniture
arrangement, D 59-63
selection, D 46-59
modifying rules, D 43-45
overcrowding, D 62
principles, D 34-35
re-decorating old houses, D 37
relation to building plan, D 12-13
summer cottage suggestions, D 370
ten commandments, D 45-46
use and beauty of possessions, H 115-120
walls, D 36, 39-41
stenciling, N 76
window seats, N 374-375
_See also_ Copper work; Curtains; Cushions; Floral decoration;
Furniture; Girl's room; Leather work; Metal work; Pictures;
Portieres; Pottery; Stenciling; Weaving
House fly. _See_ Flies
House framing
construction details, D 25-32*
drawings and instructions, C 461-464*
corner framing, C 462*
corners, finishing poultry house, C 446*
paper for siding, C 471
siding
cheap houses, C 445
cottages and bungalows, C 464
putting on weather boards, C 471
tongue and groove boards for, C 475
small and cheap houses, C 444-445*
studding for a boat house, B 37-38*
summer house construction, C 413-417*
window and door frames, setting, C 469
House plans. _See_ Architecture
Household pests, H 361-364
Housekeeper
effacement of, H 383-384
health of, H 385
stories of inspiration, H 388-389
worries, H 384
_See also_ House cleaning; Housekeeping; Servants
Housekeeping
accounts, keeping, H 87-100
adjustment of work, H 112
alleviations, H 333
as a profession, H 382-387
bedroom work, H 146-159
closing the house
marking wrapped articles, H 351
meters, shutting off, H 351
packing, H 347-349
repairing household appliances, H 349
traps, care of, H 351
daily work, H 103
dignity of, H 387
dining-room and pantry work, H 51, 160-187
emergencies, H 353-369
expenses, division of income, H 74-80
home training for, H 46
inspiration, H 388-389
learning and helping, H 43-59
learning by observation, H 58
menus and marketing, H 244-273
My heritage, H 63-68
objections to, H 382
opening the house, unpacking, H 352
playhouse, H 3-40
possessions, use and beauty, H 115-120
rest provisions, H 113
schedules of work, H 101-113
school lessons helpful in, H 45
servants, H 370-381
upstairs work, H 146-159
_See also_ Cookery; Food; Furniture; House cleaning; House
decoration; Insect pests; Ironing; Kitchen; Laundry; Marketing;
Needle work; Plumbing; Receipts; Servants; Sewing
House plants. _See_ Plants
Huckleberries
canning factories, A 12
picking, A 13
where and how they grow, A 11, C 514
Hudson seal, A 491
Hugo, Victor
his description of Paris sewers mentioned, H 216
Humming birds
taming, A 265
Humus
soil composition, G 8, 9
Hunt the sheep, K 360
Hunting
choosing companions, K 118
training dogs for, K 190-192
_See also_ Game and game birds; Shooting
Huygens, Christian
wave theory of light, E 344
Hyacinth
cone developer, G 175
indoor planting, G 166, 167
planting and blooming time, G 177, 178
varieties, G 167, 177, 178
water growing, G 169, 175
Hydrangea
characteristics, G 356, 365
Hydro-electric stations in the United States, E 202-207
Hygiene
how to keep well, K 3-5
outdoor life, K 6-9
rules of health, K 12
value of play, K 4, 10
_See also_ Athletics; Exercise; Walking
Hygrometer
construction, B 231-232*
Hylo electric lamps, E 138*
Hyperbola
describing, B 338
I
I spy, K 361
Ice
home-made, A 435-437
Ice box. _See_ Refrigerator
Ice Hockey. _See_ Hockey
Ice-shaver
forging, M 327*
Incandescent lamps. _See_ Electric lamps, Incandescent
Inclined plane
principle of, B 52-62*
rule for power, B 64
Income
allowances, management of, H 80
gifts, provisions for, H 81
how to divide for family needs, H 72-85
increasing, ways to avoid, H 73
management of, H 70-86
savings from, H 82
uncertain, management of, H 71
Incubators, K 197-199
electric, E 114
temperature regulator, E 124*
Indian bracelet
making, M 176-177*
Indian proverb about home making, H 44
Indian's plume (Bee balm), G 333, 347
Induction (Electricity)
current induced
by interrupting the circuit, E 184
by moving the magnet, E 17-18
direction of induced currents, E 186
experiments, E 349-352
human voice as interrupter, E 282-283
piano strings as interrupter, E 281
telephone induction coil, E 279-281*
tuning fork as an interrupter, E 280
wireless spark coil, E 321-322*
Ink stains
removing, H 359
Ink well holder
copper work, M 117-121*
gouge work, C 261-263*
Inky caps, mushrooms, A 90
Inlaying, metal, M 362
Inlaying, wood, C 319-331*
borders, designs and making, C 324-328*
buhlwork, C 329
building up designs, C 320-322*, 323*, 329*
checkerboard, design and making, C 326-327*
curved designs, C 328
gluing process, C 323
marquetry work, C 328
placing the design, C 324
thickness of veneer, C 319
woods suitable for, C 319
Inoculation of soil, G 119
Insect pests, G 280-295, K 167-168, H 361-364
ants, G 283
asparagus beetle, remedy, G 287
bean anthracnose, G 288
bed bugs, H 363-364
book about, A 519
cabbage worm, G 125, 288
caterpillars, G 282, 285, 287, 290
cauliflower lice and maggots, G 289
celery caterpillar, G 287, 290
chestnut weevil, A 33
chicken lice, A 148, 149
cockroaches, H 362
cut worms, G 284, 292, 293
destruction of, by birds and toads, A 455-457, G 280-281
detecting, G 283-284
eggplants, G 305
gnawing class, remedy, G 281-282
grasshoppers, G 282
hornworm, G 292
house plant pests, G 199
household pests, H 361-364
leaf-hopper, G 293
moths, prevention and extermination of, H 362
plant lice, G 284, 291, 293
potato bug, G 287, 292
red spider, G 293
rose slug, G 284, 293
slugs, G 117, 284, 285, 293
squash bug, G 287, 291, 292
striped beetle, G 117, 285, 287, 292
sucking class, G 282
tomato worm, G 286
water bugs, H 362
_See also_ Flies; Insecticides; Mosquitoes
Insecticides
bordeaux mixture, G 121, 294
kerosene emulsion, G 130
Paris green, G 130
Insects
adult stage, A 394
chrysalides, A 394, 396
development, A 393-395
distinguishing young from old, A 391-393
egg stage, A 393
habits, A 388-391
homes, A 397-399
injurious and helpful, K 167-168
larval stage, A 394
life of a butterfly, A 395-397
pupa stage, A 394
_See also_ Ants; Beetles; Butterflies; Dragon-flies; Grasshoppers;
Moths; Silkworms; Spiders; Wasps
Insects--Collecting and preserving
baiting moths, A 400-402, K 153-154
sugar receipt, A 401, K 153
books about, A 519
breeding cage, making, A 399-400*
cases for preserving, A 385, 387*, 388, C 395-397
cornstalk pith for lining, A 63
classifying, A 386-389
egg shell, mounting, A 396
eggs of butterflies, A 395
filing cabinet, making, C 395-397
killing bottle, making and using a cyanide bottle, A 378-380*,
382, K 151-152*
mounting, A 380-386*, K 152*
net making, A 376-378*
outfit, A 375, K 151
pinning butterflies and beetles, A 383-385*
pins for mounting, A 380
spreading board, A 381*
times and localities for collecting, A 388-389
Insertion. _See_ Crocheting
Instruments. _See_ Tools
Insulation. _See_ Electric insulators and insulation
Insurance. _See_ Life insurance
Intercollegiate Amateur Athletic Association of America
best records, K 336
events contested for, K 360
rowing record, K 383
Interior decoration. _See_ House decoration
Invalid tray
preparing, H 365-366
Inventions
ancient and modern, B 271-277
_See also_ Aeroplanes; Matches; Typewriters; Wireless telegraph; and
words beginning Electric
Iris
blue flag, G 366
border plant, G 321
dwarf, characteristics, G 334, 364
English, planting and blooming time, G 178
German, characteristics, G 365
Japanese, characteristics, G 333
Spanish, planting and blooming time, G 178
varieties, G 321
Irish crochet, N 333-350*
baby Irish pattern, N 344-346*
belt, N 335-337*
doily with edge, N 335*
Dutch collar, N 346-350*
edging, N 344-345*
grapes, N 345
jabot, N 342-344*
leaves, N 345
materials, N 333
motifs, joining, N 334
rose, N 339-340, 344
shamrock, N 341
tie rose, N 337-338*
wheel pattern with rose and straps of shamrock N 338-342*
Irish stew; story, H 14
Iron
galvanized
incorrectly named, E 248
soldering, M 44
magnetic properties, E 13
oxidation, preventing, M 247
pig iron, M 230
stretching processes, M 315
wrought iron, M 230-232
Iron work
bending corner, M 271-273*
bracket, making, M 393-395*
bulbs, making, M 385-388*
candlestick, making, M 380-383*
spiral, M 388-391*
chains, welding, M 250-253*
decorative forgings, suggestions, D 364
handles, M 384
hinge, making, M 391*
hinge and butt, making, M 283-285*
kettle stand, making, M 406-409*
lamp holder for, M 408
lamp, making, M 396-405*
holder, M 408
shade and holder, M 399-400
punching holes in, M 245*
rings, welding, M 248-250*, 254*
spirals, making, M 385
tongs, forging, M 285-288*
twists, M 383
braided strand, M 384
umbrella stand, M 409
wrench, forging, M 273*
_See also_ Andirons; Blacksmithing; Fire tools; Welding
Ironing
bed linen, H 327
board for, H 315
clothes-horse for, H 318
electric irons for, E 107-110, 243*
embroidery, H 329
iron, care and use, H 316
iron holders, H 317
iron-stand, H 318
lace, H 330
process, H 326-327
scorched places, H 335
starch sticking, to prevent, H 335
table linen, H 327
wax, cloths and paper, H 318
Ironwood
characteristics, C 558
Irrigation
book about, A 518
Chinese treadmill device, B 337*
Persian wheel device, B 343*
J
Jabot
Irish crochet, N 342-344*
Jack fagots, K 362
Jack-in-the-pulpit
description of, G 344
Jacket. _See_ Crocheting
Jai-a-li (Pelota), K 376
Jam
thimbleberry, A 11
Japan barberry
hedge shrub, G 357
Japan quince
hedge shrub, G 357
Japanese clematis
characteristics, G 365
Japanese fan ball, K 362
Japanese hop
characteristics, G 331
Japanese snow flower
characteristics, G 356
Japanese snowball
characteristics, G 356
Jardiniere. _See_ Plant stand
Jelly
barberry jelly, A 17
green grape jelly, A 15
Jerusalem cherry tree, indoor plant, G 197
Jew fish
catching, K 126
Jewel box
copper work, M 107-115*
Jeweler's tools. _See_ Tools
Jewelry. _See_ Silver work
Joe Pye weed
habits and characteristics, G 349
story of name, G 348
Johnny cake
camp cooking, K 88
Joints
butt, C 251*
clamping mitre joints, D 144*
dado, C 236*, 255*
dovetail
blind, C 256*
box, C 314*, 256*
half-blind, C 256*
lap, C 253*
single, C 313-314*
single open, C 256*
doweled, D 148*, C 251
gained or housed, C 255*
gluing, D 140-141*, 144-146*
mitre joints, C 232-234
halved, C 253*
lap joint, D 147*
hopper, C 251*
joint edge, definition of, C 186
kinds and construction, D 140-141*, 143-148*
lap, C 251, 253*, 256*
lock, C 255*
mitre, C 232-234*, D 143-146*
lap, C 256*
mortise and tenon, C 250*, D 147*, 154*
blind, C 255*
draw boring, C 415
end, C 256*
relished, C 256*
through, C 255*
notched, C 255*
rabbeted, C 255*
rubbed joint, C 251*
splice or scarf, C 257*
stretcher, C 256*
tongue and groove, C 257*
trick, C 257*
Jonquil
narcissus family, C 169
planting and blooming time, G 178
July
blooming plants, G 365
June
blooming plants, G 365
K
Kale
planting and care, G 299
time to plant, G 234
Keel. _See_ Boat building
Kelvin, Lord
and the Atlantic cable, E 66
Kennels. _See_ Dogs
Kensington stitch
flower embroidery, N 178-179*
Kentucky coffee tree, C 566
Kerosene
cleaning woodwork, H 124, 134
lighting fires with, H 231
Kerosene emulsion
insecticide, G 284, 289
receipt, G 294, 295
Key rack
carving design, C 123
whittling, C 12-14*
Key tag
whittling, C 14*
Kick the stick (Game), K 363
Kiln
lumber kiln method, C 524-525
portable pottery kiln, D 299-301*
Kilowatt
converting into H. P. B., B 125
hour, E 41
Kindling wood
cutting and collecting as a business, A 404-408
King Alfred. _See_ Alfred, King
Kingbird
insect eater, A 456, 457
migration, K 176
King of the castle (Game), K 364
Kitchen
chairs, H 196
cleaning weekly, H 110
clock, H 199
curtains, H 198
floors, H 191-193
furnishings, H 188-200
hooks, H 198
house plan, D 10
light fixtures, H 199
ornament, H 199
rugs, H 193
shelves, H 197
sink, H 194
size, H 188
tables, H 194
walls and woodwork, H 189
_See also_ Ranges
Kitchen utensils, H 200-207
aluminum, advantages and care, H 202, 206
bread board, making, C 222-223*
care of, H 205
materials, H 201
selection, H 203, 207
sugar scoop and ladle, making, C 272*
_See also_ Soldering
Kites, B 185-200
aeroplane kite, making, C 84-87*
American Malay
launching, C 92
making, C 86*
box kites
launching, B 191, C 92
making, B 189-191*
bridle, fastening, C 88*, 91*
cellular, making, B 191-192*, C 91-92*
Chinese, designs, C 96
coverings, importance of, C 94
detail drawings, C 91*
Eddy kite, making, C 86*
flying, C 88-90
principle of, B 185-189*
groups, flying, B 192*, C 90
joining sticks, C 84-85, 87*
lines, C 88
making, B 187-195, C 84-96*
materials, C 85, 88, 94
photographing by means of, B 194
record flight, B 185-187
reels for, C 88
sails, C 85
shape, B 188
stability, principle of, C 94
tailless, C 84-95
tails, principle of, B 188
tandem, C 95*
tetrahedral, making, C 92-94*
war kites, making, B 193*
wind velocity table, B 198
Knife. _See_ Knives
Knife box
making, C 223-226*
Knife work. _See_ Whittling; Wood carving
Knights of the Round Table. _See_ Round Table
Knitting, N 351-371*
baby hood, N 366-368*
baby vest, N 368
basket stitch, N 358*
bootees, N 363-366*
doll's cap, N 362*
doll's cape, N 360*
doll's jacket, N 360-362*
doll's leggings, N 363*
German method, N 352*
lace pine pattern, N 369-371
materials for, N 351
patterns, N 360-371*
shawl
finishing edge, N 357
long, N 356-358
wide, N 358, 359
stitches
basket stitch, N 358*
binding off, N 354-356
casting off, N 354-356
casting on, N 351*
popcorn, N 356*
purling, N 353*
washing, N 332
widening the row, N 355
Knives
butcher knife, forging, M 354-357*
steel, washing, H 184
whittling, C 6*
Knot holes
how made, A 442
Knots
raffia knotting, N 271-275*
silk, cotton, or linen, N 275-277
_See also_ Sewing
Knuckle of veal, H 270
Kodak, K 304
Kohlrabi
planting and care, G 300
L
Labeling. _See_ Insects--Collections; Plants--Collections; Shells
Labels for plant markers, making, G 58*
Lace and lace making, N 227-241*
basting braid, N 227, 228
Brussels stitch, single and double, N 229, 231*
buttonholed bar, N 233*
Connemara lace, N 235-237*
dyeing lace, H 331, N 238
edge finishing, N 234
fan stitch, N 232*
fagotting, N 229*
foundation stitch, mesh or net, N 230
Honiton applique, N 237
braids for, N 236-238
Irish crochet lace, N 333-350*
knitted lace, pine pattern, N 369-371
Limerick darning, N 234
maltese cross, design, N 233*
over handing on, N 15*
point lace, N 227
Brazilian, N 238-241*
Renaissance, N 227
rolling and whip stitching on, N 22
spider stitch, N 231-232*
Teneriffe or Brazilian point, N 238-241*
twisted bar stitch, N 124*, 233
washing, H 330
whitening, H 331
Lacquer
for brass, M 140
Lacrosse, K 364
Ladder stitch, N 158-159
Lady bug,
value to farmers, K 168
Lakes
tides, B 228
Lamb
cuts and their uses, H 270
food value
combinations, H 259
table, H 253
_See also_ Sheep
Lamp
copper work, electric lamp, M 92-96*
steel base, making, M 401-403*
wrought iron
making, M 396-405*
shade holder, M 399
Lamp, oil
care of, H 136
trimming wicks, H 137
Lamp shade
copper work, M 96-99*
glass for, M 400
_See also_ Candle shade
Land drainage. _See_ Drainage
Landscape gardening, G 351-367
formal gardens, G 357
flower gardens, G 360-362
garden furnishings, G 363
hedges, G 357
helping nature, G 363
lawns
flowers, what and where to plant, G 360
treatment of, G 352
points to observe, G 362-363
principles of, G 351
purpose, G 357
screening unsightly places, G 362
shrubs
grouping, G 354-355
selection principle, G 357
table of, G 355-356
summer house, location, G 363
trees, selection and grouping, G 353-354, 357
vines, G 359
water garden, G 362
wild flower garden, G 362
_See also_ Flower gardening; Gardening; Shrubs; Trees
Lantern
metal work, M 405-406*
Lantern wheel, B 322*
Lap joints, C 251, 253*
Laplace, Pierre Simon
Corpuscular theory of light, E 344
Larch
characteristics, C 530
Larkspur
background plant, G 320
characteristics, G 365
oriental, characteristics, G 333, 335
sowing and blossoming time, G 161, 320
varieties, G 319, 320
Larva. _See_ Insects
Last tag (Game), K 370
Lathe tools
making, M 300-306*
Lattice work, D 209-211*
Launch
launching the boat, B 134, 137-138
rules for running, B 74-75
_See also_ Boat building; Gasolene motors
Laundry work
appliances, H 312-320
blankets, H 324, 328
bluing, H 18, 320
removing, H 334
boiling clothes, H 323
chamois gloves, H 331
clothes basket, H 315
clothes line, care of, H 314
clothes pins, care of, H 314
colored clothes, H 324
curtains, H 328-329
economizing, H 333
electric washing machinery, E 241-243*
embroidery, H 329, N 136-137
emergencies, H 333-336
freezing weather, H 334
hanging out clothes, H 323, 325
knitting and crochet work, N 332
lace, H 330
muddy water, H 334
poles for, H 315
rinsing clothes, H 323
schedule for wash days, H 106
silk clothes, H 325
soaking clothes, H 322
soap, H 319
soiled clothes, care of, H 321
sorting clothes, H 318
sprinkling and folding clothes, H 325-327
starch, H 319
starching clothes, H 323
stormy days, H 333
stove, H 315
tubs, care of, H 313
wash board, H 313
wash boiler, care of, H 313
wash stick, H 314
washing process, H 321-322
white clothes, H 321
woolens, H 324
wringer, H 314
_See also_ Ironing
Lavender
growing, G 327
Lavender stick
making, A 424-427*
Lawn bowling, K 366
Lawn bowls, K 365
Lawn hockey, K 367
Lawn mower
care of, A 432-433
Lawn skittles, K 368-370
Lawn tennis. _See_ Tennis
Lawns
crocuses in, A 169, 434
embankment wall, making, G 73
flowers in, what and where to plant, G 360
grading, G 74
landscape gardening, G 352
mowing, A 432-433
rolling, G 75
Layering plants, G 250
Laying the table. _See_ Setting the table
Lazy tongs, B 313*
Lead
bath to prevent steel oxidation, M 284, 291
soldering, M 44
Leaded glass
cutting and soldering, D 196-197*
Leaf hopper, G 293
Leaf mold
making, A 421-424
Leaks. _See_ Plumbing
Leap frog, K 347
Spanish fly, K 385
Leather work, D 321-345*, N 83-90*
applique, N 83, 85*
applying designs, N 87-90
articles made from, list, N 89
belt designs and tooling, D 324-328*
book cover, D 342-345*
card case, D 338-340*
cover for note book, D 331-334*
cutting, N 88, 89
dampening for tracing, N 88
decoration, principles of, D 322
designing, N 86
desk pad, D 336-338*
knots, D 330*
lining articles, D 339, 341
mat, design and tooling, D 328-330*
paste, receipt for, N 88, 95, 96
pasting, N 85, 89
pen wiper, designs and tooling, D 330-331*
planning a skin, N 84*
polishing, N 96
purse, D 340-342*
skins suitable for, D 322, N 83-85*, 92
stitching by hand, D 333-335*
tinting, N 96
tooled leather, N 91-97*
embossing with die N 93*
paste, receipt for, N 95, 96
polishing, N 96
process, D 326-328*, N 92-94
relief work, D 329*, N 93-95*
filling with paste, N 95
Russia calf for, N 92
tools, D 323-324*, N 91*, 96*
tracing the design, N 87, 92
Leaves
blue printing, A 361
giving off water, G 245
simple, compound and doubly compound, C 543*
Leek
germination per cent., G 233
Left overs
utilizing, H 355
Legumes
value as plant food, G 223
Lemon lily
characteristics, G 333
Lemon tree, ponderosa, G 196
Lemons
food value, H 255
preserving in water, H 357
removing stains with, H 359
Letter copying devices, B 418
Letter opener
copper work, D 347*
Letter rack
carving, C 112-117*
copper work, D 346-347*
two compartments, making and carving, C 109-112*
Lettering. _See_ Gilding
Letters. _See_ Embroidery
Lettuce
cabbage lettuce, G 306
cos lettuce, G 306
food value, H 255
going to seed, G 307
head lettuce, G 306
planting seed
depth to plant, G 42, 235
distance to plant, G 42
how to sow the seed, G 95
indoor planting time, G 233
quantity to plant, G 36
time to plant, G 234
seed
age for planting, G 34
germination per cent., G 233
germination period, G 32
succession crops, G 307
transplanting, G 101
Lever
arms, B 23*
double, B 25-27
lazy tongs, B 313*
principle of, B 21-28*
rule for power, B 63
Library tables. _See_ Tables
Lice
cauliflower pests, G 289
chicken lice, A 148
powder receipt, A 149, K 201
plant lice, G 284
Life insurance
advantages and disadvantages for saving, H 83
Lifting machinery. _See_ Hoisting machinery
Light
ancient theory of, E 342
color dependent upon wave length, E 315
electro-magnetic theory, E 346
emission theory, E 345
a form of vibration, E 343
theories held by eminent scientists, E 343-346
velocity, B 249-251, E 311
waves, E 310
length of, B 251, E 315
Lighting
economizing bills, H 236
reading meters, H 238-240*
_See also_ Electric lighting; Gas lighting
Lightning
arrester, E 292*
weather symbol, B 362
why lightning is seen before thunder is heard, B 249
Lilac
characteristics, G 356
Lily
red speciosum, planting and blooming time, G 179
white day lily, G 333
Lily-of-the-valley
characteristics, G 365
false, G 345
Lima bean
food value, H 255
planting, G 297
Lime
disinfectant, H 212
protecting vines from insects, G 118
_See also_ Soil
Limerick darning, N 234
Limestone
formation of, G 216
road material, G 85
Linden
characteristics, C 560, G 367
Linen. _See_ Doilies; Ironing; Table linen
Linen chest
making, C 377-380*
Lingerie hat
eyelet work, N 169*
making and trimming, N 171-174
Links. _See_ Chains; Cuff links
Linoleum
care of, H 191
Liquids
boiling point, H 277
Living expenses. _See_ Housekeeping
Living-room
furniture, D 50-53*
arrangement, D 61
Loam
meaning of, G 220
Loaves and fishes: story, H 32
Lobster
boiled, H 292
color, H 292
food value, H 254
Lock joints, C 255*
Lockjaw
cause and prevention, B 248-249
Locks
escutcheon plates, making, M 410-414*
_See also_ Door hasp
Locomotives
boilers, B 117
link motion valve gear, B 317
Locust
durability of black locust wood, C 494
varieties and characteristics, C 565, G 367
Log cabin
woods for making, K 101
Lombardy poplar, G 353, 367
Looms. _See_ Bead work; Weaving
Loops for buttonholes, N 62*
Lotus, American
characteristics, G 366
Luge-ing (Game), K 371
Lumber and lumbering
"boom", C 520
clear lumber, C 499
curls or eyes, how made, A 443
cutting logs, K 100
defects, detecting, C 524-530
drive, C 520
drying, C 495
estimating, problems in, C 504-509
kiln-dried, C 524, D 132-133
knot holes, how made, A 442
knots versus strength, C 497
length, standard, C 499
log jams, C 521
measuring, C 503
old method of sawing, C 136*
plain sawed, D 131*
quarter-sawed, D 131*
railroad consumption, C 517
saw mills, C 522
seasoning, C 524-525, D 132
shakes, C 530
shearing, C 496
shrinkage, principle of, C 528-530
thickness, standard, C 498
volume of business in United States, C 517
warping, principle of, C 527*
waste in cutting, C 512
waste in saw mills, C 522-523
winding lumber, C 531
_See also_ Forestry; Trees; Wood
Lumber rack
making, C 152-154*
Luncheon: story, H 32
M
Macaroni
food value, H 254
McCray, Arthur H.
Profits of bee-keeping, A 333-336
Machine shop
equipping to run by electric power, E 226, 229-231
Machinery. _See_ Capstan; Engines; Gas and oil engines; Gasolene
motors; Locomotives; Mechanical movements; Motorcycles; Sewing
machines; Steam engine; Tools; Typewriters; Water wheels;
Wheels; Windmills
McIntyre, Flora
How I earned two hundred dollars, A 331-333
Mackerel
food value, H 253
Madeira embroidery. _See_ Eyelet work
Magazine cover
tooled, N 94*
Magazine rack
design, D 52*
and construction, D 165-170*
wood finish, D 237
Maggots
garden pests, G 291
Magic lantern. _See_ Stereopticon
Magnesia
cleaning properties, H 332
Magnet
earth as a magnet, E 14
iron, E 13-14
poles, E 28*
steel, how to retain magnetism, E 28
_See also_ Electro-magnet
Magnetic field, E 13
about electric currents, E 353*
dynamo, E 9, 11-13
effect upon a magnet, E 353*
Magnetos. _See_ Dynamos
Mahogany
imitation stain, C 489, D 230
Maids. _See_ Servants
Mallet
carpenter's tool, C 200*
metal worker's tool, M 8*
Maltese cross
drawing, C 27*
lace making pattern, N 233*
Mandrake. _See_ May apple
Mandrel, M 154*, 209
Manifolding devices, B 418, 421
Manures. _See_ Fertilizers
Maple
box elder or ash-leaved maple, C 548
characteristics, C 544
moose wood, C 548
mountain, C 548
Norway maple, G 367
qualities of, G 78
red or swamp maple, C 547, G 367
seeds, value of, A 47
silver, white, or soft maple, C 546
sugar or rock maple, C 545, G 367
sycamore, C 547
Maple sugar and syrup
boiling down, A 75
bonbons, A 77-78
books about, A 516
colors, changes in, A 75
food value, H 254
identifying trees, A 71
proportion of syrup to sugar, A 76
sap
care when running, A 73
ingredients, A 75
states that have sugar trees, A 69
straining, A 76
sugar making, C 546
equipment and preparation, A 72
Indian methods, A 69
primitive and modern methods, A 70-71
tapping trees, A 72-74
testing when boiling, A 76
weather for making, A 74
Marathon race
championship, K 371
Marble
composition, G 216
Marbles
first shot "fat", K 346
names of, K 373
playing, K 372
reals, K 373
March
birds, K 175
blooming plants, G 364
Marconi, Guglielmo
inventor of wireless telegraph, E 316, 346
Marguerites
bedding plants, G 324
Marigold
African, characteristics, G 332
characteristics, G 330
good blooming plant, G 323
marsh marigold, characteristics, G 366
planting seeds, G 158
pot marigold, characteristics, G 329, 331
sowing and blossoming time, G 161
varieties, G 157
Marine engines. _See_ Gasolene motors; Steam turbines
Marketing, H 264-273
principles of buying, H 265
quantities, consideration of, H 272
staples, buying of, H 272
_See also_ Names of articles, e. g., Fish; Meats; Vegetables; etc.,
also Beef; Shad, etc.
Markets in Venice, H 264
Marking
bath towels, N 150*, 156
combination stitches, N 150-157*
cross stitch, N 156
emblems, bullion, N 154-156
feather-stitching, N 156
French knots, N 150
ladder stitch, N 158-159
monograms, N 152-154
napkins, N 156, 157
outlining, N 150*
papier-mache letters, N 156
table and bed linen, N 157
Marquetry work, C 328
Marsh rabbit, A 509
Martha, H 382-387
Martin
migration, K 176
Masonry. _See_ Cement; Foundations; Retaining walls
Match safe
copper work, M 81-82*
Match scratchers
drawing and making, C 38*
Matches
invention of, B 272
Mathematics
woodwork mathematics, C 498-509
Mats
corn husk for braiding, A 63
tooled leather, designs and process, D 328, 329*
woven rattan, N 247*, 249
_See also_ Rugs
Matt tool
definition of, M 210
Matting
cleaning, H 131
Mattress
making for doll-bed, N 50-52*
corn husks for, A 63
Maxim's, aero-curves, B 166-167*
Maxwell, James Clark
scientist, E 341
May
birds, K 175
blooming plants, G 365
May apple, A 23, G 345
Mayonnaise
remedy for curdled, H 356
Meadow lark
migration, K 176
Meadow mushroom, A 89
Meals
clearing the table, H 176
effect of mental attitude during, H 247
preparation
advance, H 308
sequence of work, H 305-308
serving
courses, H 170
dessert course, H 172
duties of waitress, H 169-172
finger bowls, H 172
who to serve first, H 172
without a maid, H 174-176
Measures. _See_ Weights and Measures
Meat
boiling whole, H 278
braising, H 280
broiling, H 275-276
buying principles, H 266
camp cooking, K 90
cooking, preparation for, H 285
cuts of, H 268*
food value, H 250
table, H 252
judging condition of, H 270
left overs, H 355
names of parts, H 267
roasting, H 282
stewing, H 280
_See_ also Beef; Fish; Lamb; Mutton; Pork; Poultry; Veal
Mechanical drawing, C 23-39*
circles, C 28-30*
crosses, C 24-27*
curves, B 339
cylinder and cones, C 34*
design for filing cabinet, C 395-396*
for match scratcher, C 38*
ellipse, B 210-211*, C 19*, 112-114*
enlarging or reducing drawings, C 390, B 339
first lessons, C 24-30*
triangle, hexagon and star, C 29*
Mechanical drawing--Instruments
compass
proportional compasses, B 339*
how to use, C 28-30
cyclograph for describing circular arcs, B 339*
drawing board
how to use, C 23-25*
making, C 381-383*
drawing table, making, C 391-394*
irregular or French curves, making, C 387
making an outfit, C 381-398
pantagraph
making, C 388-391*
how to use, B 325*
section liners, C 387
T-square
making, C 384-386*
to prevent warping, C 394
use of, C 24
triangles, constructing, C 386-388*
views and dimensions, C 32-34*
Mechanical movements
anti-friction bearing, B 326*
balance, principle of, B 25
balance spring, B 330-331*
capstan, B 347*
centrifugal check hooks, B 326*
circular motion
continuous, B 323*
intermittent, B 321-324*
variable, B 321*
combination, B 327-328*
compasses, B 339
compound, definition, B 306
crank motion, B 312
cyclographs for describing circular arcs, B 339*
diagonal catch and hand gear, B 315, 316
disk-engine, B 334*
driving feed rolls, B 316*
endless bands, B 336*
feed motion, B 337*
fulcrum, principle of, B 21-28*
Geneva stop, B 319*
governor
centrifugal, B 313*
engine, B 329
water wheel, B 314*
grinding or crushing, B 307-308*, 336*
gyroscope, B 334-335*
hyperbolas, B 338*
irregular motion, B 319-321*
lantern wheel, B 322*
lewis, B 347*
link-motion valve gear, B 317-318*
number of, B 307
oscillating engines, B 333-334*
pantagraph, B 325*
parabolas, B 338*
parallel motion, B 332-333*
parallel ruler, mechanism, B 331-332*
pendulums, B 329-330*
perpetual motion
definition, B 306
impossibility of, E 234-237
pulleys, B 309-310*
ratchet wheel, B 322-324*
rectilinear motion, B 312*
releasing hook, B 326*
rollers, principle of, B 28
rolling contact, B 318*
rotary, B 312*
rotary engines, B 340*
intermittent, B 322*
simple, definition, B 306
speed, changing, B 328*
steering gear, B 346
stop and rotary motion, B 319*
toe and lifter, B 329*
tongs for lifting, B 348*
tread mills, B 337*
turbine, Jonval, B 341*
water wheels, B 341-344*
windmills, B 346*
weight, lever and fulcrum, B 23-28*
_See also_ Mechanics; Pumps
Mechanical powers. _See_ Inclined plane; Lever; Mechanics; Pulley;
Screw; Wedge; Wheel and axle
Mechanical toys. _See_ Toys
Mechanics
first mechanical power, B 21
problems in estimating mechanical power, B 82
progress of mechanical arts, B 271-277
six mechanical powers defined, B 63-64
_See also_ Aeroplanes; Electric power; Engines; Gasolene motors;
Inclined planes; Kites; Lever; Mechanical drawing; Mechanical
movements; Perpetual motion; Power; Pulley; Pumps; Screw; Water
wheel; Wedge; Wheel and axle
Medicinal plants
digitalis from foxglove, A 57
golden seal, A 57
pokeweed, A 58
weeds, G 272
Medicine cabinet
making with paneled doors, C 354-357*
Melon
origin, G 307
planting seed
depth and distance, G 42
quantity to plant, G 36
time to plant, G 234
seed
age for planting, G 34
_See also_ Muskmelon; Watermelon
Mending and repairing. _See_ Patching; Soldering
Menus, H 244-263
combinations and varieties, H 259-260
selection for ease in cooking, H 308
variety, essential, H 262
_See also_ Diet; Food; Marketing
Mercury vapor lamps, E 155-156*
Metal work
alloys, M 208
andirons, forging, M 363-370*
belt buckle, designs, M 195*
bending process, M 315
blotter pad, corners for, M 122-124*
bossing up, M 208, 419
bowl
making, M 13*, 16-22*
Dutch bowls, M 77-79*
finger bowls, M 133-135*
brazing metals, M 310-315
chasing, M 209
coloring metals, D 357
blue black, M 205
heating process, M 203
oxidizing silver, M 204
patina, imitation, M 202
solution for, M 204
violet, M 203
corners for chest, M 116
for desk pad, M 122-124*
decorative forgings, suggestions, D 364
metal work, M 410-419*
definitions of terms, M 208-211
designing patterns, M 13-14*
die making, M 206-208
door handles, making, M 406, 407, 416*, 417
door knockers, M 410-415*
door pulls, M 415*
drawer pulls
designs, M 144*
making, M 417-419*
drawing process, M 315
embossing, M 30, 31
process, M 361
engraving process, M 361
escutcheon plate, M 412*
etching, M 362
eye bolt, M 415, 418
facets, M 22*
oval, M 39
flux, M 209
forming process, M 315
hammering, M 22*, 30, 39
handles
cedar chest, M 116
crumb scraper, M 136*
hinges
cabinet, M 106*
cedar chest, M 116
copper or silver, M 100-106*
fine hinges, M 103*
riveting to box, M 114*
tube hinges, M 101-103*
binding tubes in place, M 105*
wings, making, M 104*
impressing, M 361
inlaying, M 362
lanterns, M 405-406*
letter openers, M 128*
lids, M 59*, 62*, 120, 139
lock plates, M 105, 116
molds
making, M 27-28*
value of, M 31
pickling metals, M 210
planishing, M 210
processes other than smithing operations, M 361-363
repairing by brazing, M 314
repousse
definition, M 210
design, M 30*
ring and ring post for box, M 120
riveting, M 73-77*
handles, M 88
iron tongs, M 288*
process, M 73, 76*
rivets, making, M 77
splitting iron or soft steel, M 362, 364-365*
tools for, M 5-15*, 208-211
trimmings
for cedar chest, M 115-117*
for cigar box, M 115-117*
tubing for hinges, making, M 101-103*
twisting process, M 315
upsetting, definition, M 315
wire, reducing size of, M 101
_See also_ Annealing; Blacksmithing; Brass work; Candlestick; Copper
work; Enamel and Enameling; Fire tools; Forging; Iron work;
Silver work; Soldering; Steel; Tempering; Tools; Welding
Meteorology. _See_ Barometer; Hail; Lightning; Rain; Thermometer;
Weather
Meter. _See_ Ammeter; Electric-meters; Gas-meters; Voltmeter;
Wattmeter
Metric system, C 500-503
Mexican drawnwork, N 211*
Mice
as pets, K 184
pests, H 361
Microbes
tetanus, B 249
Mignonette
annual, G 322
characteristics, G 330
choosing and planting, G 158
sowing and blossoming time, G 161
Mildew
removing stains, H 359
Milk
boiling point, H 277
book about, A 517
food value, H 250, 254
goat's milk, value, A 115
marketing, A 247
removing ink and rust stains with, H 359
testing for butter fat, A 243
sanitary and unsanitary methods of milking, A 245-247
Milking machine, Electric, E 54
Milkweed (Prickly lettuce)
class and seed time, G 278
distribution of seed, G 273
Mimeograph, B 416
Minerals
collecting, K 156
Mining machinery
centrifugal check hook, B 326*
Mink
breeding season, A 483
skin
stretching, A 507
value, A 484, 506
skinning, A 507*
trapping, A 483-484
Minnows
catching, K 132-133*
Mirrors. _See_ Glass
Mission furniture
book case, making, C 352
clock case, making, C 277-278*
foot rests, making, C 374, 375*
library table, making, C 360-367*
making, C 361-376
plant stands, making, C 372-373*
tabourette, making, C 308-310*
tea table, making, C 367-372*
umbrella rack, making, C 375*
writing desk, design, C 375*
Mission oak finish, D 231
Mississippi River
proposed dam across, B 246
Mitchell, Frank
success with chickens, A 163
Mitre box
making and testing, C 228-231*
Mitred joints, C 232-234*, 256*, D 143-146*
Model house. _See_ Architecture
Modeling. _See_ Pottery
Molasses
food value, H 254
Mole
fur, A 491
habits, A 489
trapping, A 489-491
Mollusks
preserving specimen, A 374
Money. _See_ Accounts; Allowances; Income
Mongolian pheasants, A 197
Monogram
embroidering, N 152-154
Monoplane
construction of, B 171-173*
toy model, making, C 75-83*
Months
lunar and calendar, B 214
Moon
diameter, B 229
distance from earth, B 229
light, origin, B 214
orbit, B 216
phases, B 215*
rotation, B 216
_See also_ Tides
Moon flower
characteristics, G 331
Moon vine
value, G 359
Moore, D. McFarland
inventor of Moore light, E 156*
Moore electric lamp, E 156*
Mops
kinds and uses, H 141
Morels
mushrooms, A 86
Morning glory
characteristics, G 331
sowing and blossoming time, G 161
value, G 359
Morris, William
rule for household possessions, H 115
Morris chair
construction, D 188-193*
designs, D 50*, 189*
history of designs, D 188
wood finish, D 237
Morrison, Arthur
budget of housekeeping expenses, H 78
Morse, Samuel Finley Breese
inventor of the telegraph, E 60
Mortise and tenon joints, C 250*, 255*, 256*, 415
Mosquitoes
book about, A 519
breeding places, A 474
enemies of, A 475, K 168
eradicating, A 473-475
protection from, in camping, K 70
Moss pink
characteristics, G 364
Moths
baiting, A 400-402, K 153-154
collecting and mounting, K 151-153
collecting time, A 388
development from the egg, A 393-395
how they come out of the cocoon, A 347
pests, H 362
_See also_ Silkworm
Motion. _See_ Mechanical movements
Motor boat. _See_ Boat building; Gasolene motor; Launch
Motor cycles
engines, B 387-391*
Motors. _See_ Aeroplanes; Automobiles; Dynamos; Electric motors;
Engines; Gasolene motors; Locomotives; Steam engines; Vacuum
cleaner; Water wheel
Molding. _See_ Metal work; Pottery
Molds
concrete block molds, B 243
concrete furniture molds, D 202
die making, M 206-208
metal work, M 27-28, 31
Mount Mellick stitch, N 143
Mountain climbing
healthfulness of, K 17
Mountains
snow line, B 368
Mounting specimens. _See_ Insects; Plants; Seaweed
Mouse club
membership, K 184
Movements. _See_ Mechanical movements
Moving toys. _See_ Toys
Muffins
mixing ingredients, H 302
Mulberry leaves
food for silkworms, A 337
Mullein, moth
class and seed time, G 278
habits and characteristics, G 347
Mumblety peg, K 374
Mushrooms
book about, A 516
chanterelles, identifying, A 89
cooking, A 84, 87
coprinus comatus, A 90
coral fungi
cooking, A 87
identifying, A 86
edible varieties, A 83*, 85-92
food value, H 255
inky caps, identifying, A 90
meadow mushrooms, A 89
morels, identifying and gathering, A 86*
oyster mushrooms, identifying, A 91
propagation, A 88
puff balls
cooking, A 84
identifying, A 83-84, 87-89
varieties, A 88-89
shaggy manes, A 90
where to get information about, A 91
Music
transmitted by telephone, E 295
Musical instruments. _See_ Organ; Piano; Pipe organ; Telharmonium
Musk
characteristics, G 331
Muskmelon
American, outdoor planting, G 308
English, how grown, G 307-308
food value, H 255
indoor planting time, G 233
seeds, germination per cent., G 233
Muskrat
book about, A 519
food, A 509
fur, value, A 491
houses, A 503
river trapping, A 504
setting and baiting traps, A 504
skinning, A 507*
skins, value, A 506
swamp trapping, A 503
trapping, A 492
season, A 504
Mustard, wild
class and seed time, G 278
Mutton
cuts and their uses, H 270
food value, table, H 253
My heritage, H 63-68
Myrtle
characteristics, G 365
N
Nail puller
making, M 353*
Nails
boxes for, making, C 206-209*
cabinet for, making, C 209-212*
driving into plaster walls, C 246
holding power, B 46-47
sinking nails, C 208*
Napkin
marking, N 157
_See also_ Table linen
Napkin rings
silver or copper work, M 191-192*
Naphtha
cleaning properties, H 332
Narcissus
easy to grow, G 166
poets narcissus, planting and blooming time, G 177
varieties distinguished, G 169
water bulbs, G 168, 175
Nasturtium
characteristics, G 323, 328, 329, 332
dwarf, characteristics, G 332
planting, G 83, 156
Natural resources
conservation, A 92-94
by specimen collectors, A 362
Nature study
keeping a diary, K 148-149
making a beginning, K 144-150
methods, K 150
mineral collections, K 156
practical side, K 167
water life, K 158-167
water telescope, K 159
_See also_ Insects; Plants; Shells; Silkworm
Necklace
silver work, M 166-170*
Neckties. _See_ Ties
Needham, John
Reclaiming a spring, A 280-282
Needlecase
making, N 46-47*
Needlecraft. _See_ Basket making; Bead work; Braiding; Crocheting;
Drawnwork; Dressmaking; Embroidery; Irish crochet; Knitting;
Lace making; Leather work; Sewing
Nemophila
characteristics, G 331
Nernst lamp, E 157
Nets
butterfly net, K 151*
collector's net for water specimen, K 158*
making, for insect collecting, A 376-378
Newspapers
cleaning lamps with, H 138
polishing glass with, H 134
Newton, Sir Isaac
corpuscular theory of light, E 344
theory of tides, B 217-218
Newts
taming, A 266
Nigger baby (Game), K 381
Nile River
dam across, B 247
Nitrates
plant food, G 10, 221, 223
for sandy soil, G 224
Norfolk Island pine, G 196
Norway pine. _See_ Pine--red
Notched joints, C 255*
Notched trophy stick, C 11*
Nut hatch
insect destroyer, A 456
Nutrition. _See_ Diet; Food
Nuts
beech nuts, A 37-39
book about, A 516
chinquapins, A 32
food value, H 255
grading for market, A 42
growing, A 43-46
from seeds, A 46
hazel nuts, A 33-35
hickory nuts, A 39
pecans, A 40-43
pine nuts, A 29
tree seeds, A 46
care of, A 48
use of, A 46
walnuts, A 35-37
Nuts (Iron)
forging, M 244-246*
O
Oak
antique, stain for, C 489
black jack or barren oak, characteristics, C 554
black or yellow, characteristics, C 554
chestnut oak, characteristics, C 552
durability of wood, C 494
Flemish oak stain, D 231
forest green oak finish, D 232
fuming, D 233-234
golden oak finish, D 229
gray oak stain, D 232
laurel oak, characteristics, C 555
live oak, characteristics, G 367
mission oak finish, D 231
mossy-cup or bur oak, characteristics, C 551
oak gall, K 147
pin oak, characteristics, C 553, G 367
post or iron oak, characteristics, C 552
quality of, G 79
quarter-sawed, C 551*, D 131-132
red, characteristics, C 552
scarlet, characteristics, C 553
stains, list of, C 482
swamp white oak, characteristics, C 552
weathered oak stain, D 233
white, characteristics, C 549-551
willow oak, characteristics, C 554
Oats
depth to plant seeds, G 235
Obelisks
moving, B 56-57
Occupations
berry picking, A 8-13
best ways of earning money, A 3-6
birds, attracting, A 455-461
carriage cleaning, A 408
character building, A 6-7
choosing, A 6
cider vinegar, making, A 412-417
collecting Christmas greens, A 50-57
collecting insects, A 374-403
collecting plants, A 94-99, 349-374
collecting tree seeds, A 46-50
collecting useful plants, flowers, grasses, etc., A 57-69
collecting wood for rustic furniture, A 410
corn, drying, A 427-428
corn, selecting seed, A 410-412*
fall work, list of, A 5
forest fires, preventing, A 467-468
game preserve, creating, A 464-467
grape juice making, A 417-421
harvesting nature's crops, A 8-99
keeping bees, A 287-336
kindling wood, gathering, A 404-408
lavender sticks, making, A 424
leaf mold, making, A 421-424
making brooks and springs useful, A 271-286
maple sugar making, A 69-78
mosquitoes and flies, exterminating, A 473-478
mushroom gathering, A 83-94
nuts, gathering and growing, A 29-45
odd jobs, A 404-448
orchard work, A 409*
outdoor worker's library, A 516-519
raising animals for pets, A 203-240
raising domestic animals, A 100-202
silkworms, raising, A 337-348
snow shoveling, A 431-432
spring work, list of, A 6
summer work, list of, A 5
tennis court, making, A 428-431
training animals, A 241-270
trapping, A 478-512
weeds, killing, A 469-473
wild fruit, gathering, A 14-29
winter work, list of, A 5
year-round, list of, A 6
_See also_ Housekeeping
Ocean. _See_ Tides
Odd jobs, A 404-448
Oersted, Hans Christian
discovery of magnetic action of currents, E 14
discoverer of magnetic field about an electric current, E 353
Ohm, George Simon
Ohm's law, E 92-93
Oil cloth as a floor covering, H 191
Oil engines. _See_ Gas and oil engines
Oil furnace
heating steel in, M 290
Oil lamp. _See_ Lamp, oil
Oil nut. _See_ Butternut
Oilstone
sharpening tools, C 183*
Okra
germination per cent., G 233
Olympic games
events contested for, K 372
One old cat (Game), K 375
Onion
food value, H 255
indoor planting time, G 233
insect pests, G 291
peeling, H 294
planting seed
depth and distance to plant, G 42
quantity to plant, G 36
time to plant, G 234
planting sets and seed, G 309-310
seed
age for planting, G 34
germination per cent., G 233
germination period, G 32
soil for, G 23, 309
Open air life. _See_ Outdoor life
Opening the house. _See_ Housekeeping
Opossum
bait for, A 509
skin, value, A 509
Orange
food value, H 255
Orange root, G 348, 365
Orchard. _See_ Fruit trees
Organ
electric, E 55, 278-279*
pipe organ, E 44-52
telharmonium, E 293-295
Oriental rug
washing, A 447
Oriole
insect eater, A 457
migration, K 176
Ornithoptere flying machine, B 163
Osage orange
hedge shrub, G 357
Osmium lamp
metal filament, E 145
Oswego tea, G 333, 347
Outdoor furniture. _See_ Furniture
Outdoor games. _See_ Games
Outdoor life
sleeping outdoors, A 6-9, 52*
value of, K 6
_See also_ Camping
Outdoor sports. _See_ Sports
Outdoor work
free printed matter, how to obtain, A 513-516
occupations suited to the four seasons, A 5
odd jobs, A 404-448
_See also_ Occupations
Outlining. _See_ Marking
Ovens
camp ovens, K 80-82*
clay, K 81
dampers for regulating, H 229
Dutch, K 81
electric, E 305-308
reflector, K 80, 81*
temperature for baking and roasting, H 282, 283
Owl
as a pet, K 184
Oxen
trained oxen, value of, A 258-259
Oyster
broiling, H 275-276
cleaning, H 291
food value, H 253
opening, H 290
testing, H 291
Oyster mushroom, A 91
P
Packing
books, H 349
fixtures, H 348-349
furs and woolens, H 347
textile furnishings, H 348
Paint
cleaning woodwork, H 122, 124, 134
removing stains, H 359
stenciling, N 81-82
Painting (Mechanical)
brushes, H 342
mixing paints, H 342
preparing surface, H 341
summer house, C 424
Palms
care of, G 198
varieties to grow, G 198
Panama canal
cement used for, B 246
Pandanus
window box plant, G 193
Pansy
care of bed, G 318
characteristics, G 329, 331
picking flowers, G 319
planting seeds, G 318
to prevent running out, G 319
tufted, characteristics, G 334
Pantagraph, B 325*
making, C 389*
Pantry
arrangement, H 177
plan in model house, D 12
_See also_ Dish washing
Paper hanging
applying paste, H 345
matching and cutting, H 344
putting on paper, H 345
quantity of paper required, H 343
removing old paper, H 344
Paper knife
carving designs, C 122*
copper work, D 347*, M 34-38*, 126-128*
whittling, C 121-123*
Papier-mache letters for marking, N 156
Par (Game), K 347
Parabolas
describing, B 338*
Parasites
eggplant pests, G 305
Paris green
insecticide, G 282, 285, 288, 290, 292
rule for mixing, G 130
Paris sewers
described by Victor Hugo, H 216
Parsley, G 310
planting seed
depth to plant, G 42, 235
distance to plant, G 42
in a box, G 164
quantity to plant, G 36
time to plant, G 234
seed
age for planting, G 34
germination per cent., G 233
Parsnips
food value, H 255
planting seed, G 310
time to plant, G 234
wild parsnips, class and seed time, G 278
Partridge
migration, K 176
Pass it (Game), K 375
Passe partout, D 72-78*
color scheme, D 73-74
materials and tools, D 75
process, D 75-78*
Paste
receipt, H 346
for leather work, N 88, 95, 96
Pastry
filling pies, H 304
juices, to prevent boiling over, H 305
mixing the dough, H 303, 304
soggy crust, preventing, H 304
Patching
square patch, N 33-35*
Patents
applying for, B 200-201, 205
Canadian, B 207
caveat, provisional protection, B 206
drawings and specifications, B 202-205
duration, B 205
fees for application, B 205, 206
in a foreign country, B 208
re-issuing, B 205
time required to procure, B 205
what granted for, B 206
Patterns. _See_ Embroidery; Dressmaking; Stenciling
Peach trees
care of seeds for planting, A 48
distance to plant trees, G 258
Peacock
care and feeding of young chicks, A 186
habits of the hen, A 186
Indian peacock, value, A 187
raising, A 185-188
acquiring information about, A 187
Peanuts
food value, H 256
Pear
distance to plant trees, G 258
food value, H 255
Peas
food value, H 250, 255
insect pests, G 291
planting seed, G 311
quantity to plant, G 36
time to plant, G 234
seed
age for planting, G 34
germination per cent., G 33, 233
germination period, G 32
Peasants
German embroidery work, N 196
Russian applique work, N 198
Pecan
commercial value, A 42, 43
cultivating, A 40-41
gathering, A 41-42
grading, A 42-43
polishing for market, A 43
Peen of hammer. _See_ Hammer
Pelota (Game), K 376
Pelts. _See_ Skins
Pen rack
design and making, C 117-119*
Pen tray
gouge work, C 259*, 263*
Pen wiper
tooled leather, D 329-330*
Pencil box
making and carving, C 106-108*
Pencil sharpener
drawing and making, C 38*
Pendulum
compound bar, compensation pendulum, B 330*
mercurial compensation pendulum, B 329*
Pennant
yacht pennant, B 107
Peony
annuals, G 316
arrangement in the garden, G 321
Chinese, characteristics, G 335, 365
depth to plant, G 321
European, characteristics, G 335
garden, characteristics, G 365
planting and blooming time, G 179
Pepper
indoor planting time, G 233
planting and transplanting, G 311-312
planting seed
depth and distance to plant, G 42
quantity to plant, G 36
time to plant, G 234
seed
age for planting, G 34
germination per cent., G 233
germination period, G 32
stuffing, varieties for, G 312
varieties, G 312
Pepper bush, sweet
characteristics, G 356
Perennials
definition of, G 160
for cut flowers: table, G 333
fragrant: table, G 333
low: table, G 334
medium height: table, G 335
tall: table, G 334
value of, G 316
Pergola
designing and building, C 425-440*
Perpetual motion, B 306
impossibility of, E 234-237
Persimmons
picking, A 23
region grown, A 22
Pests. _See_ Household pests; Insect pests; Mice; Rats
Pets
book about, A 517
care of, K 170-192
housing, C 451-456*, K 186
ornamental land and water fowl, K 180-182
raising, A 203-240
story of a boy's animal cage, A 233-235
taming wild animals, K 186
trained, market value, A 248
_See also_ Bantams; Birds; Cats; Cavies; Crows; Dogs; Ducks; Gold
Fish; Guinea pigs; Mice; Pigeons; Poultry; Rabbits; Raccoon;
Shetland pony; Squirrels
Petunia
characteristics, G 329
good bloomers, G 323
sowing and blossoming time, G 161
Pheasant
book about, A 517
breeds, A 197
coops and rearing ground, A 200-201
eggs, packing, A 199
feeding young chicks, A 200
localities in United States for raising, A 198
migration, K 176
protection from birds of prey, A 202
raising, A 196-202
care of mother, A 199
in England, A 199
serving in German fashion, A 197
varieties, K 181
_See also_ Guinea fowl
Phlox
characteristics, G 330, 331, 332, 365
late, characteristics, G 335
sowing and blossoming time, G 161
Phoebe bird
insect destroyers, A 457
migration, K 175
Phosphates
plant food, G 10, 221, 224
Photography, K 301-317
action of chemical waves, E 336
cameras, kinds and cost, K 303-304
dark room, K 309
developers and developing, K 313-315
exposure, K 312
fixing bath, K 314, 315
focusing, K 311-312
lens, importance of, K 307
negatives, preserving, K 316
plates versus films, K 308
printing papers, K 315
snap shots, taking, K 305-307
snap shots versus real photography, K 302
subjects, choosing, K 310
Piano, Electric, E 54
Pickerel weed
characteristics, G 366
Pickles
walnuts, A 37
Pickling metals
definition, M 210
Picks (tools)
forging stone picks, M 344*
Picnic tables and benches
making, B 132-134
Picture frames and framing
carbon photographs of a masterpiece, framing D 69-72
carving designs, C 101, 102, 130-132
colonial interiors in colors, framing, D 68
gluing mitred joints, D 144-146*
joints
kind required, D 147
mitred, D 143-144*, C 232-234*
large photographic reproduction, framing, D 148
palette photograph frame, C 131
passe partout, D 72-78*
rabbeting, C 232*
selecting, D 67
shrinkage, D 146
silver work, M 185-186*
staining, D 69, 71
stock, securing, D 142-143*
whittling back for, C 131
whittling out of solid piece, C 19-22*
Pictures, D 64-80*
cleaning, H 135
decorative value, D 64
grouping and hanging, D 66-67
hanging correctly, D 79*
considering space values, D 64-65
height to hang, D 80
hooks and wires, D 78-80
Japanese way of hanging, D 65-66
Piers
foundation walls, B 19
filling space between, B 76
Pies. _See_ Pastry
Pig. _See_ Swine
Pig iron, M 230
Pig pen. _See_ Swine
Pig weed
class and seed time, G 278
Pigeon holes. _See_ Filing cabinet
Pigeons
breeds, A 208, K 178
prize winners, K 179
carrier pigeons, K 180
characteristics, A 207
common, care of, K 179
devotion of male, A 211
dove cote, A 208-209
care of, A 215
for fancy breeding, K 179
sanitary provisions, A 213
dragoons, K 178
fancy pigeons for pets, A 207-217
feeding, A 214, K 179
fly made of wire, A 212*
market value, K 179
nest building, A 210
nest dishes, A 210, 211
nesting compartment, building, A 209-210
net for capturing, A 209*
perches, making, A 210
pests, guarding against, A 209
pouter, K 178
roosts, making, A 210*
rufflenecks (Jacobins), K 178
tumblers, characteristics, A 208, K 178
water bath, A 214
white fan tail, model, K 178
_See also_ Squabs
Pile driving machine
releasing hook, B 326*
Pillow
bead work, N 293
choosing cushion covers, D 97
cornhusks for filling cushions, A 63
fraternity pillow, N 376
lingerie pillow, N 375
making for doll-bed, N 52
_See also_ Block printing; Stenciling
Pillow case
making for doll-bed, N 53*
marking, N 157
Pillow shams
fastening, H 152
Pin
insect pins, A 380
metal work tool, M 210
Pin case
making, N 56*
Pin cushion
embroidered, N 193-196
Pin tray
gouge work, C 264*
Pine
cones, gathering and storing, A 49
Georgia pine, characteristics, C 535
long leaf, A 55
pitch pine, characteristics, C 536
red, characteristics, C 536
white
characteristics, C 535
strength, C 496
white pine seeds
gathering and curing, A 48-49
marketing, A 49
yellow, characteristics, C 536
Pine needles. _See_ Balsam
Pine nuts
gathering, A 29
Pink
characteristics, G 329
fringed, characteristics, G 333
moss pink, characteristics, G 364
Pioneer life
"goin' plummin'", A 26-29
Pipe organ
operating by electricity, E 44-52
Pipes. _See_ Plumbing; Soldering; Stove pipe; Waste pipes
Pistil
seed making function, G 247
Pistons
mechanism of, B 315-316*
Pitch block
definition of, M 210
Pitch fork
forging, M 239*
Pitcher plant
characteristics, G 366
Plackets. _See_ Dressmaking
Plaited skirts. _See_ Dressmaking
Plane. _See_ Inclined plane
Planes and planing
adjusting planes, C 177
block plane, C 176, 178
cap iron, adjustment and use, C 184*
jack plane, C 178
operation of the plane, C 146, 178-179, D 133-134, 136
sharpening plane irons, C 179-184*
smooth plane, C 177*
use of shooting board, C 106*
wooden and iron, C 176*
Planishing
definition of, M 210
Plant breeding
budding, G 251-254
improving seeds, G 246-248
layering, G 249-251
methods, G 249
mongrel varieties from close planting, G 105, 145
seed selection, G 225-233
slipping, G 188-190
topping, G 199, 250-251
Plant food, G 221-226
chemicals essential for, G 221
how plants feed, G 225
nitrogen, G 10, 221
for sandy soil, G 224
source of, G 223
phosphorus, G 10, 221, 224
potash, G 10, 221, 224
source and value of, G 10
Plant stands
jardiniere of wood, G 68-71*
mission style, making, C 372-373
stool making, G 53-55
Plantain
rib-grass, class and seed time, G 278
seed production, G 274
Planting tables. _See_ Flower gardening; Seeds; Shrubs; Vegetable
gardening
Plants
action of chemical waves, E 336
books about, A 518
effect of light, G 242
essential parts, G 240
food manufactured and stored by, G 242-245
herbaceous plants, definition, G 317
honey or pollen plants, A 322
leaves
food factory, G 242-245
functions, G 240
lice, destroying, G 284, 291, 293
life history, G 239-248
making wooden labels for, G 58*
medicinal plants, A 57
root-system, G 240-241
stems, passage way, G 241
studying, A 349-369
transplanting, G 118, 268-270
from coldframe, G 101-102
useful to attract birds and protect trees, A 461
_See also_ Flower gardening; Flowers; Gardening; Insect pests; Plant
breeding; Plant food; Salad plants; Seeds; Vegetable gardening;
Vegetables; also names of plants
Plants--Collection and preservation, A 349-363
arranging specimens, A 352-353
blue printing, A 360-362
classifying specimens, A 356-359
drying specimens, A 353
labeling specimens, A 356, K 156
marketing collection, A 360
mounting specimens, A 353-356, K 155
outfit for, A 352
preserving in covers, A 356
reasons for collecting, A 349-350, 360
representing different stages of growth, A 359-360
rules of the game, A 362
seaweed, A 362-374
Play
importance of, K 4-5
Playhouse, H 3-40
in flats and apartments, H 8
in garret, H 5
in a tree, H 3
make believe, H 8, 13
Playthings
make believe, H 11-12
_See also_ Toys
Pleurisy root, G 348, 365
Pliers
carpenter's tool, C 199*
metal worker's tool, M 6*
Plug in the ring (Game), K 376
Plum
care of seeds for planting, A 48
distance to plant trees, G 258
origin and distribution of wild plums, A 24
value of trees in chicken yards, K 204
Plumb-line
home-made device, G 114
Plumbing, H 213-223
care of, in closed houses, H 348
importance of, H 219
leaks, peppermint test, B 254
location of pipes for housekeeper, H 216
principle of the U, H 216-218*
taps, repairing, B 255
traps, construction and care, H 217-218
ventilation pipes, H 319
_See also_ Soldering; Waste pipes
Pocket book. _See_ Purse
Point lace. _See_ Lace making
Poison Ivy
destroying, A 472-473
Poisoning. _See_ Lockjaw
Poker
making fire tools, M 371*
Pokeweed
roots and berries, A 58
shoots as food, A 58
Polish and polishing
French polish, C 490
wax polish, C 490
_See also_ Brass work; Copper work; Enamel; Floors; Furniture;
Glass; Metal work
Pollination of plants, G 247
corn growing, G 145
Polo
equestrian, K 377
hand polo, K 356
water polo, K 392
wicket polo, K 393
Pompey's pillar, B 57
Pond making in a city back yard, G 134-136
Ponderosa
indoor plant, G 196
Pony as a pet, A 203-205
Poplar
Carolina, G 367
characteristics, C 563
for landscape gardening, G 353
quick growers, G 79
Popp-mallow
characteristics, G 334
Poppy
characteristics, G 328, 331
depth to plant seeds, G 235
Iceland, sowing and blossoming time, G 161
in England, G 271
Oriental, characteristics, G 335
planting, G 84, 158
plume, characteristics, G 334
self-sowing, G 316
transplanting, G 156
Porcupine quills
how to procure, A 68
uses, A 69
Pork
cuts and their uses, H 270
food value, H 253
combined with vegetables, H 259
used as chicken, H 358
Porterhouse steak, H 269
Portieres
bead work, N 290-293
stenciling, N 81
weaving designs, D 260-261
_See also_ Block printing
Portland cement
origin and uses, B 246-248
Portulaca
blooming plants, G 323
characteristics, G 328
Posts
preserving underground, C 402
_See also_ Foundations
Pot rest, G 68-71*
Pot roast, H 268
Potash
plant food, G 10, 221, 224
Potato
boiled or baked, H 280
food value, H 255
insect pests, G 287, 292
planting seed potatoes, G 129
cutting device, A 437-439*
depth and distance to plant, G 42
quantity to plant, G 36
profit from raising, G 130
spraying, G 130
soil for, G 129
Potato race, K 378
Pots and pans
care of, H 198, 201
materials, H 201
soldering, M 43-45
Potted plants. _See_ Flower gardening
Pottery, D 280-320*
bat and how made, D 286
"bisque," meaning, D 301
bowl
decorating, D 294-299*
designing and modeling, D 287-294*
candlestick, designing, D 313-315*
clay, selecting, D 284
coiling method, D 283, 291*
concrete pottery, D 207-209*
decoration
applying the design, D 297-298
classes, D 295-297*
color combinations, D 303-304
methods, D 294
modeling a decoration, D 298
under-glazing, D 298-299
designing, D 288-290*
avoiding natural forms, D 290
testing profiles, D 290*
development of, D 280-281
fern dish, D 310-313*
firing, D 299-301
glazed pottery, D 306
glazes, matt and bright glaze mixes, D 303
glazing, D 301-307*
grinding the glaze, D 302
"grog" making, D 316
handles, making, D 309*
kiln, portable, D 300*
materials and tools, D 284-287*
template, D 292*
modeling process, D 290-292*
potter's wheel versus hand method, D 282-283
scientific principle of, D 281
scraping, D 293*
"slip," meaning, D 294
testing work, D 292*
tiles for tea plate and fireplace, D 315-320*
tools, D 285-287
vases, designing and decorating, D 307-310*
Poultry, A 132-178, K 193-207
accounts, how to keep, A 153, 157, 168, 172
acquiring information, A 187
amateur's experience with, A 166-168
American breeds, K 195
Asiatic breed, K 195
Bantams, breeding and care, A 217-218
books about, A 517
Brahmas, K 195
breeding pure stock, A 156
purpose of, K 177
breeds, characteristics, A 220-222, K 194-195
broilers, raising, K 195
fattening for market, A 152-153
brooders, making, A 175, K 199
broody hens, curing, A 144
business methods in poultry raising, A 153-159
care and housing, A 133-143, K 193-207
city experiment with, A 159
cleanliness, A 142-143, 146
clipping wings, K 207
Cochins, K 195
cooking
broiling, H 275-276
preparation for, H 285-288
coops, model, A 147-151*
crested variety, care of, A 222
drawing poultry, H 287
dust bath for, A 141*, K 206
eggs
best layers, K 195
cost of, for settings, K 196
effect of feeding on layers, A 171
keeping a record for idlers, A 157*
of fancy fowls, A 221
quality affected by feed, A 146
selections for settings, A 148
testing layers, A 154-155*
winter laying, K 205-206
exercise, provisions for, A 138, 146
expenses of one experiment, A 176
experiments, A 159-177
fancy breeds and their care, A 219-222, K 194-195
fattening broilers for market, A 152, 153
feathers, marketing, A 159
food value: table, H 253
fruit trees in the chicken yard, K 204
Hamburgs, characteristics, A 220
hatching
average number from a setting, K 196
time required for eggs to hatch, A 148, K 198, 201
hen gate, A 158*
Houdans, characteristics, A 220
incubators, A 175
average time for eggs to hatch, K 198, 199
operating, K 197-199
killing, H 286
Lakenvelders, characteristics, A 220
Langshans, K 195
Laying hens. _See_ Poultry, eggs
Leghorns, K 195
eggs, A 221
in a prize contest, A 160-163
lice
on small chicks, A 148, K 201
preventing, A 143
marketing, A 156-159
Mediterranean breeds, K 195
molting season, A 145
nests for sitting hens, A 147
non-sitters, K 195
ornamental land and water fowl as pets, K 180-182
cost of, K 181
Orpingtons, record price, K 194
plucking, H 286
Plymouth rocks, K 195
Polish varieties, A 220
prize contests, stories of, A 160-164
prize-winning Orpingtons, K 194
profit in, K 193
ranging versus housing, A 134
runs, cornfields for, A 176
selection of, for cooking, H 271
shows, purpose of, K 177
sitting hens
coops for, A 147-148*, 150
feeding, A 144
nests for, A 147
raising, K 200-201
starting a business with eggs versus chickens, K 195-196
stories of success in raising, A 159-177
thoroughbreds versus mongrels, K 194
training for poultry raising, A 173
trap nests for testing layers, A 154-155*
white Wyandotte, A 168-172, K 195
wild fowl, clipping wings, K 81
winter care, K 205-206
young chicks, care of, K 202-203, A 147-153
Yokahamas, A 220
_See also_ Ducks; Game and game birds; Geese; Guinea fowl; Peacock;
Poultry feeding; Poultry houses; Turkey
Poultry feeding
effect on quality of eggs, A 146
feeding six thousand hens in one half hour, A 164-166
growing feed, A 153
making hens lay, A 171
molting season, A 145
rack for feed pans, to prevent waste, A 145*
regularity essential, A 146
self-feed grain box, A 139*
self-feed grit box, A 136*
sitting hens, A 144
trough for feed, making, C 450*
winter feeding, K 206
young chicks, A 150-153, K 199
Poultry houses
building a poultry house, A 132-143*, C 441-450*, K 204*
cleaning provisions, A 140, K 204
construction principles, A 135, C 441-442
coops, A 147-150*
corners, finishing, C 446*
curtained shed, A 138
doors and windows, A 137*, C 448
dropping board, A 140, C 449
dust bath, A 141*, K 206
floors, cement, A 137
foundation, C 443-444
frame for window screen, C 449
framework of the house, C 444-445*
for an eleven dollar house, A 133*
furnishings, A 139-142*, K 204*
heat, planning for, A 135
location, A 135, K 207
materials, A 136-137
nests, location, A 140-141, K 204
roofing paper, C 449
roosts, making, A 139, C 450, K 204
runs, A 141, 142, C 450, K 204
sanitary principles, A 142-143, 146
scratching shed, A 138, K 204, 205
siding for frame, C 445
sleeping room, K 204
working drawings, C 443, 447
Powell. _See_ Baden-Powell, Sir Robert
Power
dynamometer for measuring, B 324*
foot pound, B 123
problems in estimating, B 82
steam versus electricity, E 3-5
units of power, B 122-125
_See also_ Electric power; Gasolene motors; Mechanics; Steam; Water
power
Precious stones
bezel setting, M 152-157*, 163*, 176
cutting metal away for setting, M 157-159*
prong setting, M 159-161*
selecting for rings, M 152
Preserves
storing in cellar, H 211
_See also_ Canning; Jam; Jelly
Press copying methods, B 418
Pressing skirts, N 73
Prime roasts, H 269
Printing
block printing, D 98-106
Prisoner's base, K 378
Propeller. _See_ Aeroplanes; Screw propeller
Proteins
effect of boiling, H 277
effect of cold water, H 278
food composition, H 248
foods containing, H 250
proportion in diet, H 249, 252
Proverbs
Indian proverb about home making, H 44
Pruning
hazel bushes, A 35
methods, A 439-443*
Puff balls, A 83-84, 87-89
Pulleys
chain, B 322*
dynamometer, B 324*
endless chain, B 310
expanding, B 321*
mechanical principle of, B 49-52*
movable, theory of, B 50-51*
multiple, B 51-52*
rule for power, B 63, 310
snatch block, B 50*
Spanish bartons, B 310*
triangular eccentric, B 311*
use of, B 43*
White's pulley, B 310*
Pumpkin
planting, G 312
depth and distance to plant, G 42
quantity of seed to plant, G 36
time to plant, G 234
with corn, G 117
seed
age for planting, G 34
germination per cent., G 233
striped beetle pests, G 117
Pumps
action of, B 235-236
Archimedes screw, B 143-145*, 344
double acting, B 346*
force pumps, B 236, 345
lift pumps, B 236, 345*
plunger pump for vacuum cleaner, B 379-381*
theory of, B 234-235
_See also_ Windmills
Punch (Tool)
centre punch, making, M 297*
metal work tool, M 7*
Pupa. _See_ Insects
Puppy. _See_ Dogs
Purdy, Carl
collecting and growing California bulbs, A 94-99
Purling, N 353*
Purse
bead work, N 285-290*
tooled leather, making, D 340-342*
_See also_ Card case
Purslane (Pursley)
class and seed time, G 278
Push ball, K 379
Push button. _See_ Electric push button
Pyramids of Egypt
how they were built, B 54-56
Pyrography
outfit, C 330-331
woods suitable for, C 240, 330
Pyrometric cones, D 300*
Q
Quail. _See_ Bob white
Quaker ladies, G 341
Quarter sawed oak, C 551, D 131-132*
Queen Anne's lace, G 349
Quills, porcupine, A 68
Quoits, K 379
R
Rabbeted joints, C 255*
Rabbit
bait, A 508
breeds, common and fancy, K 182, A 498
care of, K 185
characteristics, A 497
enemies, A 498
fur, value, A 501
house, construction, C 451-454*, K 182-183*
hunting, A 500
raising for pets, A 206
snares, making, A 500
story of a boy's animal cage, A 234
Raccoon
bait for, A 509
habits, A 268
skin, value, A 509
story of a boy's animal cage, A 234
taming, A 268-269
Racing
feather race, K 347
marathon race, K 371
potato race, K 378
sack race, K 384
three legged race, K 390
tub race, K 390
water race, K 393
Racquets or Rackets (Game), K 380
Radiators
steam as distributors of heat, E 314
Radish
icicle, G 95
indoor planting time, G 233
insect pests, G 291
planting seed
depth to plant, G 42, 236
distance to plant, G 42
quantity to plant, G 36
time to plant, G 234
quick development, G 313
seed
age for planting, G 34
germination per cent., G 233
germination period, G 32
Raffia work, N 250-277*
basket making, N 243, 250-252
covers, N 252
handles, N 255-256
melon-shaped basket, N 257-259*
belts, N 273-274
braiding raffia, N 262-263*, 268
doll's hammock, N 271
doll's hat, N 253-255*
fringe, N 274
hats
braiding, N 263-264*
trimming, N 264, 268, 270
weaving on wire frames, N 264-268
jewel case, N 260-261*
knotting raffia, N 271-275*
materials for, N 250
napkin ring, N 252, 253*
preparing the raffia, N 262, 268
shopping bag, knotted raffia, N 272-273*
skip stitch, N 257
Solomon's knot, N 265
split stitch, N 257
three strand braid, N 268-270
whisk broom, N 275*
winding stitch, N 257
Rafters. _See_ Roofs
Ragout, H 269
Ragweed
class and seed time, G 278
Rain
causes of, B 355-356
drops, formation, B 357-360
shape, B 360
fall
effect on forestation, B 361
measuring, B 349-353*
recording, B 362-363
gauge, making, B 350-353*
importance of, B 354
period of rainfall, B 360
table for measures, B 353
weather symbol, B 362
Raisins
food value, H 255
Raking, G 265
Ranges
draughts and dampers, H 227-230
_See also_ Gas range
Raspberries
food value, H 255
picking wild raspberries, A 9
Ratchet wheel
mechanism, B 322-324*
Rats
book about, A 519
electrocution device, E 271-273*
trapping, A 496
Rattan work
baskets, N 243-248*
mats, N 247*, 249
whisk broom holder, N 249
Reamur thermometer scale, B 262
Receipts
barberry jelly, A 17
canning elderberries, A 16
elderberry steamed pudding, A 16
green grape jelly, A 15
pickled walnuts, A 37
thimbleberry jam, A 11
wild crabapple butter, A 22
_See also_ Camping--Cooking; Cookery; Insecticides; Paste
Red line, or Red lion (Game), K 381
Red spider, G 293
Reed basket
weaving, G 61-64*
Reel
making a garden reel, G 51*
Refrigerator
cleaning, H 109, 241
drainage, regulating, H 240
economy in ice supply, H 242
how to avoid odors, H 241
location, H 240
purifying, H 242
Remington typewriter, B 403-409*
Renaissance lace. _See_ Lace
Rent
what proportion of income to use for, H 74, 77, 78
Repairing. _See_ Furniture; Soldering
Repousse
definition of, M 210
Retaining walls
batter, making, B 244-245
"closers", B 244
designing, B 240-241*
foundation, B 238*, 245
Galveston sea wall, B 247
"header", B 244
pointing, B 246
"stretcher", B 244
Rheostat. _See_ Electric rheostat
Rhubarb
food value, H 255
Ribbon embroidery. _See_ Embroidery
Rice
camp cooking, K 90
food value, H 254
washing, H 295
wild rice
characteristics, A 78-79
harvesting, A 79
uses of, A 78, 79
Richards, Ellen H.
"Cost of living" quoted, H 74
Rifles
aiming, K 122
care and cleaning, K 123
learning to use, K 120-123
Rings
iron, welding, M 248-250*, 254*
silver work, M 152-162*
steel, making, M 265*
_See also_ Precious stones
Rivers
protecting river banks, B 237
tides, B 227, 229
_See also_ Retaining walls
Riveting
handles, M 88
iron tongs, M 288*
making rivets, M 77
metal, M 73-77*
metal worker's tool, M 10*
rivet set, M 73
silver letters on copper, M 188-190*
stove pipe, M 74
Roads
material for road-bed, G 85-86
repairing dirt roads, G 84-86
Roast pig, story, H 18
Roasting
meats, H 282
open fire for, H 282
thickness of food, H 276
Robbers
Irish stew and the robbers: story, H 15
Robin
insect destroyers, A 457
migration, K 175
Rock
how soil was formed from, G 213
_See also_ Boulders
Rock garden
flowers to plant in, G 325
location, G 324
plants, G 340
soil requirements, G 325
Roentgen rays
ether waves, E 316
Roley boley (Game), K 381
Roller
ball-bearing principle, B 28
making wooden rollers, C 268*
moving rocks on rollers, B 18
Roman cut work, N 138-142*
Roof
construction for summer house, C 418-422*
construction of frame, C 465-469*
cornices, C 421
hip roof, construction, C 466*
painting, B 42, C 422
rafters
fitting, C 467*
making curved rafters, C 418
roofing paper, C 419
saddle boards, C 421
shingling, B 40-42, C 419-422*
estimating shingles, B 40
nails required, B 42
square of shingling or clap boarding, meaning, B 41
Rooms. _See_ Bedroom; Dining-room; Furniture; Girl's room; Guests;
House decoration; Kitchen; Living-room; Pantry; Servants
Ropes
carrying power of hemp, B 47
preservative for hemp, B 48
strength of wire rope, B 48
Roque, K 382
Rose
Christmas, characteristics, G 333
insect pests and remedies, G 284, 293
Irish crochet, N 339-340, 344
moss, characteristics, G 332
Rose chafer, G 293
Rose jar
copper work, M 56-60*
Rose slug, G 284
Rotascope. _See_ Gyroscope
Rotation of crops, G 149
Round steak, H 268
Round Table, Knights of
how Gareth became a knight, H 20
Rowing
intercollegiate record, K 383
Rubbed joints, C 251*
Rubber plant
topping, G 199, 250
Rubbish
disposal of, G 263
Rubicon (Game), K 383
Rugby football, K 348
Rugs
bathroom, H 156
beating-rack, A 444-446*
braiding, N 295-296*
carpets versus rugs, A 443-444
cleaning, A 443-448, H 128
dry cleaning, H 332
kitchen, H 193
Oriental, washing, A 447
storing, H 348
washing, A 446-447
weaving, D 252-260*, N 297-305*
color combinations, D 255
designs, D 252-253, 256-258*, N 302
materials, D 253, 258, N 301
preparing the woof, D 253-254
process, D 259-260, N 300-301
setting the loom, N 297-300
woof shuttle, D 254*
Rulers
carpenter's rule, C 205
parallel, mechanism of, B 331*
Run, sheep, run (Game), K 360
Running
hare and hound chases, A 17
Russia calf for tooled leather, N 92
Rustic furniture
collecting wood for, A 410
suggestions for making, D 209-211*
Rye
food value, H 254
S
Sable, Alaskan, A 484
Sachets
herbs and grasses for, A 65
Sack racing, K 384
Sad iron. _See_ Electric iron
Saddles
English, Mexican and army, K 225-226*
Safety valves for steam engines, B 116
Sage
growing, G 327
Saint Francis of Assisi, H 25
Salad plant
endive, G 305
lettuce, G 306
Salamander
taming, A 266
Salary. _See_ Income
Salmon
bait for, K 136*
food value, H 253
Salt
removing stains with, H 358
Salt cellar
silver work, M 183-184*
Salt pork
cuts, H 270
Salvia
bedding plants, G 324
San Jose scale, K 167
Sand bag
definition of, M 210
Sand papering. _See_ Whittling
Sandy soil. _See_ Soils
Sanitation. _See_ Garbage; Plumbing; Refrigerator; Sewerage
Santos Dumont's monoplane, B 167*, 175-177
Sap. _See_ Maple sugar
Sardine
food value, H 253
Sashes. _See_ Doors; Windows
Satin stitch, N 147-149*
combinations, N 148-154*
design, N 158*
Sauce
wild crabapple, A 22
Sausage
buckwheat cakes combination, H 258
food value: table, H 253
Sauteing, H 281
Saving
methods, H 83-85
necessity and value, H 82
Savoury herb, G 328
Saw horse
making, C 143-149*
Saw mills, C 522
Saws
band saw, C 522
brazing steel band saws, M 313
buck saw, C 172*
compass saw, C 172*
construction principles, C 171-172*
coping saw, C 20*
cross cut saws, principle and use, C 170*
danger of the power saw, D 187
gang saw, C 522
hack saw, C 175*
metal worker's tools, M 9*
rating by points, C 173
rip saw, principle and use, C 169*
sawing copper work, M 35-36*
turning saw, C 173*
using, position for, C 174*
Saxifrage
habits and characteristics, G 340, 364
Scabiosa
sowing and blossoming time, G 161
Scales
mechanical principle, B 24-25*
Scalloping, N 132-133*, 135
Scallops
cooking, H 292
Scarf
crocheted, N 318*
Scarf pin
silver work, M 162-165*
Scarfing, M 254-257, 258
wrench, M 275*
Scarlet runner beans, G 297
Scarlet sage, G 324
Scarlet tanagers
insect destroyer, A 457
School grounds
improving, G 72-87
Science
value of study, E 338-340
Science club, E 339
Scilla, bell flowered
planting and blooming time, G 177, 178
Scissors
protecting points of, N 48
shears for metal work, M 5*
Sconce
copper work, M 52-56*
Scorched stains
removing, H 335
Scotland's burning, K 384
Scours
remedy, A 120
Scouts. _See_ Boy Scouts of America
Scraper
definition of, M 210
Screen. _See_ Fire screen
Screw
Archimedian, B 143-145*, 344*
case hardening screws, M 309-310
concealing in woodwork, method of, C 343*
countersunk, meaning, C 190
driving, B 157
endless, B 142
finish, C 191
flat and round head, C 190-191*
friction, provision for, B 142
mechanical principle, B 139-147*
number designation, C 191
nut, principle of, B 140
power principle, B 140-147
principle applied to tools, B 156
removing, device for, B 157
rule for power, B 64
use of, C 190-192*
wooden screw, strength of, B 156
worm gear, B 141*
worm and wheel, B 145-147*
Screw drivers, C 195, 199-203*
Screw propeller
aeroplane, B 169-170, C 70-72*
blades
area versus power, B 149-150
finding area, B 154
principle, B 147
features of, B 148
pitch, calculating, B 155*
power
calculating, B 150-155*
principle of, B 149-150
speed, reckoning, B 148
Sea walls. _See_ Retaining walls
Seal
electric, A 491
French, A 501
Hudson, A 491
Seams. _See_ Dressmaking
Search light, Electric, E 153*
Seasoning
broiled meats and vegetables, H 276, 279
Seats. _See_ Benches; Chairs; Settees
Seaweed
care of specimens before mounting, A 364
collector's outfit, A 363
mounting specimen, A 364-368*
time and places for collecting, A 363
varieties, A 369
Seeds, G 227-238
age for planting purposes, G 34
cotyledon, G 230
depth to plant: table, G 35, 235
distribution of wild seeds, G 273
envelopes, making, G 56-58*
germination
aiding, G 236
experiments, G 31
per cent., G 232-233
table, G 32
method of improving, G 246-248
planting
compacting soil, G 237-238
how to plant, G 99, 268
quantity to plant: table, G 36
time, indoor and outdoor, G 233-235
saving for sale or planting, G 371
selection
germ developing power, G 231
impure seed, G 231
seed plants, G 227-228
size, G 228-233
selling, how to put up seed, G 371-372
soaking, G 138
testing for germinating value, G 33, 143
_See also_ Grass seed; Trees; Vegetables; also names of plants,
e. g., Beans; Nasturtiums; Pansy; Peppers, etc.
Seesaw
mechanical principle of, B 26
Selvage, N 15
September
blooming plants, G 365
Servants, H 370-381
cook, duties, H 109, 112
days out, adjustment of work, H 111
duties
four or five maids, H 105
one maid, H 104, 107
three maids, H 105, 108
two maids, H 104, 108, 112
hours, H 379
mistress and maid
business relations, H 376-377
personal relations, H 371-375
personal liberty, lack of, H 372
proportion of income required for, H 76
room, H 378
servant question, H 370-381
meals, when served, H 105
waitress
dress, H 173
duties, H 169-172
Serving table. _See_ Buffet; Setting the table
Serving the meal. _See_ Meals--Serving
Serving tray
copper work, M 75-77*
Seton, Ernest Thompson
Boy Scouts organizer, K 49
Settee
box furniture, making, C 477*
garden settle, making, D 200*
hall settle, D 49*
outdoor settee, making, C 410-411*
Setting the table
dining table decorations, H 164
glasses, H 165
methods, H 167
serving table, use of, H 166
sideboard arrangements, H 166
silver, H 165
table linen, H 162-164
Settle. _See_ Settee
Sewer pipes. _See_ Plumbing
Sewerage system,
importance of, H 214
Sewing
apron making, N 26-30*
back stitching, N 12*
half back stitch, N 13*
bands for
aprons, N 30*
skirts, N 39*, 44
basting stitches, N 7*
binding, N 51*
blanket making, N 54*
buttonhole stitch, N 58*
buttons, N 4-6
care of hands, N 19
counterpane for doll's bed, N 55*
crow's foot stitch, N 55*
darning, N 9-11*
felling seams, N 68
French hem, N 21
gathering, N 26-30*
stroking, N 27*
gussets, N 35-40*
helping mother, N 3
hemming
French hem, N 21
gauge, notched card, N 17*
rolling the edge, N 21*
skirt, N 36, 43
straightening the edge, N 17
turning corners, N 20*
turning the hem, N 17
hooks and eyes, N 24-25*
knotting the thread, N 5
substitute for, N 14, 16
mattresses, N 53*
needle case, N 46-47
needles, emery for, N 19
over-casting, N 15*
over-handing, N 15-17*
patching, N 33-35
pillow cases, N 53*
plackets, N 35-40*, 43
plain sewing, N 3-11
position of sewer, N 19-20
rolling the edge, N 21*
running and back stitch combination, N 14*
running stitches, N 7*
scissors, how to hold, N 12*
seams
felling, N 68
stitches for, N 12-17*
sewing apron, N 31-33*
sewing case, N 45-49*
stitches, N 12-25*
tape loops on towels and dresses, N 23*
thimble, how to use, N 4*
thread, length of, N 5
tucking, N 36
turning corners, N 20
whip stitch, N 21*
work box, fittings, N 3
_See also_ Basket making, Bead work; Braiding; Dressmaking;
Embroidery
Sewing machines
boat-shaped shuttle type
carriers and drivers, adjustment, B 303-304*
looping the thread, B 302
setting needles, B 305*
cleaning, B 281
oiling, B 281*
puckering, to prevent, B 283-285
rotary hook type
bobbin case, B 293-295*
holder, adjusting, B 301*
compared with boat-shaped shuttles, B 299-300
construction, B 285-293*
feed, regulating, B 298
feed motion, B 337*
hook guide and hook driver, B 289-292*
hook ring, B 293
needle bars, setting, B 287-288
needles
changing, B 292
setting, B 303-305*
presser foot, B 297-299*
repairing shuttles, B 300
stitch regulator, B 286*, 293
take up spring, replacing, B 295-297*
tension, B 288-289
thread controllers, B 301-303*
threading, B 286*, 298, 302
Wheeler and Wilson, B 299-300
shuttle action of different types, B 283-284*
tension, adjusting, B 283-285
threads to use, B 282
types, B 280
vibrating shuttle, B 281-285*
presser foot, adjustment, B 285
Wheeler and Wilson, B 299-300, 337
Shackles
forging, M 349-352*
Shad
food value, H 253
Shades
cleaning window shades, H 131
_See also_ Candle shade; Lamp shade
Shadow embroidery
stitches and materials, N 126-127*
Shagbarks, A 39
Shamrock pattern for Irish crochet, N 341
Sharks
catching, K 126
Sharpening tools. _See_ Tools
Shawl
crocheting rainbow shawl, N 316-317*
knitting, N 356-359*
Shears
protecting points of scissors, N 48
tools for metal work, M 5*
Sheep
feeding, A 104-105
book about, A 517
lambs, care of, A 105
raising, A 103-107
shearing, A 106
Sheepskin for leather work, N 83
Sheets
making for doll-bed, N 54*
marking, N 157
_See also_ Beds; Ironing
Shell fish
broiling oysters, H 275
food value, H 253
preparing for cooking, H 289-293
Shellac
method of using, C 486, D 216-217
source and qualities, C 486
Shells
book about, A 518
collecting, A 369-374
outfit, A 372
preserving and labeling specimens, A 374
Shelters. _See_ Summer house
Shelving. _See_ Book case
Shetland pony
breeding for profit, A 205
characteristics, A 203-205
Shingling. _See_ Roof
Shinney, K 367
Shirley poppies, G 322
Shoe buttons
how to sew on, N 6
Shoepac, K 209
Shoes
base ball, K 264
foot ball, K 280*
for winter sports, K 208-209
Shooting
hints on how to shoot, K 115-118
rifle shooting, K 120-123
"wiping his eye", K 117
Shooting board
how to make, C 189*
how to use, C 106*
Shop. _See_ Carpentry and Woodwork; Work shop
Shot guns
aiming, K 113, 117
barrel lengths, K 120
care and cleaning, K 123
choke-bore gun, K 119
double barrels, K 111*
"drop" of a gun, K 113
for small game, K 112
learning to shoot, K 114-118
pattern, testing, K 118-119
selecting, K 112-113
styles for various purposes, K 119
unloading, K 115
_See also_ Rifles
Shovel
blacksmith's shovel, M 226, 229*
fire tools, making, M 372-373*
home-made snow shovel, A 432
Shrubs
characteristics: table, G 355-356
hazel bush, A 34
planting and transplanting, G 134
selection principles, G 37, 354, 355, 357
Sideboard
arranging for service, H 166
design, D 55*
Siding. _See_ House framing
Sieve
making a garden sieve, G 59-61
Signals and signaling
marine flag code, B 107-109
weather signals, B 361-362
Silkworm culture, A 337-348
apparatus for rearing, A 339*
book about, A 518
cocoons
preparing for market, A 347
spinning, A 345-347*
weight of, A 347
eggs
hatching, A 340-341
laying, A 338-339
first age, A 343
food and feeding, A 337, 339-346
racks for, A 342*
moth
how it comes out of the cocoon, A 347
life of, A 338
molting periods, A 343-345
stages of growth, A 337
varieties of silk spinners, A 338
Silver
cleaning and care, H 111, 185
setting the table, H 165
washing, H 183
_See also_ Silver work
Silver fox
book about, A 517
Silver maple. _See_ Maple
Silver work
bar pins, M 171-174*
bezel setting, M 152-157*, 163*, 176
bracelets, M 174-177*
Indian design, M 176-177*
brooches, M 171-174*
characteristics of silver for working, M 151
collar slide, M 170-171*
comb, M 194-196*
cuff links, M 192-194*
enameling on, D 355
gems
selecting, M 152
setting, M 152-161*, 163*, 165, 176
hinges. _See_ Metal work--hinges
lettering silver on copper, M 187-190*
links, making, M 167-169*
mustard spoon, M 182*
napkin ring, M 191-192*
necklaces, M 166-170*
oxidizing silver, M 204
pendants, M 169
picture frame, M 181, 185-186*
pin, M 163-164*
rings
bezel setting, M 152-157*
deep set stone, M 157-159*
prong setting, M 159-161*
twisted silver wire, M 161-162*
riveting letters, M 188-190*
salt cellar, M 183-184*
salt spoon, M 183*
scarf pin, M 162-165*
setting the stone, M 165
spoons, M 178-184*
sugar tongs
bowl design, M 182*
claw design, M 180-182*
tools
chisel, making, M 157*
mandrel, M 154*
watch fob, M 187-190*
_See also_ Copper work; Metal work
Simmering
definition, H 277
Sink
location and care of kitchen sinks, H 193
Sirloin steak, H 269
Skate sailing, K 215-216*
Skating, K 210-216
club skate model, K 210*
damming a brook or pond, A 280
fancy figures, K 210
hockey skates and playing, K 212-215*
racing skates and skating, K 211
sprinting stroke, K 212
tennis court for skating pond, A 279-280
Skee. _See_ Skiing
Skiing, K 219-222*, 385
jumping, K 222
ski pole, K 222*
skis, K 218-220*
Skins and hides
curing, A 511
removing, A 510
tanning, A 511-512
solution, A 507
Skirts. _See_ Dressmaking
Skittles
lawn skittles, K 368-370
Skunk
nests and habits, A 485
pelts, value, A 484, 487
tame, A 270
trapping, A 484-486
Sled
bobsled, K 223*
toy, working drawing, C 40, 42*
Sledge
blacksmith's tool, M 226
Sleep and sleeping
advantages of outdoor sleeping, A 6-9
preparation for outdoor sleeping, A 9, 52*
Sleeves. _See_ Dressmaking
Slippers
crocheting, N 324-329*
Slippery elm, C 559
Slugs
exterminating, G 118
garden pests, G 285
rose slugs, G 284, 293
Small fruits. _See_ Berries
Smartweed
class and seed time, G 278
Smilax, Southern, A 55
Smith Premier typewriter, B 409-411*
Smocking
honeycomb pattern, N 112-114
stitch, N 114*
Smoking
dangers of, K 13-14
Smoking set
copper work, M 79-86*
Snake
taming, A 266
venomous, K 149
Snake's head, G 349, 365
Snapdragon, G 277
Snares. _See_ Traps
Snarling iron
definition of, M 210
Snow
crystals, forms and colors, B 366-368*
formation, B 366
line, B 368, 369
measuring snowfall, B 367
perpetual snow, B 368
shoveling, A 431-432
uses of, B 367
weight, B 367
Snow shoeing
skis and skiing, K 217-222*
snow shoes, K 216-217*
Snowballs
Japanese, G 37
Snowdrop
planting and blooming time, G 177
Soap for laundry, H 319
Soccer. _See_ Foot ball
Socket wrench. _See_ Wrench
Sockets
making an open wire rope socket, M 281-283*
Soda
combined with cream of tartar, H 301
some uses of, H 356
sour milk and, H 357
Sofa cushion. _See_ Pillow
Softening metal. _See_ Annealing
Soils
acid, improving, G 30, 115, 222
adapting crops, G 17-23
clay
absorption of water, G 218
characteristics, G 8
formation, G 214-215
improving, G 9, 104, 218-219, 224
lime for acid soil, G 30
elements, G 8
formation of, G 213
humus, G 8
improving poor soil, G 9, 103-105, 218-219, 224
impure air in, H 208
inoculation, purpose and method, G 119, 122
lime
absorption of water, G 218
formation, G 215-216
humus for, G 225
improving, G 218
testing for, G 216
loam, meaning of, G 220
preparing for grass seed, G 74-76
physical and chemical needs, G 9
sand
absorption of water and heat, G 217
characteristics, G 8
formation of, G 214
improving, G 9, 218
nitrogen needed, G 224
subsoil, G 220
testing, G 28-31
top-soil, G 220
_See also_ Drainage; Flower gardening; Plant food; also names of
plants
Soldering
brass vase, M 144
copper handles, M 78-79
electric iron for, E 116*
hard soldering, materials and directions, M 41-42
heat and tools for, M 11-12*
iron, making, M 45-46*
metals, M 41-46*
outfit, B 252, M 11-12*
preparations, B 252
process, B 253
soft soldering
materials and tools, M 43
process, M 40, 43-45
tinker's dam, B 253
unsoldering, M 205
Solomon's seal, false
habits and characteristics, G 345
Song birds. _See_ Birds
Sorrel
class and seed time, G 278
Sound
production of, E 281
variation with speed, E 292
velocity, B 249-251, E 311
in dry air, water and metals, B 250
independent of pitch, E 316
vibrations of metal disks, E 294-295
waves, E 310
length, B 251, E 315
Soups
beef stock, what to buy, H 268
boiling meat for stock, H 278
to keep from curdling, H 356
Soutache braid
for braiding, N 107
Spading
how to spade, G 88, 265
Spanish fly (Game), K 385
Sparrow
bird enemy, K 174
book about, A 519
migration of song sparrow, K 175
Specific gravity
meaning and application, B 279-280
Speed indicator
mechanism and use, E 231*
Spice bush
characteristics, G 355
Spiders
food for young wasps, A 391
nature study, K 145
Spiked loosestrife
characteristics, G 365
Spinach
cleaning, H 294
food value, H 255
germination per cent. of seed, G 233
time to plant, G 234
Spindle
copper work, M 124-126*
Spinning. _See_ Silkworm
Spirea
characteristics, G 356
hedge shrub, G 357
Van Houtte's, a good variety, G 37, 38
Spirit level, C 205*
Splice or scarf joints, C 257*
Spoons
mustard spoon, silver work, M 182*
nut set spoon, copper work, M 39-40*
salt spoon, silver work, M 183
tea spoon, silver work, M 178-180*
Sports
girls' outdoor sports, K 318-325
winter sports, K 208-224*
_See also_ Archery; Base ball; Camping; Canoeing; Coasting; Cricket;
Curling; Fishing; Foot ball; Games; Golf; Horsemanship;
Hunting; Racing; Rowing; Shooting; Skate sailing; Skating;
Skiing; Swimming; Track athletics; Trapping; Walking
Spots. _See_ Cleaning
Spring beauty
habits and characteristics, G 340
transplanting, G 340
Springs (Machinery)
air spring, B 331*
bearing springs, B 265-266
car springs, B 265*
cross bow, making, B 266*
draw spring, B 265*
tempering steel, M 295
uses, B 264
Springs (Water)
preparing for trout culture, A 273-274
reclaiming springs, A 274-277
story of how one spring was reclaimed, A 280-282
Sprocket wheel, B 327*
Spruce gum
gathering, A 80-83
making, A 82
marketing, A 82
uses, A 81
white spruce, A 81
Spruce tree
seed year, A 47
variety and characteristics, C 537-538
Squabs
book about, A 517
care of, A 216
homers as breeders, A 194-195
killing and dressing, A 196
marketing and profit, A 195
raising, A 193-197
record keeping, A 216
where to get information about, A 194
_See also_ Pigeons
Square, steel
carpenter's tool, C 205*
metal worker's tool, M 5*
Squash
food value, H 255
insect pests, G 287, 291, 292
planting seed, G 312
depth to plant, G 236
time to plant, G 234
seed
age for planting, G 34
germination per cent., G 233
Squash (Game), K 386
Squirrels
as pets, K 184
bad habits of the red squirrel, A 267
bait for, A 508
flying squirrels as pets, K 185
taming, A 266-267
Stabbler, Sydney S.
My experience with honey bees, A 328-331
Stains and staining
alcohol stains, value of, D 227
applying stains, D 228-229
asphaltum, D 229
black walnut imitation, D 230
brown stain, C 223
chemical
composition and use, C 483
preparing, C 488
Flemish oak, D 231
forest green oak, D 232
fumed oak and chestnut, process, D 233-234
golden oak finish, D 229
gray oak, D 232
mahogany imitation, D 230, 231, C 489
mission oak, D 231
natural colors versus imitation, C 482
object of staining, D 226
oil stain
composition and use, C 483
merits of, C 487, D 227
perfect stain, D 227
preparation of surface, C 483
water stain
advantages of, C 487, D 227
composition and use, C 483
weathered oak, D 233
Stake pin
making, M 233-235*
Stand pipe
principle of, H 215
Staples
designing and making, M 235-236*
Star of Bethlehem
planting and blooming time, G 177
Starch
boiled starch, making, H 320
cold starch, making, H 319
protecting, H 319
starching clothes, H 323
sticking to irons, to prevent, H 335
Stars
effect of aerial tides, E 229
telling points of the compass by, K 109
time required for light to travel from, E 312
Starting box (Electric), E 48
operation of, E 81-83*
Steam
condensation, B 125
dry steam, B 125
expansion principle, B 127
generation of, B 115-116
heat units, B 126-127
wet steam, B 126
Steam engines
Calipyle, B 114-115
cylinder and piston, B 117-118*
disk engine, B 334*
governors, B 313-316*, 329
gyroscope, B 335
heating principle, B 121
hero engine, B 114*
history of, B 114-115, 272
horsepower, estimating, B 122-124
noise from exhaust, reason, B 113, 120
power generation and distribution, B 117-120
principle of, B 115-117
rotary, B 340*
safety valve, B 116
slide valve, B 118-120*
toe and lifter for valves, B 329*
waste in power, E 6
Steam radiators as distributors of heat, E 314
Steam turbine, B 128
Steam whistles
why steam is seen before whistles are heard, B 249
Steamboats
development of, B 271
_See also_ Screw propeller; Steam turbine
Steel
annealing, M 307-309
Bessemer steel
manufacture and use of, M 267
brazing, M 313
carbon steel, M 289, 308
case hardening, M 308-310
crucible cast steel, making, M 297
cutting tool steel, M 299
grades, M 296
hardening
forged fires for, M 290
lathe tools, M 301
solutions, M 291-292
hook, making, M 266-271*
invention of, B 271
lanterns, making, M 405-406*
manufacturing, M 267
oxidation, prevention of, M 291
sockets, forging, M 281-283*
soft, M 264-288*
weldless ring, making, M 265*
working heat, M 264
stretching processes, M 315
tempering, M 292-296
color scheme, M 293-295
grade of steel required, M 296
lathe tools, M 301
side tool, M 304
testing
for carbon, M 289
for hardness, M 292
tool making, M 322-326
tool steel, M 289
welding, M 296
wrenches, forging, M 273-283*
wrought iron versus, M 266
_See also_ Knives; Tool making
Stenciling, N 73-82*
brushes for, N 79-80*
color schemes, D 114
corner designs for borders, D 111-112
cutting the stencil, D 113, N 76
designs, making, D 108-113*
repeating unit, D 110*
transferring, D 113
materials and tools, N 81, D 108
outline drawing, D 112
paints for
mixing colors, N 81-82
testing, D 114-115
patterns, making from paper, N 76-79*
pillows, N 77*, 378
pinning the stencil, D 114
process, D 115-116, N 79
repeating and joining units, D 110*
reversing the pattern, N 80
stencil bands, size and purpose, D 109-110*
use in home decoration, N 76, 377
washable, N 80
water colors for, N 81
Stereopticon lamp, E 154*
Stewing, H 280
Stickseed
class and seed times, G 278
Still Pon no moving, K 337
Stings
care of, H 364
Stitches. _See_ Crocheting; Embroidery; Knitting; Lace making; Sewing
Stock
sowing and blossoming time, G 161
ten-weeks, characteristics, G 330
Stock breeding. _See_ Breeding
Stockings
darning, N 9-11*
Stone wall for lawn, G 73
Stones. _See_ Boulders; Precious stones
Stools. _See_ Foot stools
Storage battery. _See_ Electric batteries
Store room in cellar, H 211
Stories
Brother Juniper's cooking, H 25
Fire of coals, H 37
Irish stew, H 14
King Alfred and the cakes, H 16
King's kitchen, H 20
Loaves and fishes, H 32
The luncheon, H 32
Roast pig, H 18
Widow's cruse of oil, H 29
Storing. _See_ Packing
Stove pipe
riveting, M 74
Stoves
draughts and dampers, H 227-230
laundry, H 315
_See also_ Fire making; Gas range; Ovens
Strawberries
care of first-year plants, G 92
experimenting with varieties, G 92-93
food value, H 255
growing, G 88-96
hill culture versus matted row, G 94
planting rules, G 93-94
soil and location, G 88
staking the bed, G 91*
wood ashes for fertilizer, G 94
Street cars. _See_ Electric cars
Strength of materials
nails, B 46-17
ropes, hemp and wire, B 47-48
timbers, estimating, B 45
woods, C 495-497*
String beans
cooking preparations, H 295
food value, H 255
planting, G 297
Striped beetle
remedy for, G 285
Stump master (Game), K 387
Submarine cables. _See_ Cables, Submarine
Suckers (Game), K 387
Sugar
food value, H 254
Sugar bush. _See_ Maple sugar
Sugar-scoop
making a wooden scoop, C 272*
Sugar-tongs
silver work, M 180-183*
Sumach
Christmas green, A 56
Summer cottage. _See_ Cottages
Summer house
building, C 411-424*
location, G 363
making a double seat for, C 421-424
Sun
cooking processes, H 274
distance from earth, B 230
time required for light to travel from, E 312
_See also_ Tides
Sundial
making, B 209-210*, G 64-66*
setting up, G 160-162
sun time versus clock time, G 161
Sunflower
double, characteristics, G 334
food for squirrels, G 20
late, characteristics, G 334, 365
planting seed, G 106
sowing and blossoming time, G 161
Swages
blacksmith tools, M 225*
Swallows
migration, K 176
Swans
varieties, K 181
Swastika
inlaying design on wood, C 322, 323*
Swedish drawn work. _See_ Hardanger embroidery
Sweeping carpets and rugs, H 129
Sweet alyssum
characteristics, G 329, 330
planting seeds, G 157, 322
Sweet clover and sweet fern leaves for sachet, A 65
Sweet flag
characteristics, G 366
Sweet grass
basket making, A 64
Sweet lavender, G 327
Sweet pea
characteristics, G 329, 330
Sweet potato
food value, H 255
Sweet sultan
characteristics, G 330
Sweet William
biennial, G 322
characteristics, G 335, 365
Swimming
accidents, K 239
artificial supports, K 239
breast stroke, K 235
dangers, avoiding, K 234
diving, K 238*
dog stroke, K 234
fancy stroke, K 238
girls as swimmers, K 320
learning how, K 234-237
on the back, K 238
overhand or overarm strokes, K 237
pool, artificial
cost, A 285
in back yard, A 282-286
keeping water fresh, A 286
pool, book about, A 518
pool, natural
damming of stream, A 278-279
strokes, K 234-235, 237-238
value as exercise, K 234
Swine, A 126-132
book about, A 517
brood sow
care of, A 130-131
selecting, A 129
cleanliness, A 129
fattening, A 131
feeding young pigs, A 131
pen, building, A 127
profit in raising, A 129
Sycamore
characteristics, C 562
Sycamore maple. _See_ Maple
Symbols. _See_ Signals
Syrup. _See_ Molasses; Maple sugar and syrup
T
Table linen
care of, H 163
ironing, H 327
marking, N 157
Table runner
block printing, D 102-106
designs, D 99-101
materials, D 98
weaving, D 273-276
Tables
checkerboard table, making, C 337*
dining table design, D 54*
drawing table, making, C 391-394
fastening table tops to prevent warping, D 135*
kitchen, H 194
library table
design, D 51*
heavy, design and construction, D 174-176*
light, design and construction, D 170-174*
mission style, making, C 360-367*
wood finish, D 237
picnic tables, making, B 132-134
polished, care of, H 161
round centre table
design and construction, D 180-184*
wood finish, D 237
tea table, mission style, making, C 367-372*
_See also_ Setting the table
Tabourette, C 301-312*, G 53-55
circular top, making, C 302-304*
estimating lumber for, C 506
hexagonal top, C 305-308*
mission style, making, C 308-310*
Moorish design, C 310-312*
octagonal top, making, C 304*
working drawings, C 303, 307*
Tag (Game), K 345
last tag, K 370
warning, K 391
wood tag, K 394
Tamarack. _See_ Larch
Tanager
migration, K 176
Tanning skins, A 507, 510-512
Tantalum lamp
metal filament, E 145
Tapes
sewing on, N 23*
Tapestry
weaving, N 303-304
Tapioca
food value, H 254
Tarnish on brass
preventing, M 140
Tarpon
catching, K 126
Tea
camp cooking, K 87
Tea caddy
brass work, M 136-140*
Tea kettle
iron work stand for, making, M 406-409*
Tea pot stand
copper, D 351-353*
Tea pots
care of, H 207
Tea spoons. _See_ Spoons
Tea stains, H 359
Teeter-tauter
principle of, B 26
Telegraph
invention and development, E 59-61
key, E 63*
Morse code reading, E 63
poles, use of glass knobs, E 64
relay, E 67-68*
signals, how produced, E 61-63*
sounders, operation of, E 63
wires, insulation, E 64
_See also_ Cables; Submarine; Wireless telegraph
Telephone, E 274-295
automatic registering device, E 276
bells
magnets for ringing, E 287-290
operation of, E 289
burning out of the coil, E 291
central battery system, E 276
current in telephone circuit, E 287
double metallic circuit, first used, E 275
electric spark coil, E 279-281
history of, E 274-276
lightning arrester, E 292*
music transmitted by, E 295
pole, equipment, E 290
receiver
as switch and circuit, E 290
construction and action, E 276-278*
operating by induced current, E 351-352
principle of, E 93-95*
vibrator, E 278-282
resistance in the circuit, E 285-287
simple telephone system, E 283-285*
sounds, how produced, E 22, 277-282
transmitter, construction, E 282-284
vibrations of disks, E 295
volume of business in 1907, E 274
wires
installation, E 290
use of ground wire, E 292
Telescope
water telescope, K 159
Telharmonium, E 293-295
Temperature. _See_ Thermometers
Tempering
hand hammers, M 317, 321
knives, M 356
lathe tools, M 301, 304
steel, M 292-296
Teneriffe lace, N 238*
Tennis, K 284-296*
court tennis, K 341
girl's sports, K 322
hand tennis, K 356
"love", K 294
playing the game, K 293-296
racket
how to hold, K 295*
selecting, K 285
scoring, K 294
stroke, K 295
tether tennis, K 388
Tennis court
accessories, making, C 406-422*
back stop, making, C 403-405*
dimensions and directions, C 399, K 286-287*
drainage, K 288
grass versus clay, K 285, 287
laying out, C 399-402*
making and caring for, A 428-431
marker, home made, A 430
marking, K 290-293*
net, putting up, C 403
post for net, placing and preserving, C 402
surfacing and leveling, K 289
Tents
"A" tent, K 60*
brush lean-to, K 69*
Indian tepee, K 63*
lean-to, K 59, 69*
trapper's tent, K 62*
wall tent, K 58*
Tetanus
cause of, B 248
Tether ball, K 388
Tether tennis, K 388
Thermometers
centigrade scale, B 262
changing one scale into another, B 262-263
Fahrenheit scale, B 262
history and purpose, B 261
scales in use, B 261-263
theory of, B 261
Thermostat, Electric, E 124
Thimble
how to use, N 4*
Thimbleberry
description of, A 10
jam, receipt, A 11
picking, A 11
Thistle
Canada, class and seed time, G 278
Russian, class and seed time, G 278
Thorn apple, A 23
Thrasher, brown
insect destroyer, A 456
migration, K 175
Thrush
migration, K 176
Thunder
weather symbol for thunder storm, B 362
why thunder is heard last, B 249
Tides, B 212-236
aerial, B 228
cause of, B 217-220
ebb and flow, B 218
elevations, changes in, B 226-227
height, B 229
lakes, B 228
lunar, B 217-227
moon's distance from the meridian, effect of, B 225-227
neap tides, B 223
open seas, B 227
rivers and channels, B 227
Sir Isaac Newton's theory, B 217-218
solar, B 222-223, 225
spring tides, B 223-225
theory of, B 220-226*
time, changes in, B 218-220
Tidiness
meaning of, H 51
Ties
Irish crochet, N 338-344*
Tile drains. _See_ Drainage
Tiles
cleaning, H 136
decoration of, D 317
fireplace tiles, D 318-320
for kitchen floors, H 191
making, D 315-320*
tea tiles, D 318*
uses, D 315
_See also_ Drainage
Timber. _See_ Building; Lumber; Strength of materials; Trees; Wood
Time
day and night, cause of, B 213
division of, B 214
Tin
kitchen utensils, H 202
_See also_ Soldering
Tinker's dam, B 253
Tip cat
drawing and making, C 35-37
Titmouse
insect destroyer, A 456
Toad
book about, A 517
enemy to cut worm, K 168
garden pest destroyer, G 280, A 265
taming, A 266
Toasters, Electric, E 115
Tobacco jar
copper work, M 82-85*
Tobogganing, K 223
Toilet boxes. _See_ Box making
Toilet closets. _See_ Closets, toilet
Toilet fixtures
care of, H 148, 155, 156
Tomato
dwarf champion, G 314
food value, H 255
indoor planting time, G 233
insect pests, G 286, 292
peeling tomatoes, H 294
planting seed
depth and distance to plant, G 42
quantity to plant, G 36
time to plant, G 234
removing ink stains with, H 359
seed
age for planting, G 34
germination per cent., G 233
germination period, G 32
staking the vines, G 119
starting and transplanting, G 118-119
vines, overgrowth of, G 313
Tommy Tiddler's Land (Game), K 345
Tongs
blacksmith's tools, M 226*, 228
fire tools, making, M 374-377*
iron tongs, making, M 285-288*
Tongue and groove joints, C 257*
Tongue grafting. _See_ Grafting
Tool boxes and chests, C 226-227*, 339-341*
old-fashioned chest, C 341-344*
suit case design, C 345-346*
Tool making, M 296-306*
boring tool, M 304*
cape chisel, M 299*
centre punch, M 297*
cold chisel, M 298*, 325
crowbars, M 352*
cutting off tool, M 305*
diamond point, M 301*
dividers, M 340-341*
drills, M 347-349*
eccentric strap, M 334*
fire screen, M 11*
fire tools, M 370-379*
hammers, M 7*, 316-324*
hardening, M 289-292
hardie, M 322*
hoe, M 328-330*
hot chisel, M 324*
lathe tools, M 300-306
nail puller or claw tool, M 353*
pitch fork, M 239*
rock drills, M 334-349*
round nose, M 300
set hammer, M 323*
shovel, M 372-374*
side point, M 303
steel for, M 289
stone chisel, M 341-344*
stone pick, M 344*
tempering steel for, M 292-296
tongs, iron, M 286-288
wood chisel, M 337-338
wrenches, steel, M 273-281
_See also_ Forging; Steel; Welding
Tooled leather. _See_ Leather work
Tools
anvil stake, M 10*
beck iron, M 208
burners, M 11-12*
calipers, M 255
chisels, M 9, 157*, 225*
dividers, M 5*
using, M 24*
draw plate, M 100*, 102, 209
drills, M 9*
enameling tools, M 197
face plate, M 209
files, M 9*
fullers, M 224*
gouges, M 225
graver, M 209
hack saw, C 175
hammer, M 7*
hand hammer, M 224*
peen, M 254*
set hammer, M 225*
hardie, M 226*, 274*
jewelers' snips, M 5*
leather work tools, D 323-324*, N 91*, 96*
mallet, wooden, M 8*
mandrel, M 209
matt tool, M 210
pin, M 210
pitch block, M 210
planishing hammer, using, M 22*
pliers, M 6*
pottery modeling tools, D 285-287
principle of the inclined plane applied to, B 59
punch, M 7*, 297*
ring mandrel, M 154*
riveting tool, M 10*
sand bag, M 210
saw frame, M 9*
scraper, M 210
screw principle, B 156
shaping tools, M 10*
shears, M 5*
shovel, M 226*, 229
sledge, M 225
snarling iron, M 210
soldering outfit, M 11-12*
square, steel, M 5*, C 205*
stake and riveting tool, M 11
swages, M 225*
tracer, M 211
tongs, M 226*, 228
vise, M 6*, 21*, 22*
wedge, principle of, B 59-61*
wooden block, M 6*, 19*
using, M 28*
_See also_ Carpentry and Woodwork--Tools and appliances; Chisels;
Drilling and boring tools; Gardening--Tools; Hammers; Tool
boxes; Tool making; Wedge; Wrenches
Topping plants, G 199, 250-251
Tops
plug in the ring, K 376
Towel rack
making a wooden rack, C 274*
Towel roller
making a wooden roller, C 267-269*
Towels
marking, N 157
Toy making, C 40-49
aeroplanes, C 68-83*
boat in a storm, C 52-56*
designing moving toys, C 58-60*
dog house, C 42*
electric engine, E 58*
electric spinner, E 57*
electric train operated by wireless outfit, E 325-327*
fencers, C 46-48*
happy Jack windmill, C 159*
Indian paddlers, C 44-46*
moving toys, C 58-95
cautions, C 61
method of procedure, C 58-60*
racing automobile, C 62-66*
sawyers, C 50-52*
turkey and executioner, C 56-57*
wooden boxes, C 40*
_See also_ Kites
Toys
giving away, H 10
inventions and discoveries, H 11
Tracer
metal worker's tool, M 211
Track athletics
all round championship, K 328
best college record, K 336
intercollegiate contest events, K 360
Olympic games, events, K 372
one hundred yard dash, best record, K 329
scoring in all round championship, K 328
Trained animals. _See_ Animals
Transferring
embroidery patterns, N 128-129
stencil designs, D 113
Transplanting. _See_ Vegetable gardening; also names of plants,
e. g., Beets; Lettuce, etc.
Trapping, A 478-510
baiting traps, A 509
carrot bait, A 508*
for muskrats, A 505
books about, A 519
box traps, A 479*, C 454*
deadfall trap, A 486, 509, C 454*
gophers, A 455*
land animals, A 493
mink, A 483-484
moles, A 489-491
muskrats, A 491-493, 505
profit and recreation in, A 501
rabbits, A 497-501
rats, A 495-497
river trapping, A 504
rules of the game, A 479-483
skunks, A 484-488
snares, C 455*
with carrot bait, A 508*
steel jaw traps, setting, A 504
steel traps, cruelty of, A 502
stop-thief traps, A 505-506*
traps, humane and inhuman, A 502
swamp trapping, A 503
water animals, A 502
weasel, A 494-495
woodchucks, A 488
Traps (Plumbing)
construction and purpose, H 217, 218
defective, reason and remedy, H 218
location, H 217, 219
Trash
disposal of, H 220
Trays
gouge work, C 258-265*
_See also_ Copper work
Tread-mill
training dogs to run, A 255-256
mechanism, B 337*
Trees
age, how to tell, C 525
broad leaved, C 532-533, 543-555
compound leaves, C 543*
doubly compound, C 543*
maple, C 544-548
oak, C 548-555
simple leaves, C 543*
cambium layer, A 441
classification and characteristics, C 532-566
coniferous trees, names and characteristics, C 535-542
cutting down, art of, K 98-99*
danger of roots to cement walks, B 15
growth process, C 525
heart wood versus sap wood, C 526
identifying, A 48, 71
planting directions, G 80-82
playhouse in a tree, H 3
products of, C 511
qualities of different varieties, K 101
rings, meaning, C 525
selecting and planting, G 78-82
seeds for propagation
gathering, A 46-50
ripening and drying, A 48
treatment, where to get information, A 49
table describing, G 367
_See also_ Forestry; Fruit trees; Grafting; Landscape gardening;
Lumber and lumbering; Nuts; Pruning; Wood; also names of trees,
e. g., Maple; Oak; Pine, etc.
Trellises, D 209-211*
Trench. _See_ Cement walk; Drainage; Gardening
Trestle. _See_ Saw horse
Triangles (Tools)
making, C 386-388*
Trick joints, C 257*
Trilliums
habits and characteristics, G 344
Trimmings. _See_ Crocheting
Triplane, B 180
Trolling, K 139*
Trophy stick, notched, C 11*
Trout
bait, K 134, 135
culture from eggs, A 273
feeding, A 272
reclaiming the trout stream, A 271-272
Trout lily, G 342
Truck garden. _See_ Vegetable gardening
Trumpet vine
decorative value, G 359
T-square, C 24*
making, C 384-386*
to prevent warping, C 394
Tub racing, K 390
Tubs. _See_ Bathtubs; Laundry
Tucking, N 36*
Tulip
cone developer, G 175
planting bulbs indoors, G 166
red, planting and blooming time, G 179
tree, characteristics, C 561
varieties, G 168
white, planting and blooming time, G 177
yellow, planting and blooming time, G 178
Tungsten lamp
cost of, E 141*, 144
metal filaments, E 145
Turbines
Fourneyron, B 342*
Jonval, B 341*
steam, B 128
water, B 145
Turkey
book about, A 519
breeds, A 185
enemies, lice and wet, A 184
feeding young turkeys, A 183, 184
food value, H 253
habits of turkey hen, A 183
hatching, time required, A 183
laying and sitting habits, A 183
raising, A 182-185
selection of, for cooking, H 271
Turn spit dog, B 337
Turnip
food value, H 255
planting seed
depth and distance to plant, G 42
quantity to plant, G 36
time to plant, G 234
seed
age for planting, G 34
germination per cent., G 33, 233
germination period, G 32
soil, G 314
Turnip-root cabbage
planting, G 300
Turpentine
moth exterminator, H 347
paint stain remover, H 359
Turtle head
characteristics, G 365
where found, G 349
Turtles
taming, A 266
Typewriter
alignment, B 420
"blind" writer, B 406
carbon copying device, B 418
card indexing device, B 415
carriage, B 403, 404
interchangeable, B 415*, 416
mechanism of, B 421
disconnecting parts, B 413
double shift, B 406
duplicators, B 416-418
essential features, B 419-422
invention of, B 402
keyboard, B 403, 406, 412, 419
universal, B 412
kinds, B 402
line-spacing mechanism, B 405, 421
noiseless operation, B 422
Oliver, mechanical principle, B 412-413*
paper feed, B 404
platen
essentials, B 421
interchangeable, B 415
Remington
description of parts and their uses, B 403-407*
improvements, B 407-409
ribbon movement, B 422
ribbons, two and three colors, B 409, 411, 414
scales, B 406
semi-visible writers, B 407
single shift, B 406
Smith-Premier, B 409-411*, 414
spacing bar, B 405
tabulator, B 413-414
type
cleaning, B 421
cleaning device, B 410
mechanism, B 403, 404, 409, 412, 420
visible writers, B 407
work done by, B 402
U
U-tube, theory of, H 215-216
Umbrella handles
woods and roots for, A 59-61
Umbrella stand
design and construction, D 161-165*
iron work, M 409
mission design, C 375*
wood finish, D 236
Unleavened bread
nutriment, H 300
Upsetting. _See_ Forging
Upstairs work, H 146-159
Utensils. _See_ Kitchen utensils
V
Vacuum cleaner
electric, E 243*
home made, B 378-386*
plunger pump, making, B 379-381*
power driven, home made, B 381-386*
principle of, E 53
using, B 386
water motor, B 381*
Valerian
characteristics, G 333
Vane. _See_ Weather vane
Varnish and varnishing
drying, time required, D 221-222
dull finish, D 224
flat finish, D 224
grades of varnish, C 486
method of using, B 112, C 486
number of coats needed, D 222
quality of varnish, recognizing, D 220
rubbing down process, D 223
"sag" and how corrected, D 220-221
Vase
brass work, M 140-145*
concrete garden vase, making, D 203-209*
pottery, making, D 307-310*
typical flower holders, D 87-89*
Veal
as chicken, H 358
cuts and their uses, H 269
food value: table, H 253
Vegetable gardening, G 296-315
combinations for late planting, G 116
indoor and outdoor planting time, G 233-235
intermingling from close planting, G 105
money making garden, G 368-374
planting tables
age for planting, G 34
depth and distance, G 42
germination per cent., G 233
germination time, G 32
quantity to plant, G 36
seeds, selling, G 371-372
selling young plants, G 370-371
transplanting, G 268-270
from the coldframe, G 101-102
strawberry boxes for, G 118
_See also_ Coldframe; Drainage; Fertilizers and manures; Gardening;
Herbs; Hotbed; Insect pests; Plant food; Plants; Soils; also
names of vegetables, e.g., Beans; Cabbage; Carrot, etc.
Vegetables
boiling, H 279
burning, treatment, H 356
camp cooking, K 89, 90
cleaning, H 293
cooking, H 356
preparation for, H 293-295
with left overs, H 355
dandelion greens, A 63
exhibits, preparation for, G 202
food value, H 250, 255
husking, H 294
peeling, H 294
pokeweed roots, cooking, A 58
preparation for selling, G 369
scraping, H 294
seasoning, H 279
selection of, for cooking, H 271
shelling, H 294
soaking, H 295
stewing, H 280
_See also_ names of vegetables; e. g., Cauliflower; Parsnip;
Pumpkin; etc.
Verbena
characteristics, G 332
planting, G 84
Village improvement
books about, A 518
what boys and girls can do, A 469-472
Vinegar
cider vinegar
book about, A 518
making, A 412-417
"mother," meaning, A 415
Vinegar cruet
washing, H 183
Vines
annuals, G 359
climbers, G 359
for covering fences and buildings, G 138
scarlet runner bean, G 297
training, G 139
use in landscape gardening, G 359
Violet
California, characteristics, G 333
habits and characteristics, G 346, 364
insect pests, G 293
Russian, characteristics, G 333
tufted, characteristics, G 334
where to plant, G 346
wild varieties, G 346
Vireos
insect destroyers, A 456
migration, K 176
Virginia creeper
decorative value, G 359
Vise
bench vise, M 6*, 21*, 22*
quick action, C 138
Voisin's biplane, B 173-175*
Volley ball, K 390
Volta, Alessandro, E 90
perfected method for producing electricity by chemical action, E 248
Voltmeter
for direct and alternating currents, E 93
measuring electric pressure, E 39-42
multipliers, E 92
principle and operation, E 84-93*
W
Waists. _See_ Dressmaking
Waiting on table. _See_ Meals--Serving
Waitress
dress, H 173
duties, H 169-172
Wake robin, G 344
Walking
healthfulness of, K 14-17
Walking stick
carved by the engraver beetle, A 60
orange wood, A 59
roots for handles, A 60
shaping, A 61
Walks. _See_ Cement walk; Garden paths
Wall brackets. _See_ Brackets
Wall cabinet. _See_ Medicine cabinet
Wall flower
characteristics, G 332
Wall paper. _See_ Walls
Wall rack. _See_ Book rack
Wallachian embroidery
drawing scallops, N 135
meaning of, N 134
stitch, N 134*
Walls
care of, H 122
cleaning appliances, H 142
cleaning wall paper, H 123
decoration of, D 36, 39-41, N 76
dry cleaning, H 332
how to drive nails into plaster walls, C 246
kitchen, H 189
paneled walls, cleaning, H 122
_See also_ Embankments; Paper hanging
Walnut
black
characteristics of tree, C 563
imitation stain, C 489, D 230
device for husking, A 36
drying and storing nuts, A 35
food value of nuts, H 256
receipt for pickled walnuts, A 36-37
white, characteristics of tree, C 564
Wandering Jew
window box plants, G 193
Warbler
insect destroyer, A 456
Wardrobe. _See_ Closets, Clothes
Warning (Game), K 391
Warp. _See_ Weaving
Wash board and wash boiler
care of, H 313
Washing. _See_ Laundry work
Washing dishes. _See_ Dish washing
Washington (Game), K 392
Washington thorn, A 23
Washstands
cleaning, H 148
used as playhouse, H 8
Wasps
development from the egg, A 393-395
feeding grub, A 391
habits, A 390-391
Waste
classification, H 220
disposal of
in country, H 222
in cities, H 220-222
Waste pipes
care of, H 156
construction principle, H 216-217
disinfection in cleaning, H 218
misuse of, H 220
Waste water
disposal of, H 216
in country, H 222
Watch fob
copper and enamel, D 353-355*
silver or copper work, M 187-190*
Watches
balance and spring, B 374
Geneva stop, B 319*
magnetized, B 373-375
mechanism, B 80, 374
non-magnetic, B 375
regulators, B 330-331*, 374
testing for magnetism, B 375
Watchman's time detector, E 78*
Water
boiling point, H 277
cold water as a preserver, H 357
substitute for milk, H 357
Water and bog plants
table, G 366
Water bugs, H 362
Water bulbs. _See_ Bulbs
Water closets. _See_ Closets, Toilet
Water fowl, K 181
Water garden, G 362
Water glass
egg preservative, A 177
Water life, K 158-167
collector's net, K 158*
telescope for observing, K 159
Water lilies
table, G 366
Water meter
vibrating trough, B 343*
Water mint
characteristics, G 366
Water motor. _See_ Water wheels
Water pipes. _See_ Plumbing; Waste pipes
Water polo, K 392
Water power
estimating, E 220
from a continuous fall of water, B 341*
reclaiming a spring, A 281-282
_See also_ Water supply; Water wheels
Water race, K 393
Water seal
construction and purpose, H 217
Water supply
importance of source, H 213
principle of the tower, H 215
spring water, A 276
summer camp devices, E 160-162
theory of U-tube in waterworks, H 214-215
Water tank. _See also_ Pumps; Water wheels; Wells
electric warning for empty tank, E 302*
Water tax
economizing bills, H 236
Water wheels
ancient, B 344*
Archimedian screw principle, B 344*
barker or reaction, B 343*
breast wheel, B 341*
governors, B 314-315*
overshot, B 341*, 342
undershot, B 341*
vacuum cleaner motor, B 381
volate, B 342*
_See also_ Turbines
Water works. _See_ Water supply
Watermelon
food value, H 255
germination per cent., G 233
planting, G 308
Watt, James
inventor, E 40
Watt
unit of power, B 125
_See also_ Kilowatt
Wattmeter, E 35-42
illustration of motor principle, E 36
measuring watt hours, E 40-41
registering amount of electricity used, E 37-38
Wax
bayberry dips, A 20-21
grafting, G 256
making beeswax, A 323
wood finish, C 490, D 225-226
_See also_ Floors
Wax beans, G 297
Wax myrtle, A 18-19
Waxwings
insect destroyers, A 457
Weasel
colors of fur, A 495
habits, A 494
Weather
records, how made, B 362-363
symbols, B 361-362
_See also_ Barometer; Rain; Thermometer; Weather vane; Wind
Weather boarding. _See_ House framing
Weather vane
making, C 154-168*
Zeppelin airship weather vane, making, C 165*
Weathered oak finish, D 233
Weathering
meaning, B 41
Weaving, D 244-279, N 296-305
bordered table scarf, D 273-276
color effects, N 304-305
curtains and draperies, D 262-265
dowel, N 297
dyeing, materials for, D 276-279
French as weavers, N 303
hand loom
bridge, N 299
description of treadle loom, D 247-249*
home-made, without treadle, N 296-297
primitive loom, D 245
setting, D 249-251, N 297-300
shuttle and bobbin, D 246*
shuttle for woof cloth, D 254
simple cardboard loom, N 8
materials to use, N 301
pattern weaving, D 265-273
drawing in the pattern, D 267-270*
hit-and-miss pattern, N 302
operation of the harnesses, D 270-272
pick, D 271*
variations in patterns, D 272, 275
portieres and couch covers, D 260-262
process, D 249-252, N 300-301
beating up the woof, D 252, N 300
drawing in the warp, D 251, N 300
pairing threads, N 298
preparing the warp, D 249, N 297
warping the loom, D 250, N 298
rattan mats, N 247*, 249
rugs, D 252-260, N 297-303
harmonizing effects, N 304
tapestry designs, N 303
warp and woof, D 246, N 8-9*
warping hook, D 251*
_See also_ Braiding
Wedge
cutting tool, C 169
principle of, B 59-61*
rule for power, B 64
Weeds, G 271-280
annuals, destroying, G 275
biennials, destroying, G 276
book about, A 519
definition of, A 469
destroying and preventing, A 469-472, G 275-279
distribution of seeds, G 273
foreign, G 279
good points, G 272
medicinal, A 57-58, G 272
book about, A 516
perennials, destroying, G 276-277
propagation
seeds, G 274
trailing branches, G 275
table of, G 278
test of acid soil, G 29
Weevils
chestnut weevil, A 33
Weigela
characteristics, G 356
Weight
principle of lifting, B 23-28*
Weights and measures
English versus metric system: tables, C 500, 502
tables, H 311
units of measurement, C 499, 502
_See also_ Electric measurements
Welding, M 247-263*
built-up work, M 247
butt welds, M 257*
definition of, M 247, 315
chains, M 250-253*
cleft weld, M 258*
corner plate, M 261*
electric, E 158-159
flat welds, M 254-257*
flat welds and T-welds, M 261-263*
horse shoes, M 221
iron oxidation, preventing, M 247
iron ring, M 248-250*, 254*
iron tongs, M 287-288*
jump weld, M 259-261*
kinds, M 254
lap weld, M 258*
scarfing, M 254-256*, 258*
a wrench, M 275*
socket wrenches, M 277-281*
T weld, M 262-263*
temperature of fire, M 234-235
tool steel to wrought iron, M 352
turn buckles, M 330*
upsetting, M 260*
Wells
location and care, H 214
_See also_ Pumps
Western Union Telegraph Company
equipment and amount of business, E 60
Whale oil soap
spray for insects, G 289, 290
Wheat
depth to plant seeds, G 235
Wheel and axle
principle of, B 27, 78-82*
rule for power, B 64
Wheel-barrow
leverage principle, B 27
making, B 375-378*
Wheels
mechanical movements, B 318-325*
_See also_ Screw propeller; Turbines; Water wheels
Whip grafting. _See_ Grafting
Whisk broom
raffia, N 275*
White pine. _See_ Pine
White rabbit. _See_ Rabbit
Whitewash
preparing surface walls, H 340
preparing the lime, H 339-340
value for cellar walls, H 210
Whittling, C 6-22
beveling, C 122
calendar back, C 18*
curves, cutting, C 15*
cutting out process, C 12*
drawing the design, C 12*
first lessons in, C 9-12*
fish line winder, C 15*
key rack, C 12-14*
key tags, C 14*
knife
kind to use, C 6*
method of holding, C 8*
paper knife, C 121-123*
picture frames, C 19-22*
propeller blades, C 70-72*
sand papering edges, C 15
testing with the try square, C 9*
tip cat, C 35-37*
weather vane making, C 154-156*
windmills, C 159-168*
woods for, C 7
worsted winder, C 16*
_See also_ Wood carving
Wicket polo, K 393
Wicks
trimming, H 137
Widow's cruse of oil: story, H 29
Wild animals. _See_ Animals
Wild carrot
class and seed time, G 278
seed distribution, G 273
Wild crabapple, A 21, 22
Wild flower gardening
April, June and July blooms, G 338-339
decorative value of wild flowers, A 56
landscape gardening, G 362
late blooms, G 339
March blooms, G 338
May blooms, G 338
planning and care, G 336
soil, G 337, 338
succession of bloom, G 338-339
transplanting, G 337
Wild flowers. _See_ Flowers
Wild fowl. _See_ Game and game birds; Water fowl
Wild geranium
characteristics, G 342
Wild grapes. _See_ Grapes
Wild nuts
list of, A 29
Wild plums
"goin' plummin'", A 26-29
Wild raspberries, A 10
Wild rice, A 78-79
Winch
setting up, B 77-78*
uses, B 78-81
Wind. _See_ Winds
Wind break
trees for, G 79, 82
Wind flower, G 343
Wind root, G 348, 365
Windlass
principle of, B 78-82*
Windmill
Common windmill, B 346*
happy Jack weather vane, C 159-162*
horizontal weather vane, C 162-165*
six-bladed weather vane, C 167-168
Zeppelin weather vane, C 165*
Window-box
advantages over pots, G 190
construction and painting, G 191-192
crowding plants in, G 194
draining, G 163
how to fasten to window, G 195
selection of plants for sunny and shady windows, G 192-196
Window seat for girl's room, N 374
Windows
batten blinds, C 475
cleaning, H 134
details of window frames, D 30*
hanging, C 474
inside trim, C 473*
location of cellar windows, H 208
setting frames, C 469
Winds
measuring device, B 199-200*
table of velocity, B 198
_See also_ Weather vane; Windmill
Winter sports, K 208-224*
clothing and footwear, K 208-210*
Winterberries
description of, A 57
Wire
reducing size of, M 101
_See also_ Electric wires
Wire ropes. _See_ Rope
Wireless Club, E 331-332
Wireless Telegraph
accidents prevented by, E 347, 355-357
aerials, E 331
amateur stations, E 347
antennæ, E 320*
C. Q. D. message, meaning, E 356
coherer
circuit, E 323*
construction, E 316-321*
discovery, E 346
electric bell
as transmitter, E 321
operated by wireless, E 324*
ether waves, E 316
fireworks, operated by, E 327-328*
first company organized, E 346
first practical use, E 346
first public stations, E 347
ground wire, E 321
Hertzian waves, E 346
incandescent lamps operated by, E 327*
law requiring use on steamers, E 347
Morse alphabet, E 330
operation of a simple type, E 320-321*
relay, E 322-323
sending messages to ocean steamers, E 347
signal code, E 330
spark coil, construction, E 321-322*
tapper, E 329-330*
toy train operated by, E 325-327*
trans-Atlantic messages first sent, E 346
Wistaria
decorative value, G 359
Witch hazel
characteristics, G 356
Wolf and sheep (Game), K 394
Women
Heritage of, H 63-68
home making power, H 44
Wood
best woods for special purposes, K 101
decay, cause of, C 492
durability, C 492-494
hard wood, C 532, K 101
beech, C 556
black jack or barren oak, C 554
black or sweet birch, C 557
black or yellow oak, C 554
bur oak (mossy cup), C 551
chestnut oak, C 552
cypress, C 540
elm, white or American, C 559
Georgia pine, C 535
holly, C 564
honey locust, C 565
hop hornbeam, ironwood, C 558
hornbeam, or blue birch, C 559
larch, C 539
laurel oak, C 555
locust, black and yellow, C 565
paper birch, C 558
pin oak, C 553
post or iron oak, C 552
red birch, C 557
red elm, slippery elm, C 559
red oak, C 553
red or swamp maple, C 547
red pine, C 536
rock, cork elm, C 560
silver, or white maple, C 546
sugar maple, C 545
swamp white oak, C 552
tamarack, C 539
white oak, C 550
willow oak, C 555
yellow birch, C 557
yellow pine, C 536
preservation, C 493-495
soft wood, C 532, K 101
Arbor vitæ, C 542
balsam, C 540
basswood, linden, C 560
black spruce, C 538
box elder, C 548
buckeye, C 565
fir, C 540
gray, or aspen-leaved birch, C 558
hemlock, C 539
moosewood, C 548
mountain maple, C 548
pitch pine, C 536
red cedar, C 541
red spruce, C 538
white cedar, C 542
white pine, C 535
white spruce, C 538
strength of, C 495-497*
_See also_ Forestry; Kindling wood; Trees
Wood anemone
habits and characteristics, G 343
Wood carving
black and white design, C 127
blotter pads, designs, C 125-126
chip carving, C 98-108*
curved cutting, C 104-108
designs
elliptical, C 112-115
for borders, C 98-103*
for centres, C 103-108*
for corners, C 103*
flat work, C 97-119*
glove box design, C 128
holding the knife, C 100*
key rack designs, C 123, 126
knives for carving, C 99*
letter racks, designs, C 109-117
origin, C 98
paper knife, C 121-123*
pencil box, C 106-108*
penholder, C 117-119*
picture frames, C 129-132*
polishing, C 131
triangular cutting, C 98-99
veining, C 117*
woods for, C 121
Wood finishing
aging wood, C 489
antique finish, C 489
cleaning, the first step, D 213
colors, obtaining, C 488
dead flat surface, C 485
dull finish, D 224
enameling white, D 235
fillers, C 484
cost of surfacing, D 217
liquid, formula, D 216
importance of, D 213-215
paste, formula, D 218
applying, D 219
when to use liquids or paste, D 215
flat finish, D 224
polishing, C 489-491
process, C 484-487
re-finishing
old furniture, D 238-243
mahogany table, D 241-243
rubbing down process, D 223
scraping, D 239
shellac, using, C 486, D 216-217
varnish, removing, D 240
wax finish, D 225-226, C 490
white enamel, D 235
white wood, D 230
woods that do and do not require fillers, C 484
_See also_ Stains and staining; Varnish and varnishing
Wood fire. _See_ Fires
Wood lot
clearing for kindling wood, A 407
Wood screws
strength of, B 156
Wood staining. _See_ Stains and staining
Wood tag, K 394
Woodchucks
taming, A 269
trapping, A 488
Woodcraft, K 93-109*
axemanship, K 96-97
getting lost, K 102-109
land marks, K 103
lost signals, K 108
_See also_ Trees
Woodpecker
insect destroyer, A 457, K 168
Woodwork. _See_ Carpentry and Woodwork
Woof. _See_ Weaving
Wool combing machine
roller motion, B 320*
Woolen clothes
laundering, H 324
storing, H 347
Work. _See_ Housekeeping; Occupations
Work bag and sewing apron combined, N 31-33
Work bench. _See_ Carpentry
Work shop
garden tool making, G 41-71*
_See also_ Carpentry
Worms
fish bait, K 130
Wren
insect destroyer, A 456
migration, K 176
Wrench
alligator wrench, making, M 276*
flat wrought iron wrench, making, M 274-277*
forging, M 273-274*
hardie for, M 274*
socket wrench, M 279-281*
welding, M 277-279
Wringer for laundry work, H 314
Writing desk. _See_ Desk
Wrought iron
making, M 230-232
steel versus, M 266
X
X-ray
ether waves, E 316
physiological effect, E 336
Y
Yachts
flag signals, B 107-109
_See also_ Launch
Yeast
principle in bread making, H 296-298
Young, Sir Thomas
ether wave theory of light, E 345
Z
Zeppelin's dirigible balloon, B 162
Zinnia
characteristics, G 328
planting, G 159
selecting seeds, G 323
* * * * *
Transcriber's Notes:
Corrected obvious typos and inconsistencies, otherwise spelling has
been left as printed. A small amount of inconsistent hyphenation left
as printed.
p.64. dilletantism -> dilettantism.
p.111. bisulphid -> bisulphide.
The following corrections have been made after referrence to the
relevant book.
p.101. 'wall rack, designing and making, C 347-350*, D 156-151*'
corrected to 'wall rack, designing and making, C 347-350*, D 156-161*'.
p.137. Crum tray -> Crumb Tray.
p.142. 'experiments with spark coil, E 196, 198-201, 180-183*' changed
to 'experiments with spark coil, E 176, 178-180, 180-183*'.
p.169. 'cooper or brass, metal work, M 116*' changed to 'copper or
brass, metal work, M 116*'.
p.199. crum scraper -> crumb scraper.
p.229. Reamur is correctly spelt Reaumur but has been left as it was
spelt in 'Mechanics'.
This book is a summary and index to the following books which can all
be found in the Project Gutenberg collection. In the html version of
this text, links are made to the other volumes, though for volumes G
and K it has only been possible to a link to the correct chapter.
A--OUTDOOR WORK Project Gutenberg e-book 45154
B--MECHANICS, INDOORS AND OUT Project Gutenberg e-book 45083
C--CARPENTRY AND WOODWORK Project Gutenberg e-book 43574
D--HOME DECORATION Project Gutenberg e-book 44750
E--ELECTRICITY Project Gutenberg e-book 45331
G--GARDENING Project Gutenberg e-book 13537
H--HOUSEKEEPING Project Gutenberg e-book 44732
K--OUTDOOR SPORTS Project Gutenberg e-book 16316
M--WORKING IN METALS Project Gutenberg e-book 45004
N--NEEDLECRAFT Project Gutenberg e-book 44766
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