Project Gutenberg's Texas Honey Plants, by C. E. Sanborn and E. E. Scholl
This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or
re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
Title: Texas Honey Plants
Author: C. E. Sanborn
E. E. Scholl
Release Date: April 3, 2012 [EBook #39357]
Language: English
*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TEXAS HONEY PLANTS ***
Produced by Frank Zago
TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.
BULLETIN NO. 102.
JANUARY 1908
--------------------------
DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY.
College Station, Texas.
[Photograph: Honey Bee on Horse-mint]
_Honey Bee on Horse-mint_
TEXAS HONEY PLANTS.
C. E. Sanborn,
U. S. Cooperative Entomologist and Acting State Entomologist.
E. E. Scholl,
Assistant State Entomologist and Apiarist.
--------------------------
Postoffice,
COLLEGE STATION, BRAZOS COUNTY, TEXAS.
* * * * *
TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS
--------------------------
OFFICERS.
--------------------------
GOVERNING BOARD.
(Board of Directors A. & M. College.)
K. K. LEGGETT, President Abilene
T. D. ROWELL, Vice President Jefferson
A. HAIDUSEK La Grange
J. M. GREEN Yoakum
WALTON PETEET Dallas
R. T. MILNER Austin
L. L. McINNIS Bryan
W. B. SEBASTIAN Breckenridge
STATION OFFICERS.
H. H. HARRINGTON LL. D., President of the
College and Director
J. W. CARSON Assistant to Director and
State Feed Inspector
W. G. WELBORN Vice Director and Agriculturist
M. FRANCIS Veterinarian
E. J. KYLE Horticulturist
JOHN C. BURNS Animal Husbandry
R. L. BENNETT Cotton Specialist
O. M. BALL Botanist
G. S. FRAPS Chemist
C. E. SANBORN Co-Operative Entomologist
N. C. HAMNER Assistant Chemist
E. C. CARLYLE Assistant Chemist
L. McLENNAN Deputy Feed Inspector
A. T. POTTS Deputy Feed Inspector
J. H. RODGERS Deputy Peed Inspector
H. E. HANNA Deputy Feed Inspector
C. W. CRISLER Chief Clerk
W. L. BOYETT Clerk Feed Control
F. R. Navaille Stenographer
A. S. Ware Stenographer
STATE SUB-STATIONS.
W. S. HOTCHKISS, Superintendent Troupe, Smith County
S. A. WASCHKA, Superintendent Beeville, Bee County
NOTE--The main station is located on the grounds of the
Agricultural and Mechanical College, in Brazos County. The postoffice
address is College Station, Texas. Reports and bulletins are sent free
upon application to the Director.
PREFACE.
This preliminary bulletin on Texas Honey Plants represents work of
the Department of Entomology dating through the office tenures of
Professors Mally, Newell, Sanderson and Conradi. They each have
authorized and aided in the collection of the flora and data contained
in this publication.
To Mr. Louis H. Scholl, of New Braunfels, Texas, Assistant and
Apiarist from 1902 until 1906, the Department is directly indebted for
the material contained herein, except as is otherwise designated.
Mr. Ernest Scholl, now Assistant and Apiarist, has furnished
material as shown herein. He is now working on a continuation of the
subject.
Mr. D. C. Milam, of Uvalde, formerly Foul Brood Inspector, has also
contributed, as is shown.
The main body of the work, however, has been accomplished through
the services of Mr. Louis H. Scholl, and much credit is due him, since
he has done more in this Department, and perhaps more than any other
person in helping to build up the Bee Industry of Texas. His data are
followed by this mark *
INTRODUCTION.
This publication treats of many of the Texas honey plants in a brief
technical manner. In addition, wherever possible, the common name is
used in connection with the description.
The sequence followed by Coulter in his Botany of South West Texas
is herein mainly followed. In some instances quotations from Small's
Botany of Texas were used, as is shown in the publication. The plants
are discussed by families.
Not only is the honey producing qualities of the plants mentioned,
but frequent mention is also made of the respective quality and yield
of pollen and propolis. Data are included in many instances concerning
the weather conditions and its effects upon the yield of certain
plants.
It is hoped that this will be a great help to apiarists in selecting
locations for bees, since the value of bees depends entirely on the
environment under which they may be placed. Again it may help in
selecting certain plants to be planted that might prove to be very
beneficial to an established apiary.
The geographical distribution is given in a general brief way, so
that one is less apt to be confused concerning the abundance in nature
of certain plants. In this connection it must be remembered, however,
that on account of extended cultivation in Texas, some of the common
wild plants are becoming less numerous than formerly, while cultivated
varieties are becoming more common.
Two indices are contained in this bulletin. The first contains all
the common or vernacular names, and the second contains the latin or
technical names. The latter is complete, since some plants are known
only by the technical appellation.
*****
TRIPLE-LEAFED BARBERRY. Berberis trifoliata Moric.
Barberry family. Berberideae.
"On gravelly slopes and foothills from the Gulf coast to the Limpia
mountains." (Coulter). Hunter, gravelly hills; honey yield abundant,
also pollen; fine for early brood rearing. January and February.*
PRICKLY POPPY. Argemone platyceras (Link. and Otto.)
Poppy family. Papaveraceae.
"Abundant in valleys and along dry hillsides." (Coulter). Roadsides,
waste fields and prairies. Honey yield unimportant, but abundance of
pollen during the dearth of summer. May and July.*
"This plant is abundant along the Brazos valley. Bees work heavily on
it in June, carrying heavy loads of pollen, which they store in nearly
every comb, thus making it disagreeable in the honey combs sometimes."
(E. Scholl).
POPPY. Papaver rhoeas L.
Poppy family. Papaveraceae.
Cultivated in flower gardens. Honey yield not important and plants
few. May.*
PEPPERGRASS. PEPPERWORT. Lepidium Virginicum L.
Mustard family. Cruciferae.
"In all situations, Quebec to Minnesota, Kansas, Florida, Texas and
Mexico. Naturalized in Europe." (Small). Found in all kinds of places;
honey yield not important; some pollen. June to August.*
GREGGIA. Greggia camporum Gray.
Mustard family. Cruciferae.
"Mountains of Western Texas." (Coulter). Honey yield early but not
abundant; also pollen helps early brood rearing. Hunter; waste fields
and fertile prairies. Honey yield early, but not abundant; also
pollen; helps early brood rearing. February.*
COMMON TURNIP. Brassica rapa L.
Mustard family. Cruciferae.
Cultivated and sometimes escaped; bees work on the blossoms, honey
and pollen. June and July.*
BLACK MUSTARD. Brassica nigra Koch.
Mustard family. Cruciferae.
Cultivated and escaped; bees sometimes busy on it. June and July.*
MIGNONETTE. Reseda odorata L.
Mignonette family. Resedaceae.
College: cultivated on Apiary Experimental plats. Honey yield good;
plants not plentiful enough for surplus. June and July.*
PORTULACA. Portulaca grandiflora Hook.
Purslane family. Portulaceae.
Cultivated in ornamental flower beds. Honey yield good as it comes
during time when few others in bloom; also abundance of highly colored
pollen, red, orange and yellows. June until frost.*
SALT CEDAR. Tamarix gallica L.
Tamarisc family. Tamariscineae.
"A common European Mediterranean shrub which seems to have escaped in
many places in Texas." (Coulter). "On roadsides, in thickets and waste
places; warmer parts of Southern United States, naturalized from
Southern Europe." (Small). College Station; cultivated ornamental
shrub bees worked well on it, but number of trees scarce. May and
June.*
FRINGED POPPY MALLOW. Callirrhoe digitata Nutt.
Mallow family. Malvaceae.
"Common on prairies and in valleys." (Coulter). Hunter; prairies and
lowlands. Honey yield not important; some pollen. May and June. A good
pollen yielder during May at College Station.*
SPANISH APPLE. Malvaviscus drummondii. Torr & Gray.
Mallow family. Malvaceae.
"From Rio Grande to the Colorado and Northeastward." (Coulter). In
lowlands and along streams. June and July.* "Plentiful along Comal and
Guadalupe rivers, New Braunfels, Texas. Not important." (E. Scholl).
ROSE OF SHARON. SHRUBBY ALTHAEA. Hibiscus Syriacus L.
Mallow family. Malvaceae.
"In various situations New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Florida and
Texas." (Small). Cultivated ornamental, in gardens and parks; honey
yield not important and plants few, but bees work busily on it; honey
and pollen. May to Sept.*
SPRING SIDA. Sida spinosa L.
Mallow family. Malvaceae.
"In cultivated grounds, waste places on roadsides, New York to Iowa,
Florida and Texas. Widely distributed in the tropics." (Small). Waste
places, fields and along roads; some honey and pollen; not important.
June to August.*
NARROW-LEAFED SIDA. Sida angustifolia Lam.
Mallow family. Malvaceae.
"In dry soil Texas to Arizona; also in Mexico and tropical America."
(Small). In dry soils; bees found upon it; yields pollen. June to
August.*
COTTON. Gossypium herbaceum L.
Mallow family. Malvaceae.
Cultivated staple crop in the fields for fibre. Honey yield good,
steady flow till frost, honey white and of good quality. Main source
throughout cotton belt. Nectar glands on ribs of leaves and on bracts
of buds, blooms and bolls. June to frost.*
JAPANESE VARNISH TREE. Firmiana platinifolia (L.) R. Br.
Chocolate family. Buettneriaceae. HBK.
College Station: Cultivated ornamental tree on campus; honey yield
very heavy but of short duration some seasons longer. May and June.*
BASSWOOD. AMERICAN LINDEN. Tilia Americana L.
Linden family. Tiliaceae.
"A large and handsome tree of the Atlantic States, extending in
Texas to the Valley of the San Antonio River." (Coulter). On forests
of Eastern Texas, yields large quantities of excellent honey. May and
June.*
LARGE-FLOWERED CALTROP. Tribulus cistoides L.
Bean-caper family. Zygophylleae.
Hunter: in fields and waste lands; honey yield good until noon when
flowers close; also much pollen. April, August.*
GREATER CALTROP. Kallstroemia maxima (L) T. & G.
Bean-caper family. Zygophylleae.
"Tribulus maxima." (Coulter). "Common in dry soil throughout
Southern and Western Texas." (Coulter). Hunter: in fields and waste
lands. Honey yield good in morning, blossoms closing by noon except
in cool weather; good as it comes in the dearth of summer; also
abundance of pollen. April to August.*
YELLOW WOOD SORREL. Oxalis stricta L.
Geranium family. Geraniaceae.
"Eastern and Southern Texas." (Coulter). Waste soils and open
woodlands; not plentiful for bee forage. May, August.*
TOOTH-ACHE TREE. PRICKLY ASH. SEA ASH. PEPPERWOOD. Xanthoxylum
clava-Herculis L.
Rue family. Rutaceae.
"Colorado to Rio Grande." (Coulter). "Along or near the coast,
Virginia to Florida, Arkansas and Texas." (Small). Hunter: woodland
prairies; honey yield good; bees work busily on it. April, June.*
HOP TREE. Ptelea trifoliata L.
Rue family. Rutaceae.
"Throughout Southern and Western Texas." (Coulter). In woodlands and
along rivers and creeks. Honey yield good; very good in favorable
seasons where abundant. May and July.*
HARDY ORANGE. Citrus trifoliata L.
Rue family. Rutaceae.
College: planted for hedges, scarce; honey yield fair for early
brood. Bees worked on it abundantly. March.*
TREE OF HEAVEN. Ailanthus glandulosus Desf.
Quassia family. Simarubaceae.
"In waste places and along streams, more or less extensively
naturalized in the United States and Southern British America. Native
of China." (Small). Hunter: cultivated for shade and escaped. Honey
yield fair in good seasons, pollen; also nectar glands on leaf blades.
April.*
UMBRELLA CHINA TREE. Melia azedarach L.
Melia family. Meliaceae.
"A favorite shade tree and extensively naturalized in Central and
Southern Texas." (Coulter). Cultivated ornamental shade tree and
escaped. Honey yield helps early brood rearing. February, March.*
POSSUM HAW. BEAR BERRY. Ilex decidua Walt.
Holly family. Ilicineae.
"A species of Southern States and extending in Texas to the Valley
of the San Antonio." (Coulter). College; along lowlands, creeks and
streams. Honey yield good but short; in warm spring early and valuable
for early brood. March, May.*
YOUPON. Ilex Caroliniana Trelease.
Holly family. Ilicineae.
"A species of the Gulf States and extending into Texas. Limit
uncertain." (Coulter). Hunter: low woodland thickets; not important.
March, April.*
BRASIL WOOD. LOGWOOD. Condalia obovata Hook.
Buckthorn family. Rhamneae.
"From the Guadalupe to the Rio Grande and west of New Mexico."
(Coulter). Hunter: in woodlands, dry soils; honey yield not very
important but comes well in dearth of summer. July, August.* "Abundant
along Carter's Creek. Honey yield good during May." (E. Scholl).
RATTAN VINE. Berchemia scandens Trelease.
Buckthorn family. Rhamneae.
"A species of the Southern States extending into Texas where its
western limit is uncertain." (Coulter). Along ravines and low
woodlands; honey yield good, giving surplus in favorable years but
dark amber colored, used in manufacturing-houses. April.*
COLUMBRINA TEXENSIS. Gray.
Buckthorn family. Rhamneae.
"From the Colorado to the Rio Grande westward to New Mexico."
(Coulter). Floresville, slopes, adobe hills. Honey yield good but not
enough for surplus. Also some pollen. April.*
CULTIVATED WINE GRAPES. Vitis (?) (Varieties).
Vine family. Ampelidaceae.
Cultivated in orchards; good for pollen. April, May.*
MOUNTAIN GRAPE. Vitis monticola Buckley.
Vine family. Ampelidaceae.
"Peculiar to the hilly limestone regions of Western Texas, not
extending to the low country nor to the granite mountains." (Coulter.)
Hunter: in woods and forests; honey yield fairly good and pollen
valuable for brood rearing. March.*
COW ITCH. Cissus incisa Desmoul.
Vine family. Ampelidaceae.
"In shady places from the Colorado to the Rio Grande and
westward. An ornamental vine known as "Yerba del buey."
(Coulter). Hunter: along fences and edge of thickets; honey yield
keeps bees out of mischief during dearth. Surplus where
plentiful. April, to August.*
SOAPBERRY. WILD CHINA. Sapindus marginatus Willd.
Soapberry family. Sapindaceae.
"Common along creeks throughout Texas from Louisiana to New Mexico
and Mexico. Smaller west of the Colorado river." (Coulter). Along
rivers and creeks and sometimes along uplands; honey yield good, heavy
flow in favorable seasons gives surplus. June.* Evergreen shrub,
blooms in April; yields quantities of honey and pollen where enough
bushes." (Milam, Uvalde).
COMMON BALLOON VINE. Cardiospermum Halicacabum L.
Soapberry family. Sapindaceae.
"Guadalupe to Rio Grande." (Coulter). "In thickets and waste places
New Jersey, Missouri, Florida, Texas and tropical America; summer and
fall." (Small). Hunter: in creek bottoms; honey yield fair but plants
not abundant. April, July.*
MEXICAN BUCKEYE. Ungnadia speciosa Endl.
Soapberry family. Sapindaceae.
"Common along rocky valleys and in the mountains from the Valley of
the Trinity through Western Texas to New Mexico." (Coulter). Hunter:
"mountainous woodlands. Honey yield good in dearth but not plentiful.
July."
DWARF SUMACH. Rhus copallina L.
Sumach family. Anacardiaceae.
"A sumach of the Atlantic States extending through Eastern and
Southern Texas to the Rio Grande." (Coulter). Hunter: small shrubby
tree rocky hillsides and woodland prairies. Honey yield good giving
surplus in favorable seasons depending upon rains. Reported as a honey
plant in most of the beekeepers reports received. August.*
GREEN SUMACH. Rhus virens Lindh.
Sumach family. Anacardiaceae.
"From the Colorado to the Rio Grande and westward." (Coulter). In
stony, hilly woodlands. Bees are some seasons busy on it. October.*
BLUE LUPINE. BLUEBONNET. Lupinus subcarnosus Hook.
Pulse family. Leguminosae.
"Common lupine of Southern and Western Texas, 'covering fertile
slopes with a carpet of purple blue.' (Harvard), as early as March."
(Coulter). Hunter: places in open woodlands. Honey yield good; also
pollen of very bright and orange colors. March, April.*
ALFALFA OR LUCERNE. Medicago sativa L.
Pulse family. Leguminosae.
"An extensively cultivated forage plant which has long been an
introduced plant in Southern and Western Texas." (Coulter). Cultivated
for hay crops; honey yield fair; early summer and fall; better in
irrigated regions. May, August.* "Large number of bees were seen on it
at New Braunfels, Texas. June 19th, 1907. A good thing in North
Texas." (E. Scholl).
MEDICK. BURR CLOVER. Medicago denticulata Willd.
Pulse family. Leguminosae.
"Naturalized in Western Texas." (Coulter). College: abundant on
campus lawns. Honey yield sparingly in summer, not important. February
to May.*
SWEET CLOVER. Melilotus alba Desv.
Pulse family. Leguminosae.
Distribution not definite. Cultivated and along fence rows; honey
yield good and of fine quality; scarce and should be cultivated for
honey. May to October.* "An important honey plant in North Texas." (E.
Scholl).
YELLOW SWEET CLOVER. Melilotus officinalis (L) Lam.
Pulse family. Leguminosae.
Colorado along roadsides, escaped. Honey yield good; claimed to be
superior to and earlier than M. alba by beemen. Should be cultivated
on the poor soils of Texas. April to September.*
RED CLOVER. Trifolium pratense L.
Pulse family. Leguminosae.
College Station: cultivated on experimental plats. Blooms in summer;
not important, not much grown and deep corollas. June.*
WHITE CLOVER. Trifolium repens L.
Pulse family. Leguminosae.
"May be found wild in Texas." (Coulter). Along roadsides and on
lawns. Cultivated at College, but did not grow as conditions were too
dry. Honey yield good and one of main sources in States north of
Texas. June, July.*
EYSENHARDTIA. Eysenhardtia amorphoides. H B K.
Pulse family. Leguminosae.
"Throughout Southern and Western Texas, South of the Colorado."
(Coulter). Hunter: on light soils and woodlands and known as "Rock
Brush" by beemen. Honey yield abundant. Blooming after heavy rains.
Honey fine quality. March, May.*
BLACK LOCUST. Robinia Pseudacacia L.
Pulse family. Leguminosae.
"Native from Pennsylvania to Iowa, Georgia and Indian
Territory. Also naturalized in the northeastern part of North
America." (Small). College: cultivated on campus; honey yield good if
no cold weather; bees work on it abundantly. March, April.*
CASSIA. Daubentonia longifolia (Cav.) DC.
Pulse family. Leguminosae.
Low and damp places; sandy soils; bees on it frequently but
apparently of little value. July, September.*
MEXICAN GROUND-PLUM. Astragalus Mexicanus. A. DC.
Pulse family. Leguminosae.
"Prairies throughout Texas." (Coulter). Hunter: in open prairies
honey yield abundant when season is favorable; drouth injures
it. June.*
COW PEA. Vigna (sp.)
Pulse family. Leguminosae.
Honey yield good; fair quality, light color. Cultivated for forage
crops and for enriching soils. June, August.*
COW PEA. Vigna Sinensis (L) Endl. (Var. ?).
Pulse family. Leguminosae.
Cultivated for forage crops and for enriching soils; honey yield
good; fair quality, light color. June, August.*
JAPANESE DELCHOS. Dolichos lablab L.
Pulse family. Leguminosae.
Cultivated in Apiary Experimental plats; no bees on it; other plants
in bloom. June, August.*
GARDEN PEA. Pisum sativum L.
Pulse family. Leguminosae.
Hunter: cultivated widely; honey yield unimportant, some pollen; not
visited much by bees. March, April.*
RED BUD. Cercis occidentalis Torr.
Pulse family. Leguminosae.
"Far Western and North Mexican species extending into Western
Texas." (Coulter). Aids early brood rearing. March.*
RED BUD. JUDAS TREE. Cercis Canadensis L.
Pulse family. Leguminosae.
"In rich soil Ontario to Minnesota, New Jersey, Florida and Texas."
(Small). Hunter: in woodlands. Honey yield fair, aiding in early brood
rearing. March, April.*
RETAMA. Parkinsonia aculeata L.
Pulse family. Leguminosae.
"Throughout Southern and Western Texas." (Coulter). In sandy soils
and low swamps. Blooms spring and throughout summer; bees work on it
more or less all summer. May, Sept.*
HONEY LOCUST. Gleditschia triacanthos L.
Pulse family. Leguminosae.
"An Atlantic species extending at least to the Valley of the Brazos
river and common in cultivation." (Coulter). College Station: Along
ravines and valleys; very heavy honey yield but of short duration.
April.*
MEZQUIT TREE. SCREW BEAN. Prosopis juliflora DC.
Pulse family. Leguminosae.
"The chief woody plant of the wooded table-lands and high valleys
throughout southern and western Texas, often forming impenetrable
thickets." (Coulter) Hunter: throughout the black land prairies; honey
yield abundant, main source in State, good light honey. April, and
again in June.*
Neptunia lutea Benth.
Pulse family. Leguminosae.
"In Eastern and Southern Texas, extending as far up the Rio Grande
as Eagle Pass." (Coulter). College, open prairies; not plentiful, bees
rarely found on it; some pollen. May.*
SENSITIVE BRIAR. Schrankia angustata Torr. and Gray.
Pulse family. Leguminosae.
"Found in Texas as far as San Diego and probably in the San Antonio
region." (Coulter). Hunter: open prairies; honey yield not important;
plants scarce; pollen. April to September.*
HUISACHE. Acacia Farnesiana Willd.
Pulse family. Leguminosae.
"From San Antonio to the Gulf Coast and lower Rio Grande."
(Coulter). Very plentiful in richer soil of Southwest Texas; honey
yield good for stimulating early brood rearing; also pollen. February,
April.*
HUAJILLI. Acacia Berlandiera Benth.
Pulse family. Leguminosae.
"From the Nueces to the Rio Grande and west to Devil's River. Common
on the bluffs of the lower Rio Grande." (Coulter). On dry and rocky
hills in solid masses generally. Honey yield very heavy and main
surplus in Southwest Texas; fine quality, white; considered the best
honey in Texas in quality. April.*
PARADISE FLOWER. CATSCLAW. DEVILS CLAWS. Acacia Greggii Gray.
Pulse family. Leguminosae.
"In dry or rocky soil, Texas, New Mexico." (Small). Floresville: All
over Southwest Texas. Honey yield very abundant, a main yielder of
fine quality honey. April.*
ROUND-FLOWERED CATSCLAW. Acacia Roemeriana Schlecht.
Pulse family. Leguminosae.
"Throughout Texas south of the Colorado and west to El Paso."
(Coulter). Hunter: in brushy woodlands; honey yield is heavy, of fine
quality, but plants not abundant. April and May.*
Acacia amentacea DC.
Pulse family. Leguminosae.
"From the Guadalupe to the lower Rio Grande and west to the Pecos."
(Coulter). Very plentiful throughout Southwest Texas, on prairies.
Honey yield of no importance. Bees gather pollen from it occasionally
in early summer.*
PLUM. Prunus domestica L.
Rose family. Rosaceae.
Hunter: in orchards and escaped. Honey yield good with "fruit
bloom." Helps to build up colonies of bees. February.*
WILD PLUM. Prunus (sp.)
Rose family. Rosaceae.
College Station: planted on campus. Honey yield good but of short
duration. March.*
PEACH. Amygdalus Persica L.
Rose family. Rosaceae.
"In waste places and cultivated grounds throughout the United
States." (Small). Cultivated in orchards; honey yield good; with
"fruit bloom" builds up colonies in spring. January to April.*
BRIDAL WREATH. Spiraea Virginiana Britt.
Rose family. Rosaceae.
Cultivated ornamental shrub. Honey yield unimportant; bees sometimes
busy on it. March.*
DEW-BERRY. Rubus trivialis Michx.
Rose family. Rosaceae.
"A Southern blackberry, apparently common in Eastern, Southern and
Western Texas." (Coulter). Common wild, little cultivated; bees on it
busy; honey and pollen. February, April.*
ROSE. Rosa Tourn.
Cultivated widely; honey yield unimportant; pollen gathered from it
sometimes. Spring, summer and fall.*
APPLE. Malus malus (L) Britt.
Rose family. Rosaceae.
Cultivated in orchards; honey yield early; helps in brood rearing;
good where abundant. March, April.*
PEAR. Pyrus communis L.
Rose family. Rosaceae.
A much cultivated fruit tree, important for early honey and pollen.
February, March.*
HAWTHORN. WHITE THORN. Crataegus spathulata Michx.
Rose family. Rosaceae.
"A species of the Gulf States and extending to the lower Colorado in
Texas." (Coulter). In woodlands and creeks; good for honey and pollen.
April.*
HAWTHORN. WHITE THORN. Crataegus arborescens Ell.
Rose family. Rosaceae.
"A species of the Gulf States and extending to the lower Colorado in
Texas." (Coulter). College Station; in woodlands and creek banks;
honey yield good, bees found busily on it; also pollen. April.*
CREPE MYRTLE. Lagerstroemia Indica L.
Loose strife family. Lythraceae.
"In waste places in and near gardens; widely cultivated and
sparingly naturalized from Maryland, Florida and Texas."
(Small). Cultivated ornamental on campus; honey yield occasionally
good and visited much by bees. June, October.*
JUSSIAEA. Jussiaea repens L.
Evening Primrose family. Onagrarieae.
"In streams from the San Antonio northward and eastward." (Coulter).
In water edge of rivers and lakes. Not affected by drouth; it is
important for bees during dearth. June to September.*
JUSSIAEA. Jussiaea diffusa Forskl.
Evening Primrose family. Onagrarieae.
"In and about ponds, Kentucky to Kansas, Florida and Texas, also in
tropical America and Asia." (Small) In water edge of pasture tanks and
pools. Honey yield good; important as it is not affected by drouths
but better after rains. June, August.*
Gaura filiformis Small.
Evening Primrose family. Onagrarieae.
Sandy soils and along creeks; honey yield good; sometimes yielding
surplus in spurts when favorable season and rains prevail. June,
October.*
MUSK MELON. Cucumis Melo L.
Gourd family. Cucurbitaceae.
Hunter: cultivated. Honey yield good; abundant during dewy mornings.
Also pollen. Early summer to fall. Important in melon growing
sections, South Texas. July and September.*
CUCUMBER. Cucumis sativa.
Gourd family. Cucurbitaceae.
Cultivated; honey yield very good; short duration; pollen; but
plants not abundant. April, July.*
WATERMELON. Citrullus Citrullus (L) Small.
Gourd family. Cucurbitaceae.
Cultivated; honey yield good; abundant during dewy mornings, also
pollen; from early summer to frosts in late autumn. May to October.*
"Successful in honey plant plot at College in 1905." (E. Scholl).
WILD GOURD. Cucurbita foetidissima HBK.
Gourd family. Cucurbitaceae.
"Abundant in the valleys of Southern and Western Texas." (Coulter).
Hunter: in a variety of places. Honey yield not important; plants
scattered and few, good for pollen. April, July.*
COMMON PUMPKIN. Cucurbita pepo L.
Gourd family. Cucurbitaceae.
Cultivated: not important for honey, but much pollen. May, June.*
COMMON CACTUS OR PRICKLY PEAR. Opuntia englemannii Salm. & Dyk.
Cactus family. Cactaceae.
"Common throughout Southern and Western Texas. This seems to be
common "prickly pear" of Texas, though all the flat-jointed opuntias
bear that name. The joints are commonly spoken of as "leaves" and form
an important food for grazing of animals, under the name of "nopal."
The "nopal leaf" is also much used for poultices, etc."
(Coulter). Hunter: over entire Southwestern Texas; Honey yield
abundant; sometimes surplus; honey of rank flavor when first
stored. May, June.*
DOGWOOD. Cornus asperifolia Michx.
Dogwood family. Cornaceae.
"An Eastern species extending to Central Texas where the variety
Drummondii is the common form." (Coulter). Lowlands and along banks;
honey yield good and bees fairly roam over blossoms, but species not
plentiful. March, April.*
ELDER. Sambucus Canadensis L.
Honey suckle family. Caprifoliaceae.
"Moist grounds throughout Texas." (Coulter). Along rivers and wet
places; honey yield good but not plentiful. April, May.*
BLACK HAW. Virburnum prunifolium L.
Honey suckle family. Caprifoliaceae.
"An Atlantic species, extending westward into Texas as far as the
valley of the Guadalupe and probably the San Antonio." (Coulter).
Hunter: in woodlands and forests. Honey yield good, early, valuable
for brood rearing. March, April.*
CORAL BERRY. INDIAN CURRANT. Symphoricarpos symphorlcarpos (L) MacM.
Honey suckle family. Caprifoliaceae.
"An Atlantic species extending into Texas. Near New Braunfels.
(Lindheimer)." (Coulter). In woodlands along rivers and rocky soil.
Honey yield good and of long duration. July, September.*
BUSH HONEYSUCKLE. Lonicera fragrantissima Lindle.
Honey suckle family. Caprifoliaceae.
Shrubby vine; cultivated species on campus; honey yield extremely
early, valuable to stimulate bees if weather is favorable; also
pollen. January.*
WHITE-FLOWERED HONEYSUCKLE. Lonicera albiflora Torn. & Gray.
Honey suckle family. Caprifoliaceae.
"Abundant throughout Western Texas and especially in the mountains
west of the Pecos." (Coulter). Hunter: cultivated for ornamental
purposes. Honey yield good, but few plants. May, July.*
HOUSTONIA. Houstonia angustifolia Michx.
Madder family. Rubiaceae.
"Throughout Texas." (Coulter). College Station: on dry soils and
prairies. Bees work on it well but plants not abundant. May, July.*
BUTTON BUSH. Cephalanthus occidentalis L.
Madder family. Rubiaceae.
"Swamps and along streams throughout Texas." (Coulter). Hunter:
along rivers and creeks. Bees work on it. July.*
BUTTON WEED. Diodia teres Walt.
Madder family. Rubiaceae.
"Sandy soil, low grounds of Texas to mouth of Rio Grande."
(Coulter). Low sandy soils; honey yield good and valuable as it comes
during drouth. No surplus. July, August.*
BROOMWEED. Gutierrezia Texana T. & G.
Composite family. Compositae.
"Sterile plains throughout Texas." (Coulter). In open prairies;
honey yield good in fall for winter stores; dark amber and strong
flavor. September, October.*
GOLDENROD. Solidago sp. (?).
Composite family. Compositae.
Occurs in all parts of Texas. September. See A. B. C. 173.
Parthenium Hysterophorus L.
Composite family. Compositae.
"Throughout Eastern and Central Texas. Dr. Harvard remarks that it
is one of the commonest weeds about the streets of San Antonio."
(Coulter). Hunter: in waste places and open town lots of which it
takes possession. Honey yield good in favorable seasons when not too
dry. White pollen. April, November.*
ROMAN WORMWOOD. Ambrosia artemisiaefolia L.
Composite family. Compositae.
"A common weed of waste grounds, extremely variable." (Coulter). Dry
upland soils and waste places; probably pollen only. July, August.*
TALL RAGWEED. Ambrosia aptera DC.
Composite family. Compositae.
"Low grounds in Southern and Western Texas." (Coulter). Hunter:
along field fences and low places. Some honey but more pollen of a
resinous nature. July and August.*
GREAT RAGWEED. Ambrosia trifida L.
Composite family. Compositae.
"Moist river banks throughout Eastern and Central Texas." (Coulter).
College: in low moist creeks and along Brazos river. Honey yield not
important, but yields much pollen. July and August.*
COCKLE-BURR. CLOT BURR. Xanthium Canadense Mill.
Composite family. Compositae.
"Alluvial shores and waste ground." (Coulter). Hunter: along creeks,
in pastures and fields; not important; furnishes pollen late in the
fall. September, October.*
CONE FLOWER. NIGGER HEAD. Rudbeckia hirta L.
Composite family. Compositae.
"Dry and open ground throughout Texas." (Coulter). Waysides and
prairies; of no importance; bees gather propolis from resinous heads
sometimes. May, June.*
CONE FLOWER. NIGGER HEAD. Rudbeckia bicolor Nutt.
Composite family. Compositae.
"Pine woods or sandy soil, Eastern and Southern Texas."
(Coulter). "In woods and sandy soil, Arkansas to Alabama and Texas."
(Small). Waysides and prairies; of no importance; bees gather
propolis from resinous heads sometimes. May, June.*
COMMON SUNFLOWER. Helianthus annuus L.
Composite family. Compositae.
"Abundant in all valleys." (Coulter). Hunter: along roadsides and in
waste fields. Honey yield sometimes good in the fall but strong in
flavor. Much propolis gathered from the large composite heads of the
flower and stems and leaves of the plant. May, September.*
VIRGINIAN CROWN-BEARD. Verbesina Virginica L.
Composite family. Compositae.
"Rich dry soil from the Mississippi and Gulf States through Texas to
Mexico." (Coulter). In rich soils, lowlands and woodlands; honey yield
very abundant, depending upon seasons; fine quality of honey.
October.*
SNEEZE WEED. BITTER WEED. Helenium tenuifolium Nutt.
Composite family. Compositae.
"River bottoms, etc., extending from the Gulf and Mississippi States
to Western Texas." (Coulter). College: abundant on open woodland
prairies and plains of Eastern Texas. Honey yield good in favorable
seasons; pollen; honey golden yellow, heavy body but very bitter, as
if 50 per cent quinine and some pepper was added. June to October.*
MARIGOLD. Gaillardia pulchella Foug.
Composite family. Compositae.
"Extending from plains of Arkansas and Louisiana through Texas to
those of Arizona and Mexico." (Coulter). Hunter: waysides and
prairies. Honey yield of good quality, dark amber colored. A main
yielder of surplus. May, June.*
BLUE THISTLE. Cnicus altissimus Willd.
Composite family. Compositae.
"Borders of woods and open ground. Common in the Atlantic States and
extending into Texas." (Coulter). Hunter: scattered over open
prairies; honey yield unimportant; some pollen. July, August.* "Bees
working heavily on it in June, 1907 along Guadalupe River, New
Braunfels, Texas, where some of the pastures were literally covered
with it." (E. Scholl).
AMERICAN KNAPWEED. Centaurea Americana Nutt.
Composite family. Compositae.
"Extending from the plains of Arkansas and Louisiana through Texas
to Arizona and adjacent Mexico." (Coulter). Hunter: open prairies and
pastures. Not important. July, August.*
DANDELION. Taraxacum officinale Weber.
Composite family. Compositae.
"Common everywhere; an introduction from Europe." (Coulter). See
A. B. C. of Bee Culture. February.*
MARIGOLD. Tagetes patalus L.
Composite family. Compositae.
Cultivated in flower gardens; honey yield not important; bees only
occasionally visiting it. July.*
NARROW-LEAFED IRON WOOD. Bumelia angustifolia Nutt.
Appodilla family. Sapotaceae.
"Valley of the lower Rio Grande." (Coulter). Specimen sent from the
Nueces River. (Cotulla). June.*
MEXICAN PERSIMMON. Diospyros Texana Scheele.
Ebony family. Ebenaceae.
"Woods along streams, Matagorda Bay to the Concho River and
southward." (Coulter). "Mexicans call it "Chapote," also known as
"black persimmon." Often found on rocky mesas but thrives best in
canyons and on the edges of ravines." (Harvard). Hunter: in woodlands:
honey yield abundant, not harmed by showers on account of bell-shaped
flowers. April.*
PERSIMMON (COMMON). Diospyros Virginiana L.
Ebony family. Ebenaceae.
"A common tree of the Atlantic States. Extending Into Texas to the
valley of the Colorado." (Coulter). Throughout East Texas; honey yield
good, not long and trees not abundant. Bell-shaped blossoms are
protected in rain. April.*
CALIFORNIA PRIVET. Ligustrum vulgare L.
Olive family. Oleaceae.
"Thickets and on roadsides, Ontario to Pennsylvania and North
Carolina." (Small). Ornamental shrub cultivated for hedges, etc.,
honey yield good; flowering trees scarce, trimmed and kept down in
hedges. April, May.* "A good flow at College Station in 1906." (E.
Scholl).
SILVER BERRY. Elaeagnus argentia, Pursh.
Oleaster family. Elaeagnaceae.
College Station; cultivated ornamental on campus. Honey yield
abundant in narrowly funnel-shaped blossoms hanging downward. Nectar
runs to mouth of flower. Protected from rains. Corolla
8mm. deep. Long-tongue bees would be of advantage. October, November.*
SWEET OLIVE. Elaeagnus angustifolia L.
Oleaster family. Elaeagnaceae.
College Station: cultivated ornamental shrub on campus; honey yield
good; bees work on blossom. April.*
SILK WEED. Asclepias sp.
Milk weed family. Asclepiadeae.
Beeville; on plains and prairies. Honey yield good but pollen
attaches to bee's feet and cripples them. March.*
DENSE-FLOWERED PHACELIA. Phacelia congesta Hook.
Water-leaf family. Hydrophyllaceae.
"Throughout Texas." (Coulter). Rich places and moist woods; honey
yield sparing. April, June.*
Phacelia glabra Nutt.
Water-leaf family. Hydrophyllaceae.
"Low prairies Arkansas and East Texas." (Coulter). On prairies
Eastern Texas. March, April.*
BORAGE. Borage officinalis L.
Borage family. Boragineae.
College: cultivated; honey yield good; bees working busily on it
during June. Old stalks die down in July and large lower leaves
protect root stock during severe drouth and sprout out for bees to
work on bloom in August. June, July.*
MORNING GLORY. Ipomoea Caroliniana Pursh.
Convolvulus family. Convolvulaceae.
Most common in cultivated fields. Honey yield light, pollen. June to
November.*
NIGHT-SHADE. Solanum rostratum Dunal.
Night-shade family. Solanaceae.
"Plains throughout Texas." (Coulter). Hunter: waste lands, prairies
and roadsides. Honey very little; some pollen. May, October.*
TRUMPET CREEPER. TRUMPET FLOWER. Campsis radicans (L) Seem.
Bigonia family. Bignoniaceae.
"Moist soil, extending from Atlantic and Gulf States into Texas and
common in cultivation." (Coulter). Cultivated and along river bottoms:
honey yield of little importance; external nectar glands; pollen from
flowers. July to October.*
LARGE-FLOWERED VERBENA. Verbena urticaefolia L.
Vervain family. Verbenaceae.
"Waste or open grounds, extending from the Atlantic regions through
Texas to tropical America." (Coulter). College Station: in waste open
ground. April, August.*
BLUE VERVAIN. Verbena xutha Lehm.
Vervain family. Verbenaceae.
"Extending from Louisiana through Texas to Southern California and
Mexico." (Coulter). College: in sandy soils, honey yield sparing and
scattering throughout its season. April, August.*
SPATULATE-LEAFED FOG-FRUIT. Lippia nodiflora Michx.
Vervain family. Verbenaceae.
"Low ground extending from the Gulf States to Western Texas."
(Coulter). In moist places, rivers and creeks; honey yield very light
and of little importance. July.*
WHITE BRUSH. Lippia ligustrina Britt.
Vervain family. Verbenaceae.
"Common on rocky slopes throughout Texas." (Coulter). "Foliage eaten
by cattle, sheep and goats." (Harvard). All over Southwest Texas;
honey yield very heavy of fine quality but very short duration, only a
few days; blooms after each rain during season. May to November.*
LANTANA. Lantana Camara L.
Vervain family. Verbenaceae.
"Extending from the Gulf States through Southeastern Texas to
tropical America." (Coulter). On light soils of Southwest Texas;
unimportant; bees seldom on it. April, October.*
FRENCH MULBERRY. Callicarpa Americana L.
Vervain family. Verbenaceae.
"Rich or moist grounds, extending from Gulf States to Southern
Texas." (Coulter). Brazos bottoms, College; rich soil in woods,
abundant: honey yield only fair. May.*
ROEMER'S SAGE. Salvia Roemeriana Scheele.
Mint family. Labiatae.
"In light fertile soils, Western Texas." (Coulter). Hunter: rich
soils in forests. Unimportant as a honey plant; not abundant; deep
corollas. May, June.*
BLUE SAGE. Salvia azurea Lam.
Mint family. Labiatae.
"From Gulf States to extreme Western Texas." (Coulter). Hunter: dry
soil and waste places; corolla deep and visited much more frequently
by bumble bees than honey bees. April, October.*
CATNIP. Nepeta cataria L.
Mint family. Labiatae.
Cultivated on Apiary Experimental Plats, 1904; only a few plants
grew and bloomed. A few bees visited it. Soon died. July.*
WILD BERGAMONT. Monarda fistulosa L.
Mint family. Labiatae.
"Dry soil throughout Texas, etc." (Coulter). College: along banks of
ravines. Honey yield good but plants not abundant. May, July.*
HORSE-MINT. Monarda clinopodioides Gray.
Mint family. Labiatae.
"Eastern and Southern Texas." (Coulter). Prairies and waste land;
honey yield abundant; one of the main yielders; honey compared to
bass-wood in flavor. May, June.*
HORSE-MINT. Monarda punctata L. (See frontis-piece).
Mint family. Labiatae.
"Sandy ground extending from the Atlantic regions to Southern and
Western Texas." (Coulter). In open prairies and waste land; honey
yield abundant; one of the main crop yielders; honey compared with
basswood. May, July.* "A good yielder in Brazos bottoms. College
Station, Texas, in 1907, June." (E. Scholl).
DRUMMOND'S SKULL-CAP. Scutellaria drummondii Benth.
Mint family. Labiatae.
"Common throughout Texas in damp rich soil." (Coulter). "On
prairies, Kansas to Texas." (Small). Hunter: waste places in fields
and prairies. Honey yield abundant in spring; much visited by
bees. April, May.*
COMMON HOARHOUND. Marrubium vulgare L.
Mint family. Labiatae.
"A common escape in waste or open ground." (Coulter). Hunter: most
all parts of the South; fertile places; fence corners and pens; honey
yield abundant; steady flow; dark amber colored. Claimed bitter by
some. February, July.*
COLEUS. Coleus blumei Benth.
Mint family. Labiatae.
College; ornament for borders, etc. Honey yield of no
importance. Bees gather pollen from it only occasionally. July.*
COMMON PIGWEED. Amaranthus retroflexus L.
Amaranth family. Amaranthaceae.
"Throughout Texas." (Coulter). Waste lands and fields; honey yield
of no importance; some pollen. July, September.*
THORNY AMARANTH. Amaranthus spinosus L.
Amaranth family. Amaranthaceae.
"From Tom Green County to Laredo." (Coulter). Annual weedy herbs. In
waste places and cultivated soils presumably pollen only; not
important. August.*
MADEIRA VINE. Anredera scandens (L). Moq.
Goosefoot family. Chenopodiaceae.
"From the upper Pecos to the lower Rio Grande, (Ringgold)."
(Coulter). Hunter. Texas; cultivated for shade on verandas; honey
yield fair, bees work on it industriously, but the plants are
scarce. May, September.*
JAPANESE BUCKWHEAT. Fagopyrum fagopyrum (L) Karst.
Buckwheat family. Polygonaceae.
Cultivated in fields in a small way; honey yield good on favorable
moist mornings, not in dry weather. Honey very dark and strong in
flavor; not important for bees in Texas. June, July.* "A good yielder
to bridge over from early spring flower to cotton bloom at College
Station, Texas." (E. Scholl).
AMERICAN MISTLETOE. Phoradendron flavescens Nutt.
Mistletoe family. Loranthaceae.
"From Eagle Pass to Central Texas. Reported on Ulmus, Prosopis,
Quercus, etc." (Coulter). Honey yield abundant and also pollen, very
valuable for early brood rearing. The first source for bees in the
season. December, January.* "Blooms in January and February if weather
is not too cold, yields pollen and honey." (Milam, D. C, Uvalde,
Texas).
SPURGE. Euphorbia marginata Pursh.
Spurge family. Euphorbiaceae.
"Throughout the valleys of the Pecos and Rio Grande."
(Coulter). Along valleys and lowlands; honey yield of no
importance. June, October.*
SONORA CROTON. Croton Sonorae Torr.
Spurge family. Euphorbiaceae.
"On rocky bluffs of the upper Llano." (Coulter). Hunter: open places
in woodland bluffs; honey yield only light, but comes in dearth and
good if rains; pollen. July, August.*
CROTON CAPITATUS MICHX.
Spurge family. Euphorbiaceae.
"From the Pecos to Southern and Central Texas." (Coulter). Roadsides
and prairies; unimportant; some pollen when no other bloom. July,
September.* "Plenty of pollen at College Station in August, 1907." (E.
Scholl).
TEXAS CROTON. Croton Texensis Muell.
Spurge family. Euphorbiaceae.
"From the staked plains to Corpus Christi." (Coulter). Hunter:
roadsides and fields; honey yield very light, not important. June,
August.*
ONE-SEEDED CROTON. Croton monanthogynus Michx.
Spurge family. Euphorbiaceae.
"Central and Southern Texas." (Coulter). Hunter: open prairies and
pastures; honey yield fair, but unimportant. May, June.
CASTOR-OIL PLANT. Ricinus communis L.
Spurge family. Euphorbiaceae.
"Cultivated extensively for ornament and sparingly escaped in
Missouri and southwestward to Central Mexico." (Coulter). Planted for
ornamental purposes; honey yield good in favorable seasons; pollen;
has glands at base of leaves. March, April.*
AMERICAN OR WHITE ELM. Ulmus Americana L.
Nettle family. Urticaceae.
"Extending westward to the streams of Southern and Central Texas."
(Coulter). College: along moist creeks and streams; honey yield good
but not very plentiful. August.*
WINGED ELM or WAHOO. Ulmus alata Michx.
Nettle family. Urticaceae.
"On streams extending to the valley of the Trinity." (Coulter). Tree
with corky winged branches, along streams and low soils in woods;
honey yield good sometimes giving surplus; much pollen; honey of amber
color and strong characteristic aroma. August, September.*
GRANJENO. Celtis pallida Torr.
Nettle family. Urticaceae.
"Very common on all mesas and foot-hills of Western and Southern
Texas." (Coulter). Beekeepers value it as an important plant in
Southwest Texas. March, April.*
HACKBERRY. Celtis Mississippiensis Bosc.
Nettle family. Urticaceae.
"Extending to Central Texas." (Coulter). In woodlands; much planted
for shade; honey yield fair, valuable for pollen in the spring. March,
April.*
HACKBERRY. Celtis occidentalis L.
Nettle family. Urticaceae.
"Very common in the valleys of Western and Southwestern Texas, 'Palo
Blanco'" (Coulter). In woods and valleys, planted for shade; honey
yield fair, much pollen, valuable for early brood rearing. March,
April.*
OSAGE ORANGE. Toxylon pomiferum Raf.
Nettle family. Urticaceae.
"Near waters from Eastern to Central and Southern Texas. Extensively
used for hedges." (Coulter). Planted for hedges and timber; honey
yield not important on account of scarcity of trees. April.*
PECAN-NUT. Hicoria Pecan (Marsh) Britt.
Walnut family. Juglandeae.
"Extending from the Mississippi States to the streams of Central and
Southwestern Texas as far west as Fort Concho." (Coulter). Along
rivers and creeks; honey yield where plentiful; valuable for brood
rearing on account of its pollen. March.*
MOCKERNUT. WHITEHEART HICKORY. Hicoria alba (L) Britt.
Walnut family. Juglandeae.
"Extending to the Valley of the Brazos." (Coulter). College Station,
Brazos River. Abundant in the sandy valley land; some honey and
pollen. March.*
BLACK WALNUT. Juglans nigra L.
Walnut family. Juglandeae.
"Extending from the east to the valley of the Colorado and San
Antonio." (Coulter). In forests, along creeks and rivers; some honey,
more pollen; good to stimulate bees. March.*
POST OAK. Quercus minor (Marsh) Sarg.
Oak family. Cupuliferae.
"Sandy or sterile soils, extending from the Atlantic States to
Central Texas." (Coulter). In sandy land sections of the country;
honey yield inferior but with large amount of pollen; good for early
brood rearing. March, April.*
LIVE OAK. Quercus Virginiana Mill.
Oak family. Cupuliferae.
"Common along water courses extending from the Gulf States through
Southern and Western Texas to the mountains of New Mexico." (Coulter).
Hunter: in forests, honey yield good, poor in quality, dark; valuable
for early brood rearing; much pollen. March.*
RED OAK. Quercus rubra L.
Oak family. Cupuliferae.
"Extending to the valleys of the Colorado and San Antonio. Not
abundant and timber poor." (Coulter). Along creeks and low-lands;
scarce; pollen. March, April.*
SWAMP, SPANISH, or PIN OAK. Quercus palustris Du Roi.
Oak family. Cupuliferae.
"Low grounds extending to the valley of the Colorado." (Coulter).
Forests; good honey yield and also pollen; valuable for brood rearing,
March, April.*
WATER OAK. Quercus aquatica Walt.
Oak family. Cupuliferae.
"Wet grounds extending from the South Atlantic States to the valley
of the Colorado." (Coulter). College: along creeks and streams; scarce
and scattering; pollen. March.*
BLACK JACK or BARREN OAK. Quercus nigra L.
Oak family. Cupuliferae.
"Extending to the valleys of the Colorado and Nueces." (Coulter). In
post oak woods in sandy sections of the country; early pollen. March,
April.*
BLACK WILLOW. Salix nigra Marsh.
Willow family. Salicineae.
"On banks bending over the water of most streams of Western Texas."
(Coulter). Along rivers and creeks; honey yield good and valuable for
brood rearing, and for abundance of pollen. February to April.*
COTTONWOOD. NECKLACE POPLAR. Populus monilifera Ait.
Willow family. Salicineae.
"Extending into the mountains of Western Texas." (Coulter). Lowlands
and along streams; some honey but more pollen; valuable for early
brood rearing. March.*
GREEN BRIAR. CAT BRIAR. Smilax bona-nox L.
Lily family. Liliaceae.
"Abundant along the Rio Grande and Pecos." (Coulter). "In thickets
Massachusetts to Florida and Texas. Stretch berry." (Small). In
thickets; honey yield fair; bees work on it well, but of short
duration. April.*
ASPARAGUS. Asparagus officinalis Linn.
Lily family. Liliaceae.
"In waste places and salt marshes. New Brunswick to Georgia and
Louisiana. Naturalized from Europe." (Small). Cultivated for its young
shoots for food; honey yield of no importance, but good for pollen.
March, April.*
VIRGINIAN SPIDERWORT. Commelina Virginica L.
Spiderwort family. Commelinaceae.
"Moist thickets and borders of rivers southern and southwestern
Texas." (Coulter). Hunter: moist fence corners and open woods; honey
yield unimportant, valuable for pollen. April, May.*
SPIDERWORT. Tradescantia gigantea Rose.
Spiderwort family. Commelinaceae.
"On plains or prairies, Texas." (Small). New Braunfels; in and about
hedges of woodlands; honey yield unimportant but good for early
pollen. March, May.*
SORGHUM. Sorghum vulgare Pers.
Grass family. Gramineae.
Hunter: cultivated for hay crops, etc., valuable for abundant yield
of pollen; some honey. June, August.*
INDIAN CORN. Zea mays L.
Grass family. Gramineae.
"Cultivated in fields for grain; honey yield not positively known;
valuable for its pollen in abundance. May, June.*
INDEX
Latin or Technical Names.
Acacia amentacea
Acacia Berlandiera
Acacia Farnesiana
Acacia Greggii
Acacia Roemeriana
Ailanthus glandulosus
Amaranthaceae
Amaranthus retroflexus
Amaranthus spinosus
Ambrosia aptera
Ambrosia artemisiaefolia
Ambrosia trifida
Ampelidaceae
Amygdalus Persica
Anacardiaceae
Anredera scandens
Argemone platyceras
Asclepiadeae
Asclepias sp
Asparagus officinalis
Astragalus Mexicanus
Berberideae
Berberis trifoliata
Bignoniaceae
Berchemia scandens
Borage officinalis
Boragineae
Brassica nigra
Brassica rapa
Bumelia angustifolia
Callicarpa Americana
Callirrhoe digitata
Cactaceae
Campsis radicans
Caprifoliaceae
Cardiospermum Halicacabum
Celtis pallida
Celtis occidentalis
Celtis Mississippiensis
Centaurea Americana
Cephalanthus occidentalis
Cercis Canadensis
Cercis occidentalis
Chenopodiaceae
Cissus incisa
Citrullus Citrullus
Citrus trifoliata
Cnicus altissimus
Coleus blumei
Columbrina Texensis
Commelinaceae
Commelina Virginica
Compositae
Condalia obovata
Convolvulaceae
Cornaceae
Cornus asperifolia
Crataegus arborescens
Crataegus spathulata
Croton Capitatus
Croton monanthogynus
Croton Sonorae
Croton Texensis
Cruciferae
Cucumis Melo
Cucumis sativa
Cucurbitaceae
Cucurbita foetidissima
Cucurbita pepo
Cupuliferae
Daubentonia longifolia
Diodia teres
Diospyros Texana
Diospyros Virginiana
Dolichos lablab
Ebenaceae
Elaeagnaceae
Elaeagnus angustifolia
Elaeagnus argentia
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbia marginata
Eysenhardtia amorphoides
Firmiana platinifolia
Fagopyrum fagopyrum
Gaillardia pulchella
Gaura filiformis
Geraniaceae
Gleditschia triacanthos
Gossypium herbaceum
Gramineae
Greggia camporum
Gutierrezia Texana
Helenium tenuifolium
Helianthus annuus
Hibiscus syriacus
Hicoria alba
Hicoria Pecan
Houstonia angustifolia
Hydrophyllaceae
Ilex Caroliniana
Ilex decidua
Ilicineae
Ipomoea Caroliniana
Juglandeae
Juglans nigra
Jussiaea diffusa
Jussiaea repens
Kallstroemia maxima
Labiatae
Lagerstroemia Indica
Lantana Camara
Leguminosae
Lepidium virginicum
Ligustrum vulgare
Liliaceae
Lippia ligustrina
Lippia nodiflora
Lonicera albiflora
Lonicera fragrantissima
Loranthaceae
Lupinus subcarnosus
Lythraceae
Malus malus
Malvaceae
Malvaviscus drummondii
Marrubium vulgare
Medicago denticulata
Medicago sativa
Meliaceae
Melia azedarach
Melilotus alba
Melilotus officinalis
Monarda clinopodioides
Monarda fistulosa
Monarda punctata
Nepeta cataria
Neptunia lutea
Oleaceae
Onagrarieae
Opuntia englemannii
Oxalis stricta
Papaveraceae
Papaver rhoeas
Parkinsonia aculeata
Parthenium Hysterophorus
Phacelia congesta
Phacelia glabra
Phoradendron flavescens
Pisum sativum
Polygonaceae
Populus monilifera
Portulaceae
Portulaca grandiflora
Prosopis juliflora
Prunus (sp.)
Prunus domestica
Ptelea trifoliata
Pyrus communis
Quercus aquatica
Quercus minor
Quercus nigra
Quercus palustris
Quercus rubra
Quercus Virginiana
Reseda odorata
Resedaceae
Rhamneae
Rhus copallina
Rhus virens
Ricinus communis
Robinia Pseudacacia
Rosa
Rosaceae
Rudbeckia bicolor
Rudbeckia hirta
Rubiaceae
Rubus trivialis
Rutaceae
Salicineae
Salix nigra
Salvia azurea
Salvia Roemeriana
Sambucus Canadensis
Sapindaceae
Sapindus marginatus
Sapotaceae
Schrankia angustata
Scutellaria drummondii
Sida spinosa
Sida angustifolia
Simarubaceae
Smilax bona-nox
Solanaceae
Solanum rostratum
Solidago sp. (?)
Sorghum vulgare
Spiraea Virginiana
Symphoricarpos symphorlcarpos
Tagetes patalus
Tamariscineae
Tamarix gallica
Taraxacum officinale
Tilia Americana
Tiliaceae
Toxylon pomiferum
Tradescantia gigantea
Tribulus cistoides
Trifolium pratense
Trifolium repens
Ulmus Americana
Ulmus alata
Ungnadia speciosa
Urticaceae
Verbenaceae
Verbena urticaefolia
Verbena xutha
Verbesina Virginica
Vigna sinensis (Var. ?)
Vigna (sp).
Virburnum prunifolium
Vitis monticola
Vitis (?) (Varieties)
Xanthium Canadense
Xanthoxylum clava-Herculis
Zea mays
Zygophylleae
INDEX
Vernacular or Common Names.
Alfalfa or Lucerne
Amaranth family
American Knapweed
American mistletoe
American or White elm
Apple
Appodilla family
Asparagus
Barberry family
Basswood. American linden
Bean-caper family
Bigonia family
Black haw
Black jack or Barren oak
Black locust
Black walnut
Black willow
Blue lupine. Bluebonnet
Blue sage
Blue thistle
Blue vervain
Borage
Borage family
Brasil wood
Bridal wreath
Broomweed
Buckthorn family
Buckwheat family
Bush honeysuckle
Button bush
Button weed
Cactus family
California privet
Cassia
Castor-oil plant
Catnip
Catsclaw
Cockle-burr. Clot-burr
Coleus
Common Balloon Vine
Common cactus or Prickly pear
Common hoarhound
Common pigweed
Common pumpkin
Common Sunflower
Common turnip
Composite family
Cone flower. Nigger Head
Convolvulus family
Coral berry. Indian currant
Cotton
Cottonwood. Necklace poplar
Cow itch
Crepe myrtle
Cucumber
Cultivated wine grapes
Cow pea
Dandelion
Dense-flowered phacelia
Devils claws
Dew-berry
Dogwood family
Drummond's skull-cap
Dwarf sumach
Ebony family
Elder
Evening primrose family
Eysenhardtia
French mulberry
Fringed poppy mallow
Garden pea
Geranium family
Goldenrod
Goosefoot family
Gourd family
Grass family
Granjeno
Greater caltrop
Great ragweed
Green briar. Cat briar
Green sumach
Greggia
Hardy orange
Hackberry
Hawthorn. White thorn
Holly family
Honey locust
Honey suckle family
Hop tree
Horse-mint
Houstonia
Huajilla
Huisache
Indian corn
Japanese buckwheat
Japanese delchos
Japanese varnish tree
Jussiaea
Lantana
Large-flowered caltrop
Large-flowered verbena
Lily family
Linden family
Live oak
Loose strife family
Madder family
Madeira vine
Mallow family
Marigold
Medick. Burr clover
Melia family
Mezquit tree. Screw bean
Mexican buckeye
Mexican ground plum
Mexican persimmon
Mignonette
Mignonette family
Milk weed family
Mint family
Mistletoe family
Mockernut. Whiteheart Hickory
Morning glory
Mountain grape
Musk melon
Mustard family
Narrow-leafed iron wood
Narrow-leafed sida
Nettle family
Night-shade
Night-shade family
Oak family
Oleaster family
Olive family
One-seeded croton
Osage orange
Paradise flower
Peach
Pear
Pecan-nut
Persimmon (common)
Peppergrass. Pepperwort
Plum
Poppy family
Portulaca
Possum haw. Bear berry
Post oak
Prickly poppy
Pulse family
Purslane family
Quassia family
Rattan vine
Red bud
Red bud. Judas tree
Red clover
Red oak
Retama
Roemer's sage
Roman wormwood
Rose
Rose family
Rose of sharon. Shrubby althaea
Round-flowered catsclaw
Rue family
Salt cedar
Sensitive briar
Silk weed
Silver berry
Sneeze weed. Bitter weed
Soapberry. Wild china
Soapberry family
Sonora croton
Sorgum
Spanish apple
Spatulate-leafed fog-fruit
Spiderwort family
Spring sida
Spurge
Spurge family
Sumach family
Swamp, Spanish, or Pin oak
Sweet clover
Sweet olive
Tall ragweed
Tamarisc family
Texas croton
Thorny amaranth
Tooth-ache tree. Prickly ash. Sea ash. Pepperwood
Tree of heaven
Triple-leafed barberry
Trumpet creeper. Trumpet flower
Umbrella china tree
Vervain family
Vine family
Virginian crown-beard
Virginian spiderwort
Walnut family
Water-leaf family
Watermelon
Water oak
White brush
White clover
White-flowered honey suckle
Willow family
Wild bergamont
Wild gourd
Wild plum
Winged elm or Wahoo
Yellow Wood sorrel
Yellow sweet clover
Youpon
----------------------------------------------------------------------
[Transcriber's note:
Electronic version produced by Frank Zago - April 2nd, 2012.
Notes about this edition: only the obvious typos were fixed; and
several missing opening or closing quotes were added. Otherwise no
other change was made.
The original book used is freely available from Texas A&M University
at: http://repository.tamu.edu/handle/1969.1/3440]
End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Texas Honey Plants, by
C. E. Sanborn and E. E. Scholl
*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TEXAS HONEY PLANTS ***
***** This file should be named 39357.txt or 39357.zip *****
This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
http://www.gutenberg.org/3/9/3/5/39357/
Produced by Frank Zago
Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
will be renamed.
Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules,
set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project
Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you
do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is
subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
redistribution.
*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
http://gutenberg.org/license).
Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic works
1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be
used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few
things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See
paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works. See paragraph 1.E below.
1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the
collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an
individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in
a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check
the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning
the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
States.
1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
copied or distributed:
This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or
re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
1.E.9.
1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked
to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg-tm License.
1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or
distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
that
- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is
owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments
must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License. You must require such a user to return or
destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
Project Gutenberg-tm works.
- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
of receipt of the work.
- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the
Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
1.F.
1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
your equipment.
1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
DAMAGE.
1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you
received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with
the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy
is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
opportunities to fix the problem.
1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any
provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists
because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
people in all walks of life.
Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org.
Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation
The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
http://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at
809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
[email protected]. Email contact links and up to date contact
information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
page at http://pglaf.org
For additional contact information:
Dr. Gregory B. Newby
Chief Executive and Director
[email protected]
Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation
Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations
($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
status with the IRS.
The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations
where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To
SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
particular state visit http://pglaf.org
While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
approach us with offers to donate.
International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other
ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations.
To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate
Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works.
Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily
keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
http://www.gutenberg.org
This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
