The Project Gutenberg eBook of Body-build and its inheritance
This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online
at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States,
you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located
before using this eBook.
Title: Body-build and its inheritance
Author: Charles Benedict Davenport
Release date: March 4, 2026 [eBook #78107]
Language: English
Original publication: Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution, 1923
Other information and formats: www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/78107
Credits: Brian Wilson, Bryan Ness and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries)
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BODY-BUILD AND ITS INHERITANCE ***
BODY-BUILD AND ITS INHERITANCE
BY
CHARLES BENEDICT DAVENPORT
DIRECTOR OF DEPARTMENT OF GENETICS, CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON
[Illustration: CARNEGIE INSTITUTE OF WASHINGTON 1902]
PUBLISHED BY THE CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON
WASHINGTON, DECEMBER 1923
CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON
PUBLICATION NO. 329
PAPER NO. 35 OF THE DEPARTMENT OF GENETICS
JUDD & DETWEILER
WASHINGTON
PREFACE.
This study of the hereditary factors of body-build is an outgrowth of
the author’s activities in the office of the Surgeon-General of the Army
during the World War, where he was in charge of anthropology. In the
examination of thousands of young men the extraordinary diversity of
build was a striking fact. The question of its genetic basis arose and
the desire was stimulated to find out if those physiologists are correct
who account for variations from average build solely on the ground of
special conditions of food intake and activity, and generally disregard
the possibility that factors of heredity are involved. It was anticipated
that the study would be a minor one. But, on account of the wealth of
family data at the Eugenics Record Office, the task assumed unexpectedly
large proportions. Much correspondence had to be undertaken to secure
confirmation or correction of the records, and the period of analysis of
the materials grew from months into years, while the manuscript of the
text and tables accumulated.
Though it has added much to the bulk of the volume, it has seemed
desirable to print full details about the more critical cases.
Geographical location, race, occupation, and diseases have been generally
given because they all bear upon build. The height and weight are of
course given, and these are usually in English measurements, since
they were first reported in that system. They are given in brief form
thus: “120/63 inches”; which means that the subject weighed 120 pounds
(usually including clothing) and was 63 inches tall (without shoes).
The word “inches” is added as an indicator of the system of measurement
employed. In other cases English measures, or indices based on them,
are placed in parenthesis in accordance with scientific custom. Net
relative chest-girths, where given, are based on measurements taken just
below the axilla, are reduced to “on skin” measurements by subtracting
3 centimeters for summer clothing and 6 centimeters for indoor winter
clothing, and are divided by net stature.
To this book many persons have contributed. Hundreds have furnished
data on the Records of Family Traits. Dr. Bret Ratner kindly responded
to my request by having daily measurements made on 11 infants during
the first 10 days of life. The photographs of men of standard build
were contributed by Dr. George L. Meylan; the photographs of boys on
plate 3 were obtained for me by Dr. William Burdick, of the Playground
Association of Baltimore. Through the kindness of Mr. Carle O. Warren,
of the Marquand School, Brooklyn, the photographs of boys of various ages
shown on plates 4 to 6 were secured. Dr. Harvey G. Beck and Dr. L. F.
Barker gave permission for the republication from Barker’s “Endocrinology
and Metabolism” of the photographs at the bottom of plate 8. The families
who have, on request, furnished special data are too numerous to mention.
To all of the foregoing I desire to express sincerest thanks.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
PAGE
PREFACE iii
PART I. Build, its definition and its ontogeny 3
A. General considerations 3
Types of variation in build 4
The measurement of build 4
Ontogenetic 4
Adult 5
Sexual differences in build 5
Racial differences in build 7
Geographical differences in build 7
B. The ontogeny of build 8
Materials and methods 8
The ontogenetic curve of build 11
Later ontogenetic changes in individual build 16
Relation of juvenile to adult build 19
PART II. Mass studies in heredity of adult build 22
Methods and materials 23
The adult index of build 24
Classification of build 26
Significance of variations in build 28
Diseases in relation to build 29
Mass study of variation and heredity in build 36
Regression of progeny toward mediocrity 37
Hypothesis 40
Mate selection in build 44
The basal tables 46
PART III. Family studies in heredity of build 51
A. Statement of problem 51
B. Discussion of special matings 51
CLASS I. Both parents slender 51
Mating 1. One parent is very slender of slender stock;
the other slender 51
Mating 2. Both parents are slender, of slender stock 53
Mating 3. Other slender × very slender matings 54
Mating 4. Other slender × slender matings 56
Summary of slender × slender matings 68
CLASS II. Both parents fleshy 69
Mating 1. One parent is very fleshy, the other fleshy
of fleshy stock 69
Mating 2. Both parents fleshy of fleshy stock 77
Mating 3. Other very fleshy × very fleshy matings 80
Summary 85
CLASS III. Mating of slender with fleshy stock. The F₁
generation 86
Mating 1. One parent slender, of slender stock, the
other fleshy of fleshy stock 86
Mating 2. Other slender × fleshy matings 93
Mating 3. Very slender × very fleshy 97
Mating 4. Slender × very fleshy matings 98
Summary 105
CLASS IV. Matings of probably heterozygous parents. The
F₂ generation 107
Mating 1. Both parents either medium or fleshy, and
probably carrying gametes for slenderness as well
as fleshiness 107
Mating 2. Other medium × medium matings 118
Summary and discussion 119
CLASS V. The back cross 119
Mating 1. Heterozygous medium or fleshy × slender 119
Mating 2. Fleshy × heterozygous fleshy parents 132
Summary and discussion 140
C. General discussion 141
Heredity and environment in build 141
Endocrine glands as links between chromosomes and somatic
qualities 145
Evidence of segregation in the heredity of build 146
On the number of factors involved in fleshy build 149
D. Summary of conclusions 152
Appendix 155
Literature cited 175
Plates 177
BODY-BUILD AND ITS INHERITANCE
BY
CHARLES BENEDICT DAVENPORT
_Director of Department of Genetics,
Carnegie Institution of Washington_
PART I.
BUILD, ITS DEFINITION AND ITS ONTOGENY.
A. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS.
If a hundred men of about the same stature be compared, it is seen
that they vary greatly in weight. At the same time they vary in form,
and especially in bulk. This variation is popularly recognized by the
variety of terms applied to build. It may be of interest to pause a
moment to consider popular terminology relating to build. We have, first,
terms expressing a marked deviation below the normal build. We speak of
persons as “slender,” “thin,” “gaunt,” “slim,” “slight,” “spare,” “lank,”
and “spindling.” These terms are not exactly synonyms. “Lank” implies
angularity; “gaunt” connotes the ravage of disease; “thin” connotes
a loss of weight; “slight” connotes lightness and smallness of bone;
“spindling” is used especially of youth in the period of rapid growth
preceding adolescence; “slim” has a faint connotation of insufficiency;
“slender” best expresses the idea which we shall want to use in this work
where we have a relatively small interest in stature and where we wish
to avoid connotation of disease, developmental changes, etc. In other
languages there exists a series of terms which similarly differ slightly
in connotation. Thus, in French, there is “maigre,” in German “mager,”
which often connote a loss of weight through disease, “dünn,” which
connotes loss of a former more nearly average weight, and “schlank,”
which is close to the English “slender.” On the other hand, the English
language contains a variety of terms applicable to deviation in build
above the average. Thus we have the words “stout,” “portly,” “fleshy,”
“corpulent,” “thick-set,” “obese,” “chubby,” and “fat.” The word “stout”
usually carries a connotation of vigor. The term “portly” connotes large
size with a tendency to excessively great circumference. “Fleshy” is
nearly synonymous with “portly” but has less connotation of majesty of
size. “Corpulent” usually carries a connotation of abdominal enlargement.
“Thick-set” implies a large bony frame. “Obese” frequently connotes
excessive, strictly pathological, increase of build. “Chubby” is applied
especially to infants. “Fat” connotes excessive production of fat in the
body, as opposed to an unusually large muscular development. Perhaps of
all of these terms “fleshy” is as satisfactory as any as an expression
for build without connotation in respect to degree or source of great
weight, whether due to fat, muscle, or bone. In the German language there
are the terms, “plump,” and “schwerfällig,” which serve to express large
build. In the French language there are the terms, “gros,” “obese,”
and “embonpoint,” which is near to the English equivalent “stout” or
“fleshy.” In the present work the term “fleshy” is used, despite its
slight suggestion of muscular development merely, largely because it
begins with a different letter from slender. The word “slender” will be
used for the other extreme of build. It has been found convenient to
indicate those terms by their initial letters “S” and “F” respectively.
Our main problem is, in how far does this difference in build between
slender and fleshy persons depend on constitutional factors?
TYPES OF VARIATION IN BUILD.
Two types of variation in build have to be distinguished: (_a_) the
ontogenetic change in normal build during development with increasing
stature, and (_b_) the change in weight in adults of relatively
invariable stature. In type _a_, stature and other proportions are
rapidly changing, but in type _b_, stature remains constant, and,
throughout the race, stature does not differ as much in mature persons as
it does from birth to maturity. These two types follow different laws and
must be studied by different methods. Consequently they are considered in
distinct parts of the present paper.
THE MEASUREMENT OF BUILD.
It is now necessary to consider how build may best be expressed
quantitatively. The subject of the best index of build has been much
discussed, but without sufficiently differentiating between the two types
of variation in build, the ontogenetic and the adult. One of the latest
authors to consider the matter is Bardeen (1920, p. 486), who mentions
the desirability of recording the volume of the body as a whole, notes
its impracticability, and concludes that we may estimate volume from
weight. It may, however, be doubted if volume is really involved in the
popular notion of build. At least, it is equally probable that the idea
of build, as popularly conceived, is a relation of transverse to vertical
diameters. When I look at a man, or a photograph of one as in plate 1,
and think, “he is slender,” it is because I make a mental comparison of
his breadth (of shoulders or chest) with his height and find that his
breadth in comparison with that of most men I know of that height is
small; or if he is stout the diameter of the chest is large in relation
to stature (plate 2). It seems probable that breadth in relation to
height gives the best expression of the popular idea of build. By the use
of this relation, build can be easily expressed for any age, since chest
circumference (which bears a nearly constant relation to chest diameter)
has been recorded for many persons of all ages.
_Ontogenetic._—Since in so many children and young people the stature and
chest circumference have been measured, it is possible to use these data
in finding the law of normal ontogenetic changes in build from birth
to maturity. This ratio, chest-girth ÷ stature, has thus been used in
discussing this law, as more fully described in section B. This relation
can be used for tracing the change in build of the same developing child
or for tracing the average change of build.
_Adult._—In the study of adult changes of build we start with the
condition that in the individual the stature is fixed. Consequently, in
an individual whose weight is changing, the relation of the build at _a_
years is to that at another period _n_ years later as chest-girth at
_a_ years : chest-girth at _a_ + _n_ years. Thus, in the adult period,
changes of build are proportional to chest-girth. In different persons,
of differing stature, the stature has to be taken into account, and the
differences in build are measured by the relation of relative chest-girth
as in children. Unfortunately, in our study of heredity in adult build,
we usually do not know the chest-girth of the different members of the
family, but only their stature and weight. Our problem is, then, to find
a relation between chest-girth and weight that will enable us to infer
the one from the other. This problem will be further considered in a
later section (p. 24).
SEXUAL DIFFERENCES IN BUILD.
Sex influences the body so profoundly that we have, first of all, to
consider its influence on build, either in early or in adult stages. At
birth there is, on the average, a difference between the sexes in weight.
The male is about 2.5 per cent heavier than the female (3,310 : 3,230
grams in German children, Daffner, 1902, p. 125, quoting Hecker;
3,606 : 3,485 grams in American children, Benedict and Talbot, 1915).
But this does not imply that the boy baby is the chubbier, since the
boy baby is longer by about 1.7 per cent than the girl baby. There is
no obvious difference in the chubbiness of the sexes at birth. Likewise,
in later infancy no obvious difference has been detected, though no
thoroughgoing studies have been made on this subject. In childhood and
youth children of different sex differ in build on the average, but this
is because the form of the ontogenetic curve of build is very different.
After maturity and cessation of growth, there is a marked difference in
form between the sexes. The female has more subcutaneous fat and appears
plumper. If the criterion of weight be applied, the complication arises
that the specific gravity of the female seems to be less than that of
the male (Bardeen, 1920, p. 488, following Meeh, 1895). As found by
Medico-Actuarial Mortality investigations of the Associated Life
Insurance Medical Directors of the Actuarial Society of America,
1912, volume I, p. 251: “The difference in weight between men and
women of the same height is slight under the age of 20, but above
that age young men are distinctly heavier than young women, the
difference becoming less marked as they grow older. The tall women
are markedly lighter than men of the same height.” The main reason
for the greater weight of young men is their relatively much greater
chest circumference.
TABLE 1.—_The distribution of frequencies of the various classes of build
of offspring derived from the various types of matings._
SUMMATION TABLE, MALES ONLY. BASED ON TABLE 11.
+-------+----------+-----------+-----------------------------+---------+
| | | | Build of male offspring. | Total |
|Type of| No. of | No. of +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ No. |
|mating.| matings. | children. | | | | | |male and |
| | | | VS | S | M | F | VF | female |
| | | | | | | | |children.|
+-------+----------+-----------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+---------+
| VS×S | 4 | 5 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 11 |
| VS×M | 8 | 11 | 0 | 2 | 7 | 2 | 0 | 28 |
| VS×F | 5 | 12 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 6 | 1 | 25 |
| S×S | 23 | 29 | 1 | 21 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 47 |
| S×M | 101 | 172 | 0 | 12 | 116 | 38 | 6 | 306 |
| S×F | 49 | 88 | 1 | 5 | 51 | 30 | 1 | 155 |
| S×VF | 11 | 23 | 0 | 3 | 8 | 10 | 2 | 34 |
| M×M | 92 | 178 | 0 | 18 | 117 | 40 | 3 | 327 |
| M×F | 114 | 194 | 0 | 9 | 118 | 58 | 9 | 340 |
| M×VF | 30 | 59 | 1 | 3 | 21 | 24 | 10 | 112 |
| F×F | 33 | 77 | 3 | 30 | 34 | 6 | 4 | 156 |
| F×VF | 30 | 57 | 0 | 0 | 22 | 28 | 7 | 100 |
| VF×VF | 7 | 21 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 3 | 9 | 30 |
| +----------+-----------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+---------+
| Total | 507 | 926 | 7 | 106 | 515 | 246 | 52 | 1,671 |
+-------+----------+-----------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+---------+
| Average build |25.00|29.03|33.64|39.15|49.09| |
+------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+---------+
Average male index of build, 35.81 ± .12.
Standard deviation, 5.33 ± .084.
TABLE 2.—_The distribution of frequencies of the various classes of build
of offspring derived from the various types of matings._
SUMMATION TABLE, FEMALES ONLY. BASED ON TABLE 11A.
+-------+----------+-----------+-----------------------------+
| | | | Build of female offspring. |
|Type of| No. of | No. of +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
|mating.| matings. | children. | | | | | |
| | | | VS | S | M | F | VF |
| | | | | | | | |
+-------+----------+-----------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| VS×S | 4 | 6 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| VS×M | 8 | 17 | 1 | 5 | 10 | 0 | 0 |
| VS×F | 5 | 13 | 1 | 4 | 6 | 1 | 1 |
| S×S | 23 | 18 | 4 | 11 | 3 | 0 | 0 |
| S×M | 101 | 134 | 0 | 36 | 78 | 15 | 5 |
| S×F | 49 | 67 | 2 | 16 | 29 | 19 | 1 |
| S×VF | 11 | 11 | 0 | 1 | 6 | 4 | 0 |
| M×M | 92 | 149 | 2 | 21 | 81 | 41 | 4 |
| M×F | 114 | 146 | 0 | 19 | 90 | 30 | 7 |
| M×VF | 30 | 53 | 1 | 4 | 29 | 12 | 7 |
| F×F | 33 | 79 | 0 | 12 | 30 | 27 | 10 |
| F×VF | 30 | 43 | 0 | 3 | 16 | 14 | 10 |
| VF×VF | 7 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 3 | 1 |
| +----------+-----------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Total | 507 | 745 | 12 | 136 | 384 | 167 | 46 |
+-------+----------+-----------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Average build |24.17|28.69|33.41|39.23|46.76|
+------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
Average female index of build, 34.54 ± .13.
Standard deviation, 5.13 ± .09.
Proceeding by a method to be developed later, I have divided adult build
into five classes, and counted for the various matings the number of
children falling into each. (See tables 1 and 2.) The average index of
build, obtained from the individual indices of build, is 2.52 (metric
system) or 35.81 ± 0.12 (English system) for males, and 2.43 (34.54 ±
0.13) for females, a difference of only 3.7 per cent in favor of the
males, a difference that for our purposes can be neglected. A separation
of the sexes in our studies will therefore be, ordinarily, not attempted,
and this has the advantage in giving us larger frequencies in our tables.
RACIAL DIFFERENCES IN BUILD.
That there are marked racial differences in build is notorious. The
slender Scotchman (plate 1, fig. 3) is in striking contrast with the
South Italian, Greek, or Russian Jew (plate 2, fig. 3). The Eskimo are
noted for their fleshiness, but Arctic conditions seem to favor large
build. (See Davenport and Love, 1921, p. 165.) Martin (1914, p. 248)
gives an average body-build of 1.42 (2.3 our system) for South Russian
Jews and 1.07 (1.7 our system) for Bushmen. Probably the Nilotic negroes
are the slenderest race on earth (Martin, 191, p. 254; for photograph see
Martin, p. 263, or Davenport, 1917, p. 347). The racial differences in
body-build are so great that, when feasible, race should be taken into
account in studies on body-build.
GEOGRAPHICAL DIFFERENCES IN BUILD.
Apart from race, it seems probable that climate influences build. The
races that live in the north polar region are of stout build, but this
may be a racial trait. On the other hand, the whites who come to live
near the pole are heavier than those who live near the equator. This may
be due to relative freedom in the subpolar area from certain diseases
which reduce weight. There may, however, be a physiological response
of the body to the long, cold winters. Whatever the explanation, men
from Alaska were found, at mobilization of the United States Army in
1917-18, to have a much higher index of build than those from any other
region, i. e., 2.28 (32.41);[1] North Dakota and South Dakota came next,
with indices of 2.24 (31.85) and 2.23 (31.73) respectively. These were
followed by Montana, Minnesota, and Wisconsin. Contrariwise, the recruits
from the Gulf States had a low index of build. Whatever the determining
causes, geographical differences in build do exist. Consequently, in
studies of build, it is desirable to consider the residences of the
persons studied.
[1] The method of measuring build is discussed at page 24. The smaller
index (usually lying between 1.5 and 4.5) is the metric index. The
larger index (20 up to 100) is the English system index, and is usually
expressed without decimals.
B. THE ONTOGENY OF BUILD.
From the time of fertilization of the egg it proceeds on its course of
development directed by its “hereditary factors,” but modifiable by the
conditions offered by the environment. Thus is determined the weight of
the baby at birth, and thus the build of the later stages to maturity
are directed. It has seemed useful to measure the changes in build from
birth to maturity, using the method of measuring build during development
described in an earlier section (p. 4).
MATERIALS AND METHODS.
The materials available for such a study are considerable and may be
drawn from a large number of different nationalities. A selection had to
be made from this material; there were chosen the best available series
from those nationalities most representative of the population of the
United States, considering the diversity of its European origin. Two sets
of data were utilized: first, collections of measurements made on males
from 1 year to 21 years; second, some collections from children of both
sexes from birth to 1 year of age.
The first collection of data is gathered from nine sources, listed
below. The data used are given in detail in table 3, which shows the
number of individuals measured by each observer at each age, the average
relative chest-girth at that age, and the average, for each age, of the
different averages of the relative chest-girths formed by each observer.
These averages are not weighted, since the racial stocks measured by the
different observers differed. The average of each observer has therefore
to be considered as a unit of nearly equal value with that of any other
(table 3).
1. Quetelet (1870) data. As Quetelet’s original book was not
available, the data reprinted in Bardeen (1920, p. 544) were
used. Quetelet measured 10 persons at each age from 1 to 20 years
(and older). He selected his subjects with good judgment and
the resulting curve of varying build is remarkably smooth. The
subjects were doubtless Belgians.
2. Weissenberg (1911) data. These were gathered by observations
on South Russian Jews. The numbers observed ranged from 15 males
at birth to about 40 to 100 at later ages. This series is of
especial value because such large numbers of individuals of each
age were measured and because in it are considered only children
as near as possible to their birthdays; that is, as 2 or 3 year
old children were taken those of exactly 2 or 3 years ± 2 months;
as 4, 5, and 6 year olds, 4, 5, and 6 years ± 3 months; as 7 and
8 years, 7 or 8 years ± 4 months. For older children the even
year ± 5 months was taken. The measurement was taken at the line
of the nipples and below the lower apex of the scapulæ; chest
apparently at rest.
3. Benedict and Talbot (1920) data. These were gathered from
healthy children of Boston, Massachusetts. Girth was taken at
the nipples, in a quiescent condition. The number of individuals
considered at each age is small (1 to 9), but the data are
precious, because so few have been published for the period 2 to
5 years.
4. Masters Day Nursery data. Original, from measurements made
upon healthy children in New York City. The chest was measured at
the line of the nipples in a quiescent condition. The numbers are
small, 2 per year.
5. Town (1922) data. A special study of 5 and 6 year old children
of Cedar Rapids, Iowa. There were 31 and 11 children respectively.
6. Reitz (1904) data. A study of school children of Berlin,
Germany. Chest-girth measured “at rest.” From 23 to 209 at the
respective ages from 6 to 19 years, inclusive.
7. Baldwin (1921) data. A group of 60 boys of the well-to-do
class at the Horace Mann School, New York City, were measured
repeatedly in successive years from 7 to 17 years of age
inclusive. Chest at “normal” condition.
8. Godin (1903) data. Measurements taken annually on the same 100
boys in a French military school at St. Hippolyte-du-Fort, Gard.
Chest-girth below pectoralis in repose. Ages 13½ to 17 years
inclusive.
9. Hitchcock, Seeley, and Phillips (1900) data. Measurements made
on about 40 to 600 students at Amherst College at each age from
16 to 26 years inclusive. The chest-girth is made at the level of
the nipples and embraces the scapulæ.
TABLE 3.—_Average relative chest-girth (chest girth + stature) at
different ages from birth to maturity, males._
[According to the observations of 9 sets of observers. The main entries
of the table are given in 4 places of decimals (points omitted).
Immediately to the left of each main entry is given the number of persons
measured to obtain that average. The column on the extreme right gives
the (unweighted) average of the averages standing on the same line.]
+--------+------------+---------------+-----------+-----------+--------+
| |1. Quetelet.|2. Weissenberg.|3. Benedict|4. Masters |5. Town.|
| | | |and Talbot.| Day | |
| Time. | | | | Nursery. | |
| +-----+------+------+--------+-----+-----+----+------+---+----+
| | No. | Avg. | No. | Avg. | No. | Avg.| No.| Avg. |No.|Avg.|
+--------+-----+------+------+--------+-----+-----+----+------+---+----+
| Birth | 10 | 5900 | | 5511 | 3 | 6600| | | | |
| 1 year | 10 | 6300 | | | 3 | 6300| | | | |
| 2 years| 10 | 5850 | 38 | 6005 | 6 | 6060| | | | |
| 3 years| 10 | 5600 | 38 | 5803 | 1 | 5760| | | | |
| 4 years| 10 | 5430 | 38 | 5567 | 2 | 5600| | | | |
| 5 years| 10 | 5300 | 55 | 5353 | 4 | 5340| 2 | 5263 | 31|5082|
| 6 years| 10 | 5200 | 55 | 5208 | 4 | 5040| 2 | 5136 | 11|4990|
| 7 years| 10 | 5110 | 81 | 5058 | 7 | 5190| 2 | 5072 | | |
| 8 years| 10 | 5040 | 95 | 5030 | 7 | 5100| | | | |
| 9 years| 10 | 4990 | 112 | 5016 | 7 | 5060| | | | |
|10 years| 10 | 4950 | 132 | 4952 | 5 | 5150| | | | |
|11 years| 10 | 4920 | 117 | 4911 | 9 | 4950| | | | |
|12 years| 10 | 4910 | 103 | 4780 | 6 | 4810| | | | |
|13 years| 10 | 4900 | 115 | 4850 | | | | | | |
|14 years| 10 | 4900 | 109 | 4866 | | | | | | |
|15 years| 10 | 4910 | 102 | 4923 | | | | | | |
|16 years| 10 | 4930 | 103 | 4888 | | | | | | |
|17 years| 10 | 4970 | 108 | 4929 | | | | | | |
|18 years| 10 | 5040 | 115 | 5046 | | | | | | |
|19 years| 10 | 5110 | 116 | 5076 | | | | | | |
|20 years| 10 | 5180 | 129 | 5040 | | | | | | |
|21 years| | | | | | | | | | |
|25 years| | 5250 | | | | | | | | |
+--------+-----+------+------+--------+-----+-----+----+------+---+----+
+--------+---------+-----------+---------+-------------+----------+
| |6. Reitz.|7. Baldwin.|8. Godin.|9. Hitchcock.| |
| | | | | | |
| Time. | | | | |Unweighted|
| +----+----+-----+-----+---+-----+------+------+ averages.|
| | No.|Avg.| No. | Avg.|No.|Avg. | No. | Avg. | |
+--------+----+----+-----+-----+---+-----+------+------+----------+
| Birth | | | | | | | | | 6004 |
| 1 year | | | | | | | | | 6300 |
| 2 years| | | | | | | | | 5972 |
| 3 years| | | | | | | | | 5721 |
| 4 years| | | | | | | | | 5532 |
| 5 years| | | | | | | | | 5268 |
| 6 years| | | | | | | | | 5115 |
| 7 years| | | 60 | 4852| | | | | 5056 |
| 8 years| | | 60 | 4821| | | | | 4998 |
| 9 years| 168|4573| 60 | 4805| | | | | 4889 |
|10 years| 181|4569| 60 | 4793| | | | | 4883 |
|11 years| 209|4595| 60 | 4740| | | | | 4823 |
|12 years| 189|4546| 60 | 4731| | | | | 4755 |
|13 years| 143|4542| 60 | 4762|100| 4966| | | 4804 |
|14 years| 158|4506| 60 | 4745|100| 5071| | | 4818 |
|15 years| 140|4550| 60 | 4813|100| 5166| | | 4872 |
|16 years| 117|4626| 60 | 4870|100| 5295| 40 | 5000 | 4935 |
|17 years| 70|4598| 60 | 4974|100| 5296| 250 | 4968 | 4956 |
|18 years| 40|4684| | | | | 600 | 5003 | 4943 |
|19 years| 23|4833| | | | | 600 | 5089 | 5027 |
|20 years| | | | | | | 600 | 5136 | 5119 |
|21 years| | | | | | | 600 | 5205 | 5205 |
|25 years| | | | | | | | 5291 | 5271 |
+--------+----+----+-----+-----+---+-----+------+------+----------+
Owing to the complex nature of the curve of build during the first year
of development, special collections of data were made for this portion of
the curve (table 4). They are listed as follows:
1. Original data contributed by Dr. Bret Ratner, pediatrician,
of New York, being measurements made in May and June, 1922, of
weight, length, and chest circumference on 11 babies at the
Manhattan Maternity Hospital during each of the first 10 days
after birth. There were 9 boys and 2 girls. Judging alone by the
surnames, there were apparently of British stock 6, of German
stock 2, of Italian stock 2, and of Spanish stock 1. It is very
difficult to measure length and chest-girth of infants. Length
“on birthday” was generally taken with the child suspended by its
feet, chest-girth with the chest as quiet as possible. The first
measurement was taken as soon as the baby was born, and each
morning thereafter at 8ʰ30ᵐ a.m. The later lengths were measured
on a graduated board.
2. New York Milk Station data collected by Miss Louise A. Nelson
and Miss Margaret R. Babcock, of the Eugenics Record Office
staff. They were made during May and June 1922, on healthy
babies, without clothing. The length was measured with the aid
of a graduated board. Boys and girls were both included, as at
this age their build is not very different, on the average. The
numbers ranged from 4 to 52 for the various months from 0.5 month
to 13 months by 0.5-month intervals.
3. Ratner advanced data. Original data secured by Dr. Bret Ratner
(at Manhattan Maternity Hospital, New York City, on healthy
children whose parents brought them repeatedly to the hospital)
and kindly given to the writer for this study. In this series,
observations are especially abundant at 1, 1.5, and 2 months (47,
170, and 30 cases respectively).
4. Grover (1915) data. Boys only among out-patients of the
Children’s Hospital, Boston, and visitors at milk stations. No
clothing. Chest measured at level of nipples, midway between
inspiration and expiration. Length measured on graduated board.
From 2 to 5 at each month of age.
5. Benedict and Talbot (1920) data. (See No. 3, p. 9.) One to 6
individuals at the various months.
6. Schmid-Monnard (1892) data. Copied from Bardeen (1920, page
542). Boys and girls measured at Frankfort am Main, Germany. 8 to
67 in respective months. Ages 1 to 13 months and up to 30 months.
7. Crum (1915) data. Average measurements of babies without
regard to sex, 193 to 264 per month, mostly baby-show babies and
hence strongly selected. Various parts of the United States.
From the foregoing collections of data, tables 3, 4, and 5 were drawn
up, giving for each age the mean relative chest-girth found by each
observer. Also, the number of individuals upon which the measurement is
based, necessary for weighting the mean. The mean of all measurements was
weighted in table 4, but not in table 3 for the reasons stated on page 8.
TABLE 4.—_Average relative chest-girth of infants from birth to 13
months._
[Obtained from 6 series of observations, described on pages 12, 13.
The main entries of the table are given in 4 places of decimals (point
omitted). Immediately to the left of each main entry is given the number
of persons measured to obtain that average. The column at the extreme
right gives the weighted averages of the averages standing in the same
line.]
+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| | | 2. N. Y. | |
| |3. Ratner.| Milk |4. Grover.|
| Time. | |(♂ and ♀.)| |
| +----+-----+----+-----+----+-----+
| | No.| Avg.| No.| Avg.| No.| Avg.|
+----------+----+-----+----+-----+----+-----+
|2 weeks | 32| 6641| 4 | 6533| | |
|1 month | 47| 6602| 26 | 6504| 2 | 5861|
|1.5 months| 170| 6772| 36 | 6639| | |
|2 months | 30| 6670| 52 | 6623| 4 | 6661|
|3 months | 11| 6700| 49 | 6566| 3 | 6220|
|4 months | 12| 6542| 39 | 6542| 3 | 6157|
|5 months | 10| 6492| 26 | 6522| 3 | 6278|
|6 months | 8| 6500| 39 | 6542| 5 | 6278|
|7 months | 10| 6720| 27 | 6424| 3 | 6203|
|8 months | 3| 6267| 23 | 6317| 4 | 6464|
|9 months | 3| 6550| 26 | 6364| 3 | 6060|
|10 months | 2| 6200| 18 | 6431| 2 | 6237|
|11 months | 1| 6600| 13 | 6354| 2 | 5868|
|12 months | 1| 5800| 8 | 6271| 1 | 5691|
|13 months | | | 11 | 6186| | |
+----------+----+-----+----+-----+----+-----+
+----------+-----------+----------+----------+-----+
| | |6. Schmid | | |
| |5. Benedict| and | 7. Crum. | |
| Time. |and Talbot.| Monnard. | |Aver.|
| +----+------+----+-----+----+-----+ |
| | No.| Avg. | No.| Avg.| No.| Avg.| |
+----------+----+------+----+-----+----+-----+-----+
|2 weeks | 3 | 6599 | | | | | 6627|
|1 month | 2 | 6249 | 67 | 6280| | | 6419|
|1.5 months| 4 | 6574 | | | | | 6745|
|2 months | 3 | 6765 | 44 | 6470| | | 6512|
|3 months | 4 | 6529 | 37 | 6040| | | 6382|
|4 months | 4 | 6304 | 30 | 6510| | | 6507|
|5 months | 3 | 6455 | 37 | 6230| | | 6368|
|6 months | 6 | 6117 | 27 | 6540| 259| 6556| 6540|
|7 months | 3 | 6500 | 19 | 6240| 256| 6468| 6456|
|8 months | 1 | 6308 | 16 | 6400| 232| 6470| 6450|
|9 months | 4 | 6352 | 29 | 6160| 211| 6355| 6333|
|10 months | 2 | 6110 | 17 | 6400| 209| 6404| 6400|
|11 months | 1 | 6174 | 15 | 6120| 193| 6336| 6318|
|12 months | 1 | 6383 | 22 | 6090| 289| 6298| 6280|
|13 months | 1 | 6026 | 19 | 6080| 264| 6235| 6222|
+----------+-----------+----+-----+----+-----+-----+
It will be observed that the means of build differ, for the constant age,
more than do the differences between successive ages. That is to say, the
absolute difference between races at any given age is greater than the
average differences between one year and the next.
The mean relative chest circumferences for the different ages are plotted
in figure 2.
THE ONTOGENETIC CURVE OF BUILD.
The resulting curve of build from birth to maturity is given in figure 1.
This curve shows that build in males is greatest at birth, or at about
1 month, and that it then steadily diminishes to 12 years of age. It
then slowly increases to maturity, and indeed to 30 years, after which it
increases with extreme slowness, probably to 55 years.
[Illustration: FIG. 1.—Polygon of development of relative chest-girth,
male.
Abscissæ: Age in years. Ordinates (chest ÷ girth/stature) × 1000. Based
on averages of the measurements of Quetelet (Belgians), Weissenberg
(Russian Jews), Benedict and Talbot (U.S.A.), Masters Day Nursery, N. Y.
City, Town (Iowa children), Gray and Jacobs (school boys, well-to-do),
Reitz (Germans), Godin (French), Hitchcock (U.S.A. college men), Baldwin
(N. Y. City schools).]
From table 4A and the curve of build, figure 2, we see that the infant
at birth has a chest-girth which is somewhat over two-thirds of stature
(0.6685). It falls rapidly to one month after birth, and then begins to
rise. This minimum is connected with the loss of weight which follows
birth, and is due to the difficulty of making adjustments to the new
conditions which the organism has to meet. This adjustment is soon
thereafter completed and within 2 months chest-girth and weight are not
only recovered, but have caught up with increasing length of body. At 6
weeks the body has reached its maximum post-natal chubbiness. Another
temporary loss in chubbiness occurs at about 8 months, due perhaps to
the cutting of the incisors. The decline which subsequently ensues is
prevailingly due to the rapid growth of the legs without corresponding
increase in transverse diameter (plates 3 and 4). At about 12 years the
boy enters the awkward age when, his legs and arms having grown from 5
to 10 cm. in a single year, he has not yet acquired muscular control
of them (plate 7, fig. 2). At the same time his trunk retains childish
proportions (plate 5, fig. 12). A little earlier than the boy, the girl
enters the “Backfisch” stage of similar slenderness and awkwardness
(plate 7, fig. 3, from Stratz, 1922, p. 258). It is commonly believed
that this rapid growth of the appendages and their long bones is
controlled by the secretions of the pituitary gland. Gradually in the
boy, at 14 years, as the gonads begin to ripen, the growth of the legs is
retarded and the transverse chest diameter begins to increase rapidly;
the lad is quickly transformed into a broad-shouldered, broad-chested,
stocky man (plate 3, fig. 3, plate 5, fig. 8) and accordingly the curve
of build rises much more in the young man than in the young woman (plate
7, figs. 4 and 5). Consequently the adult female build, as measured
by relative chest circumference, is relatively small. At about 19 or
20 years’ growth in stature has usually practically ceased. Meanwhile
chest-girth increases slowly by the enlargement of trunk muscles and
deposition of fat. Weight is, indeed, stated to increase, on the average,
until the age of 55 years (tables 6 and 7).
[Illustration: FIG. 2.—Polygon of relative chest-girth in infants, from
birth to fourteen months, with smoothed curve of build (dotted line).
Data from New York Milk Stations and Dr. B. Ratner.]
TABLE 4A.—_Weight, chest-girth, length of body, and relative chest-girth
at birth and daily thereafter at 8ʰ30ᵐ for 10 days for 11 babies._
[Data furnished by Bret Ratner, M.D., from Manhattan Maternity Hospital
and Dispensary, New York City. Weight in grams; chest-girth and length
in millimeters. Relative chest-girth in ten-thousandths. Final average
relative chest girth is multiplied by 1.037 to adjust to Table 4.]
+---------------+---------------+------+-------+-------+-------+-------
| |Measurements, | At | 1st | 2nd | 3d | 4th
| | etc. |birth.| day. | day. | day. | day.
+---------------+---------------+------+-------+-------+-------+-------
|No. 1, male. |{Weight | 2126 |2084 |1970 |1899 |1885
| Time of birth,|{Ch. girth | 28 | 28 | 28 | 27.75| 27
| V 30, 2ʰ00ᵐ |{Body-length | 45 | 43.75| 43.13| 42.75| 43
| |{Rel. ch. girth| |6400 |6493 |6491 |6279
| | | | | | |
|No. 2, male. |{Weight | 3472 |3494 |3423 |3366 |3430
| Time of birth,|{Ch. girth | 35 | 35 | 34.25| 33 | 33.5
| V 30, 2ʰ25ᵐ |{Body-length | 52 | 52.25| 51.5 | 50.75| 51.5
| |{Rel. ch. girth| |6699 |6651 |6503 |6505
| | | | | | |
|No. 3, male. |{Weight | 2963 |2927 |2842 |2729 |2736
| Time of birth,|{Ch. girth | 33 | 32.25| 31 | 31 | 32
| V 30, 19ʰ35ᵐ |{Body-length | 50 | 50.5 | 49 | 49 | 49.25
| |{Rel. ch. girth| |6386 |6327 |6327 |6498
| | | | | | |
|No. 4, male. |{Weight | 3558 |3487 |3303 |3154 |3204
| Time of birth,|{Ch. girth | 34 | 34 | 33.5 | 33.25| 34
| V 30, 13ʰ00ᵐ |{Body-length | 52 | 51 | 50 | 50 | 51.75
| |{Rel. ch. girth| |6667 |6701 |6650 |6570
| | | | | | |
|No. 5, male. |{Weight | 3005 |3305 |2913 |2856 |2892
| Time of birth,|{Ch. girth | 32 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 32
| VI 1, 3ʰ00ᵐ |{Body-length | 52 | 51 | 51 | 50.75| 51
| |{Rel. ch. girth| |6078 |6078 |6108 |6275
| | | | | | |
|No. 6, male. |{Weight |3019 |2913 |2877 |2750 |2863
| Time of birth,|{Ch. girth | 32.5| 31.75| 31.25| 31.75| 31.75
| VI 1, 12ʰ45ᵐ |{Body-length | 49 | 49 | 49.25| 49.25| 49.25
| |{Rel. ch. girth| |6480 |6345 |6447 |6414
| | | | | | |
|No. 7, male. |{Weight |3175 |3147 |3005 |2962 |2892
| Time of birth,|{Ch. girth | 33 | 32.5 | 32 | 32 | 31
| VI 1, 23ʰ00ᵐ |{Body-length | 50 | 51.25| 50.75| 50.75| 51
| |{Rel. ch. girth| |6342 |6305 |6305 |6078
| | | | | | |
|No. 8, female. |{Weight |2835 |2750 |2679 |2587 |2587
| Time of birth,|{Ch. girth | 31.5| 32.5 | 31 | 31 | 31
| VI 3, 22ʰ00ᵐ |{Body-length | 50 | 48.75| 48.75| 49 | 49
| |{Rel. ch. girth| |6667 |6359 |6327 |6327
| | | | | | |
|No. 9, male. |{Weight |3657 |3657 |3572 |3381 |3366
| Time of birth,|{Ch. girth | 33 | 33.5 | 33 | 33 | 33.5
| VI 5, 23ʰ00ᵐ |{Body-length | 53 | 53 | 52.5 | 53.5 | 53.5
| |{Rel. ch. girth| |6321 |6286 |6168 |6262
| | | | | | |
|No. 10, male. |{Weight |3232 |3118 |2948 |2821 |2814
| Time of birth,|{Ch. girth | 32 | 34 | 31 | 31 | 31
| VI 6. 7ʰ00ᵐ |{Body-length | 52 | 51.25| 50 | 51.5 | 51.5
| |{Rel. ch. girth| |6244 |6800 |6019 |6019
| | | | | | |
|No. 11, female.|{Weight |3303 |3175 |3076 |2962 |2934
| Time of birth,|{Ch. girth | 34 | 34 | 34 | 33 | 33
| VI 5, 17ʰ00ᵐ |{Body-length | 52 | 50.25| 50 | 50 | 50
| |{Rel. ch. girth| |6766 |6800 |6600 |6600
| +======+=======+=======+=======+=======
|Total relative | | | | |
| chest-girth | |710483 |711435 |699448 |698260
|Average relative | | | | |
| chest-girth × 1.037 | 661 | 670 | 671 | 659 | 658
+-------------------------------+------+-------+-------+-------+-------
-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
5th | 6th | 7th | 8th | 9th | 10th |
day. | day. | day. | day. | day. | day. |
-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
1821 |1871 |1899 |1899 |1899 |1928 |
26.5 | 27.5 | 27.5 | 28 | 27.5 | 27.5 |
43 | 42 | 42.25| 42.25| 43 | 43.75|
6163 |6548 |6509 |6627 |6395 |6286 |
| | | | | |
3466 |3529 |3508 |3515 |3529 |3572 |
34 | 33.5 | 33 | 33.5 | 33.5 | 33.5 |
52.25| 52.25| 52.25| 52.5 | 52.5 | 52.5 |
6507 |6412 |6416 |6381 |6381 |6381 |
| | | | | |
2835 |2821 |2849 |2835 |2913 |2927 |
32.5 | 32 | 31 | 31 | 32.5 | 32.5 |
49.5 | 49.5 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50.25|
6566 |6465 |6200 |6200 |6500 |6468 |
| | | | | |
3303 |3359 |3409 |3416 |3473 |3494 |
33.5 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 34.5 |
51.5 | 51.5 | 51.25| 51.25| 51.5 | 51.5 |
6505 |6602 |6634 |6634 |6602 |6699 |
| | | | | |
2906 |2991 |3069 |3104 |3125 |3147 |
32 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 33 | 32 |
51 | 51.25| 51.5 | 52 | 52 | 51.25|
6275 |6079 |6214 |6346 |6346 |6244 |
| | | | | |
2828 |2927 |2849 |2906 |2962 |2977 |
32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 31.5 | 32 |
48.75| 49 | 50 | 50 | 50.5 | 50.5 |
6564 |6530 |6400 |6400 |6238 |6337 |
| | | | | |
2906 |2941 |2984 |2969 |3012 |3026 |
31.5 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 |
51 | 51 | 51.75| 51.75| 51.75| 52.75|
6177 |6275 |6184 |6184 |6184 |6184 |
| | | | | |
2629 |2651 |2672 |2693 |2750 |2722 |
31 | 31 | 30 | 31 | 31 | 31 |
49.5 | 49.5 | 49.5 | 49.5 | 50 | 49.5 |
6263 |6263 |6060 |6263 |6200 |6263 |
| | | | | |
3473 |3487 |3544 |3544 |3565 |3536 |
33.5 | 33.5 | 33 | 33 | 33.5 | 33.5 |
53.5 | 53.5 | 54 | 54 | 54.5 | 53.75|
6262 |6262 |6111 |6111 |6147 |6233 |
| | | | | |
2835 |2849 |2870 |2877 |2948 |2941 |
31 | 31.5 | 31.5 | 31.5 | 31.5 | 31.5 |
51.5 | 51.5 | 51.5 | 51.5 | 52 | 52 |
6019 |6019 |6117 |6117 |6058 |6058 |
| | | | | |
2955 |2962 |3033 |3059 |3033 |2984 |
32.5 | 32.5 | 32.5 | 32.5 | 32.5 | 33 |
50 | 50 | 50.25| 50.25| 50.25| 50.75|
6500 |6500 |6467 |6467 |6467 |6503 |
=======+=======+=======+=======+=======+=======+
| | | | | |
697994 |699232 |692119 |697300 |695178 |696529 |
| | | | | |
658 | 659 | 652 | 657 | 655 | 655 |
-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
It may be well to consider briefly, necessarily somewhat speculatively,
the significance of this ontogenetic change in build. First of all,
the high relative chest circumference of infancy is due chiefly to the
extremely short legs of the infant. Leg-length constitutes only about 40
per cent of stature at birth, whereas it comes to constitute 53 to 55
per cent at maturity. Consequently, the relative leg-length at infancy
is only a trifle more than 70 per cent of the adult relative leg-length.
Likewise the leg-length of the gorilla is about 70 per cent that of
a European man (German, cf. Martin, 1914, p. 308). Consequently the
relative leg-length of the infant, at birth, is to that of the adult
as the relative leg-length of an anthropoid ape is to the relative
leg-length of man. Incidentally, it may be added that the relative length
of the arm of the infant is only slightly (8 per cent) less than that of
the adult, while in the chimpanzee the relative arm-length is 18 per cent
_greater_ than that of man.
We have seen that the relative leg-length of the boy increases to about
12 years and thereafter diminishes to the period of completed growth.
The white man has his greatest leg-length shortly before adolescence. We
find that among the races of mankind it is the long-legged negro tribes
of East Africa, especially the upper Nile (Johnston, 1906. II, p. 932),
which are among the lowest races of mankind, and which seem to represent
in the adult the physical stage through which the white boy passes at 12
years. Other African tribes have, indeed, relatively shorter legs and
thus show a persisting adult stage that is either slightly younger or
slightly older than that of the 12-year-old white boy.
Figure 1 (to return to it after this digression) seems thus adequately to
measure the varying build of humans from birth to past maturity. It may,
indeed, be regarded as composed of two parts: first, that from birth to
the cessation of growth in stature, and second, that beyond cessation of
growth in stature.
The curve of build thus obtained is, apart from the first period of
adjustment that follows birth, a smoothly flowing one, that might indeed
be expressed by a formula
_y_ = _ax_ + _bx²_ + _cx³_ + _dx⁴_, etc.
The curve of build of figure 1 seems to be new in this form. It is,
however, of the same general shape as the curve of varying “Körperfülle”
drawn by Martin (1914, p. 246) from Quetelet’s data and based on the
relation of weight ÷ stature³. The numbers of children considered
in Martin’s figure are inadequate and there is hardly sufficient
justification for the use of this formula to express changes of build
during ontogeny.
The ontogenetic curve of build may serve as a graphic representation of
the stages of development as listed by Stratz (1922). These stages are
shown in table 5.
TABLE 5.—_Growth-periods in children._
[Modified from C. W. Stratz, 1922, p. 87.]
+------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
|Year of age.| First (neutral) child age. |
+------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| 0 to 1 | Infancy. Lactation. |
+------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| 1 to 2 |} |
| 2 3 |} First period of filling out. |
| 3 4 |} |
| | |
| 4 5 |} |
| 5 6 |} First stretching. |
| 6 7 |} |
+============+=======================================================+
| | Second (bisexual) child age. Youth. |
+------------+--------------------------+----------------------------+
| | Boys. | Girls. |
+------------+--------------------------+----------------------------+
| 7 to 8 |} Second period of | Second period of |
| 8 9 |} filling out. | filling out (rounding |
| 9 10 |} | of hips and legs). |
| | | |
| 10 11 |} | |
| 11 12 |} Second stretching | Second stretching |
| 12 13 |} (shooting up in | (shooting up in stature).|
| 13 14 |} stature). Change | Menstruation; beginning |
| 14 15 |} of voice. | breast development. |
| | | |
| 15 16 |} | |
| 16 17 |} Third period of filling | Third period of fullness |
| 17 18 |} out (broadening of | (rapid increase |
| 18 19 |} chest; rapid increase | in weight). Maturity. |
| 19 20 |} in weight). Maturity. | |
+------------+--------------------------+----------------------------+
LATER ONTOGENETIC CHANGES IN INDIVIDUAL BUILD.
Any investigation of the heredity of build is apt to meet with the
difficulty that only the present weights and statures of children,
parents, and grandparents are known; that the persons are of different
ages and hence the data concerning them are not precisely comparable.
Even if we exclude from consideration children of the rapid
developmental period, under 18 years of age, still we have the problem of
individual change of build in mature life. Since stature is practically
immutable at this period, change in build may be measured by change in
weight. That change in weight does occur is notorious. Figures 3 to 6
illustrate graphically the changes in weight in various individuals from
records taken almost at random. In figure 3 the curves of increasing
weight run rapidly upward; in figure 4 they go up and then fall again; in
figure 6 they are more nearly horizontal.
[Illustration: FIG. 3.—Changes in weight from 25 to 50 or 60 years
of father (F), mother (M), and son (S) in D: BOL-1 family, showing a
consistent history of rapid increase of build with age.]
[Illustration: FIG. 4.—Changes in weight from 25 (or 40) years to 45
(or 75) years of father (F), mother (M), and daughter (D) in D: BOL-1A
family, showing a history of fluctuating build.]
[Illustration: FIG. 5.—Changes in weight from 25 to 45 years of 3 sibs
belonging to the D: HAY-1 family, showing a slight tendency to increase
with age.]
[Illustration: FIG. 6.—Changes in weight from 15 to 50 years in 4 sibs of
the D: BAN-1 family, showing no great tendency to change of build during
life.]
On the whole, the weight tends to increase with age. This is shown by the
tables of the “Medico-Actuarial Mortality Investigation” (vol. 1, pp. 38
and 67). The tables are reproduced in our tables 6 and 7. They show that,
on the average, weight tends to increase with age up to 50 or 51 years.
The fact that there is, on the average, an increase in build, makes
necessary an adjustment in some cases of the youthful indices of children
to make them comparable with the adult indices of their parents.
The adjustment was made to the weight of the child by finding in the
appropriate column of stature and line of age the expected weight and
adding the difference between this weight and the weight in the same
column opposite the mid-parental age to the given weight of the child.
TABLE 6.—_Graded average weight of men of different statures at various
ages._
[Copied from Table IV of “Medico-actuarial mortality investigations.”]
+------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| Age, | feet. | feet | feet | feet | feet | feet |
|years.| | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| | | inch. |inches.|inches.|inches.|inches.|
+------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| 15 | 107 | 109 | 112 | 115 | 118 | 122 |
| 16 | 109 | 111 | 114 | 117 | 120 | 124 |
| 17 | 111 | 113 | 116 | 119 | 122 | 126 |
| 18 | 113 | 115 | 118 | 121 | 124 | 128 |
| 19 | 115 | 117 | 120 | 123 | 126 | 130 |
| | | | | | | |
| 20 | 117 | 119 | 122 | 125 | 128 | 132 |
| 21 | 118 | 120 | 123 | 126 | 130 | 134 |
| 22 | 119 | 121 | 124 | 127 | 131 | 135 |
| 23 | 120 | 122 | 125 | 128 | 132 | 136 |
| 24 | 121 | 123 | 126 | 129 | 133 | 137 |
| | | | | | | |
| 25 | 122 | 124 | 126 | 129 | 133 | 137 |
| 26 | 123 | 125 | 127 | 130 | 134 | 138 |
| 27 | 124 | 126 | 128 | 131 | 134 | 138 |
| 28 | 125 | 127 | 129 | 132 | 135 | 139 |
| 29 | 126 | 128 | 130 | 133 | 136 | 140 |
| | | | | | | |
| 30 | 126 | 128 | 130 | 133 | 136 | 140 |
| 31 | 127 | 129 | 131 | 134 | 137 | 141 |
| 32 | 127 | 129 | 131 | 134 | 137 | 141 |
| 33 | 127 | 129 | 131 | 134 | 137 | 141 |
| 34 | 128 | 130 | 132 | 135 | 138 | 142 |
| | | | | | | |
| 35 | 128 | 130 | 132 | 135 | 138 | 142 |
| 36 | 129 | 131 | 133 | 136 | 139 | 143 |
| 37 | 129 | 131 | 133 | 136 | 140 | 144 |
| 38 | 130 | 132 | 134 | 137 | 140 | 144 |
| 39 | 130 | 132 | 134 | 137 | 140 | 144 |
| | | | | | | |
| 40 | 131 | 133 | 135 | 138 | 141 | 145 |
| 41 | 131 | 133 | 135 | 138 | 141 | 145 |
| 42 | 132 | 134 | 136 | 139 | 142 | 146 |
| 43 | 132 | 134 | 136 | 139 | 142 | 146 |
| 44 | 133 | 135 | 137 | 140 | 143 | 147 |
| | | | | | | |
| 45 | 133 | 135 | 137 | 140 | 143 | 147 |
| 46 | 134 | 136 | 138 | 141 | 144 | 148 |
| 47 | 134 | 136 | 138 | 141 | 144 | 148 |
| 48 | 134 | 136 | 138 | 141 | 144 | 148 |
| 49 | 134 | 136 | 138 | 141 | 144 | 148 |
| | | | | | | |
| 50 | 134 | 136 | 138 | 141 | 144 | 148 |
| 51 | 135 | 137 | 139 | 142 | 145 | 149 |
| 52 | 135 | 137 | 139 | 142 | 145 | 149 |
| 53 | 135 | 137 | 139 | 142 | 145 | 149 |
| 54 | 135 | 137 | 139 | 142 | 145 | 149 |
| 55 | | | | | | |
|and up| 135 | 137 | 139 | 142 | 145 | 149 |
+------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
+------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| Age, | feet | feet | feet | feet | feet | feet |
|years.| 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 |
| |inches.|inches.|inches.|inches.|inches.|inches.|
+------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| 15 | 126 | 130 | 134 | 138 | 142 | 147 |
| 16 | 128 | 132 | 136 | 140 | 144 | 149 |
| 17 | 130 | 134 | 138 | 142 | 146 | 151 |
| 18 | 132 | 136 | 140 | 144 | 148 | 153 |
| 19 | 134 | 138 | 142 | 146 | 150 | 155 |
| | | | | | | |
| 20 | 136 | 140 | 144 | 148 | 152 | 156 |
| 21 | 138 | 141 | 145 | 149 | 153 | 157 |
| 22 | 139 | 142 | 146 | 150 | 154 | 158 |
| 23 | 140 | 143 | 147 | 151 | 155 | 159 |
| 24 | 141 | 144 | 148 | 152 | 156 | 160 |
| | | | | | | |
| 25 | 141 | 145 | 149 | 153 | 157 | 162 |
| 26 | 142 | 146 | 150 | 154 | 158 | 163 |
| 27 | 142 | 146 | 150 | 154 | 158 | 163 |
| 28 | 143 | 147 | 151 | 155 | 159 | 164 |
| 29 | 144 | 148 | 152 | 156 | 160 | 165 |
| | | | | | | |
| 30 | 144 | 148 | 152 | 156 | 161 | 166 |
| 31 | 145 | 149 | 153 | 157 | 162 | 167 |
| 32 | 145 | 149 | 154 | 158 | 163 | 168 |
| 33 | 145 | 149 | 154 | 159 | 164 | 169 |
| 34 | 146 | 150 | 155 | 160 | 165 | 170 |
| | | | | | | |
| 35 | 146 | 150 | 155 | 160 | 165 | 170 |
| 36 | 147 | 151 | 156 | 161 | 166 | 171 |
| 37 | 148 | 152 | 157 | 162 | 167 | 172 |
| 38 | 148 | 152 | 157 | 162 | 167 | 173 |
| 39 | 148 | 152 | 157 | 162 | 167 | 173 |
| | | | | | | |
| 40 | 149 | 153 | 158 | 163 | 168 | 174 |
| 41 | 149 | 153 | 158 | 163 | 168 | 174 |
| 42 | 150 | 154 | 159 | 164 | 169 | 175 |
| 43 | 150 | 154 | 159 | 164 | 169 | 175 |
| 44 | 151 | 155 | 160 | 165 | 170 | 176 |
| | | | | | | |
| 45 | 151 | 155 | 160 | 165 | 170 | 176 |
| 46 | 152 | 156 | 161 | 166 | 171 | 177 |
| 47 | 152 | 156 | 161 | 166 | 171 | 177 |
| 48 | 152 | 156 | 161 | 166 | 171 | 177 |
| 49 | 152 | 156 | 161 | 166 | 171 | 177 |
| | | | | | | |
| 50 | 152 | 156 | 161 | 166 | 171 | 177 |
| 51 | 153 | 157 | 162 | 167 | 172 | 178 |
| 52 | 153 | 157 | 162 | 167 | 172 | 178 |
| 53 | 153 | 157 | 162 | 167 | 172 | 178 |
| 54 | 153 | 158 | 163 | 168 | 173 | 178 |
| 55 | | | | | | |
|and up| 153 | 158 | 163 | 168 | 173 | 178 |
+------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
+------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 |
| Age, | feet. | feet | feet | feet | feet | feet |
|years.| | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| | | inch. |inches.|inches.|inches.|inches.|
+------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| 15 | 152 | 157 | 162 | 167 | 172 | 177 |
| 16 | 154 | 159 | 164 | 169 | 174 | 179 |
| 17 | 156 | 161 | 166 | 171 | 176 | 181 |
| 18 | 158 | 163 | 168 | 173 | 178 | 183 |
| 19 | 160 | 165 | 170 | 175 | 180 | 185 |
| | | | | | | |
| 20 | 161 | 166 | 171 | 176 | 181 | 186 |
| 21 | 162 | 167 | 172 | 177 | 182 | 187 |
| 22 | 163 | 168 | 173 | 178 | 183 | 188 |
| 23 | 164 | 169 | 175 | 180 | 185 | 190 |
| 24 | 165 | 171 | 177 | 182 | 187 | 192 |
| | | | | | | |
| 25 | 167 | 173 | 179 | 184 | 189 | 194 |
| 26 | 168 | 174 | 180 | 186 | 191 | 196 |
| 27 | 169 | 175 | 181 | 187 | 192 | 197 |
| 28 | 170 | 176 | 182 | 188 | 193 | 198 |
| 29 | 171 | 177 | 183 | 189 | 194 | 199 |
| | | | | | | |
| 30 | 172 | 178 | 184 | 190 | 196 | 201 |
| 31 | 173 | 179 | 185 | 191 | 197 | 202 |
| 32 | 174 | 180 | 185 | 192 | 198 | 203 |
| 33 | 175 | 181 | 187 | 193 | 199 | 204 |
| 34 | 176 | 182 | 188 | 194 | 200 | 206 |
| | | | | | | |
| 35 | 176 | 182 | 189 | 195 | 201 | 207 |
| 36 | 177 | 183 | 190 | 196 | 202 | 208 |
| 37 | 178 | 184 | 191 | 197 | 203 | 209 |
| 38 | 179 | 185 | 192 | 198 | 204 | 210 |
| 39 | 179 | 185 | 192 | 199 | 205 | 211 |
| | | | | | | |
| 40 | 180 | 186 | 193 | 200 | 206 | 212 |
| 41 | 180 | 186 | 193 | 200 | 207 | 213 |
| 42 | 181 | 187 | 194 | 201 | 208 | 214 |
| 43 | 181 | 187 | 194 | 201 | 208 | 214 |
| 44 | 182 | 188 | 195 | 202 | 209 | 215 |
| | | | | | | |
| 45 | 182 | 188 | 195 | 202 | 209 | 215 |
| 46 | 183 | 189 | 196 | 203 | 210 | 216 |
| 47 | 183 | 190 | 197 | 204 | 211 | 217 |
| 48 | 183 | 190 | 197 | 204 | 211 | 217 |
| 49 | 183 | 190 | 197 | 204 | 211 | 217 |
| | | | | | | |
| 50 | 183 | 190 | 197 | 204 | 211 | 217 |
| 51 | 184 | 191 | 198 | 205 | 212 | 218 |
| 52 | 184 | 191 | 198 | 205 | 212 | 218 |
| 53 | 184 | 191 | 198 | 205 | 212 | 218 |
| 54 | 184 | 191 | 198 | 205 | 212 | 219 |
| 55 | | | | | | |
|and up| 184 | 191 | 198 | 205 | 212 | 219 |
+------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
TABLE 7.—-_Graded average weight of women of different statures at
various ages._
[Copied from Table IX of “Medico-actuarial mortality investigations.”]
+------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 |
| Age, | feet | feet | feet | feet | feet. | feet |
|years.| 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | | 1 |
| |inches.|inches.|inches.|inches.| | inch. |
+------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| 15 | 101 | 103 | 105 | 106 | 107 | 109 |
| 16 | 102 | 104 | 106 | 117 | 120 | 124 |
| 17 | 103 | 105 | 107 | 109 | 111 | 113 |
| 18 | 104 | 106 | 108 | 110 | 112 | 114 |
| 19 | 105 | 107 | 109 | 111 | 113 | 115 |
| | | | | | | |
| 20 | 106 | 108 | 110 | 112 | 114 | 116 |
| 21 | 107 | 109 | 111 | 113 | 115 | 117 |
| 22 | 107 | 109 | 111 | 113 | 115 | 117 |
| 23 | 108 | 110 | 112 | 114 | 116 | 118 |
| 24 | 109 | 111 | 113 | 115 | 117 | 119 |
| | | | | | | |
| 25 | 109 | 111 | 113 | 115 | 117 | 119 |
| 26 | 110 | 112 | 114 | 116 | 118 | 120 |
| 27 | 110 | 112 | 114 | 116 | 118 | 120 |
| 28 | 111 | 113 | 115 | 117 | 119 | 121 |
| 29 | 111 | 113 | 115 | 117 | 119 | 121 |
| | | | | | | |
| 30 | 112 | 114 | 116 | 118 | 120 | 122 |
| 31 | 113 | 115 | 117 | 119 | 121 | 123 |
| 32 | 113 | 115 | 117 | 119 | 121 | 123 |
| 33 | 114 | 116 | 118 | 120 | 122 | 124 |
| 34 | 115 | 117 | 119 | 121 | 123 | 125 |
| | | | | | | |
| 35 | 115 | 117 | 119 | 121 | 123 | 125 |
| 36 | 116 | 118 | 120 | 122 | 124 | 126 |
| 37 | 116 | 118 | 120 | 122 | 124 | 126 |
| 38 | 117 | 119 | 121 | 123 | 125 | 127 |
| 39 | 118 | 120 | 122 | 124 | 126 | 128 |
| | | | | | | |
| 40 | 119 | 121 | 123 | 125 | 127 | 129 |
| 41 | 120 | 122 | 124 | 126 | 128 | 130 |
| 42 | 120 | 122 | 124 | 126 | 128 | 130 |
| 43 | 121 | 123 | 125 | 127 | 129 | 131 |
| 44 | 122 | 124 | 126 | 128 | 130 | 132 |
| | | | | | | |
| 45 | 122 | 124 | 126 | 128 | 130 | 132 |
| 46 | 123 | 125 | 127 | 129 | 131 | 133 |
| 47 | 123 | 125 | 127 | 129 | 131 | 133 |
| 48 | 124 | 126 | 128 | 130 | 132 | 134 |
| 49 | 124 | 126 | 128 | 130 | 132 | 134 |
| | | | | | | |
| 50 | 125 | 127 | 129 | 131 | 133 | 135 |
| 51 | 125 | 127 | 129 | 131 | 133 | 135 |
| 52 | 125 | 127 | 129 | 131 | 133 | 135 |
| 53 | 125 | 127 | 129 | 131 | 133 | 135 |
| 54 | 125 | 127 | 129 | 131 | 133 | 135 |
| 55 | 125 | 127 | 129 | 131 | 133 | 135 |
+------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
+------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| Age, | feet | feet | feet | feet | feet | feet |
|years.| 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
| |inches.|inches.|inches.|inches.|inches.|inches.|
+------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| 15 | 112 | 115 | 118 | 122 | 126 | 130 |
| 16 | 128 | 132 | 136 | 140 | 144 | 149 |
| 17 | 116 | 119 | 122 | 125 | 129 | 133 |
| 18 | 117 | 120 | 123 | 126 | 130 | 134 |
| 19 | 118 | 121 | 124 | 127 | 131 | 135 |
| | | | | | | |
| 20 | 119 | 122 | 125 | 128 | 132 | 136 |
| 21 | 120 | 123 | 126 | 129 | 133 | 137 |
| 22 | 120 | 123 | 126 | 129 | 133 | 137 |
| 23 | 121 | 124 | 127 | 130 | 134 | 138 |
| 24 | 121 | 124 | 127 | 130 | 134 | 138 |
| | | | | | | |
| 25 | 121 | 124 | 128 | 131 | 135 | 139 |
| 26 | 122 | 125 | 128 | 131 | 135 | 139 |
| 27 | 122 | 125 | 129 | 132 | 136 | 140 |
| 28 | 123 | 126 | 130 | 133 | 137 | 141 |
| 29 | 123 | 126 | 130 | 133 | 137 | 141 |
| | | | | | | |
| 30 | 124 | 127 | 131 | 134 | 138 | 142 |
| 31 | 125 | 128 | 132 | 135 | 139 | 143 |
| 32 | 125 | 128 | 132 | 136 | 140 | 144 |
| 33 | 126 | 129 | 133 | 137 | 141 | 145 |
| 34 | 127 | 130 | 134 | 138 | 142 | 146 |
| | | | | | | |
| 35 | 127 | 130 | 134 | 138 | 142 | 146 |
| 36 | 128 | 131 | 135 | 139 | 143 | 147 |
| 37 | 129 | 132 | 136 | 140 | 144 | 148 |
| 38 | 130 | 133 | 137 | 141 | 145 | 149 |
| 39 | 131 | 134 | 138 | 142 | 146 | 150 |
| | | | | | | |
| 40 | 132 | 135 | 138 | 142 | 146 | 150 |
| 41 | 133 | 136 | 139 | 143 | 147 | 151 |
| 42 | 133 | 136 | 139 | 143 | 147 | 151 |
| 43 | 134 | 137 | 140 | 144 | 148 | 152 |
| 44 | 133 | 138 | 141 | 145 | 149 | 153 |
| | | | | | | |
| 45 | 135 | 138 | 141 | 145 | 149 | 153 |
| 46 | 136 | 139 | 142 | 146 | 150 | 154 |
| 47 | 136 | 139 | 142 | 146 | 151 | 155 |
| 48 | 137 | 140 | 143 | 147 | 152 | 156 |
| 49 | 137 | 140 | 143 | 147 | 152 | 156 |
| | | | | | | |
| 50 | 138 | 141 | 149 | 148 | 152 | 156 |
| 51 | 138 | 141 | 144 | 148 | 152 | 157 |
| 52 | 138 | 141 | 144 | 148 | 152 | 157 |
| 53 | 138 | 141 | 144 | 148 | 152 | 157 |
| 54 | 138 | 141 | 144 | 148 | 153 | 158 |
| 55 | 138 | 141 | 144 | 148 | 153 | 158 |
+------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
+------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 |
| Age, | feet | feet | feet | feet | feet. |
|years.| 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | |
| |inches.|inches.|inches.|inches.| |
+------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| 15 | 134 | 138 | 142 | 147 | 152 |
| 16 | 154 | 159 | 164 | 174 | 179 |
| 17 | 137 | 140 | 144 | 149 | 154 |
| 18 | 138 | 142 | 145 | 150 | 155 |
| 19 | 139 | 142 | 146 | 151 | 155 |
| | | | | | |
| 20 | 140 | 143 | 147 | 151 | 156 |
| 21 | 141 | 144 | 148 | 152 | 156 |
| 22 | 141 | 145 | 149 | 153 | 157 |
| 23 | 142 | 146 | 150 | 153 | 157 |
| 24 | 142 | 146 | 150 | 154 | 158 |
| | | | | | |
| 25 | 143 | 147 | 151 | 154 | 158 |
| 26 | 143 | 147 | 151 | 155 | 159 |
| 27 | 144 | 148 | 152 | 155 | 159 |
| 28 | 145 | 149 | 153 | 156 | 160 |
| 29 | 145 | 149 | 153 | 156 | 160 |
| | | | | | |
| 30 | 146 | 150 | 154 | 157 | 161 |
| 31 | 147 | 151 | 154 | 157 | 161 |
| 32 | 148 | 152 | 155 | 158 | 162 |
| 33 | 149 | 153 | 156 | 159 | 162 |
| 34 | 150 | 154 | 157 | 160 | 163 |
| | | | | | |
| 35 | 150 | 154 | 157 | 160 | 163 |
| 36 | 151 | 155 | 158 | 161 | 164 |
| 37 | 152 | 156 | 159 | 162 | 165 |
| 38 | 153 | 157 | 160 | 163 | 166 |
| 39 | 154 | 158 | 161 | 164 | 167 |
| | | | | | |
| 40 | 154 | 158 | 161 | 164 | 167 |
| 41 | 155 | 159 | 162 | 165 | 168 |
| 42 | 155 | 159 | 162 | 166 | 169 |
| 43 | 156 | 160 | 163 | 167 | 170 |
| 44 | 157 | 161 | 164 | 168 | 171 |
| | | | | | |
| 45 | 157 | 161 | 164 | 168 | 171 |
| 46 | 158 | 162 | 165 | 169 | 172 |
| 47 | 159 | 163 | 166 | 170 | 173 |
| 48 | 160 | 164 | 187 | 171 | 174 |
| 49 | 161 | 165 | 168 | 172 | 175 |
| | | | | | |
| 50 | 161 | 165 | 169 | 173 | 176 |
| 51 | 162 | 166 | 170 | 174 | 177 |
| 52 | 162 | 166 | 170 | 174 | 177 |
| 53 | 162 | 166 | 170 | 174 | 177 |
| 54 | 163 | 167 | 171 | 174 | 177 |
| 55 | 163 | 167 | 171 | 174 | 177 |
+------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
RELATION OF JUVENILE TO ADULT BUILD.
This adjustment was not always necessary, first, because in not a
few cases the children were of an adult age and the data for the
build of the parents, now dead, were given for the same age; second,
examination of such developmental curves as are shown in figure 6
strongly indicates that when the parents are of slender build, and the
children are of slender build at the age of 25 years younger than the
parents, the increase in weight of the children will not usually follow
the actuarial tables. The actuarial tables, indeed, represent only the
average increase, and this average is made of a population that does not
increase its weight at all when it grows older (fig. 6) and a population
that increases its weight at a much faster rate than indicated in the
actuarial tables (fig. 3). Consequently, no adjustment is made to the
given weights of the children whose parents are slender. In the case
where one parent was slender and one fat, the adjustment is still made in
the build of all the children. This procedure, undoubtedly, introduces
an error which, so far as I see, can not be avoided. Baldwin (1921, p.
74) states that “as a general rule heavy children remain relatively heavy
during the period studied”; and his developmental curves of individual
children show that the same persistence of the juvenile build is commonly
true for children of slight weight. It is striking how often the children
of heavy parents will be heavy even in youth, and conversely, children of
exceptionally great weight are apt to retain, and add to, their build.
Chambers (1850, pp. 139-143) cites the following cases of early familial
obesity: A boy of 3 years weighs 39.5 kg. (87 pounds); his 6 sisters
and brothers are obese. A girl of 5 years 5 months weighs 89 kg. (196
pounds); obesity on both sides of the house. A boy of 16 weighs 114 kg.
(252 pounds); there is collateral heredity.
A striking case of early obesity persisting to maturity is that of Miss
Allen (plate 8).
On the other hand, it is often strikingly true that in families with a
tendency to fleshy build some of the children will remain slender until
20 or 25 years and then begin to grow fat. The metabolic changes that
induce fatness first appear in later life.
PART II.
MASS STUDIES IN HEREDITY OF ADULT BUILD.
It is a matter of common observation that in some families the parents
and children are all slender; in others, there may be many examples of
obesity. Worthington (1877, p. 50) cites a number of examples from C.
Bouchard. A woman of 45 years weighs 107 kg. (236 pounds); her obesity
began shortly after marriage; her father is very obese and her mother
obese. A woman of 49 years, whose father is a Turk and whose mother is
French, weighs 117 kg. or about 258 pounds; her mother was obese. A woman
of 115 kg. or about 250 pounds has an obese mother and two sisters who
were obese in infancy; also a gouty mother’s father and father’s father.
The following, from Chambers (1850), show obesity “on both sides of the
house”: Male of 28 years, 120 kg. (266 pounds); woman of 48 years, 127
kg. (280 pounds); woman of 52 years, 98.4 kg. (217 pounds); man of 57
years, 227 kg. (500 pounds); woman of 58 years, 104 kg. (231 pounds);
woman of 68 years, 118 kg. (260 pounds); woman of 70 years, 107 kg. (238
pounds). In many other cases cited by Chambers, one parent of the obese
patient was obese. Howard (1908, p. 54) cites the case of a 7-year-old
girl, 45.5 inches (115.6 cm.) tall, who weighed 40 kg. (88 pounds), had
a pendulous abdomen, and was feeble-minded. Her sibs were not abnormal
and her parents were of average build. One of her great uncles weighs 127
kg. (280 pounds), an uncle, at 40 years, about 109 kg., and an aunt of
31 years, 95 kg. (210 pounds). This case is instructive because of the
skipping of a generation.
In the class of obese cases known as adiposis dolorosa, heredity is
usually obvious. Price (1909) cites a case of an obese woman of 48 years
and weighing 140 kg. (310 pounds) who belongs to a fraternity of 7; 1 was
a miscarriage, 2 died young of accident, 1 died at 22 of typho-pneumonia,
1 died young of scarlet fever, and 1 brother is large and rheumatic.
The father seems to have been of average build and the mother is stated
to have been “very thin.” Of her sibs, 6 were fleshy or very fleshy, 1
medium, and 1 slender; the children of these fleshy sibs of the mother
are “all stout.”
Lyon (1910, p. 68) discusses heredity in adiposis dolorosa and
lipomatosis and cites a considerable number of cases of family recurrence
in his cases and others. Thus he twice treated a father and his son for
multiple fatty tumors; also twice a mother and daughter. Lyon’s obese
case No. 5 was like her 3 sisters and 1 daughter; a son of her father’s
brother showed similar fatty deposits. 10 other instances of family
recurrence of abnormal fat deposit are cited.
Maranon and Bonilla (1920) cite the case of a girl of 18 years who was
slender, like her parents, until after an attack of syphilis, when she
came to weigh 157 kg. or 350 pounds, while her height was 160 cm., her
chest-girth 130 cm., and that of her abdomen 150 cm. or 90 per cent of
her height. She had a very large brother, and both mother’s parents were
obese, though the parents were not known to be so.
Such examples might be multiplied indefinitely.
Our problem is not what are all the causes of this diversity of build,
but rather in how far do genetical factors play a part in this diversity.
We are not oblivious to the fact that there are many factors responsible
for the result—deviation from the average build. These we shall consider
in detail in a later section, and the consideration will help us to see
the limits to the action of the genetical factors. Before going on to
that, we shall have to consider more in detail the nature of the facts
for which an explanation has to be sought.
METHODS AND MATERIALS.
The method of analyzing the genetic factors in build is that of
tabulating the distribution of aberrant builds in the family network.
There is required, first, a large mass of family data which includes
many extreme or aberrant types of build, and which is as reliable and as
accurately quantitative as possible; secondly, this has to be subjected
to the ordinary methods of genetic analysis.
The available material has consisted of data on stature and weight
given in the Records of Family Traits which constitute a fair sample of
the population; and of quantitative data on special schedules giving
stature and weight of a fraternity, its parents, uncles and aunts, and
grandparents. These special schedules had been mailed to an address
list of overweight and underweight persons obtained through the kind
cooperation of Mr. Arthur Hunter. Those who returned the schedules
showed an especial appreciation of the requirements of our study. A
third source was the A file of the Eugenics Record Office, where are
gathered miscellaneous pedigrees of families showing aberrancy in build.
A fourth and especially valuable source was the field work of Miss Louise
A. Nelson, of the Eugenics Record Office; this started with selected,
usually obese, cases.
After the data had been assembled and tabulated, a certain amount of
correspondence and personal visitation was undertaken in order to
secure a confirmation or revision of the records in hand. In some
cases this brought to light errors in the records, in others, useful
details. Naturally, it was not possible to secure a revision of all of
the data used, but an attempt was made to select only records that had
been compiled with care and conscientiousness, and these traits in the
compiler reveal themselves pretty clearly to a person who has examined
thousands of these records, just as carelessness is revealed also by
slipshod speech or posture.
For our study we desire the data of stature and weight for children,
parents, and grandparents. With some exceptions only those families are
studied in which all these data are accurately given. Also, only children
who are above 18 years of age can be utilized, because stature changes
so rapidly until that age. However, since it is build and not stature
we are studying, the fact of increase of stature from 19 to 21 years of
age affects the result very little. Finally, in a certain proportion
of the cases the stature and weight of all of the grandparents are not
given quantitatively. Such families are utilized, nevertheless, with such
quantitative data as may have been afforded.
The data were taken from the Records of Family Traits by Miss Miriam
Kortright, who long assisted in our statistical work. The computations of
index of build were made by Miss Kortright and Mr. William Kraus, Miss
Laura Craytor, and Miss Margaret Andrus, who checked one another’s work.
The tabulation and seriations of the indices were done by Misses Margaret
Babcock and Katharine Belzer.
THE ADULT INDEX OF BUILD.
In an earlier section of this paper the question of the best index of
build has been discussed generally. It was pointed out that many regard
it as a truism that build is a relation of volume to stature. Since
the volume of a person’s body is rarely known, and it is difficult to
determine it, weight has been substituted for volume. However, this
substitution assumes that specific gravity is the same for slender and
for fat persons; but this is not at all the case. The specific gravity
of a fat person is about that of water (0.978 to 1.079 in 4 children 7
to 13 years of age, Meeh, 1879, and 1.014 in a 61-year-old man of 98
kg. weight, Mies, 1899); of a thin person it may be 5 to 8 per cent
above that of water (1.049 to 1.082 for thin convicts, Mies, 1899).
This variable specific gravity complicates the attempt to infer volume
from weight. In view of these difficulties it were better to measure
build by a relation of chest diameter (or circumference) to stature. But
this ratio can not be used in our studies, since our data, for the most
part, give only weight and stature and not chest-girth. It remains thus
to determine the closest relation between weight and chest-girth. This
determination I have attempted to make for 100 young men, 20 to 25 years
of age, measured at Harvard University where they were students. It will
hardly be worth while to reproduce the detailed tables of measurements
and ratios, but they will be found summarized in table 8. In this table
is given the frequency of occurrence of each of the different ratios
(or rather classes of ratios) found using chest-girth in first, second,
and third powers as a divisor. If weight varied exactly with the
chest-girth, then the ratio of the former to the latter should remain
constant. Such a strict relation is hardly to be expected and, of course,
is not found. The ratios obtained show a certain variability about
the mean condition, and this variability is measured by the standard
deviation. Similarly, if each weight be divided in turn by the second and
third powers of stature, and the corresponding variability of the ratios
be considered, we shall have a method of deciding whether weight varies
more closely with the first, second, or third power of chest-girth, and
which of those powers gives in its fluctuations the best measure of the
corresponding fluctuations in weight.
TABLE 8.—_Variability of weight in relation to the second and third
powers of chest-girth as found in 100 Harvard students._
[_f_, frequency of occurrence of the given index-class.]
+------------------+-------------------+-------------------+
| Weight ÷ | Weight ÷ | Weight ÷ |
| chest-girth | chest-girth² | chest-girth³ |
+------------------+-------------------+-------------------+
| _f_ | _f_ | _f_ |
| 610 to 619 1 | 690 to 700 1 | 711 to 720 1 |
| 640 649 3 | 711 720 1 | 761 770 3 |
| 660 669 2 | 731 740 1 | 791 800 3 |
| 670 679 4 | 741 750 1 | 801 810 3 |
| 680 689 6 | 751 760 5 | 811 820 3 |
| 690 699 2 | 761 770 2 | 821 830 3 |
| 700 709 7 | 771 780 4 | 831 840 3 |
| 710 719 6 | 781 790 11 | 841 850 5 |
| 720 729 4 | 791 800 10 | 851 860 1 |
| 730 739 10 | 801 810 7 | 861 870 10 |
| 740 749 7 | 811 820 9 | 871 880 6 |
| 750 759 7 | 821 830 8 | 881 890 3 |
| 760 769 6 | 831 840 5 | 891 900 5 |
| 770 779 4 | 841 850 3 | 901 910 5 |
| 780 789 7 | 851 860 4 | 911 920 3 |
| 790 799 5 | 861 870 9 | 921 930 2 |
| 800 809 2 | 871 880 3 | 931 940 7 |
| 810 819 3 | 881 890 4 | 941 950 1 |
| 820 829 3 | 891 900 3 | 951 960 4 |
| 830 839 3 | 901 910 4 | 961 970 4 |
| 840 849 4 | 921 930 2 | 971 980 9 |
| 850 859 1 | 951 960 1 | 981 990 1 |
| 870 879 1 | 961 970 2 | 991 1000 5 |
| 900 909 1 | | 1001 1010 2 |
| 920 929 1 | | 1031 1040 1 |
| | | 1041 1050 4 |
| | | 1061 1070 2 |
| | | 1111 1120 1 |
| | | |
| σ, 58.32 | σ, 51.50 | σ, 76.99 |
+------------------+-------------------+-------------------+
A comparison of the standard deviations gives the following results for
man:
weight weight weight
Ratio: ----------- ------------ ------------
chest-girth chest-girth² chest-girth³
Standard deviation: 58.3 51.5 77.0
From these results the conclusion is drawn that since the variability
(standard deviation) of weight ÷ chest-girth² is least, the square of
the chest-girth varies more closely with weight than either the first or
third power of chest-girth; consequently the square of chest-girth is the
best measure of weight of the three.
By hypothesis, the chest-girth in persons of the same build varies very
closely or exactly with stature; consequently we could substitute in
the foregoing ratios for chest its average equivalent, stature/_K_,
in which _K_ is nearly 2, more precisely 1.9. In any case it is thus
clearly deducible that a better index of build is got by dividing weight
by the square of stature than by its cube, as has been so often done.
Accordingly, the ratio of weight to stature² has been adopted in this
paper as the standard index of build. The correlation between this index
of build and relative chest-girth is found by calculation to be about
0.45.
In any scale of index of build it is, of course, desirable to use the
metric system. Unfortunately, most of our data are in English units, so
that our indices were first obtained by the use of these units. We have
in many cases transmuted the English into the equivalent metric measures.
We have, however, retained the original English index, since a large
portion of the more cultured part of the world uses that system in daily
life. A table to facilitate transmutation is also given in the Appendix,
table XVIII. To facilitate the determination of the index of build when
stature and weight (in English or metric units) are known, table XVI has
been prepared (pages 169, 170).
To avoid decimals, the ratio, weight in pounds ÷ (stature in inches)² is
multiplied in this book by 1,000; this gives a series of ratios running
from 20 to 60 and over. To avoid confusion with the English system, the
metric equivalents are taken as the ratio of weight in grams ÷ (stature
in centimeters)². This gives a series of index numbers of the order 1.5
to 4.0; in this case, at least, one decimal is always expressed. The
small integral figure and the decimal at once indicate that the index is
from metric units. Since the index of build has often been expressed as
the ratio of weight to, respectively, stature, stature²⸳⁵, and stature³,
table XVII has been prepared to permit these ratios to be transmuted into
weight ÷ stature², English system.
CLASSIFICATION OF BUILD.
For the purposes of analysis, it was found necessary to make a small
number of classes of build. To decide upon the limits of these classes, a
polygon of frequency of all indices of build was made, as shown in figure
7. It appeared plain at the outset that it is desirable to plot the
data in this polygon by using as abscissæ the logarithms of the index of
build rather than the absolute indices, since the range of weight above
the mode is, for obvious reasons, very much greater than below the mode.
Taking mean weight at 68 kg., or 150 pounds, the minimum weight is about
20 kg. (45 pounds), or 25 kg. (55 pounds) below the mean, and the maximum
weight is about 150 kg. (330 pounds), or 182 kg. (400 pounds) above the
mean. That is, the range of weight classes is three times as great above
as below the mean. Plotting data in logarithmic fashion, as shown in
figure 7, it appears that the modal index of build is 2.3 (33). The range
is from 1.4 (20) to 4.5 (64). Using the logarithms of abscissæ, the curve
is more nearly a symmetrical one. It is more irregular above than below
the mode, because the classes are more numerous and the frequency of each
class smaller. The presence of two modes is suggestive of the hypothesis
that the medium class and probably the fleshy classes are not strictly
homogeneous, but, on the contrary, comprise groups of individuals whose
build is due to dissimilar factors, or sets of factors.
[Illustration: FIG. 7.—Polygon of frequency of the various indices of
build (weight ÷ stature²). From last column of table 12, with slight
modifications.]
To derive the desired classes from figure 7, the polygon was somewhat
arbitrarily divided into five parts, as indicated. Taking 33.5 as a
starting-point, an equal logarithmic distance was laid off, above and
below this point, on the base-line. This was taken as the range of middle
class. An equal logarithmic range was accorded the classes next above and
below the median respectively. All of the remainders were thrown into the
extreme classes to which are given, thus, a somewhat greater range than
the interior classes. This seemed desirable, since their frequencies were
so low. The adjusted classes finally adopted are as shown in table 9.
TABLE 9.—_The five standard classes of build; limits and middle points of
each._
+----------------------+-------------------------------------------+
| | Range of indices. |
| +---------------+--------------+------------+
| Class. | | | Middle |
| | Metric. | English. | of class |
| | | | (English). |
+----------------------+---------------+--------------+------------+
| Very slender (V. S.) | 1.40 to 1.80 | 20 to 25.4 | 23.5 |
| Slender (S.) | 1.81 2.14 | 25.5 30.4 | 28.0 |
| Medium (M.) | 2.15 2.56 | 30.5 36.4 | 33.5 |
| Fleshy (F.) | 2.57 3.05 | 36.5 43.4 | 40.0 |
| Very fleshy (V. F.) | 3.06 4.50+ | 43.5 64 + | 48.0 |
+----------------------+---------------+--------------+------------+
SIGNIFICANCE OF VARIATIONS IN BUILD.
What is the meaning of the great variations of build described in the
preceding paragraph? What is known in this matter may here be briefly
summarized that it may be held in mind in considering the numerous cases
to which we shall have occasion to refer.
In general, it may be stated that variations in build are due to
endogenous causes and exogenous causes. In this book we shall have
occasion to examine especially the former—the constitutional or
hereditary factors. These include idiosyncrasies of metabolism, in
part controlled by peculiarities in the functioning of the endocrine
glands; in part, probably, by even finer protoplasmic differences. Thus
it is known that the thyroid gland greatly influences metabolism; its
activity in growing children tends to produce tall and slender form. On
the other hand, deficiency in its activity in childhood leads to the
type of obesity known as cretinism, and in middle life to myxedema.
The secretions of the pituitary gland cooperate with the thyroid in
stimulating growth, especially in the preadolescent stage. When pituitary
secretions are deficient there frequently results, it is believed, the
adiposogenital syndrome, in which great masses of fat are deposited on
breasts, abdomen, hips, and buttocks, and the gonads remain infantile.
A case that quite certainly belongs to this category is shown by Beck
(1922, p. 881) and reproduced in plate 8, figures 3, 4, 5; 3 of this
man’s 4 sibs are fleshy and have scant beards. This is quite like our
standard very fleshy case (plate 2, fig. 5). See, also, the extreme cases
falling under this category described by Lyon, 1910.
Lesions of the pineal gland (Beck, 1922, p. 909) and of the gonads are
stated in some cases to induce obesity. Certain it is that, on the other
hand, the activity of the gonads tends to slow up growth in stature and
to increase the chest circumference (plate 6), and this change is more
marked in the male than the female.
The exogenous causes of build are striking, so much so that many
physiologists seem to accept the hypothesis that they are of sole
importance, that excess of fat is due merely to excess of calories
ingested over those concerned in bodily activity. While no one will deny
the possibility of starving most fleshy persons thin or of increasing the
weight of most adults by an excess of food, yet it is also obvious that
two persons of the same stature and fed equal amounts of similar food
may come to differ enormously, due to internal conditions, sometimes of
glandular origin and sometimes dependent upon, or at least associated
with, disease.
TABLE 10.—_Incidence of disease in relation to build._
+-------------------+-----------------+-------------------+-----------+
| | In 10,000 of | | |
| | standard | In persons of | |
| | population. | selected build. | |
| +------+----------+------+------------+-----------+
| Diagnosis of | 1. | 2. | 3. | 4. | 5. |
| disease. | | | | Per cent | |
| | No. | Per cent | No. | afflicted | Ratio of |
| | of |afflicted.| of |in 69 V. S. | col. 4 to |
| |cases.| |cases.|population. | col. 2. |
+-------------------+------+----------+------+------------+-----------+
|VERY SLENDER BUILD.| | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| YOUTH. | | | | | |
|Influenza | 7 | 0.07 | 2 | 2.81 | 40.14 |
|Tuberculosis | 24 | .24 | 2 | 2.81 | 11.70 |
|Colds | 48 | .48 | 3 | 4.34 | 9.04 |
| | | | | | |
| MIDDLE AGE. | | | | | |
|Melancholia | 10 | .10 | 2 | 2.81 | 28.10 |
|Nervousness | 130 | 1.30 | 6 | 8.60 | 6.62 |
|Tuberculosis | 58 | .58 | 2 | 2.81 | 4.85 |
+-------------------+------+----------+------+------------+-----------+
| | | | | Per cent | |
| SLENDER BUILD. | | | | afflicted | |
| | | | | in 737 S. | |
| YOUTH. | | | |population. | |
|Fevers | 4 | 0.04 | 4 | 0.542 | 13.55 |
|Adenoids | 10 | .10 | 9 | 1.22 | 12.20 |
|Appendicitis | 28 | .28 | 13 | 1.76 | 6.28 |
|Anemia | 11 | .11 | 5 | .68 | 6.16 |
|Tuberculosis | 24 | .24 | 10 | 1.35 | 5.62 |
|Tonsilitis | 104 | 1.04 | 30 | 4.07 | 3.91 |
|Bronchitis | 53 | .53 | 12 | 1.62 | 3.06 |
|Pneumonia | 165 | 1.65 | 34 | 4.61 | 2.79 |
|Nervous breakdown | 74 | .74 | 15 | 2.03 | 2.74 |
|Rheumatism | 117 | 1.17 | 16 | 2.17 | 1.85 |
|Diphtheria | 150 | 1.50 | 19 | 2.57 | 1.71 |
|Scarlet Fever | 281 | 2.81 | 29 | 3.93 | 1.40 |
|Typhoid fever | 253 | 2.53 | 25 | 3.39 | 1.34 |
| | | | | | |
| MIDDLE AGE. | | | | | |
|Anemia | 3 | .03 | 3 | .407 | 13.57 |
|Intestinal trouble | 4 | .04 | 3 | .407 | 10.17 |
|Appendicitis | 23 | .23 | 9 | 1.220 | 5.30 |
|Tuberculosis | 58 | .58 | 22 | 2.980 | 5.14 |
|Heart disease | 94 | .94 | 15 | 2.030 | 2.16 |
|Pneumonia | 139 | 1.39 | 22 | 2.980 | 2.14 |
|Typhoid fever | 138 | 1.38 | 16 | 2.170 | 1.57 |
+-------------------+------+----------+------+------------+-----------+
| | | | | Per cent | |
| FLESHY BUILD | | | | afflicted | |
| | | | | in 543 F. | |
| YOUTH. | | | |population. | |
|Adenoids | 10 | 0.10 | 3 | 0.553 | 55.30 |
|Scarlet fever | 281 | 2.81 | 36 | 6.642 | 2.36 |
|Typhoid fever | 253 | 2.53 | 28 | 5.166 | 2.04 |
|Pneumonia | 165 | 1.65 | 17 | 3.136 | 1.90 |
| | | | | | |
| MIDDLE AGE. | | | | | |
|Hernia | 8 | 0.08 | 7 | 1.29 | 16.00 |
|Arterio-sclerosis | 9 | .09 | 6 | 1.10 | 12.22 |
|Bladder trouble | 10 | .10 | 6 | 1.10 | 11.00 |
|Measles | 10 | .10 | 6 | 1.10 | 11.00 |
|Appendicitis | 23 | .23 | 12 | 2.22 | 9.65 |
|Eczema | 6 | .06 | 3 | 0.55 | 9.17 |
|Hemorrhoids | 13 | .13 | 5 | 0.92 | 7.11 |
|Liver trouble | 16 | .16 | 6 | 1.10 | 6.88 |
|Paralysis | 49 | .49 | 18 | 3.38 | 6.80 |
|Heart trouble | 94 | .94 | 34 | 6.28 | 6.69 |
|Gallstones | 22 | .22 | 8 | 1.47 | 6.68 |
|Apoplexy | 27 | .27 | 8 | 1.47 | 5.44 |
|Tumor | 18 | .18 | 5 | 0.92 | 5.13 |
|Bronchitis | 38 | .38 | 9 | 1.66 | 4.37 |
|Erysipelas | 31 | .31 | 7 | 1.29 | 4.16 |
|Cancer | 51 | .51 | 10 | 1.84 | 3.61 |
|Pneumonia | 139 | 1.39 | 27 | 4.98 | 3.58 |
|Malaria | 43 | .43 | 8 | 1.47 | 3.42 |
|Typhoid fever | 138 | 1.38 | 22 | 4.06 | 2.95 |
|Kidney trouble | 74 | .74 | 11 | 2.03 | 2.74 |
|Rheumatism | 349 | 3.49 | 37 | 6.82 | 1.95 |
+-------------------+------+----------+------+------------+-----------+
| | | | | Per cent | |
| VERY FLESHY BUILD.| | | | afflicted | |
| | | | |in 103 V. F.| |
| YOUTH. | | | |population. | |
|Pneumonia | 165 | 1.65 | 7 | 6.79 | 4.115 |
| | | | | | |
| MIDDLE AGE. | | | | | |
|Dropsy | 14 | 0.14 | 3 | 2.91 | 20.80 |
|Stomach trouble | 15 | .15 | 3 | 2.91 | 19.40 |
|Apoplexy | 37 | .37 | 5 | 4.85 | 11.40 |
|Kidney trouble | 74 | .74 | 8 | 7.76 | 10.60 |
|Cancer | 51 | .51 | 4 | 3.88 | 7.61 |
|Heart disease | 94 | .94 | 6 | 5.82 | 6.20 |
|Pneumonia | 139 | 1.39 | 8 | 7.76 | 5.6 |
|Malaria | 43 | .43 | 2 | 1.94 | 4.5 |
|Typhoid fever | 138 | 1.38 | 6 | 5.82 | 4.2 |
|Rheumatism | 349 | 3.49 | 10 | 9.70 | 2.8 |
+-------------------+------+----------+------+------------+-----------+
Very slender build: A. Youth; expectation for cases of measles, 2; found,
none.
Slender build: A. Youth; expectation for cases of whooping-cough, 7;
chicken-pox, 4; colds, 4; croup, 3. Cases found, none. B. Middle Age;
expectation for cases of eye trouble, 30, erysipelas, 24, tonsillitis,
23, and apoplexy, 21. Cases found, none.
Fleshy build: A. Youth; expectation for cases of ear trouble, 19, lung
trouble, 18. Cases found, none. B. Middle age; expectation for cases of
throat trouble, 5. Cases found, none.
DISEASES IN RELATION TO BUILD.
As just stated, it is frequently true that build is influenced
permanently by disease. To test the influence of disease on, or
association of diseases with, different types of build, a tabulation was
made of the diseases recorded (in the Records of Family Traits, Eugenics
Record Office) as occurring during youth and during middle age in 10,000
fairly well described persons. This constituted the control. Then there
was determined for our groups of very slender, slender, fleshy, and very
fleshy, the incidence of disease. The ratio of the percentage incidence
of the latter to the former was then calculated. In table 10 is given in
sum many of the results found for the principal diseases. This table may
now be briefly discussed.
Persons of _very slender_ build are characterized in youth by an excess
of respiratory diseases—influenza, tuberculosis, and colds. In middle age
they show an excess of melancholia, nervousness, and tuberculosis.
In 737 persons of _slender_ build there are found in youth many diseases
in excess of normal incidence. These comprise diseases of the respiratory
tract—tuberculosis, tonsillitis, bronchitis, pneumonia; some nervous
diseases, “nervous breakdown”; various general infections, such as
“fevers,” appendicitis, anemia, “rheumatism,” diphtheria, scarlet and
typhoid fevers. One might conclude that slender youth are relatively
nonresistant to infections. In slender persons there is found in middle
age an excess of tuberculosis and pneumonia, much appendicitis and
intestinal trouble, and (as also in youth) anemia.
These associations of slender build and disease are not always easy to
interpret. The common idea of the tubercular diathesis comprises slender
form. On the other hand, a person who has, or has recovered from, active
pulmonary tuberculosis is apt to remain underweight, partly because
the respiratory apparatus is damaged. The association of “nervousness”
with slenderness is probably due to the double effect of some glandular
dystrophy, as, for example, of the thyroid gland. Hyperthyroid
individuals are usually tall, slender, and “nervous” or irritable.
In 103 persons of _very fleshy_ build, the only outstanding disease of
youth is pneumonia. In middle age occur “kidney trouble,” “dropsy” (which
often accompanies chronic nephritis), and apoplexy, which is sometimes
caused by extra pressure on the blood-vessels resulting from impeded
elimination from the kidney or to a diabetic tendency which puts extra
work on the vessels. “Heart disease” is also commoner than usual.
In 542 persons of fleshy build, “bladder trouble” (probably including
diabetes) and kidney trouble are exceptionally frequent, also
arterio-sclerosis and its accompaniments, apoplexy and paralysis.
Hernia is frequent, as are various diseases of the digestive tract,
such as appendicitis, hemorrhoids, liver trouble, and gallstones. These
are doubtless not the cause of, but a consequence or concomitant of,
overweight. Sibilant bronchitis, lithiasis (uric and biliare), and
diabetes mellitus are mentioned, in addition to the above, by Heckel
(1920, p. 31) as especially apt to be associated with obesity.
TABLE 11.—_Distribution of progeny of the different matings according to
index of build; males and females tabulated separately._
[From Appendix tables, omitting starred families.]
+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| Distribution of male progeny. |
+----------------------------------------------------------------+
|Index of build (English) |
| +---+---+---+---+---+----+---+---+---+----+----+---+---+-----+
| |VS |VS | V | S | S | S | S | M | M | M | F | F |VF |Total|
| |× | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | ♂ |
| |S | M | F | S | M | F |VF | M | F | VF | F |VF |VF | |
| |II |III|IV | VI|VII|VIII|IX | X | XI| XII|XIII|XIV|XV | |
| +---+---+---+---+---+----+---+---+---+----+----+---+---+-----+
| 22| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 23| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 24| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 25| 1| | | 1| | 1| | | | 1 | | | | 4|
| 26| 1| | | | 1| | | | | | | | | 2|
| 27| 1| | 1| 7| | | | 1| | 1 | | | | 11|
| 28| | 1| | 5| | 1| 1| 1| | | | | | 9|
| 29| | 1| | 4| 3| 2| | 3| 2| 1 | 2| | | 18|
| 30| | | | 5| 8| 2| 2| 13| 7| 1 | 1| | | 39|
| 31| 1| | | 2| 17| 5| 1| 10| 6| 2 | 2| 1| 1| 48|
| 32| | 2| 2| 3| 21| 7| 2| 18| 25| 3 | 4| 4| 3| 94|
| 33| | 2| 1| 2| 23| 13| 2| 23| 26| 4 | 3| 7| 1| 107|
| 34| | 2| 1| | 17| 14| 1| 16| 21| 3 | 4| 3| 1| 83|
| 35| | | | | 24| 8| 2| 25| 20| 8 | 8| 5| 2| 102|
| 36| | 1| | | 14| 4| | 25| 20| 1 | 9| 2| 1| 77|
| 37| | 1| 1| | 12| 10| 1| 8| 14| 5 | 6| 1| 1| 60|
| 38| | | 1| | 9| 9| 2| 10| 16| 3 | 9| 3| | 62|
| 39| 1| | | | 6| 4| 5| 8| 5| 9 | 7| 7| 1| 53|
| 40| | | 1| | 4| 2| 1| 6| 6| 5 | 4| 5| 1| 35|
| 41| | | 2| | 4| 1| | 4| 10| | 1| 2| | 24|
| 42| | | | | 1| 2| 1| 1| 5| 1 | 4| 6| | 21|
| 43| | 1| 1| | 2| 2| | 3| 2| 1 | 3| 4| | 19|
| 44| | | | | 1| | 1| | 1| 1 | | 2| 1| 7|
| 45| | | | | 1| 1| | | 2| 4 | 2| | 2| 12|
| 46| | | | | | | 1| 1| | 2 | | 2| 1| 7|
| 47| | | | | 1| | | 1| 2| | 4| | 2| 10|
| 48| | | | | 1| | | | | | | 2| | 3|
| 49| | | | | | | | 1| | | | | | 1|
| 50| | | | | 1| | | | | 1 | | | 2| 4|
| 51| | | 1| | 1| | | | | | 2| | 1| 5|
| 52| | | | | | | | | | | | | | 0|
| 53| | | | | | | | | 2| | 2| 1| | 5|
| 54| | | | | | | | | 1| | | | | 1|
| 55| | | | | | | | | | | | | | 0|
| 56| | | | | | | | | | | | | | 0|
| 57| | | | | | | | | | | | | | 0|
| 58| | | | | | | | | 1| | | | | 1|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 0|
| 79| | | | | | | | | | 1 | | | | 1|
|103| | | | | | | | | | 1 | | | | 1|
| +---+---+---+---+---+----+---+---+---+----+----+---+---+-----+
| ♂ | 5| 11| 12| 29|172| 88 | 23|178|194| 59| 77| 57| 21| 926|
| ♀ | 6| 17| 13| 18|134| 67 | 11|149|146| 53| 79| 43| 9| 745|
| +---+---+---+---+---+----+---+---+---+----+----+---+---+-----+
|Total | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| ♂ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|and| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| ♀ | 11| 28| 25| 47|306| 155| 34|327|340| 112| 156|100| 30| 1671|
+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+---+---+----+----+---+---+-----+
Avg. ♂, 35.81 ± 0.12.
σ ♂, 5.325 ± 0.084.
TABLE 11A.—_Distribution of progeny of the different matings according to
index of build; males and females tabulated separately_—Continued.
[From Appendix tables, omitting starred families.]
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Distribution of female progeny. |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+
|Index of build (English) |
| +---+---+---+---+---+----+---+---+---+----+----+---+---+-----+-----+
| |VS |VS | V | S | S | S | S | M | M | M | F | F |VF |Total|Total|
| |× | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | × | ♀ | ♂ |
| |S | M | F | S | M | F |VF | M | F | VF | F |VF |VF | | and |
| |II |III|IV | VI|VII|VIII|IX | X | XI| XII|XIII|XIV|XV | | ♀ |
| +---+---+---+---+---+----+---+---+---+----+----+---+---+-----+-----+
| 22| | 1| | 1| | | | | | | | | | 2| 2|
| 23| 1| | | | | 1| | | | | | | | 2| 2|
| 24| | | | | | | | | | | | | | 0| 0|
| 25| | | 1| 3| | 1| | 2| | 1| | | | 8| 12|
| 26| 2| 1| | 3| 3| 3| | | 1| | 1| | | 14| 16|
| 27| | 1| 1| 4| 2| 1| | 3| | | | 1| | 13| 24|
| 28| | | 1| 1| 11| 1| | 1| 4| | 2| | | 21| 30|
| 29| 1| 1| 1| 2| 10| 5| 1| 7| 5| 2| 6| | | 41| 59|
| 30| 1| 2| 1| 1| 10| 6| | 10| 9| 2| 3| 2| | 47| 86|
| 31| | 4| | 1| 22| 8| 2| 15| 9| 4| 2| 3| 1| 71| 119|
| 32| 1| 1| 1| 2| 18| 2| 2| 12| 15| 6| 2| 2| 1| 65| 159|
| 33| | 4| 2| | 12| 11| 1| 14| 20| 4| 1| 2| | 71| 178|
| 34| | | 1| | 9| 4| | 12| 13| 9| 8| 2| 2| 60| 143|
| 35| | | 2| | 10| 2| | 9| 13| 4| 9| 3| | 52| 154|
| 36| | 1| | | 7| 2| 1| 19| 20| 2| 8| 4| 1| 65| 142|
| 37| | | | | 3| 3| 1| 14| 8| 4| 7| 2| | 42| 102|
| 38| | | | | 2| 5| 1| 7| 7| 2| 2| 5| | 31| 93|
| 39| | | | | 2| 5| | 10| 5| 2| | 1| 1| 26| 79|
| 40| | | 1| | 3| 1| 1| 3| 6| | 6| 1| 1| 23| 58|
| 41| | | | | 2| 1| 1| 5| 1| 2| 2| 1| | 14| 38|
| 42| | 1| | | 1| 3| | 2| 2| | 7| 3| 1| 21| 42|
| 43| | | | | 2| 1| | | 1| 2| 3| 1| | 10| 29|
| 44| | | | | 1| 1| | | 2| | 6| 1| | 11| 18|
| 45| | | | | 2| | | 1| | 2| | 3| | 8| 20|
| 46| | | 1| | 1| | | | 1| 1| | 1| | 5| 12|
| 47| | | | | | | | | 2| | 1| 2| 1| 6| 16|
| 48| | | | | | | | | | 1| | 1| | 2| 5|
| 49| | | | | 1| | | 1| 1| 1| 2| | | 6| 7|
| 50| | | | | | | | | 1| 1| | | | 2| 6|
| 51| | | | | | | | 1| | | | 1| | 2| 7|
| 52| | | | | | | | | | 1| 1| | | 2| 2|
| 53| | | | | | | | | | | | 1| | 1| 6|
| 54| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1|
| 55| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 0|
| 56| | | | | | | | 1| | | | | | 1| 1|
| 57| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 0|
| 58| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1|
| 79| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1|
|103| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| +---+---+---+---+---+----+---+---+---+----+----+---+---+-----+-----+
| ♀ | 6| 17| 13| 18|134| 67| 1|149|146| 53| 79| 43| 9| 745| 1671|
+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+---+---+----+----+---+---+-----+-----+
Avg. ♀, 34.54 ± 0.17.
S. D. ♀, 5.133 ± 0.089.
The one clear conclusion from this study is that no single disease and
no special single collection of diseases is exclusively responsible for
exceptionally slender or exceptionally fleshy build. The variations in
build are due primarily rather to various idiosyncrasies of development
and metabolism which have largely an hereditary basis, upon which may be
superimposed modifications by various types of disease.
TABLE 12.—_Distribution of progeny of the different matings, according
to index of build; sexes tabulated together, based on Appendix tables,
omitting starred families._
+--------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Serial | II | III | IV | VI | VII | VIII| IX |
| mating No. | | | | | | | |
+--------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Type of | VS | VS | VS | S | S | S | S |
| mating. | × | × | × | × | × | × | × |
| | S | M | F | S | M | F | VF |
+--------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Av. index | 26.1| 28.4| 32.0| 29.8| 30.9| 33.8| 37.9|
| of build | | | | | | | |
+--------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| No. of | 4 | 8 | 5 | 23 | 101 | 49 | 11 |
| matings. | | | | | | | |
+--------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| 22 | | 1 | | 1 | | | |
| 23 | 1 | | | | | 1 | |
| 24 | | | | | | | |
| 25 | 1 | | 1 | 4 | | 2 | |
| 26 | 3 | 1 | | 3 | 4 | 3 | |
| 27 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 11 | 2 | 1 | |
| 28 | | 1 | 1 | 6 | 11 | 2 | 1 |
| 29 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 6 | 13 | 7 | 1 |
| 30 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 6 | 18 | 8 | 2 |
| 31 | 1 | 4 | | 3 | 39 | 13 | 3 |
| 32 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 39 | 9 | 4 |
| 33 | | 6 | 3 | 2 | 35 | 24 | 3 |
| 34 | | 2 | 2 | | 26 | 18 | 1 |
| 35 | | | 2 | | 34 | 10 | 2 |
| 36 | | 2 | | | 21 | 6 | 1 |
| 37 | | 1 | 1 | | 15 | 13 | 2 |
| 38 | | | 1 | | 11 | 14 | 3 |
| 39 | 1 | | | | 8 | 9 | 5 |
| 40 | | | 2 | | 7 | 3 | 2 |
| 41 | | | 2 | | 5 | 2 | 1 |
| 42 | | 1 | | | 3 | 5 | 1 |
| 43 | | 1 | 1 | | 4 | 3 | |
| 44 | | | | | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| 45 | | | | | 3 | 1 | |
| 46 | | | 1 | | 4 | | 1 |
| 47 | | | | | 1 | | |
| 48 | | | | | 1 | | |
| 49 | | | | | 1 | | |
| 50 | | | | | 1 | | |
| 51 | | | 1 | | 1 | | |
| 52 | | | | | | | |
| 53 | | | | | | | |
| 54 | | | | | | | |
| 55 | | | | | | | |
| 56 | | | | | | | |
| 57 | | | | | | | |
| 58 | | | | | | | |
| 79 | | | | | | | |
| 103 | | | | | | | |
| Total | 11 | 28 | 25 | 47 | 306 | 155 | 34 |
+--------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
|Adult progeny | | | | | | | |
| per mating | 2.75| 3.50| 5.00| 2.04| 3.03| 3.16| 3.09|
|Average |28.55|32.18|35.04|28.47|34.01|34.39|35.68|
|P. E. of aver.| ±.86| ±.54| ±.83| ±.24| ±.16| ±.22| ±.51|
|σ | 4.21| 4.20| 6.18| 2.41| 4.20| 4.13| 4.44|
|P. E. of σ | ±.61| ±.38| ±.59| ±.17| ±.11| ±.16| ±.36|
+--------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
+--------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------+
| Serial | X | XI | XII | XIII| XIV | XV | |
| mating No. | | | | | | | |
+--------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ |
| Type of | M | M | M | F | F | VF | |
| mating. | × | × | × | × | × | × |Total.|
| | M | F | VF | F | VF | VF | |
+--------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ |
| Av. index | | | | | | | |
| of build | 33.2| 36.4| 40.7| 39.2| 43.0| 47.4| |
+--------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------+
| No. of | | | | | | | |
| matings. | 92 | 114 | 30 | 33 | 29 | 7 | 506 |
+--------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------+
| 22 | | | | | | | 2 |
| 23 | | | | | | | 2 |
| 24 | | | | | | | 0 |
| 25 | 2 | | 2 | | | | 12 |
| 26 | | 1 | | 1 | | | 16 |
| 27 | 4 | | 1 | | 1 | | 24 |
| 28 | 2 | 4 | | 2 | | | 30 |
| 29 | 10 | 7 | 3 | 8 | | | 59 |
| 30 | 23 | 16 | 3 | 4 | 2 | | 86 |
| 31 | 25 | 15 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 119 |
| 32 | 30 | 40 | 9 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 159 |
| 33 | 37 | 46 | 8 | 4 | 9 | 1 | 178 |
| 34 | 28 | 34 | 12 | 12 | 5 | 3 | 143 |
| 35 | 34 | 33 | 12 | 17 | 8 | 2 | 154 |
| 36 | 44 | 40 | 3 | 17 | 6 | 2 | 142 |
| 37 | 22 | 22 | 9 | 13 | 3 | 1 | 102 |
| 38 | 17 | 23 | 5 | 11 | 8 | | 93 |
| 39 | 18 | 10 | 11 | 7 | 8 | 2 | 79 |
| 40 | 9 | 12 | 5 | 10 | 6 | 2 | 58 |
| 41 | 9 | 11 | 2 | 3 | 3 | | 38 |
| 42 | 3 | 7 | 1 | 11 | 9 | 1 | 42 |
| 43 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 6 | 5 | | 29 |
| 44 | | 3 | 1 | 6 | 3 | 1 | 18 |
| 45 | 1 | 2 | 6 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 20 |
| 46 | 1 | 1 | 3 | | 3 | 1 | 12 |
| 47 | 1 | 4 | | 5 | 2 | 3 | 16 |
| 48 | | | 1 | | 3 | | 5 |
| 49 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | | | 7 |
| 50 | | 1 | 2 | | | 2 | 6 |
| 51 | 1 | | | 2 | 1 | 1 | 7 |
| 52 | | | 1 | 1 | | | 2 |
| 53 | | 2 | | 2 | 2 | | 6 |
| 54 | | 1 | | | | | 1 |
| 55 | | | | | | | 0 |
| 56 | 1 | | | | | | 1 |
| 57 | | | | | | | 0 |
| 58 | | 1 | | | | | 1 |
| 79 | | | 1 | | | | 1 |
| 103 | | | 1 | | | | 1 |
| Total | 327 | 340 | 112 | 156 | 100 | 30 | 1671 |
+--------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------+
|Adult progeny | | | | | | | |
| per mating | 3.55| 2.98| 3.70| 4.72| 3.45| 4.29| 3.29 |
|Average |34.79|35.41|37.64|37.56|38.49|39.20|35.24 |
|P. E. of aver.| ±.15| ±.16| ±.58| ±.29| ±.38| ±.78| ±.087|
|σ | 4.05| 4.34| 9.11| 5.37| 5.38| 6.31| 5.29 |
|P. E. of σ | ±.11| ±.11| ±.41| ±.21| ±.27| ±.55| ±.06 |
+--------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------+
MASS STUDY OF VARIATION AND HEREDITY IN BUILD.
Having considered the classification and something of the causes of
variation in build, we have now to consider the relation between the
build of the parents and that of the progeny. This is the mass treatment
of the data of “heredity” which was the prevailing method 25 years ago
and earlier. It is still a useful method in the case of traits due to
multiple factors, such as the present one.
The distribution of build in the children of the different matings
is given in tables 11, 11A, and 12. There are 15 possible different
combinations of matings of the five grades. The first of these (VS × VS)
is not represented in our data, and the fifth, VS × VF, is represented
by only one mating and no column is devoted to it. The frequencies are
given separately for male and female offspring (table 11), and again
for both sexes together (table 12). Table 13 shows that there is a
considerable correlation between the average build of the parentage and
that of the progeny. From the matings of the fleshier parents the progeny
are fleshier; from those of slender parents, slenderer. This relation
may conceivably be due to family tradition handed down from parents to
children. We shall see later that this hypothesis meets with formidable
difficulties to acceptance. The most reasonable hypothesis is that there
are, above all, hereditary family tendencies that help determine build.
TABLE 13.—_Distribution of progeny of the various matings, according to
classes of build, absolute numbers, and proportions, based on Appendix
table, including starred families._
+----------------+-----------+---------------------+-------------------+
| | | | Proportional |
| | Total | Absolute numbers. | frequencies |
|Type of mating. | No. of | | (per mille). |
| | children. +----+---+----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
| | |VS. | S.| M. | F.|VF.|VS.| S.| M.| F.|VF.|
+----------------+-----------+----+---+----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
|No. II VS × S | 20 | 4 | 12| 2| 2| |200|600|100|100| |
| III VS × M | 28 | 1 | 7| 17| 3| | 36|250|607|107| |
| IV VS × F | 25 | 1 | 5| 10| 7| 2| 40|200|400|280| 80|
| VI S × S | 51 | 5 | 35| 11| | | 98|686|215| | |
| VII S × M | 313 | | 49| 200| 53| 11| |157|639|169| 35|
| VIII S × F | 179 | 5 | 25| 85| 57| 7| 28|140|475|318| 39|
| IX S × VF | 50 | | 7| 18| 17| 8| |140|360|340|160|
| X M × M | 332 | 2 | 40| 201| 82| 7| 6|121|605|247| 21|
| XI M × F | 346 | | 31| 210| 88| 17| | 90|606|255| 49|
| XII M × VF | 112 | 2 | 7| 50| 36| 17| 18| 63|446|321|152|
| XIII F × F | 159 | | 15| 62| 61| 21| | 94|390|384|132|
| XIV F × VF | 146 | 1 | 7| 52| 51| 35| 7| 48|356|349|240|
| XV VF × VF | 37 | | | 12| 8| 10| | |400|267|333|
| +-----------+----+---+----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
| Total | 1798 | | | | | | | | | | |
+----------------+-----------+----+---+----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
Comparing the tables for male and female offspring, it appears, first,
that there are, for some reason, more males than females about whom data
of build are given, probably because more males than females know their
stature and weight, or willingly record it; second, there are relatively
more females than males of very slender build (grades 22 to 31); there
are recorded relatively more very fleshy males than females (grades of
50 and above); third, there are relatively more recorded daughters than
sons derived from one very slender parent, and from the F × F and M × M
matings. The male progeny are more variable than the female as 5.325 ±
0.084 is to 5.133 ± 0.089; but the difference is less than three times
the probable error, and is, consequently, not very significant.
Considering next the table of total progeny of the various matings, it
appears that the average number of children with recorded build from the
recorded matings is variable. In descending order the fecundity of the
matings is shown in table 14. This table shows that larger families, on
the average, were derived from fleshy parents than from slender parents.
Thus the F × F matings yield 2.3 times as many children, on the average,
per mating as the S × S matings.
TABLE 14.—_Average number of progeny yielded by each type of mating
(based on table 12)._
+-------+---------+-------+---------+
|Mating.| No. of |Mating.| No. of |
| |children.| |children.|
+-------+---------+-------+---------+
|VS × F | 5.00 | S × F | 3.16 |
| F × F | 4.72 | S × VF| 3.09 |
|VF × VF| 4.29 | S × M | 3.03 |
| M × VF| 3.70 | M × F | 2.98 |
| M × M | 3.55 |VS × S | 2.75 |
|VS × M | 3.50 | S × S | 2.04 |
| F × VF| 3.45 | | |
+-------+---------+-------+---------+
REGRESSION OF PROGENY TOWARD MEDIOCRITY.
Galton pointed out, in the case of stature, that, since correlation
between parents and progeny is not perfect, the progeny of selected
parents will tend to be less extremely selected and hence more nearly
mediocre than their parents. It has, indeed, been shown in my studies
on stature (1917, p. 341) that the progeny of tall parents do not show
this regression to mediocrity as much as the progeny of short parents.
This was regarded as evidence that the gametes of tall parents carried
fewer recessive allelomorphs than those of short parents; hence were
genetically “purer” and comprise more recessive factors. What is the
condition in respect to the varying indices of build?
The answer to this question is given in table 15, which in turn is based
on table 12. This table shows for each of the 13 matings the average
departure of the parents from mediocre build (which for the parents is
34.86) and the corresponding departure of their offspring from mediocre
build (which for the progeny is 35.24). In the right-hand column of
the table is given the difference between these two departures, which
measures the amount of regression toward mediocrity on the part of the
progeny. The results of the last column are shown graphically in figure 8.
TABLE 15.—_Average build and regression from parental average of the
progeny of the various types of mating. Also matings arranged in order of
regression. Sexes combined (based on table 12)._
+-------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+-------+-------+-------+
| | | | | | | Regression.|
| | | | Avg. | | Departure of | |
|Type of| No. of | No. of | build |Avg. build |parents|progeny| |
|mating.|matings.|progeny.| of |of progeny.| from | |
| | | |parents.| | mediocrity. | |
+-------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+-------+-------+-------+
|VS × S | 4 | 11 | 26.13 |28.55 ± .86| -8.73 | -6.69 | +2.04 |
|VS × M | 8 | 28 | 28.38 |32.18 ± .54| -6.48 | -3.06 | +3.42 |
|VS × F | 5 | 25 | 32.00 |35.04 ± .83| -2.86 | -0.20 | +2.66 |
| S × S | 23 | 47 | 29.77 |28.47 ± .24| -5.09 | -6.77 | -1.68 |
| S × M | 101 | 306 | 30.90 |34.01 ± .16| -3.96 | -1.23 | +2.73 |
| S × F | 49 | 155 | 33.85 |34.39 ± .22| -1.01 | -0.85 | +0.16 |
| S × VF| 11 | 34 | 37.91 |35.48 ± .51| +3.05 | +0.24 | +2.81 |
| M × M | 92 | 327 | 33.23 |34.79 ± .15| -1.63 | -0.45 | +1.18 |
| M × F | 114 | 340 | 36.45 |35.41 ± .16| +1.59 | +0.17 | +1.42 |
| M × VF| 30 | 112 | 40.68 |36.53 ± .38| +5.82 | +1.29 | +4.53 |
| F × F | 33 | 156 | 39.21 |37.56 ± .29| +4.35 | +2.32 | +2.03 |
| F × VF| 30 | 100 | 42.97 |38.49 ± .36| +8.11 | +3.25 | +4.86 |
|VF × VF| 7 | 30 | 47.43 |39.20 ± .78| +12.57| +3.96 | +8.61 |
| +--------+--------+--------+-----------+-------+-------+-------+
| Total | 507 | 1671 | 34.86 |35.24 | | | |
+-------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+-------+-------+-------+
Mediocrity for parents, 34.86.
Mediocrity for progeny, 35.24.
MATINGS ARRANGED IN ORDER OF REGRESSION.
+---------+-------+
| S × S | -1.68 |
| S × F | +0.16 |
| M × M | +1.18 |
| M × F | +1.42 |
| F × F | +2.03 |
| VS × S | +2.04 |
| VS × F | +2.66 |
| S × M | +2.73 |
| S × VF | +2.81 |
| VS × M | +3.42 |
| M × VF | +4.53 |
| F × VF | +4.86 |
| VF × VF | +8.61 |
+---------+-------+
Figure 8 shows clearly that, in spite of considerable irregularities, the
line of regression descends from the matings of two very fleshy parents
at the left, and in general from matings in which the average parental
departure from the mean build of parents is positive, to the mating of
two slender parents (or, less strikingly the VS × S mating) or in general
to the matings in which the average parental departure is extremely
negative. This result is most easily explained on the ground that whereas
fleshy parents carry all sorts of gametes for build, slender parents
carry a preponderance of gametes of their own kind; hence the progeny do
not regress so much from the selected parental condition. This suggests
that the slender parents are more nearly homozygous than the fleshy
parents.
[Illustration: FIG. 8.—Line of regression of progeny on parents, based
on the difference between average filial and parental departures from
mediocrity. The abscissæ measure the average parental departure of each
class of mating. The ordinates are proportional to the filial regression.]
Still another test of the gametic composition of the parents is the
variability of their offspring. The facts regarding such variability
are given in table 16. From this table it appears that the mating that
yields the least variable progeny is that of two slender consorts. The
variability in their progeny is measured by 2.41 ± 0.17. The variability
of the progeny of the VS × S mating is greater, 4.21 ± 0.61, but on
account of the small number of the progeny the probable error is large,
and it is possible that this difference in variability between S × S and
VS × S progeny is not a significant one. Next to the least variable
are the offspring of the M × M mating, 4.06 ± 0.11, and this leads to
the conclusion that a large proportion of the M parents are not merely
heterozygous, but constitute a “pure race” of medium build. The offspring
of the S × F mating have a fairly small variability 4.13 ± 0.16, as
befits a first generation (F₁) hybrid. On the other extreme, we have
the M × VF mating with a standard deviation of 9.11 ± 0.41. This large
standard deviation is due chiefly to the inclusion of one family (Ber-A)
which contains 2 progeny of builds 79 and 103, weighing 180 kg. (400
pounds) and 215 kg. (475 pounds) respectively. Otherwise, the variability
of this mating is not extreme. It is 5.25 ± 0.24. The next largest
variability is from the VF × VF mating, 6.31 ± 0.55, a variability that
is due to the absence of any important mode. The progeny of the VS × F
mating are highly variable, 6.18 ± 0.59, but this standard deviation has
the largest probable error of any except VS × S, so that great stress
must not be laid upon its exact position. In general, the progeny of
matings with 2 or 1 F or VF parents, belong to the more variable group
and those with S (or VS) parents to the less variable group. The meaning
of this is clear to the geneticist who has dealt with multiple factors.
It indicates that some or all of the factors that make for fleshy build
dominate to a greater or less degree over the factors for slenderness.
The test of the regression of progeny toward mediocrity and the test of
the variability of the progeny of the various matings thus lead to the
same result—the factors for fleshiness are imperfectly dominant over
those for slenderness, and the latter probably lack some or all of those
factors that make for fleshy build.
TABLE 16.—_Progeny of the various types of matings arranged in order of
variability or standard deviation (S. D.), together with the probable
errors (P. E.) of the means and deviations; also the coefficients of
variation (based on table 12)._
+-------+--------+-------------------+------------------+--------------+
|Type of| No. of | Mean build of |Standard deviation|Coefficient of|
|mating.|progeny.|progeny and (P. E.)| and (P. E.) | variability. |
+-------+--------+-------------------+------------------+--------------+
| S × S | 47 | 28.47 ± 0.24 | 2.41 ± 0.17 | 8.97 |
| M × M | 327 | 34.79 ± 0.15 | 4.06 ± 0.11 | 11.67 |
| S × F | 155 | 34.39 ± 0.22 | 4.13 ± 0.16 | 12.01 |
| S × M | 306 | 34.01 ± 0.16 | 4.20 ± 0.11 | 12.35 |
|VS × S | 11 | 28.55 ± 0.86 | 4.21 ± 0.61 | 14.75 |
|VS × M | 28 | 32.18 ± 0.54 | 4.22 ± 0.38 | 13.11 |
| M × F | 340 | 35.41 ± 0.16 | 4.27 ± 0.11 | 12.06 |
| S × VF| 34 | 35.68 ± 0.51 | 4.44 ± 0.36 | 12.44 |
| F × F | 157 | 37.56 ± 0.29 | 5.37 ± 0.20 | 14.30 |
| F × VF| 100 | 38.49 ± 0.36 | 5.38 ± 0.27 | 3.98 |
|VS × F | 25 | 35.04 ± 0.83 | 6.18 ± 0.59 | 17.64 |
|VF × VF| 30 | 39.20 ± 0.78 | 6.31 ± 0.55 | 16.10 |
| M × VF| 112 | 37.64 ± 0.58 | 9.11 ± 0.41 | 24.17 |
+-------+--------+-------------------+------------------+--------------+
HYPOTHESIS.
The foregoing brief studies of the progeny of classes of matings suggest
the following hypothesis:
Fleshy build results from the action of several positive (dominant)
factors that make for stoutness, while slenderness results from the
absence of one or more of such factors, or is due to recessive factors.
Fleshy parents may, and frequently do, carry gametes which lack the
“fleshy” or carry the “slender” factor, while in slender parents for the
most part the gametes carry only the slender factor, hence the gametes
of slender parents are more nearly homogeneous. This hypothesis may be
further developed as follows:
Assuming that there are two independent factors A and B for build, then
these may be found in different zygotes in the following combinations:
AABB AaBB aABB aaBB
AABb AaBb aABb aaBb
AAbB AabB aAbB aabB
AAbb Aabb aAbb aabb
Or, disregarding order of the letters, and considering only the number
and kind of genes in each kind of zygote, we have:
AABB 2AaBB aaBB
2AABb 4AaBb 2aaBb
AAbb 2Aabb aabb
in which the coefficients indicate the relative frequency of the
different combinations.
We may assume that:
4 positive factors in a zygote correspond to a very fleshy person.
3 factors correspond to a fleshy person.
2 factors correspond to a person of medium build.
1 factor corresponds to a slender person.
0 factor corresponds to a very slender person.
Table 17 indicates the possible matings and their progeny.
TABLE 17.—_Percentage distribution of the progeny of the various matings,
on the assumption that extreme fleshy build is dependent upon 4 zygotic
factors in the parents._
+-----+-----+-------------+-----------+-------------------------------+
| | | | | Percentage of each number of |
|One |Other| Zygotic | Gametic | zygotes in progeny. |
| parent. | formulæ. | formulæ. +------+-----+-----+-----+------+
| | | | |0 (VS)|1 (S)|2 (M)|3 (F)|4 (VF)|
+-----+-----+-------------+-----------+------+-----+-----+-----+------+
| 4 | 4 | AABB × AABB | AB × AB | | | | | 100 |
+-----+-----+-------------+-----------+------+-----+-----+-----+------+
| 4 | 3 | AABB × AABb |{ AB × AB }| | | | 50 | 50 |
| | | |{ AB × Ab }| | | | | |
+-----+-----+-------------+-----------+------+-----+-----+-----+------+
| | | AABB × AAbb | AB × Ab | | | | 100 | |
| | | | | | | | | |
| 4 | 2 | |{ AB × AB }| | | | | |
| | | AABB × AaBb |{ AB × Ab }| | | 25 | 50 | 25 |
| | | |{ AB × aB }| | | | | |
| | | |{ AB × ab }| | | | | |
+-----+-----+-------------+-----------+------+-----+-----+-----+------+
| 4 | 1 | AABB × Aabb |{ AB × Ab }| | | 50 | 50 | |
| | | |{ AB × ab }| | | | | |
+-----+-----+-------------+-----------+------+-----+-----+-----+------+
| 4 | 0 | AABB × aabb | AB × ab | | | 100 | | |
+-----+-----+-------------+-----------+------+-----+-----+-----+------+
| | | |{ AB × AB }| | | | | |
| 3 | 3 | AABb × AABb |{ AB × Ab }| | | 25 | 50 | 25 |
| | | |{ Ab × AB }| | | | | |
| | | |{ Ab × Ab }| | | | | |
+-----+-----+-------------+-----------+------+-----+-----+-----+------+
| 3 | 2 | AABb × AAbb |{ AB × Ab }| | | 50 | 50 | |
| | | |{ Ab × Ab }| | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | |
| | | |{ AB × AB }| | | | | |
| | | |{ AB × Ab }| | | | | |
| | | |{ AB × aB }| | | | | |
| | | |{ AB × ab }| | | | | |
| | | AABb × AaBb |{ Ab × AB }| | 12.5| 37.5| 37.5| 12.5|
| | | |{ Ab × Ab }| | | | | |
| | | |{ Ab × aB }| | | | | |
| | | |{ Ab × ab }| | | | | |
+-----+-----+-------------+-----------+------+-----+-----+-----+------+
| | | |{ AB × Ab }| | | | | |
| 3 | 1 | AABb × Aabb |{ AB × ab }| | 25 | 50 | 25 | |
| | | |{ Ab × Ab }| | | | | |
| | | |{ Ab × ab }| | | | | |
+-----+-----+-------------+-----------+------+-----+-----+-----+------+
| | | |{ AB × ab }| | | | | |
| 3 | 0 | AABb × aabb |{ Ab × ab }| | 50 | 50 | | |
+-----+-----+-------------+-----------+------+-----+-----+-----+------+
| | | AAbb × AAbb | Ab × Ab | | |100 | | |
| | | | | | | | | |
| | | |{ Ab × AB }| | | | | |
| | | AAbb × AaBb |{ Ab × Ab }| | 25 | 50 | 25 | |
| | | |{ Ab × aB }| | | | | |
| | | |{ Ab × ab }| | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | |
| | | |{ AB × Ab }| | | | | |
| | | AaBb × AAbb |{ Ab × Ab }| | 25 | 50 | 25 | |
| | | |{ aB × Ab }| | | | | |
| | | |{ ab × Ab }| | | | | |
| 2 | 2 | | | | | | | |
| | | |{ AB × AB }| | | | | |
| | | |{ AB × Ab }| | | | | |
| | | |{ AB × aB }| | | | | |
| | | |{ AB × ab }| | | | | |
| | | |{2Ab × AB }| | | | | |
| | | AaBb × AaBb |{2Ab × Ab }| 6.25| 25 | 37.5| 25 | 6.25|
| | | |{2Ab × aB }| | | | | |
| | | |{2Ab × ab }| | | | | |
| | | |{ ab × AB }| | | | | |
| | | |{ ab × Ab }| | | | | |
| | | |{ ab × aB }| | | | | |
| | | |{ ab × ab }| | | | | |
+-----+-----+-------------+-----------+------+-----+-----+-----+------+
| | | |{ Ab × Ab }| | | | | |
| | | AAbb × Aabb |{ Ab × ab }| | 50 | 50 | | |
| | | | | | | | | |
| | | |{ AB × Ab }| | | | | |
| | | |{ Ab × Ab }| | | | | |
| 2 | 1 | |{ AB × ab }| | | | | |
| | | AABb × Aabb |{ Ab × ab }| 12.5| 37.5| 37.5| 12.5| |
| | | |{ aB × Ab }| | | | | |
| | | |{ aB × aB }| | | | | |
| | | |{ ab × Ab }| | | | | |
| | | |{ ab × ab }| | | | | |
+-----+-----+-------------+-----------+------+-----+-----+-----+------+
| | | AAbb × aabb | Ab × ab | |100 | | | |
| | | | | | | | | |
| | | |{ AB × ab }| | | | | |
| 2 | 0 | AaBb × aabb |{ Ab × ab }| 25 | 50 | 25 | | |
| | | |{ aB × ab }| | | | | |
| | | |{ ab × ab }| | | | | |
+-----+-----+-------------+-----------+------+-----+-----+-----+------+
| | | |{ Ab × Ab }| | | | | |
| 1 | 1 | Aabb × Aabb |{ AB × ab }| | 50 | 50 | | |
| | | |{ ab × Ab }| | | | | |
| | | |{ ab × ab }| | | | | |
+-----+-----+-------------+-----------+------+-----+-----+-----+------+
| 1 | 0 | Aabb × aabb |{ Abab }| 50 | 50 | | | |
| | | |{ abab }| | | | | |
+-----+-----+-------------+-----------+------+-----+-----+-----+------+
| 0 | 0 | aabb × aabb | | 100 | | | | |
+-----+-----+-------------+-----------+------+-----+-----+-----+------+
On the hypothesis of 6 zygotic factors for build, the possible
combinations in the progeny are much more numerous. Seven classes of
zygotic combinations are possible. We recognize in our work only 5
classes of build. Accordingly, it would be necessary to redistribute our
classes of build into 7 or else assume that the two lowest classes are
both comprised in “very slender” and the two highest in “very fleshy.”
The former operation would require an amount of work hardly justified by
the possible advantage; so the latter procedure was adopted as perhaps a
sufficiently close approximation. The distributions are given in table 18
which is given in detail only in part.
TABLE 18.—_Percentage distribution of the progeny of the various matings
on the assumption that extreme fleshy build is dependent on 6 zygotic
factors in the parents._
+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
| No. of | |
|factors in| Percentage of each class of zygotic factors. |
+----+-----+---------+-------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+
|One |Other| 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| parent. | | | | | | | |
+----+-----+---------+-------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+
| 6 | 6 | 100 | | | | | | |
+----+-----+---------+-------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+
| 6 | 5 | 50 | 50 | | | | | |
+----+-----+---------+-------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+
| 6 | 4 |{ |100 | | | | | |
| | |{ 25 | 50 | 25 | | | | |
+----+-----+---------+-------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+
| 6 | 3 |{ | 50 | 50 | | | | |
| | |{ 12.5 | 37.5 | 37.5 | 12.5 | | | |
+----+-----+---------+-------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+
| 6 | 2 |{ | |100 | | | | |
| | |{ | 25 | 50 | 25 | | | |
+----+-----+---------+-------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+
| 6 | 1 | | | 50 | 50 | | | |
+----+-----+---------+-------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+
| 6 | 0 | | | |100 | | | |
+----+-----+---------+-------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+
| 5 | 5 | 25 | 50 | 25 | | | | |
+----+-----+---------+-------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+
| 5 | 4 |{ | 50 | 50 | | | | |
| | |{ 12.5 | 37.5 | 37.5 | 12.5 | | | |
+----+-----+---------+-------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+
| 5 | 3 |{ 6.25 | 25 | 37.5 | 25 | 6.25 | | |
| | |{ | 25 | 50 | 25 | | | |
+----+-----+---------+-------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+
| 5 | 2 |{ | 12.5 | 37.5 | 37.5 | 12.5 | | |
| | |{ | | 50 | 50 | | | |
+----+-----+---------+-------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+
| 5 | 1 | | | 25 | 50 | 25 | | |
+----+-----+---------+-------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+
| 5 | 0 | | | | 50 | 50 | | |
+----+-----+---------+-------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+
| | |{ 6.25 | 25 | 37.5 | 25 | 6.25 | | |
| 4 | 4 |{ | 25 | 50 | 25 | | | |
| | |{ | 25 | 50 | 25 | | | |
| | |{ | |100 | | | | |
+----+-----+---------+-------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+
| | |{ 3.125 | 15.625| 31.25 | 31.25| 15.625 | 3.125| |
| 4 | 3 |{ | 12.5 | 37.5 | 37.5 | 12.5 | | |
| | |{ | 12.5 | 37.5 | 37.5 | 12.5 | | |
| | |{ | | 50 | 50 | | | |
+----+-----+---------+-------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+
| | |{ | 6.25 | 25 | 37.5 | 25 | 6.25 | |
| 4 | 2 |{ | | 25 | 50 | 25 | | |
| | |{ | | 25 | 50 | 25 | | |
| | |{ | | |100 | | | |
+----+-----+---------+-------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+
| 4 | 1 |{ | | | 50 | 50 | | |
| | |{ | | 12.5 | 37.5 | 37.5 | 12.5 | |
+----+-----+---------+-------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+
| 4 | 0 | | | | 25 | 50 | 25 | |
+----+-----+---------+-------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+
| | |{ 1.5625| 9.375| 23.4375| 31.25| 23.4375| 9.375| 1.5625|
| 3 | 3 |{ | 6.25 | 25 | 37.5 | 25 | 6.25 | |
| | |{ | 6.25 | 25 | 37.5 | 25 | 6.25 | |
| | |{ | | 25 | 50 | 25 | | |
+----+-----+---------+-------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+
| | |{ | 3.125| 16.625 | 31.25| 31.25 | 16.625| 3.125 |
| 3 | 2 |{ | | 12.5 | 37.5 | 37.5 | 12.5 | |
| | |{ | | 12.5 | 37.5 | 37.5 | 12.5 | |
| | |{ | | | 50 | 50 | | |
+----+-----+---------+-------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+
| 3 | 1 |{ | | 6.25 | 25 | 37.5 | 25 | 6.5 |
| | |{ | | | 25 | 50 | 25 | |
+----+-----+---------+-------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+
| 3 | 0 |{ | | | 12.5 | 37.5 | 37.5 | 12.5 |
| | |{ | | | | 50 | 50 | |
+----+-----+---------+-------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+
| | |{ | | 6.25 | 25 | 37.5 | 25 | 6.25 |
| 2 | 2 |{ | | | | 50 | 50 | |
| | |{ | | | |100 | | |
+----+-----+---------+-------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+
| 2 | 1 |{ | | | 12.5 | 37.5 | 37.5 | 12.5 |
| | |{ | | | | 50 | 50 | |
+----+-----+---------+-------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+
| 2 | 0 |{ | | | | 25 | 50 | 25 |
| | |{ | | | | |100 | |
+----+-----+---------+-------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+
| 1 | 1 | | | | | 25 | 50 | 25 |
+----+-----+---------+-------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+
| 1 | 0 | | | | | | 50 | 50 |
+----+-----+---------+-------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+
| 0 | 0 | | | | | | |100 |
+----+-----+---------+-------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+
MATE SELECTION IN BUILD.
Statistics on temperament and stature of consorts (Davenport, 1915, p.
106; 1917, p. 329) seem clearly to show that there is an assortative
mating in respect to these traits. The question arises: Is there
assortative mating in respect to build? The inquiry is rendered the
more difficult, inasmuch as build changes to such an extent with age.
Nevertheless, as there appears to be a considerable correlation (though
not yet calculated) between build at 25 and at 50 years, it is fair to
assume that some degree of the mature build is already indicated at the
period just before marriage.
If, now, there is no assortative mating in respect to build, we should
find that persons of any given build, say slender, would have very
slender, slender, medium, fleshy, and very fleshy consorts in the
respective proportions in which such classes of build occur in the
whole population of parents. A marked deviation from this expectation
would indicate the falseness of this hypothesis and that there is an
assortative mating in respect to build.
To test the hypothesis we can make use of 531 matings, including those
which are employed in the main tables. We find the male and the female
consorts in these matings to occur in the different classes in the
numbers and proportions shown in table 19.
TABLE 19.—_Percentage distribution of parents of each sex among the
various classes of build as found in 531 selected matings. Based on
Appendix tables._
+----------+----------------------+----------------------+
| | Males. | Females. |
| +----------+-----------+----------+-----------+
| Classes. | | | | |
| |Frequency.| Per cent. |Frequency.| Per cent. |
+----------+----------+-----------+----------+-----------+
| VS | 22 | .38 | 18 | 3.39 |
| S | 97 | 18.27 | 127 | 23.92 |
| M | 230 | 43.31 | 210 | 39.55 |
| F | 158 | 29.75 | 120 | 22.59 |
| VF | 44 | 8.29 | 56 | 10.55 |
| +----------+-----------+----------+-----------+
| Total | 531 | 100 | 531 | 100 |
+----------+----------+-----------+----------+-----------+
In applying the test to the hypothesis we may assume in turn that the
groom has done the selecting and that the bride has done the selecting.
We then compare, in the selections made by the grooms, the expected
proportion of the classes of build on the assumption of no assortative
mating, with the proportions actually found in the brides. Similarly,
with suitable changes for the selections made by the brides. The results
are given in table 20.
TABLE 20.—_Percentage distribution of build of consorts selected by
grooms and by brides belonging to each of the classes of build, and
comparison with the standards of table 19._
P, percentages found or expected. E, percentage excess of found over
expected.
+----------+-----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+---+
| | | | | | | T |
| | VS | S | M | F | VF | o |
| | | | | | | t |
| +----+------+----+-----+----+-----+----+-----+----+-----+ a |
| | P | E | P | E | P | E | P | E | P | E | l |
+----------+----+------+----+-----+----+-----+----+-----+----+-----+---+
| SELECTIONS MADE BY GROOMS. |
+----------+----+------+----+-----+----+-----+----+-----+----+-----+---+
|Expected | | | | | | | | | | | |
| build | | | | | | | | | | | |
| of | | | | | | | | | | | |
| brides, | | | | | | | | | | | |
| random | | | | | | | | | | | |
| selection|3.4 | |23.9| |39.6| |22.6| |10.6| |100|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Selections| | | | | | | | | | | |
| by | | | | | | | | | | | |
| _slender_| | | | | | | | | | | |
| grooms |5.2 | +52.9|24.7| +3.3|37.1| +6.3|23.7| +4.9| 9.3|-12.3| |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Selections| | | | | | | | | | | |
| by | | | | | | | | | | | |
| _medium_ | | | | | | | | | | | |
| grooms |3.5 | +2.9 |28.3|+18.4|40.4| +2.0|22.3| -1.3| 5.6|-47.2| |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Selections| | | | | | | | | | | |
| by | | | | | | | | | | | |
| _fleshy_ | | | | | | | | | | | |
| grooms |3.2 | -5.9 |18.3|-23.4|40.5| +2.3|21.5| -4.9|16.5|+55.7| |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Selections| | | | | | | | | | | |
| by _very | | | | | | | | | | | |
| fleshy_ | | | | | | | | | | | |
| grooms |0.0 | -100 |15.9|-33.5|38.6| -2.5|27.3|+20.8|18.2|+71.7| |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
+----------+----+------+----+-----+----+-----+----+-----+----+-----+---+
| SELECTIONS MADE BY BRIDES. |
+----------+----+------+----+-----+----+-----+----+-----+----+-----+---+
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Expected | | | | | | | | | | | |
| build | | | | | | | | | | | |
| of | | | | | | | | | | | |
| grooms, | | | | | | | | | | | |
| random | | | | | | | | | | | |
| selection|0.4 | |18.3| |43.3| |29.8| | 8.3| |100|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Selections| | | | | | | | | | | |
| by | | | | | | | | | | | |
| _slender_| | | | | | | | | | | |
| brides |1.59|+297.5|18.9| +3.3|51.2|+18.2|22.8|-23.5| 5.5|-33.7| |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Selections| | | | | | | | | | | |
| by | | | | | | | | | | | |
| _medium_ | | | | | | | | | | | |
| brides |0.0 | -100 |17.1| -6.6|44.3| +2.3|30.5| +2.3| 8.1| -2.4| |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Selections| | | | | | | | | | | |
| by | | | | | | | | | | | |
| _fleshy_ | | | | | | | | | | | |
| brides |0.0 | -100 |19.2| +4.9|42.5| -1.8|28.3| -5.0|10.0|+20.5| |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Selections| | | | | | | | | | | |
| by _very | | | | | | | | | | | |
| fleshy_ | | | | | | | | | | | |
| brides |0.0 | -100 |16.1|-12.0|23.2|-46.4|46.4|+55.7|14.3|+72.3| |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
+----------+----+------+----+-----+----+-----+----+-----+----+-----+---+
An inspection of tables 19 and 20 shows that the hypothesis that wives
and husbands of men of each different class of build are merely random
samples of the whole population of parents is not supported by the facts.
Thus on the part of both very fleshy grooms and brides over 70 per cent
more consorts, who will ultimately be very fleshy are selected than
are expected on the hypothesis of random sampling. Also, among fleshy
fathers there is a marked excess of very fleshy wives. Slender parents
have an excess of similar consorts. Medium parents have selected consorts
nearly at random so far as regards build. Slender parents have selected
a smaller proportion of very fleshy consorts than expectation on random
choice, and very fleshy parents have selected less than the average of
very slender and slender consorts. In a word, there is some degree of
assortative mating and, indeed, a mating of similars. This result agrees
with the findings in respect to stature; similars tend to mate; while in
the case of temperament, dissimilars tend to marry each other.
THE BASAL TABLES.
In the Appendix are given in tabular form details concerning the
different types of matings, with some information concerning the
grandparents, the sibs of parents, and the children. These are the tables
that have been used for the mass study and from which table 11 was drawn
up.[2] They will afford much of our data for the detailed Mendelian
studies, and will be briefly considered in this section.
[2] The families in the tables of the Appendix which are marked by an
asterisk (*) are not included in table 11. The reason is that they were
selected families, usually because containing very fleshy persons. It was
deemed undesirable to combine these selected families with the unselected
families that make up most of table 11; a table which forms the basis for
figure 7. To have included them would have distorted the form of that
figure.
These tables are derived chiefly from the Records of Family Traits;
some from special schedules and, in a few cases, from the A file of the
Eugenics Record Office.
_Table I._—Mating of very slender, 1.50 to 1.75 metric (21 to 25
English) × very slender. This combination does not occur in our
506 standard matings.
_Table II._—Matings of very slender × slender, 1.80 to 2.10 (26
to 30). There are seven matings altogether. They yielded 20
progeny: 4 VS, 12 S, 2 M, and 2 F. Four-fifths of the progeny
thus fall in the parental groups; the distribution shows little
variability (fig. 9).
_Table III._—Matings of very slender × medium, 2.2 to 2.6 (31 to
36). 28 children derived from 8 matings have indices of build
as follows: 1 VS, 7 S, 17 M, 3 F. The mode of the progeny, as
compared with table 2, has shifted to the medium grade (fig. 10).
_Table IV._—Matings of very slender × fleshy, 2.6 to 3.0 (37 to
43). There are 5 matings. These yielded 25 progeny: 1 VS, 5 S,
10 M, 7 F, and 2 VF. The mode is at medium grade, but the whole
distribution is much more variable than in tables 2 and 3 (fig.
11).
_Table V._—Matings of very slender × very fleshy, 3.1 to 4.5 (44
to 64). There is only 1 mating in this class, so that no table
is formed. It is described in full on page 97. It produced 7
children: 3 S, 3 M, and 1 VF.
_Table VI._—Matings of slender × slender. There are 24 matings of
this type. They yielded 51 progeny: 5 VS, 35 S, 11 M. The mode
is strongly in the S grade; the progeny show relatively little
variability (fig. 12).
_Table VII._—Matings of slender × medium parents. There are 101
matings of this type. They yielded 313 progeny: 49 S, 200 M, 53
F, 11 VF. The mode is at medium; the progeny show rather low
variability (fig. 13).
_Table VIII._—Matings of slender × fleshy parents. There are 52
matings of this type. They yielded 179 progeny: 5 VS, 25 S, 85 M,
57 F, 7 VF. The mode is at medium: the progeny show rather low
variability (fig. 14).
_Table IX._—Matings of slender × very fleshy parents. There are
16 matings of this type. They yielded 50 progeny: 7 S, 18 M, 17
F, 8 VF. The progeny are very variable (fig. 15).
_Table X._—Matings of medium × medium parents. There are 93
matings of this type. They yielded 332 offspring: 2 VS, 40 S,
201 M, 82 F, 7 VF. The progeny are not very variable (fig.
16), indicating that all individuals of medium build are not
“heterozygotes”; but that there is also a “medium” race.
_Table XI._—Matings of medium × fleshy parents. There are 115
matings of this type. They yielded 346 offspring: 31 S, 210 M, 88
F, 17 VF. The progeny show an intermediate degree of variability
(fig. 17).
_Table XII._—Matings of medium × very fleshy parents. There are
30 matings of this type. They yielded 112 offspring: 2 VS, 7 S,
50 M, 36 F, 17 VF. The progeny show considerable variability
(fig. 18).
_Table XIII._—Matings of fleshy × fleshy parents. There are 33
matings of this type. They yielded 159 offspring: 15 S, 62 M, 61
F, 21 VF. The progeny show a rather high variability (fig. 19).
_Table XIV._—Matings of fleshy × very fleshy parents. There are
30 matings of this type. They yielded 146 offspring: 1 VS, 7 S,
52 M, 51 F, 35 VF. The progeny are very variable (fig. 20).
_Table XV._—Matings of very fleshy × very fleshy parents. There
are 7 matings of this type. They yielded 37 offspring: 1 S, 12 M,
11 F, 13 VF. The progeny are exceedingly variable (fig. 21).
The diversity of the distributions of the progeny of the various matings
and the great difference in their variabilities indicates that there
is not only an inheritance of tendencies to particular types of build,
but also that there is a strong evidence of some sort of Mendelian
inheritance.
[Illustration: FIG. 9.—Per mille distribution of progeny of table II, VS
× S matings. Number of individuals, 20.]
[Illustration: FIG. 10.—Per mille distribution of progeny of table III,
VS × M matings. Number of individuals, 28.]
[Illustration: FIG. 11.—Percentage distribution of progeny of table IV,
VS × F matings. Number of individuals, 25.]
[Illustration: FIG. 12.—Percentage distribution of progeny of table VI, S
× S matings. Number of individuals, 51.]
[Illustration: FIG. 13.—Percentage distribution of progeny of table VII,
S × M matings. Number of individuals, 313.]
[Illustration: FIG. 14.—Percentage distribution of progeny of table VIII,
S × F matings. Number of individuals, 179.]
[Illustration: FIG. 15.—Percentage distribution of progeny of table IX, S
× VF matings. Number of individuals, 50.]
[Illustration: FIG. 16.—Percentage distribution of progeny of table X, M
× M matings. Number of individuals, 332.]
[Illustration: FIG. 17.—Percentage distribution of progeny of table XI, M
× F matings. Number of individuals, 1,346.]
[Illustration: FIG. 18.—Percentage distribution of progeny of table XII,
M × VF matings. Number of individuals, 112.]
[Illustration: FIG. 19.—Percentage distribution of progeny of table XIII,
F × F matings. Number of individuals, 159.]
[Illustration: FIG. 20.—Percentage distribution of progeny of table XIV,
F × VF matings. Number of individuals, 146.]
[Illustration: FIG. 21.—Percentage distribution of progeny of table XV,
VF × VF matings. Number of individuals, 37.]
PART III.
FAMILY STUDIES IN HEREDITY OF BUILD.
A. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM.
Our study of the mass relation in build between parental and filial
generation has followed the ordinary pre-Mendelian method of analysis
of heredity, a method that has proved rather sterile for prediction of
filial traits. It has, however, enabled us to formulate an hypothesis in
Mendelian language. It now remains to use our data in Mendelian fashion,
to seek a test of the hypothesis.
In this study we shall not use all of the families listed in the main
tables of the Appendix, because some of them are for various reasons not
adequate for Mendelian analysis; for example, in some cases the ancestry
is insufficiently known, so that the gametic nature of the parents can
not be inferred. It is considered preferable to analyze a few of the more
completely known families than to rest content with the mass statistics.
I shall take up in order the more significant matings.
B. DISCUSSION OF SPECIAL MATINGS.
The asterisk immediately preceding the reference letters means that the
family referred to is not included in the statistics of table 11.
†tb or †t, immediately following an index number in this study, signifies
that the person with that index number had active tuberculosis. The †
indicates death by the disease.
CLASS I. BOTH PARENTS SLENDER.
Mating 1. ONE PARENT IS VERY SLENDER, OF SLENDER STOCK, THE OTHER SLENDER.
We have only two fair cases falling into this category. The *Fun family
with the paternal formula 27, 29, 27 and the maternal formula 32, 27,
25; and the Sch-37 family with the paternal formula 29, 33±, 29 and the
maternal formula 27±, 29± †tb, 25. (In these formulas the indices of
father’s father, father’s mother, father, and similarly for the mother’s
side of the house are given in that order.) The full history of these
cases follows:
*FUN FAMILY. (Fig. 22.)
II 6, ♂, 170 cm. (67 inches) tall, and weighing 56 kg. (123 pounds);
build 1.9 (27); slender and of exclusively slender sibship and parentage;
married II 7, ♀, 167 cm. (66 inches) tall and weighing 50 kg. (110
pounds); build, 1.8 (25); very slender and of slender or medium sibship
and parentage. They have 2 children: (1) ♀, at 27 years, 165 cm. (65
inches) tall and weighing 54 kg. (118 pounds); build 1.9 (28), slender;
(2) ♂, at 24 years, 183 cm. (72 inches) tall and weighing 68 kg. (149
pounds), build 2.0 (29), slender.
Thus this mating of very slender × slender parents yielded only (2)
slender offspring. A slender × slender mating from the same family may be
added here.
I 1, ♂, 172 cm. (68 inches) tall and weighing 57 kg. (125 pounds); build
1.9 (27), slender. Married I 2, ♀, 157 cm. (62 inches) tall and weighing
50 kg. (110 pounds), build 2.0 (29), slender. They had 4 children: (1) ♂,
173 cm. (68 inches) tall, weighing 54 kg. (120 pounds); build 1.8 (26),
slender; (2) ♂, 173 cm. (68 inches) tall, weighing 60.4 kg. (133 pounds);
build 2.0 (29), slender; (3) ♀, 165 cm. (65 inches) tall, weighing 52 kg.
(115 pounds); build 1.9 (27), slender; (4) ♂, 170 cm. (67 inches) tall,
weighing 56 kg. (123 pounds); build 1.9 (27), slender.
Two slender parents have thus only (4) slender offspring (A: 034).
[Illustration: FIG. 22.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in
FUN family.]
In this and the following pedigree charts the following symbolism is
adopted. The generations are marked at the left margin; members of
one fraternity are suspended from one horizontal line; square, males;
circles, females. The abbreviations: d. inf. (died in infancy), and d.
yg. (died young) are easily interpreted.
The degree of shading indicates the degree of build according to the
following scheme:
[Illustration]
SCH-37 FAMILY.
A family of German extraction living in Ohio. The Father, a farmer, who
in youth suffered from inflammation of the bowels and in middle age from
congestion of the brain, died at 69 years from tetanus and apoplexy.
Formula: 150/72 inches, build 2.0 (29). His father, a farmer, died
of apoplexy at 83 years. At 80 years his formula was: 150/72 inches;
build 2.0 (29). His mother, who in middle age was subject to stomach
trouble and “shingles,” died of old age at 83 years, having at 80 years
the formula 130/M; build 2.3 (33±). Thus, this side of the house is
prevailingly slender.
The Mother, who in youth was subject to hives, and in middle age to
asthma and eczema, has at 73 years the formula 94/63 inches; build 1.7
(25). Her father, a farmer, who always suffered from asthma and died of
it at 74 years, had at 70 years the formula 120/M; build 1.9 (27±). Her
mother, who died at 83 years of tuberculosis of intestine, had at 80
years the formula 110/M; build 2.0 (29±). This is a decidedly slender
family, more so than that of the paternal side. The five children:
1. Male, who in youth had measles, whooping-cough, hay-fever, colds,
and, in middle age, asthma and hemorrhoids, has at 47 years the formula
165/72.5 inches; build 2.2 (31).
2. Female, who in youth suffered from sore throat, colds, diphtheria,
and quinsy, and in middle age from sore throat; is quick-tempered and
astigmatic. At 42 years she has the formula 140/68 inches; build 2.1 (30).
3. Female, who died at 7 years, accident.
4. Female, who in youth was subject to lung trouble and bronchitis,
weighed 160 pounds at 27 years, 7 pounds at birth. She has gradually
lost weight since 27 years, till at 37 years she has the formula 135/68
inches; build 2.1 (29).
5. Male, who in youth suffered from lung fever, has a nervous
temperament, at 30 years has the formula 137.5/72 inches; build 1.9 (27).
_Comment._—All but one of this fraternity of 4 who grew up are of
slender build (unadjusted). The exception is a man of 47 years who is of
slender-medium build (R: Sch-37).
To summarize: Of 10 progeny (who grew up) of these 3 matings all are
slender except 1 who falls just over the line into medium.
MATING 2. BOTH PARENTS ARE SLENDER, OF SLENDER STOCK.
Table 21 gives the progeny of matings of slender stock. Of the 5 matured
progeny, 4 are slender and 1 just over the line into medium. The details
of the families are given below.
TABLE 21. _Matings of two slender parents; together with their progeny._
[From Table VI.]
+-------+--+--+--+--------------+--+--+--+--------------+--------------+
| | | | | | | | | | Offspring. |
| |FF|FM|F | Father’s |MF|MM|M | Mother’s +--+--+--+--+--+
| | | | | sibs. | | | | sibs. |VS|S |M |F |VF|
+-------+--+--+--+--------------+--+--+--+--------------+--+--+--+--+--+
|Ker 5 |M |30|29| |M |27|29| | 1| | 1| | |
|Ste 9 |M | S|28| |S |31|28| | | 3| | | |
+-------+--+--+--+--------------+--+--+--+--------------+--+--+--+--+--+
KER-5 FAMILY.
A family of English extraction, living mostly in western United
States—Colorado, Texas, New Mexico.
The Father, who was an army officer, is a railroad official who suffered
in middle age from tropical fever. He has, at 51 years, the formula
150/72 inches; build 2.0 (29). His father, who was a mechanic, died at
74 years from hardening of arteries, having had at 60 years the formula
160/M. His mother, who had 2 children, suffered in middle age from
typhoid; she died at about 47 years from pneumonia. At 40 years, her
formula 110/S; build probably about 2.1 (30). This side of the house is
prevailingly slender.
The Mother, who has had 4 children, suffered in middle age from neuritis.
She is living at 49 years. Formula, 115/63 inches; build 2.0 (29). Her
father, who was an army officer, suffered in middle age from heart
trouble and rheumatism. He died at 58 years from heart trouble. At 38
years his formula 160/M. Her mother, who had 2 children, was an invalid;
she died at 36 years from consumption. Formula 100/S; say about 2.0 (27).
This side of the house is prevailingly slender. Three children grew up:
1. Male, a railroad man, who in youth suffered from throat trouble and
pneumonia and who is very nervous, has at 21 years the formula 150/78
inches; build 1.7 (25).
2. Male, formerly a teacher, now in the army, has at 20 years the formula
158/71 inches; build 2.2 (31).
3. Male, is slender at 15 years.
_Comment._—The somewhat slender parents have 2 slender children and a
third who is in the army and has a slender-medium build (R: Ker-5).
STE-9 FAMILY.
A family of German extraction, paternal grandparents living first in
Germany, later in Alabama; maternal grandparents, parents, and children
living in Alabama. The Father, who is a farmer, and suffered in youth
from intermittent fever and in middle age from hay fever and gallstone
or intestinal trouble, is living at 52 years. At 40 years his formula
120/65.5 inches; build 1.9 (28). His father, who was a farmer, suffered
in middle age from intermittent fever. He died at 82 years from
congestion of bowels. At 60 years he was of medium build. His mother died
at 57 years from intermittent fever. At 55 years she was slender. This
side of the house should contribute a slender to medium tendency, unless
the Father’s weight is abnormally low, due to his intestinal trouble.
The Mother, who in youth suffered from “enlarged tonsils,” and in middle
age from bronchitis, is living at 50 years. At 40 years her formula
115/64.5 inches; build 1.9 (28). Her father, who was a blacksmith, died
at 32 years from “hemorrhage of lungs.” At 30 years he was slender. Her
mother, who in youth suffered from malarial fever and in middle age from
tumors, died at about 64 years from “intestinal trouble—tumors (?).” At
40 years her formula 140/67 inches; build 2.2 (31). The gametes from
this side of the house also should tend to produce slenderness in the
children. Four children grew up:
1. Male, an engineer, who in youth suffered from tonsillitis and
bronchitis, has at 27 years the formula 125/66 inches; build 2.0 (29).
2. Male, a teacher, who in youth suffered from bronchitis, has at 24
years the formula 145/70 inches; build 2.1 (30).
3. Female, a school teacher, who in youth suffered from malarial fever,
has at 22 years the formula 115/62.8 inches; build 2.0 (29).
4. Female, under 18 years, of slender build, but about average for her
age.
_Comment._—All 3 grown children have a slender build at present; it is
possible that build may be increased as they grow older (R: Ste-9).
MATING 3. OTHER SLENDER × VERY SLENDER MATINGS.
There are 3 matings of this type: (1) Nob-1, (2) Cod-1, (3) Jos-1 (table
22).
Of 7 grown and 4 immature children derived from this mating, 5 grown
children and 2 (or 3) adolescents are slender. In one mating (Jos-1) of
ethnically dissimilar parents (from Riga and Baden respectively), both
adult children are of much heavier build than either parent, i.e., of
medium to fleshy build. This might be explained as an example of the
extra-vigorous growth of hybrids; but we find few other examples of this
result in human hybrids. It seems more probable that both parents carry
1 or more factors for fleshiness and that all were combined in their
eldest son, causing him to develop fleshiness further than either of his
parents.
TABLE 22.—_Other matings of a slender and a very slender parent, together
with their progeny._
+-------+--+--+--+--------------+--+--+--+--------------+--------------+
| | | | | | | | | | Offspring. |
| |FF|FM|F | Father’s |MF|MM|M | Mother’s +--+--+--+--+--+
| | | | | sibs. | | | | sibs. |VS|S |M |F |VF|
+-------+--+--+--+--------------+--+--+--+--------------+--+--+--+--+--+
|R Cod 1|35|33|29| |30|30|25| | | 2| | | |
|R Jos 1| | |24| | | |27| | | | 1| 1| |
|R Nob 1| | |26| | M| M|24|Sui, Neur | 2| 1| | | |
| +--+--+--+ +--+--+--+ +--+--+--+--+--+
| Total| | | | | | | | | 2| 3| 1| 1| |
+-------+--+--+--+--------------+--+--+--+--------------+--+--+--+--+--+
COD-1 FAMILY.
A family of English extraction living in Ohio. The Father, a salesman,
suffered in youth from whooping-cough, measles, inflammatory rheumatism;
in middle age from mumps and smallpox. He is living at 45 years, having
the formula 125/66 inches; build 2.0 (29). His father, a farmer, died at
56 years from influenza and heart trouble. At 45 years he had the formula
160/68 inches; build 2.4 (35). His mother, who suffered from indigestion,
died at 72 years from “sclerosis of liver.” At 45 years her formula was
135/64 inches; build 2.3 (33). Thus this side of the house is of medium
to slender build.
The Mother, who in youth had mumps, measles, hives, scarlet fever,
tonsillitis, and rheumatism, and in middle life sick headaches,
tonsillitis, and pneumonia, is living at 45 years, having the formula
95/62 inches; build 1.8 (25). Her father, a farmer, who in youth suffered
from malaria and indigestion and in middle age from heart trouble,
gravel, and indigestion, died at 80 years from pneumonia and heart
trouble, having the formula 150/71 inches; build 2.1 (30). Her mother,
who in youth had whooping-cough, mumps, erysipelas, asthma, pneumonia,
and in middle age measles, asthma, neuralgia, pneumonia, and a slight
attack of rheumatism, is living at 77 years. At 45 years her formula was
108/60 inches; build 2.1 (30). Thus this side of the house is slender to
very slender. The 2 children are:
1. Male, a druggist, who suffered from all the children’s diseases and
appendicitis, pneumonia, smallpox, rheumatism, and asthma, and loses 8
to 10 pounds in winter and gains it back in summer, has at 20 years the
formula 100/62 inches; build 1.8 (26).
2. Female, who in youth suffered from all the children’s diseases,
besides nervous nausea, pneumonia, and tonsillitis, has at 18 years the
formula 95/61 inches; build 1.8 (26).
_Comment._—Thus both children are of slender build (R: Cod-1).
JOS-1 FAMILY.
A family whose paternal and maternal grandparents lived in Baden and
Latvia respectively; parents and children living in Pennsylvania.
The Latvian Father, who in middle age suffered from a “touch” of typhoid,
has at 60 years the formula 112/68 inches; build 1.7 (24).
The Badenish Mother, who had three children, died at 54 years from
pneumonia, having the formula 120/67 inches; build 1.9 (27).
Of the two children who grew up:
1. Male, a civil engineer, has at 33 years the formula 180/68 inches;
build 2.7 (39); adjusted to 55 years, 189/68 inches; build 2.9 (41).
2. Female, a student, has at 26 years the formula 150/69 inches; build
2.2 (32); adjusted to 55 years, 170/69 inches; build 2.5 (36).
_Comment._—The children exceed in build the stouter parent; probably a
result either of heterozygosis or multiple factors (R: Jos-1).
NOB-1 FAMILY.
A family of English extraction; paternal grandparents living in Illinois
and Minnesota, maternal grandparents living in Canada and Minnesota,
parents and children living in Illinois and Minnesota. The Father, a
livery-man, a very energetic, nervous man, is in middle age liable to
rheumatism. He has at 47 years the formula 140/74 inches; build 1.8
(26). His father, a farmer, who in middle age suffered from asthma,
colds, and heart trouble, died at 65 years from heart failure, having the
formula M/M. His mother, who had 11 children, suffered in middle age from
bronchitis. She is living at 77 years, having the formula M/M.
The Mother, who has had 7 children, has the formula 105/66 inches; build
1.7 (24). One of her brothers hung himself; one of her sisters was always
“sickly” and toward the end of her life “very peculiar.” Their father, a
farmer, suffered in middle age from heart trouble. He died from “dropsy
of heart.” At 60 years his formula was M/M. Their mother, who had 7
children, is living, now insane. At 61 years her formula was M/M.
The 7 children are:
1. Female, a student, who in youth suffered from adenoids and
tonsillitis, has at 21 years the formula 110/65 inches; build 1.8 (26).
2. Female, a bookkeeper, has at 19 years the formula 100/66 inches; build
1.6 (23).
3. Male, a student, has at 18 years the formula 112/67 inches; build 1.8
(25).
_Comment._—There are four children below 18 years. Of these, No. 4, at 14
years, is 18 pounds below standard; No. 5, at 12 years, 15 pounds below;
No. 6, at 8 years, 2 pounds below; and No. 7, at 5 years, 2 pounds above
standard.
Thus the entire family, omitting the 5-year-old, is below the standard
and mostly very slender or slender. In view of the fact that the parents
are, at around 45 years, still slender or very slender, it is doubtful
if the children’s weights should be adjusted; it is probably a family
characteristic not to put on weight in middle life. This family supports
the view that extreme slenderness is a recessive condition, or, at least,
is determined by prevailing recessive factors (R: Nob-1).
Mating 4. OTHER SLENDER × SLENDER MATINGS (included in table 23).
Since by hypothesis slender parents will rarely carry gametes with
more than 1 factor for fleshiness, it becomes important to consider
the remaining slender × slender matings, i. e., without special regard
to the grandparental conditions. A summary of the distribution of the
progeny of all slender × slender matings is given in Table VI (Appendix).
This shows that of 51 grown children (resulting from 24 matings), 5
are very slender, 35 slender, and 11 of medium build. Here is a great
preponderance of very slender and slender offspring—40 out of the 51,
and all of the 11 of medium build are below the middle class. There
clearly are factors which drive even these progeny of two slender parents
in some cases to become of slightly heavier build than their parents,
and this result is to be expected if fleshy build depends on several
zygotic factors, and slender build lacks all these factors but two. The
distribution of builds in the offspring of the selected slender (and
very slender) parents is shown in table 23. The percentage distribution
of the progeny is: 12 VS, 73 S, 13 M, 2 F. On any hypothesis we should
expect a large proportion of slender offspring. Close conformity to any
theoretical distribution is hardly to be expected in this table, owing to
the variety of matings included.
TABLE 23.—_Summary of selected slender × slender matings, and those of
very slender parents, together with their progeny._
+-----------------+----+----+----+----+----+
| | VS | S | M | F | VF |
+-----------------+----+----+----+----+----+
| Ada 4 | | 2 | | | |
| Cod 1 | | 2 | | | |
| Fel | | 1 | | | |
|*Fun (a) | | 2 | | | |
|*Fun (b) | | 4 | | | |
| Hay 4 | | 2 | | | |
| Hay 12 | | 1 | 1 | | |
| Hen 12 | 1 | 2 | 1 | | |
| Jos 1 | | | 1 | 1 | |
| Ker 5 | 1 | | 1 | | |
| Lan 4 | 1 | 1 | | | |
| Law 7 | | 1 | | | |
|*Leo (a) | 1 | 4 | | | |
|*Leo (b) | | 3 | | | |
| Lou 2 | 1 | 1 | | | |
| McA 2 | | 3 | | | |
| McC 11 | | 1 | 1 | | |
|*Mor | | 3 | | | |
| Nob 1 | 2 | 1 | | | |
|*Pal | 1 | | | 1 | |
| Ran 4 | 1 | 2 | | | |
| Sch 8 | | 1 | 1 | | |
| Sch 37 | | 3 | 1 | | |
| Sco 5 | | 2 | 1 | | |
| Shi 5 | | | 1 | | |
|*Smi | | 2 | | | |
| Ste 9 | | 3 | | | |
| Wil 23 | | 4 | 1 | | |
| You 9 | | 1 | | | |
| A 01:44 | | 1 | | | |
| A 01:19 | | 1 | | | |
| A 01:60 | | 1 | | | |
| A 01:63 | | 1 | | | |
| +----+----+----+----+----+
| Total 77| 9 |56 |10 | 2 | |
| Percentage 100|11.7|72.7|13.0| 2.6| |
| |
| Mean, 28.50 ± 0.24; S. D. 3.13 ± 0.17.|
+------------------------------------------+
Detailed family histories of these slender × slender matings are given
herewith.
ADA-4 FAMILY.
A family of old English American (Massachusetts and Ohio) stock, living
in Michigan and Kansas. The Father, a merchant, who in youth suffered
from brain fever, is living at 77 years, having had at 50 years the
formula 150/71 inches; build 2.1 (30). His 4 sibs are all tall. His
father, a farmer, died at 49 years from typhoid. At 40 years his formula
160/70 inches; build 2.3 (33). His mother, who had 6 children, and who
was always well, died at 65 years from pneumonia. At 40 years her formula
130/69 inches; build 1.9 (27). This side of the house is of prevailingly
slender to medium build.
The mother, who has had 3 children and who suffered in middle age from
rheumatism and colitis, is living at 66 years, having had at 50 years
the formula 120/66 inches; build 1.9 (28). Her father, a farmer, died
from paresis. At 45 years he had the formula 175/69 inches; build 2.6
(37). Her mother, who in middle age suffered from diphtheria, died at 73
years from paralysis. At 45 years her formula 130/68 inches; build 2.0
(28). This side of the house is prevailingly slender (though with 1 stout
grandparent). Two grown children:
1. Male, a photographer, who in youth suffered from tetanus, has at 25
years the formula 140/71 inches; build 2.0 (28).
2. Male, a teacher, has at 22 years the formula 130/70 inches; build 1.9
(27).
_Comment._—Both slender in the unadjusted build (R: Ada-4).
FEL-1 FAMILY.
A family of Scotch and Welsh extraction, living mostly in the mid-western
United States. The Father, who is a builder, and who has suffered from
several attacks of inflammation of the lungs, is living at 50 years,
having the formula 143/70.5 inches; build 2.0 (29). His father, who
was in business, suffered from lung fever and was almost helpless from
rheumatism several years before he was killed in an accident. At 60 years
he had the formula 140/71 inches; build 2.0 (28). His father’s father, a
farmer, died from lung fever, became emaciated before death. At 38 years,
his formula 162/67 inches; build 2.5 (36). His father’s mother, who had
6 children, and who was always well, died at 89 years from old age. At
30 years her formula 96/60 inches; build 1.9 (27). His mother, who had 4
children, was liable to chronic neuralgia. She died at 68 from pneumonia.
At 30 years her formula 125/64.5 inches; build 2.1 (30). His mother’s
father, who died at 76 years from pneumonia, had the formula 168/77
inches; build 2.0 (28). A prevailingly slender family.
The Mother, who has only 1 child, has always been well. She is living
at 46 years, having the formula 110/62 inches; build 2.0 (29). Her
father, who was an expert machinist, always well, died at 43 years from
appendicitis. Formula, 200/69 inches; build 3.0 (42). Her mother, who
had but 1 child, was always well. She is living at 62 years, having the
formula 120/61 inches; build 2.3 (32). A slender mother, with medium to
stout parents.
The one child, a male, student, always well, has at 19 years the formula
125/68.5 inches; build 1.9 (27).
_Comment._—A slender child (D: Fel-1).
HAY-4 FAMILY.
A family of Scotch extraction; grandparents living in Massachusetts, New
York State, Kansas, and California. Parents living in Massachusetts,
California, Kansas, and Japan. The first two children were born in Japan,
but live in California, where the rest were born. The Father, who is a
rancher, has at 54 years the formula 155/73 inches; build 2.0 (29). His
father, who was an accountant, died at 67 years from apoplexy. Their
mother died from tuberculosis. Apparently a slender strain not very
resistant to tuberculosis.
The Mother, who in youth suffered from lung fever, has at 45 years the
formula 123/65.5 inches; build 2.0 (29). Her three sibs are tall. Their
father, who was a merchant, suffered in middle age from tuberculosis and
died from it. At 44 years he was tall and slender. Their mother, who in
middle age suffered from chronic indigestion, had at 71 years the formula
155/64 inches; build 2.7 (38). This side of the house is prevailingly
slender, with a possible tubercular diathesis. Six children:
1. Male, a forester, has at 23 years the formula 170/76.8 inches; build
2.0 (29).
2. Male, a student, at 21 years is 71.5 inches tall.
3. Female, at 18 years, has the formula 130/70 inches; build 1.9 (27).
There are 3 children under 18 years, 2 slender and 1 whose build is
unknown.
_Comment._—The children are slender, though they may develop into adults
of medium build (R: Hay-4).
HAY-12 FAMILY.
A family of English and Scotch extraction, living in Pennsylvania, West
Virginia, and Washington, D. C. The Father, who is a clerk, always well,
is living at 67 years. At 65 years his formula 150/74 inches; build 1.9
(27). Of his 6 sibs, 3 are slender and 3 of medium build. Their father,
who was State senator, suffered in middle age from typhoid. He died at 85
years from old age. At 75 years his formula was 135/68 inches; build 2.1
(29). Their mother, who had 8 children and was always well until at 42
years she died from dropsy, was of medium build. This side of the house
carries a tendency to slenderness.
The Mother underwent an operation at 63 years for tic douloureux. She
is living at 67 years. At 65 years her formula 108/64 inches; build
1.9 (27). Of her 9 known sibs, 3 are slender and 3 fleshy. One of the
corpulent brothers has 2 children, 1 corpulent and 1 medium. Their
father, who was a farmer, always well, died at 55 years from “congestion
of spine, result of accident.” At 50 years he was of medium build. Their
mother, who had 8 children, was always well, till at 71 years she died
from “adhesion of bowels—caused by rupture.” Formula, 90/64 inches; build
1.5 (22). A prevailing slender family, with some tendency to heavy build.
Four children:
1. Female, married, who in youth was liable to goiter, is at 38 years of
medium build.
2. Female, married, always well, is at 36 years slender.
3. Male, a clerk, always well, has at 31 years the formula 150/69 inches;
build 2.2 (32).
4. Male, a clerk, always well, has at 25 years the formula 135/71 inches;
build 1.9 (27).
_Comment._—Two of the children are slender, like both parents; 2 are
medium (R: Hay-12).
HEN-12 FAMILY.
A family of Scotch and Irish extraction. The grandparents on both sides
of the house were southerners. The family is now located in Florida, in
which State 4 children were born.
The Father, interested in farming, had at 40 years the formula 140/70
inches; build 2.0 (29). His father, who was killed in the Civil War, was
of medium build. The father’s mother died at 30 years from child-birth;
she was also, at 25 years, of medium build.
The Mother suffered with laryngitis in middle age and died of it at 29
years. Her formula then was 112/63 inches; build 1.9 (28). Her father, a
physician, and later a fruit grower, died at 75 from general debility. At
50 he was of medium build. Her mother died at 85 from old age, having at
50 a medium build. Four children are:
1. Female, at 25, has the formula 96/66± inches; build 1.5 (22).
2. Male, at 26, has the formula 146/69 inches; build 2.1 (31); adjusted
to 33 years, 151/69 inches; build 2.2 (32).
3. Female, at 25, has the formula 115/67± inches; build 1.8 (26±).
4. Male, at 22, has the formula 135/70± inches; build 1.9 (28±).
_Comment._—The children are all slender, except perhaps one of
slender-medium build (R: Hen-12).
LAW-4 FAMILY.
A family of English extraction, living mostly in Vermont and Minnesota.
The Father, who was a clerk, died at 25 years from “typhoid pneumonia,”
having the formula 150/74 inches; build 1.9 (27). One of his brothers
is tall, one very tall. Their father, a farmer, died at 74 years. At 50
years he was of medium build. Their mother, who had 5 children, suffered
in middle age from asthma; grew fleshy at 50; died at 65 years. Thus the
Father is a slender parent of medium to fleshy ancestry, who died young
from lung trouble.
The Mother suffered in youth from tonsillitis, erysipelas, and
diphtheria; in middle age from pneumonia and pleurisy. She is living at
45 years. At 22 years her formula 122/68 inches; build 1.8 (26). Two of
her sibs were tall. Their father, a farmer, suffered in youth from fever
and ague. He died at 69 years from paralysis. At 48 years his formula
165/68 inches; build 2.5 (36). Their mother, who had 5 children, suffered
in middle age from neuralgia. She died at 67 years from heart disease. At
45 years her formula 120/M; build 2.1 (30). A slender parent who has had
troubles of the respiratory tract. Two grown children:
1. Male, a salesman, who in youth suffered from tonsillitis and
diphtheria, has at 26 years the formula 155/74 inches; build 2.0 (28).
2. Female, married, who in youth suffered from tonsillitis and
diphtheria, has at 25 years the formula 110/67 inches; build 1.7 (25).
_Comment._—One child is slender; the other very slender (R: Law-4).
LAW-7 FAMILY.
A family of English extraction, living in New Jersey. The Father, a
clerk, and always well, has at 43 years the formula 129/65.5 inches;
build 2.1 (30). His father, who was a manufacturer, suffered in youth
from typhoid fever, and in middle age from pneumonia. He died of the
latter at 31 years; was of medium build. His mother, who had 4 children,
was always well. She is living at 65 years and is of medium build. This
side of the house brings in medium-slender elements.
The Mother has always been well. She is living at 42 years, having the
formula 115/64 inches; build 2.0 (28). Her father, who was a grain
dealer, died at 63 years from apoplexy; he was of medium build. Her
mother, who had 3 children, suffered in youth from pneumonia. She is
living at 68 years and is tall and slender. This side of the house is
prevailingly slender. Three children:
1. Female, a teacher, always well, has at 18 years the formula 128/63.5
inches; build 2.2 (32).
2 and 3. Two girls at 11 and 8 years who are below average build.
_Comment._—The one grown child is of medium build, somewhat stouter than
her Father; the other two children are rather slender for their ages (R:
Law-7).
LEO FAMILY. (Fig. 23.)
I 1, J. L. very slender, died of pneumonia. His wife, I 2, at 87 years is
slender and measures 141 cm. in stocking feet; she has two brothers who
are slender. There are 5 children:
II 4, ♂, was 183 cm. tall and very slender; he died at 63 years of
catarrh of stomach.
II 5, ♂, was short and slender; he died at 52 years of Bright’s disease.
II 6, ♀, single, is 165 cm. tall and weighs 51.7 kg. (65 inches and 114
pounds); index 1.9 (27), obviously slender.
II 3, ♀, slender.
II 7, ♂, always slender.
So far we have only slender persons to deal with. Now enters a change.
II 3 married a fleshy man who has a fleshy sister; all 3 children are
fleshy. Also II 7 married a woman whose index is 86.2 kg./114 cm., or
6.6 (190/60 inches, or 53). She has always been fleshy (except during an
attack of anemia). She had both slender and fleshy sibs. Their only child
(III 4) is a girl of 9 years. Her relative chest-girth is 57 per cent
instead of the 49 per cent expected at that age; that is, she is fleshy.
Thus the two marriages of this slender stock into fleshy lines result
altogether in 4 children, all fleshy; indicating dominance of fleshiness.
II 16, ♂, at 50 years is tall and slender. He has 1 slender and 4 fleshy
and very fleshy sibs. His father, I 5, was slender; his mother was short
and weighed 86 kg. (190 pounds). He married II 17, a slender woman; the 2
living children are tall and slender. Thus II 16 apparently did not carry
the gene for fleshiness from his mother (73: 676).
[Illustration: FIG. 23.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in
the LEO family.]
LOU-2 FAMILY.
A family of Irish and English extraction, living mostly in New York
State. The Father, who is a doctor, suffered in middle age from “nervous
breakdown, indigestion, and stomach trouble”; is living at 60 years,
and has the formula 155/73 inches; build 2.0 (29). His three brothers,
who are living, are tall. Their father, who survives, is a farmer and
suffered in middle age from “nervousness.” Their mother died from
consumption “caused from taking care of son who died from same.”
The Mother, who is living at 50 years, has the formula 115/65 inches;
build 1.9 (27). Two children:
1. Female, a student (married), has at 25 years the formula 110/66.5
inches; build 1.8 (25).
2. Female, a student, has at 22 years the formula 120/68 inches; build
1.8 (26).
_Comment._—Both children are now slender, but may approach a medium
weight as they grow older (R: Lou-2).
MCA-2 FAMILY.
A Scotch-English family living chiefly in Ohio. The Father, a farmer,
had an attack of diphtheria in middle life, is energetic, and, at 62
years, has the formula 135/70 inches; build 1.9 (28). His sister died
of tuberculosis. Their father, somewhat easy-going, was a farmer, had
typhoid fever and died of cancer at 68 years. His formula, 135/72 inches;
build 1.8 (26). Their mother, of mediocre activity and mentality, died at
36 years, having borne 4 children. Two of her sisters died of pneumonia.
She was of medium build. This side of the house tends to slenderness.
The Mother, who once had typhoid fever and is physically active, has, at
60 years, the formula 120/65 inches; build 2.0 (28). Her father, who had
typhoid fever in the army and was very active, had the formula 180/74
inches; build 2.3 (33). The Mother’s mother, who was also very active,
was of medium build. This side of the house brings in a slender-medium
tendency. Three children:
1. Female, a teacher, who has had typhoid fever and her tonsils and
appendix removed, is energetic, and has a formula at 30 years of 109/64
inches; build 1.9 (27).
2. Male, a student and farmer, who has had diphtheria and typhoid fever,
energetic, at 28 years has the formula 135/69 inches; build 2.0 (28).
3. Male, student and farmer, who has always been well, energetic, weighed
9 pounds at birth, formula at 23 years, 138/69 inches; build 2.1 (29).
_Comment._—The unadjusted build of the children averages the same as the
parents and differs little from them; it is hardly probable that they
will reach the adjusted weight.
MCC-11 FAMILY.
A family of Scotch and English extraction, living in the Middle West and
northwestern United States. The Father, who is a proof-reader, suffered
in youth from fever and ague. He is living at 74 years, having at 48
years the formula 140/68 inches; build 2.1 (30). His father, who was a
farmer, died at 87 years from dysentery. At 40 years, his formula 160/T;
build say 2.3 (33). Their mother, who had 4 children, died at 29 years
“probably from effects of child-birth.” At 26 years she was of medium
build. This side of the house probably contributes a tendency to slender
or slender-medium build.
The Mother suffered in youth from tonsillitis and asthma; in middle age
from nervous prostration and abscess. She is living at 60 years, having
had at 36 years the formula 130/65.5 inches; build 2.1 (30). Her father,
who was a farmer and carpenter, suffered in middle age from internal
abscess and rheumatism. He died at 72 years from apoplexy. At 40 years he
was of medium build. Her mother, who had 4 children, died in child-birth,
at 27 years; she was of medium build. This side of the house, likewise,
contributes a tendency to slender or medium build. Two children:
1. Female, a student, who in youth suffered from tonsillitis and
nervousness, has at 28 years the formula 125/65.3 inches; build 2.1 (30).
2. Male, a farmer, who in youth suffered from asthma, enlargement of
liver, and attacks similar to epilepsy, has at 25 years the formula
180/74.3 inches; build 2.3 (33).
_Comment._—Both children are of medium or slender-medium build (R:
McC-11).
MOR FAMILY. (Fig. 24.)
IV 3, ♂, at 46 years is short and very slender. He married a tall,
slender woman; their son, at 22 years, is tall and slender.
IV 19, ♀ is tall, like her Father’s father, and very slender. She has 1
slender and 3 or 4 fleshy sibs and both of her parents were fleshy. Her
husband is 182 cm. (72 in.) tall and very slender. They have 3 children,
all tall and slender.
The Mother apparently carries no “fleshy” gametes (73: 690).
[Illustration: FIG. 24.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in
MOR family.]
PAL FAMILY. (Fig. 25.)
III 2, J. T. C., ♂, at 64 years is of medium height and slender. One
of his sisters is slender and one (III 7) at 56 years is 157 cm. tall
(without shoes), weighs 74 kg. net, and has a chest-girth of 105 cm. net.
This gives a relative chest-girth of 67 per cent. This sister is thus
very fleshy. Their father (II 3) was of medium build, his wife rather
fleshy. J. T. C.’s wife, III 3, is of medium height and very slender,
though her two parents were of medium build.
The two surviving children are:
IV 1, ♀, at 43 years weighs 165 pounds and is 62 inches tall. She has
thus an index of build of 3.0 (43) and is fleshy.
IV 2, 34 years old is very slender; she is, however, an invalid and
bedridden. Here we have a well-authenticated record of two slender
parents with a fleshy daughter; obviously both of the slender parents
must have carried gametes with one or more genes for fleshiness; and a
combination of such genes induced fleshy build in the child.
_Comment._—A rather remarkable family in that a slender × very slender
mating has produced a fleshy child, as well as a very slender one. But
the slender Father doubtless carries 2 or possibly (and exceptionally) 3
zygotic factors for build (on the 6-zygotic factor hypothesis); for his
mother was fleshy and a sister very fleshy. On this hypothesis the very
slender Mother may contribute one such factor (73: 709).
[Illustration: FIG. 25.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in
PAL family.]
RAN-4 FAMILY.
A family of English extraction, living in New York State and
Massachusetts. The Father, who is an editor, has at 58 years the formula
150/72 inches; build 2.0 (29).
The Mother has at 56 years the formula 130/66 inches; build 2.1 (30).
Her brother died at 55 years from tuberculosis; height 72 inches. Her
father, a minister, suffered in middle age from bronchial consumption and
died of it at 60 years. Her mother, who in youth suffered from dropsy and
consumption, in middle age from rheumatism, died at 96 years from heart
trouble. This side of the house is slender-medium; probably because of
tuberculosis. Three children:
1. Male, secretary of an insurance company, who in youth suffered from
hay fever, catarrh, and typhoid fever, has at 30 years the formula 140/72
inches; build 1.9 (27).
2. Female, has at 25 years the formula 130/69 inches; build 1.9 (27).
3. Female, a clerical worker, has at 24 years the formula 120/70 inches;
build 1.7 (25).
_Comment._—All 3 children are of slender build (one very slender) in
the unadjusted ratio. It seems a little doubtful whether, with the
inheritance they have, they will ever reach the medium build (R: Ran-4).
SCH-8 FAMILY.
A family of mixed German and American origin, living in Connecticut.
The Father, a master mechanic, always well, has at 51 years the formula
132/66 inches; build 2.1 (30). His father, a farmer, always well, died at
67 years from heart failure; formula 180/72 inches; build 2.4 (35). His
mother, who had 3 children and who was always well, died at 67 years of
heart failure. Formula, 115/63 inches; build 2.0 (29). This side of the
house is slender-medium.
The Mother, who has 3 children, has at 47 years the formula 120/64
inches; build 2.1 (29). Her two sisters are tall. Her father, a foreman
and always well, has at 73 years the formula 184/69 inches; build 2.7
(39). Her mother was of average stature. This side of the house might be
expected to help determine slenderness in the children. Three children:
1. Male, a stenographer, well, has at 21 years the formula 130/66 inches;
build 2.1 (30) (adjusted to 49 years, 144/66 inches; build 2.3 (33)).
2. Male, a student, always well, has at 19 years the formula 138/66
inches; build 2.3 (32) [adjusted to 49 years, 157/68 inches; build 2.4
(34)].
3. Female, at 13 years, is very slender, even for her age.
_Comment._—The children are slightly below (one is close to) average
build (R: Sch-8).
SCO-5 FAMILY.
A family of English extraction, living mostly in middle western United
States. The Father, a broker, who in middle age suffered from cirrhosis
of the liver, has, at 57 years, the formula 140/70 inches; build 2.0
(29). His father, a lumberman, died at 60 years from paralysis, having
the formula 170/68 inches; build 2.6 (37). His mother died at 75 years
from arterio-sclerosis; formula 100/64 inches; build 1.7 (24).
The Mother has at 49 years the formula 110/62 inches; build 2.0 (29). Her
father, a wholesale merchant, died at 63 years from sarcoma. His formula
170/69 inches; build 2.5 (36). Her mother, who has 2 children, has at 74
years the formula 90/61 inches; build 2.1 (24). Three children:
1. Male, a surveyor, has at 25 years the formula 150/68 inches; build 2.3
(32).
2. Male, a clerk, has at 23 years the formula 135/67 inches; build 2.1
(30).
3. Male, a student, has at 20 years the formula 125/65 inches; build 2.1
(30).
_Comment._—The unadjusted build of the children is only a point or two
greater than that of the parents (R: Sco-5).
SHI-5 FAMILY.
A family of English and German extraction. The Father’s parents were
born in England. The Mother’s parents were born in Germany. The parents
and their one child were born in New York City, where the family is now
settled.
The Father, inclined to indigestion in middle age, has, at 47, the
formula 143/70 inches; build 2.1 (29). His father, a dry-goods man, has
bronchial trouble in middle age. At 73 his formula is 145/70.5 inches;
build 2.0 (29). The Father’s mother, having borne 2 sons and 4 daughters,
died of kidney trouble and pneumonia at 52 years of age. Her formula, at
51, was 150/65 inches; build 2.5 (36).
The Mother, who suffered from bronchitis in youth, at 46 has the formula
120/67 inches; build 1.9 (27). Her father died around the age of 35 from
wounds received in the Civil War. He was of medium build. Her mother at
71 years of age has the formula 85/56 inches; build 1.9 (27). One grown
child:
1. Female, at 19, has the formula 145/67 inches; build 2.3 (32).
_Comment._—The child is somewhat of heavier build than either parent and
may approach the build of her Father’s mother (R: Shi-5).
SMI FAMILY. (Fig. 26.)
II 9, M. E. S., ♀, at 74 years is 162.5 cm. (64 inches) tall without
shoes and weighs 48 kg. (106 pounds) net. Her index of build is 1.9 (27);
she is slender. All of her 6 sibs are fleshy or very fleshy and so are
their two parents (I 1, 2). Her husband was tall and slender. They had 4
children: (1) a boy, who died at 19 of “kidney trouble”; he was slender.
(2) and (3) died young; (4) female, at 33 is 172 cm. (68 inches) tall and
weighs 59 kg. (129 pounds) net; index 2.0 (28); she is slender. Thus the
mating of two slender persons (one arising in the midst of fleshy stock)
has resulted in 2 slender children (73: 736).
[Illustration: FIG. 26.—Pedigree chart of part of SMI family.]
WIL-23 FAMILY.
A family of English extraction, living in New York State and Connecticut.
The Father, who is a teacher, is living at 61 years. At 45 years he had
the formula 155/72 inches; build 2.1 (30). One of his sisters died from
“quick consumption.” His father, who was a farmer, always well, died at
61 years from pneumonia. At 45 years he was of medium build. His mother,
who had 10 children, was always well. She is living at 81 years. At 45
years she was of medium build. This side of the house might be expected
to determine medium build in children.
The Mother suffered in youth from pneumonia, in middle age from typhoid
fever and hernia. She is living at 63 years. At 45 years her formula
was 125/66 inches; build 2.0 (29). Her brother died at 55 years from
tuberculosis of larynx. Her father, who was a farmer, always well, died
at 83 years from “cancer of the face.” At 50 years he was of medium
build. Her mother, who had 5 children, was always well. She died at 67
years from typhoid pneumonia; was slender. Five children:
1. Male, a buyer, always well, has at 30 years the formula 145/73 inches;
build 1.9 (27).
2. Male, an electrical engineer, who in youth suffered from typhoid
fever, has at 29 years the formula 185/75 inches; build 2.3 (33).
3. Male, a physician and surgeon, who in youth suffered from typhoid and
in middle age from acute nephritis, has at 27 years the formula 145/72
inches; build 2.0 (28).
4. Female, a teacher, always well, has at 25 years the formula 138/69
inches; build 2.1 (29).
5. Male, who in youth suffered from typhoid fever, has at 22 years the
formula 150/74 inches; build 1.9 (27).
_Comment._—The unadjusted builds of 4 of the children is a little less
than the parental builds of 30 and 29. The adjusted builds are a point
or two higher. In the case of child No. 2 we have an exceptionally large
index of build for this fraternity of 2.3 (33). It is possible that the
tubercular tendency on both sides may have pulled down the hereditary
potentiality of one or both parents (R: Wil-23).
YOU-9 FAMILY.
A family of Pennsylvania Dutch blood; all born in and about Pennsylvania.
The Father, an educationalist, has had in middle age a nervous breakdown
and bronchial trouble. At 44 he has the formula 118/64 inches; build
2.1 (29). His father, a miller, died of old age at 76. At 68 he had
the formula 130/60 inches; build 2.5 (36). The Father’s mother having
had 7 sons and 4 daughters, died of old age at 82. When 75 she had the
formula 120/59 inches; build 2.4 (34). It is possible that the bronchial
trouble may have reduced the Father’s build somewhat below its normal
potentialities.
The Mother, inclined to nervous disorders, at 43 had the formula 98/59.5;
build 2.0 (28). Her father, a railroad man, had malarial fever in middle
age. At 70 he has the formula 160/66 inches; build 2.6 (37). Her mother
in youth had bronchial trouble and St. Vitus dance and in middle age,
asthma, pneumonia, rheumatism, nervous prostration, etc. She died at 64,
from a complication of diseases. At the time of her death she had the
formula 80/59 inches; build 1.6 (23). The two children are:
1. Female, has had bronchitis and encephalitis, at 19 has the formula
94/59.5 inches; build 1.9 (27).
2. Female, at 15 years is slender for her age.
_Comment._—Slender children from two slender parents (R: You-9).
A: 01-19 FAMILY.
A family of probable English extraction. The Father, a lawyer, is
troubled with catarrh, but otherwise his general health is pretty good.
At 20 years of age he had the formula 129.5/70 inches; build 2.0 (26).
The Mother has good general health, although troubled with palpitation of
the heart and headache. At 20 years she had the formula 106/61 inches;
build 2.0 (29).
The one daughter for whom data are given has had numerous children’s
diseases. Her general health is now good. At 18 years of age she has the
formula 114/64 inches; build 2.0 (28).
_Comment._—Parents and child are all slender (A: 011d-19).
A: 01-44 FAMILY.
A family of English extraction. The Father, a dentist, has good general
health, but habitual constipation. At 20 years of age he had the formula
140/68 inches; build 2.1 (30).
The Mother has occasional headaches. At the age of 18 her formula was
104/62 inches; build 1.9 (27).
The son has general good health, but is inclined to kidney trouble,
skin diseases, and headache, presumably from his eyes. At 18 he has the
formula 124/66; build 2.0 (29) A: (011d-19).
A: 01-60 FAMILY.
A family of English extraction with some Irish and Scotch blood in
addition.
The Father, a minister, has had pneumonia and dyspepsia, but his general
health is good. At 22 years he had the formula 132.5/68 inches; build 2.0
(29).
The Mother has had piles and slight attacks of rheumatism. Her general
health is very good. At 19 years she had the formula 110/64 inches; build
1.9 (27). The one child for whom data are available is:
1. Female, inclined to rheumatism and kidney trouble, like her Mother.
She has had practically all children’s diseases, and at 19 her formula is
108/65 inches; build 1.8 (26).
_Comment._—Both parents and their child are slender (A: 011d-60).
A: 01-63 FAMILY.
A family of English extraction. The Father, a teacher, is in good health.
At 45 his formula is 134/69 inches; build 2.0 (28).
The Mother’s health is generally good. She is inclined to some skin
trouble and is troubled with headache and habitual constipation. At 34
years she had the formula 97/59 inches; build 2.0 (28).
The one child is a son in general good health, although he has rheumatism
and constipation. He is also subject to frequent colds and grippe. At 19
years of age he has the formula 111/68 inches; build 1.7 (24).
_Comment._—Both parents and the child are of slender build (A: 011d-63).
SUMMARY OF S × S MATINGS.
The gametic constitution of slender parents is certainly very diverse.
Assuming that both slender parents produce only gametes of the type Abc,
their offspring would be exclusively of the type AAbbcc, which we may
take as a zygotic formula for slender progeny. Assume that in another
case both slender parents have the zygotic formula AaBbcc; then they
would each produce gametes ABc, Abc, aBc, and abc. Uniting at random,
these gametes would produce zygotes as follows:
Number of dominant factors 4 3 2 1 0
Proportions 6.25 25 37.5 25 6.25
Thus a very variable progeny would be produced: very slender, slender,
medium, and fleshy. Now it seems probable that the totals of table 23 are
a combination of these two kinds of matings and another which would yield
very slender, slender, and medium offspring in the proportions of 25, 50,
and 25, respectively.
Considering only the families of table 23 who have 3 or more children, we
get a total distribution for these children of:
VS S M
5 34 4
If we subtract from the S total the 16 children who belong exclusively
to slender fraternities, the children who remain have the distribution
5: 18: 4, which is fairly close to the 1: 2: 1 ratio of 6.75: 13.5:
6.75 which is to be expected from a mating of parents of the zygotic
constitution AAbbcc and AaBbcc respectively.
We conclude, therefore, that the S × S matings are gametically of two
kinds, one slightly, the other more greatly variable. The distribution
found is determined by a combination of these two kinds.
Also, the statistical results of the distribution of the progeny of S
× S matings are in harmony with the hypothesis that slender parents in
extreme cases carry not more than two zygotic factors for fleshy build.
The slender parent is, accordingly, to be regarded as one who carries
gametes with prevailingly recessive factors.
CLASS II. BOTH PARENTS FLESHY.
Next we turn to the matter of inheritance of fleshiness in fleshy stock.
That fleshiness may be a true hereditary character is indicated by the
existence of fleshy races of men. Examples are the South-Russian Jews,
especially of the female sex; and certain of the Chinese, who have
strikingly short legs. The matter is discussed in more detail at page 7.
The fact that the body reacts to food and climate must not blind us to
the constitutional factors that are probably present in racial obesity.
At any rate, it becomes of interest to inquire as to inheritance of
fleshiness in families characterized by the trait. For this purpose we
shall consider various matings between more or less fleshy parents.
Mating 1. ONE PARENT IS VERY FLESHY, THE OTHER FLESHY (OR VERY FLESHY) OF
FLESHY STOCK. (Table 24.)
From this mating of “pure” or nearly “pure” fleshy parents are derived
(table 24) 50 offspring: 2 S, 11 M, 23 F, 14 VF, or, in percentages, 4 S,
22 M, 46 F, 28 VF. This distribution of the total does not agree with the
4-zygotic-factor hypothesis (p. 41), which gives a filial distribution
of 50 F, 50 VF. It agrees better with the 6-factor hypothesis (p. 43),
assuming the proper dividing-line between fleshy and very fleshy to lie
somewhere in column 5, and the mating to be of the 5-factor × 4-factor
type. On this assumption we have a percentage of 17 M and F+83 VF. This
approaches the proportions found. Accordingly, the 6-factor hypothesis is
preferable.
The progeny are more variable than those derived from two slender parents
as 5.74 ± 0.39 is to 3.13 ± 0.17.
Details concerning the families included in table 24 are given below.
TABLE 24.—_Matings of a very fleshy parent and a fleshy parent of fleshy
stock, together with their progeny._
+-------+--+--+--+--------------+--+--+--+--------------+--------------+
| | | | | | | | | | Offspring. |
| |FF|FM|F | Father’s |MF|MM|M | Mother’s +--+--+--+--+--+
| | | | | sibs. | | | | sibs. |VS|S |M |F |VF|
+-------+--+--+--+--------------+--+--+--+--------------+--+--+--+--+--+
|[3]Can |VF|VF|47|2VF | | |56| | | 1| | 4| |
| Ekb 1 |50|36|50|51, 52, 45 | | |38|All tall | | | | 2| 2|
| Faz 1 |F | |39|4F |F |F |57|1VF | | | | 1| 2|
| Flo 3 |42|42|44| |37|35|49| | | | 1| 6| |
| Gou A | | |37| |37|50|54|2F | | | 2| 1| 1|
| Lyn | | |38|1VF | | |50|1F | | | 4| 2| 1|
| McL A |39|36|38|VF,2; F5; F*M1|34|45|44|VF1; F5; M3 | | 1| 4| 4| 3|
| Nic 5 |VF|VF|41| |38|40|45| | | | | 1| 1|
| Whe | | |40| | | |52|1VF, 2F, 1S | | | | 2| 4|
| | | | | +--+--+--+--+--+
| | A, 40.33 ±.55 | | |Total 50| | 2|11|23|14|
| | S. D. 5.74 ± .39 | | |Percentage 100| | 4|22|46|28|
+-------+--------------------------+--+--+--------------+--+--+--+--+--+
[3] Also 4 younger children, 10 to one-half years, all fleshy for their
ages.
CAN FAMILY. (Fig. 27.)
A family of Italian extraction, living in a poorly furnished, very much
overcrowded, home in a poor Italian neighborhood in a factory city.
I 1, ♂, was tall and very fleshy; died of “heart disease.”
I 2, ♀, was tall and very fleshy and had a brother of similar build. This
very fleshy pair had 3 children, as follows:
II 1 and II 4 both very fleshy. II 5 at 46 years 171 cm. (67 inches) tall
(without shoes) and weighing 96 kg. (212 pounds) net; build 3.3 (47),
very fleshy. His chest-girth, 106 cm. net; relative chest-girth 62 per
cent. The result suggests that the parents were homozygous for fleshiness.
II 5 married II 6, who at 45 years is 152 cm. (60 inches) tall (in bare
feet) and weighs over 90 kg. (200 pounds), build 3.9 (56). Her net
chest-girth is 110 cm., relative chest-girth is 72. This very fleshy pair
has 9 surviving children, as follows: the eldest, III 3, a boy at 23
years is said to be slender (not seen), married, without children. The
second, III 5, ♂, at 22 years is fleshy, as he has always been; married,
without children. III 7, ♂, at 19 years is slender but was _fleshy_ until
the age of 18 years. III 8, ♂, at 17 years is short and fleshy. III 9, ♂,
at 12 years is short and fleshy. III 10, ♀, at 10 years is 136 cm. (53.5
inches) tall, and weighs about 45 kg. (100 pounds); build 2.5 (35). Her
chest-girth is 85 cm. net, relative chest-girth 63. This indicates a girl
of far above average relative chest-girth, fleshy. III 12 is a girl of 9
years with a relative chest-girth of 80 ÷ 135 or 59, fleshy. III 13 is a
boy of 5 years; his relative chest-girth is 68/112 or 61, fleshy. III 14
is a 6-months-old baby weighing 6.4 kg. or 14.1 pounds and very chubby.
_Comment._—Thus with the exception of the first (of whom no details were
obtained), all of the children are, or have been, fleshy; the fraternity
suggests that both parents are homozygous for fleshiness. The meaning of
the exceptional son is uncertain; various hypotheses may be entertained:
illegitimacy, poor health following a fleshy childhood, the possible
presence of a factor for slenderness in both parental gametes (73:652).
[Illustration: FIG. 27.—Pedigree chart of CAN family.]
EKB-1 FAMILY.
A family of Swedish extraction; parents emigrated to Illinois, where
all the children were born. The Father, a farmer, suffered in middle
age from dropsy and severe headaches. He is living at 56 years, having
the formula 225/67 inches; build 3.5 (50). He has 6 sibs: (1) brother,
dead, formula 250/70 inches; build 3.6 (51); (2) brother, 225/66 inches;
build 3.6 (52); (3) sister, 180/63 inches; build 3.2 (45). Others are
not described. Their father, a farmer, died at 79 years from “gangrene
subsequent to senile paralysis,” having a formula 170/M inches; build,
say 2.6 (36). Their mother died at 79 years from senile paralysis, having
the formula 200/M inches; build, say 3.5 (50).
The Mother, who in youth and middle age suffered from eczema, has at 51
years the formula 160/65 inches; build 2.7 (38). Two of her brothers and
one sister are tall and nervous. Of the 6 children, 4 survive as adults:
1. Male, a university instructor, nervous, has at 30 years the formula
190/70 inches; build 2.7 (39); adjusted to 55 years, 202/70 inches, build
2.9 (41).
2. Male, a university instructor, who in youth suffered from
poliomyelitis, has at 28 the formula 200/68 inches; build 3.0 (43);
adjusted to 55 years, 212/68 inches, build 3.2 (46).
3. Female, who suffered in youth from headaches, has at 25 years the
formula 180/64 inches; build 3.1 (44); adjusted to 55 years, 196/64
inches, build 3.3 (48).
4. Male, a farmer, who in youth suffered from headaches, has at 22 years
the formula 180/68 inches; build 2.7 (39); adjusted to 55 years, 197/68
inches, build 3.0 (43).
_Comment._—The Father is perhaps duplex for heavy build; all of the
children have a build that is above the average, and 2 of the 4 are very
fleshy. Thus, obesity runs through three generations without skipping any
(R: Ekb-1).
FAZ FAMILY. (Fig. 28.)
A family of Italian extraction, of the artisan class, living in
comfortable homes.
II 5, a man who was 183 cm. (72 inches) tall and weighed over 90 kg. (200
pounds); build 2.7 (39); fleshy now as “always.” The 4 others of his
fraternity and their father were all fleshy; data are lacking about the
mother’s build.
II 6, the consort of above, died at 66 of cerebral hemorrhage; was of
medium stature, say 160 cm. (63 inches) and weighed 100 kg. (225 pounds);
build 4.0 (57). This obese woman has a sister, who is 150 cm. (59 inches)
tall and weighs 90 kg. (200 pounds), build 4.0 (57), same as her sister.
Her relative chest-girth is 111 cm./150, or 74 per cent, a huge girth.
Two other living members of her fraternity are in Italy and their build
is unknown. The father of this fraternity (I 6) is fleshy, has 3 fleshy
sibs and 1 of medium build. The mother is also fleshy. This looks like a
“pure” fleshy strain.
There are 3 children: (1) ♀, 32 years, married, is 166 cm. (65 inches)
tall and weighs 97 kg. (214 pounds); build 3.6 (51); very fleshy. Her
relative net chest-girth is 105 cm./166 or 63. (2) She has a sister, II
14, 38 years, married, who is 156 cm. (61 inches) tall and weighs 78.5
kg. (173 pounds) net; build 3.3 (47), very fleshy. Her net relative
chest-girth is 105 cm./156, or 67. She has always been fleshy. (3) A man
of 22 was very fleshy up to the age of 17 years, but he is said now to be
tall and thin, though well. He is not married.
_Comment._—This result is difficult to interpret. A mating of two “pure”
strains of obesity produces 3 offspring, all of whom were fleshy before
adolescence and of whom 2 remain very fleshy; but 1 (at 22 years) is said
to have become “thin” since the age of 17 years. It seems probable that
he also should be recorded as essentially fleshy (73: 665).
[Illustration: FIG. 28.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in
FAZ family.]
FLO-3 FAMILY. (Fig. 29.)
This is a family of which all grandparents and Father were born in north
Ireland; the children were born and reared in Greater New York. The
Father, a blacksmith and farmer, suffers from digestion troubles; at 63
his formula 185/65 inches; build 3.1 (44). His father, a blacksmith, died
at 40 of acute indigestion; his formula 204/70 inches; build 2.9 (42).
His mother, who died of pleurisy at 50 years, had the formula 200/69
inches; build 2.9 (42). Thus this side of the house is of stout build.
The Mother has at 60 years the formula 200/64 inches; build 3.4 (49).
She is fat, good-natured, and a poor housekeeper. Her father, who was a
carpenter and killed by an accident at 47 years, had the formula 180/70
inches; build 2.6 (37). Her mother, who died of old age at 75 years, had
the formula 140/63 inches; build 2.5 (35). No “direct” heredity appears
in the Mother’s obesity. The 7 children:
1. Male, a bookkeeper, who has spinal curvature, has at 38 years the
formula 140/60 inches; build 2.7 (39); but this is clearly abnormally
high, associated with his pathologically short stature.
2. Female, a musician, has at 36 years the formula 160/68 inches; build
2.4 (35); adjusted to 50 years, 173/68 inches; build 2.7 (37).
3. Male, a detective, fond of outdoor life, has at 32 years the formula
190/69 inches; build 2.8 (40); adjusted to 50 years, 200/69 inches; build
3.0 (42).
4. Male, an army officer, at 29 years 186/71 inches; build 2.6 (37);
adjusted to 50 years, 199/71; build 2.8 (39).
5. Male, a policeman, with a history of pneumonia, at 27 years. 200/72
inches; build 2.7 (39); adjusted to 50 years, 215/72 inches; build 2.9
(42).
6. Female, a teacher, subject to indigestion, at 21 years, 131/65 inches;
build 2.2 (31); adjusted to 50 years, 150/65 inches; build 2.5 (36).
7. Male, in the automobile business, with a history of pneumonia, has at
20 years the formula 168/68 inches; build 2.6 (36); adjusted to 50 years,
187/68 inches; build 2.8 (40).
_Comment._—The build of the children is rather uniformly between 2.5 (36)
and 2.9 (42), mostly in the stout class, like the Father, but far below
the obese Mother (R: Flo-3).
[Illustration: FIG. 29.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in
the FLO-3 family.]
GOU-A FAMILY.
A family of English extraction, living in Maine. The Father, at 36, had
the formula 160/67 inches; build 2.5 (37).
The Mother, at 60, had the formula 250/68 inches; build 3.8 (54). Her
eldest brother weighed 200 pounds at 60 years. Her youngest brother
weighed 220 pounds at 50 years. Her father had the formula 190/72
inches; build 2.6 (37), at 70 years. Her mother had, at 70 years, the
formula 225/66 inches; build 3.6 (50). Four grown children:
1. Female, at 48, has the formula 210/66 inches; build 3.4 (48).
2. Male, at 46, 160/68 inches; build 2.6 (35).
3. Male, at 44, 180/67 inches; build 2.8 (40).
4. Female, at 40, 140/66 inches; build 2.3 (32).
_Comment._—Obesity appears in three generations in the direct line
without a break; 2 of the 4 children are of medium build, less than
either parent (S: Gou-A).
LYN FAMILY. (Fig. 30.)
I 1, ♂, from Ireland, died at 54 of brain fever; was 173 cm. (68 inches)
tall and weighed 78 kg. (175 pounds); build 2.7 (38); fleshy. His sister
weighs 90 kg. He married I 2, an Irish woman, who died at 68 years. She
was 155 cm. (61 inches) tall and weighed 84 kg. (185 pounds); build
3.5 (50); very fleshy. She had a sister who was fleshy. The pair had 7
children who grew up:
(1) Male, fleshy; (2) ♂, of medium build; (3) ♂, died at 50 years, of
pneumonia, his stature 169 cm. (66.5 inches); weight 63.5 kg. (140
pounds); build 2.2 (31); medium; (4) ♂, died at 70 years, stature 173
cm. (68 inches); weight 72.5 kg. (160 pounds); build 2.4 (35); medium.
(5) ♂, died, at 37 years, of pneumonia; stature 173 cm. (68 inches);
weight 82 kg. (180 pounds); build 2.7 (39); fleshy. Married to a fleshy
woman, he has a child who is 165 cm. (65 inches) tall, weighs 72.5 kg.
(160 pounds); build 3.2 (46); very fleshy. (6) ♀, at 56 years, stature
160 cm. (63 inches), weight 63 kg. (139 pounds); build 2.4 (34); medium.
Her net relative chest-girth is 95/160 or 36 per cent. Though now of
medium build (or less), she used to be very fleshy, weighing over 80 kg.
(175 pounds); build 3.1 (44). She may properly be classified as of stout
build, secondarily reduced. (7) ♂, aged 54 years, is 178 cm. (70 inches)
tall; and weighs 103 kg. (227 pounds); build 3.2 (46); very fleshy. His
net relative chest-girth is 117 cm. / 178, or 66 per cent. This man has
always been fleshy; at 21 years he weighed 90 kg. (200 pounds).
_Comment._—This seems to be nearly a “pure” F × F mating. Of the progeny
4 are fleshy (or very fleshy) and 3 medium (73-684).
[Illustration: FIG. 30.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in
the LYN family.]
MCL-A FAMILY. (Fig. 31.)
A family of Scotch extraction from Maine. The Father (II 9), at 77
years, had the formula 200/73 inches; build 2.6 (38). Of his 8 sibs: (1)
Brother, at 70 years, had the formula 170/69 inches; build 2.5 (36). (2)
Brother, at 75 years, 200/74 inches; build 2.6 (37). (3) Brother, at 65
years, 210/73 inches; build 2.8 (39). (4) Brother, at 78 years, 200/74
inches; build 2.6 (37). (5) Brother, at 71 years, 215/75 inches; build
2.7 (38). (6) Sister, at 75 years, 170/65 inches; build 2.8 (40). (7)
Sister, at 65 years, 200/67 inches; build 3.1 (45). (8) Sister, at 68
years, 190/66 inches; build 3.1 (44). Their father, at 85 years, 200/72
inches; build 2.7 (39). Their mother, at 80 years, 150/65 inches; build
2.5 (36).
The Mother (II 10), at 74 years, had the formula 190/66 inches; build
3.1 (44). Of her 9 sibs: (1) Brother, at 80 years, 170/70 inches; build
2.4 (35). (2) Brother, at 60 years, 200/77 inches; build 2.4 (34). (3)
Brother, at 55 years, 180/72 inches; build 2.4 (35). (4) Brother, at 70
years, 200/74 inches; build 2.6 (37). (5) Brother, at 80 years, 200/73
inches; build 2.6 (38). (6) Sister, at 60 years, 150/64 inches; build 2.6
(37). (7) Sister, at 65 years, 160/63 inches; build 2.8 (40). (8) Sister,
at 70 years, 175/64 inches; build 3.0 (43). (9) Sister, at 75 years,
180/63 inches; build 3.2 (45). Their father, at 70 years, 175/72 inches;
build 2.4 (34). Their mother, at 86 years, 200/67 inches; build 3.1 (45).
12 children:
1. Female, at 47 years, has the formula 180/63 inches; build 3.2 (45).
2. Male, at 22 years, 22/72 inches; build 2.7 (39); adjusted to 55+
years, 221/72 inches; build 3.1 (43).
3. Male, at 58 years, 180/72 inches; build 2.4 (35).
4. Male, at 50 years, 230/71 inches; build 3.2 (46).
5. Male, at 43 years, 160/72 inches; build 2.3 (31); adjusted to 55
years, 163/72 inches; build 2.2 (32).
6. Female, at 70 years, 130/66 inches; build 2.1 (30).
7. Female, at 38 years, 180/67 inches; build 2.8 (40); adjusted to 55
years, 189/67 inches; build 3.0 (42).
8. Female, at 65 years, 160/65 inches; build 2.7 (38).
9. Female, at 61 years, 180/63 inches; build 3.2 (45).
10. Female, at 54 years, 175/66 inches; build 2.8 (40).
11. Female, at 52 years, 125/64 inches; build 2.1 (31).
12. Female, at 50 years, 130/65 inches; build 2.2 (31).
_Comment._—Mother’s mother, Mother, and 3 children out of 12 have a build
of 3.1 to 3.2 (44 to 46), very fleshy; 3 children have a build of 2.1
(30 to 31), a lower index than any parent, uncle, aunt, or grandparent.
Evidently fleshy stock may yield gametes with not more than 2 or even
only 1 gamete for fleshy build. (See p. 43.) (S: McL-A.)
[Illustration: FIG. 31.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in
the MCL-A family.]
NIC-5 FAMILY.
A family of English extraction; paternal grandparents born in
Massachusetts and Kentucky; family living mostly in Ohio. The Father,
a farmer, suffered in middle age from rheumatism and lupus. He is a
distant cousin of his wife. He died at 67 years, having at 60 years the
formula 175/65 inches; build 2.9 (41). His father, a farmer, died at 65
years from kidney trouble; was corpulent. His mother, who had 8 children,
died at 70 years; was corpulent.
The Mother, who has 2 children, suffered in youth from pneumonia. She is
living at 70 years, having the formula 165/60.5 inches; build 3.2 (45).
Her father, a farmer and surveyor, who died at 78 years, had a formula
175/M, and build, say, 2.7 (38). Her mother had 7 children and died at
78 years, having the formula 160/M; build, say, 28 (40). The 2 grown
children:
1. Male, a farmer, who in youth suffered from lung fever, has at 41 years
the formula 150/64 inches; build 2.6 (37); adjusted to 55 years, 154/64
inches; build 2.7 (38).
2. Female, married, has at 38 years the formula 190/61.3 inches; build
3.6 (51); adjusted to 55 years, 198/61.3 inches; build 3.7 (53).
_Comment._—There are 3 generations of corpulent persons; in the last
generation 1 is very fleshy and 1 fleshy (R: Nic-5).
WHE FAMILY. (Fig. 32.)
I 1, ♂, fleshy; his wife, I 2, fleshy; 3 children about whom something is
known.
II 1, ♂, fleshy; married a fleshy woman and had 5 children, none of whom,
it is said, are fleshy. II 2, ♂, died at over 75 years; fleshy. II 3,
♂, died at 80 years; was of medium weight. Thus, in this generation, 2
fleshy and 1 of medium build.
III 9, ♂, at 61 years has a stature of 160 cm. (63 inches) and weight
of 73 kg. (162 pounds); build 2.8 (40); fleshy. Nothing is known about
the build of his relatives. His wife is III 10, age 64, stature 156 cm.
(61 inches); weight 88 kg. (194 pounds); build 3.7 (52); very fleshy,
relative chest-girth 112/156, or 72 per cent. When she married at 29
years she weighed 160 pounds and did not begin to grow fleshy until 50
years. She had 4 sibs, about whose build something is known. (1) III 2,
♀, died at 70 of uterine cancer; stature 156 cm. (61 inches); weight over
90 kg. (200 pounds); build over 3.8 (54); very fleshy. (2) III 3, ♂, died
at 73 years of “heart trouble”; stature 153 cm (64 inches); weight 77 kg.
(170 pounds); build 2.9 (42); fleshy. He married a woman of medium build
and had a son who, at 45 years, has a stature of 163 cm. (64 inches) and
weight of 80 kg. (175 pounds); build 3.0 (43); fleshy. (3) III 6, ♀,
always slender. (4) III 7, ♂, died at 60 of diabetes; he weighed over 90
kg. (200 pounds), but became very thin of disease before his death. He
had 2 fleshy children; 1, indeed, quite obese.
The union of these two fleshy strains represented in III 9 and 10 has
produced 6 children, as follows: (1) IV 9, ♂, died at 33, was “fleshy”
and by a slender wife (whose mother was fleshy) has a fleshy little
daughter.[4] (2) IV 11, ♀, at 32 years, has stature 168 cm. (66 inches)
and weight 93 kg. (206 pounds); build 3.3 (48); very fleshy. Relative
chest-girth 119/168, or 73 per cent. (3) IV 12, ♂, at 30 years, has
stature 180 cm. (71 inches); weight 82 kg. (180 pounds); build 2.5
(36); medium; fleshy and growing fleshier. (4) IV 13, ♀, at 28 years,
stature 159 cm. (62.5 inches), weight 79 kg. (174 pounds); build 3.1
(44); very fleshy. Her relative chest-girth 107/159 or 68 per cent. She
was a slender child; at her marriage at 24 years she weighed 145 pounds
and began to gain after the birth of her second child. Married to a man
of build 35.4 or medium fleshy (who once weighed 200 pounds) and with
3 stout brothers and 5 slender sisters; they have 2 children, a son of
4 years who has a relative chest-girth of 56 per cent and is of medium
build, and a daughter who at 2 years has a relative chest-girth of 64 per
cent, which is above the average for that age.[4] (5) IV 14, ♀, at 26
years, stature 157 cm. (62 inches); weight 86 kg. (190 pounds); build 3.5
(49); very fleshy. Her relative chest-girth is 119/157, or 77 per cent.
(6) IV 15, ♀, at 23 years, stature 165 cm. (65 inches); weight 88 kg.
(194 pounds); build 3.2 (46); very fleshy.
[4] Not shown in figure 32.
_Comment._—This union of a fleshy and a very fleshy person (the latter of
a fleshy strain) produces 4 very fleshy and 2 fleshy progeny (including
1 medium near the fleshy line and growing fleshier). This approaches a
“pure line” of fleshiness (73:754).
[Illustration: FIG. 32.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in
the WHE family.]
TABLE 25.—_Matings of two fleshy parents, both of fleshy stock, together
with their progeny._
[The indices of the build of the progeny have been adjusted.]
+------+----+----+----+------------+----+----+----+--------+--+-+-+-+--+
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | FF | FM | F | Father’s | MF | MM | M |Mother’s|VS|S|M|F|VF|
| | | | | sibs. | | | | sibs. | | | | | |
+------+----+----+----+------------+----+----+----+--------+--+-+-+-+--+
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Dol 3 | 36 | 38 | 40 | | 37 | 41 | 40 | | | |5| | |
|Lan A | 37 | 37 | 37 |37, 36, 29 | 43 | 37 | 40 | 35 | |1| | | 1|
|Sle 2 | 36 | 40 | 39 | | 37 | 43 | 37 | | | | |2| |
|Thr 2 | 27 | 34 | 38 |VF3, F3, M3 | 38 | 38 | 40 | | | | |6| |
| +----+----+----+ +----+----+----+ +--+-+-+-+--+
|Total | | | | | | | | | |1|5|8| 1|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
+------+----+----+----+------------+----+----+----+--------+--+-+-+-+--+
A, 37.57 ± 0.82.
S. D., 4.70 ± 0.52.
Mating 2. BOTH PARENTS FLESHY OF FLESHY STOCK. (Table 25, from Table
XIII.)
From this mating, as shown in table 25, there are 15 offspring, 1 S, 5
M, 8 F, 1 VF. In this case one-fifteenth of the offspring are slender,
which suggests a trihybrid ratio and that there are at least 3 pairs of
factors present for fleshiness; and that, of these, 3 or 2 pairs are
present in each parent (table 18). It may be that in the Dol-3, Sle-2,
and Thi-2 families the parental gametes carry fewer genes for fleshiness.
Details are given in the following histories.
DOL-3 FAMILY.
A family of German extraction living in Ohio. The Father, an inventor,
suffered in youth from typhoid, has at 59 years the formula 180/67
inches; build 2.8 (40). His father, an inventor and machinist, died at
73 years from “old age,” with the formula 165/M inches; build, say, 2.5
(36). His mother, always well, died at 70 years from “general debility,”
with the formula 140/S inches; build, say, 2.7 (38).
The Mother, who underwent an operation for “fatty tumor,” is living at
57 years, having the formula 175/66 inches; build 2.8 (40). Three of
her sisters died in infancy from convulsions. Her father, a bookkeeper,
died at 98 years from a paralytic stroke, having the formula 160/66
inches; build 2.6 (37). Her mother’s build was 180/66, or 3.7 (41). The 5
children who grew up:
1. Female, who in youth suffered from diphtheria, has at 30 years the
formula 118/64 inches; build 2.0 (29); adjusted to 55 years, 131/64
inches; build 2.2 (32).
2. Male, a machinist, who in youth suffered from diphtheria, has at 27
years the formula 160/73 inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 55 years,
176/73 inches; build 2.3 (33).
3. Male, a student, who in youth suffered from typhoid, has at 25 years
the formula 150/68 inches; build 2.2 (32); adjusted to 55 years, 164/68
inches; build 2.5 (36).
4. Male, a man of science, always well, has at 23 years the formula
150/68 inches; build 2.3 (32); adjusted to 55 years, 166/68 inches; build
2.5 (36).
5. Female, a teacher, always well, has at 20 years the formula 120/64
inches; build 2.1 (29); adjusted to 55 years, 139/64 inches; build 2.4
(34).
_Comment._—Both stout parents come of stout or medium stock. Of the
children, 3 are slender, 2 are medium. Adjusted, all are of medium build
(R: Dol-3).
LAN-A FAMILY.
A family from the State of Washington. The Father at 82 years had the
formula 180/70 inches; build 2.6 (37). His 3 sibs are: (1) brother, at 50
years, 160/74 inches; build 2.1 (29); (2) brother, at 26 years, 190/73
inches; build 2.5 (36); (3) sister, at 70 years, 180/70 inches; build 2.6
(37). Their father, at 90 years, had the formula 200/74 inches; build 2.6
(37); their mother at 95 years, 160/66 inches; build 2.6 (37).
The Mother at 52 years had the formula 170/65 inches; build 2.9 (40). Her
one sister at 78 years, 145/64 inches; build 2.5 (35). Her father at 54
years, 200/68.5 inches; build 3.0 (43). Her mother at 82 years, 170/68
inches; build 2.6 (37). The two children:
1. Male, at 58 years, has the formula 240/68.5 inches; build 3.6 (51).
2. Female, at 48 years, 120/64 inches; build 2.1 (29).
_Comment._—Details concerning this family are lacking. From two stout
parents, one of whom has a slender 2.1 (29) brother and the other a
father of build 3.0 (43), arise two children with indices of 3.6 (51)
and 2.1 (29) respectively (S: Lan-A).
SLE-2 FAMILY.
A family of Irish extraction living in Michigan. The Father, a lawyer,
is recorded to have suffered from no illnesses. He died at 52 years from
“dipsomania,” having the formula 200/72 inches; build 2.7 (39). His
father, a shoemaker, is living, having partially lost his mind through
excessive use of tobacco. He has at 83 years the formula 150/65 inches;
build 2.5 (36). His mother died at 50 years from “cancer of the breast,”
having the formula 170/65 inches; build 2.8 (40).
The Mother, who suffered in middle age from asthma, is living at 54
years, having the formula 170/68 inches; build 2.6 (37). Her father, a
lumber dealer, suffered in middle age from typhoid fever and erysipelas,
and died of old age at 84 years, having the formula 180/70 inches;
build 2.6 (37). Her mother, who had “swelling and lameness of hands,
due perhaps to gout,” was killed at 78 years by a fall due to defective
sight. Her formula was 180/65 inches; build 3.0 (43). The 2 children:
1. Male, a teacher, has at 28 years the formula 175/71 inches; build 2.4
(35); adjusted to 53 years, 189/71 inches; build 2.7 (37).
2. Female, a school teacher, who in youth suffered from diphtheria, has
at 25 years the formula 160/65 inches; build 2.7 (38); adjusted to 53
years, 177/65 inches; build 3.0 (42).
_Comment._—The two fleshy parents and fleshy grandparents have 2 children
whose adjusted build is fleshy (R: Sle-2).
THR-2 FAMILY. (Fig. 33.)
In this family the Father is the same as child No. 2 of family Thr-1 (p.
138). It lives in Iowa. The father (III 4), a physician, had at 25 years
a weight of 180 pounds, height 69 inches; build 2.7 (38). At 70 years he
weighs 188 pounds, height 68.7 inches; build 2.7 (39). His 5 brothers
were of about medium build, “called sturdy, hearty boys”; they all became
stout.
Their father, though of slender build (following lung disease) in middle
life, “took on flesh” in later life; probably came to be of “fleshy”
build. Their mother was of medium build.
The Mother (III 5) weighs around 170 pounds and is 65 inches tall; thus a
build of 2.8 (40). Her parents (II 5-6) each had a build of 2.7 (38). The
6 children (IV 1-6):
1. Male, weighed 10 pounds at birth; when in high school he weighed 160
pounds; at the university was a football player; at 36 he weighed 240
pounds, and at 41 he weighs about 200. His build is probably about 3.0
(43).
2. Female, is “very large”; at 35 years she weighs about 180 pounds,
stature 65.5 inches; build 3.0 (42).
3. Female, at 33 is of the same weight and stature as her sister; build
3.0 (42).
4. Male, weighed at 23 years about 117 pounds; at 33 years up to 130
pounds; at 36 weighs about 190 pounds; stature 71 inches; build 2.7 (38).
5. Female, at 26 has a weight of 175 pounds, stature 66 inches; build 2.8
(40).
6. Male, weighed while in the Navy at 23 years 175 pounds, stature 70
inches; build 2.5 (36); at 26 he weighs 165 pounds; build 2.7 (38).
_Comment._—In this family both parents are of fleshy build and all the
children are, likewise, of fleshy build (R: Thr-2).
[Illustration: FIG. 33.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in
the THR-1, 2 families.]
Mating 3. OTHER VERY FLESHY × VERY FLESHY MATINGS. (Table XV).
There are 7 instances of this type of mating. These are summarized in
table XV, Appendix. An examination of this table shows that in all
families with 2 or more offspring one or more of them are obese. There
is no case of slender offspring, though 12 out of 30, or two-fifths, are
of medium build and only 10, or one-third of all, are very fleshy. This
indicates the presence of recessive factors in the very fleshy parents.
It suggests further that there are two or more pairs of factors that
must be present to produce very fleshy children. Assuming that there
are two factors and that both parents are heterozygous for one of them,
we should expect very fleshy, fleshy, and medium offspring in about the
proportions of 25:50:25, which distribution is not very close to the
actual proportions of 40:27:33. On the assumption of 3 pairs of factors,
we might expect 17:32:49 respectively from a 4 × 5 factor mating. Or the
4 × 4 factor mating would give on one hypothesis 31 (S + M):38:31, which
is closest of all. All of these very fleshy parents are heterozygous.
Table XV shows also that when all grandparents are known there is always
one on each side who is at least of grade 36.
The contrast between the families of table II and table XV is this: In
table II, of the 20 grandparents 40 per cent are slender or very slender.
In table XV of 20 grandparents only 30 per cent are fleshy, the others
are of lower grades of build. Accordingly we are apparently justified
in concluding that some of the very fleshy parents were heterozygous in
the factors for build; and, indeed, as stated, of the 30 children 12 are
of medium build. Table II contains slender strains; table XV largely
heterozygous ones. The detailed history of these cases follows.
BOW-B FAMILY. (Fig. 34.)
A Virginia family, probably of English stock. The Father has the formula
200/66.5 inches; build 3.2 (45). His father had the formula 187/64.5
inches; build 3.2 (45). His mother had the formula 165/66 inches; build
2.7 (38). Thus this side of the house has a fleshy or very fleshy build.
The Mother has the formula 220/68 inches; build 3.4 (48). Her 3 brothers,
all 6 feet tall or more, each has a build of about 35. Her 2 tall sisters
have builds of 38 and 50 respectively. Her father had the formula 190/73
inches; build 2.5 (36). Her mother had the formula 90/62 inches; build
1.6 (23). Thus this side of the house, aside from the fleshy mother, has
prevailingly medium build. The mother’s mother was even very slender.
Six children:
1. Male, at 56 years, 222/66.5 inches; build 3.5 (50).
2. Male, 175/69 inches; build 2.6 (37).
3. Male, 240/73 inches; build 3.2 (45).
4. Female, 200/65 inches; build 3.3 (47).
5. Female, 187/68 inches; build 2.8 (40).
6. Female, 170/64 inches; build 2.9 (42).
_Comment._—Thus of the children, half are fleshy and half very fleshy,
and one exceeds any record of build in either side of the house. The
Father acts like a homozygous dominant (S: BOW-B).
[Illustration: FIG. 34.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in
the Bow-B family.]
BOW-2 FAMILY. (Fig. 34a.)
The grandparents and parents were born in Cornwall, England; the
children, except the first, in Connecticut.
The Father, II 6, a contractor, who suffered from hernia and flat foot,
had, at 66, the formula 200/67 inches; build 3.2 (45). Two of his sibs
died of consumption; other sibs are as follows: (1) sister, has the
formula 225/66 inches; build 3.7 (52); (2) brother, has formula 225/67.5
inches; build 3.4 (49); (3) brother, has formula 225/66 inches; build 3.7
(52); (4) sister, has formula 200/65 inches; build 3.3 (47): (5) sister,
has formula 190/66 inches; build 3.1 (44). Some of these suffer from
varicose veins and one is bow-legged. Their father, who was a shoemaker,
and asthmatic, died at 77 years of arterio-sclerotic hemorrhage of lungs.
Formula 150/66 inches; build 2.4 (34). Their mother had varicose veins on
the leg and died at 68 years of “stoppage of the bowels.” Formula 250/66
inches; build 4.0 (57). This is an extraordinary family of very fleshy
people (except the father’s father, who had lung trouble), the obesity
coming from the Timmins side, of Penryn, Cornwall.
The Mother, II 7, who was much subject to sore throat, indigestion, and
piles, died of dropsy and cancer of the liver, at 57 years. Formula
180/61.5 inches; build 3.4 (48). One of her sisters died of consumption;
other sibs were as follows: (1) ♂, died of pneumonia; formula, 150/68
inches; build 2.3 (32); (2) ♂, died at 47 years; formula, 150/65 inches;
build 2.5 (36); (3) ♀, has the formula 136/60 inches; build 2.7 (38). The
mother’s father was a miner; had asthma and miner’s disease, and died at
59 years of paralytic shock. Formula, 180/66 inches; build 2.9 (41). Her
mother died at 69 years of pneumonia. Formula, 120/61 inches; build 2.3
(32). Except for the very fleshy—3.4 (48)—Mother, this side of the house
is less fleshy than the other. Five grown children:
1. Male, who has had naso-pharyngeal infections, has at 43 years the
formula 140/67.5 inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 55+ years, 144/67.5
inches; build 2.3 (32).
2. Female, who has suffered from naso-pharyngeal infections, diarrhea,
and nervous exhaustion, has at 42 years the formula 112/61.5 inches;
build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 55+ years, 117/61.5 inches; build 2.2 (31).
3. Female, subject to indigestion, has at 40 years the formula 125/62.5
inches; build 2.3 (32); adjusted to 55 years, 131/62.5 inches; build 2.4
(34).
4. Male, a bricklayer, subject to diarrhea, has at 35 years the formula
135/67 inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 55 years, 143/67 inches; build
2.3 (32).
5. Male, subject to biliousness and sleep-walking, has at 32 years the
formula 185/66 inches; build 3.0 (43); adjusted to 55 years, 193/66
inches; build 3.1 (44).
_Comment._—Thus 4 of the 5 children have a medium build; only 1 is very
fleshy (S: Bow-2).
[Illustration: FIG. 34A.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in
BOW-2 family.]
BYR-A FAMILY.
A family from South Carolina. The Father, at 60 years, had the formula
235/72 inches; build 3.2 (45). Of his 3 sibs, (1) brother, 200/66 inches;
build 3.2 (46); (2) brother, weighed 150 pounds; (3) sister, 165/66
inches; build 2.7 (38). Their father, at 73 years, had the formula 200/64
inches; build 3.4 (49). Their mother, at 73 years, 175/64 inches; build
3.0 (43). All but one of the Father’s brothers are very fleshy.
The Mother, at 73 years, had the formula 165/60 inches; build 3.2 (46).
Her 6 sibs weighed from 130 to 165 pounds. Her father, at 84 years, had
the formula 160/72 inches; build 2.2 (31). Except for the Mother, this
side of the house is apparently of only medium build. Four children:
1. Male, at 54 years, has the formula 235/71 inches; build 3.3 (47).
2. Male, at 50 years, 160/71 inches; build 2.2 (32).
3. Male, at 64 years, 165/71 inches; build 2.3 (33).
4. Female, 150/62 inches; build 2.7 (39).
_Comment._—Thus 1 in 4 is very fleshy, 1 is fleshy, and 2 are medium (S:
Byr-A).
CAT-3 FAMILY.
A family of Italian origin; grandparents and parents all born in Sicily,
moved to Cleveland, Ohio, where the children were all born. The Father,
a sailor till 24 years, then “in business,” suffered in youth (16 years)
from malaria, and at 20 years and again at 40 years from bronchitis; he
is living at 63 years; formula 180/64 inches; build 3.1 (44). His father,
a sailor till 30 years, then a fish dealer, suffered in youth from colds
and in middle age from bronchitis. He died, at 85 years, from stomach
trouble. Formula, 180/68 inches; build 2.7 (39). His mother, who was
“short and slim,” died at child-birth at 23 years, having the formula
130/61 inches; build 2.5 (35).
The Mother suffered in middle age from appendicitis and influenza. She
is living at 56 years, having the formula 195/62 inches; build 3.6 (51).
Her father, who operated an oil mill, was short and “stocky” and had
high blood-pressure. He died, at 77 years, from “sudden shock, caused by
chill,” having the formula 160/62 inches; build 3.0 (42). Her mother, who
had 11 children, was a quick-tempered, heavy-set, broad-shouldered woman.
She died at 77 years of pneumonia, having the formula 200/64 inches;
build 3.4 (49). Six grown children:
1. Male, a pharmacist, who in youth suffered from diphtheria, has, at 27
years, the formula 145/66 inches; build 2.3 (33); adjusted to 55+ years,
156/66 inches; build 2.5 (36).
2. Female, who in youth suffered from diphtheria, has, at 26 years, the
formula 150/66 inches; build 2.4 (34); adjusted to 55 years, 168/66
inches; build 2.2 (39).
3. Male, a student, who in youth suffered from measles, chicken-pox, and
colds, is fond of athletics and out-of-door life. At birth he weighed 10
pounds; at 14 years, 140 pounds. Began athletics and at 17 years weighed
180 pounds. At 23 years has the formula 190/67 inches; build 3.0 (42);
adjusted to 55+ years, 209/67 inches; build 3.3 (47).
4. Female, a student, who at 22 years has the formula 120/62 inches;
build 2.2 (31); adjusted to 55+ years, 138/62 inches; build 2.5 (36).
5. Male, a student, who in youth suffered from measles, diphtheria, and
pneumonia. Died at 18 years in military service, from pneumonia. Formula,
140/67 inches; build 2.2 (31); adjusted to 55 years, 165/70 inches; build
2.4 (34).
6. Male, a student, who in youth suffered from scarlet fever, has at 18
years the formula 147/66 inches; build 2.4 (34); adjusted to 55+ years,
172/70 inches; build 2.5 (35).
_Comment._—The Mother’s side of the house is decidedly the heavier. One
son approached the maternal build; the other children are far below
either parent in build, even with the adjustment (which is probably
inadequate) (R: Car-3).
DAL-A FAMILY.
A family from North Carolina. The Father, at 69 years, has the formula
225/68 inches; build 3.4 (49). Of his 7 sibs, (1) brother, at 64 years,
has the formula 160/69 inches; build 2.4 (34); (2) brother, at 35 years,
150/70 inches; build 2.2 (31); (3) brother, at 45 years, 140/67.5
inches; build 2.1 (30); (4) brother, at 40 years, 230/70 inches; build
3.3 (47); (5) brother, 180/72 inches; build 2.4 (35); (6) sister, at 60
years, 166/66 inches; build 2.7 (38); (7) sister, at 70 years, 140/70
inches; build 2.0 (29). Their father, at 75 years, 220/68 inches; build
3.3 (48). A very fleshy Father of whose 7 sibs 1 is very fleshy, 1
fleshy, 4 medium, and 1 slender. The gametic constitution is apparently
mixed.
The Mother, at 36 years, has the formula 225/65 inches; build 3.7 (53).
Her father, at 80 years, 330/72 inches; build 4.6 (64). Apparently this
side of the house is exceptionally fleshy. Six children:
1. Male, at 64 years, 212/69 inches; build 3.1 (45).
2. Male, at 66 years, 185/68 inches; build 2.8 (40).
3. Male, at 59 years, 240/69 inches; build 3.5 (50).
4. Male, at 54 years, 240/72 inches; build 3.3 (46).
5. Female, at 61 years, 140/64 inches; build 2.4 (34).
6. Female, at 54 years, 130/64 inches; build 2.2 (32).
_Comment._—Thus 3 out of 6 children are very fleshy, 1 is fleshy and the
2 daughters are medium (S: Dal-A).
DUD-A FAMILY.
A family of Irish extraction from North Carolina.
The Father, at 75 years, had the formula 200/64 inches; build 3.4 (49).
His brother, at 70 years, 160/70 inches; build 2.3 (33).
The Mother, at 86 years, had the formula 220/66 inches; build 3.6 (51).
Two grown children:
1. Male, at 60 years, 251/70 inches; build 3.6 (51).
2. Male, at 70 years, 150/70 inches; build 2.2 (31).
_Comment._—The children of these parents, the family of one of whom at
least is of mixed build, were one very fleshy and one medium (S: Dud-A).
SMI-36 FAMILY.
A family of English extraction. The grandparents, parents, and one child
are all New Englanders.
The Father, a physician, in excellent health, has at 53 the formula
208/67.5 inches; build 3.2 (46). His father, a physician also, died, at
82 years, from angina pectoris. He had pulmonary tuberculosis in youth.
At 65 his formula was 160/67 inches; build 2.5 (36). The father’s mother
had three sons and two daughters. She died of tuberculosis, at 35 years
of age. Her formula at 30 was 140/64 inches; build 2.4 (34). This side of
the house shows heavy build of mixed origin.
The Mother in middle age had cerebral embolus. At 51 her formula is
176/63.5 inches; build 3.1 (44). Her father, a farmer, had erysipelas
in middle age. He died, at 64, from typhoid fever. At 60 he had the
formula 225/70 inches; build 3.2 (46). Her mother, having had 3 sons and
4 daughters, died at 78 from dysentery. At 65 her formula was 160/63
inches; build 2.8 (40). This side of the house is very fleshy to fleshy.
One child:
1. Male, a medical student. He has, at 22, the formula 165/74 inches;
build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 52 years, 190/74 inches, build 2.5 (34).
_Comment._—Thus the child is slenderer than either parent and like his
tubercular father’s mother (R: Smi-36).
SUMMARY.
The progeny of the three matings may now be compared (table 26). While
even very fleshy parents are sometimes heterozygous (perhaps carrying 5
or rarely even 4 zygotic factors for build), yet they do not produce any
slender children. The merely “fleshy” parents, on the other hand, produce
about 7 per cent slender. None would be expected on the 4-zygotic-factor
hypothesis, but about 6 per cent would be on the 6-factor hypothesis.
TABLE 26.—_Summary of selected fleshy matings, together with their
progeny._
+--------------------------+----+-------------------------------------+
| | | Offspring. |
| | +------------------+------------------+
| | No.| Frequency. | Proportion. |
| | +---+----+----+----+---+----+----+----+
| | | S | M | F | VF | S | M | F | VF |
+--------------------------+----+---+----+----+----+---+----+----+----+
|Mating 1. One parent VF; | | | | | | | | | |
| the other F, of F stock.| 50 | 2 | 11 | 23 | 14 | 4 | 22 | 46 | 28 |
| | | | | | | | | | |
|Mating 2. Both parents F, | | | | | | | | | |
| of F stock. | 15 | 1 | 5 | 8 | 1 | 7 | 33 | 53 | 7 |
| | | | | | | | | | |
|Mating 3. Other VF × VF | | | | | | | | | |
| matings. | 30 | | 12 | 8 | 10 | | 40 | 27 | 33 |
+--------------------------+----+---+----+----+----+---+----+----+----+
A comparison of tables 23 and 26 shows a profound difference in the
distribution of build in the two sets of progenies. From the matings
of slender parents come predominantly (84 per cent) slender and very
slender offspring; from the mating of two fleshy or very fleshy parents
come predominantly (67 per cent) fleshy and very fleshy offspring. The
ranges of the offspring classes overlap somewhat, for the slender matings
produce 16 per cent progeny who are above slender build; and the fleshy
matings produce 32 per cent of progeny who are below fleshy build. The
progeny of the slender matings are much less variable than those of
fleshy matings. Thus, the standard deviation of the offspring in table 23
is only 3.13 ± 0.17; while the standard deviation of the offspring of the
fleshy parents listed in table 24 is 5.74 ± 0.39 and in table 25 4.70 ±
0.52. From the standpoint of genetics this indicates the presence of more
genetical factors in the fleshy parents than in the slender.
However, there is one consideration that must not be overlooked. This is
that the mean index of build of the slender offspring is lower than that
of the fleshy ones. If we place the average index of the very slender and
slender groups at 26, and of the pure fleshy at 40, then the coefficient
of variability of the slender and very slender is 3.13/26, or 12 per
cent, and that of the fleshy of table 24 is 4.70/40, or 14 per cent. Thus
the fleshy offspring are not only absolutely but also relatively more
variable than the slender offspring.
Perhaps a fairer comparison is obtained from the data of table 12. The
standard deviation of the progeny of the S × S matings is 2.41; of the
F × F matings is 5.37. The corresponding coefficients of variability
are 2.41/28.47 and 5.35/37.56, or 8.46 per cent and 14.25 per cent
respectively. That is, the coefficient of variability of build of the
offspring of the F × F mating is 68 per cent greater than that of the S
× S mating. The ranges of the logarithms of the indices of the S and the
F groups is as near as possible the same, and the arithmetic range of
the F is only 40 per cent greater than of the S group. Hence the greater
variability of the offspring of the F × F as compared with the S × S
matings can not be accounted for on a difference in the range of index
values of the S and F classes. The most reasonable conclusion seems to be
that the gametes of the fleshy parents are somewhat more variable than
the gametes of the slender and the very slender parents.
CLASS III. MATING OF SLENDER WITH FLESHY STOCK—THE F₁ GENERATION.
After having considered the inheritance of build in the progeny of
slender and of fleshy stock respectively, we have next to consider the
distribution of build in hybrids between such stocks. This class of
matings produces the familiar F₁ generation. Incidentally it may be
pointed out that where multiple factors are concerned the F₁ generation
has not that uniformity that it has when only one factor is concerned.
This is partly because there are several kinds of F₁ offspring. For
example, the progeny of very fleshy × slender, fleshy × very slender,
fleshy × slender, and even subdivisions of some of these categories. If
we analyze the progeny of all these matings together, a considerable
range of variation in the F₁ generation is to be expected. If we deal
with each type of mating separately, the numbers are insufficient to
be significant. Compromises of various sorts will be necessary between
too small numbers of offspring, on the one hand, and too heterogeneous
parents on the other. Further complications arise from the fact that
on the hypothesis that fleshy persons carry factors that dominate over
slender, it is to be expected that the children shall be, on the average,
of above medium build; and, again, from the fact that the children are
younger than the parents and, for the most part, do not as yet show their
full adult build. This is a matter of especial importance in this mating,
since heterozygous individuals are slow in developing their potential
build. Three kinds of matings will be considered.
Mating 1. ONE PARENT SLENDER, OF SLENDER STOCK, AND THE OTHER FLESHY, OF
FLESHY STOCK. (Table VIII in Part.)
If mainly those fleshy parents are selected whose parents and sibs (so
far as known) are fleshy, then the progeny will correspond as nearly as
possible to a Mendelian F₁ generation, and should be characterized by
relatively low variability. Such selected matings are given in table 27,
extracted from table VIII, Appendix.
TABLE 27.—_Matings of a slender parent of slender stock and a fleshy
parent of fleshy stock, together with their progeny._
+--------+---+---+---+--------+---+---+---+---------+------------------+
| | | | | | | | | | Offspring. |
| | | | |Father’s| | | |Mother’s +---+----+----+----+
| | FF| FM| F | sibs. | MF| MM| M | sibs. | S | M | F | VF |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
+--------+---+---+---+--------+---+---+---+---------+---+----+----+----+
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Ale 2 | 33| 28| 27| 3 tall | 36| 42| 38| 2 t | | 2 | 1 | |
|Coo 6 | 38| 38| 39| | 33| 29| 28| Short | | 1 | 2 | |
|Cla 32 | 29| 29| 29| | 31| 42| 38| | | 1 | 1 | |
|Dob 2 | 30| S | 26| | F | F | 42| | | 4 | 1 | |
|Dud I | 48| 61| 43|10 F | 31| 28| 28| 3 of 12,| 2| | | |
| | | | | and VF;| | | | F or VF.| | | | |
| | | | | 1S(t). | | | | | | | | |
|Elk I | 36| 44| 41| | 30| 32| 27| | 1| 3 | | |
|Faz | | F | S | 1 F | F | F | 57| 1 VF | | 1 | 1 | |
|Leo | | | F | 1 F | S | S | S | 4 S | | | 3 | |
|Lyn | | F | F | 2 F | | | S | | | | 6 | |
|Ofi a | | | S | | | | VF| | | 1 | 6 | 1 |
|Ofi b | | | S | 1 M 3 F| | | F | 7 F | | 2 | 4 | 2 |
|Ofi c | | | S | | | | VF| | | 1 | 6 | 1 |
|Smi | | | 45| | | | 30| | 1| 1 | 3 | 3 |
|Wal 4 | 38| 34| 41| | 31| 28| 27| | | 1 | 1 | |
| +---+---+---+ +---+---+---+ +---+----+----+----+
|Total | | | | | | | | 64 | 4| 18 | 35 | 7 |
|Per cent| | | | | | | | 100 |6.2|28.1|54.6|11.1|
+--------+---+---+---+--------+---+---+---+---------+---+----+----+----+
A, 38.29 ± 0.43.
S. D., 5.02 ± 0.30
In table 27, of 64 offspring the proportions are 6 S, 28 M, 55 F, 11
VF. On the assumption of 6 zygotic factors, and that the matings are of
5-factor and 2-factor parents, and that they were equally of the two
types of matings of this class, then we should expect the following
proportions; 8 S, 42 M, 42 F, 8 VF. That this does not more closely
approximate the observed proportions is probably due to the partial
dominance of F over S. At any rate, it is a closer fit than would be
given on the 4-factor hypothesis. The details of each family included in
this mating are given below.
ALE-2 FAMILY.
A family of English extraction; grandparents and parents living mostly
in Pennsylvania, Ohio, and West Virginia. Two of the children were born
in West Virginia, the other two in Ohio. The Father, a minister, has at
55 years the formula 135/70.8 inches; build 1.9 (27). His 3 brothers are
tall. Their father, who was a minister, always well, died at 81 years
from “diseases incident to old age,” at 70 years having the formula
M/VT;[5] build, say, 2.3 (33). Their mother, who had 6 children, in youth
was “delicate.” She died at 85 years from old age, having the formula
S/T; build, say, 2.0 (28). Thus this side of the house is prevailingly of
slender build.
[5] M, medium weight; VT, very tall.
The Mother, who had 4 children, suffered in middle age from erysipelas
and gallstones. She is living at 54 years, having at 50 years the formula
145/62 inches; build 2.7 (38). One of her brothers died at 18 years from
tuberculosis, height 70 inches; another brother became feeble-minded
after an attack of spinal meningitis, height 62.5 inches; one sister also
died from tuberculosis at 48 years. Their father, who was a miller,
suffered in youth from typhoid fever and in middle age from neuralgia
and acute indigestion, and was killed in an accident at 77 years. At 60
years his formula was 165/M; build, say, 2.5 (36). Their mother, who had
9 children, was always well. She died at 78 years from angina pectoris.
At 50 years her formula was 165/M; build, say, 3.0 (42). Thus this side
of the house is prevailingly of fleshy build, despite some tuberculosis.
The 3 grown children:
1. Male, a minister, always well, has at 30 years the formula 165/67
inches; build 2.6 (37); adjusted to 52 years, 174/67 inches; build 2.7
(39).
2. Female, a school teacher, always well, has at 28 years the formula
108/62.5 inches; build 2.0 (28); adjusted to 52 years, 123/62.5 inches;
build 2.2 (31).
3. Male, a student, always well, has at 23 years the formula 140/66.5
inches; build 2.3 (32); adjusted to 52 years, 154/67 inches; build 2.4
(34).
_Comment._—The build of the children ranges from 2.0 or 2.2 (28 or 31) to
2.6 or 2.7 (37 or 39), almost exactly the difference between the parents
but the build is slightly higher on the average than theirs. One should
probably be classified as slender, one as medium, and one as fleshy.
There is a slight evidence of dominance of fleshiness (R: Ale-2).
COO-6 FAMILY.
A family of mixed Nordic stock, chiefly English, living in the Central
States. The Father, a farmer, who has always been well, is a man of great
bodily energy and calm temperament. Formula at 40 years 180/68 inches;
build 2.7 (39). His father, a farmer, who was killed in the Civil War,
had at 40 years the formula 180/69 inches; build 2.7 (38). His mother,
who was always well and energetic, had at 40 years the formula 160/65
inches; build 2.7 (38). Thus this side of the house is uniformly fleshy.
The Mother, who had a throat infection, had the formula 110/63 inches;
build 1.9 (28). Her sibs were mostly short and two of them suffered from
asthma. Their father, a farmer, who had a throat infection and died at
55 of smallpox, had the formula 150/67.5 inches; build 2.3 (33). Their
mother, who also died at 55 of smallpox, had the formula 125/66 inches;
build 2.0 (29). Thus the maternal side of the house has a distinctly
slenderer build than the paternal. The 3 children:
1. Male, who died in early infancy of brain fever.
2. Male, 30 years old, a traveling salesman and soldier, with a catarrhal
nasal infection, had the formula at 20 years 160/67.5 inches; build 2.5
(35); adjusted to 50 years, 178/69.4 inches; build 2.7 (37).
3. Female, 25 years old, a music teacher, with a catarrhal nasal
infection, has at 20 years the formula 120/62 inches; build 2.2 (31);
adjusted to 50 years, 139/62 inches; build 2.6 (36).
4. Male, 21 years old, a farmer, from whom a skin tumor and tonsils have
been removed, has at 20 years the formula 150/65.5 inches; build 2.4
(35); adjusted to 50 years, 166/67 inches; build 2.6 (37).
_Comment._—A mating of fleshy with slender build has produced only
medium-fleshy offspring (R: Coo-6).
CLA-32 FAMILY.
A family of English extraction living in Vermont. The Father, who is a
farmer, suffered in youth from catarrh and influenza. He is living at
57 years, having the formula 150/72 inches; build 2.0 (29). His father,
who is a farmer, always well, has at 84 years the formula 150/72 inches;
build 29. His mother, who had 2 children, always well, has at 80 years
the formula 120/64 inches; build 2.1 (29). This family is prevailingly
slender.
The Mother, who has 2 children, always well, has at 52 years the formula
157/64 inches; build 2.7 (38). Her father, who was a farmer, suffered
in middle age from weak heart, sciatica, and rheumatism. He died, at 67
years, from “blood-clot on brain,” having the formula 160/72 inches;
build 2.2 (31). Her mother, who had 1 child, was always well till, at
68 years, she died of cancer of liver; formula 160/62 inches; build 2.9
(42). Of the 2 children:
1. Female, married, always well, has at 30 years the formula 145/66
inches; build 2.3 (33); adjusted to 55 years, 160/66 inches; build 2.6
(37).
2. Male, a farmer, always well, has, at 24 years, the formula 150/72
inches; build 2.0 (29); adjusted to 55 years, 169/72 inches; build 2.3
(33).
_Comment._—The daughter will probably become fleshy like her Mother; the
son will probably remain slender like his Father (R: Cla-32).
DOB-2 FAMILY.
A family of Scotch-Irish and German extraction, living in the middle
western States. The Father, a real-estate agent, who in youth suffered
from diphtheria, has at 65 years the formula 120/67.5 inches; build 1.9
(26). His father, a farmer, always well, died at 89 years of old age,
with the formula 145/70 inches; build 2.1 (30). His mother died at 29
years of tuberculosis; she was slender.
The Mother, who in youth suffered from whooping-cough and scarlet fever,
has at 65 years the formula 170/64 inches; build 2.9 (42)—fleshy. Her
father, a German farmer, died of old age at 81 years; he was corpulent.
Her mother died at 81 years of “heart leakage”; she was corpulent. The 5
children:
1. Male, a school teacher, always well, has at 34 years the formula
130/66.5 inches; build 2.1 (29); adjusted to 55 years, 138/66.5 inches;
build 2.3 (31).
2. Female, a music and art teacher, who in youth suffered from catarrhal
fever, has at 32 years the formula 135/61 inches; build 2.6 (36);
adjusted to 55 years, 147/61 inches; build 2.7 (39).
3. Male, electrical engineer, always well, has at 29 years the formula
140/67 inches; build 2.2 (31); adjusted to 55 years, 150/67 inches; build
2.3 (33).
4. Male, student, had pneumonia, has at 26 years the formula 150/67
inches; build 2.3 (33); adjusted to 55 years, 162/67 inches; build 2.5
(36).
5. Male, a student, who has had malaria, has at 24 years the formula
130/67 inches; build 2.0 (29); adjusted to 55 years, 144/67 inches; build
2.3 (32).
_Comment._—A man of a family of a prevailing slender build, whose mother
died of tuberculosis, married a fleshy woman of two fleshy parents.
Of the 5 children, 1 and perhaps 2 will become fleshy; 1 is of medium
build, and 2 will probably remain slender like the Father. Since all
children are fleshier than the slender Father, and since members of the
family tend to grow fleshy as they grow older, it seems probable (barring
disease) that child No. 2 will gain the build of her stout Mother and
that the others will become of at least medium build (R: Dob-2).
DUD-1 FAMILY.
A family of Scotch stock residing principally in Ohio and Iowa. The
Father, a farmer until his retirement at 50 years, who died at 56 of
diabetes, had at 40 years the formula 215/71 inches; build 3.0 (43). Of
his 6 sisters, 4 were stout to very stout and 1 was slender and died of
tuberculosis. Of his 2 brothers, one was 72 inches tall and died of
kidney trouble; the other was 67 inches tall. The Father’s father, also a
farmer all his life and very strong, died at 60 years of apoplexy, having
the formula 250/64 inches; build 4.3 (61). This side of the house brings
into the combination a tendency to extreme fleshiness.
The Mother, who was operated on for cancer, at 40 years had the formula
115/64 inches; build 2.0 (28). She had 12 sibs, of whom 3 were fleshy or
very fleshy. Her father, a carpenter, who died of Bright’s disease at 70,
had the formula 160/72 inches; build 2.2 (31). Her mother, who died at 50
years of tuberculosis, had at 40 years of age the formula 120/65 inches;
build 2.0 (28). This side of the house is prevailingly slender. The 2
children:
1. Male, a college student and subject to migraine, has at 25 years the
formula 158/70 inches; build 2.3 (32); adjusted to 40 years, 169/70
inches; build 2.4 (35).
2. Female, a school girl, operated on at 16 for appendicitis, has at 25
years the formula 120/64 inches; build 2.1 (29); adjusted to 40 years,
135/64 inches; build 2.3 (33).
_Comment._—This mating of parents of stout and of slender stock results
in children who are still young and of only medium to slender build.
It is to be expected that the young man, at least, will become stout,
approaching his father’s build (R: Dud-1).
ELK-1 FAMILY.
A family of English extraction living in Massachusetts and New Hampshire.
The Father, a “superintendent,” suffered in youth from pneumonia. He is
living at 47 years, having the formula 200/70 inches; build 2.9 (41). One
of his brothers died, at 43 years, from consumption of the stomach “due
to accident”; his formula, 175/70 inches; build 2.5 (36). Their mother
is living at 73 years, having the formula 160/60 inches; build 3.1 (44).
This side of the house is prevailingly fleshy.
The Mother, who suffered in middle age from bronchial trouble, has at 49
years the formula 98/60.3 inches; build 2.0 (27). Her father, a farmer,
is living at 76 years with the formula 135/67.3 inches; build 2.1 (30).
Her mother, who suffered in middle age from bronchitis, pneumonia, and
heart trouble, is living at 68 years with the formula 124/62 inches;
build 3.2. This is a prevailingly slender family. The 4 children:
1. Female, a student, has at 23 years the formula 120/64.5 inches; build
2.0 (29); adjusted to 48 years, 137/64.5 inches; build 2.2 (33).
2. Female, a student, has at 21 years the formula 108/64.5 inches; build
1.8 (26); adjusted to 48 years, 126/64.5 inches; build 2.1 (30).
3. Female, a student, has at 18 years the formula 107/61 inches; build
2.0 (29); adjusted to 48 years, 125/61 inches; build 2.4 (34).
4. Female, a student, twin to No. 3, has at 18 years the formula 107/61.6
inches; build 1.9 (28); adjusted to 48 years, 127/61.6 inches; build 2.3
(33).
_Comment._—The children are all fairly young and have the youthful
slender and medium build. Even on adjustment they do not rise above the
medium class. Unfortunately, we do not know how this family develops its
index of build (R: Elk-1).
FAZ FAMILY. (Fig. 28.)
II 8, ♂, is slender; he has a fleshy sister and their mother is fleshy.
His wife is II 9, who, at 46 years, has stature 151 cm. (59 inches) and
weight 90 kg. (200 pounds); build 4.0 (57); very fleshy. Her relative
chest-girth, is 111/151, or 74 per cent. Her sister, II 6, who died at 66
of cerebral hemorrhage, had the formula 225/63 inches; build 4.0 (57);
very fleshy. Both of their parents were fleshy.
The children of II 8, 9 who grew up are: (1) III 9, ♀, at 19 of medium
weight. (2) III 10, ♂, at 18 years fleshy. Two others are too young to
include in the statistics.
_Comment._—Medium and fleshy progeny recur, suggesting that the fleshy
parent is not entirely homozygous (73:665).
LEO FAMILY. (Fig. 23.)
II 2 ♂, 72 inches tall and fleshy, has a tall and fleshy sister. His
wife, II 3, ♀, is of medium stature and slender. She has 4 sibs, all
slender; their parents also slender. Three children, all fleshy.
Again, II 7, the slender brother of II 3, married an obese woman, and has
1 child who, at 9 years, is 20 per cent over weight. See also page 61 (S
× S mating). (73:676.)
LYN FAMILY.
D. O., ♂, weighs over 90 kg. (200 pounds), fleshy, has 2 fleshy sibs and
fleshy mother. He married a slender woman, who grew fleshier in middle
life. They had 6 children, all fleshy. D. O. is a second cousin of figure
30, II 1 (p. 74). The fleshy parent was apparently a homozygous dominant
(73:684).
OFI FAMILY, A. (Fig. 35.)
I 1 ♂ was tall and slender. His wife I 2 was tall and very fleshy. There
were 8 children, about whose build something is known.
II 1 ♀ fleshy. II 3 ♀ at 40 years is fleshy, married to a slender man,
has slender and fleshy children. II 4 ♂ at 30 years is fleshy. II 7 ♂ is
tall and fleshy. II 10 ♀ is inclined to be fleshy. II 12 ♀ at 42 years is
fleshy, and has children of both types. II 14 ♂ at 45 years, stature 165
cm. (65 inches); weight 62.5 (138 pounds); build 2.3 (33); medium. II 13
♂ died at 35 years; very fleshy. Thus 1 is very fleshy, 6 are fleshy, and
1 is of medium build (73:697).
[Illustration: FIG. 35.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in
OFI family.]
OFI FAMILY, B. (Fig. 35.)
I 7 ♂, slender, has 3 fleshy sibs and 1 of medium weight. His wife, I 8
♀, died at 68, fleshy, had 7 sibs, all fleshy. There were 8 children:
II 15 ♀ at 38 years, stature 153 cm. (60 inches); weight 69 kg. (151
pounds); build 2.9 (42), fleshy; relative chest-girth 92/153, or 61
per cent. She has always been fleshy, was formerly more so than now.
Married to a man of medium build, there were 4 children, 2 slender, and 1
fleshy[6] and 1 very fleshy. II 16 ♂ died at 48 of “heart disease,” very
fleshy. II 17 ♀, stature 151 cm. (59 inches); weight 56 kg. (124 pounds);
build 2.5 (36), fleshy-medium; relative chest-girth 95/151, or 63 per
cent. II 18 ♀ fleshy. II 20 ♀, very fleshy, has 3 slender children. II 21
♀ fleshy. II 22 ♂ of medium build. II 23 ♀, at 31 years, stature 150 cm.
(59 inches); weight 69 kg. (151 pounds); build 3.0 (43 per cent), fleshy.
Relative chest-girth 100/150, or 67 per cent. Thus, of the 8 children 2
are of medium build, 4 fleshy, and 2 very fleshy.
[6] III 7, shading omitted, by error, on chart.
OFI FAMILY, C. (Fig. 35.)
II 2 ♂, slender, married II 3, at 40 years fleshy and _heterozygous_, and
had 4 children. III 1 ♂ fleshy; III 2 ♂ of medium build, and III 3 ♂, 4 ♂
twins, slender. Thus 1 fleshy, 1 medium, and 2 slender.
_Comment._—Mating B is apparently that of a nearly homozygous dominant
fleshy mated to a slender, and producing fleshy and very fleshy offspring
and 2 who are just below fleshy build (73:697).
SMI FAMILY.
II 1 ♂ (fig. 26), at 50, stature 173 cm. (68 inches); and weight 90 to
100 kg. (200 to 215 pounds); build 3.2 (45), very fleshy. As a lad he was
very slender, but at 28 years began to grow fleshy.
Married a woman who, at 68 years, has a stature of 150 cm. (59 inches),
weight 45 kg. (100 pounds); build 2.0 (30), slender. They had 8 children:
(1) Male, at 50 years, stature 165 cm. (65 inches); weight 80 kg. (175
pounds); build 2.9 (41), fleshy; slender as a child. (2) ♀, at 48 years,
stature 155 cm. (61 inches); weight 79 kg. (174 pounds); build 3.3 (47),
very fleshy; was slender until about 16 years of age. (3) ♀, at 46 years,
stature 155 cm. (61 inches); weight 86 kg. (190 pounds); build 3.6 (51),
very fleshy; was slender until 20 years old. By a slender husband she
has 3 children, 13 to 5 years of age, all slender, but the eldest boy
growing fleshier. (4) ♀ died at 28 years of kidney trouble, aggravated by
child-birth; at that time she was slender. (5) ♀, at 34 years, stature
155 cm. (61 inches); weight 82 kg. (180 pounds); build 3.4 (48), very
fleshy, rather uniformly over the body. She was fleshy as a child; then
became slender and remained so up to the age of 16 or 18 years. By a
slender man she has 3 children, all young and slender. (6) ♂, at 31 years
of medium build with a tendency to grow fleshier, by a slender wife has
a slender child. (7) ♂, at 29 years, stature 157 cm. (62 inches); weight
now about 62 kg. (135 pounds); build 2.5 (35), fleshy-medium, and varying
inversely with his activity. (8) ♂, at 24 years, stature 168 cm. (66
inches); weight 59 kg. (130 pounds); build 2.1 (30), medium-slender, but
this is the age when in this family they first begin to put on flesh.
_Comment._—This is an exceedingly instructive family; first, because
they are all slender until 20 to 25 and then begin to grow fleshier. The
heterozygous condition of fleshiness retards the full development of the
trait, as so often seen in genetics. It is probable that III 1 is nearly
homozygous for fleshiness (73:736).
WAL-4 FAMILY.
A New York State family of English and Scotch ancestry.
The Father, a business man, with diabetic tendencies, has at 60 years
the formula 180/66 inches; build 2.9 (41). His sibs are all tall or very
tall. His father, a Scotch farmer, who had “kidney trouble,” which,
aggravated by influenza, caused his death at 86 years, had the formula
175/68 inches; build 2.7 (38). His mother, who suffered from neuralgia
and died of blood-poisoning at 64 years, had the formula 150/66 inches;
build 2.4 (34). This side of the house is thus of medium to fleshy build.
The Mother is subject to nervous prostration and intestinal indigestion
and has been operated on for uterine lacerations. At 52 she has the
formula 125/67.5 inches; build 1.9 (27). Her father, who kept a country
store and died at 83 years of heart failure, had the formula 156/71
inches; build 2.2 (31). The Mother’s mother, who died at 75 years of
cancer of the stomach, was hunch-backed from an accident when 3 years
old; had long arms and would probably have been tall. At 60 she had
the formula 100/60 inches; build 2.0 (28). This side of the house is
prevailingly slender. Two children are:
1. Male, a social worker, has at 30 years the formula 200/74 inches;
build 2.6 (37); adjusted to 55 years, 214/74 inches; build 2.8 (39).
2. Male, a business man, has at 24 years the formula 160/71 inches; build
2.2 (32); adjusted to 55 years, 178/71 inches; build 2.5 (35).
_Comment._—One child is fleshy like the Father, the other is of
intermediate build (R: Wal-4).
Mating 2. OTHER SLENDER × FLESHY MATINGS.
In addition to the selected cases of table 27, reference may be made to
other families of table VIII of which details are published herewith; and
which reveal special matters of interest. They are not included in mating
1, because there is always at least one medium-grade parent of the fleshy
side of the house. The families are listed in table 28, summarized here
and described _in extenso_ further on.
TABLE 28.— _Matings of a slender parent of slender stock and a fleshy
parent of mixed stock, together with their progeny._
+------+---+---+---+---------+----+----+---+--------+------------------+
| | | | | | | | | | Offspring. |
| | | | |Father’s | | | |Mother’s+----+---+--+--+---+
| | FF| FM| F | sibs. | MF | MM | M | sibs. | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | VS | S |M |F | VF|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
+------+---+---+---+---------+----+----+---+--------+----+---+--+--+---+
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Bro 30| 31| 27| 30| | 35 | 40 | 37| | | | 1| 1| 1|
|Fin 1 | 34| 31| 30| | 38 | 33 | 37| | | | 1| 2| |
|Met A | M | M | 39|3M 1F 1VF|33 ±|28 ±| 30| 2S, 3M | | | 1| 4| |
|Olm A | 34| | 38|1F | 34 | 28 | 24| 1M, 1F | | | 1| 4| 1|
|She 12| 34| 46| 38| | 34 | 28 | 28| | | | 3| 4| |
|Van 3 | 29| 29| 29| | 33 | 39 | 37| | | 2 | | 1| |
| +---+---+---+ +----+----+---+ +----+---+--+--+---+
| Total| | | | | | | | | | 2 | 7|16| 2|
+------+---+---+---+---------+----+----+---+--------+----+---+--+--+---+
Offspring: A, 38.01 ± 0.55.
S. D., 4.74 ± 0.39.
_Bro-30._—One child out of 3 is very fleshy, of a grade that in our
experience never occurs when both parents are slender.
_Fin-1._—In this family all 3 children have already a build nearly equal
to that of the fleshier parent. Assuming that they increase in weight
in the same degree as the average person, they may be expected to be
considerably fleshier than the fleshy parent.
_Met-A._—Of the 5 children, 3 already exceed in build the fleshy parent.
_Olm-A._—Of 6 children, all but 1 are fleshier than the fleshy parent.
_She-12._—Of 7 children, 4 are fleshy like the Father, the others are
slender to medium.
_Van-3._—One out of 3 is fleshy.
The distribution of indices of build in the offspring is summarized in
table 28. This distribution of offspring is characterized by about the
same means as in mating 1, and by about the same variability. It seems
probable, consequently, that the fleshy parents were nearly homozygous
for this trait.
BRO-30 FAMILY.
A family of prevailingly English stock. The members of this family,
including the grandparents, parents, and 3 children, were born and
have lived in Connecticut. The Father in youth had typhoid fever, in
middle age neuritis. Now, at 72, his formula is 140/68 inches; build 2.1
(30). His father, a school-teacher and farmer, died at 65 from old age,
premature because of his strenuous life. His formula was 150/70 inches;
build 2.0 (31). The Father’s mother had sick headaches and inflammatory
rheumatism in middle age. She died at 82 from old age, having then the
formula 115/65 inches; build 1.9 (27).
The Mother, who had inflammatory rheumatism in youth and malaria in
middle age, has now, at 63, the formula 150/64 inches; build 2.6 (37).
Her father, a farmer and politician, suffered from Bright’s disease in
middle age, and died at 54 from an abscess of the liver as the immediate
cause. His formula 175/71 inches; build 2.4 (35). Her mother, having
enjoyed good health all her life, died at 87 from old age. Her formula
was 175/66 inches; build 2.8 (40). The 3 children are:
1. Male, at 42, 145/67 inches; build 2.3 (32); adjusted to 55 years,
149/67 inches; build 2.3 (33).
2. Male, at 40, 165/68 inches; build 2.5 (36); adjusted to 55 years,
170/68 inches; build 2.6 (37).
3. Male, at 39, 200/68 inches; build 3.0 (43); adjusted to 55 years,
206/68 inches; build 3.1 (45).
_Comment._—The children’s range of build exceeds that of the parents; the
youngest is indeed very fleshy. Probably there is an obese tendency which
comes down through the line of the Mother and Mother’s mother (R: Bro-30).
FIN-1 FAMILY.
A family of Russian Jewish stock. The grandparents and parents were
natives of Russia; the family emigrated to America and settled in
Pennsylvania, where the 3 children were born. The Father, a manufacturer,
is living at 47 years, having the formula 140/68 inches; build 2.1 (30).
His father, a merchant, is living at 69 years, having the formula 150/66
inches; build 2.4 (34). His mother, who had 12 children, died at 55 years
from cancer, having the formula 145/68 inches; build 2.2 (31).
The Mother has at 43 years the formula 165/67 inches; build 2.6 (37).
Her sibs are mostly of heavy build. Her father, a merchant, has at 68
years the formula 180/69 inches; build 2.7 (38). Her mother, who had 5
children, died at 53 years, having the formula 135/64 inches; build 2.3
(33). The 3 children:
1. Male, a salesman, has at 23 years the formula 195/70 inches; build 2.8
(40); adjusted to 45 years, 210/70 inches; build 3.0 (43).
2. Male, a law student, has at 23 years the formula 175/70 inches; build
2.5 (36); adjusted to 45 years, 190/70 inches; build 2.7 (39).
3. Male, a college student, has at 21 years the formula 169/70 inches;
build 2.4 (35); adjusted to 45 years, 186/70 inches; build 2.7 (38).
_Comment._—All 3 children have a fleshy build and may be expected to
become fleshier than the Mother (R: Fin-1).
MET-A FAMILY.
A family of English extraction, living in Illinois. The Father, at 50
years, had the formula 200/72 inches; build 2.7 (39). Of his 5 sibs: (1)
Brother, at 50 years, 170/68 inches; build 2.6 (37). (2) Brother, at 50
years, 160/68 inches; build 2.4 (35). (3) Brother, at 50 years, 160/68
inches; build 2.4 (35). (4) Sister, at 50 years, had the formula 200/T;
build, say, 3.2 (46±). (5) Sister, at 50 years, had formula 140/M; build,
say, 2.5 (35). Both their father and mother are said to have been of
medium build.
The Mother, at 50 years, had the formula 120/63 inches; build 2.1 (30).
Of her 5 sibs who reached maturity: (1) Brother, at 50 years, had the
formula 160/68 inches; build 2.4 (35). (2) Sister, 130/64 inches; build
2.2 (32). (3) Sister, 110/60 inches; build 2.1 (31). (4) Sister, 120/63
inches; build 2.1 (30). (5) Sister, 110/63 inches; build 1.9 (28.) Their
father had the formula 140/S; build, say, 2.3 (33±). Their mother had the
formula 120/T; build, say, 2.0 (28±). Five grown children:
1. Female, at 35 years, has the formula 165/65 inches; build 2.7 (39);
adjusted to 50 years, 175/65 inches; build 2.9 (41).
2. Male, at 40 years, 180/68 inches; build 2.7 (39); adjusted to 50
years, 183/68 inches; build 2.8 (40).
3. Male, at 40 years, 185/68 inches; build 2.8 (40); adjusted to 50
years, 188/68 inches; build 2.9 (41).
4. Male, at 20 years, 160/68 inches; build 2.4 (35); adjusted to 50
years, 178/69 inches; build 2.7 (37).
5. Female, at 35 years, 150/68 inches; build 2.3 (32); adjusted to 50
years, 161/68 inches; build 2.4 (35).
_Comment._—On the adjusted build, all children are above the mid-parent
and 3 of the 5 exceed the stouter parent (S:Met-A).
OLM-A FAMILY. (Fig. 36.)
A family of old American stock living in New York State. The Father has
the formula 170/67 inches; build 2.7 (38). He has a fleshy brother. His
father had the formula 150/66 inches; build 2.4 (34).
The Mother has the formula 100/64.5 inches; build 1.7 (24). She has 1
medium brother and a fleshy sister. Her father had the formula 150/66.5
inches; build 2.4 (34). Her mother had the formula 125/66.5 inches; build
2.0 (28). The 6 children:
1. Male, at 60 years, has the formula 192/61 inches; build 3.6 (43).
2. Male, 250/67 inches; build 3.6 (51).
3. Male, 180/66.5 inches; build 2.9 (41).
4. Male, 150/68 inches; build 2.3 (32).
5. Male, 155/65 inches; build 2.6 (37).
6. Female, 175/66 inches; build 2.8 (40).
_Comment._—A fleshy man, whose known family is fleshy or medium, has by
a very slender woman whose family shows a variety of builds, 6 children:
1 medium, 4 fleshy, and 1 very fleshy. This suggests that the Father is
nearly homozygous for the factors of build (S:Olm-A).
[Illustration: FIG. 36.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in
OLM-A family.]
SHE-12 FAMILY.
This family, whose grandparents came from Pennsylvania and New Jersey, is
chiefly of English and German stock. The 10 children were born in Iowa
and Nebraska.
The Father, soldier and editor, is in good health at 76 years, except
for “rheumatism”; formula, 180/69 inches; build 2.7 (38). His father, a
blacksmith, who was killed by the kick of a horse, had the formula 160/69
inches; build 2.4 (34). The Father’s mother, who had a large family and
died of dropsy, at 74 years had the formula 200/66 inches; build 3.2
(46). Thus this side of the house is prevailingly of fleshy build.
The Mother, with 10 children, had an attack of pneumonia and died at 56
of throat and bronchial trouble and had the formula 120/65 inches; build
2.0 (28). The Mother’s father, a merchant, who died of a fever, had the
formula 175/72 inches; build 2.4 (34). The Mother’s mother, who was
inclined to bronchial and lung diseases, had the formula 120/65 inches;
build 2.0 (28). She died of “old age” at 82 years. This side of the house
is medium to slender. The 7 grown children are:
1. Female, married, has suffered from intestinal indigestion and “some
rheumatism.” At 48 her formula is 170/64 inches; build 2.9 (42).
2. Male, a journalist, who was weak after an attack of scarlet fever, but
developed into a robust man, has at 46 the formula 180/69 inches; build
2.7 (38).
3. Female, now 40 years old, married and with a family, has the formula
155/66 inches; build 2.5 (36); adjusted to 55 years, 162/66 inches; build
2.6 (37).
4. Male, a linotype operator, subject to throat and stomach trouble,
has the formula 170/72 inches, build 2.3 (33), at the age of 37 years;
adjusted to 55 years, 176/72 inches; build 2.4 (34).
5. Male, a promoter, in fine health, has at 34 the formula 160/72 inches;
build 2.2 (31); adjusted to 55 years, 168/72 inches; build 2.3 (32).
6. Male, a journalist, who has had ear and throat trouble following
scarlet fever, has, at 32, the formula 170/69 inches; build 2.5 (36);
adjusted to 55 years, 180/69 inches; build 2.7 (38).
7. Female, delicate and inclined to rheumatism, at 29 years has the
formula 120/65 inches; build 2.0 (28); adjusted to 55 years, 135/65
inches; build 2.2 (32).
_Comment._—Four of the children are stout like the Father; the others are
intermediate to slender (R: She-12).
VAN-3 FAMILY.
Grandparents from Pennsylvania and New York; children born in
Pennsylvania and Michigan; chiefly of English origin. Father,
iron-worker, subject to bronchial and catarrhal troubles; formula, at
60 years, 135/68 inches; build 2.1 (29). Father’s father, a minister,
subject to catarrhal and bronchial troubles, died at 92 years of
pneumonia; formula 130/67 inches; build 2.0 (29). Father’s mother died of
pneumonia at 84 years; formula 122/65 inches; build 2.0 (29). This side
of the house is slender.
The Mother, who has some catarrhal and bronchial trouble, has the formula
150/64 inches; build 2.6 (36.6). Her father, who died at 72 years of
kidney trouble and constipation, had the formula 150/67 inches; build 2.3
(33). Her mother had the formula 160/64 inches; build 2.7 (39). This side
of the house is of or above the average build. There are 3 children:
1. Female, a teacher, has at 27 years old the formula 110/65 inches;
build 1.8 (26).
2. Female, who had an attack of typhoid fever, had the formula 150/64
inches; build 2.6 (36.6) (“physically and mentally like mother”).
3. Male, at 18 years, has the formula 125/68.5 inches; build 1.8 (27);
adjusted to 50 years, 135/69 inches; build 2.0 (28). Thus 2 of the
children resemble the (slender) paternal side and 1 the maternal (R:
Van-3).
Mating 3. VERY SLENDER × VERY FLESHY.
Mention may be made of one example of this extreme mating, namely, of
a very fleshy man with a very slender woman, whose slenderness may
be due to the fact that she had formerly suffered an acute attack of
tuberculosis. The two children are still young (19 and 21 years), but are
already 3 and 5 points respectively above average build (English system),
suggesting dominance of fleshiness. The detailed history of this mating
follows.
GOO-8 FAMILY.
A family of English extraction living in Massachusetts. The Father, a
shoe manufacturer, is living at 47 years, having the formula 210/66
inches; build 3.4 (48). His father, a farmer, who died at 63 years from
Bright’s disease, was of medium build. His mother, who had only 1 child,
suffered in youth from tonsillitis. She is living at 75 years and is of
medium build. The very stout Father is probably heterozygous in build.
The Mother, who has 2 children, suffered in youth from tonsillitis and
scarlet fever; in middle age from tubercular trouble (“cured”). She is
living at 46 years, having the formula 100/66 inches; build 1.6 (23). Her
2 brothers were tall. Her father, a farmer, well except for headaches,
was a distant cousin to his wife. He is living at 72 years, having the
formula 150/66 inches; build 2.4 (34). Her mother, who had 3 children,
died from cancer at 58 years, having the formula 130/63 inches; build 2.3
(33). Thus the mother comes of medium (heterozygous?) stock; her extreme
slenderness is associated with a tendency to active tuberculosis. The 2
children:
1. Male, a student, who in youth suffered from tonsillitis, has at 21
years the formula 153/69 inches; build 2.3 (32); adjusted to 47 years,
170/69 inches; build 2.5 (36).
2. Male, a student, who in youth suffered from diphtheria, has at 19
years the formula 160/67 inches; build 2.5 (36); adjusted to 47 years,
180/69 inches; build 2.7 (38).
_Comment._—The children are medium to fleshy; they are still young (R:
Goo-8).
Mating 4. SLENDER × VERY FLESHY MATINGS (Table IX).
Another test of dominance of the fleshy factors is afforded by table IX.
The details will be found in the following pages. The distribution of
the progeny is indicated in table 29. The sums of table 29, reduced to
percentages, are: 12.5 S, 42.5 M, 35 F, 10 VF. On the 4-zygotic-factor
hypothesis of build, an equality of medium and fleshy progeny is
expected. On the 6-factor hypothesis, a 5 × 2 mating would produce two
types of families. Averaging these two types, the expected proportions
are 9 S, 41 M, 41 F, 9 VF, which is fairly close to the proportions
actually found. It will be observed that fleshy progeny are not far less
frequent than those of medium build.
TABLE 29.—_Matings of a slender parent and a very fleshy one, together
with their progeny._
+------------+--------------------------------------+------------------+
| | Parentage. | Offspring. |
| +--+--+--+---------+--+--+---+---------+--+----+----+--+--+
|References. | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| |FF|FM|F |Father’s |MF|MM| M |Mother’s |VS| S | M |F |VF|
| | | | | sibs. | | | | sibs. | | | | | |
+------------+--+--+--+---------+--+--+---+---------+--+----+----+--+--+
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Arn 5 |31|48|44| |33|25|26 | | | | 1 | 1| |
|Ban 2 |42|31|49|2 t |M |F |26±|5 VF | | | | 2| |
|Ben 8 |38|26|28| |39|32|45 | | | | 1 | 1| |
|Bon A |40| |51|1 F |35| |26 |4 S | | | | | 1|
|Bun |F |S |57| | | |26 | | | 1 | 2 | | 1|
|Cle 5 |34|34|30|1 F |27|32|54 |3 F | | 1 | 2 | 1| |
|Coo |M |F |29|2 S, 2 F |M |49|49 |1 F, 1 VF| | | 1 | | 1|
|Fen 1 | | |44| | | |27 | | | 2 | 2 | 1| |
|Har 15 |41|28|30|1 t |35|49|49 | | | | 2 | 3| |
|Hor 9 |44|24|44| |S |M |29 | | | | 2 | | |
|How 8 |37|27|30|3 t |40|46|51 | | | | 1 | 4| |
|Kro 3 |34|42|29| |38|28|46 | | | | | 1| |
|Tea A | | |49| | | |27 | | | 1 | 3 | | 1|
| +--+--+--+ +--+--+---+ +--+----+----+--+--+
| Totals | | | | | | | | | | 5 | 17 |14| 4|
| Percentages| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| (4) | | | | | | | | | |12.5|42.5|35|10|
+------------+--+--+--+---------+--+--+---+---------+--+----+----+--+--+
Offspring: A, 36.54 ± 0.59.
S. D., 5.51 ± 0.42.
Before passing to the description of the 13 families based on Eugenics
Record Office data, reference may be made to a case described by Rose
(1907). A slender man (II 1) of slender parents married a woman who
weighed 200 pounds (“livres”) and over. Her father weighed 270 pounds
and her mother, while not obese, has a goiter. From the primary slender
× very fleshy mating were derived 4 children (fig. 37, III 1 to 5). The
first is fleshy; the third slender. The second, a girl, at 16 weighed
150 pounds, but after chlorosis became slenderer. This girl married a
man apparently of medium build, and they had 4 children, of whom 3 died
of meningitis and the other is an obese infant, weighing 36 pounds at 15
months. The fourth and last of the main fraternity is a girl who, at 15
years, is 145 cm. tall and weighs 75 kg. This gives her an index of build
of 3.6 (51), very fleshy. She was very fleshy at 4 years, and has a big
appetite. The fat is accumulated on abdomen, breasts, and appendages,
except hands and feet. The extreme obesity came on at puberty and
menstruation has never been regular. Epiphyses of radius and metacarpals
of fingers are fused to their diaphyses. These facts indicate an obesity
of both the dystrophic adiposo-genitalis type and the hypothyroid type.
The progeny are thus 1 S, 1 M, 1 F, and 1 VF.
[Illustration: FIG. 37.—Pedigree chart of Rose’s case.]
ARN-5 FAMILY.
This is a family of the north central States, of English stock. The
Father, an engineer, had pneumonia in youth and an attack of gravel
at 45; his formula at 60 years is 193/66 inches; build 3.1 (44). His
9 brothers are all one-eighth to 3 inches below average stature. His
father, who suffered five attacks of inflammatory rheumatism, died at
59 years of enlargement of the heart; formula, 135/65.5 inches; build
2.2 (31). His mother, who had typhoid at 25 years and catarrh of stomach
at 55, has (at 70 years) the formula 186/62.4 inches; build 3.3 (48).
Thus the Father, like his mother, is very fleshy; but there is a slender
strain in the family.
The Mother, who died of tuberculosis of the lungs at 46 years after
having had 5 children, had the formula 95/61 inches; build 1.8 (25.5).
One of her 4 sibs died of “hardening of lungs.” Her father, who after
attacks of pneumonia died at 67 of tuberculosis, had the formula 140/65
inches; build 2.3 (33). Her mother, who had active tuberculosis at 43
years, with recovery, has at 73 years the formula 105/65 inches; build
1.7 (25). Thus Mother and Mother’s mother are very slender (associated
with tuberculosis); and there is no fleshiness in the record. There are 2
grown children:
1. Female, who has always been well, has at 24 years the formula 124/61
inches; build 2.4 (33); adjusted to 55 years, 140/61 inches; build 2.6
(38).
2. Male, who has always been well, has at 22 years the formula 133/67.5
inches; build 2.1 (29); adjusted to 55 years, 149/68 inches; build 2.3
(32.3).
_Comment._—Thus the progeny of these parents of opposite build are
intermediate; in the adjusted build inclining toward fleshiness (R:
Arn-5).
BAN-2 FAMILY.
A family of Dutch extraction living in northern New York. The Father,
a farmer, suffered in youth from typhoid fever; in middle age from tic
douloureux. He died at 54 years from heart failure, “blood became thin
and watery”; formula, 225/68 inches; build 3.4 (49). One of his sisters
died at 40 years from tuberculosis of lungs. One of his brothers died at
29 years from “consumption of bowels.” His father, a farmer, suffered
in middle age from inflammatory rheumatism, and died at 74 years from
apoplexy. At 60 years his formula was 210/71 inches; build 2.9 (42).
His mother died at 68 years from heart failure, having at 60 years the
formula 140/67 inches; build 2.2 (31). Thus we have a very fleshy parent
with tuberculous sibs and a fleshy father.
The Mother, who in middle age suffered from dyspepsia, “after menopause
very gradually lost her mind, becoming imbecile and helpless till death,
at 66 years,” having the formula 96/S inches; build 26±. Five of her
sibs were corpulent. One brother, “small and light framed,” died at 27
years from tuberculosis. Their father was of medium build. Their mother,
who in middle age suffered from paralysis, died at 73 years from cancer
of breast; at 60 years was corpulent. The slender mother is from fleshy
stock. The 2 children:
1. Male, head of a factory, has at 50 years the formula 180/68 inches;
build 2.7 (39).
2. Male, a teacher, has at 45 years the formula 185/69 inches; build 2.7
(39).
_Comment._—Both offspring at middle age are intermediate in build between
the two parents, but somewhat closer to the very fleshy one (R: Ban-2).
BEN-8 FAMILY.
A northern family, of which the 4 children were born in Michigan, of
mixed English, Scotch, and other stock.
The Father, a farmer, who enjoys good health, has at 40 years the formula
135/69 inches; build 2.0 (28). Both his sibs are above the average in
stature. His father, a farmer, who died from over-exertion in the sun at
48 years, had the formula 190/71 inches; build 2.7 (38). His mother died
of “heart trouble” at 71 years; formula 100/62 inches; build 1.8 (26).
Thus, the slender parent has one fleshy parent in turn.
The Mother, who has “heart trouble,” has at 40 years the formula 195/66
inches; build 3.1 (45). Her 3 sibs are all tall. The Mother’s father, a
mill-man, died at 61 years of Bright’s disease, having the formula 205/73
inches; build 2.7 (39). The Mother’s mother, who is well, had at 56 years
the formula 150/67 inches; build 2.3 (32). This side of the house is
prevailingly fleshy. The 2 grown children are:
1. Male, has, at 21 years, the formula 185/71 inches; build 2.6 (36);
adjusted to 40 years, 202/71 inches; build 2.8 (40).
2. Female, at 19 years, has the formula 130/67 inches; build 2.9 (29);
adjusted to 40 years, 145/67 inches; build 2.3 (32).
_Comment._—One child is fleshy like the Mother (adjusted build); the
other is of medium build; both are between the parental extremes.
BON-A FAMILY.
A family from New Hampshire. The Father, at 55 years, had the formula
250/70 inches; build 3.6 (51). His brother, at 55 years, had the formula
160/63 inches; build 2.8 (40). Their father, at 61 years, had the formula
200/71 inches; build 2.8 (40).
The Mother, at 55 years, had the formula 120/68 inches; build 1.8 (26).
Of her 4 sibs: (1) Brother, at 50 years, 150/72 inches; build 2.0 (29).
(2) Sister, at 55 years, 115/65 inches; build 1.9 (27). (3) Sister, at
58 years, 119/65 inches; build 2.0 (28). (4) Sister, at 60 years, 130/68
inches; build 2.0 (28). Their father, at 85 years, 180/71.5 inches; build
2.5 (35).
The one child, male, at 40 years, 220/71 inches; build 3.1 (44).
_Comment._—The progeny of these two parents, one of prevailingly fleshy
stock, the other of slender stock, is a very fleshy child, but less
extreme than his parent, who is 15 years older (S:Bon-A).
BUN FAMILY. (Fig. 38.)
A Long Island family of English stock. The Father, at maturity, had
the formula 280/70 inches; build 4.0 (57); very fleshy. His father was
fleshy; his mother slender. The Mother, at maturity, had the formula
125/69 inches; build 1.8 (26); slender. She belongs to a slender family.
The four offspring are all mature, 40 to 50 years: (1) female, 110/65.5
inches; build 1.8 (25.5); very slender; (2) female, 140/66 inches; build
2.3 (32); medium; (3) male, 160/70 inches; build 2.3 (33); medium; (4)
male, 198/67 inches; build, at 45 years, 3.1 (44); very fleshy (at 30
years his build was 2.3 (33) or medium). This very fleshy man has by a
wife of medium build (but 3 of whose 9 sibs are fleshy) 2 daughters; one,
at 18 years, is 121/62.5 inches; build 2.1 (31); medium; the other at 12
years, is 145/62 inches; build 2.7 (38); fleshy; far above normal build
for her age.
_Comment._—The principal mating has produced a variable progeny, but the
tendency to obesity is traceable through three generations.
[Illustration: FIG. 38.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in
BUN family.]
CLE-5 FAMILY.
A family of English extraction living in Ohio. The Father, a farmer,
who has for years been subject to stomach trouble, has at 62 years the
formula 140/68 inches; build 2.1 (30). He has a fleshy brother. His
father, a farmer, died at 86 years from “probable cancer of ear,” having
the formula 140/64 inches; build 2.4 (34). His mother died at 80 years of
indigestion; formula, 150/66 inches; build 2.4 (34). This is a family of
slender to medium build.
The Mother, who in youth was liable to asthma and throat trouble and in
middle age to rheumatism, underwent an operation at 48 years for cancer
of breast. At 25 or 30 years she began to grow fleshy; at 56 years she
has the formula 200/61 inches; build 3.8 (54). She has 3 fleshy sibs.
Her father, a farmer, died at 69 years of “enlargement (probably cancer)
of liver”; formula, 130/69 inches; build 1.9 (27). Her mother, who had
12 children, and who underwent two operations for cancer on nose, died
at 83 years of indigestion; formula, 130/64 inches; build 2.2 (32). The
very fleshy Mother’s fraternity is apparently derived from slender-medium
parents. But one of these had probably lost weight before her death at 83
years. The 4 grown children:
1. Female, who has suffered from asthma, stomach trouble, gallstones,
diphtheria, and appendicitis, has at 36 years the formula 120/63 inches;
build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 55 years, 130/63 inches; build 2.3 (33).
2. Male, a farmer, has at 35 years the formula 140/70 inches; build 2.0
(29); adjusted to 55 years, 148/70 inches; build 2.1 (30).
3. Male, a farmer, subject in youth to indigestion and catarrh of throat
and nose. At 25 years he has the formula 165/68 inches; build 2.5 (36);
adjusted to 55 years, 179/68 inches; build 2.7 (39).
4. Male, a teacher, who has suffered from diphtheria and colds, has at 23
years the formula 125/63 inches; build 2.2 (32); adjusted to 55 years,
139/63 inches; build 2.5 (35).
_Comment._—The offspring are still young, and we do not know just how
they will develop. One is fleshy (but far less so than his Mother); 2 are
intermediate, and 1, at 35 years, is even slender (R: Cle-5).
COO FAMILY. (Fig. 39.)
This is a New York State family upon which I personally made
observations. A slender-medium man (II 5); build about 2.0 (29), who has
2 fleshy and 2 slender sibs, married a very fleshy woman, build 3.4 (49),
whose 2 sibs are also fleshy, 3.4 (48) and 2.8 (40) respectively. Her
mother was also about 3.4 (49). There were two daughters. One has now
at 42 years a build of 3.4 (48); her sister a build of 2.4 (34) with a
tendency to increase. The fleshy sister married a man of slender build,
whose 3 sibs are of slender to medium build. There are 5 children, all
under 16 except one boy who, at 20 years, has a build of 2.3 (32). He is
73 inches (183 cm.) tall. All of the other children are of about medium
build.
_Comment._—The very fleshy (but heterozygous) Mother mated with a slender
man has children, all of whom are apparently of medium build (73:656).
[Illustration: FIG. 39.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in
the COO family.]
FEN-1 FAMILY.
A family of English, Austrian, and Swiss extraction, grandparents and
children living in New York State and California. The Father, a merchant,
died at 81 years from ulcer of the stomach. At 50 years he had the
formula 210/69.5 inches; build 3.1 (44).
The Mother, who has 5 children, has always been well. She is living at 77
years, having at 50 years the formula 102/61.5 inches; build 1.8 (27).
One of her sisters died at 79 years from “rheumatism of heart.” The 5
children are:
1. Male, a manufacturer, who suffered in youth from typhoid fever. He has
at 50 years the formula 180/68.5 inches; build 2.7 (38).
2. Male, a merchant, has at 40 years the formula 140/66 inches; build 2.3
(32); adjusted to 50 years, 143/66 inches; build 2.3 (33).
3. Female, always well, married, has at 40 years the formula 120/66.5
inches; build 1.9 (27); adjusted to 50 years, 126/66.5 inches; build 2.0
(29).
4. Male, a broker, who in youth suffered from typhoid fever, at 47 years,
147/69.5 inches; build 2.1 (30).
5. Male, who suffered from hemorrhage of lungs while at college, caused
by “excessive running,” died at 31 years from tuberculosis, at 28 years
having the formula 158/74 inches; build 2.1 (29); adjusted to 50 years,
173/74 inches; build 2.2 (32).
_Comment._—The children are intermediate in build between the parents.
Only 1 out of 5 is even fleshy.
HAR-15 FAMILY.
A family of English (and Welsh) extraction; grandparents living in the
northern United States.
The Father, a twin, who was in the Civil War and has since suffered
from a tendency toward tuberculosis but was living at 71 years, has the
formula 150/70.5 inches; build 2.1 (30). One of his sisters died of
tuberculosis at 30 years, and one of pneumonia at 77 years. His father,
who was a farmer and “never sick,” died of pneumonia at 47 years, and had
the approximate formula 180/66.5 inches; build 2.9 (41). His mother, who
died at 48 years of “abscess on the back” after years of ailing, was of
slender build, say, 2.0 (28). Thus, probably on account of the tubercular
tendency, the Father’s build is slender like his mother.
The Mother, who had 11 children, had a tendency toward tuberculosis
in youth, but in middle life suffered from “obesity, rheumatism, and
varicose veins,” was genial and a ready and humorous talker; at 61
years her formula 200/64 inches; build 3.4 (49). Her father, who was
a traveling salesman and seldom ill except for “tobacco heart,” died
of paralysis at 77 years; his formula, 170/70 inches; build 2.4 (35).
Her mother, who had pneumonia in middle life and suffered much from
“delicate lungs,” died of a pulmonary abscess at 37 years; her formula,
194/63 inches; build 3.5 (49). Thus the Mother’s build is just like her
mother’s. Of the 5 children who grew up:
1. Female, a teacher, who has suffered from bronchitis, tuberculosis, and
rheumatism, at 34 years has the formula 162/66 inches; build 2.6 (37);
adjusted to 50 years, 173/66 inches; build 2.8 (40).
2. Male, a mechanical engineer, always well, at 30 years has the formula
170/68.5 inches; build 2.5 (36); adjusted to 50 years, 181/68.5 inches;
build 2.7 (39).
3. Female, married and always well, at 26 years has the formula 135/64
inches; build 2.3 (33); adjusted to 50 years, 151/64 inches; build 2.6
(36.9).
4. Male, a millwright, who suffers from valvular heart trouble, at 26
years has the formula 140/67 inches; build 2.2 (31); adjusted to 50
years, 150/67 inches; build 33.
5. Male, an optometrist, always well, has at 23 years the formula
150/69.8 inches; build 2.2 (30.6); adjusted to 50 years, 169/70 inches;
build 2.1 (34).
_Comment._—Thus 3 of the children are intermediate in build between the
parents and 2 are fleshy. The build of the children inclines slightly
toward the fleshier side of the house; but variability between indices 40
and 33 is marked (R: Har-15).
HOR-9 FAMILY.
A family of Dutch and English extraction, living in Pennsylvania and New
York State. The Father, who is a manufacturer, always well, has at 53
years the formula 218/70.5 inches; build 3.1 (44). His father, who is a
manufacturer, and suffered in middle age from malaria and measles, is
living, at 75 years having the formula 215/70 inches; build 3.1 (44).
His mother, who has 5 children, always well, has at 70 years the formula
83/S; build, say, 1.7 (24).
The Mother, who has 2 children and who in middle age suffered from
pneumonia, has at 52 years the formula 124/66 inches; build 2.0 (29). Her
father, who was a cabinet-maker, always well, till at 41 years he died
from chronic diarrhea, was a slender man. Her mother, who had 5 children,
was always well; she died, at 24 years, of child-birth; she was of medium
build. Two grown children:
1. Female, who in youth suffered from measles (4 times), diphtheria, and
pneumonia, and has undergone operations for hernia, tubercular glands,
and appendicitis, has at 23 years the formula 116/66.5 inches; build 1.9
(26); adjusted to 53 years, 135/66.5 inches; build 2.1 (31).
2. Female, who in youth suffered from typhoid fever and influenza, has at
20 years the formula 119/62 inches; build 2.2 (31); adjusted to 53 years,
138/62 inches; build 2.5 (36).
_Comment._—The children, who are quite young, are of a build intermediate
between (or less than) that of parents, though a tendency to obesity is
found in Father and grandfather (R: Hor-9).
HOW-8 FAMILY.
A Vermont family of English origin. The Father, an author, was supposed
to have had active tuberculosis in youth. He is living, at 83 years, with
the formula 135/67 inches; build 2.1 (30). All 3 of his sibs died of
pulmonary tuberculosis. His father, a farmer, died at 79 years, having
the formula 180/70 inches; build 2.6 (37). His mother died at 81 years,
formula, 100/61 inches; build 1.9 (27). This is a prevailingly slender
family with tubercular tendency.
The Mother, who has suffered from enlarged tonsils and inflammatory
rheumatism, has, at 70 years, the formula 220/66 inches; build 3.6 (51).
One of her brothers has a powerful physique. The Mother’s father, a
legislator, died at 75 years; formula, 200/71 inches; build 2.8 (40).
The Mother’s mother, who died at 70 years of Bright’s disease, had the
formula 200/66 inches; build 3.2 (46). This family is characterized by
fleshiness. The 5 children are all sons:
1. A writer, at 48, has the formula 150/65.5 inches; build 2.4 (35).
2. A farmer, with an organic defect of the heart, has, at 47, the formula
170/67 inches; build 2.7 (38).
3. A farmer, with chronic Bright’s disease, has the formula 180/70
inches; build 2.6 (37), at the age of 44.
4. A teacher, troubled with rheumatism, has, at 41 years, the formula
185/68 inches; build 2.8 (40); adjusted to 55 years, 190/68 inches; build
2.9 (41).
5. Twin to (4), a forester, has, at 41 years, the formula 180/68.5
inches; build 2.7 (38); adjusted to 55 years, 185/68.5 inches; build 2.8
(39).
_Comment._—Thus the children are intermediate in build between parents.
Tuberculosis is absent. Conditions that induced fleshiness on the
mother’s side are reduced in the offspring of the slender and fleshy
mating (R: How-8).
KRO-3 FAMILY.
A family of Russian and Austrian extraction, living in New York City. The
Father, who is a tailor, nervous, has, at 45 years, the formula 125/66
inches; build 2.0 (29). His father, who was a tailor, always well, died
at 85 years from pneumonia. Formula, 150/66 inches; build 2.4 (34). His
mother, who had 5 children, always well, died at 56 years from pneumonia.
Formula, 140/58; build 2.9 (42).
The Mother, who has 3 children, has at 44 years the formula 172/61
inches; build 3.2 (46). Her father, who was a tailor, is living at 81
years. Formula, 175/68 inches; build 2.7 (38). Her mother, who had 6
children, died at 58 years from pneumonia. Formula, 101/60 inches; build
2.0 (28).
The only grown child, a male, who in youth suffered from diphtheria,
scarlet fever, and pneumonia, has at 19 years the formula 203/72 inches;
build 2.7 (39); adjusted to 45 years, 228/74 inches; build 2.8 (42).
_Comment._—The child is young and the possibilities of build in his case
can not be foreseen, but he is already stout and may be expected to
approach his fleshy Mother in build (R: Kro-3).
TEA-A FAMILY.
A family from New York State. The Father, at 70 years, had the formula
225/68 inches; build 3.4 (49).
The Mother, at 50 years, had the formula 115/65 inches; build 1.9 (27).
The 5 children are:
1. Male, at 58 years, has the formula 225/70 inches; build 3.2 (46).
2. Male, at 40 years, 140/69 inches; build 2.1 (29); adjusted to 55
years, 145/69 inches; build 2.1 (31).
3. Male, at 68 years, 130/68 inches; build 2.0 (28).
4. Female, at 60 years, 125/64 inches; build 2.2 (31).
5. Female, at 62 years, 140/66 inches; build 2.3 (32).
_Comment._—There are 2 slender children, 2 medium, and 1 very fleshy,
suggesting a sire who is heterozygous for build (S:Tea-A).
SUMMARY.
Combining the progeny of the 4 matings of the F₁ generation, we get the
results shown in table 30. The mean of this series is 37.82 ± 0.31;
the standard deviation is 5.07 ± 0.22. It will be observed that the
proportions of the totals agree closely with those of mating 1 and give a
somewhat closer agreement, with the expectation of 8:42:42:8, than mating
1 does.
The standard deviation of 5.07 ± 0.22 is greater than that of the progeny
of slender × slender parents (3.17 ± 0.17), but not so great as that of
very fleshy × fleshy parents of fleshy stock (table 24) which is 5.74
± 0.39. It is much less than the standard deviation of the F₂ progeny
(table 31), which is 6.78 ± 0.26. This is in accordance with the usual
genetical finding, that the F₁ generation is less variable than the F₂
generation. In this respect, as in so many others, the distribution
of progeny is exactly that found in experimentally determined
multiple-factor characters. The heredity of build follows closely the
Mendelian formulæ.
It is noteworthy that the F₁ generation has an average build that is
above the mean of the population; the progeny of F × S matings are not
strictly intermediate, but incline toward fleshiness. This indicates
again the presence of dominant fleshy factors.
TABLE 30. _Matings of a slender parent and one of fleshy stock, together
with their progeny._
+---+------------------------------------+--------------------+
| | |Grades of offspring.|
|No.| Nature of mating. +---+---+---+---+----+
| | |VS | S | M | F | VF |
+---+------------------------------------+---+---+---+---+----+
| 1 |One parent S, of S stock; the other | | | | | |
| | F, of F stock | | 4 | 18| 35| 7 |
| 2 |Other slender × fleshy matings | | 2 | 7| 15| 2 |
| 3 |One parent VS; the other VF | | | 1| 1| |
| 4 |One parent S; the other VF | | 5 | 17| 14| 4 |
| | +---+---+---+---+----+
| | Total | | 9 | 43| 65| 13 |
| | Proportion | | 7 | 33| 50| 10 |
+---+------------------------------------+---+---+---+---+----+
If one superimposes in the same drawing the distribution polygons of
the parental and F₂ generations tables 23, 24, 25 and 30 (fig. 40), the
modes of the fleshy parents and the F₁ generation stand at fleshy, though
the mean of the F₁ generation is intermediate between the means of the
parental stocks.
[Illustration: FIG. 40.—Three superimposed polygons showing distribution,
in the various classes of build, of the progeny of the following matings:
Slender × slender (S × S) Table 23
Very fleshy × fleshy (F × F) Table 24
Fleshy × slender (F × S) Table 27]
CLASS IV. MATING OF PROBABLY HETEROZYGOUS PARENTS (THE F₂ GENERATION).
We have next to consider the distribution of build in the progeny of
parents both of whom are certainly or probably heterozygous and, as such,
probably carry gametes for slenderness, as well as fleshiness. This is
the mating in which the geneticist finds evidence for segregation, in
that the parental types reappear nearly or quite as they went into the
combination. At any rate, this generation is characterized by a greater
variability than the F₁ generation. However, this greater variability
is the less marked the greater the number of factors involved in the
prevailing dominant trait—in this case fleshiness.
Two classes of matings will be considered—that of parents, whether medium
or fleshy, who probably carry gametes for slenderness, and that of other
parents who are both of medium build.
Mating 1. BOTH PARENTS EITHER MEDIUM OR FLESHY AND PROBABLY CARRYING
GAMETES FOR SLENDERNESS AS WELL AS FLESHINESS.
This mating includes certain parents selected, usually on the ground of
dissimilar grandparents on each side, as those which are probably of the
F₁ generation. The families used are summarized in table 31, which is
made up of the appropriate families taken from tables X, XI, and XIII.
The range of variation of the F₂ generation includes both the slender and
the fleshy types which are found in the grandparents. The distribution
of the progeny is more in accord with the hypothesis of the 6-zygotic
factors than that of 4-zygotic factors.
The mean variability as measured by the standard deviation is 6.78
± 0.26, as contrasted with that of 5.02 ± 0.30 of table 27 (the F₁
generation). The difference is 1.76, which is more than four times the
probable difference between the means. Thus, the variability of the F₂
generation is nearly a third greater than of the F₁ generation. That
the difference is not greater is, of course, due in large part to the
presence of multiple factors.
The family histories upon which table 31 depends are given below.
BEA-17 FAMILY. (Fig. 41.)
A family reared in the Central States. Father (II 5) a contractor and
farmer, who died of pneumonia at 70 years, had the formula 170/71; build
2.4 (34); medium. Three brothers who were killed in the Civil War at 17,
19, and 21 years respectively had the formulæ 183/72; build 2.5 (35);
169/69, build 2.5 (36); 174/69, build 2.6 (37); all about medium. A
sister, who died at 68 years, was 138/65; build 2.3 (33); medium. The
Father’s father was a preacher; died at 79 years, had build 185/68; 2.8
(40); fleshy. His wife, who died at 81 years, had build 145/62; 2.7 (38);
fleshy. This side of the house comprises medium-build children of fleshy
parents.
The Mother (II 6), of quiet disposition, at 60 years has the build
145/66; 2.3 (33); medium. A brother, who is a machinist, at 33 has the
formula 154/69; build 2.3 (33). Another brother, carpenter, at 30 years,
has the formula 145/70; build 2.1 (30); medium. A sister has the formula
136/65; build 2.2 (32); medium. The eldest brother, a farmer, at 55 years
has the formula 160/70; build 2.3 (33); medium. The Mother’s father, a
farmer, died of cerebral hemorrhage at 81 years; 170/72; build 2.3 (33);
medium. He had a brother, still living at 80 years, with a build 185/71;
build 2.6 (37); fleshy. The Mother’s mother, living at 81 years, has the
formula 140/64; build 2.4 (34); medium. Thus this side of the house is
prevailingly of medium build. There are 4 children:
III 1 ♂, a farmer, at 35 years, has the formula 140/69; build 2.1 (29);
slender; adjusted to 50 years, 2.14 (30). III 2 ♂, a teacher, at 30
years, 180/69; build 2.7 (38); fleshy; adjusted to 50 years, 2.8 (40).
III 3 ♂, a farmer, at 31 years, 175/68; build 2.7 (38); fleshy; adjusted
to 50 years, 2.8 (40). III 4 ♀, married, at 27 years, 150/63; build 2.7
(38); fleshy; adjusted to 50 years, 2.9 (42).
_Comment._—A mating of prevailingly medium stock with a medium parent
from fleshy ancestors yields one slender and 3 fleshy children (R:
Bea-17).
[Illustration: FIG. 41.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in
BEA-17 family.]
TABLE 31.—_Matings of two heterozygous parents of either medium or fleshy
build, together with the progeny, the F₂ generation._
+-----------+--+--+--+---------+-----+----+--+--------+----------------+
| | | | | | | | | | Offspring. |
| |FF|FM|F | Father’s| MF | MM |M |Mother’s+--+--+--+----+--+
| | | | | sibs. | | | | sibs. |VS|S |M | F |VF|
+-----------+--+--+--+---------+-----+----+--+--------+--+--+--+----+--+
|Group X, | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| M × M: | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Bea 17 |40|37|34|4 range |32[7]| 34 |33|4 range | | 1| |3[8]| |
| | | | | betw. 33| | | | 30 to | | | | | |
| | | | | and 37. | | | | 33. | | | | | |
|Cas 4 |39|29|34| |43 | 27 |34| | | | 3| 3 | |
|Smi |S |F |35|7M 1F |M |M[9]|33|1S 1M | | | | 1 | |
|War 3 |33|S |33| |41 | 26 |31| | | 3| 7| | |
|Whi 22 |41|27|32| |31 | 44 |36| | | | 2| | |
| +--+--+--+---------+-----+----+--+--------+--+--+--+----+--+
| Total | | | | | | | | | | 4|12| 7 | |
| | | | | | | | | +==+==+==+====+==+
|Group XI, | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| F × M: | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Cri 1 |37|26|34| |45 | 34 |39| | | | 2| | |
|Hor 5 |M |F |31| |M | F |42| | | | 6| 2 | |
|McF 2 |28| |39| |35 | 27 |32| | | 1| 2| 1 | |
|Mil 23 |30|37|38| |40 | 26 |33| | | | 1| 1 | |
|Ofi 1 |S |VF|33|6F 1VF | | |42|2M 3F | | 2| | | 1|
| | | | | | | | | 2VF | | | | | |
|Pot 4 |35|28|33| |29 | 43 |39| | | | 1| 2 | |
|Sta 7 |35|29|34| |37 | 44 |43| | | 1| 2| 3 | |
|Tra 4 |39|23|39| |37 | 30 |32| | | | 2| 3 | |
| +--+--+--+---------+-----+----+--+--------+--+--+--+----+--+
| Total | | | | | | | | | | 4|16|12 | 1|
| | | | | | | | | +==+==+==+====+==+
|Group XIII,| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| F × F: | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Ber | | |50|2S | | |39|1S 1VF | | | 2| 2 | 3|
|Hod A | | |43|1M 2F 1V | | 37 |38| | | 2| 1| 3 | 4|
| | | | | F | | | | | | | | | |
|Mor |S |F |VF| |F | F |39|All F1 | 1| 1| | 2 | 2|
| +--+--+--+---------+-----+----+--+--------+--+--+--+----+--+
| Total | | | | | | | | | 1| 3| 3| 7 |9 |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Grand | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| total | | | | | | | | | 1|11|31|26 |10|
+-----------+--+--+--+---------+-----+----+--+--------+--+--+--+----+--+
A, 36.58 ± 0.51.
S. D., 6.78 ± 0.26.
[7] MFB has an index of 37.
[8] All of grade 38.
[9] Her father fleshy, mother slender.
CAS-4 FAMILY.
A family of English stock, living in New York State. The Father, a farmer
and lumberman, had at 60 years the formula 160/69 inches; build 2.4 (34).
His father, also a farmer and lumberman, who died of old age at 71 years,
had at 38 years the formula 200/72 inches; build 2.7 (39). His mother,
who suffered in middle age from consumption, died at 34 years with the
formula 110/62 inches; build 2.0 (29).
The Mother, who died at 57 years from catarrh of the stomach, had at 40
years the formula 130/62 inches; build 2.4 (34). Her father, an iron
worker, who died at 75 years from fatty degeneration of heart, had the
formula 180/65 inches; build 3.0 (43). Her mother, who died at 77 years,
had the formula 100/61 inches; build 1.9 (27). The children:
1. Female, who suffered in middle life from rheumatism, had at 40 years
the formula 140/63 inches; build 2.5 (35); adjusted to 50 years, 146/63
inches; build 2.6 (37).
2. Female, had at 38 years the formula 120/63 inches; build 2.1 (30);
adjusted to 50 years 128/63 inches; build 2.3 (32).
3. Male, had at 35 years the formula 180/65.5 inches; build 3.0 (42);
adjusted to 50 years, 186/65.5 inches; build 3.0 (43).
4. Female, who suffered in youth from stomach trouble, had at 32 years
the formula 135/66 inches; build 2.2 (31); adjusted to 50 years; 147/66
inches; build 2.4 (34).
5. Male, who suffered in youth from stomach and bladder trouble, had at
29 years the formula 190/70.5 inches; build 2.7 (39); adjusted to 50
years, 202/70.5 inches; build 2.9 (41).
6. Male, had at 27 years the formula 155/70.5 inches; build 2.2 (31);
adjusted to 50 years, 169/70.5 inches; build 2.4 (34).
_Comment._—The 6 children vary greatly in index of build. The index
varies from 30 to 42, despite the similar build of the parents. But the
grandparents vary from 27 to 43. This case suggests the uniformity of F₁
and variability of F₂ (R: Cas-4).
SMI FAMILY.
The Father, of Scandinavian name and living in New York City, at 50 years
has a stature of 171 cm. (67 inches); weight 70 kg. (154 pounds); build
2.4 (34.5); medium. His father is said to have been slender, his mother
fleshy; his sibs intermediate; one fleshy after 48 years. The Mother, at
41 years, has a stature 162 cm. (64 inches); weight 61 kg. (136 pounds);
build 2.3 (33); medium; relative chest-girth 76/162, or 47 per cent. She
has a slender brother and one who is of more medium build. Their parents
were of medium build; their mother’s father was fleshy (build 2.7 or 39);
their mother’s mother was “slender.”
There is only one child of above mating. She was a full-term baby, who
weighed 3.8 kg. (8.5 pounds), somewhat above the average. She was always
plump as a child and, until 11 years of age, always well. Then she had
“disease of the tonsils” and of the kidneys (infection), grew thin
(weighing only 40 kg. [90 pounds]), and developed a chorea. After a year
she recovered and began to gain steadily in weight, and now at the age of
13.7 years she is 170 cm. (67 inches) tall, weighs 79 kg. (174 pounds)
and has a build of 2.7 (39); is fleshy. Relative chest-girth 102/170, or
60 per cent. Her arms and calves are relatively slender, as they have
recently been engaged in linear growth. She has monthly headaches. (Plate
9, fig. 5.)
_Comment._—It seems probable that this girl has received factors for
fleshiness from each medium parent, which have combined to give her a
full set of fleshy factors (73:736).
WAR-3 FAMILY.
A family descended from English and German stock, living in Pennsylvania
principally.
The Father, a nurseryman, had malarial fever at 40. He is now living at
67 years, with a formula 135/64 inches; build 2.3 (33). His father, a
nurseryman and horticulturist, died at 89 from a fall. His formula was
140/S; build, say, 2.3 (33). His mother, having had 5 sons, died at 42
from consumption; she was slender.
The Mother died, at 40, of child-birth. Her formula was 122/62 inches;
build 2.2 (31). Her father, a miller, had a temporary attack of
melancholia in middle age. He died at 75 from natural infirmities. His
formula was 200/70 inches; build 2.9 (41). Her mother, having had 5 sons
and 8 daughters, died of paralysis at 74. Her formula was 100/62 inches;
build 1.8 (26). Ten children are:
1. Male, at 43, has the formula 125/65.5 inches; build 2.0 (29); adjusted
to 55 years, 128/65.5 inches; build 2.1 (30).
2. Male, at 41, has the formula 138/68 inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted
to 55 years, 143/68 inches; build 2.2 (31).
3. Female, at 39, has the formula 120/63.5 inches; build 2.1 (30);
adjusted to 55 years, 126.5/63.5 inches; build 2.2 (31).
4. Male, at 36, has the formula 158/72 inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted
to 55 years, 165/72 inches; build 2.3 (32).
5. Male, at 33, has the formula 127/67 inches; build 2.0 (28); adjusted
to 55 years, 136/67 inches; build 2.1 (30).
6. Female, at 31, has the formula 110/64.5 inches; build 1.8 (26);
adjusted to 55 years, 122.5/64.5 inches; build 2.1 (30).
7. Male, at 29, has the formula 125/64 inches; build 2.2 (31); adjusted
to 55 years, 134/64 inches; build 2.3+ (33).
8. Female, at 27, has the formula 110/62.5 inches; build 2.0 (28);
adjusted to 55 years, 126/62.5 inches; build 2.3 (32).
9. Male, at 25 years, has the formula 138/68.5 inches; build 2.0 (29);
adjusted to 55 years, 152.5/68.5 inches; build 2.3 (33).
10. Female, at 23 years, has the formula 132/65 inches; build 2.2 (31);
adjusted to 55 years, 150/65 inches; build 2.5 (36).
_Comment._—Unadjusted, the indices range from 26 to 31; adjusted from
30 to 36. Using adjusted indices, 4 of the children are slenderer than
either parent; the parents are doubtless heterozygous in stature (R:
War-3).
WHI-22 FAMILY.
A family of English and German extraction, living partly in New York, but
mostly in Wisconsin and Minnesota.
The Father, who is a constructor, is living at 56 years, having the
formula 150/68 inches; build 2.3 (32). His father, who was a farmer and
laborer, suffered in middle age from partial paralysis, had one hand
amputated at 48 years, one foot at 72 years. He died at 79 years from
“stricture of the bladder,” having the formula 200/70 inches; build 2.9
(41). His mother, who is recorded to have suffered from no illness till
at 79 years she died from “progressive paralysis,” had the formula 110/64
inches; build 1.9 (27).
The Mother, who is recorded as always well, has at 54 years the formula
150/65 inches; build 2.5 (36). Her father, who was a farmer, is recorded
as always well, died at 55 years from paralysis, having the formula
150/70 inches; build 2.2 (31). Her mother, who was always well, died at
78 years from old age, having the formula 180/64 inches; build 3.1 (44).
Two grown children:
1. Male, who in youth suffered from adenoids, at 25 years has the formula
145/68 inches; build 2.2 (31); adjusted to 55 years, 159/68 inches; build
2.4 (34).
2. Female, a college student, has at 21 years the formula 110/65 inches;
build 1.8 (26); adjusted to 55 years, 129/65 inches; build 2.2 (31).
_Comment._—One of the children has a slighter build than the parents, but
may grow heavier (R: Whi-22).
CRI FAMILY. (Table XI).
A family of English extraction; earlier generations in Pennsylvania, the
last generation in Kansas. The Father, a lawyer, living at 48 years,
suffered in youth from pneumonia, in middle age from rheumatism, has the
formula 165/70 inches; build 2.4 (34). His father, a farmer, suffered
in middle age from rheumatism; at 75 years had one leg amputated below
the knee; died from “arterio-sclerosis ending in gangrene,” having the
formula at 74 years, 180/70 inches; build 2.6 (37). His mother, who
suffered from no illnesses, is living at 76 years, having the formula
110/65 inches; build 1.8 (26).
The Mother, who is subject to heart trouble and small goiter, is living
at 43 years, having the formula 145/61 inches; build 2.7 (39). Her 4
brothers are of medium height. Her father, a farmer and public official,
died from paralysis at 57 years, his formula being 190/65 inches; build
3.2 (45). Her mother, who in middle age suffered from heart trouble and
goiter, died at 65 years from heart failure, having the formula 150/66
inches; build 2.4 (34). The 2 grown children:
2. Female, at 21 years has the formula 125/64 inches; build 2.2 (31);
adjusted to 45 years, 140/64 inches; build 2.4 (34).
1. Female, died at 18 years from typhoid fever, having the formula 120/63
inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 45 years, 139/65 inches; build 2.3
(33).
_Comment._—Both the children have the build of the slighter parent (R:
Cri-1).
HOR-5 FAMILY.
A family of English extraction, living in the Middle States. The Father,
who is “superintendent of bridges and buildings on a railroad,” suffered
in youth from bilious fever. He has, at 70 years, the formula 140/67.5
inches; build 2.2 (31). One of his brothers died from “tuberculosis
of liver.” His father, who was a lumberman, died at 77 years from
“consumption of the bowels”; was of medium build. His mother died, at 78
years, from Bright’s disease; she was corpulent.
The Mother suffered in youth from bilious fever and pleurisy; is living,
at 58 years. Formula, 165/63 inches; build 2.9 (42). Her father, who was
a millwright, suffered in middle age from bilious fever and morphine
poisoning; left eye removed; died at 75 years from “pneumonia (tubercular
tendency)”; was of medium build. Her mother, who suffered in youth from
typhoid fever, in middle age from paralysis, died at 68 years from
paralysis; of fleshy build. Eight grown children:
1. Male, an electrical engineer, has, at 33 years, the formula 155/67
inches; build 2.4 (35); adjusted to 55 years, 164/67 inches; build 2.6
(37).
2. Female, who in youth suffered from “spinal and nerve trouble,” has
at 30 years the formula 115/63.8 inches; build 2.0 (28); adjusted to 55
years, 128/63.8 inches; build 2.2 (31).
3. Male, a civil engineer, suffered in youth from typho-malaria. Has
at 27 years the formula 157/64 inches; build 2.7 (38); adjusted to 55+
years, 168/64 inches; build 2.9 (41).
4. Female, who has at 25 years the formula 117/63 inches; build 2.1 (30);
adjusted to 55+ years, 134/63 inches; build 2.4 (34).
5. Male, an accountant, who in youth suffered from a “nervous collapse
due to a severe electrical shock,” has at 23 years the formula 145/69
inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 55+ years, 162/69 inches; build 2.4
(34).
6. Female, who in youth suffered from blood-poisoning, erysipelas, and
anemia, has at 21 years the formula 115/64 inches; build 2.0 (28);
adjusted to 55+ years, 133/64 inches; build 2.3 (33).
7. Male, a pattern-maker, who in youth suffered from hemorrhages, has
at 20 years the formula 130/67 inches; build 2.0 (29); adjusted to 55+
years, 150/69 inches; build 2.2 (32).
8. Male, at 18 years has the formula 135/67 inches; build 2.1 (30);
adjusted to 55+ years, 160/70 inches; build 2.3 (33).
_Comment._—The children’s indices range between the two parental indices
(R: Hor-5).
MCF-2 FAMILY.
A family of Irish extraction living in Maine. The Father, who was a
shipwright, died at 40 years as a result of an injury received in battle.
At 39 years he had the formula 180/68 inches; build 2.7 (39). His father
died at 82 years from a “general breakdown,” having the formula 145/72
inches; build 2.0 (28).
The Mother, who had 5 children, died at 74 years from apoplexy, having
the formula at 50 years, 130/64 inches; build 2.2 (32). Her father, who
was a farmer, died at 64 years from “fever,” having the formula 160/68
inches; build 2.4 (35). Her mother, who in middle age was “struck by
lightning,” died at 86 years from a “general breakdown,” having the
formula 115/65 inches; build 1.9 (27). The 4 children who grew up:
1. Male, a farmer, who had right arm and three fingers of left hand
amputated as result of a wound received in war, is living at 69 years,
having at 50 years the formula 140/66 inches; build 2.3 (32).
2. Female, who in middle age underwent an operation for gallstones, has
at 40 years the formula 110/63 inches; build 1.9 (28).
3. Male, a “master mariner,” has at 50 years the formula 170/66 inches;
build 2.7 (39).
4. Male, an attorney, has at 40 years the formula 160/67 inches; build
2.5 (36).
_Comment._—Three of the children have indices like that of the medium
parent; the other is somewhat fleshier (R: McF-2).
MIL-23 FAMILY.
A family of English extraction, living in New England and Ohio.
The Father, who is a clergyman, and who suffered in middle age from la
grippe, is living at 58 years. At 50 years he had the formula 180/68.5
inches; build 2.7 (38). His father, who was a preacher, died at 72 years.
At 50 years, formula 130/66 inches; build 2.1 (30). His mother, who had
4 children at 30 years, suffered from typhoid fever. At 50 years, her
formula 165/66.5 inches; build 2.6 (37).
The Mother, who has 2 children, suffered in middle age from pleurisy,
capillary bronchitis, and nervous prostration. At 50 years her formula,
122/60.5 inches; build 2.3 (33). Her father, who was a bank president,
suffered in youth from yellow fever (in West Indies), and in middle age
from rheumatism and Bright’s disease. At 50 years, his formula 180/67.5
inches; build 2.7 (40). Her mother, who in youth suffered from “lung
fever,” and in middle age from curvature of the spine and pleurisy,
died at 50 years from “anemic condition with tuberculosis, induced by
deformity.” At 40 years her formula 95/60 inches; build 1.9 (26). Two
children:
1. Female, a student, who in youth suffered from nervous troubles and
diphtheria, has at 33 years the formula 115/60.5 inches; build 2.2 (31);
adjusted to 50 years, 125/60.5 inches; build 2.4 (34).
2. Male, who in youth suffered from throat troubles, diphtheria, scarlet
fever, tonsillitis, during war had influenza, slightly gassed. He has
at 27 years the formula 180/72.5 inches; build 2.4 (34); adjusted to 50
years, 195/72.5 inches; build 2.6 (37).
_Comment._—Each child resembles a different parent (R: Mil-23).
OFI FAMILY, D. (Fig. 35.)
II 14 ♂, a Syrian, at 45 years, stature 165 cm. (65 inches), weight
63 kg. (139 pounds), build 2.3 (33), medium. He had 7 grown sibs,
as follows: II 1 ♀, short and fleshy; II 3 ♀, fleshy but probably
heterozygous; married to a slender man she has both fleshy and slender
children; II 4 ♂, fleshy. II 7 ♂, fleshy. II 10 ♀, inclined to be
fleshy but probably heterozygous, since she had both fleshy and slender
children. II 12 ♀, fleshy, but has some slender as well as medium
children. II 13 ♂, very fleshy. Of the foregoing fraternity the father
was slender and the mother very fleshy. From the builds of his parents
and the issue of his sibs we may conclude that II 14 carries factors for
slenderness.
II 15 ♀, the wife of II 14, at 38 years has a stature of 153 cm. (60
inches); weight 69 kg. (151 pounds); build 2.9 (42); fleshy (and has been
fleshier); her relative chest-girth is 61 per cent. She has had 7 sibs,
as follows: II 16 ♂, very fleshy; II 17 ♀, at 50 years, stature 151 cm.
(59 inches); weighs 56 kg. (124 pounds); build 2.5 (36); medium; relative
chest-girth 63 per cent; II 18 ♀, “plump.” II 20 ♀, very fleshy and has 3
slender children; II 21 ♀, “plump.” II 22 ♂, of medium build. II 23 ♀, at
31 years, stature 150 cm. (59 inches); weight 69 kg. (151 pounds); build
3.0 (43); fleshy; relative chest-girth 67 per cent.
The father of the foregoing fraternity was slender and the mother fleshy.
Hence it seems probable that some or all of the mother’s fraternity carry
a gene for slenderness.
The children of II 14 and 15 are 4 in number. III 14 ♀, at 16 years has
stature of 157 cm. (62 inches); weight 44 kg. (97 pounds); build 1.9
(27); slender; III 15 ♀, 15 years, stature 145 cm. (57 inches); weight 85
kg. (187 pounds); build 4.0 (57); very fleshy; relative chest-girth, 78
per cent; she began to grow fleshy at 5 years; is a very heavy eater; III
16 ♀, 9 years, is slender, and III 17 was at 4 years a very fat baby, but
is now a slender child.
_Comment._—Slenderness and fleshiness occur in the same fraternity; the
eventual proportions can not yet be stated, since two of the children are
very young (73:697).
POT-4 FAMILY.
A family of British extraction; living chiefly in Illinois.
The Father, who is a farmer, suffered in youth from typhoid fever; is
living at 52 years, having the formula 150/67 inches; build 2.3 (33).
His father, who was a farmer and in middle age subject to heart trouble,
died at 57 years from heart failure. His formula 170/70 inches; build 2.4
(35). His mother, who has always been well, is living at 77 years, having
at 74 years the formula 105/61 inches; build 2.0 (28).
The Mother, who has 5 children, has always been well. She is living at 48
years, having the formula 165/65 inches; build 2.7 (39). Her father, who
was a farmer, in middle age suffered from a nervous breakdown; he died at
71 years of apoplexy, having the formula 150/72 inches; build 2.0 (29).
Her mother, who died at 67 years from erysipelas, had the formula 200/68
inches; build 3.0 (43). Three grown children:
1. Male, a chemist, always well, has at 24 years the formula 160/71
inches; build 2.2 (32); adjusted to 50 years, 177/71 inches; build 2.5
(35).
2. Male, farmer, always well, has at 22 years the formula 155/66.5
inches; build 2.5 (35); adjusted to 50 years, 168/66.5 inches; build 2.7
(38).
3. Female, a student at college, always well, has at 18 years the formula
135/64 inches; build 2.3 (33); adjusted to 50 years, 156/64 inches; build
2.7 (38).
_Comment._—The children’s builds lie between those of the parents (R:
Pot-4).
STA-7 FAMILY.
A family of German extraction, living in the Central States.
The Father, who is a farmer, suffered in middle age from sciatic
rheumatism; he is living at 69 years, having the formula 165/70 inches;
build 2.4 (34). His father, who was a farmer, was always well; he died
from apoplexy at 87 years, having the formula 155/67 inches; build 2.4
(35). His mother died from heart trouble at 69 years, having the formula
130/67 inches; build 2.0 (29).
The Mother has always been well; she is living, at 59 years, having the
formula 165/62 inches; build 3.0 (43). Her father, who was a carpenter
and farmer, was always well; he died from “old age, hard work, and
exposure” at 73 years, having the formula 170/68 inches; build 2.6 (37).
Her mother, who was always well, died from apoplexy at 72 years, having
the formula 170/62 inches; build 3.1 (44). Six children:
1. Male, who is a real-estate agent, always well, has at 34 years the
formula 166/70 inches; build 2.4 (34); adjusted to 65 years, 174/70
inches; build 2.5 (36).
2. Female, married, has always been well, has at 32 years the formula
118/M; build, say, 2.1 (30).
3. Female, a school teacher, suffered in youth from appendicitis, has at
29 years the formula 124/S; build, say, 2.3 (33).
4. Male, a teacher, in youth suffered from typhoid fever; has at 28 years
the formula 162/69 inches; build 2.4 (34); adjusted to 65 years, 175/69
inches; build 2.6 (37).
5. Male (twin of No. 4), a salesman, has at 28 years the formula 160/68
inches; build 2.4 (35); adjusted to 65 years, 172/68 inches; build 2.6
(37).
6. Male, a teacher, always well; at 24 years has the formula 162/69
inches; build 2.4 (34); adjusted to 65 years, 178/69 inches; build 2.6
(37).
_Comment._—The children are fairly uniform in build, mostly falling in
the medium class (R: Sta-7).
TRA-4 FAMILY.
A family of English extraction, living in Canada and the eastern United
States.
The Father, who was a station-master, died at 86 years from diabetes,
having the formula 200/72 inches; build 2.7 (39). He was a first cousin
to his wife. His father, who was a “customs-house officer,” died at 72
years from “typhoid pneumonia,” having the formula 200/72 inches; build
2.7 (39). His mother, who had 1 child, was always well, died at 91 years
from “old age.” Formula, 90/63 inches; build 1.6 (23).
The Mother, who had 6 children, was “never very strong—nervous,”
suffered in middle age from acromegalia and diabetes mellitus, iritis,
and cataract. She died at 65 years from acromegalia, having the formula
140/66 inches; build 2.3 (32). One of her sisters died at 26 years from
epilepsy; one brother died from apoplexy, “very tall and stout.” Her
father, who was a “clerk in a freight office,” died at 76 years from
pneumonia, having the formula 190/72 inches; build 2.6 (37). Her mother,
who had a weak heart, died at 89 years from old age and apoplectic
strokes; formula, 120/M; build, say, 2.1 (30). Five grown children:
1. Female, has at 47 years the formula 140/66 inches; build 2.2 (32);
adjusted to 55 years, 142/66 inches; build 2.3 (33).
2. Male, who is a telegraph operator, suffered in youth from dyspepsia,
has at 45 years the formula 190/71 inches; build 2.7 (38); adjusted to 55
years, 192/71 inches; build 2.7 (38).
3. Male, a telegraph operator, who in youth suffered from rheumatic
fever, has at 44 years the formula 210/71 inches; build 3.0 (42).
4. Female, a physician, has at 42 years the formula 135/68 inches; build
29; adjusted to 55 years, 143/68 inches; build 2.3 (32).
5. Male, a draughtsman, always well, has at 39 years the formula 210/73
inches; build 2.7 (39); adjusted to 55 years, formula 216/73 inches;
build 2.9 (41).
_Comment._—The children are variable (like the grandparents), ranging
from medium to fleshy (R: Tra-4).
BER FAMILY. (Fig. 42.)
I 5, J. B., male, born in Germany, was 175 cm. tall (68.9 inches) and
weighed 108.8 kg. (240 pounds); build 3.5 (50). He died at 79 years of
Bright’s disease. He had 2 sisters who were slender. His wife was 152 cm.
(59.8 inches) tall and weighed 63.5 kg. (140 pounds), build 2.7 (39). One
of her brothers was 183 cm. (72 inches) tall and weighed 113 kg. (250
pounds); build 3.4 (48); but another brother was slender, about 2.1 (30).
This mating may or may not be of heterozygous parents.
There were 7 children who grew up. II 4, male, 176 cm (69 inches) tall
and weighing at the time of his death (at 50 years from “heart disease”)
about 215 kg. (475 pounds); build 7.0 (100), an extraordinarily obese
man. This man was fleshy as a child. The next brother (II 6) remained
single, dying at 45 years. His stature 170 cm. (67 inches) and weight 77
kg. (170 pounds); build 2.7 (38). The next brother, II 7, died at 54,
single. He was 183 cm. (72 inches) tall and weighed 118 kg. (260 pounds);
build 3.5 (50); thus very fleshy. The next brother (II 8) was slender as
a child and began to put on flesh at 19 years. His stature is 175 cm.
(69 inches). At 25 he weighed 93 kg. (205 pounds); at 33 years, 115 kg.;
at 35 years, 136 kg.; at 41 years, 163 kg.; at 52, 172 kg. and now at
57 years over 180 kg. or 400 pounds. This increase of weight occurred
despite dieting and reducing exercises. He is a very hearty eater. He is
fat all over the body, especially hips, abdomen, and shoulders. He has
remained single.
Next in order is II 10, who died at 46 years of rheumatism of the heart.
She was 175 cm. (69 inches) tall and weighed 73 kg. (160 pounds); build
2.4 (34) or medium. Last was a pair of twins. II 11, male, 182 cm. (72
inches) tall and weighs 79 kg. (176 pounds); build 2.4 (34); thus medium.
The other twin, II 12, is a woman, who at 38 is 165 cm. (65 inches) tall
and weighs about 82 kg. (180 pounds); build 3.0 (43). She is thus fleshy.
_Comment._—Thus 5 of the fraternity are fleshy (2 enormously obese) and
2 are of medium build. Thus we have a proportion of 2 medium to 5 very
fleshy, approaching a 1:3 ratio; or a ratio may be recognized of 2
medium, 3 fleshy to very fleshy, and 2 obese; approximately a 1:2:1 ratio
(73:646).
[Illustration: FIG. 42.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in
BER family.]
HOD-A FAMILY.
A family of English extraction from Illinois. The Father, at 84 years,
had the formula 230/69 inches; build 3.4 (48). Of his 4 sibs: (1)
brother, at 60 years had the formula 200/70 inches; build 2.9 (41); (2)
sister, at 65 years, 200/64 inches; build 3.4 (49); (3) sister, at 68
years, 180/66 inches; build 2.9 (41); (4) sister, at 60 years, 130/60
inches; build 2.5 (36).
The Mother, at 50 years, 150/63 inches; build 2.7 (38). Her mother, at
86, had the formula 150/64 inches; build 2.6 (37). The 10 children are:
1. Male, at 55 years had the formula 242/69 inches; build 3.6 (51).
2. Male, at 60 years, 125/66 inches; build 2.0 (28).
3. Male, at 21 years, 180/69 inches; build 2.7 (38); adjusted to 55
years, 199/69 inches; build 3.0 (42).
4. Male, at 49 years, 210/67 inches; build 3.3 (47).
5. Male, at 45 years, 190/67 inches; build 3.0 (42).
6. Male, at 47 years, 225/69 inches; build 3.3 (47).
7. Male, at 37 years, 180/66 inches; build 2.9 (41); adjusted to 55
years, 185/66 inches; build 3.0 (43).
8. Female, at 57 years, 125/64 inches; build 2.2 (31).
9. Female, at 53 years, 115/64 inches; build 2.0 (28).
10. Female, at 39 years, had the formula 200/65 inches; build 3.3 (47);
adjusted to 55 years, 206/65 inches; build 3.4 (49).
_Comment._—This pedigree has a special interest because the original
data gave the Father’s build as 26 and the Mother’s as 28. This led to
correspondence which yielded the revised results according to which this
fraternity is the progeny of parents who grew fleshy in their later
years, stout instead of slender parents. Of the 10 children, 2 are
slender, 1 medium, 3 stout, and 4 very stout (S: Hod-A).
MOR FAMILY. (Fig. 24.)
III 13 ♂, short, in middle life weighed 90 kg. (200 pounds); very fleshy.
In later life he has grown slenderer. His mother was fleshy, like
himself, but his father was slender; consequently he is heterozygous.
III 14 ♀, wife of above, is less than 153 cm. (60 inches) tall and
weighs about 63 kg. (140 pounds); build 2.7 (39); fleshy. At the time of
her marriage she weighed 43 kg. (96 pounds); build 1.9 (27); slender.
Nevertheless, III 14 apparently contains some non-fleshy genes, as
indicated by her 6 children:
(1) IV 10 ♀, was stout as a child; when married at 24 years she weighed
75 kg. (164 pounds); build 2.7 (39); fleshy. Now, at 41 years, she is 161
cm. (63.5 inches) tall, and weighs, net, 93 kg. (206 pounds); build 3.6
(52); very fleshy. For the past 7 years her weight has been invariable.
Her net relative chest-girth is 108/161 = 68 per cent. She married a man
of build 3.7 (53), very fleshy, of relative chest-girth of 69 per cent.
He is one of a fraternity of 7, of whom 5 are fleshy, 1 medium, and 1
slender. Their 2 children are (_a_) ♂, who weighed 7.5 kg. (16.5 pounds)
at birth, instead of the average of about 3 kg., and died at the age of
2 days, requiring a casket large enough for a year-old child; (_b_) ♀,
at 13 years is 152 cm. (60 inches) tall, and weighs 63 kg. (139 pounds);
build 2.7 (39); fleshy; relative chest-girth 97/152, or 64 per cent. She
weighed 5.6 kg. at birth, grew slenderer to 5 years, and since then
stouter. This seems like a pure line for fleshiness.
(2) IV 12 ♂, is of about the build 2.6 (37) or slightly fleshy.
(3) IV 15 ♀, at 47 years is 153 cm. (60 inches) tall, and weighs 75 kg.
(165 pounds); build 3.2 (46); very fleshy. Like her mother, she was
slender until 39 years of age.
(4) IV 17 ♀, at 44 years is slightly fleshy.
(5) IV 19 ♀, is tall and “very slender”; by a very slender husband she
has 3 children, all slender.
(6) IV 20 ♀, at 38 years is slender.
_Comment._—Thus, of the 6 children, 1 is very slender, 1 is slender, 2
fleshy, and 2 very fleshy—an exceedingly variable progeny. Evidently some
of the gametes from both parents are responsible for the result (73:690).
REMARKS.
The mating of two heterozygous parents produces, in general, an
exceptionally variable progeny. This is one of the strongest evidences of
the presence of genetical factors in build. The result can not, so far as
I can see, be adequately explained on any other than the genetical basis.
As an illustration of such variability in full sibs, plate 9, figure 4,
is striking. Such differences are frequently found in the offspring of
heterozygous parents.
Mating 2. OTHER MEDIUM × MEDIUM MATINGS (Table X).
This mating is important for deciding between the hypotheses (_a_) that
medium build is the heterozygous condition between slender and fleshy;
(_b_) that “medium” represents an hereditary type (biotype) as truly as
slender does; (_c_) that the “medium” group is a combination of cases of
the heterozygous condition and a distinct biotype.
First, it appears that the mating is the commonest one in our records,
except medium × fleshy. But this is to be expected, inasmuch as the
medium grade of build is the commonest grade.
Second, the variability of the progeny is small, 4.05 ± 0.11. The only
mating that has a less variable progeny is S × S, 2.41 ± 0.17. This
result, shown in table 12, indicates that the persons of medium build
are, for the most part, not heterozygous, but belong to a distinct
biotype. On the other hand, M × M matings from table X, selected mostly
on account of dissimilar build of parents, give progeny distributed
nearly in a 1:2:1 ratio, such as is got in the second generation of
a monohybrid. It seems probable, accordingly, that hypothesis (_c_)
is correct, but that the cases of medium that belong to a distinct
biotype are much more numerous than the cases of medium parents who are
heterozygous.
SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION.
The matings selected because most obviously adapted to give an F₂ progeny
produced an offspring about one-third more variable than the F₁ progeny.
The wide range of variability of the F₂ progeny is more in accordance
with the hypothesis of 6 zygotic factors for build than that of 4 zygotic
factors.
The mating of two “medium-build” parents gives a progeny that is not
very variable in build; not more variable than the progeny of the S ×
F mating. The result is like that obtained in studies in heredity of
stature, where the progeny of the M × M was not extremely variable.
This result, in the case of build, that the medium build is relatively
invariable, suggests that some persons of medium build really belong to a
biotype in which fleshy build is due to 4-zygotic factors, and that such
parents are zygotically of the AAbb type, and produce offspring of whom
100 per cent are again of that type. Examples would seem to be found in
the following families with 4 or more children: Bat-2, Bea-7, Kel-4a,
Old-2, Rig-1, War-3. There is, of course, genetical justification for
the assumption that the same character may in certain strains be due to
3 gametic factors, in others to only 2. This is especially well shown in
susceptibility to tumor-growth of mice.
CLASS V. THE “BACK-CROSS.”
The mating of heterozygous individuals with the “pure” recessives of
the parental stock, as well as with “pure” dominants, is an important
procedure in genetics, in order to determine the number of factors
involved in the trait. This mating is of especial importance in detecting
“crossing over,” but our data are insufficient to permit use for this
purpose. Though the total of our data is considerable, yet the nature
of traits due to multiple factors is such that the table has to be
broken up into a large number of small ones, of which the “constants”
are subject to large probable errors. It seems best to distinguish two
kinds of matings: (1) heterozygous medium or fleshy × slender, and (2)
heterozygous fleshy × fleshy (or very fleshy) of fleshy stock.
Mating 1. HETEROZYGOUS MEDIUM OR FLESHY × SLENDER.
The data for this analysis are in table 32, which contains the apparently
most significant matings from Appendix tables III, IV, and VIII.
The totals of table 32, _b_ + _c_, give the following proportions: 3 VS,
26 S, 36 M, 20 F, 4 VF.
The matings of 4-factor and 2-factor parents respectively give a
distribution of two types. Uniting these (on the assumption that they are
equally numerous), we get proportions as follows: 3 VS, 25 S, 44 M, 25 F,
3 VF.
This theoretical series is of the same general type as that given by the
data, and the agreement (considering all of the unknown factors) is
fairly close. The details of the family histories included in table 32
are given below.
TABLE 32.—_Matings of a heterozygous parent, of either medium or
fleshy build, and a slender parent, together with the progeny of this
back-cross._
+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
| (_a_) FROM TABLE III, VS × M (S). |
+-------+-----------------------------------------+-------------------+
| | Parentage. | Offspring. |
| +----+----+--+--------+---+---+--+--------+---+---+---+---+---+
| Ref. | | | |Father’s| | | |Mother’s| | | | | |
| | FF | FM |F | sibs. |MF |MM |M | sibs. |VS | S | M | F |VF |
+-------+----+----+--+--------+---+---+--+--------+---+---+---+---+---+
|Ach 2 | 32 | 33 |32| |32 |27 |25| | | 1 | 2 | | |
|Bic 1 | 29 | 35 |34| |M |S |25|4t | | 1 | 2 | | |
|Gru 1 | M | M |31|1t |M |S |24| | | 1 | 1 | | |
|Ise 2 | 26 | 31 |31| |31 |27 |23| | | 2 | 5 | | |
|Mil A | 39 | 28 |36|1S 1M 3F|35 |30 |22| | 1 | | 3 | 3 | |
|Wit 2 | 26 | M |33| |M |t |22|2t | | 2 | 1 | | |
| | | | | | | | | +---+---+---+---+---+
| Total | | | | | | | | | 1 | 7 |14 | 3 | |
+-------+----+----+--+--------+---+---+--+--------+---+---+---+---+---+
| A, 32.34 ± 0.59. S. D., 4.38 ± 0.42. |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
| (_b_) FROM TABLE IV, VS × F (S). |
+-------+----+----+--+--------+---+---+--+--------+---+---+---+---+---+
|Hol A | | |39| | | |23| | 1 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 1 |
|Law A | 34 | |43| |35 | |24|1S 1M 2F| | 2 | 1 | 1 | |
|Wat 5 | | |37|1F | |S |25|4S | | 1 | 3 | 1 | |
+-------+----+----+--+--------+---+---+--+--------+---+---+---+---+---+
| (_c_) IN PART FROM TABLE VIII, S × F (S). |
+-------+----+----+--+--------+---+---+--+--------+---+---+---+---+---+
|Gui 3 | | |27| |34 |30 |39| | | 1 | 3 | 3 | |
|Hok 1 | 36 | S |37| |31 |35 |27| | | | 2 | | |
|Hot 1 | M | S |30| |S |S |40| | | | 1 | | |
|Hul 2 | 34 | 25 |30| |35 |27 |37| | 2 | 4 | 1 | | |
|Kie | | |S | | | |F | | | 2 | | 2 | |
|Leo (a)| S | S |S |4S |F |S |51|3S 3F | | | | 1 | |
|Leo (b)| | |S | | | |51| | | 2 | | 1 | 3 |
|Lyn 2 | S | F |37| |S |M |29| | | | 1 | | |
|Mer B | 47 | 27 |40| |37 |36 |25| | | 1 | 3 | 1 | |
|Mor (a)| | |50| | | |S | | | |10 | 3 | |
|Mor (b)| | |S | |F |F |F |2S 2F | | 4 | | | |
|Mor (c)| F | M |F |1S 1M 4F| | |S |1S | | 2 | | | |
|Pad 1 | 31 | 35 |28| |33 |23 |37| | | | | 1 | |
|Rid 1 |F(?)|M(?)|42|3F |S |S |S | | | 2 | | | |
|Rom 1 | S | F |38|3t |F |M |28| | | | 6 | 1 | |
|Van | | |42|1S 1F | | |S |1M | | 2 | | 3 | |
|Wat | S | F |27| |26 |45 |40| | | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| +----+----+--+ +---+---+--+ +---+---+---+---+---+
| Total | | | | | | | | | 3 |26 |36 |20 | 4 |
+-------+----+----+--+--------+---+---+--+--------+---+---+---+---+---+
| A, 33.67 ± 0.40. S. D., 5.58 ± 0.28. |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
ACH-2 FAMILY.
A family of English and probable Scotch stock. The family residence
is now located in Oregon, in which State the 3 children of the third
generation were born. The Father, a mechanic, inclined to rheumatism and
nervousness, has at 50 years the formula 150/69 inches; build 2.3 (32).
His sibs are all tall (and presumably slender). His father, a farmer,
died when 78 years old, having at 40 years the formula 150/69 inches;
build 2.2 (32). His mother, after having borne 6 sons and 5 daughters,
died of cancer at 70 years. At that time she had the formula 125/62
inches; build 2.3 (33). Thus, the Father’s fraternity, though their
parents were of medium build, apparently carries a slender tendency.
The Mother suffers from “rheumatism”; she is “always busy” and is living
at 51 years, with the formula 93/61 inches; build 1.8 (25). Her father,
a farmer, died at 82 with the formula 150/69 inches; build 2.2 (32). Her
mother, having had 5 sons and 4 daughters, died of “heart trouble” at 42
years. She had the formula 100/61 inches; build 1.9 (27). Thus this side
of the house inclines toward slenderness. The 3 children are:
1. Female, a bookkeeper and “nervous,” at 26 has the formula 95/65
inches; build 1.6 (23); adjusted to 50 years, 112/65 inches; build 1.8
(27).
2. Female, a bookkeeper, and “energetic” and “nervous,” at 22 has the
formula 120/67 inches; build 1.9 (27); adjusted to 50 years, 139/67
inches; build 2.2 (31).
3. Female, a bookkeeper and “energetic, impulsive, and agile,” has at 23
the formula 112/63 inches; build 1.9 (28); adjusted to 50 years, 129/63
inches; build 2.3 (33).
_Comment._—A medium Father of medium and slender stock marries a
slender, nervous woman who has a slender mother. One of the children is
exceptionally slender and two are slender according to the unadjusted
index. It is very doubtful if the most slender child would ever acquire
the adjusted index of 27, though children Nos. 2 and 3, energetic and
agile at 23 and 22 years respectively, with builds 1.9 (28) and 2.0 (27),
may well acquire a medium build by maturity if they become less active
(R: Ach-2).
BIC-1 FAMILY.
A family of English and French extraction living mostly in Kentucky
and Indiana. The Father, a newspaper publisher, suffered in youth from
typhoid fever. He is living at 52 years, having at 45 years the formula
175/72 inches; build 2.4 (34). His father, a justice of the peace, died
at 39 years from pulmonary tuberculosis contracted during the Civil War.
At 26 years he had the formula 140/70 inches; build 20 (29). His mother,
who had 4 children, suffered in middle age from cancer. She is living at
76 years. At 40 years her formula was 160/68 inches; build 2.4 (35). Thus
the father is of mixed ancestry; he is probably heterozygous in respect
to build.
The Mother has been subject to tuberculosis of throat and lungs. She is
living at 51 years, having at 45 years the formula 102/64 inches; build
1.7 (24). Four of her sibs died from tuberculosis of throat and lungs.
Her father, a revenue collector, suffered in youth from rheumatism and in
middle age from “very bad throat trouble.” He died at 85 years from old
age. At 45 years he was of medium build. Her mother, who had 9 children,
always well, died at 85 years from malignant tumor. At 45 years she was
slender. This side of the house is very slender, largely on account of
tuberculosis. The grandfather is of medium build; the grandmother was
nervously active and slender. The 3 children:
1. Female, a social worker, who in youth suffered from diphtheria,
tonsillitis, and adenoids, has at 23 years the formula 105/64 inches;
build 1.8 (26); adjusted to 45 years, 2.1 (29). (R: Bic-1.)
2. Female, a college graduate, who in youth suffered from tonsillitis,
scarlet fever, and appendicitis and had a tendency to consumption, has
at 22 years the formula 126/66 inches; build 2.0 (29); adjusted to 45
years, 142/66 inches; build 2.3 (33).
3. Female, a student, who has a “nervous temperament,” has at 18 years
the formula 124/67 inches; build 2.0 (28); adjusted to 45 years, 143/67
inches; build 2.3 (32).
_Comment._—The tuberculous tendency of the Mother’s fraternity and of the
Father’s father reappears in at least one of the children. None is as
slender as the Mother, and all approach the medium grade (R: Bic-1).
GRU-1 FAMILY.
A family of English and German extraction living mostly in Pennsylvania
and New Jersey. The Father, a school-teacher and principal, is living
at 52 years, having had at 45 years the formula 134/66 inches; build
2.2 (31). One of his brothers died of “consumption” and was apparently
slender. His father, a farmer, often mentally depressed, is living at 75
years, and has a “medium” build. His mother, who had 10 children, and who
suffered in middle age from rheumatism, is living at 73 years, and is of
“medium” build. Thus the paternal inheritance is toward medium build; the
father possibly heterozygous.
The Mother suffered in middle age from inflammatory rheumatism; she has
at 40 years the formula 106/66 inches; build 1.7 (24). Her father, a
farmer, of medium build, died at 77 years from pneumonia. Her mother, who
had 6 children, died at 77 years from arterio-sclerosis; she was slender.
Thus the maternal build is prevailingly slender, though the grandfather
is of medium build. The 3 children:
1. Female, a teacher, who in youth suffered from diphtheria, has at 20
years the formula 110/65 inches; build 1.8 (26); adjusted to 42 years,
125/65 inches; build 2.1 (30).
2. Female, a student, who in youth suffered from infantile paralysis, has
at 18 years the formula 120/64 inches; build 2.1 (29); adjusted to 42
years, 136/64 inches; build 2.3 (33).
3. Female, at 13 years, has already the build of her next older sister.
_Comment._—All the children have a heavier build than the slenderer
parent and approach a medium build (R: Gru-1).
ISE-2 FAMILY.
A family of Swiss and French origin living in Kansas. The Father, who is
of Swiss parentage, a farmer, is living at 86 years, having the formula
150/68 inches; build 2.3 (32). His father, a farmer, died of consumption,
having the formula 120/68 inches; build 1.8 (26). His mother, who had
8 children, died at 82 years from pneumonia, having the formula 130/65
inches; build 2.2 (31). This side of the house is of mixed slender-medium
build.
The Mother, who has had 11 children, is of French-Swiss stock and has
been a farmer’s wife in Kansas. She has been operated upon for glaucoma,
is living at 72 years, and has the formula 88/62 inches; build 1.6 (23).
Her father, a farmer, died from neuralgia of heart, having the formula
130/65 inches; build 2.2 (31). Her mother, who had 3 children, died at
46 years, suddenly, perhaps from appendicitis, having the formula 115/65
inches; build 1.9 (27). The maternal side of the house has thus a build
ranging from very slender to slender-medium. The 8 children about whom
information is given are:
1. Male, a college professor, died at 42 years after an operation for
appendicitis, having the formula 125/68 inches; build 1.9 (27); adjusted
to 55+ years, 129/68 inches; build 2.0 (28).
2. Female, a librarian, who in youth suffered from pneumonia, in middle
age from a nervous breakdown, has at 47 years the formula 112/60 inches;
build 2.2 (31).
3. Female, a stenographer, who in middle age suffered from fever (in
Africa), has at 45 years the formula 117/63 inches; build 2.1 (30).
4. Male, a college professor, always well, has at 41 years the formula
170/70 inches; build 2.4 (35); adjusted to 55+ years, 175/70 inches;
build 2.5 (36).
5. Male, a merchant, has at 39 years the formula 160/70 inches; build 2.3
(33); adjusted to 55+ years, 166/70 inches; build 2.4 (34).
6. Male, a merchant, who in youth suffered from acute rheumatism and
leakage of heart, has at 36 years the formula 165/72 inches; build 2.2
(32); adjusted to 55+ years, 172/72 inches; build 2.3 (33).
7. Male, an editor, who in middle age has suffered from pleurisy and
pneumonia, has at 33 years the formula 150/71 inches; build 2.1 (30);
adjusted to 55+ years, 159/71 inches; build 2.2 (32).
8. Male, a newspaper reporter, of unknown build.
_Comment._—All children, except the first, who was of a nervous, active
type and died prematurely, are of medium build, mostly slightly fleshier
than the stockier parent (R: Ise-2).
MIL-A FAMILY.
A family probably of old American (English) stock, living in Los Angeles,
California. The Father, at 70 years, had the formula 170/68.5 inches;
build 2.5 (36). Of his sibs, 1 is slender, 1 medium, and 4 are fleshy.
His father, at 70 years, had the formula 180/68 inches; build 2.7 (39).
His mother, at 70 years, had the formula 120/66 inches; build 1.9 (28).
Thus the Father is of mixed fleshy and slender origin.
The Mother, at 85 years, had the formula 100/67 inches; build 1.6 (22).
Her father, at 70 years, 175/70 inches; build 2.5 (35). Her mother, at 70
years, 135/67 inches; build 2.1 (30). Thus, the maternal parent is very
slender with slender to medium grandparents. The 6 children are:
1. Male, at 56 years, has the formula 224/72 inches; build 3.1 (43).
2. Male, at 53 years, 190/72 inches; build 2.6 (37).
3. Female, at 27 years, 130/67 inches; build 2.0 (29); adjusted to 55
years, 148/67 inches; build 2.3 (33).
4. Female, at 64 years, 100/68 inches; build 1.5 (22).
5. Female, at 50 years, 140/67 inches; build 2.2 (31).
6. Female, at 59 years, 190/67 inches; build 3.0 (42).
_Comment._—The children vary from slender to fleshy; thus two have a
heavier build than any ancestor described (S:Mil-A).
WIT-2 FAMILY.
A family of English and Irish extraction; paternal grandparents living
in the Middle States and California. The Father, a merchant, suffered
in middle age from pneumonia. He is living at 75 years. At 70 years his
formula was 155/69 inches; build 2.3 (33). His father, a farmer, died
at 86 years from dropsy. At 70 years his formula was 140/73 inches;
build 1.8 (26). His mother, who had 8 children, died from consumption.
At 50 years she was of medium build. Thus this side of the house is
prevailingly of medium build, but the Father’s father was slender,
consequently the Father is probably heterozygous for build.
The Mother suffered in middle age from insanity and consumption, having
the formula 100/68 inches; build 1.5 (22). Two of her 4 sibs who reached
maturity died from consumption. Their father, a farmer, died at 74
years from bladder trouble. At 50 years he was of medium build. Their
mother, who had 4 children, died from consumption. In this family the
very slender stature is probably controlled by lung tuberculosis. The 3
children are:
1. Male, a machinist, who was accidentally killed at 19 years, 145/69
inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 55 years, 168/71 inches; build 2.4
(34).
2. Male, retired, who in youth suffered from dysentery and pneumonia;
in middle age from indigestion, internal catarrh, tuberculosis,
appendicitis, and malaria, has at 44 years the formula 140/69.5 inches;
build 2.0 (29).
3. Female, who was “very healthy” in youth, but in middle age had mental
“nervous troubles,” has at 40 years the formula 100/64 inches; build 1.7
(24); adjusted to 55 years, 106/64 inches; build 1.8 (26).
_Comment._—The children of this mating are mixed slender to medium; one
of the children is feeble-minded and is very slender; one who is slender
has had active tuberculosis and much other illness; the third, who died
at 19, had an average build. The record is complicated by disease (R:
Wit-2).
HOL-A FAMILY.
A family from Illinois. The Father at 55 years has the formula: 180/68
inches; build 2.7 (39).
The Mother, at 50 years, has the formula: 100/66 inches; build 1.6 (23).
The 9 children are:
(1) Female, at 30 years, has the formula 180/65 inches; build 3.0 (43);
adjusted to 55 years, 194/65 inches; build 3.2 (46).
(2) Male, at 30 years, 130/66 inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 55
years, 139/66 inches; build 2.3 (32).
(3) Male, at 27 years, 170/68 inches; build 2.6 (37); adjusted to 55
years, 183/68 inches; build 2.8 (40).
(4) Male, at 25 years, 165/74 inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 55
years, 184/74 inches; build 2.4 (34).
(5) Male, at 29 years, 140/68 inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 55
years, 151/68 inches; build 2.3 (33).
(6) Male, at 26 years, 125/72 inches; build 1.7 (24).
(7) Female, at 24 years, 140/69 inches; build 2.1 (29); adjusted to 55
years, 161/69 inches; build 2.4 (34).
(8) Female, at 22 years, 110/72 inches; build 1.5 (21); adjusted to 55
years, 130/72 inches; build 1.8 (25).
(9) Female, at 20 years, has the formula 100/64 inches; build 1.7 (24);
adjusted to 55 years, 119/64 inches; build 2.0 (29).
_Comment._—The children vary greatly from very slender to stout or even,
adjusted, to very stout. One of them is much stouter than either parent.
Probably the Father is heterozygous (S:Hol-A).
LAW-A FAMILY.
A family from Georgia. The Father, at 30 years, had the formula 200/68
inches; build 3.0 (43). His brothers were “all stout.” His father, at 30
years, had the formula 160/69 inches; build 2.4 (34). The fleshy father
carries factors for at least medium build.
The Mother, at 30 years, had the formula 100/65 inches; build 1.7 (24).
Her brothers were all of “medium” build. Her sisters are: 1 slender, 1
medium, and 2 fleshy. Their father, at 30 years, had the formula 170/70
inches; build 2.4 (35). The 4 children:
1. Male, at 30 years, had the formula 190/68 inches; build 2.9 (41).
2. Female, at 30 years, 110/61 inches; build 2.1 (30).
3. Female, at 30 years, 100/60 inches; build 2.0 (28).
4. Female, at 30 years, 130/61 inches; build 2.5 (35).
_Comment._—A fleshy man of medium stock has by a very slender woman of
mixed stock in respect to build, 4 children—2 slender, 1 medium, and 1
fleshy (S:Law-A).
WAT-5 FAMILY.
A family of English extraction; grandparents living in Massachusetts,
Michigan, England, Utah, and Montana; parents and children living in Utah
and Montana. The Father, a miner, suffered in middle age from pneumonia
and died at 64 years from chronic bronchitis. At 60 years his formula was
190/72 inches; build 2.6 (37). His father, a farmer, died at 37 years.
The Father had a fleshy sister, at least 3 of whose children were fleshy.
His mother died at 38 years. Apparently, a fleshy strain on the Father’s
father’s side; Father’s mother’s side unknown.
The Mother, who had 7 children, suffered in youth from scarlet fever and
lung fever, is living at 60 years, having the formula 107/65.5 inches;
build 1.8 (25). Her 4 sibs are “thin.” Their father, a lawyer, suffered
at 23 years from scarlet fever, died from an accident at 42. Two of his
sibs were “very large” and tall. Her mother, who had 9 children, died
at 76 years from pneumonia; she was slender and so was her sister. Thus
the slender Mother has both slender and fleshy close relations. The 5
children who grew up are:
1. Female, married, who in youth suffered from scarlet fever, has at 37
years the formula 109/67 inches; build 1.7 (24); adjusted to 55 years,
119/67 inches; build 1.9 (27).
2. Male, a miner, who in youth suffered from scarlet fever, tonsillitis,
and throat trouble, has at 34 years the formula 185/71 inches; build 2.6
(37); adjusted to 55 years, 193/71 inches; build 2.7 (38).
3. Female, married, who in youth suffered from scarlet fever, has, at 31
years, the formula 128/66 inches; build 2.0 (29); adjusted to 55 years,
143/66 inches; build 2.3 (33).
4. Female, married, who in youth suffered from throat trouble, underwent
a tonsillectomy and appendectomy, has at 25 years the formula 120/65.5
inches; build 2.0 (28); adjusted to 55 years, 138/65.5 inches; build 2.3
(32).
5. Female, married, has at 21 years, the formula 120/65.5 inches; build
2.0 (28); adjusted to 55 years, 140/65.5 inches; build 2.3 (33).
_Comment._—The adjusted build of the children show 1 slender (unadjusted,
very slender), 3 medium, and 1 fleshy, suggesting a heterozygous
parentage. This family has been placed in this category, despite
absence of information about the Father’s parents, because of the great
variability of the children (R: Wat-5).
GUI-3 FAMILY.
A family of Scandinavian extraction, living mostly in Kansas. The Father,
a farmer, who suffered in middle age from asthma, has at 74 years the
formula 125/68 inches; build 1.9 (27).
The Mother has at 60 years the formula 150/62 inches; build 2.7 (39). Her
father, a farmer, died at 83 years from senile dementia. At 75 years his
formula was 150/S inches; build, say, 2.4 (34). Her mother, who had 6
children, died at 84 years, “probably senility.” At 75 years her formula
was 120/M inches; build, say, 2.1 (30). The 8 children:
1. Female, married, suffered in youth and middle age from heart trouble,
following rheumatism. At 40 years she has the formula 110/62 inches;
build 2.0 (29); adjusted to 55 years, 116/62 inches; build 2.1 (30).
2. Male, a farmer, who in youth suffered from rheumatism, has at 33 years
the formula 135/67 inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 55 years, 144/67
inches; build 2.3 (33).
3. Male, who died at 16 years from operation for rectal tumor.
4. Male, a real-estate dealer, who in youth suffered from asthma, has
at 33 years the formula 135/67 inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 55+
years, 144/67 inches; build 2.3 (33).
5. Female, a nurse, who in youth suffered from anterior poliomyelitis
(complete recovery), has at 31 years the formula 150/64 inches; build 2.6
(37); adjusted to 55 years, 162/64 inches; build 2.7 (39).
6. Male, a farmer, has at 29 years the formula 153/70 inches; build 2.2
(31); adjusted to 55 years, 166/70 inches; build 2.4 (34).
7. Female, has at 27 years the formula 150/65 inches; build 2.5 (36);
adjusted to 55 years, 166/65 inches; build 2.7 (39).
8. Male, a farmer, has at 24 years the formula 150/67 inches; build 2.3
(33); adjusted to 55+ years, 164/67 inches; build 2.6 (37).
_Comment._—One-half of the children may be expected to exceed the mean
build of the parents, and 2 to equal or exceed the fleshy build of the
Mother (R: Gui-3).
HOK-1 FAMILY.
A family of German and English extraction, living in Illinois, Colorado,
and Iowa. The Father, who is a carpenter, always well, is living at 63
years, having the formula 180/70 inches; build 2.6 (37). His father, who
was a manufacturer, always well, died at 72 years from a fistula. At 72
years his formula 175/70 inches; build 2.5 (36). The father’s mother died
at about 48 years; was of slender build.
The Mother, always well, has at 62 years the formula 105/62 inches;
build 1.9 (27). Her father, who was a coal-mine owner, died at 46 years
from exposure during Civil War. At 45 years his formula 140/67 inches;
build 2.2 (31). Her mother, always well, died at 87 years from old age.
Formula, 145/64 inches; build 2.5 (35). Two grown children:
1. Male, a surveyor, who in youth suffered from typhoid, has at 34 years
the formula 160/70 inches; build 2.3 (33); adjusted to 55+ years, 168/70
inches; build 2.4 (34).
2. Male, always well, has at 26 years the formula 165/72 inches; build
2.2 (32); adjusted to 55 years, 181/72 inches; build 2.5 (35).
_Comment._—Both children are of medium build, fairly close to that of the
fleshier parent (R: Hok-1).
HOT-1 FAMILY.
A family of English extraction, living mostly in New York State. The
Father, who is a carpenter, suffered in middle age from pneumonia. He is
living at 51 years, having the formula 150/71 inches; build 2.1 (30). His
father, who was a farmer, died at 69 years from apoplexy; was of medium
build. His mother, who had 6 children, at 50 years was slender.
The Mother is living at 50 years, having the formula 150/61 inches;
build 2.8 (40). Her father, who was a grocer, suffered in youth from
rheumatism; in middle age from typhoid fever. He died at 61 years from
Bright’s disease. At 61 years he was slender. Her mother, who had 3
children, was always well. She died at 79 years from cerebral hemorrhage;
she was said to be slender.
One son, a teacher, always well, has at 25 years the formula 140/67
inches; build 2.2 (31); adjusted to 50 years, 151/67 inches; build 2.3
(33).
_Comment._—The son is intermediate in build between the parents (R:
Hot-1).
HUL-2 FAMILY.
A rural New York family of prevailingly English origin. The Father, a
business man, always well, had, at 50 years, the formula 140/68 inches;
build 2.1 (30). His father, who died of “rheumatism of the stomach” at
80 years, had the formula 160/69 inches; build 2.4 (34). His mother, who
died at 82 years of old age, with dropsical tendencies, had the formula
95/62 inches; build 1.7 (25). This family has a build at or below the
average.
The Mother, who suffered much from sick headache and “rheumatism,” and in
later years from diabetes mellitus, had, at 50 years, the formula 150/64
inches; build 2.6 (37). Her father, who suffered from migraine, had the
formula 155/67 inches; build 2.4 (35). Her mother, always well, died at
78 years of gradual decay; her formula, at 50 years, 115/65 inches; build
1.9 (27). The Mother is doubtless heterozygous. There are 7 children:
1. Female, who has had pneumonia and suffers from migraine, has, at 38,
the formula 100/62.5 inches; build 1.8 (26).
2. Female, a teacher, married, at 37 years, 115/65 inches; build 1.9 (27).
3. Female, married, and died at 35 years of Addison’s disease, 105/65
inches; build 1.8 (25).
4. Female, who has been operated on for tubercular neck glands, at 34
years, 115/62 inches; build 2.1 (30).
5. Female, who suffered in youth from tachycardia, at 28 years, 100/65.5
inches; build 1.6 (23).
6. Female, who has suffered from migraine and rheumatism and had an
attack of pneumonia, at 27 years, 115/64 inches; build 2.0 (28); adjusted
to 50 years, 119/64 inches; build 2.0 (29).
7. Male, well, at 20 years, 140/67 inches; build 2.2 (31); adjusted to 50
years, 158/68 inches; build 2.4 (34).
_Comment._—On the whole the children are _below_ the average build, like
the slender parent (R: Hul-2).
KIE FAMILY. (Fig. 43.)
II 1 ♂, a slender German. His wife, II 2 ♀, fleshy. Their 4 children of
whose build something is known: III 1 ♂, fleshy; III 2 ♂, slender, over
6 feet tall, married to a fleshy woman, has 6 tall, slender daughters.
III 4 ♀, died of “heart disease”; slender. III 7 ♂, died at 56 of cancer
of the lungs, weight in health 82 kg. (180 pounds); stature 178 cm. (70
inches); build 2.6 (37), fleshy. Thus 2 are fleshy and 2 slender.
_Comment._—From the variability of the offspring we infer that the fleshy
Mother was heterozygous in build (73-670).
[Illustration: FIG. 43.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in
the KIE family.]
LEO FAMILY, A. (Fig. 23.)
II 7 ♂, slender with 4 slender sibs. Their parents both slender. His
wife, II 8 ♀, at 36 years, has a stature of 152 cm. (60 inches); weight
84 kg. (184 pounds); build 3.6 (51); very fleshy; relative chest-girth
112/52, or 74 per cent. She has 3 fleshy and 2 slender sibs. Of their
parents one was fleshy and one slender. Thus II 8 is heterozygous.
III 4, the only child, at 9 years, has a relative chest-girth of 57 per
cent; fleshy.
LEO FAMILY, B.
I 5 ♂, slender, and I 6 ♀, whose build is about 3.6 (51), or very fleshy,
have 6 children of whom something is known, as follows: II 8 ♀, build 3.6
(51), very fleshy; II 11 ♀, fleshy; II 15 ♀, slender; II 16 ♀, slender,
married to a slender man and has 3 slender children; II 12 ♂, of medium
stature and 95 kg. (210 pounds) weight; build, say, 3.2 (45); very
fleshy; II 13 ♀, of tall stature and 91 kg. (200 pounds) weight; build,
say, 3.2 (46); very fleshy. Thus there are 3 very fleshy, 1 fleshy, and
2 slender children. The Mother’s heterozygosity is inferred from the
variability of the progeny in build.
II 14 ♂, fleshy, and II 15 ♀, slender, have 2 sons, both slender (73:676).
LYN-2 FAMILY.
A family of prevailingly English stock, living in Illinois and Nebraska.
The Father, who was a farmer and school-teacher, died at 65 years from
cancer of stomach. Formula, 150/64 inches; build 2.6 (37). His father,
who was a farmer, died at 76 years from pneumonia; he was slender. His
mother, who had 10 children, is living and is corpulent. Thus the Father
is heterozygous.
The Mother, who has 1 child, has at 49 years the formula 120/64 inches;
build 2.1 (29). Her father, who is a carpenter, always well, is at 70
years slender. Her mother, who had 4 children, died at 36 years from
pneumonia; she was of medium build. One child, female, a kindergarten
teacher, has at 19 years the formula 110/63 inches; build 2.0 (28);
adjusted to 55+ years, 130/63 inches; build 2.3 (33).
_Comment._—The child is now like the slender parent and will probably
increase somewhat in build (R: Lyn-2).
MER-B FAMILY.
A family of English extraction from Rochester, New York. The Father, at
21 years, had the formula 200/71 inches; build 2.8 (40). His father had
the formula 250/73 inches; build 3.3 (47). His mother had the formula
130/70 inches; build 1.9 (27).
The Mother, at 21 years, had the formula 96/61 inches; build 1.8 (25).
Her father had the formula 170/68 inches; build 2.6 (37). Her mother had
the formula 150/65 inches; build 2.5 (36). Five children:
1. Male, at 21 years, had the formula 175/68 inches; build 2.7 (38).
2. Male, at 21 years, 170/72 inches; build 2.3 (33).
3. Female, 140/64 inches; build 2.4 (34).
4. Female, 130/65 inches; build 2.2 (31).
5. Female, 130/67 inches; build 2.0 (29).
_Comment._—All 5 children are intermediate between the parents; 1 is
fleshy, 1 slender (S:Mer-B).
MOR FAMILY. (Fig. 24.)
(_a_) II 1 ♂, stature 181 cm. (71 inches); weight 13 kg. (200 pounds);
build 3.5 (50); very fleshy. Married II 2, a slender woman. They had 7
sons, 2 fleshy, 5 medium, and 6 daughters, 1 fleshy and 5 medium. Thus 3
fleshy and 10 of medium build. To save space only 5 are represented in
figure 24.
(_b_) IV 16 ♂, slender, married IV 17 ♀, fleshy, who has 2 fleshy and 2
slender sibs; and both parents fleshy. They have 4 living children, all
slender.
(_c_) IV 5 ♂, fleshy with 4 fleshy, 1 medium, and 1 slender sibs and a
fleshy and medium parent; married IV 6, slender, with a slender sister.
They had 2 sons, both slender (73:690).
PAD-1 FAMILY.
A family of English extraction, living in the middle West. The Father, a
horticulturist, subject in middle life to catarrh, is living at 55 years,
having had at 50 years the formula 145/72 inches; build 2.0 (28). His
father, a farmer, who in youth suffered from measles and bronchitis, and
in middle age from liver trouble, died at 59 years from complication of
stomach and liver diseases. At 55 years his formula 145/68 inches; build
2.2 (31). His mother is living at 80 years, having the formula 160/68
inches; build 2.4 (35).
The Mother, at 49 years, had the formula 145/63 inches; build 2.6 (37).
Her father, a merchant and farmer, suffered in youth from typhoid fever
and congestion of the brain. He died at 86 years from old age, having had
at 70 years the formula 170/72 inches; build 2.3 (33). Her mother died at
83 years of old age, having the formula 95/64 inches; build 1.6 (23). The
only grown child is a male, a student, who in youth suffered from measles
and catarrh, has at 21 years the formula 155/67 inches; build 2.4 (35);
adjusted to 50 years, 171/67.5 inches; build 2.6 (37).
_Comment._—The only grown child is like his stouter parent in build (R:
Pad-1).
ROM-1 FAMILY.
A family of prevailing English stock, living in Ohio, Indiana, Illinois,
and Kansas. The Father, who is a lawyer, has at 72 years the formula
170/67 inches; build 2.7 (38). Three of his brothers died at 26 years, 41
years, and 22 years respectively, from tuberculosis; all were of medium
height. Their father, who was a “farmer and blacksmith,” died at 76 years
from Bright’s disease; was slender. Their mother, who had 5 children,
died at 55 years from “tuberculosis of the liver”; was corpulent. The
Father is doubtless heterozygous in build.
The Mother has at 67 years the formula 119/65 inches; build 2.0 (28).
One of her sisters, who was tall, died from “quick consumption”; another
from diabetes; another from dropsy. Two of her brothers, tall, died from
hardening of the arteries, another from “leakage of the heart,” and
another from dropsy. Their father, who was a miller, died at 76 years—“a
complication of diseases (asthma).” He was corpulent. Their mother, who
had 10 children, died at 72 years from pneumonia; was of medium build.
The 7 children are:
1. Female, married, who in middle age suffered from rheumatism, has at 44
years the formula 155/64 inches; build 2.7 (38); adjusted to 55 years,
158/64 inches; build 2.7 (39).
2. Male, a farmer, who in youth suffered from malarial fever, has at 41
years the formula 150/68 inches; build 2.3 (32); adjusted to 55 years,
155/68 inches; build 2.4 (34).
3. Male, a farmer, has at 38 years the formula 155/68 inches; build 2.4
(34); adjusted to 55 years, 161/68 inches; build 2.5 (35).
4. Male, who died at 18 years from diphtheria, having the formula 145/72
inches; build 2.0 (28); adjusted to 55 years, 171/72 inches; build 2.3
(33).
5. Female, married, has at 31 years the formula 115/65 inches; build 1.9
(27); adjusted to 55 years, 132/65 inches; build 2.2 (31).
6. Male, a farmer, has at 28 years the formula 160/71 inches; build 2.2
(32); adjusted to 55 years, 174/71 inches; build 2.4 (35).
7. Female, a student, who in youth suffered from tonsillitis, scarlet
fever, and other “children’s” diseases, has at 22 years the formula
118/64 inches; build 2.0 (29); adjusted to 55 years, 136/64 inches; build
2.3 (33).
_Comment._—All except one on the adjusted weights equal or exceed the
mid-parent index. One of the 7 children is as fleshy as the fleshier
parent (R: Rom-1).
RID FAMILY. (Fig. 48.)
III 9 ♂, at 59 years, stature 157 cm. (62 inches); weight 73 kg. (160
pounds); build 2.9 (42); fleshy; “as fat as butter when a child.” He
has 3 fleshy sibs and his parents are dissimilar in build; hence he is
heterozygous; married to III 10 ♀, slender, of two slender parents.
Of their 2 children, IV 3 ♀, at 30 years is slender; IV 4 ♂, at 16 years,
slender (73:727).
VAN FAMILY. (Fig. 44.)
I 3 ♂, died at 51 years of heart disease, stature 170 cm. (67 inches);
weight 86 kg. (190 pounds); build 3.0 (42); fleshy. He was one of a
fraternity of 8 of whom something is known of the following: I 1 ♂,
slender; I 2 ♂, stature 183 (72 inches); weight 90 kg. (200 pounds);
build 2.7 (38.5); fleshy; slender as a child. I 3, married I 4, who died
at 32, was tall, slender, angular. A brother is of medium build.
They have 5 children: II 1 ♂, died at 53 years of indigestion; stature
189 cm. (74 inches); weight 90 kg. (200 pounds); build 2.6 (37); fleshy.
II 2 ♀, always slender. II 3 ♀, slender. II 4 ♂, at 54, stature 175 cm.
(69 inches); weight 88 kg. (194 pounds); build 2.9 (41); fleshy. Relative
chest-girth 108 ÷ 175, or 62 per cent. He first began to increase in
build at 22 years and at 30 years had his present build; loses weight
after vigorous exercise. He married a woman (II 5) who, like himself, was
slender in youth, but began to grow fleshy at 39, and now has a build
of 2.9 (41). She has 2 slender, 2 fleshy, and 2 very fleshy sibs, and
her parents were both very fleshy. The foregoing couple (II 4, 5) have
2 children who grew up. III 1 ♀ at 28 years, keeps slender by constant
dieting. III 2 ♂ (one of twins) at 25 years, very slender, nervous, and
irritable. The children have not yet reached the age when their mother
became fleshy.
Finally, II 7 ♀, at 50 years, is 170 cm. (67 inches) tall and weighs 88
kg. (195 pounds); build 3.1 (43); fleshy. She was slender up to 27 years
of age. She is married to a somewhat fleshy man and their daughter at 27
is of medium build, but beginning to grow fleshy.
_Comment._—The mating of a man of build 3.0, of a fraternity that is
variable in build, and a woman of slender build yields grown children
with following builds: 2.6, “slender,” “slender,” 2.9 (slender in youth),
and 3.1 (slender in youth). Three of the five become fleshy, but probably
only late in life—the heterozygous reaction (73:745).
[Illustration: FIG. 44.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in
VAN family.]
WAT FAMILY.
A family of English extraction living in Wyoming. The Father, who has
tuberculosis, has the formula 125/68 inches; build 1.9 (27). His father
was slender and of average height. His mother was fleshy and of average
height.
The Mother had at 50 the formula 165/64 inches; build 2.8 (40), but
averaged usually from 120 to 128 pounds. She had stomach trouble. Her
father, an invalid and sufferer from tuberculosis, rheumatism, neuralgia,
heart trouble, and dropsy, had the formula 120/68 inches; build 1.8
(26). His weight varied from 102 to 120 pounds; very slender. Her mother,
who had a goiter of which she was cured, and quinsy, had the formula
140/56 inches; build 3.1 (45). The mother’s father’s father had the
formula 180/73.5 inches; build 2.3 (33). His weight varied from 180 to
200 pounds. He was muscular, not fat. The Mother’s father’s mother was
always thin and had the formula 115/65 inches; build 1.9 (27). She had
liver trouble and cancer of the face. The Mother’s mother’s father had
cancer of the face and underwent an operation for it. His formula was
125/65 inches; build 2.1 (30). The Mother’s mother’s mother had at 70
years the formula 160/67 inches; build 2.5 (36). She grew heavier in
middle age. The children are:
1. Male, liable to tuberculosis, has at 24 years the formula 134/67.5
inches; build 2.1 (30).
2. Male, has weak lungs; has at 22 years the formula 170/67.5 inches;
build 2.6 (37).
3. Male, has at 18 years the formula 126/68 inches; build 1.9 (27).
_Comment._—The children show the usual variability that arises from this
type of mating (D:Wat.).
Mating 2. FLESHY × HETEROZYGOUS FLESHY PARENTS.
This includes matings between a heterozygous parent of fleshy build and a
very fleshy (or fleshy) parent of fleshy stock; a back-cross to the more
nearly dominant type.
The matings of this type are as shown in table 33.
TABLE 33.—_Matings between a probably homozygous fleshy and a
heterozygous fleshy parent, together with the progeny of this back-cross._
+--------+---------------------------------------+---------------------+
| | Parentage. | Offspring. |
| +--+--+---+---------+--+--+---+---------+--+---+----+----+----+
| Ref. | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| |FF|FM| F | Father’s|MF|MM| M | Mother’s|VS| S | M | F | VF |
| | | | | sibs. | | | | sibs. | | | | | |
+--------+--+--+---+---------+--+--+---+---------+--+---+----+----+----+
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Hud |28|46| 45| |38|35| 40| | | | 1 | 1 | 2 |
|Jon 11c |29|49| 39|1VF 3F 5M|37|42| 39|2F 4M | | | 1 | 8 | 1 |
|Pal |F |M | 43|1S 3F 1VF| | | 40| | | | 2 | | 1 |
|Rec (a) |S | | 40|2F | | |100|2F 1S | | | 1 | 2 | 3 |
|Rec (b) |F |S |40F| |F |VF| 57|2VF 2F 1M| | | | | 1 |
|Rid | |F | 56| |S | |49±|4F 2M | | 1 | | 3 | 3 |
|Smi |VF| | VF| |M | | 48|1F | | 1 | | 3 | 3 |
|The 1 |30|31| F |1F 4S |33|33| 34|2S 1M | | | 3 | 4 | 3 |
|Wen |46|M | 46| |M |M | 37|2F | | | 6 | | 2 |
| +--+--+---+ +--+--+---+ +--+---+----+----+----+
| Total | | 2 | 14 | 21 | 19 |
|Proportions | |3.6|25.0|37.5|33.9|
+--------+--+--+---+---------+--+--+---+---------+--+---+----+----+----+
A = 40.48 ± 0.57.
S. D. 6.36 ± 0.41.
These 9 matings yielded 56 children, with the following percentage
distribution: 4 S, 25 M, 37 F, 34 VF. The 6-zygotic-factor mating 5 × 3
(both possibilities) gives a percentage distribution of 3 S, 25 M, 43 F,
28 VF, which approximates that found.
Attention is called to the distribution of offspring in the Pal, Rid,
Smi, and Wen families. In these families the children are of two extreme
types; intermediates are absent. The result may be due merely to small
numbers, but it suggests the presence of two sorts of gametes in the
heterozygous parent and hence a tendency to segregation in the offspring.
HUD FAMILY. (Fig. 45.)
The Father’s (II 7) build is 3.2 (45); very fleshy; his father’s (I 1)
was 2.0 (28) and his mother’s 3.2 (46). Thus the Father is heterozygous.
The Mother’s (II 8) build is 2.8 (40). Her father’s build was 2.7 (38),
fleshy; and her mother’s 2.5 (35); medium fleshy. The Mother’s 7 sibs
have builds ranging between 2.5 (35) and 3.2 (46); principally fleshy to
very fleshy. So this may be regarded as a back-cross of a heterozygous
parent with a fleshy one of fleshy stock. Of the 4 children, 1 is
medium-fleshy (III 11) with a build of 2.5 (36), 1 is fleshy (III 10)
2.7 (38), and two very fleshy; build 3.2 (45); thus the build of the
offspring is varied, but prevailing very fleshy.
[Illustration: FIG. 45.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in
the HUD family.]
JON-11C FAMILY. (Fig. 46.)
A family of Welsh extraction living chiefly in New York State and Ohio.
The Father (II 10), a farmer, suffered in middle age from “rupture,” and
died at 88 years from “old age,” having the formula 150/62 inches; build
2.7 (39). Of his 9 sibs:
1. Brother, died at 70 years from “dissipation,” having the formula
175/68.5 inches; build 2.6 (36).
2. Brother, who died at 53 years from “inflammation of kidneys and
dyspepsia,” had the formula 125/63 inches; build 2.2 (31).
3. Sister, who died at 68 years from Bright’s disease, 140/57 inches;
build 3.0 (43).
4. Sister, who died at 74 years from “flux,” 150/58 inches; build 3.1
(44).
5. Sister, who died at 75 years from Bright’s disease, 120/59 inches;
build 2.4 (34).
6. Sister, who died at 60 years from Bright’s disease, 118/59.5 inches;
build 2.3 (33).
7. Sister, who died at 73 years, 135/64 inches; build 2.3 (33).
8. Brother, who died from typhoid fever at 44 years, 175/68 inches; build
2.7 (38).
9. Brother, 150/62 inches; build 2.7 (39).
Their father, a farmer, suffered in middle age from “hernia”; died of
heart trouble at 65 years, having the formula 120/64.5 inches; build 2.0
(29). Their mother died at 77 years from pneumonia, having the formula
160/57 inches; build 3.5 (49).
The Mother suffered from “nervousness” before marriage, then not troubled
with it again till menopause. She died of “heart trouble, dropsy,
paralysis, and nervousness” at 80 years, having the formula 150/62
inches; build 2.7 (39). Of her 8 sibs:
1. Brother, who died from “congestive chill,” was 67 inches in height.
2. Brother, who died at 56 years from “old age,” 180/71 inches; build 2.5
(36).
3. Brother, who died at 81 years from “poor circulation” and stomach
trouble, had the formula 170/71 inches; build 2.4 (34).
4. Brother, who died from pneumonia at 45 years, 180/70 inches; build 2.6
(37).
5. Brother, who died from “kidney trouble” at 40 years, 170/70 inches;
build 2.4 (35).
6. Brother, who died at 57 years from “abscess on liver,” 160/69 inches;
build 2.4 (34).
7. Sister, who died at 25 years from “child-birth.”
8. Sister, who died at 72 years from “overdose of medicine,” 165/67
inches; build 2.6 (37).
Their father, a farmer and cabinet-maker all his life, died at 83 years
from paralysis, having the formula 200/74 inches; build 2.6 (37). Their
mother, who in middle age suffered from dropsy and palsy, died at 83
years from “old age.” Her formula was 160/62 inches; build 2.9 (42).
The 10 children:
1. Male, a farmer, recorded as always well, has at 66 years the formula
165/67 inches; build 2.6 (37).
2. Female, who in youth suffered from “ague, flux, erysipelas, cholera
morbus,” has at 65 years the formula 130/59 inches; build 2.6 (37).
3. Female, who in youth suffered from asthma, has at 63 years the formula
150/61 inches; build 2.8 (40).
4. Male, a lawyer, who in youth suffered from scarlet fever, and middle
age from “acquired neurasthenia,” has at 59 years the formula 190/70
inches; build 2.7 (39).
5. Female, a school-teacher, who died at 20 years from typhoid fever, had
the formula 120/61 inches; build 2.3 (32); adjusted to 55 years, 139/61
inches; build 2.6 (37).
6. Female, who suffered in youth from scarlet fever and in middle age
from typhoid and kidney trouble, has always been “nervous,” has at 55
years the formula 150/61 inches; build 2.8 (40).
7. Male, a farmer and “shopman,” who in youth suffered from Bright’s
disease, has at 53 years the formula 170/67.5 inches; build 2.6 (37).
8. Female, who at 17 years had fever, lost her mind, has not been well
since—“gradual mental deterioration.” At 51 years she has the formula
170/62 inches; build 3.1 (44).
9. Female, who in youth suffered from “thrush,” and in middle life from
malarial fever and gradual mental deterioration, has at 51 years the
formula 116/57.5 inches; build 2.4 (35).
10. Female, who at 48 years has the formula 165/63 inches; build 2.9 (42).
_Comment._—This is an extraordinarily valuable pedigree furnished by a
member of the family who has taken great pains with the record. Both
parents are of middle-fleshy build (39). The Father’s fraternity shows
sibs: 5 medium, 4 fleshy, and 1 very fleshy. This is associated with
semi-dwarfishness, one of the sisters being only 57 inches in stature and
one of the brothers only 63 inches. _One of their parents is slender;
one obese._ The Mother’s fraternity comprises 4 persons of medium
build and 3 stout. Their _parents are both fleshy_. The “children” are
remarkably uniform. Since they all, except one, reached the parental age,
no “adjustment” is necessary; they can be compared directly. One is of
medium build, 8 are stout like their parents (including the adjusted age
of the girl who died at 20), and 1 is just over the line of being very
stout (44), like her paternal aunt and a little less than her Father’s
mother. Here the obesity has skipped a generation in the direct line,
possibly because the Father was phenotypically reduced in build, perhaps
because of his advanced age (88). This circumstance offers, however,
no theoretical difficulty. The uniformity of the progeny favors the
hypothesis that in this family there are only two independent factors for
fleshy build (R: Jon-11_c_).
[Illustration: FIG. 46.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in
the JON-11C family.]
PAL FAMILY. (Fig. 25.)
A family living in a small town in good circumstances. III 9 ♂, a farmer,
who at 67 years is 173 cm. (68 inches) tall, weighs around 90 kg. or 200
pounds; build 3.0 (43); fleshy; net relative chest-girth 120/173, or 71
per cent. This near-obese man was slender as a boy and began to grow
fleshy at 30 years of age. There are 5 others in his fraternity: (1)
III 7 ♂, a physician, at 71 years is 178 cm. (70 inches) tall, weighs
over 90 kg. (200 pounds); build 2.9 (41); fleshy; relative chest-girth
119/178, or 67 per cent. He is doubtless heterozygous for build, since,
by a slender wife, he has 2 fleshy and 2 slender children. (2) III 8 ♀,
married, at 69 years has stature 157 cm. (62 inches); weight 75 kg. (155
pounds); build 2.8 (40); fleshy; relative chest-girth 107/157, or 68 per
cent. By a man of medium build she has 1 fleshy, 1 medium, and 3 slender
children.[10] (3) III 11 ♂, at 65 years has a stature of 175 cm. (69
inches); weight 61 kg. (135 pounds); build 2.0 (28); slender. (4) III 5
♂, at 62 years, stature 178 cm. (70 inches); weight 95 kg. (210 pounds);
build 3.0 (43); fleshy. His relative chest-girth 117/178, or 66 per cent.
As a boy he was of medium build; at about 30 years, like III 7, he began
to grow fleshy, and is now dieting for diabetes (?). By a fleshy wife,
whose sibs vary in build, he has 2 fleshy children and 1 of medium build.
(5) III 12, at 59 years has a stature of 168 cm. (66 inches) and weight
of 102 kg. (224 pounds); build 3.6 (52); very fleshy. By a husband of
medium build she has 1 slender and 1 medium child.[10]
[10] Not shown in figure 25.
The father (II 5) of this fraternity, who died at 87 years of cancer of
the face, was fleshy. He had 5 brothers, all of whom lived to be over 80
years of age and who all, save 1, weighed over 90 kg. (200 pounds). The
mother (II 6) of the man’s fraternity died at 64 of pneumonia; she was of
medium build, and her 4 sibs were of medium build. Thus all her children
were probably somewhat heterozygous, including III 9, the father of 3.
III 10, the wife of III 9, is 178 cm. tall and weighs over 90 kg.; build
2.8 (40+); fleshy.
Of the 3 children: (1) IV 7 ♂ at 44 is of medium build. By a slender wife
he had a daughter who at 22 years has a build 2.4 (34); medium build. (2)
IV 10 ♀, at 42 years, has a stature of 163 cm. (64 inches) and weight of
over 115 kg. (250+ pounds); build 4.3 (61+); obese. She married a slender
man, and 1 of their 9 children, at 19 years, weighs over 90 kg. (200
pounds). (3) IV 11 ♂ is a medium weight; he married a slender woman and
has 4 children who are of medium build.
_Comment._—A fleshy Father, who is heterozygous for build, and his fleshy
wife (of unknown gametic composition) have 1 obese child and 2 children
of medium build (73:704).
REC FAMILY, A. (Fig. 47.)
II 5 ♂ died at 84 years of “heart disease.” His stature was 188 cm. (74
inches) and weight 100 kg. (220 pounds); build 2.8 (40); fleshy. He had
a fleshy brother and sister. Their father was a slender man, but nothing
is known about their mother. II 5 married II 6, who died at 58 years of
bronchial pneumonia. Her formula, 360/60 inches; build of 7.0 (100); very
obese. She has 1 very fleshy and 1 fleshy sister and a slender brother.
This fleshy pair had 6 offspring, as follows: (1) III 2 ♀ (plate 9,
fig. 2), build 4.0 (57), relative chest-girth, 90 per cent. She is the
obese mother (by a fleshy, 2.8 (40), consort) of a slightly less obese
daughter, of build 3.7 (53) (plate 9, fig. 3). (2) III 3 ♂, 170 cm. (67
inches) tall, and weighing 91 kg. (200 pounds); build 3.1 (45); very
fleshy. He is now at a State institution and weighs some 20 or 30 pounds
less. (3) III 4 ♂, build about 2.4 (34); medium. (4) III 5 ♂, very
fleshy. (5) III 6 ♂, about 183 cm. (72 inches) tall, weighs over 90 kg.
(200 pounds); has very large shoulders and abdomen; build, say, 2.8 (40).
(6) III 8 ♀, at 36 years has a stature of 168 cm. (66 inches) and weight
of 71 kg. (157 pounds); build 2.7 (38); fleshy. Her relative chest-girth
is 52 per cent. She married a man of build 3.4 (48) and has 3 sons—2
slender and 1 fleshy.
_Comment._—The parents II 5 and II 6 were probably heterozygous, so that
they produced 1 in 6 of medium build. Also, their children are mostly
heterozygous. Of 8 grandchildren, 2 are slender, 2 are stout (73:714).
[Illustration: FIG. 47.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in
REC family.]
REC FAMILY, B. (Fig. 47.)
III 1 ♂, fleshy, with a fleshy father and slender mother, married to
III 2 ♀ (plate 9, fig. 2), who at 53 years has a stature of 150 cm.
(59 inches) and weight of much over 90 kg. (200 pounds); build 4.0
(57); obese. Her relative chest-girth is 135/150, or 90 per cent;
extraordinarily obese. At 16, when married, she weighed 110 pounds; build
2.2 (32); medium. 4 of her 4 sibs and both parents are exceedingly obese
(her mother weighs 163 kg. [360 pounds] and has a build of 7.0 [100]).
The foregoing pair had 5 children, 4 of whom died young. The other, IV
2 ♀, at 36 years has a stature of 168 cm. (66 inches) and weight of 104
kg. (229 pounds); build 3.7 (53); very fleshy. Her relative chest-girth
is 130/168, or 77 per cent. She had at her marriage, when 23 years old
(to a slender man), a build of 2.3 (33), medium grade. After marriage
she increased rapidly in weight, menstruation became scant, she lost the
sex-instinct, and is barren (plate 7, fig. 3).
_Comment._—A tendency to extreme obesity runs in four generations. This
is apparently of the adiposo-genitalis type, with sterility in the latest
generation. Obvious dominant factors are at work here (73:714).
RID FAMILY. (Fig. 48.)
II 2 ♂ died at 54 years; short and weighed 110 kg. (240 pounds); build,
say, 3.9 (56); very fleshy. A brother who died at 52 of apoplexy was
fleshy, married a fleshy woman, and had a fleshy son. The mother of this
fraternity was fleshy; about her consort’s build nothing is known, but he
had a fleshy sister (I 1).
II 3 ♀, wife of II 2, died of senility at 89; she weighed over 90 kg.
(200 pounds). She had 7 sibs: (1) II 4 ♀ died of epilepsy, was of medium
weight, married, and had 5 children, 4 of medium weight and 1 fleshy. (2)
II 5 ♀ of unknown build. II 6 ♀ of medium weight, her children slender.
II 7 ♂ weighed over 90 kg. (200 pounds); build, say, 2.9 (41), or fleshy.
II 8 ♂ weighed over 90 kg.; fleshy. II 9 ♂ also fleshy, like his two
brothers. II 10 unknown. Thus of this fraternity of 6 known persons, 4
are fleshy, 2 medium. Their father was slender; their mother “short and
plump.”
There are 7 offspring from this mating between II 2 and 3: (1) III 1
♀, at 66 years, is bedridden from a broken hip; tall, weight 77 kg.
(170 pounds); chest-girth 108 cm. (42 inches); build, say, 2.8 (40);
fleshy; she was fleshy as a child of 10 years. (2) III 2 ♂, died at 60 of
paralysis, was always slender. (3) III 3 ♂, at 62 years, is tall (say, 71
inches) and weighs 97.5 kg. (235 pounds); build 3.3 (47); very fleshy.
(4) III 4 ♀, at 56 years has the formula 91 kg. (200 pounds); 161 cm.
(63.5 inches); build 3.4 (49); very fleshy; relative chest-girth 74 per
cent. She was fleshy from the age of 16 years. (5) III 5 ♀, at 51 years,
is very fleshy; was a slender child. (6) III 6 ♀ is fleshy. (7) III 8 ♀,
at 35 years weighed 86 kg. (190 pounds), but now at 50 she is a helpless
invalid and has grown slender; she was somewhat slender as a girl. Thus
the offspring are 3 very fleshy, 2 fleshy, 1 always slender, and 1
formerly fleshy but reduced by illness (73:727).
[Illustration: FIG. 48.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in
the RID family.]
SMI FAMILY. (Fig. 26.)
I 1 ♂ died at 72 years of acute indigestion; said to have been very
fleshy, like his father. His wife, I 2 ♀, died at 68 years of paralysis.
She was less than 155 cm. (61 inches) tall and weighed 82 kg. (180
pounds); build 3.4 (48); very fleshy. She had 3 sibs, of whom it is known
that 1 was fleshy; the other 2 unknown. Her father was of medium build
and had 3 children by an earlier marriage, and of these 2 were slender
and 1 fleshy. There were 7 children from I 1 and 2. (1) II 1, a man
who died at 69 of pneumonia and diabetes and whose stature is 173 cm.
(68 inches) and weight about 95 kg. (210 pounds); build 3.2 (45). (2)
II 3 ♀ at 75 years is 155 cm. (61 inches) tall and weighs 82 kg. (180
pounds); build 3.4 (48). By a stout consort she has 2 stout and 4 slender
children. (3) II 9 ♀, married, at 74 years is 163 cm. (64 inches) tall
and weighs 49 kg. (107 pounds); build 1.8 (26); slender. By a slender
husband she had one slender daughter, build 1.9 (27), a slender son, and
2 other children who died young. (4) II 5 ♀, fleshy. (5) II 6 ♀, fleshy.
(6) II 7 ♀ said to be 157 cm. (62 inches) tall and to weigh 82 kg. (180
pounds); build 3.3 (47); very fleshy. (7) II 4 ♂, at 55 years, fleshy.
By a medium wife he had a son who at 26 years weighs 77 kg. (170 pounds)
and was fleshy as a growing boy. Of the 7 children, 1 is slender, 3 are
fleshy, and 3 very fleshy (73:736).
THR-1 FAMILY. (Fig. 33.)
A family of English and French stock living in the middle western States.
The Father (II 8), whose occupation has been very shifting, who suffered
from “weak lungs” at 35 years, and who died at 81 years, had in middle
life the formula 140/72 inches; build 1.9 (27). But in answer to special
inquiry it appears that he “took on flesh” in later years. He has to
be recorded as fleshy. Of his 3 sisters, two are slender (both with
cardiac hypertrophy), and 1 is of fleshy build. The fat sister had 2
daughters who weighed over 225 pounds each. His 2 brothers are slender.
His father (I 1), a blacksmith, died at 90 years, having the formula
150/71 inches; build 2.1 (30). His mother, always well, died at 68 years,
having the formula 130/65 inches; build 2.2 (31); medium. This side of
the house carries both fleshy and slender strains, some of the slender
individuals being so, probably, through disease. Apparently the Father is
heterozygous for fleshiness, perhaps one reason why he became fleshy late
in life.
The Mother (II 9) suffered from arthritis deformans and died at 79
years. Her formula was 135/63 inches; build 2.4 (34). Two of her sibs
are slender and one of medium build. Her father (I 3), who suffered
from arthritis deformans, was confined to his chair from rheumatism the
last 15 years, and died at 72 years, having the formula 160/70 inches,
build 2.3 (33). Her mother, who died at 50 years, had the formula 140/65
inches; build 2.3 (33). She had a sister (I 5) who weighed about 250
pounds, “an enormous woman.” This side of the house is of prevailingly
medium build but with a tendency to obesity in one line. The children are
10 in number:
1. Male (III 3), a clerk, has at 66 years the formula 150/69 inches;
build 2.2 (32).
2. Male (III 4), a physician, who has always had a rheumatic tendency
and is liable to sciatic neuritis, at 25 years had the formula 180/68.75
inches; build 2.7 (38). He is the Father of Thr-2 family, page 79.
3. Male (III 6), a preacher, has at 69 years the formula 170/68 inches;
build 2.6 (37). He has a daughter with a build of about 3.2 (45).
4. Male (III 7), a physician, who in middle life suffered from
inflammatory rheumatism, has at 59 years the formula 170/68 inches; build
2.6 (37).
5. Female (III 8), who died at 34 years from appendicitis, has the
formula 225/67 inches; build 3.5 (50). She was “a big overgrown woman in
her teens.”
6. Female (III 9), married, who has a rheumatic tendency, has at 55 years
the formula 190/64 inches; build 3.3 (46).
7. Female (III 11), married, who has 9 children, suffered in middle age
from rheumatism. At 53 years her formula was 225/67 inches; build 3.3
(46).
8. Male, a merchant, well, has at 51 years the formula 155/67 inches;
build 2.4 (35).
9. Male, a merchant, well, has at 49 years the formula 165/68.5 inches;
build 2.5 (35).
10. Male (III 14), a doctor and dentist, has at 47 years formula 180/68
inches; build 2.7 (39). One of his daughters has a build of about 3.2
(45).
Child No. 2, a physician, writes: “Many of my relatives, both on Father’s
and Mother’s side, were afflicted with so-called muscular rheumatism
(cousins, uncles, and aunts), pains in the limbs and muscles (not in
the joints); especially those of robust and fleshy build, who possessed
extraordinary good appetites and digestion, who liked good things to eat
and much of it; the women being good cooks and the men generally marrying
good cooks, they always had plenty to eat (rich food) and to spare. None
of them are users of alcohol, simply being extra-hearty eaters” (R:
Thr-1).
WEN FAMILY. (Fig. 49.)
IV 10 is the Father; his formula is 260/74 inches; build 3.2 (46);
very fleshy. His father (III 10) had the formula 245/73 inches; build
3.2 (46); very fleshy. This father had a brother of just his build
(who eventually died of tuberculosis) and a brother of formula 250/74,
build 3.0 (43); fleshy. The Father’s father’s father (II 5) had the
formula 200/70, build 2.9 (41); fleshy; one of his brothers was fleshy
(38), and one very fleshy, build 3.2 (45). The latter had a very fleshy
son. The Father’s father’s father’s father had a build of 2.9 (41) and
a brother of the same build. These brothers of Gen. I were products
of a first-cousin marriage. The Father’s father’s mother was a woman
whose formula was 200/68.5 inches; build 3.0 (43); fleshy. Hence the
Father’s father and his brother, both of build 3.2 (46), got the fleshy
tendency from both sides of the house. The Father’s mother was a second
cousin of the Father’s father and her line also contained many fleshy
representatives, but she herself was of medium build. Thus the Father
belongs to a fleshy strain, but he probably carries some non-fleshy
gametes.
IV 11 is the Mother; her formula is 160/65.5 inches; build 2.6 (37);
fleshy; she has 2 sibs, both fleshy; her parents are of medium build;
they have some slender grandchildren.
There are 8 children, V 3 to 12, whose sex and indices of build are as
follows: ♂ 3.6 (51), ♀ 3.1 (44), 2 ♂ ♂ 2.5 (35), 3 ♀ ♀ 2.3 (32), ♀ 2.2
(31). Thus 2 are very fleshy and 6 are of medium build. The interval
between the two groups is a wide one, indicating a clear genetic
difference between them. The very fleshy brother, who weighs 265 pounds,
was able to reduce about 60 pounds to be accepted for army service, but
since being discharged from the army he has rebounded to his former
weight. (A:032-25.)
[Illustration: FIG. 49.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in
the WEN family. (Gen I 1 should be square ruled, indicating fleshiness).]
SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION.
In a simple monohybrid with complete dominance the back-cross upon the
recessive gives 50 per cent of the heterozygous dominant and 50 per cent
of the recessive allelomorph. In a monohybrid with imperfect dominance
the back-cross upon the recessive gives 50 per cent of the intermediate
and 50 per cent of the recessive. Where 2 or 3 multiple factors are
present and the heterozygote is nearly intermediate but shows a slight
tendency toward imperfect dominance, we may expect an approximation to
a symmetrical distribution of grades about the intermediate condition,
with a skewness toward the recessive condition. That is what is got
in both parts of table 32. This result supports the conclusion that
there is segregation in the gametes of the heterozygous parent, so
that the progeny tend prevailingly to fall again into the slender and
medium-fleshy grandparental types. The results of table 33 similarly
support the conclusion of segregation in the gametes of the heterozygous
fleshy parent.
C. GENERAL DISCUSSION.
HEREDITY AND ENVIRONMENT IN BUILD.
That a tendency to slenderness or fleshiness of build “runs in families”
and characterizes different races is a matter of common observation. But
this fact is far from satisfying the clinician that heredity plays any
part in this result. Thus, von Noorden, who occupies a leading position
among Teutonic investigators of metabolism in general and obesity in
particular, denies the importance of an hereditary anomaly of metabolism
in different families and races. Rejecting “anomaly of metabolism” or
“peculiarity of protoplasmic metabolism,” he stresses “inheritance” of
habits of life that favor obesity, the quantity and quality of food,
and the ideals of bodily activity. For example, the Eskimo are fat
because they eat blubber and huddle in narrow spaces, undergoing little
movement throughout the long, dark winters. It is true that von Noorden
speaks somewhat guardedly; he recognizes exceptions; suggests a possible
hereditary hypofunction of the thyroid. But clearly constitutional
peculiarities are, for him, exceptional as causes of overweight, and here
is where he fails to recognize sufficiently the fact that usually only
particular individuals of a fraternity are fleshy; the others may be
slender.
But besides anomalies of protoplasm and family traditions of feeding,
there are obviously other possibilities. It is well known that different
varieties of cattle differ greatly in their capacity for fattening.
Armsby and Fries (1911) have inquired into the influence of type upon
the fattening of cattle. They used a pure-bred Aberdeen-Angus steer and
a “scrub,” part Jersey, steer for comparison. As is well known, the
former belongs to the easily fattening beef type; the Jersey to the
difficultly fattening milk type. During over 2½ years, beginning at under
1 year of age, these steers were under nearly continuous observations.
They were fed on ordinary growing rations, the same for each steer. The
digestibility of the total ration was determined at intervals; four tests
were made of each animal in the respiration calorimeter to determine the
percentage availability of the energy of the feeds consumed by each. The
results were as follows: Analysis of feces and urine failed to show any
difference in percentage digestibility of the food by the two animals,
and calorimeter tests failed to show any difference in the proportion
of the food-energy which was being metabolized. But the two animals did
not metabolize in the same way. Thus, in the scrub, a larger proportion
of the gain made was of protein than in the case of the beef steer; and,
conversely, the gain of the beef steer was more largely fat than in the
case of the scrub. Reduced to common weight, the energy requirement for
maintenance of the scrub steer was nearly 19 per cent greater than for
the beef steer. Since the beef steer would eat more than the scrub and
tended to store fat rather than protein, the greater tendency of the beef
steer to fatten received a biochemical explanation. The results seem to
show a difference between the two varieties in the working over of the
assimilated materials.
Indeed, it is easily appreciated that steers of the beef and dairy types
of cattle should metabolize differently when we consider the marked
difference in the milk production of the cows of these two types. The
cow of the highest dairy type is capable of manufacturing 20 kilograms
of milk containing 1.2 kilograms of butter fat in one day, or 6 per cent
(Bailey, Encl. Am. Agric., III, 365). The cow of the meat type, of larger
size, produces up to 30 kilograms of milk, and this contains, perhaps,
1.3 kilograms of butter fat per day, or only 4.3 per cent (Sinclair,
1904, p. 740-42). There is here, obviously, a difference in the metabolic
processes in the cows and this is reflected in the steers also.[11] There
is an internal biochemical difference as well as a difference in the
feeding instinct. The latter is not merely a matter of family tradition,
of the family economics or mores; it is a physiological phenomenon as
much as internal metabolism.
[11] I am indebted to Mrs. C. D. Walcott for calling my attention to this
point.
Indeed, even von Noorden (1907, III, p. 700) seems to be forced to this
conclusion by cases of failure to reduce weight at a diet far below that
which appears to be essential to maintenance. Thus a man of 39 years, who
exercised freely in the open air, had a weight of 102 kg. For 3 months
his diet never exceeded 1,720 calories (estimated at 1,000 calories short
of normal requirements) and at the end of this period he weighed 101 kg.
That a relation between ingested food and activity is not the entire
explanation of obesity is recognized by medical men of experience.
Heckel (1920, p. 371), referring to recurrent obesity, remarks on its
frequency and says: To constitute an obesity there must be organic
and hereditary tendencies: “Ne devient pas obèse qui veut.” “Aussi la
guérison accidentelle ou thérapeutique d’une obésité n’indique-t-elle pas
la disparition définitive des tendances personelles ou congénitale.”
Gulick (1922) has lately undertaken experiments to throw light on the
question why some persons fatten easily and some with difficulty. He
had noted that he himself belongs to a non-fattening strain and that
his inclination toward a very copious diet of predominantly starchy
nature did not lead him to put on weight, even though his round of
activity was moderate. So he undertook biochemical, nutritional studies
on himself. His observation covered nearly 21 months. During part of
this time his caloric intake was low, 1,875 to 2,780; during another
part high, 3,400 to 4,100. He found that he fattened somewhat during
the period of heaviest feeding. There was, however, always an excess of
intake over predictable need, and this excess increased absolutely and
probably even relatively as the intake increased. The fecal nitrogen was
2½ to 3½ times greater during over-feeding than under-feeding. The basal
metabolism during maximum feeding was normal. Gulick concludes that a
person belonging to the difficultly fattening type shows a wasteful rate
of oxidation, whether under or over fed, but especially at the latter
time. “It seems clear,” concludes Gulick, “that throughout the entire
experimental series there was some factor at work which caused fuel food
to be burned more freely than in the average individual. This factor was
not an over-active thyroid, as attested by the entirely normal basal
metabolism.” Gulick concludes that it was “some factor in the chemistry
of nutrition” which caused extravagance. This he thinks may very possibly
be comparable to the “secondary effect” of protein enrichment, which,
according to Rubner, can raise the specific dynamic action of the food
without raising the basal rate. It is also possible, he says, that the
spare type may be accounted for by any factor that produces a high “cost
of digestion,” just as the obese may be supposed to suffer from an
abnormally low “cost of digestion” (von Noorden).
Whatever the fundamental cause may be, the fact remains that in certain
families there is a widespread inclination to the production of slender
individuals, while in other fraternities certain proportions (though
usually not all) of any fraternity are fleshy or even obese. Perhaps,
as in the case of the Jersey as contrasted with the beef steer, the
two kinds of individuals do not metabolize their food in the same way;
some are spare and muscular, others lay on fat. In any case we can not
disregard the constitutional factors in build.
Looking at the matter broadly, we can see that no other theory than that
constitutional differences as well as nutritional differences determine
build is sufficient to meet all the facts. In other species of animals we
have precisely the same kind of differences between hereditary strains of
slender and stout build that we have among humans. Thus, among dogs, the
slender greyhound or Dachshund and the robust “Chow”; among horses the
Thoroughbred and the stocky Percheron; among swine the “razor-back” and
the Berkshire; among poultry the slender Leghorn and the stocky Cochin.
Slender and stocky as racial traits appear quite as white and black do
and they doubtless have similarly a genetic basis.
A careful study of the families described in this paper must convince
anyone, it seems to me, of the importance of the genetic factors. The
Fun. family is of a wholly different type from the Thr-1 family. Even
if the latter eat more, it is because of a constitutional urge like the
constitutional urge that leads the Aberdeen-Angus steer to eat more
than the Jersey steer. Very probably the Fun. family metabolizes in a
different way from the Thr-1 family, building more protein and less fat.
In other cases it is not the whole fraternity that is fleshy or slender.
This is well illustrated by the Wen. family, where 2 of 8 of the main
fraternity are very fleshy and all the others of medium build. We have
here to do not merely with a family habit of eating, but a differential
constitution that provides one-quarter of the children with a large
appetite that leads them to eat heavily and manufacture fat and provides
three-quarters of them with a small appetite that leads them to eat
lightly and to manufacture protein instead of fat. Constitutional
differences in the appetite and method of metabolism are the essential
factors; and these are the things that are inherited. Only on such
an hypothesis can we account for the clear evidence presented of
constitutional factors in build—not always one only, but sometimes three
or more acting together to produce the end result of obesity.
A scientific man, interested in nutrition, who has a build of 3.6 (51)
himself and one of whose sisters has a build of 3.1 (44), whereas his 4
other sibs have builds of 2.5 to 2.1 (35 to 30), writes that his brother
(of medium build, but about 75 inches tall) consumes daily about 2,700
calories; he himself and his fleshy sister about 2,500, and the others
of his fraternity, who are of medium build, 2,000 to 1,800. He is a
professional man, who does a good deal of office or laboratory work. He
drinks about 3 to 4 quarts of water per day. His son, who is nearly 11
years of age, weighs just over 120 pounds, is 63 inches tall, and fairly
fleshy. Though he is active, “never still a minute,” yet he has to be
urged to eat, willingly misses a meal, and uniformly declines a second
helping; “he eats much less than his 6-year-old cousins, who are actually
under size for their age; he has never been a heavy eater from the time
he was weaned.” This boy, the son of a very fleshy man, seems to afford
an example of the easily fattening type in whom the slight excess of
calories produces a striking result in build.
ENDOCRINE GLANDS AS LINKS BETWEEN CHROMOSOMES AND SOMATIC QUALITIES.
When it is concluded that there are constitutional, genetic factors for
build, the validity of this conclusion is not weakened by the known rôle
of endocrine glands on metabolism and build. Thus the experiments of
recent years have emphasized the importance of the rôle that the thyroid
gland plays in growth and development. As Uhlenhuth (1922, p. 182) says:
“The ontogenetic development of the individual is controlled by the
thyroid hormone.” Since in cretins the thyroid functions imperfectly or
not at all, the differences between the development of a normal child and
that of a cretin are supposed to indicate the scope of the control by the
thyroid hormone. In the cretin, growth is slowed up almost to cessation.
In the long bones the centers of ossification develop slowly. “The
epiphyses may be absent many years after they are due to appear and their
union with the shafts of the long bones indefinitely delayed. Periosteal
as well as endochondral bone formation may be greatly reduced and
delayed. The cranial bones are thin, poorly ossified, and osteoporotic:
mottling is sometimes evident ontogenologically.”... Incomplete closure
of the fontanelles is very common (Janney, 1922, pp. 391, 392). The
genito-urinary system is undeveloped; the external genitalia remain
infantile. The brain shows defective convolutions and all parts of the
central nervous system show deficient development. Owing to the fact
that the long bones of the leg develop imperfectly, while the chest may
continue to enlarge, the build of the cretin is usually large for his
age. Thus, in general, the specific metabolic changes are retarded. When
the thyroid functions imperfectly after maturity the victim puts on fat.
The fat is usually distributed nearly uniformly under all parts of the
skin. One of Janney’s cases weighed 212 pounds at 12 years. Some degree
of hypothyroidism is doubtless responsible for many of the “very fleshy”
persons referred to in the preceding pages. The frequent recurrence of
obesity in a family is in accordance with the tendency for hypothyroidism
to recur in different members of a family; a tendency shown remarkably in
Barrett’s (1919) family.
The hypophysis, especially its anterior lobe, is believed to exercise an
important control over differential metabolism and the resulting form.
The results of hyperfunctioning of the gland are very different from
those of hyperfunctioning of the thyroid. An extraordinary enlargement
of certain parts of the skeleton, especially of the base of the skull,
the hands, the feet, and the ribs, occurs. There is, indeed, in growing
persons a tendency to the production of giants. In the underfunctioning
of the hypophysis before puberty an extraordinary obesity is apt to
appear, known as dystrophic adiposo-genitalis; because, the more
the fat increases in amount the more the external genitalia appear
under-developed—infantile. The obesity frequently affects the region
of the pelvis only or chiefly, though the thighs also may be involved.
Disfunctioning of the pituitary in later years is believed, likewise,
to induce obesity. Of this disfunctioning there are, doubtless, all
degrees corresponding to the variety of grades of obesity. Thus a second
factor of obesity must be recognized; and this also “runs in families”—is
hereditary.
The other endocrine factors in obesity are less precisely known. It is
believed that the interstitial cells of the gonads secrete hormones that
regulate, especially inhibit, the production of fat. This is inferred by
the frequent tendency of women after the menopause to grow fat and of
eunuchs (of one type, at any rate) to become fleshy. Also, the secretions
of the islands of Langerhans of the pancreas are known to influence
carbohydrate metabolism, so that when they do not function properly sugar
is eliminated unchanged in the urine, and “diabetes,” usually accompanied
by fleshiness in its early stages, ensues. Of course, it can not be
stated that pancreatic insufficiency is responsible for the prediabetic
obesity; but the relation of the two phenomena is undeniably close.
Thus there come clearly to view two links in the chain of causes
connecting chromosomal factors (such as are present in “Mendelian”
heredity), on the one hand, and build, on the other. First, two or
more of the endocrine glands play a great rôle in metabolism and when
disturbed usually result in an abnormal build; and, secondly, just the
condition of endocrine disfunctioning is an hereditary one and seems to
depend on the condition of the enzymes or catalyzers that must be in the
chromosomes.
That other constitutional conditions than those of the larger endocrine
glands may play an important rôle in metabolism can not be denied;
probably the quality of the protoplasm of every active cell influences
the bodily metabolism; but the endocrine glands proper seem, as it were,
to be told off for this specific purpose, and thus peculiarities in their
functioning lead to striking results.
EVIDENCE OF SEGREGATION IN THE HEREDITY OF BUILD.
The best single criterion of Mendelism in any hereditary distribution is
segregation. If there is sufficient evidence of segregation in our study
of build, then we are justified in concluding that build is inherited
in “Mendelian fashion.” There have been several occasions to refer to
evidence of segregation in this work; some of this evidence may be
brought together here and other added.
1. The difference in variability of the progeny of different matings. The
offspring of slender parents are least variable, of fleshy parents most.
This is evidence that the fleshy parents carry gametes for slenderness
and thus that condition reappears in the offspring; but slender parents
rarely carry gametes for fleshiness (p. 56).
2. As a corollary of the above, regression takes place in the progeny
of fleshy parents to a markedly greater degree than in the progeny of
slender parents (p. 39).
3. The progeny of heterozygous parents are significantly more variable
than the progeny of parents belonging respectively to slender and to
fleshy stock. This is evidence that the heterozygous parents carry a
greater variety of gametes than those of “purer stock.”
4. In different matings of the same type the variability of the progeny
differs; apparently, because some parents belong to a special biotype and
others simulate the biotype merely through heterozygosity. Thus, if the M
× M mating be considered (table X), one finds some families characterized
by slight variability of the offspring. The indices of build (English) in
such families are given in table 34.
TABLE 34.—_Indices of build of the progeny of M × M matings, in which the
parents belong to the M biotype._
+------------+---------------------------------------+------+------+
|Reference. |Indices of build of children. |Mid |Total |
| | |range.|range.|
+------------+---------------------------------------+------+------+
|Bat 2 |32, 33, 33, 35 | 33.5 | 3 |
|Bea 7 |31, 32, 32, 34 | 32.5 | 3 |
|Dic 4 |29, 31, 32, 33 | 32 | 4 |
|Kel 4a |31, 32, M, M, M, 34 | 32.5 | 3 |
|Old 2 |33, 33, 33, 35 | 34 | 2 |
|Rig 1 |30, 32, 32, 34 | 32 | 4 |
|War 3 |30, 30, 30, 31, 32, 32, 32, 33, 33, 36 | 33 | 6 |
+------------+---------------------------------------+------+------+
The slight fluctuation in build of progeny of table 34 is obvious. The
modal index of the progeny is close to 33. On the other hand, there are
matings of this type which show a much greater variability. These are
listed in table 35.
TABLE 35.—_Indices of build of the progeny of M × M matings in which the
parents are probably heterozygous._
+------------+------------------------------------------+------+------+
|Reference. |Indices of build of children. |Mid |Total |
| | |range.|range.|
+------------+------------------------------------------+------+------+
|Cas 4 |32, 34, 34, 37, 41, 43 | 37.5 | 11 |
|Coo 5 |31, 33, 35, 36, 36, 36, 37, 37, 38, 38, 41| 36 | 10 |
|Eat A |33, 34, 35, 36, 36, 38, 38, 42 | 37.5 | 9 |
|Fis 2 |33, 35, 37, 37, 37, 39, 40 | 36.5 | 7 |
|Ill 1 |33, 34, 35, 35, 37, 37, 38, 39 | 36 | 6 |
|Mar 22 |31, 32, 33, 36, 36, 40 | 35.5 | 9 |
|Mer 8 |33, 36, 37, 40, 41 | 37 | 8 |
|Nes 1 |32, 33, 33, 37, 41, 51 | 41.5 | 19 |
|Tet A |30, 30, 36, 41, 43, 49, 49 | 39.5 | 1 |
|Rup 1 |30, 30, 31, 31, 33, 36, 38, 40 | 35 | 10 |
|Smi 33 |31, 31, 32, 36, 36, 36, 36, 37 | 34 | 6 |
|Sto 13 |33, 34, 36, 38, 38, 38 | 35.5 | 5 |
|A 01:29 |29, 39, 41 | 35 | 12 |
+------------+------------------------------------------+------+------+
These series of progeny fluctuate in build around 36. It seems probable
that the variable progeny are the offspring of heterozygous parents, but
this can rarely be proved, since the build of the grandparents is not
often available in the present series.
That there are really at least two kinds of matings of the M × M type is
shown more conclusively by figure 50, in which two modes, at 33 and 36,
respectively, are clearly seen. The conclusion seems to be justified that
the mode at 33 is that of progeny derived from the M biotype and the mode
at 36 is that of the progeny of heterozygous M parents. The existence of
these two modes in figure 50 is thus evidence of segregation.
[Illustration: FIG. 50.—Polygon of distribution of offspring of M × M
matings (from Appendix table X) for males, females, and sexes combined.
Abscissæ: index of build, English system. Ordinates: absolute frequencies
for males and females and their half sum for the sexes combined.]
Additional evidence is found in other matings, likewise. Thus the M ×
F mating shows two modes, at 33 and at 36 (fig. 51). There is also one
other, possibly significant, mode, namely, at 38, in the fleshy group.
Since F parents are sometimes homozygous, mating with M would tend to
produce medium-fleshy progeny (i. e., 36). The F parents are, however,
frequently heterozygous, containing both slender, medium, fleshy, and
even very fleshy gametes; and, accordingly, we should expect somatic
segregations at about the points 30, 33, 36, and 38 as centers, just
where we find them.
Again, the S × M mating yields (fig. 52) modes at 32 and 35 respectively,
a shade lower than those of the M × M or M × F matings; but the male
offspring (taken alone) gives modes at 33 and 35. Where the mode is at
33 it is probable that an S and an M gamete have met; and this condition
is relatively common just because M gametes are common. The mode at 35
may arise from an F gamete carried in a heterozygous M uniting with an S
gamete. The S gamete carried in heterozygous M may be responsible for a
probable mode which is hidden in the form of a hump at 28 in figure 52.
[Illustration: FIG. 51.—Polygon of distribution of offspring of M × F
matings (from Appendix table XI), sexes separate and combined. See also
legend of fig. 50.]
Attention is called to the probable influence of these modes on the two
modes shown in figure 7, at 33 and 35 respectively. These two modes are
strong evidence for a segregation in the factors for build. Thus the
very irregularity of the polygon of figure 7 is evidence of the presence
of segregating factors for build. Moreover, these two modes appear at
every age from birth to maturity, as is clearly shown in figure 53.
This bimodality is easily accounted for on genetical grounds, but is
inexplicable upon the bare nutritional hypothesis of build.
ON THE NUMBER OF FACTORS INVOLVED IN FLESHY BUILD.
It is by no means an easy matter to determine the number of independent
factors which are active in the case of a trait that is due to multiple
factors. This matter is still less easy if there is only very imperfect
dominance approaching intermediacy of the trait in the progeny of the
F₁ mating. Yet that is the situation that has to be met in the study of
heredity of build.
An attempt has been made in this paper to test the relative probability
that there are only two, on the one hand, or three or more independent
factors, on the other, involved. We have seen, in each of the various
matings, that the result is, on the whole, more closely in accord with
the 3-factor hypothesis than that of 2 factors. But this is not to insist
that never more than 3 independent factors are involved in build, or
never less than 3.
An attempt was made to apply Dr. Sewall Wright’s formula (Castle, 1922,
p. 22). Using the data of tables 12, 27, and 31, the value for _n_ (the
number of factors) was calculated by the formula
_N_ = _D_² / 8(σ₂²-σ₁²)
where _D_ is the difference between the means of parental pure races, σ₁
is the standard deviation of F₁ and σ₂ is standard deviation of F₂.
[Illustration: FIG. 52.—Polygon of distribution of frequencies of build
of offspring of S × M matings (from Appendix table VII), sexes separate
and combined. See also legend to fig. 50.]
Substitution for the letters of their values given _n_ = (39.20-28.50)²
÷8[(6.78)²-(5.02)²] = 0.69. We can only conclude that, owing to small
numbers, this formula is not applicable here.
Returning, then, to our conclusion that the assumption of at least
3 gametic factors for some, probably most, cases of build accords
best with the results of the various matings, we may inquire what
is the nature of these factors. It seems probable that two of them
may correspond to dystrophies of the pituitary and thyroid glands
respectively and the other or others to other regulatory mechanisms
of metabolism in the organism. It may well be that one of our factors
is the same as that which causes hypothyroidism; another as that which
causes hypopituitarism, and the third that which inhibits the normal
development of the genitalia, such as we see functioning in dystrophia
adiposo-genitalis. This is, indeed, speculation. However, the speculation
is an attempt to give a concrete form to the ideas of multiple factors in
build.
[Illustration: FIG. 53.—Solid figure (model) giving distribution of
relative chest-girth for various ages from birth to 20 years, reading
from left to right. The mean index of build at each age is centered on
the curve of development of relative chest-girth. The relative chest
girth is indicated in percentages passing from the bottom to the top of
the figure. The solid figure is illuminated from the upper part of the
page.]
If we assume three independent factors for build, it does not follow that
these are present in all families. Just as it has been demonstrated that
in different strains of mice there are in some cases 3, in others only 2
factors for susceptibility to cancer, so, apparently, it is with build.
In certain families the distribution of build in the progeny is best
accounted for on the hypothesis that, in such families, there are only
two gametic factors for build. In other families there appears to be only
one gametic factor for build.
It has been repeatedly pointed out that in many cases where multiple
factors are invoked to explain the genetical results, the results can
be equally well explained on the theory of blended inheritance. The
advantage of the factorial theory is that it brings under one type
of heredity even these most difficult cases of apparently blending
inheritance. More than that, however, the theory of multiple factors
explains a number of phenomena that the theory of blending inheritance
does not, such as the greater variability of the F₂ as contrasted with
the F₁ generation, and the skewness in distribution of progeny in the
back-cross. Thus an F × S mating should produce a “medium” progeny with
symmetrical distribution of deviating types on the theory of blending
inheritance; actually it produces not only mediums, but an excess of
fleshy over slender, which is readily accounted for on the hypothesis
that fleshiness is partially dominant over slenderness. In this and
other ways, especially in focussing attention on gametes, the doctrine
of multiple factors is essential to an adequate interpretation of the
results of mating between persons of dissimilar build.
D. SUMMARY OF CONCLUSIONS.
1. Two types of variation in build are to be distinguished: (1) the
change in average build that accompanies ontogeny and (2) variations in
adult build.
2. The popular idea of build is best expressed as the ratio of transverse
chest diameter to stature, or (since the chest diameter is rarely
known) chest-girth to stature. When only weight and stature are known,
the closest approximation to the chest÷stature ratio is given by the
weight÷(stature)² ratio, and this is taken as the standard index of build.
3. The correlation between the standard index of build and the relative
chest-girth is, for males, about 0.45.
4. The index of build of adult males is slightly greater than of females,
because of the relatively greater chest-girth of males. The average index
of build for males is 2.52 (35.8) and for females 2.43 (34.5).
5. There are marked racial differences in build; but they are not so
great as the differences in ontogenetic stages.
6. There are geographical differences in build; the heavy build of
northern peoples may be due to a physiological reaction or, in part, to a
selective survival of the fleshier individuals or strains.
7. The ontogenetic curve of build, expressed by relative chest-girth, is
expressed by figure 1 and (for infancy) figure 2. It shows that at birth
chest-girth is about two-thirds of stature and diminishes in the male to
the age of 12 years; thereafter, on the average, it rises to complete
maturity.
8. Build declines temporarily during the first month of life, owing to
the physiological difficulties attending adjustment to new conditions.
It declines temporarily, again, at about 8 months, probably due to the
cutting of the incisor teeth.
9. The heavy build of the infant corresponds to that of the short-legged
anthropoids. The long-legged, slender-build stage of the boy of 12 years
persists in the Nilotic negroes and many low-grade feeble-minded.
10. In adult life the changes in build vary with families. In those
characterized by slender build there is typically little change. In those
characterized by fleshy build there is typically progressive increase
in weight to 50 years. In some families weight fluctuates greatly at
different periods of adult life. In general, though with numerous
exceptions, a fleshy adult build is foreshadowed in plump build in
childhood.
11. Mass studies on adult build give a polygon of distribution which is
skew, the mode being toward the slenderer end of the polygon. There is
evidence of more than one mode, and hence that there are two or more
types of build. For purposes of description five classes of build are
recognized—very slender, slender, medium, fleshy, and very fleshy.
12. The diseases associated with very slender and slender build are:
tuberculosis, pneumonia, “nervousness,” melancholia. The diseases
associated with very fleshy or fleshy build are: diabetes, nephritis and
dropsy, apoplexy, and arterio-sclerosis and paralysis accompanying it;
also numerous diseases of the alimentary tract.
13. Fleshy parents have, on the average, in our data, larger families
than slender parents.
14. Regression toward mediocrity is less striking in the offspring of
slender than of fleshy parents, suggesting that fleshy parents carry not
only genes for fleshiness but also for slenderness, while slender parents
more rarely carry genes for fleshiness.
15. The offspring of two fleshy parents are twice as variable as those of
slender parents.
16. The hypothesis is indicated that genetically build is controlled
by multiple factors, with fleshiness tending slightly to dominate over
slenderness.
17. There is a marked tendency for persons of similar build (or with
potentialities for such) to intermarry. Dissimilar builds are selected
against.
18. Two slender parents of slender stock have rarely any progeny whose
index of build exceeds 2.2, or just above the upper limit of the slender
group. In general, the progeny of slender parents are relatively slightly
variable.
19. The slender parents are apparently of two kinds: those carrying
only one kind of factor for fleshy build and the other two such gametic
factors. The progeny of the former are very slightly variable; those of
the latter more variable.
20. By comparing coefficients of variability instead of indices, and
by making allowance for the greater range of the fleshy class than the
slender class, it still appears that the progeny of fleshy parents are
relatively and per unit range more variable than the progeny of slender
parents. Absolutely the offspring of the fleshy parents are, as stated,
twice as variable as of slender parents.
21. The matings of slender parents and fleshy parents of fleshy stock
yield a variable progeny, such as is typically found in the F₁ generation
when multiple factors are concerned. The variability is between that of
the progeny of slender matings and that of the progeny of fleshy matings.
22. The F₁ generation has not a mode of build that is intermediate
between that of the parental stocks, but one that is about the same as of
the fleshy matings. This is evidence of partial dominance of fleshiness.
23. The mating of two heterozygous (F₁) parents produces, in general, an
exceptionally variable progeny. This is one of the strongest evidences of
the presence of genetical factors in build.
24. Many, if not most, parents of medium build belong to biotypes with 1
or 2 independent factors for build. Consequently the progeny of medium ×
medium matings is often strikingly invariable.
25. The “back-cross” of a heterozygous parent with a slender parent, on
the one hand, or with a fleshy parent of fleshy stock, on the other,
gives a variable progeny, whose mode is shifted toward fleshiness; but
which shows a tendency to fall again into the slender (or fleshy) and
medium-fleshy grandparental types.
26. Variations in build are not to be accounted for merely by variations
in intake and out-go of calories, but also by the endogenous factors that
determine the “economy of nutrition” or the cost in energy of adding
an additional kilogram of weight to the body. The factors involved in
producing differences in these respects are hereditary factors.
27. The hereditary factors probably work through the intermediacy of
special organs that influence metabolism, notably the endocrine glands.
The latter thus intermediate between the chromosomal constitution, on the
one hand, and control of metabolic processes, on the other.
28. The number of factors involved in very fleshy build is, in some cases
at least, three independent ones. But the number is probably not the same
in all biotypes. Probably in some there is only one, in others four or
more.
29. The factors probably influence the functioning of the thyroid,
pituitary, and perhaps other glands.
APPENDIX.
I-XV. Tables of matings and progeny based on the original family
histories.
XVI. Indices of build, weight ÷ (stature)², for weights from 100 to 225
pounds and 45.4 to 102 kg.; statures from 55 to 78 inches and 140 to 198
cm.
XVII. Equivalent values of index of build by four different systems of
ratios between weight and stature, English system.
XVIII. To transmute the English system of index of build to the metric
system.
ABBREVIATIONS.
In top line of tables: F, father; M, mother; FF, father’s father; FM,
father’s mother, etc.
In body of tables: ca, cancer; E, epilepsy; F, fleshy; hf, heart failure;
I, insane; M-D, mania-depressive insanity; M, medium build; S, slender;
su, suicide; t, tuberculosis; V, very (slender, etc.); yg, young; † or d,
died; * refers to special families not included in the construction of
figure 7, or tables 11 and 12.
TABLE I.—_Very slender × very slender matings and their progeny._
This mating is not represented in our data. This table is nevertheless
indicated and numbered in order to secure the proper ordinal position of
the following tables.
TABLE II.—_Slender × very slender matings and their progeny._
+-----------+--------------+--------------+
| File | Male | Female |
| ref. | children. | children. |
+-----------+--------------+--------------+
|Cod 1 |26 |26 |
|*Fun |29 |28 |
|Jos 1 |39 |32 |
|*Leo |VS S S |27 S |
|Nob 1[12] |25 |26 23 |
|*Pal[13] | |43 VS[13] |
|Sch 37 |31 27 |30 29 |
+-----------+--------------+--------------+
+-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+
| File | | | | Father’s | | | | Mother’s |
| ref. |F. |FF.|FM.| sibs. |M. |MF.|MM.| sibs. |
+-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+
|Cod 1 |29 |35 |33 | |25 |30 |30 | |
|*Fun |27 |27 |29 |26 27 29 |25 |32 |27 |27 31 31 |
|Jos 1 |24 | | | |27 | | | |
|*Leo |VS | | | |S | | |2 S |
|Nob 1[12] |26 |M |M | |24 |M |M | |
|*Pal[13] |S |M |F |S F |VS |M |M | |
|Sch 37 |29 |29 |33±| |25 |27±|29t| |
+-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+
Average build of parents (excluding families with *) 26.13
Number of matings: 4 + 3* = 7
Total number of progeny: 11 + 9* = 20
VS S M F
Classification of progeny 4 12 2 2
Proportional frequency per mille 200 600 100 100
[12] Four adolescents are all below standard weight but 1, who is 5
pounds above.
[13] An invalid.
TABLE III.—_Very slender × medium matings and their progeny._
+-----------+--------------+--------------+
| File | Male | Female |
| ref. | children. | children. |
+-----------+--------------+--------------+
|Ach 2 | |27 33 31 |
|Bic 1[14] | |29 33 32 |
|Gay 3 |32 |36 |
|Gru 1[15] | |30 33 |
|Hil 8[16] |34 |31 |
|Ise 2 |28 36 34 33 32|31 30 |
|Mil A |43 37 |33 22 31 42 |
|Wit 2[17] |33 29t |26 |
+-----------+--------------+--------------+
+-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+
| File | | | | Father’s | | | | Mother’s |
| ref. |F. |FF.|FM.| sibs. |M. |MF.|MM.| sibs. |
+-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+
|Ach 2 |32 |32 |33 | |25 |32 |27 | |
|Bic 1[14] |34 |29 |35 | |25 |M |VS |t, t, t, t |
|Gay 3 |35 | |t |I |24 |M |S | |
|Gru 1[15] |31 |M |M |t |24 |M |S | |
|Hil 8[16] |34 | |33 | |23 |28 | | |
|Ise 2 |31 |26 |31 | |23 |31 |27 | |
|Mil A |36 |39 |28 |S M F F F F |22 |35 |30 | |
|Wit 2[17] |33 |26 |M | |22 |M |t |t, t |
+-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+
Average build of parents, 28.38
Total number of matings, 8
Total number of progeny, 28
VS S M F
Classification of progeny 1 7 17 3
Proportional frequency per mille 36 250 607 107
[14] F died, 39 years, pulmonary tuberculosis. M liable to tuberculosis
of throat and lungs.
[15] Female, 13 years, has already the build of her next older sister
(33?).
[16] F died, 39 years, tuberculosis.
[17] FM died, tuberculosis. M insane and tuberculous in middle life:
died, 51 years.
TABLE IV.—_Very slender × fleshy matings and their progeny._
+-----------+--------------+--------------+
| File | Male | Female |
| ref. | children. | children. |
+-----------+--------------+--------------+
|Hol A |32 40 34 33 27|46 34 25 29 |
|Kut 1[18] | |35 |
|Law A |41 |30 28 35 |
|Olm A |43 51 41 32 37|40 |
|Wat 5[19] |38 |27 33 32 33 |
+-----------+--------------+--------------+
+-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+
| File | | | | Father’s | | | | Mother’s |
| ref. |F. |FF.|FM.| sibs. |M. |MF.|MM.| sibs. |
+-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+
|Hol A |39 | | | |23 | | | |
|Kut 1[18] |43 |M |S | |24 |S |M | |
|Law A |43 |34 | | |24 |35 | |F M S M F |
|Olm A |38 |38 |34 |F |24 |34 |28 |M F |
|Wat 5[19] |37 | | | |25 | |S |4 S |
+-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+
Average build of parents, 32.00
Number of matings, 5
Total number of progeny, 25
VS S M F VF
Classification of progeny 1 5 10 7 2
Proportional frequency per mille 40 200 400 280 80
[18] Tendency to tuberculosis on maternal side.
[19] FF had one sister who had at least three F children. Apparently
there is an F strain on Father’s side. MF had two sibs who were large and
tall. MM had both S and F close relatives; one sister was S.
TABLE V.—_Very slender × very fleshy matings and their progeny._
There is only one example of this mating described at page 97.
TABLE VI.—_Slender × slender matings and their progeny._
+-----------+--------------+--------------+
| File | Male | Female |
| ref. | children. | children. |
+-----------+--------------+--------------+
|Ada 4 |28 27 | |
|Bec 9 |30 |31 |
|Fel 1[20] |27 | |
|Hay 4[21] |29 |27 |
|Hay 12[22] |32 27 |M S |
|Hen 12 |32 28± |22 26± |
|Ker 5 |25 31 | |
|Law 4 |28 |25 |
|Law 7 | |32 |
|Lou 2 | |25 26 |
|McA 2 |28 29 |27 |
|McC 11 |33 |30 |
|Ran 4 |27 |27 25 |
|Sch 8 |30 32 | |
|Sco 5 |32 30 30 | |
|Shi 5 | |32 |
|*Smi |S |28 |
|Ste 9 |29 30 |29 S |
|Wil 23 |27 33 28 27 |29 |
|You 9[23] | |27 |
|A: 01-44 |29 | |
|A: 01-19 | |28 |
|A: 01-60 | |26 |
|A: 01-63 |27 | |
+-----------+--------------+--------------+
+-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+
| File | | | | Father’s | | | | Mother’s |
| ref. |F. |FF.|FM.| sibs. |M. |MF.|MM.| sibs. |
+-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+
|Ada 4 |30 |33 |27 | |28 |37 |28 | |
|Bec 9 |28 |29 |29 | |29 |33 |31 |†su, 2† |
| | | | | | |†t | | Brights, |
| | | | | | | | | 1 M-D. |
|Fel 1[20] |29 |28 |30 | |29 |42 |32 | |
|Hay 4[21] |29 |F |†t | |29 |S†t|38 | |
|Hay 12[22] |27 |29 |M |S S S M M M |26 |MT |22 |S S S C C C |
|Hen 12 |29 |M |M | |28 |M |M | |
|Ker 5 |29 |M |30 | |29 |M |27 | |
|Law 4 |27 |M |F | |26 |36 |30 | |
|Law 7 |30 |M |M | |28 |M |S | |
|Lou 2 |29 | |†t | |27 | | | |
|McA 2 |28 |26 |M |†t |28 |33 |M | |
|McC 11 |30 |33 |M | |30 |M |M | |
|Ran 4 |29 | | | |30 |†t |†t |†t |
|Sch 8 |30 |35 |29 | |29 |39 |M | |
|Sco 5 |29 |37 |24 | |29 |36 |24 | |
|Shi 5 |29 |29 |36 | |27 |M |27 | |
|*Smi |S | | | |27 |F |F |All F |
|Ste 9 |28 |M |S | |28 |S |31 | |
|Wil 23 |30 |M |M |†t |29 |M |S |†t |
|You 9[23] |29 |36 |34 | |28 |37 |23 | |
|A: 01-44 |30 | | | |27 | | | |
|A: 01-19 |26 | | | |29 | | | |
|A: 01-60 |29 | | | |27 | | | |
|A: 01-63 |28 | | | |28 | | | |
+-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+
Average build of parents (excluding family with *), 27.87
Number of matings, 23 + 1* = 24
Total number of progeny, 47 + 2* + 2 non-quantitative = 51
VS S M
Classification of progeny 5 35 11
Proportional frequency per mille 98 686 215
[20] FFF, build 36; FFM, build 27; FMF, build 28.
[21] 3 adolescent children are S.
[22] M’s sib (F) has one F and one M child.
[23] F’s weight may have been reduced by bronchial trouble.
TABLE VII.—_Slender × medium matings and their progeny._
+-----------+--------------+--------------+
| File | Male | Female |
| ref. | children. | children. |
+-----------+--------------+--------------+
|Alv A |36 32 30 |40 28 |
|Alt |43 38 33 |42 32 |
|Atw 2 |33 |28 |
|Bal 3 |32 |32 33 |
|Bak 8[24] |34 33 | |
|Bes 1[25] |33 35 35 |31 |
|Bla 11 |40 33 35 35 |39 |
|Blo 3 |35 |30 |
|Bou 3 |37 34 |35 |
|Bou 4 |32 32 |34 |
|Blu 2 |31 | |
|Bra 4 |33 | |
|Bri 2 |35 33 33 31 |28 30 30 30 33|
|Bro 36 |41 32 |30 |
|Bru A |31 |33 32 31 29 28|
|Bru 2 |31 |38 32 34 28 |
|Cha 6 | |29 26 28 |
|Cla 1 |31 37 34 |36 29 |
|Cob 1 |33 |27 33 31 31 |
|Col 19 |40 |33 |
|Clo 2 |31 32 |30 |
|Com 2 |35 32 | |
|Cos 2[26] | |31 |
|Cra 6 |31 | |
|Cru 2[27] | |36 |
|Dew 1 |41 35 35 |31 |
|Dic A[28] |42* 32 31 |29 29 |
|Dic 3[29] |45 34 |26 34 27 33 |
|Dic 6 |30 35 |30 |
|Dow 7 | |30 32 |
|Dra 4[30] | |28 |
|Dun A |44 38 |31 |
|Eps 2 |31 | |
|Fan 1 |33 |31 |
|Fin 1 |43 38 37 | |
|Fin 8 |36 34 30 |33 32 |
|Fol 3 | |31 |
|For 9 |36 38 | |
|Fra 9 |39 |44 43 42 |
|Goo 6 | |28 28 |
|Gra 3 |33 | |
|Hal B[31] |32 |31 |
|Har 35[32] |36 |29 |
|Haw 5[33] |40 31 32 |33 31 38 |
|Hei 4 |38 | |
|Hod 3 |37 30 35 37 |36 34 34 28 35|
|Hor 7 | |32 |
|Hea 3 |30 37 |31 33 |
|Hef 1 |37 |31 |
|Hos 3 |35 |35 |
|Hox 2 |S M M M M |43 |
|Hut 3 |33 33 34 | |
|Jic 1 |33 32 | |
|Joh 18 | |32 |
|Jon 15 |35 38 | |
|Kaa A | |49 35 |
|Kau 5 |36 37 | |
|Kel A |50 |41 32 |
|Leo 1[34] |34 35 |37 28 |
|Leo 9 |32 39 32 35 |34 |
|Lip 3 |35 35 34 |36 35 39 36 |
|Lit 4 |37 33 |31 |
|Loo 1 |35 |32 |
|Man 1[35] |29 |29 |
|Mar 8 |34 39 | |
|May 3 | |30 |
|McC A |51 35 |26 32 |
|McM 2[36] |36 35 M |M |
|Mil 29 |41 |32 35 |
|Mit 2 | |34 40 |
|Mon 3 |34 | |
|Moo 4 |30 33 32 | |
|Oha 1 |37 |37 |
|Oli 2 | |33 31 |
|One 1 | |31 |
|Osb 6 |34 41 35 |30 45 36 |
|Par 3 |31 |37 |
|Per 6 |38 39 36 |35 |
|Per 8 |{38 31 32 34 }|31 32 32 |
| |{ 33 33 33 }| |
|Rei 4 |29 30 31 | |
|Rid A |36 47 33 48 |31 |
|Rim 1 |36 |32 34 |
|Ran 1 |29 32 31 |31 |
|Row 6 |34 |31 33 32 |
|Rug 1 |40 | |
|Rus 5 |36 | |
|Ste 29 |31 26 |31 |
|Thr 1[37] |{32 38 35* 37}|45 46 40 |
| |{ 35 39‡ 35 }| |
|Val 1 |32 31 | |
|Van 16 |39 33 34 | |
|Wal 5 |34 | |
|Wel 3 |32 33 |29 35 35 |
|Wes 5 | |29 |
|Wey 2 |34 31 |32 |
|Whi 15 |36 37 34 36 |33 |
|Woo 14 |36 32 |34 |
|Wil 34 |32 |36 29 |
|Wri 1 |36 |32 |
|A: 01-16 | |35 |
|A: 01-50 |33 |31 |
|A: 01-9 |30 | |
+-----------+--------------+--------------+
+-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+
| File | | | | Father’s | | | | Mother’s |
| ref. |F. |FF.|FM.| sibs. |M. |MF.|MM.| sibs. |
+-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+
|Alv A |29 |34 | |38 29 |31 |31 |50 |39 39 41 |
|Alt |36 |M |M | |30 |F |F | |
|Atw 2 |26 |27 |33 | |35 |30 |M |1F 3S |
|Bal 3 |29 |32 |33 | |36 |38 |24 | |
|Bak 8[24] |27 | | | |32 | | | |
| |[24] | | | | | | |
|Bes 1[25] |30 |32 |27 | |36 |31 |31 |3 F |
|Bla 11 |33 |31 |34 |3†t 2F 1S |30 |43 |30 |S S S M M F |
|Blo 3 |32 |S |M | |28 |M |M | |
|Bou 3 |35 |32 |M | |29 |M |32 | |
|Bou 4 |30 |32 |S | |31 |32 |31 | |
|Blu 2 |30 |S |F | |34 |38 |F |34 27 33 |
|Bra 4 |35 |41 |M | |28 |M |M | |
|Bri 2 |32 |32 |31 | |26 |32 |30 | |
|Bro 36 |35 |39 |38 | |27 |36 |50 | |
|Bru A |34 |S |M |31 |26 |S |S |30 |
|Bru 2 |30 |M | | |33 |S |M | |
|Cha 6 |30 |29 |33 | |33 |34 |32 | |
|Cla 1 |30 | | | |31 |34 |32 | |
|Cob 1 |31 |33 |29 | |28 |35 |31 | |
|Col 19 |35 |M |S | |29 |M |M | |
|Clo 2 |32 |M |S | |29 | | | |
|Com 2 |30 |29 |29 | |32 |M |M | |
|Cos 2[26] |34 |M |S | |26 |S |F | |
|Cra 6 |33 |29 |28 | |28 |29 |49 | |
|Cru 2[27] |34 |36 |28 | |28 |32 |32 | |
|Dew 1 |33 | | | |29 |34 |32 | |
|Dic A[28] |35 | | | |28 |33 |45 |{28 28 31 29 }|
| | | | | | | | |{31 30 28 29 }|
|Dic 3[29] |35 |36 |S | |29 |35 |33 | |
|Dic 6 |35 | | |VF |27 |31 |38 |VF |
|Dow 7 |28 |31 |29 | |34 |34 |28 | |
|Dra 4[30] |33 |34 |32 | |28 |S |S | |
|Dun A |35 |35 |34 |38 |26 |33 |33 |27 29 |
|Eps 2 |33 |37 |31 | |28 |35 |38 | |
|Fan 1 |33 |35 |49 | |28 |M |30 | |
|Fin 1 |30 |34 |31 | |36 |38 |33 | |
|Fin 8 |32 |36 |32 | |26 |31 |34 | |
|Fol 3 |30 | | | |36 | | | |
|For 9 |28 |30 | | |32 | | | |
|Fra 9 |34 | | | |30 | | | |
|Goo 6 |31 |32 |32 | |29 | | | |
|Gra 3 |31 |35 |33 | |26 |37 |35 | |
|Hal B[31] |31 |39 |47 |50 47 40 38 36|29 | | |34 29 29* 27* |
|Har 35[32] |27 |M |24 | |35 |27 |34 | |
|Haw 5[33] |30 |31 |27 | |34 |40 |30 | |
|Hei 4 |34 |39 |M | |28 | |39 | |
|Hod 3 |34 |35 |23 | |30 |36 |30 | |
|Hor 7 |30 |M |33 |1t |33 |36 |36 | |
|Hea 3 |34 |34 | |3†t. 1†ca |30 |31 |26 | |
|Hef 1 |34 | | | |29 | | | |
|Hos 3 |30 |42 |F | |32 |37 |37 | |
|Hox 2 |31 |M |M | |28 |S |F | |
|Hut 3 |30 |36 |36 | |31 | |34 | |
|Jic 1 |34 |35 |36 | |30 |M |S | |
|Joh 18 |30 |M |S | |32 |M |S | |
|Jon 15 |34 |43 |M | |29 |36 |M | |
|Kaa A |35 |35 |28 |34 |28 |34 |29 |M M M S F VF |
|Kau 5 |34 |34 |44 | |29 |31 |42 | |
|Kel A |30 | | |40 |33 | | | |
|Leo 1[34] |35 |T |35 | |28 |M |S | |
| |[34] | | | | | | |
|Leo 9 |32 |M |S | |30 |M |S | |
|Lip 3 |35 | | | |30 | | | |
|Lit 4 |27 |31 |26 | |35 |37 |33 | |
|Loo 1 |34 |M |M | |30 |M |M | |
|Man 1[35] |28 | |F |M F |31 |M |S | |
| |[35] | | | | | | |
|Mar 8 |27 |41 |S | |34 |34 |33 | |
|May 3 |31 |32 |28 | |29 |30 |49 | |
|McC A |28 | |M |M |32 |F |F |M M M M M |
|McM 2[36] |31 | | | |27 |28 |29 | |
|Mil 29 |31 |F |S | |29 |M |S | |
|Mit 2 |32 |34 |M | |28 |35 |M | |
|Mon 3 |34 |M |M | |27 |S |M | |
|Moo 4 |31 |30 |35 | |26 |30 |37 | |
|Oha 1 |33 |33 |31 | |28 |33 | | |
|Oli 2 |32 |M |40 | |29 |M |S | |
|One 1 |30 |T | | |31 |S |39 | |
|Osb 6 |34 |31 |29 | |28 |34 |34 | |
|Par 3 |35 |M |M | |28 |M |S | |
|Per 6 |29 | | | |34 | | | |
|Per 8 |36 |S |32 | |30 |39 | | |
|Rei 4 |36 |31 |38 | |27 |34 |28 | |
|Rid A |29 | | | |32 |41 | |46 45 30 |
|Rim 1 |35 |35 |32 | |28 |S |M | |
|Ran 1 |34 |35 |36 | |26 |S |29 | |
|Row 6 |36 |32 |41 | |28 |34 |28 | |
|Rug 1 |35 |36 |33 | |30 | | | |
|Rus 5 |32 |35 |40 | |30 |32 |44 | |
|Ste 29 |37 |33 |28 | |24 |24 |34 | |
|Thr 1[37] |27 |30 |31 |S S S S F |34 |33 | |S S M |
|Val 1 |29 |M |M | |32 | | | |
|Van 16 |30 |M |S | |33 |35 |38 | |
|Wal 5 |35 |33 |35 | |28 |S |S | |
|Wel 3 |29 |M |S | |34 |M |S | |
|Wes 5 |33 |35 |29 | |26 |30 |31 | |
|Wey 2 |31 |S |M | |26 |M |S | |
|Whi 15 |34 | | | |30 |35 |32 | |
|Woo 14 |27 |M |37 | |32 | |40 | |
|Wil 34 |34 |44 |32 | |29 |31 |28 | |
|Wri 1 |30 |S |M | |34 |M |F | |
|A: 01-16 |31 | | | |30 | | | |
|A: 01-50 |29 | | | |31 | | | |
|A: 01-9 |31 | | | |30 | | | |
+-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+
Average build of parents, 30.90
Number of matings, 101
Total progeny, 306 + 7 non-quantitative = 313
S M F VF
Classification of progeny 49 200 53 11
Proportional frequency per mille 157 639 169 35
[24] In middle life; build 35 to 27.
[25] 2 adolescent children; build 29 and 36.
[26] Medium father carries S gametes; 2 adolescent S children.
[27] 3 adolescent children who are slender.
[28] MF’s sibs: 4d. 96 years; 5 others at over 65 years; men weighed
160 to 175 pounds, women 125 to 145 pounds. Height respectively 69 to
71 inches; 65 to 66 inches. MM’s family all became VF after 36 years; *
gained build 51 at 58 years.
[29] MM reduced in build by old age.
[30] Also 1 adolescent male child, slender.
[31] * and * are twins.
[32] MF had 3 sibs died of tuberculosis; FF had 3 sisters died of
tuberculosis.
[33] 3 children died young.
[34] 2 sibs and a nephew died of tuberculosis.
[35] Sib died of tuberculosis.
[36] MF and MM were second cousins.
[37] Many F relatives who had muscular rheumatism: * has a daughter,
build 45; ‡ has a daughter build 45.
TABLE VIII.—_Slender × fleshy matings and their progeny._
+-----------+--------------+--------------+
| File | Male | Female |
| ref. | children. | children. |
+-----------+--------------+--------------+
|Ale 2 |39 34 |31 |
|Bro 30 |33 37 45 | |
|Bro 16 |34 |42 38 |
|Bus 3 | |28 38 |
|Cla 32 |33 |37 |
|Coh 4 |36 |33 |
|Coo 6 |37 37 |36 |
|Cor 3 |33 30 |33 |
|Cul 1 | |31 |
|Den 6 |35 |29 33 |
|Dex 1 |33 36 33 |33 38 |
|Dob 2 |31 33 36 32 |39 |
|Doo 3 |33 |29 31 |
|Dud 1 |35 |33 |
|Eds 2 |31 34 |32 32 39 |
|Elk 1 | |33 30 34 33 |
|Emm A |42 | |
|Fin 1 |43 39 38 | |
|Fit 2 |37 | |
|Gri 1 |34 36 |30 |
|Gui 3 |37 33 33 34 |30 40 39 |
|Har 3B |38 34 32 | |
|Has 2 | |33 30 30 |
|Hok 1 |34 35 | |
|Hot 1 |34 | |
|Hul 2 |34 |{26 27 25 30 }|
| | |{ 23 29 }|
|Kra 4[38] |29 32 | |
|Kra 5 |31 31 | |
|Lon A |38 |35 M S VS |
|Lyn 2 | |33 |
|Mer B |38 33 |34 31 29 |
|Met A |40 41 37 |41 35 |
|Mil 7 |38 38 | |
|Mor 28 |34 |26 |
|McC B |{43 38 34 33 }|38 42 39 |
| |{ 29 32 }| |
|McC 16 |38 37 |43 |
|McC 18 |25 |33 44 |
|*Ofi |VF M |{42 36 F VF F}|
| | |{ 43 }|
|Pad 1 |37 | |
|Ric 5 |33 |34 31 |
|Rom 1 |35 33 34 35 |39 31 33 |
|She 12 |38 34 32 32 |42 37 |
|*Smi[39] |41 M 35 30 |47 31 S 48 |
|Spe A |37 35 35 | |
|Tat A |39 40 |38 36 |
|Van 3 |28 |26 37 |
|*Van |37 41 | S S 43 |
|Wal 4 |39 35 | |
|Wat[40] |30 37 31 | |
|Wil 35 |34 32 |31 |
|Wil 42 | |31 29 |
|Woo 7 |42 |34 |
+-----------+--------------+--------------+
+-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+
| File | | | | Father’s | | | | Mother’s |
| ref. |F. |FF.|FM.| sibs. |M. |MF.|MM.| sibs. |
+-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+
|Ale 2 |27 |33 |28 | |38 |36 |42 |F 2†t |
|Bro 30 |30 |31 |27 | |37 |35 |40 | |
|Bro 16 |41 | |32 | |29 | |31 | |
|Bus 3 |30 |M | S | |39 |M |M | |
|Cla 32 |29 |29 | | |38 |31 |42 | |
|Coh 4 |30 | | | |40 | | | |
|Coo 6 |39 |38 |38 | |28 |33 |29 | |
|Cor 3 |41 |34 |49 |S F F 1†t |28 |39 |28 |M S |
|Cul 1 |39 |39 |37 | |28 |38 |42 | |
|Den 6 |39 |33t|35 | |27 |40 |33 | |
| | | |ca | | | | | |
|Dex 1 |42 |34 |31 | |30 |30 |36 | |
| |ca | | | | | | | |
|Dob 2 |26 |30 | S | |42 |F |F | |
|Doo 3 |28 |M | S | |40 |M |M | |
|Dud 1 |43 |48 |61 |10 F-VF, 1S(t)|28 |31 |28t|{ 3 of 12 }|
| | | | | | | | |{ F or VF }|
|Eds 2 |38 |37 |35 |I F |27 |35 |25 |{ 6 above }|
| | | | | | | | |{normal build}|
|Elk 1 |41 |36 |44 |t |27 |30 |32 | |
|Emm A |40 | | |36 34 |28 | | |39 31 27 32 31|
|Fin 1 |30 |34 |31 | |37 |38 |33 | |
|Fit 2 |43 |46 | | |30 |M |M | |
|Gri 1 |37 |31 |52 | |28 | |30 | |
|Gui 3 |27 | | | |39 |34 |30 | |
|Har 3B |30 | | | |43 | | | |
|Has 2 |29 |33 |38 | |38 |35 |37 | |
|Hok 1 |37 |36 | S | |27 |31 |35 | |
|Hot 1 |30 |M | S | |40 |S |S | |
|Hul 2 |30 |34 |26 | |37 |35 |27 | |
|Kra 4[38] |27 |37 |39 | |43 |40 |41 | |
|Kra 5 |27 |37 |39 | |38 |40 |41 | |
|Lon A |38 |32 | |39 34 30 |30 | |30 |39 |
|Lyn 2 |37 |S |F | |29 |S |M | |
|Mer B |40 |47 |27 | |25 |37 |36 | |
|Met A |39 |M |M |37 35 35 46 35|30 |33±|28 |35 32 31 30 28|
|Mil 7 |39 |M |M | |29 |43 |31 | |
|Mor 28 |39 | | | |29 |39 |34 | |
|McC B |30 | | |37 |37 | | | |
|McC 16 |30 |34 |S | |39 |39 |S |1†hf, 1†t |
|McC 18 |38 | |35 | |30 |36 | | |
|*Ofi |S | | |F F F M |F | | |7 F |
|Pad 1 |28 |31 |35 | |37 |33 |23 | |
|Ric 5 |30 |36 |38 | |40 |33 |31t| |
|Rom 1 |38 |S |F |3t |28 |C |M | |
|She 12 |38 |34 |46 | |28 |34 |28 | |
|*Smi[39] |43 | | | |30 | | | |
|Spe A |40 | | |40 40 31 31 |27 | | |35 22 43 |
|Tat A |28 | | |55 35 30 31 29|41 | | |39 |
|Van 3 |29 |29 |29 | |37 |33 |39 | |
|*Van |42 | | |S 39 |S | | | |
|Wal 4 |41 |38 |34 | |27 |31 |28 | |
|Wat[40] |27 |S |F | |40 |26 |45 | |
|Wil 35 |38 | | | |28 |32 |M | |
|Wil 42 |37 |36 |35 | |30 |30 |32 | |
|Woo 7 |38 | | | |30 |S |M | |
+-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+
Average build of parents (excluding families with *), 33.85.
Number of matings, 49 + 3* = 52.
Total No. of progeny, 155 + 21* + 3 non-quantitative = 179.
VS S M F VF
Classification of progeny 4 26 85 57 7
Proportional freq. per mille 23 145 475 318 39
[38] Kra 4, by first wife; Kra 5, by second wife.
[39] All this family were slender till about 20 years, then became
fleshy. The slender persons are still young.
[40] MMMM build 36; MMM 30; MFM 27; MFF 33.
TABLE IX.—_Slender × very fleshy matings and their progeny._
+-----------+--------------+--------------+
| File | Male | Female |
| ref. | children. | children. |
+-----------+--------------+--------------+
|Arn 5[41] |32 |38 |
|Ban 2[42] |39 39 | |
|Ben 8 |40 |32 |
|Bon A |44 | |
|*Bun |44 33 |25.5 32 |
|Cle 5 |30 39 35 |33 |
|*Coo | |48 34 |
|Fen 1 |38 33 30 32 |29 |
|Har 15[43] |39 33 34 |40(t) 37 |
|Hor 9 | |31(t) 36 |
|How 8[44] |35 38 37 39‡ | |
| |41‡ | |
|Kro 3 |42 | |
|*Leo |45 |51 S S 46 F |
|Tea A |46 31 28 |31 32 |
+-----------+--------------+--------------+
+-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+
| File | | | | Father’s | | | | Mother’s |
| ref. |F. |FF.|FM.| sibs. |M. |MF.|MM.| sibs. |
+-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+
|Arn 5[41] |44 |31 |48 | |26 |33 |25 | |
|Ban 2[42] |49 |42 |31 |t t |26 |M |F |5 F |
|Ben 8 |28 |38 |26 | |45 |39 |32 | |
|Bon A |51 |40 | |40 |26 |35 | |29 27 28 28 |
|*Bun |57 | | | |26 | | | |
|Cle 5 |30 |34 |34 |F |54 |27 |32 |3 F |
|*Coo |29 | | |F F S S |49 | |49 |48 40 |
|Fen 1 |44 | | | |27 | | | |
|Har 15[43] |30 |41 |28 |t |49 |35 |49 | |
|Hor 9 |44 |44 |24 | |29 |S |M | |
|How 8[44] |30 |37 |27 |t t t |51 |40 |46 | |
|Kro 3 |29 |34 |42 | |46 |38 |28 | |
|*Leo |S | | | |51 |S |51 |45 46 |
|Tea A |49 | | | |27 | | | |
+-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+
Average build of parents (excluding families with *), 37.91.
Number of matings, 11 + 3* = 14.
Total number of progeny 34 + 12 = 46.
S M F VF
Classification of progeny 7 17 15 7
Proportional freq. per mille 152 370 326 152
[41] M died, 46 years, tuberculosis; M’s sib died of hardening of lungs;
MF tuberculosis; MM tuberculosis, but recovered.
[42] M underwent senile degeneration after menopause.
[43] MM had “delicate lungs.”
[44] ‡ Twins.
TABLE X.—_Medium × medium matings and their progeny._
+-----------+--------------+--------------+
| File | Male | Female |
| ref. | children. | children. |
+-----------+--------------+--------------+
|Abe 1 |34 |33 29 34 |
|All A |37 29 |39 |
|Aus 3 |35 |33 |
|Bac 1 | |36 |
|Bar 10 |32 32 30 | |
|Bat 2 |33 32 35 |33 |
|Bea 7 |34 32 |32 31 |
|Bec 6 |32 | |
|Bet 3 | |36 36 |
|Bis 5 |35 | |
|Bow 3 |33 |32 32 |
|Bra 10 |40 |38 39 36 |
|Bro 18 |32 36 34 | |
|Cas 4 |43 41 34 |37 32 34 |
|Chr 2 |32 36 |32 |
|Cla 29 | |36 |
|Coo 5 |{38 35 36 31 }|37 41 36 38 |
| |{ 36 37 33 }| |
|Dex 2 |33 |33 |
|Dic 4 |32 31 33 |29 |
|Dra 1 | |36 31 |
|Eat A |{34 36 35 36 }|42 33 |
| |{ 38 38 }| |
|Fie 2 |33 |35 |
|Fis 2[45] |35 |{37 37 40 33 }|
| | |{ 39 37 }|
|Fra 3A |35 35 | |
|Fri 3 |31 |35 |
|Gil 15 |42 39 |39 |
|God 2 |30 |27 31 31 31 30|
|Gol 4 | |32 30 |
|Gor 7 |34 | |
|Hal 16[46] |39 |37 |
|Haw 6 |35 32 35 29 30|29 29 27 33 |
|Haw 7 |36 |30 |
|Hen 6 |35 36 |42 35 |
|Hod 1 |38 |39 |
|Hop 5 |35 35 27 |31 |
|Hut 4 |33 |39 |
|Ill 1 |39 35 34 33 |35 38 37 37 |
|Joh 1[47] |36 |39 |
|Jon 20 |37 | |
|Jor 1 |36 41 |38 32 |
|Kel 4a |34 32 S |M (t) M M 31 |
|Kim 1 |29 35 35 | |
|Lan 8 |30 |25 |
|Lau 2 |36 | |
|Lev 2 |34 30 |36 39 |
|Lex A |47 36 36 |37 |
|Llo 4 |34 | |
|Loe A |46 38 38 36 |56 |
|Mar 22 |33 36 32 31 |40 36 |
|Mas 3 | |34 34 |
|Mat 13 |37 |36 35 37 |
|Mer 8 | |41 36 40 37 33|
|Mou 2 |29 |34 |
|Mur A |35 30 | |
|McC 12 | |33 |
|McP A[48] |{36 32 34 33 }|32 36 |
| |{35 35 39 37 }| |
|Nes 1 |32 41 33 33 |51 37 |
|Nor 6 |33 |41 |
|Obr 1 |38 |35 |
|Old 2 |33 |33 35 33 |
|Osb 4 |34 32 |25 30 31 |
|Pag 2 |36 |35 |
|Pai 2 |28(t) 41 33 |31 |
|Pat 5 |33 38 |31 31 |
|Pan 3 |35 32 |34 |
|Pot 5 |36 40 35 |36 |
|Pro 1 |37 39 | |
|Ras 1 |36 33 33 |36 39 |
|Ric 9 |32 |30 |
|Ric 11 |40 |37 |
|Rig 1 |34 32 |30 32 |
|Riz 11 | |30 29 34 28 |
|Rue 1 |35 34 33 27 | |
|Rup 1 |{31 40 38 36 }|30 33 |
| |{ 31 30 }| |
|Sam 3[49] |30 30 | |
|Sch 11 |35 38 36 |36 |
|Sco 3 | |33 |
|She 6 |37 34 40 |45 |
|Sle 3 | |33 35 34 |
|Smi 33 |36 36 36 37 |31 32 31 36 |
|*Smi | |39 |
|Sto 13 |33± |38 38 36 38 34|
|Sut 3 |31 30 | |
|Tag A |43 |31 34 |
|Tet A[50] |49* 43 36 30 |41 49 30 |
|Tor 1 |35 39 |36 34 |
|Van 13 |40 35 | |
|Vib A |39 31 | |
|War 3 |{30 31 32 30 }|32 30 32 36 |
| |{ 33 33 }| |
|Whi 17 |33 31 | |
|Whi 22 |34 |31 |
|You 2 |34 |37 |
|A: 01-26 | |29 41 39 |
+-----------+--------------+--------------+
+-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+
| File | | | | Father’s | | | | Mother’s |
| ref. |F. |FF.|FM.| sibs. |M. |MF.|MM.| sibs. |
+-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+
|Abe 1 |32 |M |M | |34 |M |S | |
|All A |35 |32 |32 | |32 | |30 | |
|Aus 3 |32 |32 |31 |39 |31 |34 |28 |t |
|Bac 1 |32 |S |M | |36 |M |M | |
|Bar 10 |31 |35 |M | |33 | | | |
|Bat 2 |31 |M |S | |32 |29 |31t| |
|Bea 7 |32 |31 |28 | |34 |36 |31 | |
|Bec 6 |31 |39 |39 | |34 |35 |36 | |
|Bet 3 |34 |31 |24 | |35 |38 |43 | |
|Bis 5 |32 |39 |28 | |31 |38 |36 | |
|Bow 3 |32 |M |M | |33 |M |M | |
|Bra 10 |35±|35±|35±| |34 |35 |32 | |
|Bro 18 |33 |31t|36 | |33 |M |(t)| |
|Cas 4 |34 |39 |29t| |34 |43 |27 | |
|Chr 2 |32 |33 |32 | |33±|37 |34 | |
|Cla 29 |33 | | | |33 | | | |
|Coo 5 |32 |(t)|37 | |36 |34 |37 | |
|Dex 2 |34 |35 |30 | |36 |33 |31 |t, t |
|Dic 4 |31 |M |F | |32 |32 |29 | |
|Dra 1 |32 |35 |29 | |34 |34t|32 | |
|Eat A |35 | | |33 35 42 30 |32 |36 |33 |36 39 41 33 |
|Fie 2 |36 |35 |36 | |32 |37 |32 | |
|Fis 2[45] |36 |M |M | |32 |M | | |
|Fra 3A |33 |S |S | |35 |M |39±| |
|Fri 3 |32 |M |S | |35 |38 |35 | |
|Gil 15 |35 |31±|33±| |33t|39 |39 | |
|God 2 |34 |34 |28t| |31 |M |M | |
|Gol 4 |31 |31 |29 | |32 |41 |30 | |
|Gor 7 |35 |M |S | |32 |M |M | |
|Hal 16[46] |33 |F |S | |34 |M |S | |
|Haw 6 |33 |S |S | |31 |31 |29 | |
|Haw 7 |33 |31 |34 | |31 |42 |39 | |
|Hen 6 |32 |M |M | |31 |M |S | |
|Hod 1 |33 |31 |24 | |31 |30 |29 | |
|Hop 5 |35 |41 |31 | |35 |31 |32 | |
|Hut 4 |32 |30±|F | |32 |M |M | |
|Ill 1 |34 |32 |33 | |33 |32 |31 | |
|Joh 1[47] |35 |M |F | |33 |M |S | |
| | |[47] | | | | | |
|Jon 20 |36 |36 |40 | |31 |32 |31 | |
|Jor 1 |35 | | | |36 | | | |
|Kel 4a |36 |34 |S | |31 |34 |F | |
|Kim 1 |35 | | | |31 | | | |
|Lan 8 |37 |40 |40 | |35 |34 |25 | |
|Lau 2 |35 |S | | |31 |M |M | |
|Lev 2 |34 |34 |35 | |32 |37±|51±| |
|Lex A |33 | |37 | |32 |30 |33 |34 35 36 |
|Llo 4 |32 |M |S | |33 | | | |
|Loe A |36 | | |27 |35 | | | |
|Mar 22 |33 |M |M | |32 |S |S | |
|Mas 3 |35 |M |M | |32 |M |M | |
|Mat 13 |34 |36 |38 | |35 |35 |48 | |
|Mer 8 |35 |Mt |S |E |34 |S |M | |
|Mou 2 |31 |S |M |4†t |36 |30t|50 |4†t |
|Mur A |32 |38 |31 |37 37 |31 |33 |33 |40 32 31 28 |
|McC 12 |33 |M |S | |32 |S |F | |
|McP A[48] |36 |M |F |{41 36 34 40 }|31 |38 |47 |36 33 29 40 |
| | | | |{40 31 33[48]}| | | | |
| | | | |{ 37 }| | | | |
|Nes 1 |32 | | | |34 | | | |
|Nor 6 |33 |M |M | |36 |M |S | |
|Obr 1 |35 | | | |36 | | | |
|Old 2 |33 |34 |34 | |33 | | | |
|Osb 4 |36 | | | |31 |M |S | |
|Pag 2 |34 |33 |30 | |36 |29 |29 | |
|Pai 2 |34 |F |M |41 |32 |M |F | |
|Pat 5 |32 |M |S | |33 |M |S | |
|Pan 3 |34 |S |S | |36 |Mt |M | |
|Pot 5 |34 | | | |34 | |28 | |
|Pro 1 |33 |34 |40 | |32 |40 |33 |F F(t) 39 |
|Ras 1 |34 | | | |31 | | | |
|Ric 9 |32 |30±|32 | |34 |S |40 | |
|Ric 11 |33 |33 |31 | |32 |38 |33 | |
|Rig 1 |33 |34±|M | |36 |M |M | |
|Riz 11 |31 |32 |36 | |33 |S |M | |
|Rue 1 |31 | | | |36 | | | |
|Rup 1 |32 | | | |32 | |32 | |
|Sam 3[49] |33 |37 |35 | |31 | |44 | |
|Sch 11 |31 |37 |33 | |32 |35 |41 | |
|Sco 3 |36 |42 |39 | |31 |M |M | |
|She 6 |34 |32 | | |31 |36 |S | |
|Sle 3 |32 |33 |33 | |31 |33 | | |
|Smi 33 |34 |34 |S | |31 |35 |M | |
|*Smi |35 |S |F | |33 |39 |S |S M |
|Sto 13 | |33 | | |35 |S |F | |
|Sut 3 |31 | | | |36 |M |M | |
|Tag A |36 |36 |36 |47 36 36 |31 |34 |37 |{34 32 40 38 }|
| | | | | | | | |{ 31 37 }|
|Tet A[50] |34 | | |65 |34 |38 |31 | |
|Tor 1 |33 |32 |34 |{7 avg. build}|34 |32 |27 |Avg. or under |
| | | | |{ or above. }| | | | |
|Van 13 |32 |35t|31 | |35t|37 |28 | |
|Vib A |33 |41 |33 |33 33 40 |31 |30 | |30 |
|War 3 |33 |33 |St | |32 |41 |26 | |
|Whi 17 |33 |35 |32 | |33 |35 |40 |t |
|Whi 22 |32 |41 |27 | |36 |31 |44 | |
|You 2 |34 |38 |34 | |36 |39 |31 | |
|A: 01-26 |33 | | | |35 | | | |
+-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+
Average build of parents (excluding family with *), 33.23.
Number of matings, 92 + 1* = 93.
Total No. of progeny, 327 + 1* + 4 non-quantitative = 332.
VS S M F VF
Classification of progeny 2 40 201 82 7
Proportional frequency per mille 6 121 605 247 21
[45] MM and MF were first cousins.
[46] FF and FM were first cousins.
[47] Weak lungs.
[48] Spinal trouble.
[49] M and F were first cousins.
[50] * has undersized wife and 2 children; male, build 49; female, build
46.
TABLE XI.—_Medium × fleshy matings and their progeny._
+-----------+--------------+--------------+
| File | Male | Female |
| ref. | children. | children. |
+-----------+--------------+--------------+
|Ade 1 |39 |31 |
|Ale 2 |32 37 36 36 36|28 31 33 |
|Bal 5 | |40 |
|Bar 24 |29 |33 |
|Beh 2 |33 | |
|Ben 11 | |36 |
|Bit 3[51] |38 38 |33 |
|Blo 1 |36 35 35 41 | |
|Bot 1 |35 |35 37 |
|Bro 23 |36 33 33 30 |35 |
|Bro 34 |39 |38 |
|Cam B |47 45 45 |38 38 30 |
|Cam 5 |38 |34 36 40 |
|Car 17 |32 38 35 |35 (t) 29 |
|Cas 9 | |30 |
|Cha 7 |36 35 | |
|Cha 12 |33 |30 33 |
|Che 7 |30 32 | |
|Cle 2 |33 |36 38 32 33 |
|Col 14 | |36 35 |
|Con 11[52] | |34 49 |
|Cra 11 |36 |39 |
|Cra 14 |44 |32 36 |
|Cri 1 | |34 33 |
|Cur 5 |30 30 |35 |
|Dan A |53 |36 46 47 |
|Dav 6 |38 32 32 32 |32 |
|Dea 1 |36 34 |42 35 |
|Dem 1 |30 |36 |
|Dra 9 |36 34 |33 |
|Ebe 1 |38 |37 |
|Edm 2 |37 34 | |
|Eil A |33 33 | |
|Eng 3 |38 36 |33 |
|Eva 7 |34 33 32 | |
|Flo 2 |33 35 33 |33 36 |
|Fou 1 | |33 36 |
|Fri 5 |40 |34 37 |
|Fri 9 |35 | |
|Glu 1 |36 |47 |
|Goo 4 |33 33 32 33 | |
|Gra 4 |33 34 | |
|Hal 12 | |35 29 |
|Hal 17 |31 |34 |
|Hal 22 |33 | |
|Hed 6 |40 38 33 |44 37 37 |
|Hen 3 |32 32 31 34 | |
|Hen 11 | |34 34 |
|Hor 5 |37 34 41 32 33|31 34 33 |
|Jac 3 |38 39 36 | |
|Jon 12 |33 35 33 |37 30 31 |
|Jen 9 |34 |39 |
|Kel 6 |34 31 | |
|Ken 2 | |36 |
|Kin 10 | |36 36 34 |
|Kle A |58 41 | |
|Kuh 2 |41 | |
|Lan 11 | |33 37 |
|Lar A |43 37 | |
|Lov 2 |31 29 | |
|Lut 1 |33 32 34 36 |33 31 31 |
|Met 1 |40 |36 |
|Mer 4 |37 | |
|Mey 5 |36 |34 36 |
|Mil 11 |34 32 34 |40 32 |
|Mil 23 |37 |34 |
|Mor A |42 |42 41 43 29 |
|Mor 16 |37 | |
|Moy 1 |35 |35 |
|Mye A |42 36 54 |33 33 35 |
|Mye 1 |32 34 |32 35 32 33 |
|McF 2 |32 39 36 |28 |
|McM 7 | |26 32 |
|New 10 |32 41 | |
|Nix 2 |35 38 |32 33 |
|Nol B |41 38 |38 28 |
|*Ofi | |27 57 |
|Ole 1 |34 31 | |
|Pap 1 |32 34 | |
|Pec 6 | |44 |
|Phi A |37 53 47 35 | |
|Pot 4 |35 38 |38 |
|Pri 6[53] |36 |32 |
|Pro 2 | |36 |
|Pug 2 |34 42 | |
|Rei 8 |32 | |
|Rob 12 |40 38 |39 |
|Roe 3 |35 |29 37 |
|Rog A |{42 39 34 33 }|30 |
| |{ 32 32 }| |
|Ryl 1 |35 34 |35 35 32 |
|Sar 2[54] |32 | |
|Sau A |43 30 41 31 | |
|Sch 12 |37 | |
|Sey 1 |33 |30 30 |
|Sid 1 |32 |31 31 |
|Smi 20 |33 |40 |
|Spi 5 |41 | |
|Spi 7 |35 33 |S S 28 50 |
|Sta 7[55] |37§ 37§ 37 |36 30 33 |
|Str 7 |36 35 |36 |
|Tho 22 | |36 |
|Thr 3 |30 |32 |
|Tra 4[56] |38 42 41 |33 32 |
|Van 10 |38 |36 |
|Van 12 | |39 36 32 |
|Voo 1 }|38 40 37 34 |30 35 32 |
|Voo A }| | |
|Wak 1 |37 |29 32 33 |
|Wan 2 |34 M 35 M | |
|Wil 10 |40 |39 |
|Wil 22[57] |36 36 41 35 32|34 |
|Win 7 |38 35 |38 40 34 |
|Woo 8 |33 |40 |
|Wri 3 |34 32 |31 |
|You A |35 | |
|Zec 1 |32 | |
+-----------+--------------+--------------+
+-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+
| File | | | | Father’s | | | | Mother’s |
| ref. |F. |FF.|FM.| sibs. |M. |MF.|MM.| sibs. |
+-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+
|Ade 1 |32t|S |S | |39 |33 |47 | |
|Ale 2 |32 | | | |39 | | | |
|Bal 5 |40 |40 |39 |M |36 |38 |42 |2 F |
|Bar 24 |38 |34 |35 | |35 | | | |
|Beh 2 |38 |41±|St |†t |33 |35±|35 | |
|Ben 11 |36 |35 |34 | |43 |31 |41 | |
|Bit 3[51] |41 |30 |34 | |36 |S |S | |
|Blo 1 |33 | |29 | |41 |†t |Mt |2 †t |
|Bot 1 |33 |M |F | |38 |M |M | |
|Bro 23 |39 |M |M | |31 |S | | |
|Bro 34 |35 |31 |38 | |38 |43 |38 | |
|Cam B |40 | | | |36 | | | |
|Cam 5 |43 | | | |32 |F |M | |
|Car 17 |34 | | | |42 |39 |M | |
|Cas 9 |37 |38 |32 | |32 |39 |33 | |
|Cha 7 |31 |33 |32 |†t |38 |24 |42 | |
|Cha 12 |31 |40 |33 | |37 |37 |26 | |
|Che 7 |37 |37 |40 | |36 | | | |
|Cle 2 |42 |M |F | |33 |M |F | |
|Col 14 |31 | | | |37 |34 |34 | |
|Con 11[52] |36 |F |M | |42 |M |M | |
|Cra 11 |42 |23 |24 |t |34 |38 |31 |1 t |
|Cra 14 |38t|S |M |†t |36 |38 |36 | |
|Cri 1 |34 |37 |26 | |39 |45 |34 | |
|Cur 5 |41 |28 |33 | |34 | |40 | |
|Dan A |34 | | | |41 | | | |
|Dav 6 |32 |39 |28 | |37 |37 |40 |3†† |
|Dea 1 |31 |M |S | |43 |40 |30 | |
|Dem 1 |41 | |F | |34 | | | |
|Dra 9 |34 |26 |34 | |37 |29 |42 | |
|Ebe 1 |39 | | |†t |31 |†t | | |
|Edm 2 |41 |39 |37 | |34 |30 |26 | |
|Eil A |41 |38 |33 |{37 41 38 34 }|35 |31 |31 |34 34 32 |
| | | | |{ 34 35 33 }| | | | |
|Eng 3 |31 |M |F | |42 |F |M | |
|Eva 7 |32 |32 |37 | |38 |38 |32 | |
|Flo 2 |31 | | | |38 | | | |
|Fou 1 |40 |35 |30 | |35 |33 |32 | |
|Fri 5 |39 | | | |34 | | | |
|Fri 9 |38 |36 |39 | |34 |M |M | |
|Glu 1 |34 |M |S |F VF |43 |M |M |F |
|Goo 4 |38 |ca |40 | |32 |38t|29 | |
| | |34 | | | | | | |
|Gra 4 |43 |29 |47 | |32 |35 |42 | |
|Hal 12 |42 | | | |31 | |22 | |
|Hal 17 |42 |32 |37 | |31 |32 |S | |
|Hal 22 |32t|M |M |2†t |39 |32 |32 | |
|Hed 6 |39±|M |F | |33±| | | |
|Hen 3 |40 | | | |33 |38 |36 | |
|Hen 11 |35 |33 |43 | |41 |S |31 | |
|Hor 5 |31 |Mt |F |†tb |42 |Mt |F | |
|Jac 3 |35 |M |35 | |37 |39 |40 | |
|Jon 12 |33 | | | |39 | | | |
|Jen 9 |40 | | | |33 | |38 | |
|Kel 6 |38 |40 |38 | |34 |M |M | |
|Ken 2 |34 |34 |31 | |43 |38 |41 | |
|Kin 10 |37 |M |F | |34 |S |M | |
|Kle A |40 | | | |33 | | | |
|Kuh 2 |40 |45 |36 | |33 |35 |31 | |
|Lan 11 |37 |M |M | |33 |M |F | |
|Lar A |34 | | |39 32 |37 |29 |30 |39 48 |
|Lov 2 |32 |34 |36 | |38 |43 |42 | |
|Lut 1 |34 |31 |M | |40 | | | |
|Met 1 |34 | | | |39 | | | |
|Mer 4 |38 |40 |S | |34 |39 |44 |†t |
|Mey 5 |38 |M |S |4 weak |32 |M |S | |
|Mil 11 |32 | | | |43 | | | |
|Mil 23 |38 |30 |37 | |33 |40 |26 | |
|Mor A |34 |43 |34 |50 44 39 39 39|38 |32 |31 |32 30 32 |
|Mor 16 |36 |M |M | |37 |31 |50 |†t |
|Moy 1 |42 |M |S | |34 |S |M | |
|Mye A |43 |37 |37 |{46 42 37 36 }|34 |35 |30 |{34 34 37 40 }|
| | | | |{ 31 27 }| | | |{ 32 30 }|
|Mye 1 |43 |42 |35 | |32 |36 |33 | |
|McF 2 |39 |28 | | |32 |35 |27 | |
|McM 7 |39 | |F | |36 |M |S | |
|New 10 |34 |S |M | |37 |S |S | |
|Nix 2 |40 |S |F |3†t |32 |M |M |4†t |
|Nol B |34 | | |27 |37 | | |31 34 |
|*Ofi |33 |S |VF |6F VF |42 |S |F |{VF 36 M VF M}|
| | | | | | | | |{ M 43 }|
|Ole 1 |35 |S |M | |37 |M |M | |
|Pap 1 |38 | |36 | |31 |32 |37 | |
|Pec 6 |31 |37 |27 | |42 |39 |25 | |
|Phi A |33 |32 |34 |46 38 30 38 |39 |42 |44 |54 51 |
|Pot 4 |33 |35 |28 | |39 |29 |43 | |
|Pri 6[53] |37 |35 |28 | |33t|30 |30 | |
|Pro 2 |43 |M |F | |33 |M |M | |
|Pug 2 |34 |37 |34 | |38 |36 |30 | |
|Rei 8 |31 |32 |38 | |40 |40 |41 | |
|Rob 12 |34 |32 |28 | |39 |46 |34 | |
|Roe 3 |33 |28 |46 | |40 |34 |31 | |
|Rog A |33 |36 |28 |30 29 |38 |34 |34 |{36 37 38 39 }|
| | | | | | | | |{ 36 30 }|
|Ryl 1 |36 | | | |39 | | | |
|Sar 2[54] |34 |M |S |†t |43 |32 |53 |2†t |
|Sau A |41 | | |36 43 |34 |41 | |{54 30 39 31 }|
| | | | | | | | |{ 32 32 }|
|Sch 12 |34 |31 | | |40 |30 |35 | |
|Sey 1 |37 |S |F | |33 |41 |M | |
|Sid 1 |36 | | |36 36 36 32 34|38 |33 |M | |
|Smi 20 |37 | | | |33 | | | |
|Spi 5 |39 |37 |29t| |32 |34 |37 | |
|Spi 7 |34 |31 |39 | |37 |M |M |2 F |
|Sta 7[55] |34 |35 |29 | |43 |37 |44 | |
|Str 7 |40 |34 |28 | |32 |38 |34 | |
|Tho 22 |37 |34 |23 | |32 |35 |32 | |
|Thr 3 |38 |36 |28 | |31 |M |31 | |
|Tra 4[56] |39 |39 |23 | |32 |37 |30 |VF |
|Van 10 |34 |32 |25 | |38 |35 |42 | |
|Van 12 |42 |33 |38 | |36 | | | |
|Voo 1 }|31 | | | |43 |32 |44 | |
|Voo A }| | | | | | | | |
|Wak 1 |33 |S |M | |40 |S |M | |
|Wan 2 |37 | |F | |35 | |F |All nervous |
|Wil 10 |41 | | | |34 | | | |
|Wil 22[57] |32 |M |M | |39 |M |M | |
|Win 7 |41 |S |M | |35 |S |M | |
|Woo 8 |32 |38 |38 | |38 |40 |47 | |
|Wri 3 |39 |M |M | |34 |M |M | |
|You A |43 | | |34 |36 | |37 |40 36 33 37 40|
|Zec 1 |41 |M |S | |34 |36 |33 | |
+-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+
Average build of parents (excluding family with *), 36.45.
Number of matings, 114 + 1* = 115.
Total number of progeny, 340 + 2* + 4 non-quantitative = 346.
S M F VF
Classification of progeny 31 210 88 17
Proportional frequency per mille 90 606 255 49
[51] MF and MM were first cousins.
[52] F and M were first cousins.
[53] FF and FM were first cousins.
[54] F and M were first cousins.
[55] § and § were twins.
[56] F and M were first cousins.
[57] MF and MM were first cousins.
TABLE XII.—_Medium × very fleshy matings and their progeny._
+-----------+--------------+--------------+
| File | Male | Female |
| ref. | children. | children. |
+-----------+--------------+--------------+
|Ada 7 |40 | |
|Arm 5 |31 32 |34 |
|Arm 6 |35 39 39 40 33|38 |
|Bau 1 |30 |30 |
|Bei 1 |32 35 |29 32 |
|Ber A |{79 105 45 50}|41 39 |
| |{ 39 }| |
|Bow A |42 35 39 |32 45 31 |
|Cam 7 |38 25 27 | |
|Can 2 | |33t 33 39 43 |
|Dre 3 |35 40 | |
|Dun 1 |37 |37 43 34 38 |
|Fog A |39 40 |49 35 34 |
|Gif 2 |37 35 |34 |
|Hay 9 |39 |32 |
|Hoa A |33 44 |25 29 |
|Hor 6 |34 38 |34 |
|Ing 3 |39 |32 31 |
|Mer A |45 35 33 33 29|34 45 30 |
|McG 5 | |35 |
|Oat 1 |35 |31 |
|Ole 2 |37 |33 |
|Ran 5 |45 39 |34 46 34 |
|Ran 7 |34 37 |31 36 37 37 |
|Ric 25 |39 | |
|Sch A |46 40 46 |52 50 48 |
|Sch 26 | |33 36 |
|Sev 1 |31 36 32 34 | |
|War 16 |35 38 |32 32 |
|Wey A |45 43 37 |35 37 41 |
|Win 6 |34 |35 |
+-----------+--------------+--------------+
+-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+
| File | | | | Father’s | | | | Mother’s |
| ref. |F. |FF.|FM.| sibs. |M. |MF.|MM.| sibs. |
+-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+
|Ada 7 |48 |M |S | |32 |M |M | |
|Arm 5 |49 |42 |44 | |31 |35 |32 | |
|Arm 6 |36 |35 |M | |48 |M |M | |
|Bau 1 |33 | | | |53 |32 |40 | |
|Bei 1 |45 |S |M | |35 |F |36 | |
|Ber A |52 | | | |34 | | |46 46 |
|Bow A |32 |41 |26 |{32 32 32 34 }|45 |41 |26 |{33 39 39 39 }|
| | | | |{33 33 40 33 }| | | |{32 32 40 27 }|
| | | | |{ 43 }| | | | |
|Cam 7 |51 |42 |45 | |31t|36 |47 | |
|Can 2 |35 |S |S | |50 |M |S | |
|Dre 3 |36 | | | |44 | | | |
|Dun 1 |57 |41 |38 | |32t|35 |37 |2†t |
|Fog A |47 | |42 |46 38 |31 |39 | |46 37 53 |
|Gif 2 |35 |S |M | |49 |M |M | |
|Hay 9 |36 | | | |45 |35 |28 | |
|Hoa A |36 | | |25 |45 | | | |
|Hor 6 |44 |S |25 | |34 |29t|M | |
|Ing 3 |45 |32 |53 | |31 |35t|37 | |
|Mer A |45 | | |37 48 46 |36 | | | |
|McG 5 |51 |M |F | |31 |M |M | |
|Oat 1 |35 |31 |30 | |44 |35 |29t| |
|Ole 2 |45 |M |F | |34 |M |F | |
|Ran 5 |46 |F |S | |32 |Ft |S | |
|Ran 7 |33 |36 |M | |46 |M |43 | |
|Ric 25 |34 |39 |31 | |46 |33 |42 | |
|Sch A |33 | |33 | |54 |55 | | |
|Sch 26 |53 |M |S | |36 |M |M | |
|Sev 1 |46 |37 |39 | |34 |33 |33 | |
|War 16 |32 |M |S | |44 |F |S | |
|Wey A |45 |38 |30 |{32 33 30 30 }|35 |33 | |32 30 37 |
| | | | |{ 32 44 37 }| | | | |
|Win 6 |47 |M |42 | |35 |35 |S | |
+-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+
Average build of parents, 40.68.
Number of matings, 30.
Total number of progeny, 112.
VS S M F VF
Classification of progeny 2 7 50 36 17
Proportional frequency per mille 18 63 446 321 152
TABLE XIII.—_Fleshy × fleshy matings and their progeny._
+-----------+--------------+--------------+
| File | Male | Female |
| ref. | children. | children. |
+-----------+--------------+--------------+
|Ben 9 |37 35 36 |31 35 34 34 |
|Beh A |{43 37 32 31 }|30 |
| |{ 29 47 }| |
|Bur 14 | 34 |34 |
|Bur 21 |31 36 |37 32 34 41 29|
|But 2 |40 |36 |
|Cat 1 |33 38 34 |42 40 |
|Cla 12 |38 |43 35 35 |
|Dar 7 |38 |47 26 44 |
|Dol 3 |33 36 36 |32 34 |
|Elm A |42 32 |35 34 36 36 29|
|Fea 2 |32 33 30 |30 |
|For A |39 39 32 |52 49 28 29 |
|Hor 1 |35 35 | |
|Hod A |{51 29 42 47 }|31 28 49 |
| |{ 42 47 43 }| |
|Jam A |45 34 34 |43 41 |
|Jen 7 |39 |42 38 36 |
|Jon 11c[58]|37 39 37 |{37 40 37 40 }|
| | |{ 44[58] }|
| | |{ 35[58] 42 }|
|Lan A |51 |29 |
|Lic 2 |39 | |
|Lin 8 |36 36 |38 36 |
|Mar 20 |36 | |
|McW 2 |39 41 38 38 |44 |
|Nel 5 |37 38 35 35 35|36 35 36 42 34|
|*Pal[59] |M M |61+ |
|Pie 1 |40 40 |43 40 |
|Pit 1 | |37 29 37 30 29|
|Rat 1 |45 40 |37 40 |
|Sle 2 |37 |42 |
|Smi 40 | |36 33 35 35 |
|Syr 1 |35 |37 |
|Tel 1 |47 36 36 | |
|Thr 1a |43 38 38 |42 42 40 |
|Thr 2 |53 30 38 |44 44 44 |
|Wil 15[60] |39 53 42§ 35§ |35 34 |
+-----------+--------------+--------------+
+-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+
| File | | | | Father’s | | | | Mother’s |
| ref. |F. |FF.|FM.| sibs. |M. |MF.|MM.| sibs. |
+-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+
|Ben 9 |37 |33 |32 | |39 |39 |29 | |
|Beh A |40 |43 |39 | 40 39 45 |40 |37 |30 |VF VF 40 27 35|
|Bur 14 |39 |37 |M | |39 | |38 | |
|Bur 21 |37 |30 |40 | |37 |35 |M | |
|But 2 |42 |36 |39 | |41 |33 |39 | |
|Cat 1 |38 |32 |38 | |38 |40 |40 | 1†t |
|Cla 12 |37 |36 |31 | |37 |38 |31 | |
|Dar 7 |37 |42 | | |42 |37 |42 | 2 t |
|Dol 3 |40 |36 |38 | |40 |37 |41 | |
|Elm A |37 | |40 | |40 |32 |30 | |
|Fea 2 |43 |33 |34 | |37 |36 |36 | |
|For A |36 |33 |29 |{29 29 27 28 }|39 |30 |35 |{32 31 32 30 }|
| | | | |{ 27 28 27 }| | | |{ 54 25 30 }|
|Hor 1 |37 |M |S | |43 |47 |S | |
|Hod A |42 | | | 41 49 41 36 |38 | |37 | |
|Jam A |39 | | | |38 | | | |
|Jen 7 |43 |M |S | |38 |M |M | |
|Jon 11c[58]|39 |29 |49 |{36 31 43 44 }| | | | |
| | | | |{34 33 33 38 }|39 |37 |42 |{36 34 37 35 }|
| | | | |{ 39 }| | | |{ 34 37 }|
|Lan A |37 |37 |37 | 29 36 37 |40 |43 |37 | 35 |
|Lic 2 |40 |M |M | |40 |30 |41 | |
|Lin 8 |38 |M | | |43 |S |M | |
|Mar 20 |40 |36 |26 | |39 |33 |36 | |
|McW 2 |40 |36 |24 | |37 |33 |37 | |
|Nel 5 |39 |34 |31 | |42 |34 |34 | |
|*Pal[59] |43 |F |M |41 40 28 43 52|40+| | | |
| | |[59][59] | | | | |
|Pie 1 |39 |F |M | |43 |M |F | |
|Pit 1 |43 |S |F |F S |39 |150|S |†t |
|Rat 1 |38 |M |M | |39 |M |M | |
|Sle 2 |39 |36 |40 | |37 |37 |43 | |
|Smi 40 |37 |36 |37 | |43 |36 |37 | |
|Syr 1 |37 |F |M | |39 |M |M | |
|Tel 1 |39 |M |M | |38 |M |M | |
|Thr 1a |38 |39 |M |5 brothers M |40 | | | |
|Thr 2 |39 |27 |34 |{39 37 46 50 }|39 |38 |38 | |
| | | | |{35 50 35 35 }| | | | |
|Wil 15[60] |42 |40 |27 | |37 |M |31 | |
+-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+
Average build of parents (excluding family with *), 39.21.
Number of matings, 33 + 1* = 34.
Total number of progeny, 156 + 3* = 159.
S M F VF
Classification of progeny 15 62 61 21
Proportional frequency per mille 94 390 384 132
[58] Feeble-minded.
[59] FF’s sibs fleshy; FM’s sibs are M.
[60] § and § are twins.
TABLE XIV.—_Fleshy × very fleshy matings and their progeny._
+-----------+--------------+--------------+
| File | Male | Female |
| ref. | children. | children. |
+-----------+--------------+--------------+
|*Ber[61] |{100 38 50 }|34 43 |
| |{ 84[61] 34 }| |
|Bol 1[62] |39 | |
|Bro 10 |40 |39 35 32 |
|Cen 2 |33 39 |33 |
|Cla 16 |36 33 | |
|Cla 25 |39 |34 |
|Dan B |32 32 |51 31 |
|Ebe 2 | |37 36 |
|Ekb 1 |41 46 48 43 | |
|Elm B | |46 |
|*Faz[63] |VF[63] |51 47 |
|Flo 3 |39 42 39 42 40|37 36 |
|Gil A |53 39 |47 |
|Gou A |40 35 |48 32 |
|Gre 7[64] |42 37 38 | |
|Gug 1 |43 33 33 34 | |
|Hal 8 |36 35 33 | |
|Lou 4 | |41 38 34 38 36|
|*Lyn |{F M 31 35 39}|34 |
| |{ 46 }| |
|McL A |43 35 46 32 |{45 30 42 38 }|
| | |{45 30 31 31 }|
|*Mor |37 |S 52 46 F VS |
|Moo 11 | |47 35 |
|Nic 5 |38 |53 |
|Oel A |42 35 33 |38 |
|Pan 2 |39 35 44 |27 |
|Per A | |44 |
|Pon 1 |38 |42 33 |
|*Rec | |53 |
|*Rec |53 34 VF 40 |57 38 |
|Rei 7 |31 34 |30 |
|*Rid[65] |S 47 |40 49 VF F S |
|Saw A |48 |43 |
|Sch B | |45 |
|Ste 18 |34 43 |36 35 |
|Voi 1[66] | |31 |
|*Wen[67] |51 35 35 |44 32 32 32 31|
|*Whe |F 36 46 |48 |
|Yan 2,3 |40 42 42 40 44|42 33 38 |
+-----------+--------------+--------------+
+-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+
| File | | | | Father’s | | | | Mother’s |
| ref. |F. |FF.|FM.| sibs. |M. |MF.|MM.| sibs. |
+-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+
|*Ber[61] |50 | | |S S |39 | | |48 30 |
|Bol 1[62] |40 | |28 | |45 | | | |
|Bro 10 |40 |31 |38 | |50 |36 |40 | |
|Cen 2 |41 |M |M | |47 |M |M | |
|Cla 16 |39 |36 |27 |27 36 |45 |36 |45 |42 |
|Cla 25 |38 |45 | | |39 |30 | | |
|Dan B |40 |M |M |S S S S |51 |M |S |S S S S F |
|Ebe 2 |41 |M |M | |48 |S |M |t |
|Ekb 1 |50 |36 |50 |51 52 45 |38 | | | |
|Elm B |38 | | | |44 |39 |29 | |
|*Faz[63] |39 |F | |F F F F |57 |F‡ |F |57 |
|Flo 3 |38 |42 |42 | |49 |37 |35 | |
|Gil A |38 |34 |28 | |46 | | | |
|Gou A |37 | | | |54 |37 |50 |F F |
|Gre 7[64] |38 |F |M | |44 |M |M | |
|Gug 1 |44 | | | |38 | |29 | |
|Hal 8 |38 |41 |35 | |40 |37 |26 | |
|Lou 4 |37 |32 |32 | |48 |46 |29 | |
|*Lyn |38 | | |F |50 | | |F |
|McL A |38 |39 |36 |{36 37 39 37 }|44 |34 |45 |{35 34 35 37 }|
| | | | |{38 40 45 44 }| | | |{38 37 40 43 }|
| | | | | | | | |{ 45 }|
|*Mor |VF |S |F | |39 |F |F |All F |
|Moo 11 |40 |29 |69 | |47 |35 |36 | |
|Nic 5 |41 |F |F | |45 |38 |40 | |
|Oel A |38 | | | |44 | | |3F S |
|Pan 2 |46 |46 |35 | |39 |33 |31 | |
|Per A |51 | |34 |43 42 41 |43 |35 |30 |37 37 32 34 34|
|Pon 1 |45 | | | |37 |M |S(t)| |
|*Rec |F | | | |57 |40 |100|53 34 40 38 VF|
|*Rec |40 |S | |F F |100| | |F F S |
|Rei 7 |44 |72 |M | |37 |72 |M | |
|*Rid[65] |56 |S |F |F |F | | |M M F F 41 |
| | |[65] | | | | | |
|Saw A |40 |39 | |51 |39 | | | |
|Sch B |42 | | | |52 |32 |38 |30 42 32 39 35|
|Ste 18 |43 |37 |29 |42 |50 |39 |27 |t |
|Voi 1[66] |54 |M |F | |38 |S |F |†(t) |
|*Wen[67] |46 |6 |M | |37 |M |M |F F |
| | |[67] | | | | | |
|*Whe |40 |44 |49 | |52 | | |54 42 F S |
|Yan 2,3 |52 | | | |40 | | | |
+-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+
Average build of parents (excluding families with *), 42.49.
Total number of matings, 29 + 9* = 38.
Total number of progeny, 100 + 46* = 146.
VS S M F VF
Classification of progeny 1 7 52 51 35
Proportional frequency per mille 7 48 356 349 240
[61] Slender as a child.
[62] All show history of change (increase) of weight.
[63] VF till 17 years; now thin; †MF sibs F F F.
[64] Five children died in infancy.
[65] Had a fleshy sister.
[66] Mother has 4 small nervous sisters.
[67] Had a brother 46, sister 43.
TABLE XV.—_Very fleshy × very fleshy matings and their progeny (using
adjusted indices)._
+-----------+--------------+--------------+
| File | Male | Female |
| ref. | children. | children. |
+-----------+--------------+--------------+
|Bow B |50 37 45 |47 40 42 |
|Bow 2 |32 32 44 |31 34 |
|Bry A |47 32 33 |39 |
|Cat 3 |36 39 47 34 35|36 |
|Dal A |45 40 50 46 |34 32 |
|Dud A |51 31 | |
|Smi 36 |35 | |
+-----------+--------------+--------------+
+-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+
| File | | | | Father’s | | | | Mother’s |
| ref. |F. |FF.|FM.| sibs. |M. |MF.|MM.| sibs. |
+-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+
|Bow B |45 |45 |38 | |48 |36 |23 |35 35 35 38 50|
|Bow 2 |45 |34 |57 |47 44 52 49 52|48 |41 |32 |t 32 36 38 |
|Bry A |45 | |43 |46 38 49 |46 |31 | | |
|Cat 3 |44 |39 |35 | |51 |42 |49 | |
|Dal A |49 |48 | |{34 31 30 47 }|53 |64 | | |
| | | | |{ 35 38 29 }| | | | |
|Dud A |49 | | |33 |51 | | | |
|Smi 36 |46 |36t|34t| |44 |46 |40 | |
+-----------+---+---+---+--------------+---+---+---+--------------+
Average build of parents, 47.45.
Number of matings, 7.
Total number of progeny, 30.
M F VF
Classification of progeny 14 6 10
Proportional frequency per mille 467 200 333
TABLE XVI.—_Indices of build, weight ÷ stature², for weights from 100 to
225 pounds and 45.4 to 102 kg. and statures from 55 to 78 inches and 140
to 198 cm. Decimals omitted._
[Reduction from English to metric system effected by the factor 0.70308.]
+--------+-------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
|Weight |Pounds | 100| 105| 110| 115| 120| 125| 130| 135| 140| 145|
| |Decigr.|4536|4763|4990|5216|5443|5670|5897|6124|6350|6577|
+--------+-------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
|Stature |Stat.² | | | | | | | | | | |
+--------+-------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
|55 in. | 3025 |3306|3471|3636|3802|3967|4132|4298|4463|4628|4793|
|1397 mm.| 1952 |2324|2440|2557|2673|2789|2905|3021|3138|3254|3370|
|56 in. | 3136 |3189|3348|3507|3667|3827|3986|4145|4305|4464|4624|
|1422 mm.| 2023 |2242|2354|2466|2578|2690|2802|2915|3027|3139|3251|
|57 in. | 3249 |3078|3232|3386|3540|3693|3847|4001|4155|4309|4463|
|1448 mm.| 2096 |2164|2272|2380|2489|2597|2705|2813|2921|3030|3138|
|58 in. | 3364 |2973|3121|3270|3419|3567|3716|3864|4013|4162|4310|
|1473 mm.| 2170 |2090|2195|2299|2404|2508|2613|2717|2821|2926|3031|
|59 in. | 3481 |2873|3016|3160|3304|3447|3591|3735|3878|4022|4165|
|1499 mm.| 2246 |2020|2121|2222|2323|2424|2525|2626|2727|2828|2929|
|60 in. | 3600 |2778|2917|3056|3194|3333|3472|3611|3750|3888|4028|
|1524 mm.| 2323 |1953|2051|2148|2246|2343|2441|2539|2637|2734|2832|
|61 in. | 3721 |2687|2822|2956|3091|3225|3359|3494|3628|3762|3897|
|1549 mm.| 2401 |1890|1984|2078|2173|2267|2362|2456|2551|2645|2740|
|62 in. | 3844 |2601|2732|2862|2992|3122|3252|3382|3512|3642|3772|
|1575 mm.| 2480 |1829|1920|2012|2103|2195|2286|2378|2469|2561|2652|
|63 in. | 3969 |2520|2646|2771|2897|3023|3149|3275|3401|3527|3653|
|1600 mm.| 2561 |1771|1860|1949|2037|2126|2214|2303|2391|2480|2569|
|64 in. | 4096 |2441|2563|2686|2808|2930|3052|3174|3296|3418|3540|
|1626 mm.| 2643 |1716|1802|1888|1974|2060|2146|2231|2317|2403|2489|
|65 in. | 4225 |2367|2485|2604|2722|2840|2959|3077|3195|3314|3432|
|1651 mm.| 2726 |1664|1747|1831|1914|1997|2080|2163|2247|2330|2413|
|66 in. | 4356 |2296|2410|2525|2640|2755|2870|2984|3099|3214|3329|
|1676 mm.| 2810 |1614|1695|1775|1856|1937|2018|2098|2179|2260|2340|
|67 in. | 4489 |2228|2339|2450|2562|2673|2785|2896|3007|3119|3230|
|1702 mm.| 2896 |1566|1645|1723|1801|1879|1958|2036|2114|2193|2271|
|68 in. | 4624 |2163|2271|2379|2487|2595|2703|2811|2920|3028|3136|
|1727 mm.| 2983 |1521|1597|1673|1749|1825|1901|1977|2053|2129|2205|
|69 in. | 4761 |2100|2205|2310|2415|2520|2625|2731|2836|2941|3046|
|1753 mm.| 3072 |1477|1551|1624|1698|1772|1845|1920|1994|2067|2141|
|70 in. | 4900 |2041|2143|2245|2347|2449|2551|2653|2755|2857|2959|
|1778 mm.| 3161 |1435|1507|1578|1650|1722|1793|1865|1937|2009|2081|
|71 in. | 5041 |1984|2083|2182|2281|2380|2480|2579|2678|2777|2876|
|1803 mm.| 3252 |1395|1464|1534|1604|1674|1743|1813|1883|1953|2022|
|72 in. | 5184 |1929|2025|2122|2218|2315|2411|2508|2604|2701|2797|
|1829 mm.| 3345 |1356|1424|1492|1560|1627|1695|1763|1831|1899|1967|
|73 in. | 5329 |1877|1970|2064|2158|2252|2346|2439|2533|2627|2721|
|1854 mm.| 3438 |1319|1385|1451|1517|1583|1649|1715|1781|1847|1913|
|74 in. | 5476 |1826|1917|2029|2100|2191|2283|2374|2465|2557|2648|
|1880 mm.| 3533 |1284|1348|1412|1477|1541|1605|1669|1733|1797|1862|
|75 in. | 5625 |1778|1867|1956|2044|2133|2222|2311|2400|2489|2578|
|1905 mm.| 3629 |1250|1312|1375|1437|1500|1562|1625|1687|1750|1812|
|76 in. | 5776 |1731|1818|1904|1991|2078|2164|2251|2337|2424|2510|
|1930 mm.| 3726 |1217|1278|1339|1400|1461|1522|1582|1643|1704|1765|
|77 in. | 5929 |1687|1771|1855|1940|2024|2108|2193|2277|2361|2446|
|1956 mm.| 3825 |1186|1245|1304|1364|1423|1482|1541|1601|1660|1719|
|78 in. | 6084 |1644|1726|1808|1890|1972|2055|2137|2219|2301|2383|
|1981 mm.| 3925 |1156|1213|1271|1329|1387|1445|1502|1560|1618|1676|
+--------+-------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
+--------+-------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
|Weight |Pounds | 150| 155| 160| 165| 170| 175| 180| 185| 190| 195|
| |Decigr.|6804|7031|7258|7484|7711|7938|8165|8392|8618|8815|
+--------+-------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
|Stature |Stat.² | | | | | | | | | | |
+--------+-------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
|55 in. | 3025 |4959|5124|5289|5455|5620|5785|5950|6116|6281|6446|
|1397 mm.| 1952 |3486|3603|3719|3835|3951|4067|4184|4300|4416|4532|
|56 in. | 3136 |4783|4943|5102|5261|5421|5580|5740|5899|6059|6218|
|1422 mm.| 2023 |3363|3475|3587|3699|3811|3923|4036|4148|4260|4372|
|57 in. | 3249 |4617|4771|4925|5078|5232|5386|5540|5694|5848|6002|
|1448 mm.| 2096 |3246|3354|3462|3571|3679|3787|3895|4002|4112|4220|
|58 in. | 3364 |4459|4608|4756|4905|5054|5202|5351|5499|5648|5797|
|1473 mm.| 2170 |3135|3240|3344|3449|3553|3658|3762|3867|3971|4076|
|59 in. | 3481 |4309|4453|4596|4740|4884|5027|5171|5315|5458|5602|
|1499 mm.| 2246 |3030|3131|3232|3333|3434|3535|3636|3737|3838|3939|
|60 in. | 3600 |4167|4306|4444|4583|4722|4861|5000|5139|5278|5417|
|1524 mm.| 2323 |2930|3027|3125|3222|3320|3418|3515|3613|3711|3808|
|61 in. | 3721 |4031|4166|4300|4434|4569|4703|4847|4972|5106|5241|
|1549 mm.| 2401 |2834|2929|3023|3118|3212|3307|3401|3496|3590|3684|
|62 in. | 3844 |3902|4032|4162|4292|4422|4553|4683|4813|4943|5073|
|1575 mm.| 2480 |2744|2835|2926|3018|3109|3201|3292|3384|3475|3567|
|63 in. | 3969 |3779|3905|4031|4157|4283|4409|4535|4661|4787|4913|
|1600 mm.| 2561 |2657|2746|2834|2923|3011|3100|3189|3277|3366|3454|
|64 in. | 4096 |3662|3784|3906|4028|4150|4272|4395|4517|4639|4716|
|1626 mm.| 2643 |2575|2661|2746|2832|2918|3004|3090|3175|3261|3347|
|65 in. | 4225 |3550|3669|3787|3905|4024|4142|4260|4379|4497|4615|
|1651 mm.| 2726 |2496|2579|2662|2745|2829|2912|2995|3079|3162|3245|
|66 in. | 4356 |3443|3558|3673|3788|3903|4018|4132|4247|4362|4477|
|1676 mm.| 2810 |2421|2502|2583|2663|2744|2825|2905|2986|3067|3147|
|67 in. | 4489 |3342|3453|3564|3676|3787|3898|4010|4121|4233|4344|
|1702 mm.| 2896 |2349|2428|2506|2584|2663|2741|2819|2898|2976|3054|
|68 in. | 4624 |3244|3352|3460|3568|3676|3785|3893|4000|4109|4217|
|1727 mm.| 2983 |2281|2357|2433|2509|2585|2661|2738|2814|2890|2966|
|69 in. | 4761 |3151|3256|3361|3466|3571|3676|3781|3886|3991|4096|
|1753 mm.| 3072 |2215|2289|2363|2436|2510|2584|2658|2732|2806|2880|
|70 in. | 4900 |3061|3163|3265|3367|3469|3571|3673|3776|3878|3980|
|1778 mm.| 3161 |2152|2224|2296|2368|2439|2511|2583|2654|2726|2798|
|71 in. | 5041 |2976|3075|3174|3273|3372|3472|3571|3670|3769|3868|
|1803 mm.| 3252 |2092|2162|2232|2301|2371|2441|2511|2580|2650|2720|
|72 in. | 5184 |2894|2990|3086|3183|3279|3376|3472|3569|3665|3762|
|1829 mm.| 3345 |2034|2102|2170|2238|2306|2373|2441|2509|2577|2645|
|73 in. | 5329 |2815|2909|3002|3096|3190|3284|3378|3472|3565|3659|
|1854 mm.| 3438 |1979|2045|2111|2177|2243|2309|2375|2441|2507|2573|
|74 in. | 5476 |2739|2831|2922|3013|3104|3196|3287|3378|3470|3561|
|1880 mm.| 3533 |1926|1990|2054|2118|2183|2247|2311|2375|2439|2504|
|75 in. | 5625 |2667|2756|2844|2933|3022|3111|3200|3289|3378|3467|
|1905 mm.| 3629 |1875|1937|2000|2062|2125|2187|2250|2312|2375|2437|
|76 in. | 5776 |2597|2684|2770|2857|2943|3030|3116|3203|3289|3376|
|1930 mm.| 3726 |1826|1887|1928|2008|2069|2130|2191|2252|2313|2373|
|77 in. | 5929 |2530|2614|2697|2783|2867|2952|3036|3120|3205|3289|
|1956 mm.| 3825 |1779|1838|1897|1957|2016|2075|2134|2194|2253|2312|
|78 in. | 6084 |2465|2548|2630|2712|2794|2876|2959|3041|3123|3205|
|1981 mm.| 3925 |1733|1791|1849|1907|1965|2022|2080|2138|2196|2253|
+--------+-------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
+--------+-------+----+----+----+----+----+-----+--------+-------+
|Weight |Pounds | 200| 205| 210| 215| 220| 225|1 pound | 5 lbs.|
| |Decigr.|9072|9299|9526|9752|9979|10206| 45.4 | 227 |
+--------+-------+----+----+----+----+----+-----+ centg. | centg.|
|Stature |Stat.² | | | | | | | | |
+--------+-------+----+----+----+----+----+-----+--------+-------+
|55 in. | 3025 |6612|6777|6942|7107|7273| 7438| 33.055| 165.27|
|1397 mm.| 1952 |4648|4765|4881|4997|5113| 5230|2324.0 |1162.09|
|56 in. | 3136 |6378|6537|6696|6856|7015| 7175| 31.888| 159.47|
|1422 mm.| 2023 |4481|4596|4708|4820|4932| 5044|2242.0 |1121.0 |
|57 in. | 3249 |6155|6310|6464|6617|6771| 6925| 30.779| 153.84|
|1448 mm.| 2096 |4328|4436|4544|4653|4761| 4869|2164.0 |1082.0 |
|58 in. | 3364 |5945|6094|6240|6391|6543| 6688| 29.737| 148.64|
|1473 mm.| 2170 |4180|4285|4389|4494|4598| 4703|2090.0 |1045.0 |
|59 in. | 3481 |5745|5589|6033|6176|6320| 6464| 28.727| 143.64|
|1499 mm.| 2246 |4040|4141|4242|4343|4444| 4545|2020.0 |1010.0 |
|60 in. | 3600 |5556|5694|5833|5972|6111| 6250| 27.778| 138.89|
|1524 mm.| 2323 |3906|4004|4101|4199|4297| 4394|1953.0 |9765.0 |
|61 in. | 3721 |5375|5509|5344|5778|5912| 6947| 26.874| 134.37|
|1549 mm.| 2401 |3779|3874|3968|4062|4157| 4251|1890.0 |9448.0 |
|62 in. | 3844 |5203|5333|5463|5593|5723| 5853| 26.015| 130.08|
|1575 mm.| 2480 |3658|3750|3841|3932|4024| 4115|1829.0 |9145.0 |
|63 in. | 3969 |5039|5165|5291|5417|5543| 5669| 25.195| 125.98|
|1600 mm.| 2561 |3543|3631|3720|3809|3897| 3986|1771.0 |8857.0 |
|64 in. | 4096 |4883|5005|5127|5249|5371| 5493| 23.414| 122.07|
|1626 mm.| 2643 |3433|3519|3605|3690|3776| 3862|1716.0 |8582.0 |
|65 in. | 4225 |4734|4852|4970|5089|5207| 5325| 23.669| 118.35|
|1651 mm.| 2726 |3328|3411|3495|3578|3661| 3744|1664.0 |8320.0 |
|66 in. | 4356 |4591|4706|4821|4936|5051| 5165| 22.957| 114.79|
|1676 mm.| 2810 |3228|3309|3390|3470|3551| 3632|1614.0 |8070.0 |
|67 in. | 4489 |4455|4567|4678|4789|4901| 5012| 22.277| 111.39|
|1702 mm.| 2896 |3132|3211|3289|3367|3446| 3524|1566.0 |7831.0 |
|68 in. | 4624 |4325|4433|4542|4650|4758| 4866| 21.626| 108.13|
|1727 mm.| 2983 |3042|3118|3194|3270|3346| 3422|1521.0 |7603.0 |
|69 in. | 4761 |4201|4306|4411|4516|4621| 4726| 21.004| 105.02|
|1753 mm.| 3072 |2954|3027|3101|3175|3249| 3323|1477.0 |7384.0 |
|70 in. | 4900 |4082|4184|4286|4388|4490| 4592| 20.408| 102.04|
|1778 mm.| 3161 |2870|2941|3013|3085|3157| 3228|1435.0 |7174.0 |
|71 in. | 5041 |3967|4067|4166|4265|4364| 4463| 19.837| 99.19|
|1803 mm.| 3252 |2789|2859|2929|2999|3068| 3138|1395.0 |6974.0 |
|72 in. | 5184 |3858|3954|4051|4147|4244| 4340| 19.290| 96.46|
|1829 mm.| 3345 |2713|2780|2848|2916|2984| 3052|1356.0 |6781.0 |
|73 in. | 5329 |3753|3847|3941|4035|4128| 4222| 18.765| 93.83|
|1854 mm.| 3438 |2639|2704|2771|2837|2903| 2969|1319.0 |6597.0 |
|74 in. | 5476 |3652|3744|3835|3926|4018| 4109| 18.262| 91.31|
|1880 mm.| 3533 |2568|2632|2696|2760|2825| 2889|1283.9 |6424.0 |
|75 in. | 5625 |3556|3644|3733|3822|3911| 4000| 17.778| 88.89|
|1905 mm.| 3629 |2500|2562|2625|2687|2750| 2812|1250.0 |6250.0 |
|76 in. | 5776 |3463|3549|3636|3722|3809| 3895| 17.313| 86.57|
|1930 mm.| 3726 |2435|2495|2556|2617|2678| 2739|1217.0 |6086.0 |
|77 in. | 5929 |3373|3458|3542|3626|3711| 3795| 16.866| 84.33|
|1956 mm.| 3825 |2372|2431|2490|2550|2609| 2668|1186.0 |5929.0 |
|78 in. | 6084 |3287|3369|3452|3534|3616| 3698| 16.437| 82.19|
|1981 mm.| 3925 |2311|2369|2427|2485|2542| 2600|1155.0 |5778.0 |
+--------+-------+----+----+----+----+----+-----+--------+-------+
TABLE XVII.—_Equivalent values of index of build by four different
systems of ratios between weight and stature, English system, viz, weight
÷ stature; weight ÷ stature²; weight ÷ stature²⸳⁵; weight ÷ stature³._
Decimals omitted.
+-----+--------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
|Power| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| of |Stature.| 100| 105| 110| 115| 120| 125| 130| 135| 140| 145| 150|
|stature. | | | | | | | | | | | |
+-----+--------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
|55 | 55|1819|1909|2000|2091|2182|2273|2364|2455|2545|2636|2727|
|55² | 3025|3306|3471|3636|3802|3967|4132|4298|4463|4628|4793|4959|
|55²⸳⁵| 22434|4458|4680|4903|5126|5349|5572|5795|6018|6240|6463|6686|
|55³ | 166375|6011|6311|6612|6912|7213|7513|7814|8114|8415|8715|9016|
|56 | 56|1786|1875|1964|2054|2143|2232|2321|2411|2500|2589|2679|
|56² | 3136|3189|3348|3507|3667|3827|3986|4145|4305|4464|4624|4783|
|56²⸳⁵| 23468|4261|4474|4687|4900|5113|5327|5540|5753|5966|6179|6392|
|56³ | 175616|5694|5979|6264|6548|6833|7118|7403|7687|7972|8257|8541|
|57 | 57|1754|1842|1930|2018|2105|2193|2281|2368|2456|2544|2632|
|57² | 3249|3078|3232|3386|3540|3693|3847|4001|4155|4309|4463|4617|
|57²⸳⁵| 24529|4077|4281|4485|4688|4892|5096|5300|5504|5708|5911|6115|
|57³ | 185193|5400|5670|5940|6210|6480|6750|7020|7290|7560|7830|8100|
|58 | 58|1724|1810|1897|1983|2069|2155|2241|2328|2414|2500|2586|
|58² | 3364|2973|3121|3270|3419|3567|3716|3864|4013|4162|4310|4459|
|58²⸳⁵| 25619|3903|4099|4293|4489|4684|4879|5074|5269|5465|5660|5855|
|58³ | 195112|5125|5382|5638|5894|6150|6407|6663|6919|7175|7432|7688|
|59 | 59|1695|1780|1864|1949|2034|2119|2203|2288|2373|2458|2542|
|59² | 3481|2873|3016|3160|3304|3447|3591|3735|3878|4022|4165|4309|
|59²⸳⁵| 26738|3740|3927|4114|4301|4488|4675|4862|5049|5236|5423|5610|
|59³ | 205379|4869|5113|5356|5599|5843|6086|6330|6573|6817|7060|7304|
|60 | 60|1667|1750|1833|1917|2000|2083|2167|2250|2333|2417|2500|
|60² | 3600|2778|2917|3056|3194|3333|3472|3611|3750|3888|4028|4167|
|60²⸳⁵| 27885|3586|3765|3945|4124|4303|4483|4662|4841|5021|5200|5379|
|60³ | 216000|4630|4861|5093|5324|5556|5787|6019|6250|6482|6730|6944|
|61 | 61|1639|1721|1803|1885|1967|2049|2131|2213|2295|2377|2459|
|61² | 3721|2687|2822|2956|3091|3225|3359|3494|3628|3762|3897|4031|
|61²⸳⁵| 29062|3441|3613|3785|3957|4129|4301|4473|4645|4817|4989|5161|
|61³ | 226981|4406|4626|4846|5067|5287|5507|5727|5948|6168|6388|6609|
|62 | 62|1613|1694|1774|1855|1935|2016|2097|2177|2258|2339|2419|
|62² | 3844|2601|2732|2862|2992|3122|3252|3382|3512|3642|3772|3902|
|62²⸳⁵| 30268|3304|3469|3634|3799|3965|4130|4295|4460|4625|4791|4956|
|62³ | 238828|4196|4406|4616|4825|5035|5245|5455|5665|5874|6084|6294|
|63 | 63|1587|1667|1746|1825|1905|1984|2063|2143|2222|2302|2381|
|63² | 3969|2520|2646|2771|2897|3023|3149|3275|3401|3527|3653|3779|
|63²⸳⁵| 31503|3174|3333|3492|3651|3809|3968|4123|4285|4444|4603|4762|
|63³ | 250047|3999|4199|4399|4599|4799|4999|5199|5399|5599|5799|5999|
|64 | 64|1563|1641|1719|1797|1875|1953|2031|2109|2188|2266|2344|
|64² | 4096|2441|2563|2686|2808|2930|3052|3174|3296|3418|3540|3662|
|64²⸳⁵| 32768|3052|3204|3357|3510|3662|3815|3967|4120|4273|4425|4578|
|64³ | 262144|3815|4005|4196|4387|4578|4768|4959|5150|5341|5531|5722|
|65 | 65|1538|1615|1692|1769|1846|1923|2000|2077|2154|2231|2308|
|65² | 4225|2367|2485|2604|2722|2840|2959|3077|3195|3314|3432|3550|
|65²⸳⁵| 34063|2936|3083|3229|3376|3523|3670|3817|3963|4110|4257|4404|
|65³ | 274625|3641|3823|4006|4188|4370|4552|4734|4916|5098|5280|5462|
|66 | 66|1515|1591|1667|1742|1818|1894|1970|2045|2121|2197|2273|
|66² | 4356|2296|2410|2525|2640|2755|2870|2984|3099|3214|3329|3443|
|66²⸳⁵| 35388|2826|2967|3108|3250|3391|3532|3674|3815|3956|4097|4239|
|66³ | 287496|3478|3652|3826|4000|4174|4348|4522|4696|4870|5044|5218|
|67 | 67|1493|1567|1642|1716|1791|1866|1940|2015|2090|2164|2239|
|67² | 4489|2228|2339|2450|2562|2673|2785|2896|3007|3119|3230|3342|
|67²⸳⁵| 36744|2722|2858|2994|3130|3266|3402|3538|3674|3810|3946|4082|
|67³ | 300763|3325|3491|3657|3824|3990|4156|4322|4489|4655|4821|4987|
|68 | 68|1471|1544|1618|1691|1765|1838|1912|1985|2059|2132|2206|
|68² | 4624|2163|2271|2379|2487|2595|2703|2811|2920|3028|3136|3244|
|68²⸳⁵| 38130|2623|2754|2885|3016|3147|3278|3409|3541|3672|3803|3934|
|68³ | 314432|3180|3339|3498|3657|3816|3975|4134|4294|4453|4612|4771|
|69 | 69|1449|1522|1594|1667|1739|1812|1884|1957|2029|2101|2174|
|69² | 4761|2100|2205|2310|2415|2520|2625|2731|2836|2941|3046|3151|
|69²⸳⁵| 39095|2558|2686|2814|2842|3069|3197|3325|3454|3581|3709|3837|
|69³ | 328509|3044|3196|3349|3501|3653|3805|3957|4110|4262|4414|4566|
|70 | 70|1429|1500|1571|1643|1714|1786|1857|1929|2000|2071|2143|
|70² | 4900|2041|2143|2245|2347|2449|2551|2653|2755|2857|2959|3061|
|70²⸳⁵| 40996|2439|2561|2683|2805|2927|3049|3171|3293|3415|3537|3659|
|70³ | 343000|2916|3061|3207|3353|3499|3644|3790|3936|4082|4227|4373|
|71 | 71|1408|1479|1549|1620|1690|1761|1831|1901|1972|2042|2113|
|71² | 5041|1984|2083|2182|2281|2380|2480|2579|2678|2777|2876|2976|
|71²⸳⁵| 42476|2354|2472|2590|2707|2825|2943|3061|3178|3296|3414|3531|
|71³ | 357911|2794|2934|3074|3213|3353|3493|3632|3790|3936|4051|4191|
|72 | 72|1389|1458|1528|1597|1667|1736|1806|1875|1944|2014|2083|
|72² | 5184|1929|2025|2122|2218|2315|2411|2508|2604|2701|2797|2894|
|72²⸳⁵| 43988|2273|2387|2501|2614|2728|2842|2955|3069|3183|3296|3410|
|72³ | 373248|2679|2813|2947|3081|3215|3349|3483|3617|3751|3885|4019|
|73 | 73|1370|1438|1507|1575|1644|1712|1781|1849|1918|1986|2055|
|73² | 5329|1877|1970|2064|2158|2252|2346|2439|2533|2629|2721|2815|
|73²⸳⁵| 45531|2196|2306|2416|2526|2636|2745|2855|2965|3075|3185|3295|
|73³ | 389017|2571|2699|2829|2956|3085|3213|3342|3470|3599|3727|3856|
|74 | 74|1351|1419|1486|1554|1622|1689|1757|1824|1892|1959|2027|
|74² | 5476|1826|1917|2029|2100|2191|2283|2374|2465|2557|2648|2739|
|74²⸳⁵| 47106|2123|2229|2335|2441|2547|2654|2760|2866|2972|3078|3184|
|74³ | 405224|2468|2591|2715|2838|2961|3085|3208|3332|3455|3578|3702|
|75 | 75|1333|1400|1467|1533|1600|1667|1733|1800|1867|1933|2000|
|75² | 5625|1778|1867|1956|2044|2133|2222|2311|2400|2489|2578|2667|
|75²⸳⁵| 48714|2053|2155|2258|2361|2463|2566|2669|2771|2874|2977|3079|
|75³ | 421875|2373|2491|2610|2729|2847|2966|3085|3203|3322|3441|3559|
|76 | 76|1316|1382|1447|1513|1579|1645|1712|1776|1842|1908|1974|
|76² | 5776|1731|1818|1904|1991|2078|2164|2251|2337|2424|2510|2597|
|76²⸳⁵| 50355|1986|2085|2185|2284|2383|2482|2582|2681|2780|2880|2979|
|76³ | 438976|2278|2392|2506|2620|2734|2848|2961|3075|3189|3303|3417|
|77 | 77|1299|1364|1429|1494|1558|1623|1688|1753|1818|1883|1948|
|77² | 5929|1687|1771|1855|1940|2024|2108|2193|2277|2361|2446|2536|
|77²⸳⁵| 52027|1922|2018|2114|2210|2307|2403|2499|2595|2691|2787|2883|
|77³ | 456533|2190|2300|2410|2519|2629|2738|2848|2957|3067|3176|3286|
|78 | 78|1282|1346|1410|1474|1538|1603|1667|1731|1795|1859|1923|
|78² | 6084|1644|1726|1808|1890|1972|2055|2137|2219|2301|2383|2465|
|78²⸳⁵| 53732|1861|1954|2047|2140|2233|2326|2419|2513|2606|2699|2792|
|78³ | 474522|2107|2213|2318|2424|2529|2634|2740|2845|2950|3056|3161|
+-----+--------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
+-----+--------+----+----+----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
|Power| | | | | | | | | | |
| of |Stature.| 155| 160| 165| 170 | 175 | 180 | 185 | 190 | 195 |
|stature. | | | | | | | | | |
+-----+--------+----+----+----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
|55 | 55|2818|2909|3000| 3091| 3182| 3273| 3364| 3455| 3545|
|55² | 3025|5124|5289|5455| 5620| 5785| 5950| 6116| 6281| 6446|
|55²⸳⁵| 22434|6909|7132|7355| 7578| 7801| 8024| 8246| 8469| 8692|
|55³ | 166375|9316|9617|9917|10218|10518|10819|11195|11420|11720|
|56 | 56|2768|2857|2946| 3036| 3125| 3214| 3304| 3393| 3482|
|56² | 3136|4943|5102|5261| 5421| 5580| 5740| 5899| 6059| 6218|
|56²⸳⁵| 23468|6605|6818|7031| 7244| 7457| 7670| 7883| 8096| 8309|
|56³ | 175616|8826|9111|9396| 9680| 9965|10250|10534|10819|11104|
|57 | 57|2719|2807|2895| 2982| 3070| 3158| 3246| 3333| 3421|
|57² | 3249|4771|4925|5078| 5232| 5386| 5540| 5694| 5848| 6002|
|57²⸳⁵| 24529|6319|6523|6727| 6931| 7134| 7338| 7542| 7746| 7950|
|57³ | 185193|8370|8640|8910| 9180| 9450| 9720| 9990|10260|10530|
|58 | 58|2672|2759|2845| 2931| 3017| 3103| 3190| 3276| 3362|
|58² | 3364|4608|4756|4905| 5054| 5202| 5351| 5499| 5648| 5797|
|58²⸳⁵| 25619|6050|6245|6440| 6636| 6831| 7026| 7221| 7416| 7611|
|58³ | 195112|7944|8200|8457| 8713| 8969| 9226| 9482| 9738| 9994|
|59 | 59|2627|2712|2797| 2881| 2966| 3051| 3136| 3220| 3305|
|59² | 3481|4453|4596|4740| 4884| 5027| 5171| 5315| 5458| 5602|
|59²⸳⁵| 26738|5797|5984|6171| 6358| 6545| 6732| 6919| 7106| 7293|
|59³ | 205379|7547|7791|8034| 8277| 8521| 8764| 9008| 9251| 9495|
|60 | 60|2583|2667|2750| 2833| 2917| 3000| 3083| 3167| 3250|
|60² | 3600|4306|4444|4583| 4722| 4861| 5000| 5139| 5278| 5417|
|60²⸳⁵| 27885|5559|5738|5917| 6096| 6276| 6455| 6634| 6814| 6993|
|60³ | 216000|7176|7407|7639| 7871| 8102| 8333| 8565| 8796| 9028|
|61 | 61|2541|2623|2705| 2787| 2869| 2951| 3033| 3115| 3197|
|61² | 3721|4166|4300|4434| 4569| 4703| 4837| 4972| 5106| 5241|
|61²⸳⁵| 29062|5333|5506|5678| 5850| 6022| 6194| 6366| 6538| 6710|
|61³ | 226981|6829|7049|7269| 7490| 7710| 7930| 8151| 8371| 8591|
|62 | 62|2500|2581|2661| 2742| 2823| 2903| 2984| 3065| 3145|
|62² | 3844|4032|4162|4292| 4422| 4553| 4683| 4813| 4943| 5073|
|62²⸳⁵| 30268|5121|5286|5451| 5617| 5782| 5947| 6112| 6277| 6443|
|62³ | 238828|6504|6713|6923| 7133| 7343| 7553| 7762| 7972| 8182|
|63 | 63|2460|2540|2619| 2698| 2778| 2857| 2937| 3016| 3095|
|63² | 3969|3905|4031|4157| 4283| 4409| 4535| 4661| 4787| 4913|
|63²⸳⁵| 31503|4920|5079|5238| 5396| 5555| 5714| 5873| 6031| 6190|
|63³ | 250047|6199|6399|6599| 6799| 6999| 7199| 7399| 7599| 7799|
|64 | 64|2422|2500|2578| 2656| 2734| 2813| 2891| 2969| 3047|
|64² | 4096|3784|3906|4028| 4150| 4272| 4395| 4517| 4639| 4761|
|64²⸳⁵| 32768|4730|4883|5035| 5188| 5341| 5493| 5646| 5798| 5951|
|64³ | 262144|5913|6104|6294| 6485| 6676| 6867| 7057| 7248| 7439|
|65 | 65|2385|2462|2538| 2615| 2692| 2769| 2846| 2923| 3000|
|65² | 4225|3669|3787|3905| 4024| 4142| 4260| 4379| 4497| 4615|
|65²⸳⁵| 34063|4550|4697|4844| 4991| 5138| 5284| 5431| 5578| 5725|
|65³ | 274625|5644|5826|6008| 6190| 6372| 6554| 6735| 6919| 7101|
|66 | 66|2348|2424|2500| 2576| 2652| 2727| 2803| 2879| 2955|
|66² | 4356|3558|3673|3788| 3903| 4017| 4132| 4247| 4362| 4477|
|66²⸳⁵| 35388|4380|4521|4663| 4804| 4945| 5086| 5228| 5369| 5510|
|66³ | 287496|5391|5565|5739| 5913| 6087| 6261| 6435| 6609| 6783|
|67 | 67|2313|2388|2463| 2537| 2612| 2687| 2761| 2836| 2910|
|67² | 4489|3453|3564|3676| 3787| 3898| 4010| 4121| 4233| 4344|
|67²⸳⁵| 36744|4218|4355|4491| 4623| 4763| 4899| 5035| 5171| 5307|
|67³ | 300763|5154|5320|5486| 5652| 5819| 5985| 6151| 6317| 6484|
|68 | 68|2279|2353|2426| 2500| 2574| 2647| 2721| 2794| 2868|
|68² | 4624|3352|3460|3568| 3676| 3785| 3893| 4000| 4109| 4217|
|68²⸳⁵| 38130|4065|4196|4327| 4458| 4590| 4721| 4852| 4983| 5114|
|68³ | 314432|4930|5089|5248| 5407| 5566| 5725| 5884| 6043| 6202|
|69 | 69|2246|2319|2391| 2464| 2536| 2609| 2681| 2754| 2826|
|69² | 4761|3256|3361|3466| 3571| 3676| 3781| 3886| 3991| 4096|
|69²⸳⁵| 39095|3965|4093|4221| 4345| 4476| 4604| 4372| 4860| 4988|
|69³ | 328509|4618|4871|5023| 5175| 5327| 5479| 5632| 5784| 5936|
|70 | 70|2214|2286|2357| 2429| 2500| 2571| 2643| 2714| 2786|
|70² | 4900|3163|3265|3367| 3469| 3571| 3673| 3776| 3878| 3980|
|70²⸳⁵| 40996|3781|3903|4025| 4145| 4269| 4391| 4513| 4635| 4757|
|70³ | 343000|4519|4665|4811| 4956| 5102| 5248| 5394| 5539| 5685|
|71 | 71|2183|2254|2324| 2394| 2465| 2535| 2606| 2676| 2746|
|71² | 5041|3075|3174|3273| 3372| 3472| 3571| 3670| 3769| 3868|
|71²⸳⁵| 42476|3649|3767|3885| 4002| 4120| 4238| 4355| 4473| 4591|
|71³ | 357911|4331|4470|4610| 4750| 4889| 5029| 5169| 5309| 5448|
|72 | 72|2153|2222|2292| 2361| 2431| 2500| 2569| 2639| 2708|
|72² | 5184|2990|3086|3183| 3279| 3376| 3472| 3569| 3665| 3762|
|72²⸳⁵| 43988|3524|3637|3751| 3865| 3978| 4092| 4206| 4319| 4433|
|72³ | 373248|4153|4287|4421| 4555| 4689| 4823| 4957| 5091| 5224|
|73 | 73|2123|2192|2260| 2329| 2397| 2466| 2534| 2603| 2671|
|73² | 5329|2909|3002|3096| 3190| 3284| 3378| 3472| 3565| 3659|
|73²⸳⁵| 45531|3404|3514|3624| 3734| 3844| 3953| 4063| 4174| 4283|
|73³ | 389017|3984|4113|4242| 4370| 4499| 4627| 4756| 4884| 5013|
|74 | 74|2095|2162|2230| 2297| 2365| 2432| 2500| 2568| 2635|
|74² | 5476|2831|2922|3013| 3104| 3196| 3287| 3378| 3470| 3561|
|74²⸳⁵| 47106|3290|3397|3503| 3609| 3715| 3821| 3927| 4033| 4140|
|74³ | 405224|3825|3948|4072| 4195| 4319| 4442| 4565| 4689| 4812|
|75 | 75|2067|2133|2200| 2267| 2333| 2400| 2467| 2533| 2600|
|75² | 5625|2756|2844|2930| 3022| 3111| 3200| 3289| 3378| 3467|
|75²⸳⁵| 48714|3182|3285|3387| 3490| 3592| 3695| 3798| 3900| 4003|
|75³ | 421875|3678|3796|3915| 4034| 4152| 4271| 4390| 4508| 4627|
|76 | 76|2039|2105|2171| 2237| 2303| 2368| 2434| 2500| 2566|
|76² | 5776|2684|2770|2857| 2943| 3030| 3116| 3203| 3289| 3376|
|76²⸳⁵| 50355|3078|3177|3277| 3376| 3475| 3575| 3674| 3773| 3873|
|76³ | 438976|3531|3645|3759| 3873| 3987| 4101| 4214| 4328| 4442|
|77 | 77|2013|2078|2143| 2208| 2273| 2338| 2403| 2468| 2532|
|77² | 5929|2614|2697|2783| 2867| 2952| 3036| 3120| 3205| 3289|
|77²⸳⁵| 52027|2979|3075|3171| 3268| 3364| 3460| 3556| 3652| 3748|
|77³ | 456533|3395|3505|3614| 3724| 3833| 3943| 4052| 4162| 4271|
|78 | 78|1987|2051|2115| 2179| 2244| 2308| 2372| 2436| 2500|
|78² | 6084|2548|2630|2712| 2794| 2876| 2959| 3041| 3123| 3205|
|78²⸳⁵| 53732|2885|2978|3071| 3164| 3257| 3350| 3443| 3536| 3629|
|78³ | 474522|3266|3372|3477| 3583| 3688| 3793| 3899| 4004| 4109|
+-----+--------+----+----+----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
+-----+--------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------+------+
|Power| | | | | | | | | |
| of |Stature.| 200 | 205 | 210 | 215 | 220 | 225 | 1 lb.|5 lbs.|
|stature. | | | | | | | | |
+-----+--------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------+------+
|55 | 55| 3636| 3727| 3818| 3909| 4000| 4091|18.18 | 90.91|
|55² | 3025| 6612| 6777| 6942| 7107| 7273| 7438|33.055|165.27|
|55²⸳⁵| 22434| 8915| 9138| 9361| 9587| 9807|10029|44.575|222.88|
|55³ | 166375|12021|12322|12622|12923|13223|13524|60.105|300.53|
|56 | 56| 3571| 3661| 3750| 3839| 3929| 4018|17.857| 89.29|
|56² | 3136| 6378| 6537| 6696| 6856| 7015| 7175|31.888|165.27|
|56²⸳⁵| 23468| 8522| 8735| 8947| 9161| 9375| 9588|42.612|213.06|
|56³ | 175616|11389|11673|11958|12243|12527|12812|56.942|284.71|
|57 | 57| 3509| 3596| 3684| 3772| 3860| 3947|17.544| 87.72|
|57² | 3249| 6155| 6310| 6464| 6617| 6771| 6925|30.779|153.89|
|57²⸳⁵| 24529| 8154| 8357| 8561| 8765| 8969| 9173|40.768|203.84|
|57³ | 185193|10800|11070|11340|11610|11880|12150|53.998|269.99|
|58 | 58| 3448| 3534| 3621| 3707| 3793| 3879|17.241| 86.21|
|58² | 3364| 5945| 6014| 6243| 6391| 6543| 6688|29.737|148.64|
|58²⸳⁵| 25619| 7807| 8002| 8197| 8392| 8587| 8782|39.033|195.16|
|58³ | 195112|10251|10507|10763|11019|11276|11532|51.253|256.26|
|59 | 59| 3390| 3475| 3559| 3644| 3729| 3814|16.949| 84.75|
|59² | 3481| 5745| 5589| 6033| 6176| 6320| 6464|28.727|143.64|
|59²⸳⁵| 26738| 7480| 7667| 7854| 8041| 8228| 8415|37.400|187.00|
|59³ | 205379| 9738| 9982|10225|10469|10712|10955|48.691|243.45|
|60 | 60| 3333| 3417| 3500| 3583| 3667| 3750|16.667| 83.33|
|60² | 3600| 5556| 5694| 5833| 5972| 6111| 6250|27.778|138.89|
|60²⸳⁵| 27885| 7172| 7352| 7531| 7710| 7890| 8069|35.861|179.31|
|60³ | 216000| 9259| 9491| 9722| 9954|10185|10416|46.296|231.48|
|61 | 61| 3279| 3361| 3443| 3525| 3607| 3689|16.393| 81.97|
|61² | 3721| 5375| 5509| 5644| 5778| 5912| 6047|26.874|134.37|
|61²⸳⁵| 29062| 6882| 7054| 7226| 7398| 7570| 7742|34.409|172.05|
|61³ | 226981| 8811| 9032| 9252| 9472| 9692| 9913|44.057|220.28|
|62 | 62| 3226| 3306| 3387| 3468| 3548| 3629|16.129| 80.65|
|62² | 3844| 5203| 5333| 5463| 5593| 5723| 5853|26.015|130.08|
|62²⸳⁵| 30268| 6608| 6773| 6938| 7103| 7269| 7434|33.039|165.19|
|62³ | 238828| 8392| 8602| 8811| 9021| 9231| 9441|41.959|209.80|
|63 | 63| 3175| 3254| 3333| 3413| 3492| 3571|15.873| 79.37|
|63² | 3969| 5039| 5165| 5291| 5417| 5543| 5669|25.195|125.98|
|63²⸳⁵| 31503| 6349| 6507| 6666| 6825| 6984| 7142|31.743|158.72|
|63³ | 250047| 7999| 8199| 8399| 8598| 8798| 8998|39.993|199.96|
|64 | 64| 3125| 3203| 3281| 3359| 3438| 3516|15.625| 78.13|
|64² | 4096| 4883| 5005| 5127| 5249| 5371| 5493|24.414|122.07|
|64²⸳⁵| 32768| 6104| 6256| 6409| 6561| 6714| 6867|30.518|152.59|
|64³ | 262144| 7629| 7820| 8011| 8202| 8392| 8583|38.147|190.74|
|65 | 65| 3077| 3154| 3231| 3308| 3385| 3462|15.384| 76.92|
|65² | 4225| 4734| 4852| 4970| 5089| 5207| 5325|23.669|118.35|
|65²⸳⁵| 34063| 5872| 6018| 6165| 6312| 6459| 6605|29.358|146.79|
|65³ | 274625| 7283| 7465| 7647| 7829| 8011| 8193|36.413|182.07|
|66 | 66| 3030| 3106| 3182| 3258| 3333| 3409|15.152| 75.76|
|66² | 4356| 4591| 4706| 4821| 4936| 5051| 5165|22.957|114.79|
|66²⸳⁵| 35388| 5652| 5793| 5934| 6076| 6217| 6358|28.258|141.29|
|66³ | 287496| 6957| 7131| 7305| 7478| 7652| 7826|34.783|173.92|
|67 | 67| 2985| 3060| 3134| 3209| 3284| 3358|14.925| 74.63|
|67² | 4489| 4455| 4567| 4678| 4789| 4901| 5012|22.277|111.39|
|67²⸳⁵| 36744| 5443| 5579| 5715| 5851| 5987| 6123|27.215|136.08|
|67³ | 300763| 6650| 6816| 6982| 7149| 7315| 7481|33.249|166.24|
|68 | 68| 2941| 3015| 3088| 3162| 3235| 3309|14.706| 73.53|
|68² | 4624| 4325| 4433| 4542| 4650| 4758| 4866|21.626|108.13|
|68²⸳⁵| 38130| 5245| 5376| 5507| 5639| 5770| 5901|26.226|131.29|
|68³ | 314432| 6361| 6520| 6679| 6838| 6997| 7156|31.803|159.02|
|69 | 69| 2899| 2971| 3043| 3116| 3188| 3261|14.493| 72.46|
|69² | 4761| 4201| 4306| 4411| 4516| 4621| 4726|21.004|105.02|
|69²⸳⁵| 39095| 5116| 5244| 5372| 5499| 5627| 4744|25.787|127.89|
|69³ | 328509| 6088| 6240| 6393| 6545| 6697| 6849|30.441|152.20|
|70 | 70| 2857| 2929| 3000| 3071| 3143| 3214|14.286| 71.43|
|70² | 4900| 4082| 4184| 4286| 4388| 4490| 4592|20.408|102.04|
|70²⸳⁵| 40996| 4879| 5001| 5112| 5244| 5366| 5488|24.392|121.96|
|70³ | 343000| 5831| 5977| 6122| 6268| 6414| 6560|29.155|145.77|
|71 | 71| 2817| 2887| 2958| 3028| 3099| 3169|14.085| 70.42|
|71² | 5041| 3967| 4067| 4166| 4265| 4364| 4463|19.837| 99.19|
|71²⸳⁵| 42476| 4709| 4826| 4944| 5062| 5179| 5297|23.543|117.71|
|71³ | 357911| 5588| 5728| 5867| 6007| 6147| 6286|27.940|139.70|
|72 | 72| 2778| 2847| 2917| 2986| 3056| 3125|13.889| 69.44|
|72² | 5184| 3858| 3954| 4051| 4147| 4244| 4340|19.290| 96.46|
|72²⸳⁵| 43988| 4547| 4660| 4774| 4889| 5001| 5115|22.734|113.67|
|72³ | 373248| 5358| 5492| 5626| 5760| 5894| 6028|26.792|133.96|
|73 | 73| 2740| 2808| 2877| 2945| 3014| 3082|13.698| 68.49|
|73² | 5329| 3753| 3847| 3941| 4035| 4128| 4222|18.765| 93.83|
|73²⸳⁵| 45531| 4393| 4502| 4612| 4722| 4832| 4942|21.963|109.82|
|73³ | 389017| 5141| 5270| 5398| 5527| 5655| 5784|25.706|128.53|
|74 | 74| 2703| 2770| 2838| 2905| 2973| 3041|13.514| 67.57|
|74² | 5476| 3652| 3744| 3835| 3926| 4018| 4109|18.262| 91.31|
|74²⸳⁵| 47106| 4246| 4352| 4458| 4564| 4670| 4776|21.229|106.14|
|74³ | 405224| 4936| 5059| 5182| 5306| 5429| 5553|24.678|123.39|
|75 | 75| 2667| 2733| 2800| 2867| 2933| 3000|13.333| 66.67|
|75² | 5625| 3556| 3644| 3733| 3822| 3911| 4000|17.778| 88.89|
|75²⸳⁵| 48714| 4106| 4208| 4311| 4414| 4516| 4619|20.528|102.64|
|75³ | 421875| 4746| 4864| 4983| 5101| 5220| 5339|23.727|118.64|
|76 | 76| 2632| 2697| 2763| 2829| 2895| 2961|13.158| 65.79|
|76² | 5776| 3463| 3549| 3636| 3722| 3809| 3895|17.313| 86.57|
|76²⸳⁵| 50355| 3972| 4071| 4170| 4270| 4369| 4468|19.860| 99.29|
|76³ | 438976| 4556| 4670| 4784| 4898| 5012| 5126|22.780|113.90|
|77 | 77| 2597| 2662| 2727| 2792| 2857| 2922|12.987| 64.94|
|77² | 5929| 3373| 3458| 3542| 3626| 3711| 3795|16.868| 84.33|
|77²⸳⁵| 52027| 3844| 3940| 4036| 4133| 4229| 4325|19.221| 96.10|
|77³ | 456533| 4381| 4490| 4600| 4709| 4819| 4929|21.904|109.52|
|78 | 78| 2564| 2628| 2692| 2756| 2821| 2885|12.821| 64.10|
|78² | 6084| 3287| 3369| 3452| 3534| 3716| 3698|16.437| 82.19|
|78²⸳⁵| 53732| 3722| 3815| 3908| 4001| 4094| 4187|18.611| 93.05|
|78³ | 474522| 4215| 4320| 4426| 4531| 4636| 4742|21.074|105.37|
+-----+--------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------+------+
TABLE XVIII.—_To transmute the English system of index of build to the
metric system (10 units English = 0.7 unit metric)._
+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+
|English.|Metric.|English.|Metric.|English.|Metric.|English.|Metric.|
+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+
| 16 | 1.1 | 30 | 2.1 | 44 | 3.1 | 58 | 4.1 |
| 17 | 1.2 | 31 | 2.2 | 45 | 3.2 | 59 | 4.1 |
| 18 | 1.3 | 32 | 2.3 | 46 | 3.2 | 60 | 4.2 |
| 19 | 1.3 | 33 | 2.3 | 47 | 3.3 | 61 | 4.3 |
| 20 | 1.4 | 34 | 2.4 | 48 | 3.4 | 62 | 4.4 |
| 21 | 1.5 | 35 | 2.5 | 49 | 3.4 | 63 | 4.4 |
| 22 | 1.5 | 36 | 2.5 | 50 | 3.5 | 64 | 4.5 |
| 23 | 1.6 | 37 | 2.6 | 51 | 3.6 | 65 | 4.6 |
| 24 | 1.7 | 38 | 2.7 | 52 | 3.7 | 66 | 4.6 |
| 25 | 1.8 | 39 | 2.7 | 53 | 3.7 | 67 | 4.7 |
| 26 | 1.8 | 40 | 2.8 | 54 | 3.8 | 68 | 4.8 |
| 27 | 1.9 | 41 | 2.9 | 55 | 3.9 | 69 | 4.9 |
| 28 | 2.0 | 42 | 3.0 | 56 | 3.9 | 70 | 4.9 |
| 29 | 2.0 | 43 | 3.0 | 57 | 4.0 | | |
+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+--------+-------+
LITERATURE CITED.
ARMSBY, H. P., and J. A. FRIES. 1911. The influence of type and of age
upon the utilization of feed by cattle. U. S. Dept. Agriculture, Bureau
of Animal Industry, Bulletin 128, 245 pp., Oct.
BALDWIN, B. T. 1921. The physical growth of children from birth to
maturity. Univ. Iowa Studies in Child Welfare, I (No. 1), 411 pp., June.
BARDEEN, C. R. 1920. The height-weight index of build in relation to
linear and volumetric proportions, etc. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Pub. No. 272.
BARKER, L. F. 1922. Endocrinology and Metabolism. 5 vols.
BECK, H. G. 1922. “Dystrophia adiposo-genitalis” in Barker’s
Endrocrinology and Metabolism, Vol. I, pp. 860-924.
BARRETT, A. M. 1919. Hereditary occurrence of hypothyroidism with
dystrophies of the nails and hair. Arch. Neurology and Psychiatry, II,
pp. 628-637.
BENEDICT, F. G., and F. B. TALBOT. 1915. The physiology of the new-born
infant. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Pub. No. 233, 126 pp.
——, and F. B. TALBOT. 1920. Metabolism and growth from birth to puberty.
Carnegie Inst. Wash. Pub. No. 302, 213 pp.
CASTLE, W. E. 1922. Genetic studies of rabbits and rats. Carnegie Inst.
Wash. Pub. No. 320, 55 pp., 2 pls.
CHAMBERS, THOMAS KING. 1850. Corpulence, or excess of fat in the human
body. Also published in Lancet, I, 1850, pp. 523, 557, 581, 651, 687, 747
(page 652, table showing some inherited cases).
CRUM, F. S. 1915. Anthropometric table: Male and female children from 6
to 48 months old. Newark: Prudential Ins. Co., 2 pp.
CUSHING, HARVEY. 1912. The pituitary body and its disorders.
Philadelphia, 348 pp.
DAFFNER, F. 1902. Das Wachstum des Menschen: Anthropologische Studien.
Leipzig: Englemann, 475 pp.
DAVENPORT, C. B. 1915. The feebly inhibited: Inheritance of temperament.
Carnegie Inst. Wash. Pub. No. 236.
——, 1917. Inheritance of stature. Genetics, II, pp. 313-389, July.
(Eugenics Record Office Bull. No. 18.)
——, and A. G. LOVE. 1921. Army anthropology. Medical Dept. U. S. Army in
World War, Vol. XV. Statistics, Part I, Gov’t Printing Office, 635 pp.
GODIN, P. 1903. Recherches anthropométric sur la croissance des diverses
parties du corps. Paris: Maloine, 212 pp.
GROVER, J. I. 1915. Some measurements of normal children, especially of
the arm and leg. Arch. Pediat., XXXII, pp. 473-486.
GULICK, A. 1922. A study of weight regulation in adult human body during
over-nutrition. Amer. Journal of Physiology, LX, 371-395.
HECKEL, F. 1920. Grandes et petites obésités; cure radicale. Masson. 537
pp.
HITCHCOCK, E., H. H. SEELEY, and P. C. PHILLIPS. 1900. The anthropometric
manual of Amherst College. Amherst, 40 pp.
HOFFMAN, F. L. 1918. Army anthropometry and medical rejection statistics.
Newark (N. J.): Prudential Press, 114 pp.
HOWARD, ——. 1908. Abnormal development in a girl. Report for Soc.
Diseases of Children, VIII, pp. 54-56.
JANNEY, N. W. 1922. Hypothyroidism, in Barker’s Endocrinology and
Metabolism. I, pp. 379-440.
JOHNSON, HARRY. 1906. Liberia. 2 vols. London.
LYON, I. P. 1910. Adiposis and lipomatosis. Arch. of Inter. Med. 6,
28-120.
MARANON, G., and E. BONILLA. 1920. Histoire clinique et autopsie d’un cas
d’obésité mortelle. Rev. neurolog. 27, pp. 909-914.
MARTIN, R. 1914. Lehrbuch der Anthropologie. xvi + 1181 pp.
MEDICO-ACTUARIAL MORTALITY INVESTIGATIONS. Vol. I. Compiled and published
by the Association of Life Insurance Medical Doctors and the Actuarial
Society of America. New York. 1912, 131 pp. (Build of men, p. 38. Build
of women, p. 67.)
MEEH, K. 1895. Volummessungen des menschlichen Körpers und siener
einzelnen Theile in den verschiedenen Alterstufen. Ztsch. f. Biol. 31,
pp. 125-147.
MIES, J. 1889. Über die Masse, den Rauminhalt und die Dichte des
Menschen. Virchow’s Arch. f. path. Anat. u. Physiol., 157, 90 pp.
NICEFORO, A. 1910. Anthropologie der nichtbesitzenden Klassen. Leipzig:
Maas u. Van Suchtelen, 512 pp.
NOORDEN, CARL VON. 1907. “Obesity” in Noorden’s Metabolism and Practical
Medicine, edited by W. Hall. Vol. III, pp. 693-715. London: Heinemann.
PRICE, G. E. 1909. Adiposis dolorosa. Amer. Jour. Med. Sci., 137, pp.
705-715.
QUETELET, A. 1870. Anthropométrie ou mesure des différentes facultés de
l’homme. Bruxelles.
REITZ, E. 1904. Das Wachstum der Berliner Schulkinder während den
Schuljahre. Arch. f. Anthropol., No. 5.I, pp. 30-42.
ROSE, F. 1907. Obésité familiale. L’Encephale, II, pp. 299-303, 1 pl.
SCHMID-MONNARD, R. 1892. Über den Einfluss des Millitärdienstes der
Väter auf die körperliche Entwicklung ihrer Nachkommenschaft. Jahrb.
Kinderheilkunde XXXIII, pp. 327-350.
SINCLAIR, JAMES. 1907. History of Shorthorn Cattle. London: Vinton, 895
pp.
STRATZ, C. H. 1922. Der Körper des Kindes und seine Pflege. Stuttgart:
Enke., 366 pp.
TOWN, CLARA H. 1922. Analytic study of a group of five- and six-year-old
children. Univ. Iowa Studies: Studies in Child Welfare, I (No. 4), 87 pp.
UHLENHUTH, E. 1922. Hormone factors in growth and development, in
Barker’s Endrocrinology and Metabolism I, pp. 181-203.
WEISSENBURG, S. 1911. Das Wachstum des Menschen. Stuttgart: Strecher u.
Schröder, 220 pp.
WORTHINGTON, L. S. 1875. De l’obésité, étiologie, thérapeutique, et
hygiène. Paris: Martinet, 188 pp.
[Illustration: PLATE 1
FIGS. 1 AND 2. Aspects of a man 19 yr. 2 mo., _below average of very
slender_ group, weight 53 kg., stature 1,835 mm., chest-girth in repose
762 mm., relative chest-girth 41.5; build 1.6 (22.5).
FIGS. 3 AND 4. Aspects of a man 18 yr. 3 mo., of average _very slender_
build, of Scotch stock, weight 60.2 kg., stature 1,907 mm., chest-girth
in repose 789 mm., relative chest-girth 41.4; build 1.65 (23.5).
FIGS. 5 AND 6. Aspects of a man 23 yr. 10 mo., of _slender_ build. Weight
62.7 kg., stature 1,787 mm., chest-girth in repose 847 mm., relative
chest-girth 47.4; build 1.98 (28).]
[Illustration: PLATE 2
FIGS. 1 AND 2. Aspects of an American-born man of 19.6 yr., of _medium_
build. Weight 67.8 kg., stature 1,715 mm., chest-girth in repose 880 mm.,
relative chest-girth 51.3; build 2.3 (33).
FIGS. 3 AND 4. Aspects of a man of 17 yr. 9 mo., of _fleshy_ build.
Weight 74.3 kg., stature 1,640 mm., chest-girth in repose 920 mm.,
relative chest-girth 56.1; build 2.7. (39).
FIGS. 5 AND 6. Aspects of a man 19 yr. 5 mo. 15 dy., of _very fleshy_
build. Weight 90.7 kg., stature 1,617 mm., chest-girth in repose 1,013
mm., relative chest-girth 62.6; build 3.5 (49.5).]
[Illustration: PLATE 3
1. Boys of ages 6 to 7. 2. Boys of 9 to 10. 3. Boys of 15 to 16, of
Baltimore schools.
Whereas the distance from umbilicus to vertex increases only slightly
in passing from the youngest to the eldest group, the distance of the
umbilicus above the floor increases greatly—the increase of stature is
mainly increase in length of leg. Again, boys of 9 to 10 years have
shoulders (and chests) very little broader than those of 6 to 7 years;
but boys of 15 and 16 years (whose relative chest-girth is much above the
minimum 12 years) have much broader shoulders and chests than those of 9
to 10 years.]
[Illustration: PLATE 4
School boys, Brooklyn, N. Y., illustrating change in proportion with age.
FIG. 1. 9 yr. 11 mo. 6 dy.
FIG. 2. 10 yr. 6 mo.
FIG. 3. 10 yr. 9 mo.
FIG. 4. 9 yr. 1 mo.
FIG. 5. 11 yr. 2 mo. 26 dy.
FIG. 6. 9 yr. 1 mo. 10 dy.
FIG. 7. 10 yr. 8 mo. 7 dy.]
[Illustration: PLATE 5
School boys, Brooklyn, N. Y., illustrating change in proportion with age.
FIG. 8. 13 yr. 6 mo. 13 dy.
FIG. 9. 13 yr. 8 mo. 6 dy.
FIG. 10. 13 yr. 9 mo. 6 dy.
FIG. 11. 13 yr. 7 mo. 15 dy.
FIG. 12. 11 yr. 9 mo. 23 dy.]
[Illustration: PLATE 6
School boys, Brooklyn, N. Y., illustrating change in proportion with age.
FIG. 13. 16 yr. 3 mo. 22 dy.
FIG. 14. 16 yr. 0 mo. 7 dy.
FIG. 15. 17 yr. 1 mo. 19 dy.
FIG. 16. 17 yr. 9 mo. 16 dy.
FIG. 17. 16 yr. 1 mo. 3 dy.]
[Illustration: PLATE 7
FIG. 1. Girl 12 months of age, at Sunnyside Day Nursery.
FIG. 2. Boy 13 years old, at a Hebrew home. Compare relative length of
leg with figure 1.
FIG. 3. Girl 12 years, the age of maximum relative leg-length—rather
exceptional in disproportion between leg and trunk length. From C. H.
Stratz, 1922.
FIG. 4. Torso of a mature young man from comparison with that of a
young woman (Fig. 5). Note the difference in breadth of shoulders and
transverse diameter of chest. Fig. 4 is a French photograph. Fig. 5 is
copied from Kossman und Weiss, “Mann und Weib,” I, p. 51.]
[Illustration: PLATE 8
FIGS. 1 AND 2. “Miss Allen” at the ages of 4 and 23 years respectively,
as evidence of persistence of an early juvenile condition of build.
FIGS. 3, 4, 5. Views of a case of obesity of the kind called dystrophia
adiposo-genitalis typus feminus, age 16 years. This case is characterized
by obesity, knock-knee, large breasts and mons, and rudimentary genitalia
(from Ebaugh and Hoskins in Barker: Endocrines and Metabolism I: 881).]
[Illustration: PLATE 9
FIG. 1. Rose O, the individual indicated in fig. 35 at III 15; 15 years
of age, stature of 145 cm., weight of 85 kg.; build 4.0 (54), relative
chest-girth 0.78, very fleshy.
FIG. 2. III 2 in Rec. family (p. 139); build 4.2 (57); relative
chest-girth 0.90.
FIG. 3. Daughter of foregoing; build 3.7 (52).
FIG. 4. G. sisters, of Luray, Va., showing contrast of build in two full
sisters of a heterozygous mating.
FIG. 5. The girl at the left is the daughter in the Smi. family pedigree
(p. 110). The other is an unrelated friend. This daughter has the formula
at 14 years: 79 kg./170 cm.; build 2.7 (3); relative chest-girth, 60,
fleshy.]
*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BODY-BUILD AND ITS INHERITANCE ***
Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will
be renamed.
Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright
law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works,
so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United
States without permission and without paying copyright
royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part
of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™
concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark,
and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following
the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use
of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for
copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very
easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation
of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project
Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away—you may
do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected
by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark
license, especially commercial redistribution.
START: FULL LICENSE
THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG™ LICENSE
PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free
distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project
Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full
Project Gutenberg License available with this file or online at
www.gutenberg.org/license.
Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg
electronic works
1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or
destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg electronic works in your
possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a
Project Gutenberg electronic work and you do not agree to be bound
by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person
or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be
used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few
things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg electronic works
even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See
paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project
Gutenberg electronic works if you follow the terms of this
agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg
electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.
1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the
Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection
of Project Gutenberg electronic works. Nearly all the individual
works in the collection are in the public domain in the United
States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the
United States and you are located in the United States, we do not
claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing,
displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as
all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope
that you will support the Project Gutenberg mission of promoting
free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg
works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the
Project Gutenberg name associated with the work. You can easily
comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the
same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg License when
you share it without charge with others.
1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are
in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States,
check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this
agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing,
distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any
other Project Gutenberg work. The Foundation makes no
representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any
country other than the United States.
1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other
immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg License must appear
prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg work (any work
on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or with which the
phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed,
performed, viewed, copied or distributed:
This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
of the Project Gutenberg™ License included with this eBook or online
at www.gutenberg.org. If you
are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws
of the country where you are located before using this eBook.
1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg electronic work is
derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not
contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the
copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in
the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are
redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project
Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply
either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or
obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg
trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg electronic work is posted
with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
will be linked to the Project Gutenberg License for all works
posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the
beginning of this work.
1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg
License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg.
1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg License.
1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including
any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access
to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg work in a format
other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in the official
version posted on the official Project Gutenberg website
(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense
to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means
of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain
Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the
full Project Gutenberg License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
access to or distributing Project Gutenberg electronic works
provided that:
• You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
the use of Project Gutenberg works calculated using the method
you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed
to the owner of the Project Gutenberg trademark, but he has
agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid
within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are
legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty
payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in
Section 4, “Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation.”
• You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™
License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all
copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue
all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™
works.
• You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of
any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of
receipt of the work.
• You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.
1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project
Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different terms than
are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing
from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of
the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set
forth in Section 3 below.
1.F.
1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project
Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg™
electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may
contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate
or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other
intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or
other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or
cannot be read by your equipment.
1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the “Right
of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
DAMAGE.
1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you
received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium
with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you
with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in
lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person
or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second
opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If
the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing
without further opportunities to fix the problem.
1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO
OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT
LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of
damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement
violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the
agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or
limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or
unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the
remaining provisions.
1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in
accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the
production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™
electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses,
including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of
the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this
or any Project Gutenberg work, (b) alteration, modification, or
additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg work, and (c) any
Defect you cause.
Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg
Project Gutenberg is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It
exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations
from people in all walks of life.
Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg’s
goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg collection will
remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
and permanent future for Project Gutenberg and future
generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see
Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org.
Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit
501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification
number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by
U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws.
The Foundation’s business office is located at 41 Watchung Plaza #516,
Montclair NJ 07042, USA, +1 (862) 621-9288. Email contact links and up
to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website
and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact
Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation
Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without widespread
public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest
array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations
($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
status with the IRS.
The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations
where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND
DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state
visit www.gutenberg.org/donate.
While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
approach us with offers to donate.
International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation
methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other
ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To
donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate.
Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg electronic works
Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
Gutenberg concept of a library of electronic works that could be
freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
distributed Project Gutenberg eBooks with only a loose network of
volunteer support.
Project Gutenberg eBooks are often created from several printed
editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in
the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not
necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper
edition.
Most people start at our website which has the main PG search
facility: www.gutenberg.org.
This website includes information about Project Gutenberg,
including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
