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1820-1830 (Vol 1), by Duke of Buckingham and Chandos
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Title: Memoirs of the Court of George IV. 1820-1830 (Vol 1)
From the Original Family Documents
Author: Duke of Buckingham and Chandos
Release Date: September 9, 2007 [EBook #22553]
Language: English
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MEMOIRS OF THE COURT OF GEORGE IV.
1820-1830.
FROM ORIGINAL FAMILY DOCUMENTS.
BY
THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM AND CHANDOS, K.G.
IN TWO VOLUMES.
VOL. I.
LONDON:
HURST AND BLACKETT, PUBLISHERS,
SUCCESSORS TO HENRY COLBURN,
13, GREAT MARLBOROUGH STREET.
1859.
_The right of Translation is reserved._
LONDON:
SAVILL AND EDWARDS, PRINTERS, CHANDOS STREET,
COVENT GARDEN.
CONTENTS OF THE FIRST VOLUME.
CHAPTER I.
[1820.]
Alarming Illness of the Heir-Apparent at the Death of George the
Third. Disturbed State of Public Opinion. Projected Assassination of
Ministers. Cato-street Conspiracy. Death of the Princess Elizabeth.
Rumoured Ministerial Changes and threatened Return of Queen Caroline.
Elements of Discord. Libels and Libellers. Order of the Garter
conferred on the Marquis of Buckingham pp. 3-25
CHAPTER II.
[1820.]
Arrival of Queen Caroline at St. Omer. Her Demands. Abortive
Negotiations. Interposition of Mr. Wilberforce to avert the
threatened Scandal. Queen Caroline in London. She refuses the
Concessions proposed by the Government and the Proposals of the
House of Commons. Unpopularity of Mr. Wilberforce. Policy of
the Queen's Advisers. Public Excitement. Mob round the Queen's
Residence. Dissatisfaction of the King pp. 27-61
CHAPTER III.
[1820.]
Evidence against Queen Caroline. Divided Opinions respecting her in
the House of Lords. Declaration of Lord Grenville. The Bill of Pains
and Penalties abandoned. The King dissatisfied with his Ministers.
Conversation of Lord Grenville with the King. Ministerial Management
of the Queen's Case. Her Conduct after the Conclusion of Proceedings
against her. Reaction in the Public Mind. The Queen loses ground in
Popular Estimation. Returning Popularity of the King pp. 63-103
CHAPTER IV.
[1821.]
Letter from the King to Lord Eldon on Libellous Publications. Claims
of the Queen. Lord Castlereagh's Attack on Lord Erskine. Position of
the Government. Catholic Emancipation. Family Quarrels. Suggested
Junction of the Grenvilles with the Government. Marquis of Buckingham
proposed by the Duke of Wellington as Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland.
Preparations for the Coronation. Negotiations. Influence of "the Lady".
Queen Caroline at the Coronation pp. 105-186
CHAPTER V.
[1821.]
Effect of Queen Caroline's Illness and Death on the King. His Narrow
Escape in the Royal Yacht. His Visit to Ireland. Entry into Dublin.
Position of the King's Ministers. George IV. on the Field of Waterloo.
The King's visit to his Hanoverian Dominions. Coalitions and Double
Negotiation. Political Gossip. A New Club. Dismissal of Sir Robert
Wilson from the Army. Public Subscription for him pp. 187-219
CHAPTER VI.
[1821.]
The Government. Rumoured Changes. Proposals. Mr. Canning. Negotiations
commenced by the Duke of Wellington for the Junction of the Grenvilles
with the Ministry. Report of Conversation with Lord Liverpool on the
Subject. Proposal of the Government to raise Lord Buckingham to a Duke.
Marquis Wellesley as Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland. His Opinions on the
Catholic Question. Mr. W. C. Plunket on Irish Affairs. Lord Grenville
on the proposed Arrangements. Negotiations respecting the Catholic
Question. The Marquis of Hastings pp. 221-266
CHAPTER VII.
[1822.]
Changes in the Government. Lord Eldon's Dissatisfaction. Mr. Charles
Williams Wynn appointed President of the Board of Control. Other
Ministerial Arrangements. The King's Speech. Troubles in Ireland.
Threatened Attack in Parliament on Mr. Henry Williams Wynn. Lord
Grenville on the Finances of the Country. Dean Buckland. Discontent
of the Country Gentlemen. Threatened Dissolution of the Government.
Dismissal of Sir Benjamin Bloomfield pp. 267-300
CHAPTER VIII.
[1822.]
Sir William Knighton. Mr. Canning brings forward the Catholic
Question. Opinions respecting Catholic Relief. State of the King's
Health. Political Meeting to consider a new Catholic Measure. Marquis
Wellesley at the Phoenix Park. Complaints of his Inattention to his
Duties as Lord-Lieutenant. Speech of Dr. Phillimore on the Catholic
Question. Motion on the Appointment of Mr. Henry W. Wynn. Conduct of
Mr. Robert Peel. Libels. Anti-Catholicism in Wales. Ball for the Relief
of the Irish. Projected Visit of the King to Scotland pp. 301-344
CHAPTER IX.
[1822.]
Sir William Knighton appointed Keeper of the King's Privy Purse.
His Sense of Duty sometimes opposed to the King's Instructions.
His important Services in lessening the Royal Expenditure.
Arrests in Ireland. Canning and Peel. Lamentable Death of the
Marquis of Londonderry. Estimate of this Distinguished Statesman.
Letter from the King on the Subject. The Royal Visit to Scotland.
Sir Walter Scott's Relic. Prospects of the Government. Their
Negotiations with Mr. Canning. His Speech at Liverpool. He succeeds
the Marquis of Londonderry as Secretary of State for Foreign
Affairs pp. 345-376
CHAPTER X.
[1822.]
Mr. Canning again in the Cabinet. Rumoured Ministerial Arrangements.
Mr. Canning offers Mr. Williams Wynn the Speakership of the House
of Commons. A Political Ruse. The King at Windsor. The Speaker.
Foreign Affairs. Proceedings of the Congress of Verona respecting
Spain. Mr. Henry Williams Wynn's proposed Diplomatic Change. Mr.
Canning's Under-Secretary of State. Condition of Ireland. M.
Villele pp. 377-402
CHAPTER XI.
[1823.]
Continental Affairs. Diplomatic Posts. Proposed Ministerial Changes.
Mission of Lord Fitzroy Somerset to Spain. State of Ireland. Objects
of France. Appointment of Reginald Heber. Increasing Popularity of
Mr. Canning. The King's Speech. Trials in Ireland. Mr. Plunket.
The Beefsteak Club in Dublin. Objectionable Toast. The Duke of
Clarence. Imprudence of Lord Wellesley. The Lord-Lieutenant's
Explanation pp. 403-436
CHAPTER XII.
[1823.]
New Appointments. Lord Wellesley's Representations respecting the
State of Ireland. The Government support the Lord-Lieutenant. Mr.
Plunket's Explanations. Illness of the King. The Duke of Wellington's
Suggestion. An Irish Question. Triumph of Mr. Plunket. Parliamentary
Debates. Quarrel between Mr. Charles W. Wynn and Mr. Peel. The Duke
of Wellington's Opinion of Mr. Canning. His Grace a Peace-maker.
Boastful Speech attributed to Mr. Pitt pp. 437-461
CHAPTER XIII.
[1823.]
Important Debates. Expenses of the Coronation. State of the Peninsula.
Mr. Plunket's Disappointment. Condition of Ireland. Despatch from
the Lord-Lieutenant. The King of Spain and the Cortes. Mr. Canning
in the House of Commons. Lord Nugent's Bill for Restoring the
Franchise. Festivities at Carlton House. The Marquis of Hastings.
The French in Spain. Lord Eldon. Canning. Peel and Robinson. The
Press in India. The King at "The Cottage". Irving and the Heavenly
Pavilion. Policy of Austria. The King in Council. Schisms in the
French Cabinet pp. 463-480
MEMOIRS OF THE COURT OF GEORGE THE FOURTH.
CHAPTER I.
[1820.]
ALARMING ILLNESS OF THE HEIR APPARENT AT THE DEATH OF GEORGE THE
THIRD. DISTURBED STATE OF PUBLIC OPINION. PROJECTED ASSASSINATION OF
MINISTERS. CATO STREET CONSPIRACY. DEATH OF THE PRINCESS ELIZABETH.
RUMOURED MINISTERIAL CHANGES, AND THREATENED RETURN OF QUEEN CAROLINE.
ELEMENTS OF DISCORD. LIBELS AND LIBELLERS. ORDER OF THE GARTER
CONFERRED ON THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
CHAPTER I.
A little before the decease of George III., the heir apparent was in a
state of health that made his chance of succession problematical--of
long possession of the crown more doubtful still. He was attended by
Sir William Knighton, who was in his chamber when intelligence arrived
from Windsor of his venerable parent's demise; and we are assured that
"The fatal tidings were received by the Prince with a burst of grief
that was very affecting."[1] He was quite unable to be present at the
funeral, and the Duke of York acted as chief mourner.[2]
[1] Knighton's "Memoirs," p. 88. Edited by his Widow.
[2] Alison's "History of Europe, from the Fall of Napoleon,"
vol. ii. p. 421.
The skill and solicitude of George IV.'s confidential physician were
rewarded, and the new Sovereign recovered sufficiently to apply himself
to the business of government with his customary attention; but from
that time Sir William so completely fixed himself in the affections of
his patron, that the latter was uneasy if he remained away from the
Palace, and was sure to send pressing messages for his return. A letter
has been preserved,[3] which indicates that services were rendered by
him that were not strictly professional. Indeed, he was often employed
as an adviser in affairs of peculiar delicacy and importance, and his
judgment and tact in their arrangement were invariably acknowledged and
appreciated.
[3] Knighton's "Memoirs," p. 86.
This conclusion of the Regency, though for some time anticipated as a
mere matter of course, was accompanied by events of so startling a
nature as to cause considerable disquietude in the minds of many good
citizens and earnest politicians. A feverish excitement existed among
the lower classes, that continually threatened to break out in violent
manifestations against the Government; but though the Ministers of the
Crown were the principal objects of this ill feeling, it was directed
with equal animosity against all wealth and influence; and there can be
no doubt that, had the designs of their more enterprizing leaders been
realized, a complete revolution little less violent than that which had
swept over France more than thirty years before, would have overturned
law, property, and order through the length and breadth of the land.
"The expectation and the fear of change" kept the public mind in a
state of violent agitation; and a great political party was on the
alert to take advantage of any popular movement this effervescence
might create. It was well known to various influential partizans that
events of unusual gravity were "looming in the distance,"[4] by which
they hoped to be able to raise themselves to power. Rumours of a
sinister import were in constant circulation; the more alarmed looked
hourly for some mischievous demonstration, and the more reckless
displayed increasing confidence and audacity. That reports should be
circulated of an immediate change of Government, must have been only
natural under such circumstances; the wide-spread discontent of the
masses of the population, swelling and surging like a storm-driven sea,
had nothing else sufficiently prominent to direct itself against, but
the authorities who appeared to them responsible for the evils under
which they laboured; and those persons who feared, or pretended to
fear, the threatened storm, caught at the idea of removing the
unpopular Ministers as affording the only chance of re-establishing the
public tranquillity. Such, however, had long before been the tactics of
opposition, and such, we are afraid, they are likely to remain.
[4] "The Government," writes a Cabinet Minister to the Lord
Lieutenant of Ireland, "is in a very strange and, I must
acknowledge, in a precarious state."--Lord Sidmouth to Earl
Talbot, Pellew's "Life of Lord Sidmouth," vol. iii. p. 310.
DR. PHILLIMORE TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Whitehall, Feb. 15, 1820.
MY DEAR LORD,
As your Lordship desired me to write if there was any news of any
description in circulation, I take up my pen merely to inform you
that there is a report most generally disseminated both throughout
the West-end of the town and the City, that the Ministers have
resigned. Sir W. Scott [Lord Stowell] yesterday, in expressing his
apprehension (to an acquaintance of mine) that such an event was in
contemplation, said it would not be a partial change, "but a
general sweep." Excuse haste.
Ever your obliged and faithful servant,
JOSEPH PHILLIMORE.
P.S.--The Cabinet sat thirteen hours on Sunday.
The sweeping change so confidently anticipated did not take place; and
probably when it became evident to some of the most daring of the
political speculators of the time, that this was not so imminent as
they desired, they resolved to expedite it in a fashion that should
leave no necessity for a second experiment of the kind.
On the 23rd of February, the loyal citizens of the metropolis were
startled by the intelligence of the timely discovery of a plot to
assassinate his Majesty's Ministers while they were at dinner in the
house of the Earl of Harrowby, Grosvenor Square, and of a sanguinary
conflict of the police and military with the conspirators, when
attempting to seize the latter at their place of rendezvous, in an
obscure thoroughfare near Paddington, called Cato Street. The history
of the Thistlewood Conspiracy,[5] as related in the criminal annals of
the period, illustrates in a remarkable manner the diseased state of
political feeling then existing in England. It was a small copy of the
Irish rebellion,--marked by the same cut-throat policy,--having in view
a similar overwhelming revolution, with the same absurdly inadequate
means. Fortunately for the United Kingdom, the chief actors in both
succeeded only in bringing upon themselves the destruction with which
they had menaced a powerful Government.
[5] A good account of it may be found in Pellew's "Life of Lord
Sidmouth," vol. iii. p. 312.
Thistlewood proposed to slaughter the entire Cabinet at once, when
assembled at Lord Harrowby's, which was assented to; "for," said he,
"as there has not been a dinner for so long, there will no doubt be
fourteen or sixteen there; and it will be a rare haul to murder them
all together."[6]
[6] Thistlewood's Trial, p. 37. Alison's "Europe," vol. ii. p.
425.
The next communication refers to the same incident, as well as to the
various rumours then in circulation:--
MARQUIS WELLESLEY TO MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Richmond, Tuesday, Feb. 29, 1820.
MY DEAR LORD,
Not having received any commands from you, and having nothing to
communicate beyond the rumours of the day, without any authentic
information, I have not lately troubled your Lordship with any
letter.
It was unnecessary to state that the stories of my being summoned
to the King, &c. &c., were all absolutely false. If I had received
any such summons, your Lordship would have been fully acquainted
with the whole transaction by express from me at the earliest
moment.
I believe an attempt was made to confirm the rumours by the
circumstance of his Majesty's gracious kindness in answering my
inquiries at the moment of his greatest danger, by expresses from
Carlton House. My carriage also was in town one day in the highest
paroxysm of the supposed squabble; but I happened not to be in it,
being confined at home by a cold.
I have not been in town, except to collect some account of the late
horrible plot, on the day after the discovery (when I was in the
House of Lords about half an hour), for a considerable time, the
weather and a cold having concurred to keep me at home.
I know nothing authentic of the quarrel, so much the subject of
rumour and noise, nor do I know more of the present designs or
future plans. I am at all times at your Lordship's orders, to wait
on you whenever you please; the weather is now so much improved,
that I can attend you in London any morning that may suit you; but
I really have nothing yet to state beyond the contents of my former
letters.
Always, my dear Lord,
Yours most sincerely,
WELLESLEY.
In the spring of the year 1821, their Royal Highnesses the Duke and
Duchess of Clarence lost their only child, the infant Princess
Elizabeth. Of this long-forgotten branch of the Royal Family, one who
was present at her birth says:--"She is christened by the name of
Elizabeth Georgiana. I hope the bairn will live. It came a little too
early, and is a very small one at present, but the doctors seem to
think it will thrive; and to the ears of your humble servant it appears
to be noisy enough to show it has great strength."[7] Her loss affected
the King, between whom and the Duke the most lively affection existed;
and he wrote to his confidential attendant in the following terms:--
[7] Twiss's "Life of Lord Eldon," vol. ii. p. 37.
THE KING TO SIR WILLIAM KNIGHTON.
Brighton, March 4, 1821.
MY DEAR FRIEND,
For God's sake come down to me to-morrow morning. The melancholy
tidings of the almost sudden death of my poor little niece have
just reached me, and have overset me beyond all I can express to
you. Poor William's[8] letter, which is all affection, and
especially towards you, refers me to you for all the particulars;
therefore pray come to me with as little delay as possible. I have
not time to add a word more about myself. You will be a great
consolation to me.
Ever your most affectionate friend,
G. R.[9]
[8] The Duke of Clarence.
[9] Knighton's "Memoirs," p. 88.
The first report of the intention of Queen Caroline, as the Princess of
Wales was now styled, to return to England, appears to have taken both
the King and the Government by surprise; but the latter, in the
conviction that they had an overwhelming case against her, would not
believe that she was serious, and took no steps towards putting the
result of the Milan investigations into shape.[10]
[10] "Every one," the Duke of Wellington acknowledged, "had his
secret persuasion and his wish, that with such a case against her
she would never come here."--R. Plumer Ward's "Diary," vol. ii.
p. 65.
That everything did not run smoothly between his Majesty and his
Ministers, may be inferred from a memorandum made (April 26, 1820) by
one of the most influential of them:--
"Our Royal master seems to have got into temper again, as far as I
could judge from his conversation with me this morning. He has been
pretty well disposed to part with us all, because we would not make
additions to his revenue. This we thought conscientiously we could not
do in the present state of the country, and of the distresses of the
middle and lower orders of the people,--to which we might add, too,
that of the higher orders. My own individual opinion was such that I
could not bring myself to oppress the country at present by additional
taxation for that purpose, and I strictly and firmly acted upon that
opinion, when I had every reason to believe that, adhering to it, I
should no longer write the letter C. after the name Eldon. I think now
the speech, in which he will disavow wishing for any increase, will
make him popular, and if times mend, will give him a better chance of
fair increase of income than anything else could give him."[11]
[11] Twiss's "Life of Lord Eldon," vol. ii. p. 3.
The Lord Chancellor, who has not been held in great estimation for
disinterestedness or patriotism, is here represented as very nearly
making himself a martyr to his sense of public duty; but the cause of
Lord Eldon's unusual dissatisfaction with his Sovereign may be gathered
from another cotemporary memorandum, dated the following day:--
"The Vice-Chancellor Leach has been trying to root out the Ministry; he
has been telling the King that his present Ministers are not standing
by him; that he ought to have a divorce. There is a flirtation between
Tierney and the King."[12]
[12] "Wilberforce's Life," by his Sons, vol. v. p. 54.
The Opposition lost no time in endeavouring to take advantage of the
difficulty presented by the apprehended return of the Queen; and the
"flirtation" not proceeding favourably, their hostility became more
earnest. Public opinion, indeed, was showing itself in many curious
ways. "The town here is employed," writes the Lord Chancellor, "in
nothing but speculation whether her Majesty will or will not come.
Great bets are laid about it. Some people have taken fifty guineas,
undertaking in lieu of them to pay a guinea a-day till she comes, so
sure are these that she will come within fifty days; others, again, are
taking less than fifty guineas, undertaking to pay a guinea a-day till
she comes, so sure are they that she will not come; others assert that
they know she will come, and that she will find her way into
Westminster Abbey and Westminster Hall on the Coronation, in spite of
all opposition. I retain my old opinion that she will not come, _unless
she is insane_."[13]
[13] Twiss's "Life of Eldon," vol. ii. p. 5.
A change of Ministry, Lord Dudley[14] assures us, was talked about more
than usual; but, as the Opposition were obliged to confess that they
would find great difficulty in establishing a Government, the existing
Administration held a tolerably secure tenancy.
[14] "Letters," p. 251. Alison states that attempts were made
to form a new Ministry, with Lord Wellesley at the head--"History
of Europe," vol. ii. p. 457. This, however, as has been shown
(_ante_ p. 9), is incorrect.
An Order in Council was issued for omitting the Queen's name from the
Church Service, and other signs appeared, indicating a desire to
withhold from her her queenly title. This made a temper, never
remarkably tractable, not to be controlled by the dictates of prudence;
the old spirit manifested itself in its most spirited form; and she
lost no time in letting the world know that she was returning to
England to obtain justice for her wrongs. Those who thought they knew
her best, considered that vindictive feelings influenced her
resolution, and that, with a full knowledge of the inflammable state of
public opinion in the British Empire, she had determined on some great
work of mischief against the peace of the kingdom and the security of
its ruler.
At this period there were many elements of discord in the social
community that were acting upon a large and dangerous portion of it, to
the prejudice of the Government.[15] Besides the Thistlewood gang,
justice was about to dispose of Mr. Orator Hunt and his myrmidons, then
awaiting their trial. Sir Charles Wolseley, a baronet, and Joseph
Harrison, a preacher, were under prosecution for uttering seditious
speeches.[16] Sir Francis Burdett--a more popular tribune--was also at
variance with the laws for a scandalous attack on Ministers; in short,
every day seemed to bring to light some source of mischief which could
not fail to add to the uneasiness of the responsible servants of the
Crown. A general election stirred up other noxious ingredients, and
during the spring of the year everything seemed to betoken a coming
convulsion. At this time the following communication was written:--
[15] Lord Sidmouth's intelligence led him to expect daily a
revolutionary movement.--"Life," by Dean Pellew, vol. iii.
p. 325.
[16] The minister of religion exceeded the democratic baronet
in the violence of his denunciations of the ruling powers,
a fair example of which may be found in the following
_morceau_:--"Kings, princes, dukes, lords, commons, parliaments,
archbishops, bishops, prelates, rectors, high-constables,
constables, sheriffs, deputy-constables and bailiffs, are all
corrupt, and the time is near at hand when they will be upset.
The people should rise _en masse_ to suppress such a tyrannical
Government as the one of this country, and it will not be long,
but very soon, that it shall be overturned, and many a bloody
battle may be fought, and many a one incarcerated in prison,
before it shall be accomplished."
LORD GRENVILLE TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
March 29, 1820.
Hunt's conviction is beyond my hope, though it would certainly have
been no easy matter for any jury to acquit him, even under the
charge such as it is. His motion for a new trial is, I imagine,
nothing more than the sort of last resource at which defeated men,
whether at elections or trials, always love to catch. It would have
been a dreadful thing indeed if it had been established by the
result of that trial that the Manchester meeting was, under all its
circumstances, a legal assembly.
Alarming as might be considered the aspect of domestic affairs, the
Government, so far from betraying apprehension, carried on the business
of the country with untiring vigilance and decision. Hunt and five of
his associates, after a long trial, were on the 23rd of March, at York,
found guilty of unlawfully assembling and inciting to hatred of the
Government. On the same day, Sir Francis Burdett was found guilty of
uttering a seditious libel. On the 10th of April, Sir Charles Wolseley
and Mr. Joseph Harrison were also found guilty of sedition. The most
guilty of the Cato Street heroes made their last public appearance at
the Old Bailey on the 1st of May; the remainder were expatriated to New
South Wales. Thus the supremacy of the law was vindicated; but there
still existed in the more populous districts feelings inimical to the
authorities, that might be restrained by coercive demonstrations, but
which only waited a favourable season for bursting through all control:
and as, on the 20th of April, Mr. Denman and Mr. Brougham had been
acknowledged by the Lord Chancellor, from his seat in the Court of
Chancery, the Queen's Solicitor and Attorney-General, the discontented
took heart, and saw in this admission of the Queen's position, a
prognostication of the struggle that was to create for them the
opportunity for which they were waiting.
The Court of the Monarch did not appear more apprehensive than his
Ministers. A day was fixed for the Coronation; and among those who
would have to assist in the ceremonial, no one ventured to hint on the
possibility of the Queen having any position in it. On the 3rd of May,
the King received addresses at Carlton House; and on the 10th, his
Majesty held his first Levee since his accession to the throne, at
which nearly 1800 persons of distinction were present, who testified
their attachment to his person in a manner that must have left him
little to desire. It was known that his consort intended to agitate the
empire from end to end, and her arrival was looked for in a few weeks;
but the families of the great political party that formed and supported
the Government, betrayed no uneasiness--indeed, the most influential
regarded, or affected to regard, the coming struggle with a quiet
disdain, that evinced their confidence in the loyalty and good sense of
the nation. "His Majesty's Opposition," however, talked and looked very
differently;--the Democratic party were vehement in their denunciations
of the Queen's wrongs, and the leading Whigs began to come forward
prominently as champions of her rights. This is about the date of the
following communications:--
RIGHT HON. THOS. GRENVILLE TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Cleveland Square, May 4, 1820.
MY DEAR LORD B----,
I have but little news to tell you. The general arrangement of the
Civil List, by replacing it as it stood in 1816, is so much better
a bargain for the public than I had expected, that I for one am
well contented with it; and if report be true, it was obtained by
nothing but the most determined refusal of the Ministers to do
more. Still, however, I understand that the Admiralty Droits are
unpopular enough to threaten the Government with a good deal of
embarrassment; for undoubtedly, if they have bargained with the
King for the statement of 1816, when he had the Admiralty Droits,
they cannot in equity deprive him of that part of his bargain.
Brougham seems by his speech to have conceived the notion of giving
the King _compensation_ for them; but it seems to me to be but
a bad bargain for the public, to make them, under the present
pressure, purchase out a remote contingent future revenue, which
can arise only out of a war that no Power in Europe is rich enough
to make, any more than ourselves.
Nobody knows what Brougham's motion will be to-morrow, or what
course the Opposition will take on Monday. I hope none of our
friends will disturb an arrangement which I believe the Government
had some merit and great difficulty in reducing to its present
form.
The Coronation, which Lord G. Seymour told me ten days ago was
suspended, is now again in expectation, according to general
belief; it has revived in common report, because I fancy the Earl
Marshal has just been ordered to have an estimate made of the
necessary expenses attending it in his department; but it does not
follow from that estimate that the ceremony will take place, I
think it more probable that it will be put off, because the King
will not like it unless it be expensive, and Van knows not how to
pay for it if it is. Clive told me yesterday, that three naval
peers are about to be made--Sir W. Young, Warren, and Saumarez.
This looks as if an Accession List was preparing; but I have heard
of no others. It seems now understood that the whole Militia will
be called out. Manchester, as Lady Grosvenor tells me, is quieter;
as Harriet writes, is as bad as ever. Scotland is still only quiet
from the military force there, but the temper is said to be as bad
as ever.
MR. W. H. FREMANTLE TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Stanhope Street, May 8, 1820.
MY DEAR LORD,
We had a heavy debate last night,--Tierney very able, and Huskisson
good,--but an evident indisposition of the House to the subject;
and the division on the part of Government very bad--only 99
majority. They cannot get attendance, and the report of dissension
on the part of the King and his Ministers is no doubt the cause of
this; notwithstanding, however, I am quite sure there can be no
change, and a very short time must commit the Opposition with the
King on the subject of the Queen. Tierney last night touched upon
it, and complained that she was not recognised by the Bill or Civil
List, and yet acknowledged by the Lord Chancellor of England. You
will see hardly any addition of names to the Opposition, or any
increased numbers, but the _feature_ is the want of attendance
of the Government friends. Everybody believes the report of Denison
having stated to his nephew his determination to disinherit him if
he accepts the new situation. We must see the result of this in a
very short time, should it be the case.--The ladies are not to walk
at the Coronation, and it is to be on the cheapest scale. No
dinner. The estimate is called 150,000_l._ All your members
were present yesterday, and if we had voted against the Government,
only see how we would have diminished their numbers.--Mr. Chard is
in a peck of troubles. He has not got the address, without which it
is useless to go to the Levee.--I was glad of Brougham's mention of
Lady Grenville's pension (it certainly was not an attack), because
it produced an authorized declaration of its surrender, which was
received with great applause.
You have no conception with what attention Baring was heard in a
full house last night, when for an hour or so he described the
commercial state of England in the most lamentable terms. It had
great effect--The King never shows himself. He has never been out
of Carlton House.--Lady C----[17] goes to him of an evening, and he
has had his usual dinners of Sir Carnaby Haggerston, Forester, and
two or three of this description. His language is only about the
Coronation and Lady C----: very little of the state of the country.
I will keep this open, in case anything occurs.
Ever, &c.,
W. H. F.
P.S.--I have just seen Chard, who is in despair about the address;
but he has determined, by my advice, to defer his presentation to
Wednesday se'nnight, in case we hear nothing of the address
to-morrow morning.
[17] Lady Conyngham.
RIGHT HON. THOS. GRENVILLE TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Cleveland Square, May 9, 1820.
MY DEAR LORD B----,
The Opposition, you see, continues to muster in their original
force of 160 upon their great questions, and though they do not
increase, it seems to me that there is either an indifference or a
disinclination in many to give any active support to Government;
for while the Ministers produce only their ordinary numbers, their
antagonists always are able to command their full force,--and if
that disproportion continues, it will not do, particularly under
the alarmed, and restless, and fearful circumstances of the
country. You see, by the loud cheering of Baring, how strongly the
impression prevails in the House that the present evils demand
great and vigorous remedies; and though, perhaps, I may be less
sanguine in the application of these theories, I see plainly that
the House and country are so alarmed as to call for great talents
and great vigour in their Ministers--much greater than they are
likely to find--for the only new feature of yesterday's debate on
the part of the Administration was to show that, upon a commercial
question, the head of the Board of Trade is in opinion with Baring,
while that of his colleagues is against him. This is a wretched
beginning on a topic of such overruling importance.--The Coronation
stands for the 1st August I hear of no more new peers yet. I think
the less you hear of the _man_ the better: you should only have to
do with the _master_. Lord Arundel told me yesterday that they do
not go yet, if at all. Sir Francis[18] at Lillies is really the _ne
plus ultra_!!!
[18] Sir Francis Burdett.
RIGHT HON. THOS. GRENVILLE TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Cleveland Square, May 11, 1820.
MY DEAR LORD B----,
I met my brother this morning, to take our new oaths at the Council
Office, and showed him your letter. I was glad to see in it that
you are gradually getting strength, and was surprised to see that
the two old uncles had both written to you at the same time, on the
same subject, without any previous communication had between us.
Lord Harrowby told my brother that it was the intention in every
respect to follow the same ceremonial at this Coronation that took
place at the last, and this should be good authority; but, on the
other hand, so general a rumour and expectation prevails of the
banquet being curtailed, that one scarce knows what to believe. But
my own, opinion is, that Lord H. is correct, and that it will be
neither more nor less than the last. Public conversation supposes
four Dukes--viz., my neighbour, yourself, Lord Hastings, and Lord
Winchester. The only Commoner, I hear, is Sir ---- Liddell, who, I
am well assured, says that it is promised to him. The other names,
I presume, grow out of public talk only; at least, my neighbours
told me they had heard nothing of it two or three days ago.
To give the reader an idea of the state of our public streets in the
metropolis at this period from turbulent mobs, we quote the following
anecdote:--"A very large family party happened to be assembled in the
house, and the garrison being thus strong, it sallied forth, headed by
Lord Exmouth, and attacked the assailants, who, disconcerted possibly
by this unusual system of tactics, instantly dispersed. One prisoner
was taken--a juvenile printer--who, by his insolence, which was
consummate, obtained for himself the glory of a night's imprisonment
instead of a lecture." The third attack occurred on a Wednesday
ensuing, while Lord Sidmouth was attending the Cabinet dinner. It was
feeble, and of brief duration; and as no further annoyance was
anticipated by the police officers, the narrator, who had been left in
charge, retired to his lodgings in the same street. Shortly afterwards
he heard the mob returning, and hastened back to his Lordship's door,
against which the watchman had placed himself. Before, however, they
could gain admittance, the Philistines were upon them, filling the
whole doorway, and hemming them up in the entrance. At this moment a
carriage dashed rapidly down the street, drew up at the door, and Lord
Sidmouth exclaimed from within it, "Let me out--I must get out!" But
another and a commanding voice replied, "You shall not alight--drive
on!" and instantly the carriage bounded forward and disappeared, but
not before the glass of the window nearest the speaker had been
shivered to atoms by a stick or stone. In a moment afterwards, at a
signal given, the mob dispersed, leaving the watchman and his companion
the only occupants of the street. In a few minutes the same carriage
returned, escorted by a small party of the Life Guards. It was that of
the Duke of Wellington, and contained his Grace, Lord Eldon, and Lord
Sidmouth.[19]
[19] Pellew's "Life of Lord Sidmouth," vol. iii. p. 328.
The next communication, from a member of the Royal Family, refers to a
much-valued distinction which was conferred on his Royal Highness's
correspondent. It shows also the kind feelings which this amiable
Prince entertained for him:--
THE DUKE OF GLOUCESTER TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Gloucester House, Sunday Evening, May 28.
MY DEAR LORD,
I hasten to return your Lordship my best thanks for your friendly
attention in immediately notifying to me an event that, I trust,
you are well assured must afford me the truest gratification. To
the Garter you are so justly entitled that I have real satisfaction
in seeing you receive that Order; but it is particularly gratifying
to me to know that it comes _direct_ to you from the King, and that
this distinction is conferred upon you unsolicited, the spontaneous
act of his Majesty. Of my sentiments towards yourself I hope you
are so well convinced that I need not add that I shall attend the
Chapter to-morrow with the sincerest pleasure.
In offering to you my warmest congratulations, I am happy to renew
to you an assurance of the very great regard and high esteem with
which
I am always, my dear Lord,
Very sincerely yours,
WILLIAM FREDERICK.
The following refers to the same subject, and is equally creditable to
the writer:--
THE MARQUIS WELLESLEY TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Richmond, Monday, May 29, 1820.
MY DEAR LORD,
I went to Carlton House to-day to attend a Chapter of the Garter,
at which I understood that I should have had the satisfaction of
seeing the King invest your Lordship with his own Garter, vacated
by his accession to the Crown.
Upon my arrival, I found that the Chapter had been postponed; and
as the King goes to Windsor this evening for the Ascot races, I
suppose some days will elapse before the Chapter can take place. I
was informed, however, from good authority, that the King will
offer the Garter to your Lordship.
Sincerely hoping that you will not decline the offer, I shall be
anxious to attend on the day of your investiture; and I should be
much obliged to you if you would apprise me of it as soon as you
know it. I shall, of course, receive the usual summons; but I
should grieve to be out of the way when it might reach this place.
Always, my dear Lord,
Yours most sincerely,
WELLESLEY.
CHAPTER II.
[1820.]
ARRIVAL OF QUEEN CAROLINE AT ST. OMER. HER DEMANDS. ABORTIVE
NEGOTIATIONS. INTERPOSITION OF MR. WILBERFORCE TO AVERT THE
THREATENED SCANDAL. QUEEN CAROLINE IN LONDON. SHE REFUSES THE
CONCESSIONS PROPOSED BY THE GOVERNMENT AND THE PROPOSALS OF THE
HOUSE OF COMMONS. UNPOPULARITY OF MR. WILBERFORCE. POLICY OF THE
QUEEN'S ADVISERS. PUBLIC EXCITEMENT. MOB ROUND THE QUEEN'S RESIDENCE.
DISSATISFACTION OF THE KING.
CHAPTER II.
On the 1st of June, Caroline of Brunswick arrived at St. Omer,
intending to embark at Calais without delay for England. At once she
showed her disposition to carry matters with a high hand. She wrote an
imperious letter to the Earl of Liverpool, to prepare a palace in
London for her reception; another to Lord Melville, to send a yacht to
carry her across the Channel to Dover; and a third to the Duke of York,
repeating both demands, and complaining of the treatment she had
received. Two days later, Mr. Brougham, her chief legal adviser,
arrived, and at the same time Lord Hutchinson, with a proposition from
the King, offering her 50,000_l._ a year for life if she would remain
on the Continent, and surrender the title of Queen of England. She was
in no mood to listen to reason, and indignantly rejected the offer.
The rumour of the Queen's approach created extraordinary excitement
among all classes in every part of the kingdom. The Lord Chancellor
prophetically says, "If she can venture, she is the most courageous
lady I ever heard of. The mischief, if she does come, will be infinite.
At first, she will have extensive popularity with the multitude; in a
few short months or weeks, she will be ruined in the opinion of all the
world."[20] "One can't help admiring her spirit," observes the moral
Wilberforce, "though I fear she has been very profligate."[21] From
such a man there might have been expected a severer judgment on her
immorality, and a more subdued appreciation of her daring; but this
evidence of "spirit" was an appeal to the English people which many a
grave father of a family found it impossible to resist. Mr. Wilberforce,
however, much to his credit, was earnestly desirous of lessening the
threatened scandal, and diminishing the public commotion it was likely
to create. He writes in his Diary,--"When, therefore, Lord Castlereagh
had made a motion to refer the papers to the consideration of a Secret
Committee, I endeavoured to interpose a pause, during which the two
parties might have an opportunity of contemplating coolly the prospect
before them. Accordingly I sounded the House; my proposition was
immediately adopted, and a pause was made, with a declaration that its
purpose was to give opportunity for a private settlement."[22]
[20] Twiss's "Life of Lord Eldon," vol. ii. p. 3.
[21] "Wilberforce's Life," by his Sons, vol. v. p. 55.
[22] Ibid.
As no Royal yacht was likely to be at her disposal, Queen Caroline lost
no time in embarking, crossed the sea safely, pursued her route to the
metropolis through Canterbury, and, passing through vociferous crowds,
on the 7th, in default of the palace she had ordered, took up her
residence with a City alderman, who had placed himself among the
foremost of her champions. From this time the agitation in the public
mind hourly increased, till it began to assume a most threatening
aspect. Nothing was left undone by the Queen to ingratiate herself with
the people; and, as a natural result, she never appeared publicly
without creating intense excitement. When in the streets, her horses
were taken from her carriage, and she was drawn in triumph, by scores
of shouting adherents, through a clamorous mob. Before the alderman's
house in South Audley Street stood hour after hour a shouting myriad,
excited to a pitch of frenzy to which no description can do justice, by
the appearance on the balcony of a stout lady, in a large hat
surmounted by a plume of feathers.
On the day of her arrival in town, the King sent a message to the
Houses of Lords and Commons, to the effect that the step taken by the
Queen had forced him to bring before the consideration of Parliament,
certain papers detailing her conduct since her departure from England.
The Queen, on the same day, sent a message by Mr. Brougham, in her
usual high tone, expressing a desire for an open investigation. The
friends of both parties were striving to spare the country the
threatened exposure; and on the 9th, the Queen so far complied with the
suggestions of her most sensible advisers as to write a moderate letter
to Lord Liverpool, expressing her inclination to consider any
proposition the Government were disposed to make in behalf of their
Sovereign. Communications were exchanged; the Ministers repeated their
liberal offer, and the Queen repeated her indignant refusal. How this
sad business was felt at the period may be gathered from the letters
that follow. But the first expresses a belief, then generally gaining
ground, of a change in the Government in favour of the Grenville party.
It would appear as if a proposal of the kind had been submitted to the
head of the family, but the sensible advice here given must at once
have put an end to such a negotiation:--
LORD GRENVILLE TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Dropmore, 12 at night, June 11.
We have both talked this thing over as fully as our materials
enabled us to do, and it is our decided opinion that the King has,
and can have in the present moment, only the alternative of putting
himself fairly and fully into the hands of one or other of the two
great parties; and that it would be deceiving him, and trifling
with a most awful state of things, if anybody undertook to be
useful to him on any other footing, or even gave rise to the delay
of an hour in deciding on that alternative by countenancing hopes
of any third arrangement.
The House of Commons is totally unmanageable in any such view. The
whole weight of the Ministers there, combining their aid as they
now do, is, as you see, hardly sufficient to carry on the ordinary
public business from day to day. I very much question whether all
the weight that the Opposition could unite for the same purpose, if
the task were committed into their hands, would be much, if at all,
more adequate to it. What hopes, then, could a third party
entertain of doing this in opposition to both?
I can easily see in what course your assistance and support might
be very useful indeed to strengthen his Government, into whatever
hands he may finally determine to commit it; and in the present
state of things I should, as far as my own wishes went, be most
anxious that, in whatever hands it shall be vested, it should
possess whatever of strength and efficiency it can receive. But as
for undertaking any principal or leading part in the formation of a
new Government, to the exclusion of the most considerable persons
in this, and of the whole of the other party (who will doubtless on
this occasion act with perfect union and concurrence among
themselves), I hold the success impossible, and the undertaking
much too desperate to be reconciled to any just sense of prudence
or duty. And if the fact be so, it is most important that he should
be as speedily, and as distinctly as possible, apprized that so it
is. And you and Charles would much injure your own reputation and
weight by appearing to tamper with a case in which you cannot be of
any real use.
I do not wonder that he feels hurt at Canning's speech, such as it
is reported; but this is not the first occasion, nor will it be the
last, in which the Sovereign of this country must suppress such
feelings, and bear with the faults of those who, on the whole,
taking all things together, can serve him most usefully; and the
manner in which the Opposition have of late years, most
unfortunately for themselves and for the country, been drawn on to
mix themselves up with projects of reform, and with the countenance
and defence of reformers of the wildest description, seems to me, I
regret to say it, to throw that balance at this time wholly on the
side of their opponents.
I do not know that I can add more. My brother returns to town early
to-morrow morning; and you will not wonder, knowing my feelings,
that all that is now passing is with me a decisive reason for not
coming near it unless commanded so to do, and then it would only be
for the purpose of expressing these opinions.
Paris at this period, it is evident, was scarcely in a less excitable
state than London:--
HON. COLONEL STANHOPE TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Hotel Meurice, June 11, 1820.
MY DEAR LORD BUCKINGHAM,
Paris is in a strange state,--more resembling a town in a state of
siege than the most gadding capital; but, as far as the exterior
appearance can be the guide, I cannot see why the Government should
have assembled nearly 25,000 troops round Paris, the riots having
been confined to the students of the _écoles_ and the _gardes de
corps_, the people, _proprement dit_, taking no part and showing no
interest. The violence of the Chambers is sufficiently seen in the
papers, and their whole time is occupied in hearing different
members relate their own adventures on the preceding day. The
ultra-Ultras have returned to their foolish language, which ruined
them in '14 and '15, about having a general tax to reimburse them
for their lost property. They might as well think of dividing
France. The other party, of course, keep pace. Two days ago, some
French ladies on the Boulevards were obliged, by a body of men
looking like _le bourgeoisie_, to get out of their carriages and
cry "_Vive l'egalité_." One of the worst circumstances is the
distinction which has been made between _Le Roi et la Charte_,
which last year was the watchword of the Royalists, and is now
divided into the _mots de ralliement_ of the two parties; and when
the one cries _A bas la Charte_, others have been found rash enough
to answer _A bas les Bourbons_. The Royalists are universally
anxious for the double electoral colleges; their opponents will not
give up the direct election; and the amendment which was carried
the other day is a sort of _mezzo termine_, as the 170 new members
are to be elected by the double colleges, and the _remplacants_
by the old law. There was a considerable riot on Friday night, in
which Oudinot was rode over, and several people badly wounded; one
only killed. The troops have shown the greatest steadiness, and
evince rather an anxiety than an unwillingness to act. The Jacobins
are, I am told, as much depressed by this as the Ultras are elated.
Madame de Flahaut is here, acting the French Lady J----; and to you
I need say no more.
I am in a great fright about the Queen. What could make the
Government employ Lord H----, who seems to have committed himself
and employers most lamentably? She will, I fear, have a tremendous
party of many well-disposed, good, moral men, as well as of all
those who hate the King and the Government. If you have leisure, I
should be very grateful for a word or two on this.
Ever affectionately yours,
J. W. STANHOPE.
The negotiation between the King's Ministers and the Queen's legal
advisers was not rendered fruitless by any fault of the former.
Wilberforce acknowledges that "The concessions made by the King's
servants, as Mr. Brougham afterwards declared in the House of Commons,
were various and great. The name and rights of a Queen were granted to
her Majesty without reserve--any recognition of which had formerly been
carefully avoided. A Royal yacht, a frigate, &c., were offered. It was
agreed that her name and rank should be notified at the Court either of
Rome or Milan, the capitals of the countries in which she had expressed
her intention to reside; and that an address should be presented to the
Queen, no less than another to the King, to thank her Majesty for
having acceded to the wish of the House of Commons."[23]
[23] "Life," vol. v. p. 56.
Wilberforce was very earnest, sending his son with a letter to the
King, in which he entreated him to restore the Queen's name to the
Liturgy,[24] and venturing to prophesy something very like a civil war
should this concession be refused. On this point, however, his Majesty
was intractable, and the negotiator met with anything but cordial
co-operation from his own party, of whom he says: "Opposition seem all
disposed to take up the Queen's cause on party principles. Alas!"[25]
Subsequently he implies where he met with obstacles; "Tierney, &c.,
ill-natured, yet Castlereagh gave way."
[24] The Queen perpetrated one of her characteristic jests when
this question was being furiously debated: "The praying," she
observed, "makes me very hungry, and when I am in the Liturgy I
shall be famished."
[25] Ibid. p. 58.
In a discussion on the subject in the House of Commons, he thus refers
to the principal speakers: "Burdett, violent and bitter, but very able;
Tierney, mischievous; Denman, strong and straightforward; Brougham,
able; Canning, clever, but not letting himself out."
A deputation, of which Wilberforce was the head, proceeded from the
House of Commons to the Queen, dressed in full Court costume; but her
Majesty's turbulent admirers did not appreciate their good intentions,
and they were roughly greeted by the mob. The reception they met with
from the Queen was not much more courteous. Her answer was a refusal.
"Her manner was extremely dignified," observes the principal
negotiator, "but very stern and haughty." In a letter which he wrote at
the time, he gives all the details of the question,[26] from which it is
clear that the members of Government had agreed to resign their offices
if the restoration of the Queen's name to the Liturgy was carried
against them in the House of Commons; and that, seeing the
improbability of obtaining this demand, the Queen would have accepted
an equivalent proposed by the Government, had not some sinister
influence been exercised which brought about her refusal. Mr.
Wilberforce shared the general fate of peace-makers in getting terribly
abused; but he evidently had the authority of the Queen's most able
counsellor for the steps he took. "She will accede to your address," he
wrote on the 22nd of June, "I pledge myself."[27]
[26] Letter to Samuel Roberts, Esq., "Life," vol. v. p. 62.
[27] Letter to Samuel Roberts, Esq., "Life," vol. v. p. 65.
Cobbett published a letter addressed to Mr. Wilberforce, made up of
declamation and invective, in the style that then took the public
taste. This composition is described as "very clever, but very
mischievous, and full of falsehoods." He was attacked so frequently,
and with such violence, by the Queen's partisans, that it forced him to
exclaim, "What a lesson it is to a man not to set his heart on low
popularity, when, after forty years' disinterested public service, I am
believed to be a perfect rascal!"[28]
[28] "Wilberforce's Life," vol. v. p. 68.
He complained bitterly of the conduct of the leaders of Opposition.
Their language to the Queen, especially that of Lord Grey, Mr. Tierney,
and Sir Francis Burdett, was, "Oh! you may be sure you never can be
prosecuted,"--thereby, as he acknowledges, "taking away what must
doubtless have most powerfully enforced her consent. Then no sooner had
she refused, and the prosecution goes forward, than they say,
Government never should have admitted a compromise at all, but have
prosecuted without hesitation."[29]
[29] Ibid. p. 69.
"She seems," writes Lord Dudley, "to have been advised by persons that
are resolved to play the deepest possible game, and care little to what
risk they expose her, provided they have a chance of turning out the
Government, or perhaps of over-throwing the monarchy. I do not think
that it is Brougham's doing."[30] "The people," confesses Cobbett, "as
far as related to the question of guilt or innocence, did not care a
straw."[31] Their leaders cared still less:
"Careless of fate, they took their way,
Scarce caring who might win the day;
Their booty was secure."
[30] "Letters," p. 255.
[31] "Life of George IV.," p. 425.
"If her innocence were proved," observes a popular historian, "they
would gain a triumph over the King, force upon him a wife whom he could
not endure, overturn his Ministers, and perhaps shake the monarchy; if
her guilt, they would gain the best possible ground for declaiming on
the corruption which prevailed in high places, and the monstrous nature
of those institutions which gave persons of such character the lead in
society."[32]
[32] Alison's "Europe," vol. ii. p. 549.
The excitement increased as the arrangements for the Queen's trial
became known. Lord John Russell published a letter addressed to Mr.
Wilberforce, on the subject, urging him again to attempt an
arrangement; but he had had enough of interfering in such a business,
and declined to take the post assigned him, though the writer expressed
his opinion that in his hands was perhaps the fate of the country. He
was as anxious as ever to do good, but did not see how it could be
done. His opinion of the Queen did not improve, in consequence of the
"spirit" she continued to display, which he now felt inclined to
describe in more appropriate language:--"I feel deeply the evil," he
writes in his Diary, "that so bad a woman as I fear she is, should
carry the victory by sheer impudence (if she is guilty), and assume the
part of a person deeply injured."[33]
[33] "Life," vol. v. p. 77.
Other well-meaning persons were equally anxious for an interposition;
indeed, the King was obliged to send a message to one who desired an
audience, with this object in view, "that he never talked on political
subjects with any but his Ministers."[34]
[34] Ibid. p. 78.
Another cotemporary Diarist goes to the root of the evil:--"Had some
conversation with Tierney, who looked serious and down. He said
everything was worse and worse out of doors, and he saw no remedy. I
observed, the only remedy, the only possibility of things returning to
their former state was a rebellion, and the troops standing by us, and
quelling it with a high hand. He replied, that was the disease. I said,
neither he nor I should live to see society where it had been and ought
to be; to which he assented. I have no doubt he is sincere, yet he and
his party are the real authors of the spirit we deplore."[35]
[35] Phipps's "Memoirs of R. P. Ward," vol. ii. p. 61.
"Alas!" writes Wilberforce in his Diary, "surely we never were in such
a scrape. The bulk of the people, I grant, are run mad; but then it was
a species of insanity on which we might have reckoned, because we know
their prejudices against foreigners; their being easily led away by
appeals to their generous feelings; and then the doses with which they
are plied, are enough to intoxicate much stronger heads than most of
theirs."[36]
[36] "Life," vol. v. p. 78.
"The middling as well as the higher orders," says another observer,
"are pretty well acquainted with her present Majesty's conduct in
foreign countries; but I am told that the common people are still in
the dark, and disposed to espouse her cause; more, however, out of
hatred to the King than out of regard for her."[37]
[37] Lord Dudley's "Letters," p 242.
Attempts were made to gain over the military, which were not entirely
unsuccessful; one of the regiments of Foot Guards, quartered in the
Mews Barracks, Charing Cross, exhibited such decided symptoms of having
been tampered with, that the Duke of Wellington was sent for, and he at
once ordered them off to Portsmouth. "The night before the last
division marched," says a respectable authority, "a formidable mob
assembled round the barracks at Charing Cross, calling the soldiers
within to come out and join them."[38] They were only subsequently
dispersed by a troop of the 2nd Life Guards.
[38] "Sidmouth's Life," by Pellew, vol. iii. p. 330. Alison's
"Europe," vol. ii. p. 461.
Some of the more respectable leaders of Opposition, though, they
supported the Queen, had no heart in the cause.
"Lord ----" (we learn from another authority), "whom I always look upon
as a most honest man, said it was rather hard upon him to have to
present her petitions, but he could not refuse, being so intimate with
Brougham. But they were brought to him at a minute's notice, and he
knew nothing about, consequently could not support them. In the present
instance, he thought she was taken in, in pressing for trial within
four-and-twenty hours. She thought we would not take her at her word,
and might bully, as she had done before; that she was a bold, dangerous,
impudent woman, as full of revenge as careless of crime, and that if we
did not take care, might play the part of Catherine the Second, who, by
means of the Guards, murdered her husband and usurped the throne."[39]
[39] Phipps's "Memoirs of Robert Plumer Ward," vol. ii. p. 56.
The nobleman whose opinions have here been preserved was most probably
Lord Dacre, who, in his place in the House of Lords, presented more
than one petition from the Queen. One also was presented by Lord
Auckland. Another of the Queen's partisans in the other House appears
to have entertained similar sentiments:--"Walked with Sir ---- ----. He
said he had no doubt that the Queen was guilty, but would never vote
for the Bill, as unconstitutional; at the same time, ready to admit
that Ministers had proved such a case as perfectly justified them in
bringing it forward."[40]
[40] Phipps's "Memoirs of Robert Plumer Ward," vol. ii. p. 58.
A description of the sort of satellites that followed the Queen's
movements when she went abroad, or surrounded her dwelling while she
remained at home, is preserved in the postscript of a letter from Mr.
Wilberforce to Hannah More, repeating the observations of a friend who
had ventured to approach the Queen's residence. He describes her
retainers as "a most shabby assemblage of quite the lowest of the
people, about fifty in number, who every now and then kept calling out
'Queen, Queen!' and several times, once in about a quarter of an hour,
she came out of one window of a balcony and Alderman Wood at the other,
and she bowed to them; her obeisance, of course, being met by augmented
acclamations. My friend," adds Mr. Wilberforce, "entered into
conversation with a person present who argued for the natural equality
of man, and that any other of the people present had as good right to
be King as George the Fourth."[41]
[41] "Life," vol. v. p. 72.
The Duke of Wellington at this period took an anxious share in the
proceedings against the Queen. "We fell upon the general situation of
things," relates a confidential friend of his Grace, "which the Duke
allowed was almost as bad as could be; nor could he see the remedy, if
the upper and middle ranks would not stir. But all," he continued, with
some sadness as well as indignation, "seem struck with panic--ourselves
and all; and if the country is lost, it will be through our own
cowardice. Everything," said he--"audacity and insolence on one side,
and tameness on ours. We go to the House seemingly on purpose to be
insulted; the Opposition know it, and act accordingly." I said, "I
feared it was particularly so in the House of Commons, where the
Ministerial bench, with the exception of Lord Castlereagh, seemed like
victims."[42]
[42] Phipps's "Memoirs of Ward," vol. ii. p. 63.
The principal Ministers went in daily danger of their lives. Lord
Sidmouth never drove out without a case of loaded pistols on the seat
of the carriage, ready for instant use;[43] and when either of them was
recognised in the public streets, he was sure to be greeted by groans
and hisses, and sometimes with more formidable missiles.
[43] "Life," by Dean Pellew, vol. iii. p. 330.
The attempt to induce the Queen to adopt a more rational course, is
here referred to:--
SIR BENJAMIN BLOOMFIELD TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Carlton House, June 20, 1820.
MY DEAR LORD,
As yet there is no certain information of the precise course to be
taken by Mr. Wilberforce. I, however, collect that he has no
intention to weaken the position of the Government, nor the basis,
on the part of the King, upon which the late negotiation has broken
off. The object, therefore, is to maintain that basis which was
considered as the only safeguard to the preservation of all that's
dear to man. To attain this there seems, under the present state of
the public mind, no alternative but investigation, with as much
publicity as the House can be induced to give to the question.
I need not reiterate to your Lordship the sense which is
entertained of the affectionate attachment manifested by your
Lordship in this most painful transaction.
With great respect, I have the honour to be,
My dear Lord,
Your Lordship's obliged and obedient humble Servant,
B. BLOOMFIELD.
But Caroline of Brunswick would not have been Caroline of Brunswick had
she suffered this well-meant intervention to influence her purpose. The
sad business, therefore, proceeded in the saddest possible way:--
LORD GRENVILLE TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
June 27, 1820.
All speculation is at fault in attempting to follow these daily
changes of plans and operations.
Certainly, it is far more convenient and more becoming to let this
matter be first investigated in the House of Lords. But how this is
to be reconciled to the present state of the business in the House
of Commons, it seems difficult to imagine; but by this time that
difficulty will have been solved in one way or another, and I need
not trouble myself about it.
As to popular impressions, the only way by which they can now be
counteracted, is by bringing the matter as soon as possible into
some regular form of proceeding.
What is to result from all this, it is impossible to conjecture;
but he must be sanguine indeed who can hope that it will turn to
good.
RIGHT HON. THOMAS GRENVILLE TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Dropmore, June 28, 1820.
MY DEAR LORD B----,
When I came here I found an entire concurrence of opinion as to the
extreme folly of Ministers pressing on the Secret Committee in the
House of Lords, after they had pledged themselves in the House of
Commons to bring forward a charge upon their own responsibility; I
was therefore much gratified to see in your letter, just received,
that if there was a question upon that subject, you should vote
against the Secret Committee, though if the Committee were
appointed, you might in that case continue your name upon it. The
proceeding is become so odious and unpopular, that the general
prejudice against it is in itself great ground of objection to it;
and as the Ministers have already taken the charge upon their own
responsibility, it seems now likely to answer no other end than
that of furnishing to their adversaries a fund of clamour and of
invective, on a topic by which, while Ministers gain nothing, they
must lose much. But by this time the question must be already
decided, and therefore it is useless to pursue it If the Committee
is appointed, and if you do attend it, I am sure you will in that
case feel the absolute necessity of your declining any confidential
communication, either on foot or on horseback, with any person not
upon that Commission, in reference to the business of it. Even the
conversation of the table, and the ears of those who sit at it with
you, must on every account be most cautiously guarded upon this
peculiar topic. You must not start at these suggestions; you know
the affectionate motives that prompt them; and nothing but the
extreme importance of the nicest attention to them, under your
particular position, could have called for them both from Lord
G---- and me.
I would not unnecessarily prolong this letter, because you have
enough to think of; but I feel confident that the more you reflect
upon your own position, the more you must be confirmed in the
persuasion that while, on the one hand, you have thought it
necessary to withdraw from the Opposition, on the other hand, you
will most effectually be enabled to support the constitutional
principles of the Monarchy by maintaining an absolute independence,
and by taking care not to put yourself within the reach of the
imputation of favouritism, which, once established against you,
will render your means of real and effectual assistance useless, by
discrediting your station in the country, and by depriving it of
its best recommendation, its absolute independence.
It will be seen from the foregoing communication how extremely anxious
were Lord Buckingham's uncles, at this crisis, that he should act with
the utmost circumspection on every possible contingency.
THE MARQUIS WELLESLEY TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
MY DEAR LORD,
Many thanks for your note by Lord Cassilis; I do not credit any of
the rumours to which you refer. I believe that all is now quiet in
those quarters. I understand that the Secret Committee is to meet
in our House on Wednesday, and on its Report a Bill is to be
introduced; in the Commons, a delay of ten days is to be proposed,
for the purpose of waiting for our Bill. You have heard of the
proceedings in our House to-night: a petition from the Queen,
praying against a Secret Committee, and for a delay of any
proceedings, in order to enable her to collect her witnesses;
Brougham and Denman called in and heard in support of the petition,
and the House adjourned until to-morrow, when Lord Grey is to make
his motion for rescinding the order respecting the Secret
Committee. When this motion is disposed of, Lord Liverpool will
move that the Secret Committee shall meet on Wednesday. I cannot
ascertain the temper of the House positively, but I perceive no
alteration in it of any description.
Yours, my dear Lord, sincerely,
W.
LORD GRENVILLE TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Dropmore, July 2, 1820.
I am glad you are so near the end of your labours, though that end
is to be the beginning of a fresh and very painful scene. I am
clear, however, that in the state to which the matter is now
brought, the course at last adopted was the only one which affords
any hope of concluding it without the most alarming consequences.
And if the House of Lords manifests, as I trust it will, a
temperate and truly judicial spirit in the conduct of the trial, I
am sanguine enough to believe that much lost ground may still be
recovered.
I am utterly at variance with Charles's notion, that such
proceedings ought to commence in the House of Commons; and I am
sure in this case it was of unspeakable importance that the matter
should first undergo a judicial investigation, before it was
brought any more under the cognizance of a body so liable to act on
momentary impressions, in place of the settled rules and permanent
principles of legal proceeding.
RIGHT HON. THOMAS GRENVILLE TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Dropmore, July 5, 1820.
MY DEAR LORD B----,
I cannot help writing a line to say how well satisfied I am with
the result which this post has brought us, and how glad I am that
no secondary matter has been tacked on to that which is of primary
interest. We neither of us can as yet collect by what precise
course the matter is to be so charged as to give the proper notice
so as to enable the party concerned to provide a reply. I should,
of course, suppose that by this time the whole march of all the
proceedings is foreseen and determined upon, if there was not such
frequent occasion to remark that foresight and decision are much
more frequently to be desired than to be found.
I should suppose that the Bill must contain specific charges, or
that those charges must be communicated by a resolution of the
House. What is most to be apprehended is that dexterous advocates
may awaken new questions in so novel a proceeding, and may thereby
prolong the discussion to a most inconvenient and dangerous length,
by which this state of hazardous agitation of the public mind will
be continued, and a feeling of commiseration will be excited by the
length of the proceeding, although the prolongation of it will be
owing more to the accused than to the accusers. You see every hour
of every day that "the mountain" is dragging all that side of the
house into an avowed party-protection, to be afforded before trial;
that the answers to addresses are so many appeals made to the
"soldiers and sailors;" and that the hypocritical lamentations over
the ill-judged time of the Coronation, are indulged in for the
obvious purpose of exciting the tumults which they affect to
deprecate. All this is very disgusting, and not without real
danger. I suppose your Committee, being now dissolved by its
Report, you have nothing more to do in these odious abominations,
which the Vice-Chancellor will probably have to manage.
LORD GRENVILLE TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Dropmore, July 5, 1820.
I see nothing _primá facie_ to object to in the Report, and I am
very glad that the _doubt_ was decided negatively.
I imagine, however, that there may still be some difficulty in the
course of the proceeding, if she requires, as I suppose she will be
advised to do, that the facts of both descriptions should be more
precisely specified as to time and place, before she is called upon
to answer them in any judicial form.
MR. W. H. FREMANTLE TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Stanhope Street, July 19, 1820.
MY DEAR LORD,
I am passing through town in my way to E. Green, and find it not
only greatly thinned, but those remaining in a much more melancholy
mood than when I left it. The language even of the Government is
most croaking, and you may be assured the Queen's party is far from
diminishing. The City is completely with her,--not the Common
Council, but the shopkeepers and merchants,--and I have great
doubts if the troops are not infected. The press is paid for her
abundantly, and there are some ale-houses open where the soldiers
may go and drink and eat for nothing, provided they will drink
"Prosperity and health to the Queen." The K---- grows daily more
unpopular, and is the only individual in the kingdom insensible to
it. He sees Lady C---- daily, and had a party of his family at
dinner this week, she the only exception. You may think, perhaps,
this letter gloomy; but I assure you I write much less desponding
than the general language and feeling would authorize me.
The peerages are eight, and hourly expected:--Lord Conyngham,
Roden, Sir W. Scott, Forester, Cholmondeley, Liddel, W. Pole, Lord
James Murray.
I don't hear a word of the Dukedoms. The King reviews the Guards
on Friday, and then goes to the cottage at Windsor, to meet the
Conynghams. Boats are gone from Chatham and Staines for the
Virginia Lake, where he is to have water-parties. Probably or
possibly we shall participate in these. If so, you shall hear from
me.--It is said the Lords meet the 17th; begin immediately the
witnesses for the prosecutor: finish this in a fortnight; then the
Queen asks for two months (at least) before she commences her
defence, _if she makes any_. But there is a strong report she means
to make none in the Lords, but reserve herself for the Commons; if
so, it is no great compliment to us, who examine not on oath.
These, however, are only the rumours of the day.--Lushington got a
most handsome and proper dressing from Castlereagh, who, I am told,
did it remarkably well.
Ever truly yours,
W. H. F.
RIGHT HON. THOMAS GRENVILLE TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Cleveland Square, July 22, 1820.
MY DEAR LORD B----,
Lord G---- wrote to me last night, and tells me that he must,
however reluctantly, attend on the 17th, the Chancellor being, as
it is said, determined to go all lengths to enforce attendance. He
is, in my mind, quite right in doing so. You will be much rejoiced
to hear that on the 20th Lord G---- received a letter from Lord
Liverpool, offering through him, in the K----'s name and in his,
and in the most flattering terms from both, the situation of Regius
Professor of Divinity at Oxford, with the Canonship of Christ
Church, to Dr. Hodgson, as a thing proper in itself, and also as
what was wished to be done on account of his connexion with Lord
G----.
Nothing could be more gratifying to Lord G----, who has always felt
mortified at observing that hitherto his connexion with Hodgson had
been rather prejudicial than serviceable to him.--I write this the
rather because my brother adds that the post being in the moment of
going, he has not time to write you word of it then.
St. Paul's is given to Llandaff. The dandy Pelham is gone sulkily
down to look at Bugden, and to see whether he will condescend to
take that after his disappointment, at which there seems to be a
very general feeling of satisfaction.
Vague reports of negotiation with the Queen through Lady
Cholmondeley; but I do not hear them from any sort of authority,
and therefore I know not how to believe them. I hope you observe
the _Morning Chronicle's_ congratulations on the Naples revolution
without loss of life, "in consequence of its being achieved by the
_soldiery_, since wherever they raise their voice, it is
imperative." And this is the Whig and Opposition printer!!! The
K---- was prevented by gout from attending the cavalry review.
RIGHT HON. THOMAS GRENVILLE TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Cleveland Square, July 26, 1820.
MY DEAR LORD B----,
The little that I hear is not worth sending you, either in quality
or in quantity. The rumours about the military increase daily and
frightfully. How much of these rumours is true, and how much is
invented, and how much is exaggerated, I have no means to judge;
but the prevalence of that topic of conversation, while it shews
the generality of the apprehension, is itself but too much
calculated to bring on the evil of which it treats. Tierney
yesterday told us he had heard Wood say the day before that the
Q---- had irrevocably determined to come down every day to the
trial in her "coach-and-six _in a high style;_" if so, she
will very likely be attended by all the idle populace between
Hammersmith and London, besides a host of radicals, who will not
let go by such an auspicious opportunity. How the peace of the
metropolis or the safety of the Parliament is to be secured under
all these circumstances, might puzzle wiser heads than those whose
business it will be to decide upon it. T---- admits himself to be
considerably alarmed, and describes the appearance of the Ministers
in these latter days as betraying more anxiety and apprehension
than vigour or decision. He said that the Attorney-General, in his
speech yesterday in the House of Commons, was almost in tears, and
used the expression that "there was no doubt that a revolution was
in contemplation." Whether it is prudent to use such an expression
in order to excite sufficient means of resistance, or dangerous
from awakening such a topic may be a question; but of the extent of
alarm which he must have felt to have led him to that expression,
there can be no doubt.
One of the rumours is, that the D---- of W---- was earnest for
disbanding one of the regiments of Guards, but that the D---- of
Y---- would not consent; another is, that the D---- of G----,
apprised some time back of the state of his regiment, forbid his
Adjutant to communicate it to the D---- of Y----. But these are
only rumours.
Reports continue of doubts about the Household Troops; probably
some mere inventions, and others exaggerated; but the mischief of
these reports is incalculable, because they promote distrust and
suspicion on the one side, and agitation and restlessness on the
other; and if one wished to create the evil, there could be no
readier way than by the unremitted discussions which prevail
everywhere upon this subject.
The 71st and 85th Light Infantry regiments, now under Sir J. Byng,
are ordered up to Uxbridge and to the neighbourhood of London; I
trust, therefore, and indeed I hear, that in Byng's district things
are tolerably quiet; but if the Q---- goes to Manchester, as she
threatens, the two regiments will perhaps have to march back again.
What you hear about Canning is true. He attends no Cabinets, and is
going to Italy.
The Q---- is sending what she calls her _Commissioners_ to
Milan. There are among them, as I hear, two respectable lawyers.
The Attorney-General said two days ago that the prosecutor's case
would take a month.
I am glad to hear you have good accounts from every part of the
Bucks Yeomanry. Everything looks too fearful to allow me the
expression of anything but the most heartfelt regret, that on a
question which in three weeks may decide upon the fate of the
country, there should be a single Grenville found among those whom
we may have to fear and (dreadful to think) to resist! I shall
return with you to town, for if there is danger where my brother
and you are, there will I be.
LORD GRENVILLE TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Malvern Wells, July 24, 1820.
You will, perhaps, have heard from my brother, to whom I wrote the
day I knew it, of the very handsome and kind manner in which the
Divinity Professorship at Oxford has been offered to Hodgson
through me, and I am sure it will have given you pleasure both on
his account and mine.
Lord Liverpool could hardly have found a more delicate or a more
effectual way of gratifying me, and I must say he has done so very
much indeed.
The appointment is, in all other respects, one that must do him
credit, and I trust it may lead to still further prospects for
Hodgson. It has long been a matter of deep mortification to me to
think how much Hodgson's universally acknowledged merits had been
put by on the account of the part he had taken in my support, and I
delight now in thinking that he will ultimately not be a loser by
that circumstance.
We shall, of course, meet on the 17th, if indeed that day is
adhered to; but, after so many delays, one hardly knows how to
reckon on any fixed time for this unpleasant business.
The revolution at Naples was wholly unexpected. Had it been looked
for, there was the ready resource of Austrian troops, which I still
hope may be effective in preserving tranquillity in the rest of
Italy.
DR. PHILLIMORE TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Whitehall, July 26, 1820.
MY DEAR LORD,
I have to return your Lordship many thanks for the proxy, though,
owing to my bad writing, it took such a circuit that it would have
been too late here for any good purpose had proxies been called
for, which they were not. Lord Ellenborough, to propitiate the
Chancellor, materially altered the form of the Bill, which enabled
that _wily_ adversary to throw it out altogether, which I doubt
very much whether he could have done had the alterations made in it
not given a fair pretext of want of more time to consider them. A
great point was, however, gained by the discussion, for Lord
Liverpool admitted that a considerable alteration must be made in
the existing law, and guarded his vote by this statement. Ministers
certainly appear low, and I have no doubt are under great alarm.
Dr. Lushington has given Lord Liverpool formal notice that the
Queen will attend all the discussions on the Bill in the House of
Lords. It is said she is daily to come from Barnes in a
coach-and-six. This must all be for stage effect, or rather for
intimidation; and really it is impossible to look forward to the
result without apprehension, especially knowing, as we do, that the
Ministers delight in half measures, and never take any decided line
if they can avoid it. In the House of Commons their authority is
decidedly at a low ebb. Canning has not been in the House for some
time. It is said he is going to join his family in Italy; and
people now contrast his conduct with that of the Chancellor who
co-operated with him in 1808 to whitewash the Queen, much to the
disadvantage of the latter (_i.e._, the Chancellor).
One idea very prevalent is, that the Queen will address the House
of Lords in a speech at the opening of the proceedings against her.
If any occurrence likely to interest you comes to my knowledge, you
may depend upon hearing from me; but I am thinking of making my
escape somewhere to the sea-side in the course of the next week,
for a short time at least.
Believe me, my dear Lord,
Your Lordship's obliged and faithful,
J. PHILLIMORE.
MR. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Barmouth, July 27, 1820.
MY DEAR B----,
During the interval which elapsed between the time of your leaving
town and my setting off for Wales, not a single event took
place--not even a fresh report was circulated--which might afford
me the materials for a letter. My newspaper now speaks of a fresh
attempt at a compromise, accompanied with a proposal for restoring
the Queen's name to the Liturgy, which has been refused on her
part. Surely, notwithstanding all the absurdity and mismanagement
which we have seen, this must be impossible. The only way of
accounting for it would be some panic of personal alarm; but even
then, lowly as I think of his advisers, I cannot conceive that they
could consent to a measure of such inevitable and wholly useless
disgrace.
The eagerness of popular feeling, even in this Tory tranquil part
of the country--where there has not, since the extinction of
Jacobitism, been an opinion ever expressed on general politics, but
that all measures adopted by the King must be right--is
inconceivable. I was stopped in this little village the first day
of my arrival, by the master of a fishing-boat, to ask me whether I
thought the House of Commons would take care that justice was done
to the Queen. My wife, also, has met with two or three equally
strong proofs of the interest taken in this question. Pray tell me
what you hear of the disposition of the army. I have seen some
allusions to fresh discontents among the Guards on the subject of
some stoppage for breakfasts. The cause does not signify a pin, for
if the spirit once exists, occasions for manifesting it will never
be wanting.
Henry writes me word that he heard of scarcely anything at Milan,
or in the neighbourhood of the Lake of Como, but the Queen's
conduct, of which everybody seemed ready to give evidence. The
witnesses had all been placed on an allowance of thirty francs per
diem, which seems as good a device to invalidate their evidence as
could have been adopted, and many are supposed to have come forward
only _per chiappar il denaro_. The most material are said to be
some bricklayers, who must have peeped, he concludes, through the
windows.
Ever most affectionately yours,
C. W. W.
In the manner indicated in the preceding portion of this
correspondence, the great contest was carried on. The Queen had
evidently not miscalculated her power of dangerously exciting public
opinion; she had moved from the Alderman's house to the residence of
one of the ladies of her suite, and from thence had gone to a more
Queen-like abode, at a convenient distance from town, known as
Brandenburg House, Hammersmith; but wherever she went, the popular
hopes and wishes went with her,--and knowing the excitement she
produced, she redoubled her efforts to increase it, and direct it to
the advancement of her interests. The moderation of the Government she
regarded with studied contempt, and every indication they put forth of
a desire to treat her with as much respect as was consistent with their
duty to their Royal master, produced a more violent display of her
resolve to ride down all opposition. There is little doubt that the
King was now as much alarmed as annoyed; was often dissatisfied with
his Ministers, and quite ready to accept the services of any set of men
capable of relieving him from this serious embarrassment; but the task
was full of danger, and prudent statesmen like Lord Grenville and his
brother were not to be tempted into accepting it. The Coronation was
postponed, and the Court participated in their Sovereign's fears and
anxieties.
MR. W. H. FREMANTLE TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
E. Green, Friday, August 11, 1820.
MY DEAR LORD,
The K---- has been in this neighbourhood for the last fortnight,
living in the greatest retirement; his party consisting of very
few--the principal object of course the Lady C----, who is here.
They ride every day, or go on the water, or drive in a barouche;
the K---- and her always together, separated from the rest, and in
the evening sitting alone apart. I have heard of the Esterhazys
(who called on a friend here, and said the evenings were _triste
à mourir_), no cards, no books, no amusement or employment of
any kind; Sir Benjamin and Lady Bloomfield, Lord C----, Nagle,
Thornton, Keppel, and one or two more; I believe the Warwicks, for
two days; the Duke of Dorset. The secrecy that is preserved as to
their pursuits is beyond all idea; no servant is permitted to say
who is there; no one of the party calls on anybody, or goes near
Windsor; and when they ride, a groom is in advance, ordering
everybody to retire, for "the K---- is coming." The private rides
are of course avoided by the neighbours, so that in fact you know
almost as much of what is going on as I do, excepting that the
excess of his attentions and _enjouement_ is beyond belief.
The public are full of nothing but a communication between the
King and the Ministers, opened by a letter from her. I have not
the least idea it can possibly lead to accommodation, though it
is hoped so. I think Lord John Russell's letter most calculated
indeed for mischief, and for nothing else, for the idea of the
interference proposed is quite absurd; if it were to take place at
all, it must be through Parliament. The prospect of the opening and
of the result is tremendous, and enough to appal the stoutest
heart; however, we have weathered many storms, and I hope we shall
do so in this case. The Duchess of York wrote a very affecting
letter to the Duke just previous to her death. His Majesty has not
bestowed a _length_ of outward grief in the mourning. She is
certainly to be buried at Weybridge.
Ever, my dear Lord, most truly yours,
W. H. FREMANTLE.
P.S.--Lord Bulkeley has excused himself for the trial; he has been
very severely ill indeed, and I doubt much if he will have strength
to rally, though he is gradually, but very slowly, mending. There
are messengers going from and coming to the Cottage hourly almost
for the last two days.
CHAPTER III.
[1820.]
EVIDENCE AGAINST QUEEN CAROLINE. DIVIDED OPINIONS RESPECTING HER IN THE
HOUSE OF LORDS. DECLARATION OF LORD GRENVILLE. THE BILL OF PAINS AND
PENALTIES ABANDONED. THE KING DISSATISFIED WITH HIS MINISTERS.
CONVERSATION OF LORD GRENVILLE WITH THE KING. MINISTERIAL MANAGEMENT
OF THE QUEEN'S CASE. HER CONDUCT AFTER THE CONCLUSION OF PROCEEDINGS
AGAINST HER. REACTION IN THE PUBLIC MIND. THE QUEEN LOSES GROUND IN
POPULAR ESTIMATION. RETURNING POPULARITY OF THE KING.
CHAPTER III.
It is unnecessary to follow minutely the proceedings that took place in
both Houses of the Legislature, then generally looked upon as the trial
of Caroline of Brunswick,--let it suffice to state, that despite the
disclosures which they furnished, the Queen did not lose any of her
popularity. It was enough for the multitude which had so
enthusiastically embraced her cause, that the witnesses against her
were foreigners; and their national prejudices thus enlisted in her
behalf, carried her triumphantly through an ordeal that would have been
destructive to a much better reputation.[44]
[44] Whatever may be thought of the testimony of the Italian
witnesses, that of the English officers examined was above
suspicion. Their evidence, an impartial historian has
acknowledged, proved her guilty of conduct that rendered her
"unfit to be at the head of English society, and amply justified
the measures taken to exclude her from it."--Alison's "Europe,"
vol. ii. p. 466.
DR. PHILLIMORE TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Putney Heath, Aug. 12, 1820.
MY DEAR LORD,
In spite of the rumours I hear on every side, I suppose the House
of Lords will meet on the 17th to prove the preamble of the Bill of
Pains and Penalties;--indeed, in the present state of things, I see
not what other course can be adopted. Lord John Russell's plan
really seems to me more pregnant with certain mischief than any
which has yet been suggested; and we are now suffering enough from
fluctuating and oscillating counsels to warn us against any
recurrence to measures which savour of timidity and hesitation. My
own idea is this, that in reality the Queen's partisans mainly rely
on the effect they can produce by their daily statements and daily
intimidation on the electors, hoping through their instrumentality
to make the elected subservient to their plans; and it is, I fear,
impossible as yet to calculate whether they may not be successful
in this. At all events, the Government will have received a shock
in the control of the House of Commons, which, constituted as they
now are, they never can recover. Never, indeed, in my recollection,
do I remember so general an idea that there must be a change of
Ministry. I hear it from quarters which astonish me.
Lushington, I hear, now very much presides over the councils of her
Majesty; in many respects he is well calculated to please her, for
he is good-natured and obliging in his demeanour, rash in his
advice, and a lover to excess of popular applause. He is everywhere
with her now: airs with her, assists her in receiving addresses,
&c.
The only counsel to be employed for the King, as I am informed, are
the Attorney and Solicitor-General, Young, Parke, and two
civilians,--viz., the King's Advocate and Dr. Adams. They must rely
upon the Solicitor-General mainly, whose shoulders are quite equal
to the burthen. They are very unfortunate in the choice of their
civilians: the King's Advocate is clumsy and confused, and has no
practice; Adams is injudicious and impracticable, and has no
learning. I shall be exceedingly curious to see the outset of the
business; but probably it will be difficult to get a place, even if
the present heat continues.
Canning left London for Italy a few days ago.
Believe me ever, my dear Lord,
Your obliged and faithful,
JOSEPH PHILLIMORE.
P.S.--If there should be any idea of postponing the business (which
I do not in the least expect), perhaps you will have the kindness
to let me know as much.
MR. W. H. FREMANTLE TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Englefield Green, Aug. 30, 1820.
MY DEAR LORD,
The discussions which have taken place, and the decision of
yesterday, astound everybody here. The Chancellor and the Prime
Minister differing and dividing on a question which the former
argues as vital to the jurisprudence of the country, is what
England, I believe, has never before witnessed; and these Ministers
remaining in the same Cabinet, and continuing to act together. How
can all this end? I was in town for a few hours on Monday, and it
appeared to me that in the streets the cry was increased instead of
diminished for the Queen. I saw several lawyers, dispassionate men,
and intelligent, who all confirmed this, and assured me that their
belief was, that be the evidence ever so strong, and the facts
proved, the public--and included in this, the middling class, the
shopkeepers--were determined to support her as an oppressed and
injured woman, and as hating and despising the character of the
witnesses. It also has not a little benefited her cause, that it
appears how much the King personally has prepared the evidence by
his emissaries abroad, and more particularly by his Hanoverian
engines. I assure you I am quite low-spirited about it. One cannot
calculate on anything less than subversion of all Government and
authority, if this is to go on; and how it is to end, no one can
foresee. I think, however (what I did not do when you told me so in
town), that the Commons will never entertain the Bill. But, again,
when will it ever come to the Commons? The mischief will be all
done previously; and the Press now is completely open to treason,
sedition, blasphemy, and falsehood with impunity. This alone, if it
continues, must debauch the public mind. I want some volunteer
establishments to be formed, or something to be done without a
moment's delay, by the well-disposed and loyal who have influence,
to check the torrent and to guard against the explosion which must
inevitably take place. I don't know whether you see the _Cobbetts_,
_Independent Whig_, and many other papers now circulating most
extensively, and which are dangerous much beyond anything I can
describe. I have an opportunity of seeing them, and can speak
therefore from knowledge; and the Government taking no steps
(knowing, perhaps, they cannot depend on a jury) to prosecute. What
do you find in the language of Government since the division? Is
the Chancellor submissive? and does he still cling to the Purse, or
will he surrender it?
The King here confines himself to the Cottage, has _hourly_
messengers--that is, dragoons, who are posted on the road by
dozens--and we hear is in a state of the greatest irritation; but
he is very seldom seen, and this is only what one picks up.--You
have no conception how thoroughly the public mind, even in this
neighbourhood, is inflamed by this melancholy subject, and how the
Queen is still supported.--Adieu, my dear Lord. I should be glad to
know how you are, and what you think of the state of things since I
saw you.
Yours most faithfully,
W. H. Fremantle.
MR. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
MY DEAR B----,
Your prognostications of the present Bill standing over for the
decision of the rising generation, seem to be now, I will not say
verified, but far exceeded, as it must remain not for that which is
rising, but for that which is yet unborn, _if_ it be proceeded
in. You know the strong bias of my opinion was originally towards
an impeachment for misdemeanour, if a simple Divorce Bill could not
be carried; and really, as is usual on such occasions, everything
which passes seems to supply me with a fresh argument in favour of
that course. Certain, however, it is, that no course could possibly
have been adopted which would not have been marred by the weakness
and indecision of Ministers. The double cross-examination now
authorized, seems to me in its effect infinitely more inconvenient
than a communication of the list of witnesses, objectionable as I
thought that measure would have been originally. That at least
would have expedited the business, since it would have left no
pretence for calling for extended delay to prepare her defence. As
it is, under the most favourable circumstances to the Bill, I do
not see how it is to reach the House of Commons till after
Christmas, allowing an interval of six weeks or two months for
preparing her defence, which I suppose must be given. If this be
the case, how will it be possible for the House of Commons to
proceed to effect with such an examination as this, and at the same
time to go through the ordinary business of the session, increased
as it will be beyond precedent by the arrears and omissions of the
last?
There are many whose object it will be studiously and declaredly to
protract, in order that the business may necessarily drop to the
ground; and from the general aversion to the whole proceeding, it
seems to me that they must succeed.
The evidence against the Queen seems already decisive, so far as to
establish her criminality; but I understand that, in order to guard
against a possibility of the contradiction of these facts, the
whole crew of the _Vero Fidele_, &c. &c., are to be examined.
Wilberforce's notion of a Committee to be established by Act of
Parliament for the trial of this particular case, seems to me too
absurd for even him to persist in, since the obvious consequence
must be a declaration that the same course must be followed in all
subsequent trials, the two Houses being by their own confession as
unfit to act judicially as the House of Commons was on election
cases; and if that be the case, really the sooner Henry Hunt comes
with his long brush to sweep us all out, the better.
Thus had proceeded the months of June, July, and August; in September,
affairs looked worse. Libels against the Government abounded; the most
violent language was indulged in by the democratic leaders; formidable
riots became of frequent occurrence; in short, everything seemed to
denote a revolution.
MR. W. H. FREMANTLE TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Brighton, Sept. 27, 1820.
MY DEAR LORD,
From all I hear, and from general conversation, I have no doubt if
the Bill proceeds in the Commons we shall have a riot, and I doubt
extremely whether the Divorce Bill can be carried. I dined
yesterday with the Duke of York, who is here alone. His
conversation was violent against the Queen, and fair and candid
with regard to the state of the country. He spoke, however, with
great confidence on the state and disposition of the army; in fact,
after all that is said and done, it must eventually depend upon the
troops, for sure I am they will be called upon. I took the
opportunity of holding the language you suggested, and indeed it is
what I really feel. He said it was not intended in the first
instance to have troops to guard the avenues of the Commons, but
they would be in the way; the whole arrangements would continue;
and if the House found it necessary to call for them, there they
would be. There has been, as you heard from the K----, a general
quarrel between the K----, Duke of York, Lord Liverpool, and the
Duke of Gloucester, none of them now speaking to the latter. He has
acted like an obstinate ----. What an abominable thing it is the
King not going ashore, and not showing himself to any of his
subjects! His conduct is an excitement to popular hatred. What can
it mean? Lord King is here, and appears to me to chuckle quite at
the thoughts of what is likely to happen. I fancy a great number of
Peers, when it comes to the close, will avoid the vote.
Perry, the editor, who is here, tells me the cry, instead of
diminishing, increases in favour of the Queen; and he does not seem
himself to favour her, or at least he does not speak in her praise.
Lord Bathurst is here, and from his language, and that of the Duke
of B----, I should say the Government is confoundedly frightened;
the latter certainly implied the necessity of strengthening it, and
lamented once or twice the want of energy, and the whole line which
had been adopted. He leaves this for town to-morrow.
Ever, &c.,
W. H. F.
MR. W. H. FREMANTLE TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Six o'clock.
You have no idea of the state of the town: it is all confusion. The
King and his Ministers are at issue on the question, as it is said,
of the Queen; and the latter have sent in their resignation, unless
the propositions they make are complied with. Lord Castlereagh was
deputed yesterday to notify this decision to him, and he had a
conference of _four_ hours. The King, however, was not to be
persuaded, and was again to have a decision of the Cabinet to-day.
It is at this moment sitting at Carlton House. These are, as I am
well informed, _facts_. The supposed cause is the Queen. The
Council had prepared a Form of Prayer which the King positively
refused to sign or sanction. The Funds fell to-day. As to the King
forming a Government, after the resignation of all his present
servants, with the avowed object of persecuting the Queen, it would
be impossible; it would be making her the popular object, and
throwing the country in a flame. However, be assured that the
general belief is that the Government will be broken up. You may
judge of this when I tell you that my authorities are Lord
Conyngham, Lord Howden, and others in the interior of Carlton
House. I hear you are at Dropmore, and send this to you. Be assured
that the King on this subject is no less _than mad_ He has said
he would rather die, or lose his crown, than submit to any
compromise of any sort with the Queen.
Adieu. You shall hear to-morrow.
Ever truly yours,
W. H. F.
In the months of October and November it became evident that the frenzy
outside the Houses of Parliament was exerting an influence within its
walls. Notwithstanding Lord Grenville's manly declaration in his place
in the House of Lords, on the 6th of November, that the proceedings
before that assembly had furnished a mass of evidence that, in nine
hundred and ninety-nine cases out of a thousand, would have ensured a
conviction, several influential members of the Whig party as boldly
declared that nothing of the slightest importance had been brought
forward against the Queen.
The proceedings were drawing on, but the aspect of affairs looked
blacker every hour. "Matters here are in a critical state," writes Lord
Sidmouth to Mr. Bathurst, on the 27th of October. "Fear and faction are
actively and not unsuccessfully at work; and it is possible that we may
be in a minority, and that the fate of the Government may be decided in
a few days."[45] Plumer Ward, in his "Diary," has this entry under the
date of November 2nd:--
[45] Dean Pellew's "Life of Lord Sidmouth," vol. iii p. 333.
"Called upon [Wellesley] Pole. He was at breakfast, and we had a
long chat. He thought everything very bad--Ministers, Opposition,
King, Queen, Country--and what was more, no prospect of getting
right. All ties were loosened. Insolence and insubordination out of
doors; weakness and wickedness within. The Whigs, he said, were
already half Radicals, and would be entirely so if we did not give
way. I said his brother, the Duke [of Wellington], felt this too,
but would not give way, nevertheless. He replied that the issue
would soon be tried, for the Queen's question must determine it;
and asked how I calculated it would be. I said I could not hope for
a majority of more than thirty--so many friends of Government were
against us on the policy, though they had no doubt of the guilt."[46]
[46] "Memoirs," by Phipps, vol. ii. p. 70.
Under these untoward circumstances, sanguine members of the neutral
party were, as usual, speculating on a change in the Government. His
Majesty, according to some accounts, was taking the matter very
pleasantly. "The King," said Wellesley Pole, "to use his expression,
was as merry as a grig. At first he had been annoyed, but was now
enjoying himself at Brighton. He wished he would show himself more."[47]
[47] Ibid. p. 73.
The same authority affords many other peeps behind the political
curtain. We quote one:--
"On leaving Pole, I met Hammond, my quondam colleague when we were
Under Secretaries of State together. He told me it was certain Lord
Grenville would support the Bill, and then asked me, with much
concern, whether the report was true that, if it did not pass,
Ministers had resolved to resign? I answered, that what they had
resolved in their own minds no one could tell, but that I thought I
could answer that no such resolution had been made a Cabinet
measure. He said he was very glad. I related this to ----, who said
with some vehemence, there was no reason on earth why they should
resign. They had been right and straightforward from the beginning,
and for one, he never would consent to it. ---- said, Hammond being
the mouthpiece of Canning, he had no doubt this was set on foot by
his party. I thought this was going too far; nevertheless, it is
surprising what industry they are showing against the Bill."[48]
[48] Phipps's "Memoirs of R. Plumer Ward," vol. ii. p. 73.
"Lord Grenville," adds the diarist, "voted for the second reading, and
spoke very ably, but so as to make us regret he had not spoken
earlier."[49]
[49] Ibid. p. 77.
The second reading of the Bill was carried, and this, according to Lord
Grey, stamped the Queen with a verdict of guilty. Having done this,
Ministers prepared to get rid of the proceedings as soon as possible.
How the affair terminated is well described in Plumer Ward's "Diary,"
under the date November 10th. We can only afford space for a few
lines:--
"The debate was now drawing to a close, and most of the peers who
were speaking, whether for or against the third reading (the Duke
of Northumberland very emphatically), were declaring their
conviction that the Queen was guilty. At length the division was
called, and Lord Gage enforced the standing order, that each peer
should give his vote in his place, _seriatim_. The result was the
small majority of 9; the numbers being 108 to 99. Lord Liverpool
then got up and withdrew the Bill, resting it upon so small a
majority _in the circumstances of the country_."[50]
[50] "Memoirs," by Phipps, vol. ii. p. 91.
The Opposition were, of course, in raptures with this conclusion of the
contest; but Ministers were still more delighted, the Duke of
Wellington especially. "Well," said he, "we have done exceedingly well,
and have avoided all sort of mischief, I think, with safety and without
dishonour. The votes put the question of guilt or innocence out of
doubt; the withdrawing is grounded upon mere expediency, and has
nothing to do with the verdict; had we given up before the third
reading, it would have been different."[51]
[51] Ibid. p. 93.
The metropolis was illuminated in consequence of the Government having
abandoned the prosecution.
MR. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Llangedwin, Nov. 12, 1820.
Upon the whole, my dear B----, with the very imperfect means of
information which, at the distance of a hundred and eighty miles
from the scene of action, I possess, I am inclined to think the
conclusion to which this business has been brought, the best that
circumstances admitted of, and such as will afford the least
triumph to the Radicals. Still, though the least, it is far too
great for the safety of the country; and after the saturnalia which
the shameful supineness and cowardice of Ministers have allowed, I
know not how popular commotion is to be avoided. I feel as strongly
as you do the claim of duty which the country possesses upon every
man in such a conjuncture; yet I should most deeply regret if
circumstances should oblige us to connect ourselves with men from
whose previous conduct we could expect nothing but the shipwreck of
our own character, and the loss of those means, which we may
possibly possess by that character, of being of service hereafter.
After their inconsistency and vacillation upon so important a
subject as the Divorce clause, and voting against their own
declared opinion on a measure which they had themselves originated,
what dependence could _we_, small as could be our power, place
upon their support and co-operation in measures which we might
think necessary, and which, on the faith of that support, we might
pledge ourselves to?
At all events, I am most anxious that we should, for the present,
stand aloof, when there has been so much to disgust us in the
conduct of both parties, till we see what effect is produced by
what has happened. Something certainly might depend upon the nature
of the split which might take place in the Administration; but I
fear that there could scarcely be any one which would not ensure
the retirement of the only man whom it would be important to
retain--Lord Liverpool. Castlereagh might, perhaps, try as Premier;
but surely you would not think those encouraging auspices to start
under, insisting as you must do absolutely on the dismissal of the
Doctor and his whole train.
I had much rather myself if an opportunity offered of coming in
with the Whigs, trust to the usual and never-failing effect of
office in making them vehement anti-Radicals, in case we could make
some conditions for immediate measures, or rather against immediate
concessions; but I feel that this is, at the present moment, too
visionary a speculation. On the whole, I should repeat that we must
at present wait the course of events; and, above all, avoid
courting any offer from either party. Place and power are not
objects which you can be bound to seek, though it may be your duty
to accept them at a moment so perilous.
I expect company here, which would make it difficult for me to join
you at Stowe for some time. Of course, there will be a prorogation
on the 23rd; and it should seem most probable that, unless the next
three or four days should produce a general resignation, they will
endeavour to wait over the first ferment produced by the
abandonment of the Bill before they attempt any new arrangement.
Ever most affectionately yours,
C. W. W.
That the King was dissatisfied with his Ministers, is very apparent
from the following communications:--
DR. PHILLIMORE TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Whitehall, Nov. 23, 1820.
MY DEAR LORD,
Such a scene was never witnessed as that which took place in the
House of Commons this afternoon. After a petition had been
presented, and certain new members had been sworn, Denman got up to
make a communication from the Queen. Sir Thomas Tyrrwhit instantly
made his appearance; a clamour beyond all imagination arose; and
the Speaker descended from the chair, amidst cries of "Shame!
shame!" re-echoed through the House. The interpretation of this I
understand to be, that Denman saw the Speaker yesterday, who
advised him to change his form of proceeding from a Message from
the Queen to a communication from her; and _told him_, if he would
be in the House a quarter before two, he should have an opportunity
of making it. The Speaker having left the House in this state of
ferment and indignation, preparations were made to receive him on
his return (to read, as he usually does, the King's Speech) with a
sharp volley; but the Lords Commissioners, it seems, delivered no
speech, and the Speaker, instead of returning to us, retired to his
own home. It is but just to add, that I was not an eyewitness of
all these proceedings, for I reached the House just as the Speaker
was entering the House of Peers; but I heard the relation from
every one, and the indignation expressed at the Speaker's conduct
was not confined to the members of Opposition.
I hear no account of changes, &c., on which I can at all rely. The
Government, since the abandonment of their Bill, seem to have lost
their senses. They have done, I think, everything they ought not.
In my opinion, they are irretrievably gone. I have no idea that
they can long stand against the storm they have been so
instrumental in raising against themselves; and this is the
persuasion among many of those who have hitherto supported them.
Excuse haste. But believe me your Lordship's obliged and faithful,
JOSEPH PHILLIMORE.
RIGHT HON. THOS. GRENVILLE TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Sunday, Two o'clock P.M., Nov. 26, 1820.
MY DEAR LORD BUCKINGHAM,
Lord Grenville has been employed this morning in making a note of a
very long conversation which the King held with him yesterday,
having sent for him to his Cottage. Lord G---- had intended to have
added a few words to you upon this subject, but he has such a
violent headache that he has been obliged to desire me to enclose
to you his memorandum of what passed yesterday. He desires that you
would return it by his servant as soon as you have read it, and
strongly urges me to dwell upon the indispensable necessity of no
part of that memorandum being _either copied or quoted by you_. You
will see that he desired the K---- to mention to Lord L---- that
such a conversation had taken place; and as it occupied five hours,
it will probably be very generally known that Lord G---- was at the
Cottage. The way in which Lord G---- means to speak of it when it
is mentioned in his presence is, that "everybody knows his absolute
determination not to embark in any official business, or in any
possible Administration; but that the public danger appears to be
so great, that it is very natural for the K---- to wish to converse
with anybody on whose integrity and experience he places any
reliance; and that, instead of being surprised that the K----
should wish to discuss these dangers with Lord G----, it is only
surprising that he does not extend the same discussion to many
others whom he may believe equally attached with Lord G---- to the
constitution of our limited monarchy."
This general observation seems quite sufficient, and is, in truth,
a very fair picture of all that is fit to be said in public on such
a topic. My brother thought that the K---- looked thin and worn,
but said that he spoke with feeling and good sense throughout the
whole conversation.
My own speculation is, that C---- means to oppose the Cabinet in
their exclusion from the Liturgy, and that he will quit on that
ground; but we shall see whether any middle course will be adopted.
I think Lord G---- did all that became him in declining to advise
between the two parties of Government and Opposition; and that he
will have done some good if, at his suggestion, the K---- forces
his Ministers to look into their situation and to ascertain it,
instead of going a-shooting and revelling.
Lady L---- has broken a bloodvessel. Lord Kirkwall is dead. Lord
G----'s servant returns early to-morrow.
MR. W. H. FREMANTLE TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Englefield Green, Nov. 23, 1820.
MY DEAR LORD,
I found Lord Shaftesbury at Lord Verulam's, and I think I never saw
anybody so sore or so depressed as he appeared to be. I found from
him that there is a considerable difference between Lord Liverpool
and the Chancellor; and the history of the protestors, I am quite
sure, arises from a wish of the latter to wound the former. Lords
Bridgewater and Verulam have been persuaded by Lord Shaftesbury
into it, and fancy they are acting a very independent and manly
part by so doing.--The King has been urging the Government to go on
with the business _now_ without adjournment, and was most eager
that the question of Income, Palace, and Liturgy should be
immediately discussed; and in this he has again been advised by
L----. He is very angry with his Ministers for not complying with
his orders, and has abused both Lords Liverpool and Castlereagh.
Notwithstanding all this, however, they are determined to try the
game as they stand, and will meet Parliament without change. The
Whigs and Radicals are both fearful of the Grenville party joining
the Government; and Cobbett has been attacking you violently in his
last number, which I do not think will lessen you in public
opinion.--I did not go up to-day, for Lord Shaftesbury told me it
was determined, if possible, to prevent any discussion.--I hope you
continue to mend. You shall have whatever I pick up.
Ever most truly yours,
W. H. Fremantle.
MR. W. H. FREMANTLE TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Englefield Green, Nov. 26, 1820.
MY DEAR LORD,
Of course, before you get this, you will have heard that the King
sent for Lord Grenville. Bloomfield went on Friday to Dropmore, and
yesterday Lord G---- came to the Cottage at eleven, and stayed till
three.--It happened that I dined with the King afterwards, at the
Princess Augusta's, at Frogmore, who called me aside to tell me of
the conference, saying how much satisfied he had been with Lord
Grenville.--Of course he said nothing further to me, excepting that
he had told Lord G---- all that was intended to be done; by which I
implied that the interview was more for the purpose of consulting
and asking his advice, than for any object of change.--Previous to
dinner, I thought his Majesty looked dreadfully dejected and
thoughtful; but when he had dined (professing to have no appetite),
and ate as much as would serve me for three days, of fish--but no
meat--together with a bottle of strong punch, he was in much better
spirits, and vastly agreeable. There were only six people, four of
which were ladies. He did not sit a quarter of an hour after they
left us; and excepting talking a little on the indecent behaviour
of the _Mountain_ in the House of Commons, and telling an anecdote
or two of the women who went up with addresses to the Queen, not a
word was said of politics. He remained till twelve o'clock, and he
and Princess Augusta and myself sang glees.--He leaves the Cottage
to-morrow.--You may suppose how very anxious I am to learn
generally what has been the object of the interview at the Cottage.
If for a change, I am persuaded Lord G---- would recommend in the
first place Lord Lansdowne; but if I were to judge of what the King
said of Tierney's conduct on the day of the meeting, this would not
suit his present feelings.--What a game has Lord Grenville now in
his hands! and what an influence he might possess in the country,
could he be tempted to take a lead, which I am sure he will
not!--Pray let me hear from you, as I am dying to know something
about it.--Possibly this may reach you at Dropmore, if it leads to
negotiation.
Ever truly yours,
W. H. F.
P.S.--The King spoke kindly of you, and about Wootton.
The Queen immediately tried to make the most of her "triumph," as it
was called, and wrote to Lord Liverpool, demanding a palace. This was
refused, though a handsome allowance was offered. She then agitated for
a restoration of her name to the Liturgy, which was also firmly
opposed.
The result of the withdrawal of the Bill was remarkable. A delirium of
triumph appeared to have seized the entire country, and more
particularly the populations of the large cities; but singularly true
was Lord Castlereagh's prophecy, that in six months the King would be
the most popular person in his dominions. The madness of the multitude
necessarily brought about a reaction. "When the struggle was over and
the victory gained," observes an historian of these events, "the King
and his Ministers defeated, and the Queen secured in her rank and
fortune, they began to reflect on what they had done, and the qualities
of the exalted personage of whom they had proved themselves such
doughty champions. They called to mind the evidence in the case, which
they had little considered while the contest lasted; and they observed,
not without secret misgivings, the effect it produced on the different
classes of society. They saw that the experienced hesitated at it, the
serious shunned it, the licentious gloated over it. The reaction, so
usual in such cases when the struggle is over, ensued; and, satisfied
with having won the victory, they began to regret that it had not been
gained in a less questionable cause."[52]
[52] Alison's "Europe," vol. ii. p. 467.
The last entry in Plumer Ward's "Diary" of this date is very
characteristic of the Duke of Wellington:--"Met the Duke just come to
town. He took me under the arm, and walked me to Lord Bathurst's. He
was in excellent humour, and asked what news--having, as he said, been
a country gentleman for two days. I said, I thought the heat a little,
and but a little, subsiding. He observed, he thought so too; and that
it would more after to-morrow--the prorogation. He was more convinced
than ever of the wisdom of that measure, and of withdrawing the
Bill."[53]
[53] "Memoirs," by Phipps, vol. ii. p. 101.
As may be exemplified by a familiar hygrometer, this change of
atmosphere sent the lady out of notice, and brought the gentleman again
before the public gaze.
The Government have been much censured for their proceedings in the
Queen's case, but it was quite an exceptional one; and their treatment
of it, however open to objections it may be, is equally open to
justification. Their task, from the first, was an up-hill one, which
nothing but their devotion to their master's service made them
continue; but when a thousand unmistakeable signs foretold a rebellion
if they persevered, they had no alternative but to put an end to the
thing with all convenient despatch. The value of this movement soon
became apparent. It possessed advantages which a victory could not have
secured.
Notwithstanding the opinions expressed by the heads of the great Whig
families in favour of the Queen, they could scarcely have desired her
to be at the head of the female aristocracy of the kingdom--their
example, guardian, and liege mistress. The stout lady in the
magnificent hat and feathers was very well as a source of Ministerial
embarrassment; but much as some of them pretended to decry the evidence
against her that was elicited during her trial, they took especial care
not to allow her anything resembling an intimacy with their wives and
daughters.
Plumer Ward describes in his "Diary" one of the Opposition peers who
had been very active for the Queen during the discussion of the Bill,
though acknowledging that he entertained no doubt of her guilt. "I
suppose," observed Ward, "you mean to present Lady ---- at Brandenburg
House? He, with a sudden change to solemnity, and with great emphasis,
exclaimed, '_Never!_'"[54]
[54] "Memoirs," by Phipps, vol. ii. p. 95.
The Queen soon began to discover that her victory was a sensible
defeat. "She is striving to keep the flame alive," we are told, "and
blow it to fury."[55] But the mob, having nothing to clamour about,
nothing to break windows for, ceased to shout and to throw stones. The
better educated became influenced quite as strongly from a different
source. The cause of the Queen had enjoyed every assistance which a
considerable portion of the press could afford it; and Thomas Moore and
George Cruikshank manufactured the most stinging satires and the most
ludicrous caricatures upon every person of distinction who opposed her;
but a writer had entered the field on the other side, whose caustic
humour told more damagingly on the popular idol and her chief
supporters than the pen of the poet or the pencil of the artist; and
Theodore Hook, in the columns of the _John Bull_, made the respectable
portion of the Queenites heartily ashamed of their cause.
[55] "Wilberforce," vol. v. p. 81.
The Queen went in state to St. Paul's, to offer her thanks for the
signal advantage over her enemies Providence had afforded her,[56] and
omitted nothing likely to maintain her _prestige_; but the careful
observer might easily have seen that the tide was turning. Brandenburg
House was losing its attraction, while Carlton Palace again became the
main channel of loyal interest. Addresses from several of the most
influential communities in the kingdom were received by the Sovereign
in quick succession; and in one from the University of Oxford, the
deputation was headed by Lord Grenville, who was honoured with a most
gracious reception.
[56] This exhibition the Bishop of Llandaff stigmatizes as "a
mockery of religious solemnity, at which every serious Christian
must shudder."--Pellew's "Life of Sidmouth," vol. iii p. 336.
"I shall be very glad to hear of your loyal addresses coming up,"
writes Sir William Scott. "We want to be reinforced in our spirits
by friendly declarations from respectable bodies and individuals.
The Whigs appear too much disposed to a coalition with the
Radicals, in order to compel the King to dismiss the Ministers, and
that coalition is of itself a sufficient reason for a firm
resistance to their admission into power; for they will be
compelled to make very unpleasant concessions to their new allies,
at the expense of the constitution."[57]
[57] Twiss's "Life of Lord Eldon," vol. ii. p. 36.
The following correspondence will further illustrate the transactions
of this period:--
MR. W. H. FREMANTLE TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Englefield Green, Dec. 17, 1820.
MY DEAR LORD,
Since I wrote to you last, I have been manufacturing an address
from this neighbourhood, which has been carried with great success,
and has pleased, _particularly_ in the quarter where I was anxious
it should. I received a communication from the King through
Princess Augusta, who was commanded to deliver it to me, that he
should make an exception for his neighbours, and receive it in
person, and that he should afterwards invite the principal persons
to dine with him, directing me to make a proper selection for him
to invite. This has placed me in great awkwardness, for I dare not
avow this permission for fear of offending all my neighbours, and
it is difficult to make a selection where all are perfectly unfit.
However, I have endeavoured to get rid of it, by recommending it to
be confined to those only who have been presented, or to noblemen
and men of rank. Though highly flattering all this, I think you
will agree with me it is highly absurd and _infra dignitate_. My
own opinion is, that he will not come to the neighbourhood this
week, as he proposed; for you may rest assured he is extremely
unwell--I _think_, seriously so. He has been bled twice or three
times; the greatest pains are taken to keep this illness from the
public; but my authority is _good_, and what I can depend upon. He
looked very ill when I last saw him, and I think Lord Grenville
must have found his appearance much altered. The impression of my
mind is that the complaint is in the _head_. He has been agitated
to a degree by the birth of this Clarence child, and by all the
difficulties surrounding him; and not less from finding that he has
no resource, but must submit to whatever his Ministers may decide
as to the Queen. He still presses further resistance, and fancies
the public will open their eyes to all the history which you know
regarding the Princess Charlotte, which they will not believe one
word about, but will only consider a further proof of conspiracy.
On this point, however, he is uncontrollable, and nothing will
convince him. What confirms me in his illness is, that Bloomfield
was to have written to me two days ago to settle about our
reception, &c. &c; he has not done so, and I am persuaded the King
cannot leave town, and he don't like to acknowledge this.
I heard a story--I don't vouch for the truth of it--that the Duke
of Gloucester and Lord Craven had had some very high words at
Coombe Abbey, where the former was on a visit. It began from strong
opinions expressed by the former regarding the Queen, which the
latter attacked; and it ended in the Royal personage going from his
visit under great displeasure, and the visited declaring that he
should never come to his house again. There may be no truth in
this; but I rather believe it, because I _know_ Lord Craven
informed the King that he was to have this visit; that he regretted
it, but it was an old invitation, and he could not put it off;
otherwise, the behaviour of the Duke of Gloucester regarding the
Queen was such that he never should have invited him. The King is
outrageous with the Duke of Gloucester for not attending the
University Address. I take it for granted Lord G---- goes with his,
which will mark the neglect still stronger.
I hope you observed our personal allusions to the King's conduct in
our Address; I doubt if he will receive such another from any part
of the kingdom.
If I hear anything further, you shall immediately know it; and I
probably shall in a few days.
Ever truly yours,
W. H. F.
MR. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Llangedwin, Dec. 19, 1820.
I hear that Canning has given way to the continued omission of the
Queen from the Liturgy, as conceiving it preferable to an omission
in the payment of his salary, and will continue the same cordial
support to Castlereagh which he has hitherto afforded.
I suppose that the Opposition will be compelled to move an
amendment to the Address, though they are fully aware how
disadvantageous and injudicious a mode of attack that is.
The next question, and that on which they will get the best
division, will be the omission in the Liturgy. I have not yet heard
what the sum to be proposed for her establishment is. I think that
she is in equity, under her marriage settlement, entitled to
£50,000, which has been, in a great degree, recognised by the vote
of the House of Commons in 1814, though, on a _quantum meruit_,
pence might be a fitter allowance than pounds. I hope, therefore,
that that will be the sum proposed; and cannot conceive that she
will have a dozen to vote for putting her on the same footing as
the late Queen, agreeable to the notice which has been given. As
far as I can judge, I believe the _reaction_ now going on in the
public mind to be very strong against her, and that the parlour,
and even the shop, are becoming nearly as unanimous that way, as
the servants'-hall and alehouse the other.
Ever affectionately yours,
C. W. W.
On the 20th December Mr. Canning resigned the Presidentship of the
Board of Control and his place in Council, as was alleged, in
consequence of dissatisfaction with the recent proceedings of the
Government in reference to the Queen.
It has been surmised that an instinct, of which he had already given
some examples, prompted him to desert what many considered a sinking
ship. The affair is thus described by one of his colleagues:--"The
interval since I last wrote to you has been an unpleasant one.
Liverpool went to Walmer in a very uneasy state of mind and spirits,
and during his absence I had some painful communications at C---- H----
[Carlton House]. C---- [Canning] followed him to Walmer, where he
stayed three or four days, and on Saturday he returned. On Tuesday,
C---- circulated a draft of a letter from himself to the King,
containing his resignation, and on Wednesday the letter was laid before
his Majesty. I was immediately sent for to C---- H----. The King,
however, I know, was taken by surprise. * * * It is a most unfortunate
circumstance, and involves us in very serious difficulties. He means to
go abroad. It appears to me to be very doubtful, from the irritability
of one great house, and the restlessness of a greater, whether the
Government will hold together."[58]
[58] Dean Pellew's "Life of Lord Sidmouth," vol. iii. p. 337.
MR. W. H. FREMANTLE TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Englefield Green, Dec. 26, 1820.
MY DEAR LORD,
Since I wrote to you last, I have dined with the K----, who was all
gracious and civil; but nothing passed on the subject of politics.
I thought him infinitely better in health and spirits for the few
days' quiet he had enjoyed in this neighbourhood. The party did not
break up till past twelve o'clock. The only persons besides the
Princess's families were, besides Mrs. Fremantle and Miss Hervey,
Lord and Lady Harcourt.--He eat a great quantity--but no meat--and
sang the whole evening, and was in much more cheerful spirits.--He
is gone to Brighton, where there is a little _snug_ party,
consisting only of his own men, Lady Blomfield, and Lord and Lady
Conyngham; and I have no doubt he will remain there as long as he
can. He talked of coming here again, in which case I should
probably see him.
From all I learn, I am quite persuaded his Ministers have now made
up their minds to try the experiment of fighting the question of
the Liturgy. It is certainly right that he should know that the
thing is not totally to be abandoned if they fail--for this was his
impression, I am quite sure, when I last wrote to you. I have no
doubt I shall, somehow or other, have the means of letting him know
this, and your opinions; but it must depend on the accident of
meeting him. A trip to Brighton is quite out of the question; it
would create suspicion; and ten to one I should not see him.
I doubt if Peel will be prevailed on to take office. They are
trying hard; but I cannot see how it can answer to him, nor in
truth do I think he would be any great gain to them. My own opinion
is, that they will shuffle and cut and make some change of
office--that is, by putting Wellesley Pole or B. Bathurst, or
something of this sort, in the India Board, and bringing Huskisson
or some minor character forward.
I have great fears about your Bucks Address; I think it is better
altogether to let _well alone_, for fear of raising a flame you
cannot subdue. However, you must be the best judge; and if numbers
are wanted for a meeting, I shall not fail to attend.
You may depend on hearing from me if anything occurs.--The Duke of
Gloucester is returned to Bagshot; I shall probably see him in a
day or two. Nothing can _go_ on _so bad_ as this _ménage_. I doubt
if it can last, with all the exertions which are making to make it
worse. _She_ will not give up her family, and _he_ will not
associate with them.--The Duke of Sussex is seriously ill. I don't
know his complaint, but I hear something spinal.
Ever truly yours,
W. H. F.
LORD GRENVILLE TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Dec. 26, 1820.
I return you Fremantle's letter; it tells me no more than I had
already collected from what is passing.
I do believe that there is arising in the country enough of a
Royalist spirit and feeling to have enabled such a man as Pitt,
with his courage and abilities, and with some foundation of natural
personal popularity, to avail himself of it, and by putting a
speedy end, _quoquo modo_, to the discussions about the Queen's
business, to make a good stand for the maintenance of Government.
But it is needless to remark, that these people have neither
decision of mind to view their situation in its true light, nor the
means of acting upon it in such a course as could alone extricate
their master and themselves from all their difficulties.
On the other hand, it is no less evident that _he_ satisfies
himself with talking about his situation, and does not feel
reliance enough upon himself to act upon it in either of the two
ways which are alone open to him--that of making himself the active
partisan and supporter of his present system, and lending himself
fully to every exertion of personal aid which he could still give
them, by appearing in public, holding his levees, opening his
house, &c. &c.; or, on the other hand, of opening immediate
communication for a capitulation, the terms of which, irksome as
they would now be, must daily become more and more so by the
inevitable course of events, independently of those peculiar
circumstances of personal temper which are unhappily so evident
even in this moment, and will certainly not lose their force by the
continuance of the contest.
The Ministers have chosen for their field of battle precisely the
very weakest post in their whole position; and though personally
(if I took any personal part in these things) I should not have an
instant's hesitation in voting against any party interference with
the manner in which the K---- in Council, as head of the Church,
has directed his family to be prayed for, yet I have hardly a
doubt, from what I hear, that the majority of this House of Commons
will think otherwise.
As to Canning, I am certainly no admirer of any part of his
conduct, past, present, or likely to come, on the subject of the
Q----; but I must, after all, in fairness, say that the past having
been such as it has, I do not see how he could at this time
continue in office to advise, conduct, and answer for the K----'s
measures against her.
I know nothing of Peel, nor have any clue to guess his intentions;
but I am clear that it would be little short of an act of direct
insanity for any man not already involved in this mass of
difficulty to go voluntarily and implicate himself in it.
If I had no other ground for this opinion--and, unfortunately,
there are a thousand good reasons for it--I should think it quite
enough to look at the way in which, in such a moment, these
Ministers are up, running about in every direction--the Duke of
Wellington to Chester, Bathurst to Longleat and I know not where
else, Harrowby to Dawlish, and letting the K---- himself go to
Brighton, leaving everything at sixes and sevens, and trusting to
live through the next month as they can, till the meeting of
Parliament brings on the great crisis.
Truly, if they can, or think they can, do anything to prop up their
Government, they ought to be actively employed in the measures for
that purpose; and if they cannot, they owe it to him to tell him so
at once, and plainly.
But as for any idea of their asking others to join them, in the
very moment of their approaching, and, as they themselves seem to
consider it, inevitable defeat, it does seem that they are not
absurd enough to expect it; nor, if they did, could any reasonable
man entertain the notion, without very different ideas of their
personal fitness for taking their part in such a contest than the
past can allow us to entertain.
I am sure you know I say this from no personal indisposition to
them. My early habits and predilections were with them. I have long
since and totally forgotten whatever of personal controversy the
events of political life interposed between us, and I have with
great pleasure resumed with some of them the course of old
friendships. Nor am I indisposed--but quite the contrary--to the
cause which, unhappily for itself and for us all, is now committed
into their hands.
I wish it success; and as far as the conduct of an independent and
disconnected man goes, I think you are bound to contribute to it if
you can. But your worst enemy could wish you nothing worse than
that you should mix yourself up with all the mischief which must, I
fear, inevitably result from their unfitness to contend with such a
storm, though in peace and in calm they might, as others far
inferior to them in qualifications have done, navigate the vessel
safely in a course already tracked and known.
So, here ends my sermon.--God bless you.
I have not read Grey's Durham speech--I have no pleasure in such
reading, and abstain from it all I can. But it is only justice to
say that Grey did in the House of Lords declare that his vote was
given on the ground of _not guilty_--admitting and condemning what
he thought great _improprieties_ in her conduct, but not thinking
the case of _adultery_ sufficiently proved.
I do not agree with him, as you know, in this opinion; but it is
not fair to impute it to him now as an inconsistency.
As for Bucks, I know not who your sheriff is, but I trust he is one
who will refuse, as his Berkshire neighbour has done, to call a
meeting; and if one is called by the four or five gentlemen of that
party in this county, I should most strongly _dissuade_ your giving
it so much countenance as to attend it and make it the scene of a
contest. You would be much stronger in the shape of a
counter-Address in that case.
MR. W. H. FREMANTLE TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Englefield Green, Dec. 29, 1820.
MY DEAR LORD,
Since I wrote to you last, we have had a great deal of discussion
regarding our presenting the Address. Lord Sidmouth interfered, and
said it would give offence to others if it were received as a body;
and the King then deputed me to select six gentlemen, which was
utterly impossible without giving offence; so that it has ended at
last in its going to the Secretary of State. This negotiation,
however, has brought me in contact with the King, who was
graciously pleased to see me yesterday, and kept me nearly an hour.
After the first two or three sentences about the Address, he
entered upon politics and the Queen and, in short, as you may
suppose, talking the whole time, there was hardly anything he did
not touch upon. It was evident from his language that his Ministry
was undecided up to the moment when he left town; for he said more
than once, "If my Government remain, or if partial changes take
place, which must be the case, it is necessary for them now to meet
the questions manfully. The tide of public opinion has changed, and
they must profit by it. If they surrender, they give up the
monarchy--the constitution--all that we hold sacred; for Lord Grey,
by his speech at Durham, has shown his connexion and his
determination to unite with the Radicals. He has declared (contrary
to his declaration in the Lords) that, if he had had to decide on
the Queen, he should have said Not guilty. This was at once
deciding against him, and against all that ought to be held sacred
and moral." I only give this as a small specimen; but his invective
against Lord Grey was stronger and more violent than I can possibly
repeat. At the same time, I should imagine, though undoubtedly he
did not say anything that approached it, that he was doubtful
whether his Government meant to stand stout. The language of the
Ministers' friends is, that they mean to try the question of the
Liturgy; and if they are beat, then to resign in a body. I believe
this to be the real truth, and I know they have been urged to this
by several county members. It is impossible to describe how full
the King was of the Oxford Address. Pray tell Lord Grenville this,
if he is with you (which the papers state). He described over and
over again all the enthusiasm of loyalty betrayed in the
forgetfulness of all decorum after he had left the throne. He spoke
of their clapping him on the back; of their great numbers; but,
above all, of the dignified and proper manner in which the
Chancellor read the Address, every word of which he praised in the
highest terms. I thought he looked very ill--certainly worse than
when I had before seen him, though a short time since; and
conversing with Bloomfield he said the same thing; but he was
greatly collected, his eyes animated, and full of the subjects he
discussed--unfortunately still harping on all the idle and
miserable intrigues about the Princess Charlotte. What, however,
most struck me, and what I am most anxious to observe to you, was
his increased hostility and indignation against the Opposition, and
more personally against Lord Grey.
I see they are trying hard to manufacture Addresses against the
Government from different counties. Here in Berks they will get a
flaming one; but I doubt their success in many others. I own I have
great fears in your attempting a loyal one in Bucks; I have no
doubt of the northern side, but I am sure you would find a strong
opposition from the southern quarter; and as it must be held--the
meeting--at Aylesbury, this would operate very much against it.
_Any failure would be most unfortunate_--and they would move
heaven and earth to beat you; any amendment, even, would have the
effect of a victory. The Russells, Cavendishes,--everything that
could be mustered would come forward; so that I own I should fear
the attempt. Pray let me know if it should take place, as I would
certainly attend; and should the Radicals attempt an Address on
their part, then I think we should at once muster every strength,
and fight them. I hope, in such a case, we should beat them.
I cannot find out the full extent of Lord S----'s history. I
believe it exaggerated; but I have no doubt, from what I have
heard, that there has been a scene. He is not recalled; but I
believe it is understood he is to come home. I rather expect that
Sir Henry Wellesley, from Madrid, will succeed him, provided this
Government stands.
As to what is to become of the Board of Control, I have not a
guess. I can't believe Peel will, at such a moment, plunge himself
in such a troubled lake, nor can I see to what quarter they can
look, in their present distracted and unsettled state, for a
connexion; it is another thing supporting the measures that may be
brought forward.
I am invited to meet the King at dinner to-morrow; and if I hear
anything worth relating, you shall have a letter.
Ever truly yours,
W. H. F.
LORD CASSILIS TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Culzean Castle, Dec. --.
I received your letter, my dear Lord Buckingham, when writhing
under a fit of the gout, the legacy of the Bill of Pains and
Penalties which you made me vote for. God help us! as the saying
is; for what is to become of us, He only knows. There seems nothing
but chaos and desolation whatever way a man turns himself: the
middle classes of the people waging war upon the higher orders; the
tenantry taking advantage of the times to conspire against their
landlords; and the lower orders existing only from the circumstance
of the produce of land being unmarketable: barley two shillings a
bushel, oats nearly the same, and no sale for wheat at any price.
The weavers are certainly all employed here, but cannot earn more
than from six to eight shillings a week. Such is our state. The
finance of the country is "opportunely" a little improved. Had it
retrograded a little, the King was over with us; and there yet
hangs out insurmountable evil. I think I hear you say, "_What a
gloomy dog!_" _And so I am_, because I cannot see _daylight_ in any
direction. I cannot agree about a reduction of our army: a soldier
less, and we shall have revolution and civil war. Those people
under whose protection we should be put if the army was reduced,
would, as Rollo says, "cover and devour us." It's all really
dreadful. I have not since I saw you heard a reasonable conjecture
even about the Administration's fate or plans. I think that Canning
will stick to Liverpool; Morley told me _he would positively_. I
should not be displeased to see a separation between Liverpool and
Castlereagh. I think it very probable that the Opposition will take
the King by storm, backed as they are and will be by the people, as
they are called. The Addresses to the King as yet are feeble and
poor, nothing like _heart_ appearing. If the Opposition get in,
they will let fly a set of measures calculated to secure popularity
at starting, but which in the end will bring ruin, _absolute_, upon
the country. It does not appear possible to me for the Government
to get on, when Parliament meets, if the present fever in the
public mind does not abate. I will not bore you any more with my
lamentations. Pray do give me some consolation if you can, and at
any rate be kind enough to let me know when anything political is
stirring. What would I not have given to have been _behind the
screen_ at Lord Grenville's audience!--The weather here is nearly
as bad as the times.
Ever, my dear Lord Buckingham,
Your truly faithful
CASSILIS.
MR. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Llangedwin, Dec. 31, 1820.
MY DEAR B----,
I hear from Phillimore that the successor to Canning still remains
undetermined. If Peel would accept it, or were rather to succeed
Vansittart, my opinion of the probability of the present Government
standing would be more strengthened than by any other event
whatever. My estimate of Peel is, I am aware, higher than yours. I
agree with you that he cannot supply the effect of one of Canning's
glittering, eloquent speeches; still, he combines greater
advantages at this moment than any other man in the House of
Commons.
Talent, independent fortune, official habits and reputation, and,
above all, general character both in and out of Parliament, have, I
am persuaded, disposed more men to follow and more to unite with
him than any person whom you can name among us. I do not deny the
objections arising from want of family and connexion, from the
irritability he has shown of late, and from the drubbing which
Brougham gave him last year; but still you must remember that you
can name no one who has not greater difficulties to encounter, and
fewer advantages to assist him. Phillimore tells me that he hears
that he has refused to connect himself with the Administration,
from disapprobation of their gross mismanagement during the late
business. If this were true, I should have more hope of the
possibility of forming a fresh Government, in the event of the
present falling, than I have yet entertained. I think he is not
ill-inclined to back out of the Catholic question, and that that
was the meaning of his proposed going abroad for a twelvemonth
after his marriage; but I have no personal acquaintance with him to
make my opinion on this subject worth anything.
Ever affectionately yours,
C. W. W.
"The King is improved in health and spirits," writes the Home Secretary
to Lord Exmouth, "and you may rest assured he will be firmly supported
by his Government, which, however, cannot serve him usefully unless
they are also firmly supported by Parliament. We have taken our
determination. The Queen will neither be harassed nor molested; but to
a palace, and to the insertion of her name in the Liturgy, we shall
never consent; and if Parliament should differ from us on these points,
the Government must fall. But the reports from our friends are
extremely satisfactory."[59]
[59] Dean's Pellew's "Life of Lord Sidmouth," vol. iii. p. 340.
CHAPTER IV.
[1821.]
LETTER FROM THE KING TO LORD ELDON ON LIBELLOUS PUBLICATIONS. CLAIMS
OF THE QUEEN. LORD CASTLEREAGH'S ATTACK ON LORD ERSKINE. POSITION OF
THE GOVERNMENT. CATHOLIC EMANCIPATION. FAMILY QUARRELS. SUGGESTED
JUNCTION OF THE GRENVILLES WITH THE GOVERNMENT. MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM
PROPOSED BY THE DUKE OF WELLINGTON AS LORD-LIEUTENANT OF IRELAND.
PREPARATIONS FOR THE CORONATION. NEGOTIATIONS. INFLUENCE OF "THE
LADY". QUEEN CAROLINE AT THE CORONATION.
CHAPTER IV.
During the late discussions respecting the Queen, the freedom of a
certain portion of the press had known no bounds. When the tide of
popular opinion began to turn, it was thought advisable that some
effort should be made to restrain it within the limits of decency, and
punish offenders; and one of the most eager to take advantage of the
change was the illustrious individual who had suffered most from the
abuse.
THE KING TO LORD ELDON.
Brighton, Jan. 9, 1821.
MY DEAR LORD,
As the Courts of Law will now open within a few days, I am desirous
to know the decision that has been taken by the Attorney-General
upon the mode in which all the vendors of treason, and libellers,
such as Benbow, &c. &c., are to be prosecuted. This is a measure so
vitally indispensable to my feelings, as well as to the country,
that I must _insist_ that no _further_ loss of time should be
suffered to elapse before proceedings be instituted. It is _clear_
beyond dispute, from the improvement of the public mind, and the
loyalty which the country is now everywhere displaying, _if
properly cultivated and turned to the best advantage by Ministers_,
that the Government will thereby be enabled to _repair_ to the
_country_ and to _me_, those evils of the magnitude of which there
can be but one opinion. This I write to you in your double capacity
as a friend and a Minister; and I wish, under the _same_ feelings
to Lord Sidmouth, that you would communicate my opinions and
determination to him.
Always, my dear Lord,
Very sincerely yours,
G. R.
The ferment that had so long agitated society was maintained with much
heat in political circles, and rumours of Ministerial changes were
rife, as had often previously been the case, just before the meeting of
Parliament. At this crisis, the intermediate party of the Grenvilles
were daily gaining importance in the eyes of both Whigs and Tories,
and, as will be shown, its policy became a question of absorbing
interest to its leaders. The Queen still managed to keep herself
prominently before the public, and was using her best exertions among
her supporters in the House of Commons to force the Government to allow
her advantages and privileges claimed by her as belonging to her
rank--her name in the Liturgy, and a palatial residence, with a
corresponding income, being the chief. On these points the
correspondence will be found to be peculiarly illustrative.
DR. PHILLIMORE TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Doctors' Commons, Jan. 16, 1821.
MY DEAR LORD,
I am naturally desirous of ascertaining, by the only mode of
communication which seems open to me, your general opinion and
sentiments as to the outline of the course we ought to shape in the
stormy debates we shall probably have so speedily to encounter. Our
situation as a party appears to be more critical than it has ever
been. The Ministers have conducted themselves with great imbecility
and indecision, and the Opposition have distinguished themselves by
their violence and intemperance; and under these circumstances we
are looked upon as a rallying point between the two extremes, and
our opinion is very anxiously looked for by many persons who wish,
if they can, to make it the guide of their conduct. It seems to me,
therefore, very desirable to consider, as much as we can
before-hand, any of the questions on which we may be called upon to
give an opinion. The two first points expected to be brought
forward are the Liturgy and the Palace. With respect to the
Liturgy, I am strongly inclined to think, upon an examination of
the subject (for at first I had considerable doubt upon it), that
the King has the right to do as he has done; and though I do not
think his exercise of the right discreet or advisable under the
circumstances, still if he had the right, I should not be disposed
to hold that the Queen's name ought _now_ to be placed in the
Liturgy. The general opinion of lawyers is, I think, unfavourable
to the King's claim; but then, perhaps, that opinion is frequently
given without any examination of the subject.
On the Palace, I feel no difficulties. If we are to allow her--as I
understand it is to be proposed that we shall--£50,000 per annum,
she may well afford to pay rent for her habitation.
Questions may be expected to be raised also as to the policy of
Government in bringing forward any measure against the Queen, and
as to their mode of conducting it when brought forward. On both of
these points it appears to me that much blame is imputable to the
Ministers; but these are questions which cannot be brought forward
substantively for some days at least, and therefore I trust I shall
have an opportunity of discussing them with you before any occasion
can arise on which we may be called upon to give any opinion
respecting them.
The Address, I suppose, will be such as not necessarily to
compromise those who vote for it to any opinion as to the wisdom of
Ministers; but I think, however bad, in point of tactics in
general, it may be to propose an amendment, that, under existing
circumstances, an amendment must be moved. The query then is,
whether we should explain our vote? and if we do, what should be
the nature of that explanation?
The Government people either are, or pretend to be, in better
spirits than they were three weeks ago; but I have great doubts
whether they will be able to withstand the storm;--at all events,
if they do, they will be severely shattered; all will depend on
whether they can get their friends to vote. They very much
encourage the idea that we are to support them, and to take office
at or about Easter; but this is a _ruse de guerre_ resorted to at
the opening of every session.--I never witnessed more dismay than
was excited by a rumour very much circulated last week, that
Plunket was to take an active part against the Government.
Another report set on foot is, that the King is very desirous that
the Government may be beaten on the Address, as it will give him a
good excuse to get rid of them.
I fear there is little chance of Wynn's coming to London till the
last moment; but I have not heard anything from him on this point.
Believe me, my dear Lord,
Your Lordship's obliged and faithful servant,
JOSEPH PHILLIMORE.
MR. W. H. FREMANTLE TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Stanhope Street, Jan. 24, 1821.
MY DEAR LORD,
I waited till now to write to you, to give you my opinion on the
first appearance of things. The House of Commons is evidently
determined to support the Ministers, and I see the Opposition think
so, for they are not near so triumphant as I should have expected;
and there are strong symptoms already of dissension between the
Mountain and Whigs; the former are turbulent to a degree, and tried
once or twice yesterday to stop debate by noise and clamour; and
the few words I had with your brother[60] showed me _he_ was
discontented. He said the Opposition were destroying their own
game, and that there was no hope; that they were milk-and-water,
and did not seize the advantages they possessed. From this it is
clear their meeting at Burlington House was not quite satisfactory,
and I am persuaded the violent ones wished for an amendment.--The
Liturgy question is to be argued on the point of law, which is the
best thing that could happen to Ministers; and the Opposition are
to object to the sum of £50,000 (which is the proposed amount of
the allowance), as not being enough. This will throw the odium of
the burthen, and even of the proposition, on the Opposition, which
is also advantageous to Government.--Never was anything, however,
so low and wretched as the Treasury Bench. It is quite disgraceful
and contemptible, and not even upheld by its adherents and
followers. They all say it cannot go on; but, nevertheless, _I
think_ it will, for there is a determination not to take the Whigs.
This more and more confirms the propriety of our line of moderate
but quiet support, and disconnecting ourselves with the
responsibility of all their measures. I took an opportunity before
I left the country of saying to _the sister_ fully all you wished.
I had two hours' private communication with her.--I spent two
days--Friday and Saturday last--at Dropmore. I found Lord G----
thoroughly convinced these people could not stand, and that the
Whigs must come in, but equally decided as to our not joining
either. So far, he need be under no apprehension of the latter; for
until necessity demands it, I don't think the application will be
made. He fancies a Whig Government could not last six months,
reasoning from the conduct of George III.; but in this I am
persuaded he would find himself deceived, for the same decision and
steadiness of mind does not belong to his successor. And should the
change once take place, new attachments and habits would prevail,
and obliterate all former anger.--The Government say their majority
on Friday will be seventy. I think more, by the symptoms of
yesterday.
Nothing could be so wretched as the mover and seconder, or so tame
as Tierney.--I shall finish this at the House.
Half-past Five o'clock.
Nothing material has occurred. Petitions are presenting by
hundreds, and much violent language accompanying them; but
Castlereagh keeping very cool, and refusing all discussion--the
Opposition manifesting great impetuosity and violence, and, I
think, hurting themselves. Lord Tavistock has given a notice for
Monday se'nnight of a motion of general condemnation of the
Ministers for their proceedings regarding the Queen. I cannot give
you the exact words.
W. H. F.
[60] Lord Nugent.
As might have been expected, soon after the meeting of Parliament, two
or three of the Opposition members began an active agitation in favour
of the Queen; but the majority of the members were opposed to much
discussion on the subject, and it became evident that her cause was
daily losing ground in that assembly. On the 26th of January, during a
debate on a motion respecting the omission of the Queen's name in the
Liturgy, Lord Castlereagh made a forcible reply to the attacks upon his
colleagues, in which he vindicated the conduct of the Government, and
taunted the Opposition with their proceedings against the Queen on
former occasions. His argument was directed against Lord Erskine, who
had recently, in the House of Lords, while referring to the Queen,
expressed himself offensively towards Ministers; but Lord Grenville's
friends considered that he was attacked, and were warm in their
indignation. Lord Grenville and Mr. Thomas Grenville, however, were
more tolerant.
MR. W. H. FREMANTLE TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Stanhope Street, Jan. 31, 1821.
MY DEAR LORD,
After I received your letter, I called at Lord Liverpool's, but
could not gain admittance; since that, I have been considering more
fully the subject, and think that any explanation now, after the
lapse of so many days, and when the whole debate is gone by, could
lead to no one advantage; and I fear also that Lord Grenville might
fancy I improperly interfered on a question so personally
concerning himself. I have no doubt Lord Liverpool would ask me if
I were authorized by him to express his anger, or to call for an
explanation; and he would probably write to Lord Grenville upon the
subject. The offence was undoubtedly great, and such as you were
justified in resenting; but I am thoroughly persuaded it was one of
Lord Castlereagh's bothering Irish arguments which led him on, and
that it was no premeditated attack on your friends. His object was
to lay it on Lord Erskine; and in the conversations I have since
had with his friends, they have told me he was extremely sorry that
your friends should have felt hurt, that he never meant it, and
that his only object was to expose the conduct of Lord Erskine. All
this, you will say, may be very true, but is no excuse to you; but
again I must say, what could you have done? Lord Liverpool could
not give up Lord Castlereagh, and you could not resent it so as to
vote with the Whigs. The Government are already apprized of your
feeling and that of your friends on this subject, and I have no
doubt--at least, I should think--it would put them more on their
guard. I really think it might be considered by Lord Grenville as
very officious in me to call on the Prime Minister to take up his
battle without any previous communication or authority from him. I
could undoubtedly say it was your feelings I was expressing; but
the answer would naturally be, that Lord Grenville personally was
concerned. However, the lapse of time is at present the additional
objection, and no apology could answer to you or your friends but a
public explanation from Castlereagh, which could not be made. I
assure you I have been very much disturbed by your letter, being
always anxious to obey your wishes and forward your objects, and in
the first place called on Lord L---- for that purpose.
The debate yesterday was much more violent and personal than the
first--at least, previous to the Speaker's leaving the chair. I
left the House after that, and know not what was done. The evident
disposition of the House is to stifle all further proceedings
regarding the Queen, but it is equally the intention of the
Opposition to pursue it; but the latter must ultimately give way,
for the House will not hear them. The saints--Butterworth,
Wilberforce, &c. &c.--are favourable for her restoration to the
Liturgy, and this question is to be brought forward again, but of
course will be rejected by a still larger majority.
I see that Charles Wynn and Phillimore are so decidedly disposed to
the Opposition, that their minds are at all times on the alert to
catch an opportunity of attacking the Government. I certainly do
not support or think well of the Government, but I am _quite
satisfied_ that nothing short of a total overthrow of everything
would induce the Whigs to unite with you; and I am equally
satisfied that the only and best prospect of office is to keep
terms with the present Government, not with a view of joining them,
but of keeping them unfettered and unexasperated for any future
arrangements.
That some change must soon take place cannot be doubted, and be
assured that Parliament _will not_ have the Whigs. Canning, it is
said, will not return to the Board of Control; and the Ministers'
followers all hold the language of change after these questions are
got over. I give you these opinions of my own, and what I hear, and
be assured there is no being more eager or more watchful of your
interests and objects than I am. I shall keep this open till I go
down to the House, in case there should be anything new.--The Duke
of Devonshire is come to town a thorough Reformist: this is a
conversion; as also Lord Fitzwilliam. It is hardly possible to
conceive that their anger should have led them to such a thorough
departure from all their old feelings and principles.
There is nothing new. Lushington was most violent last night; and
nobody believes Admiral Wood's assertion that the Queen has no
bills or debts.
Ever most truly,
W. H. F.
MR. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
MY DEAR B----,
We cannot argue the question of the expediency of the original
omission, without consuming more paper and time than I can afford;
but it still appears to me--1st. That at that time Ministers had
not decided to bring the business forward, or to publish the
Queen's infamy; 2ndly. That though I am myself perfectly satisfied
of the King's prerogative, it was so far disputable as to render
such an exercise of it very unwise; 3rdly. That there could have
been no greater difficulty or impropriety in proceeding, if it
should afterwards be rendered necessary by her coming to England,
against "our gracious Queen Caroline," than against "the Princess
of Wales," prayed for the preceding Sunday. As to the phrase of
"gracious," it is a mere title of honour attached to the station,
and far less objectionable than "most religious," which _Charles
II._ was the first sovereign who assumed, and which produces little
sensation even when used as an epithet to _some_ of his successors.
Still, if they were mealy-mouthed, they might have inserted "Her
Majesty Queen Caroline." I should also have wished to have sent
a yacht, or suitable conveyance, to bring her over to her
trial,--just as, if she had been found guilty on an impeachment,
and sentenced to transportation, I would not have despatched her to
Portsmouth in the caravan, or to Botany Bay in a transport. To
neither of these, however, did I attach as much blame as to the not
notifying the death of the Princess Charlotte, which I think the
most brutal omission I ever remember, and one which would attach
disgrace in private life, even in a case where a divorce was
pending, or had actually taken place.
My great objection is to the spirit of irritation and provocation
which dictated the whole, as if they wished to goad her into the
course she has since pursued, instead of endeavouring by all means
in their power to avert what every other man in the kingdom felt to
be a most hazardous and perilous crisis.
I am much inclined to think that you are quite right as to the key
which explains Peel's conduct. Still, I hear from all sides how
_we_ are to come in after Easter. This may proceed either from
a desire to strengthen themselves by really combining us with Peel
in a new arrangement, or (which I think more probable) from a
design of cajoling us into present support.
An apology was transmitted to me from Castlereagh, through Lewis,
for his attack on the Commission of 1806, professing it to have
been quite _inadvertent_, and merely levelled at Erskine, without
_recollecting_ that Lord Grenville was equally implicated.
I certainly hear from many quarters that the country gentlemen are
loud in their representations to Ministers of the necessity of
their strengthening themselves, if they wish for a continuance of
support. Probably this will be answered by Canning's return, and
the accession of Peel.
I have just heard, on the authority of a man who told me that he
had seen Lady O----'s letter, that H---- A---- having eloped from
Florence with her second daughter, she followed them, and when she
found them, he had taken poison. Now, why they should take the
trouble of eloping, and, still more, why he should take poison, is
not easy to conceive.
LORD GRENVILLE TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Dropmore, Feb. 1, 1821.
My brother has just shown me your letter, and I trust I need not
assure you that I am, as always, most deeply sensible of your
affectionate kindness; but I am perfectly _horrified_ at the
notion which it has suggested to you, on an occasion which surely
does not call for the smallest manifestation of any resentment or
dissatisfaction whatever.
If you support Government on these questions about the Queen, it is
not at all from any particular attachment to Lord C----, or any of
his colleagues, but from what you think due both to the King and to
the country, to contribute, as far as you can, to resist the
degradation which the Radicals and their allies would bring on the
first, and the ruin which must, if they succeed in that attempt,
ensue to the country.
It would be most unjust to require Lord C----, in this warfare, to
abstain from a natural and obvious ground of defence. I am not so
unreasonable as to expect this, if I cared one farthing about
anything that can be said of that inquiry, in which, if I cared at
all, it was in being too easily satisfied. Nor am I so thin-skinned
as to have any feeling on the subject; and the only thing that
could have made it at all unpleasant to me would be the appearance
(which such a step as you speak of must have) of my being angered
on the occasion, and having used any influence I might have with
you to the effect of inducing you to act contrary certainly to all
my opinions and wishes, and, I believe, contrary to your own.
Pray--pray, therefore, let all your friends, if they and you agree
with me in thinking Lord Tavistock's motion fit to be negatived,
cry "No!" as stoutly as I would if I had anything to say or do on
the occasion.
RIGHT HON. THOMAS GRENVILLE TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Dropmore, Feb. 1, 1821.
MY DEAR LORD B----,
The two brothers here are quite astounded at the importance which
you and Charles attach to Lord Castlereagh's attack upon the
Government of 1806-7, and still more at the influence which both of
you seem disposed to give to it in your conduct on the impending
motions in Parliament. In the first place, it is to be observed
that it is not fair dealing to expect Castlereagh to forbear from
attacking Lord Grey, Lord Lansdowne, and Mr. Tierney, on their
hostility to the Queen fourteen years ago, because he cannot do so
without including Lord Grenville, as well as Lord Spencer and Lord
Erskine, as members of that Government. I think Lord C---- fully
entitled to reproach that inconsistency of conduct to Lord Grey and
his colleagues--an inconsistency which in no degree applies to Lord
Grenville; but even if it did, surely Lord C---- is not to be
deprived of his legitimate warfare upon those to whom he is
opposed, because Lord Grenville was in those days politically
connected with them. But even supposing that you had reason in this
respect to complain of Lord C---- (which I utterly deny), still it
would be a most unjustifiable, and unbecoming, and culpable course,
to suffer any such personal considerations to influence your
conduct upon the great public questions which are impending. Those
questions are to decide whether the Opposition is to be suffered,
from its base alliance with the Radicals and with the Q----, to
take violent possession of the Government, in order to overturn the
whole system of our constitution; to bring in annual or triennial
Parliaments; to do little short of introducing universal suffrage;
to disband the army, which now holds the Radicals in check; and,
very probably, to let loose Bonaparte, under pretence of mitigating
his confinement. These are some of the first fruits of what is to
be expected from Lord Tavistock's motion, if, by its success, it
removes the present Government; and can you look at any part of
this picture, and yet suffer any personal considerations to weigh
for one moment in your mind, while such superior considerations are
at stake? I could have added much upon the disgrace you would throw
on Lord Grenville, if he could be suspected, as he would, of being
a party to so much personal irritation in questions of the very
vital existence of the constitution of the country. But he writes
himself.
The next letter commences with a reference to the judgment passed by
Judge Bailey on that popular leader, Sir Francis Burdett. It was merely
a fine of £2000, and imprisonment for three months in the King's
Bench:--
MR. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Whitehall, Feb. 10, 1821.
I agree with you in considering the sentence on Burdett--a sentence
so unexpected as to call for the plaudits of all the Radicals who
surrounded the Court, and the congratulations of his friends--as
most calamitous; and, unfortunately, it is not the first instance
in which the Court of King's Bench, or rather the present judges
who preside in it, have shown that they are not proof against
popular clamour and the apprehension of personal danger. On the
reduction of the army, I am by no means so sure that I agree with
you. I have not the means of estimating the exact quantum of troops
which may be requisite for preserving the internal tranquillity of
the country, but am inclined to believe that the salutary operation
of the Bills of 1819, and the increase which has taken place in the
Yeomanry, do afford a reasonable expectation that a less number of
regulars will now be sufficient than were before required--and
unless I was quite satisfied to the contrary, I am not prepared to
complain of any measure which tends to alleviate the financial
pressure.
It is quite true that there are symptoms of some understanding
between Castlereagh and Peel, though the speech of the latter
plainly stated his disapprobation on several points of the conduct
of Government. The most decisive is his abandonment of Pitt's old
Hill Fort, which he had occupied, and returning to his former
position in the rear of the Treasury Bench.
The debate last night was much more decidedly in favour of
Government than either of the former--at least, so it appeared to
me; but perhaps I may be prejudiced, from having taken a part in
it. Wilberforce made a remarkably feeble, vacillating speech, and
at last turning the scale in favour of the motion by the
make-weight of popular opinion, which he allowed to be formed on
false and mistaken principles. Lamb spoke most strongly against the
motion, but concluded by voting in its favour, because the question
had so much disturbed the country, that the true honour would
belong to the party which first conceded it. Acland's was one of
the most impressive and efficient speeches I ever heard. And on
this state of the debate, Castlereagh most wisely, and to the great
satisfaction of the House, allowed us to go to a division at a
quarter before one, instead of keeping us till six or seven, which
would have been the inevitable consequence of his speaking. To our
great amusement, Creevey, Fergusson, Wilson, Lambton, and Sefton
were shut out, and afterwards received the inquiries of their
friends whether it was not from scruples of conscience, and being
unable to make up their minds, that they had abstained from voting.
The party is certainly unlucky; for on a preceding night, Lord
Carhampton and Luke White paired off and went comfortably to bed,
without finding out that they were on the same side. We now, I
trust, are rid of the Queen's business, though I still fear we must
have one night on the Milan Commission; but nobody has yet given
notice of a motion on the subject.
I was rather surprised on Monday night to find Ministers so weak as
to be totally unable to risk a division on Davie Gilbert's proposal
of throwing Grampound into the Hundreds, and that afterwards, when
joined by us and by several members from the Opposition, they were
beaten two to one; much, I think, owing to Ward's speech. I have
now, I think, sent you gossip enough for one day.
Ever yours,
C. W. W.
Have you heard that a match is declared between Lord Dartmouth and
Lady Frances Talbot? To see them together will be somewhat like
Lord Bulkeley and Lord Abingdon at the Encoenia.
One of the principal subjects of political interest was the Catholic
question, brought forward in the House of Commons on the 2nd of March
by Mr. Plunket, in a Committee of the whole House; and a Bill for the
Emancipation of the Catholics was introduced by him on the 7th of the
same month, the second reading of which was debated on the 16th, and
carried by a majority of 11.
LORD GRENVILLE TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Hanover Place, March 5, 1821.
It is extremely difficult, I believe, even for those most
intimately acquainted with the present composition of the House of
Commons, to anticipate the final result of the Catholic question.
Many things that one hears would lead one to be very sanguine in
one's hopes; but then, the difficulties are so great of steering
between groundless fears on one side and groundless jealousies on
the other, and the means are so great which are possessed by the
enemies of conciliation on both sides, that every step taken in the
business is surrounded with danger of failure.
Plunket talks of dividing the measure into two Bills, if he can get
Castlereagh to consent to it--one of concession, the other of
security; a most wise project, if it can be accomplished. His
exertions have been beyond all praise, and the tone of moderation
which he has given to the discussion must do great good, whatever
be the result.
I am sorry there was a necessity for giving so much time; but I
trust, after the second reading, it will proceed, if at all, with
better expedition.
In the House of Lords, the Chancellor and the Bishops will
certainly persevere in their resistance; but if there really is
that change of course on this subject in higher quarters, which
common prudence so loudly calls for, I should not at all fear their
opposition.
All will depend on that. But indeed I do not see why Liverpool
himself should (on the grounds on which he has always argued the
question) be debarred from taking the wiser resolution to acquiesce
in such a measure if it comes up from the House of Commons, rather
than to set the House of Lords singly to stand in the breach
against the claims and wishes of five-sixths of the population of
Ireland.
Whether he will be clear-sighted enough to see this course, which I
think lies plain before him, or whether he has stoutness enough to
adopt it, I know not; but sure I am of what he _ought_ to do.
The King must certainly, if he means to go to Ireland in May, mean
to carry this boon with him; and if he does, his visit will be
productive of more good than one could easily describe. If
not,--then, for _good_, read _mischief_.
I send you back your Neapolitan news. My only wish is that the
matter was settled, and had been so long ago.
"Lord Lansdowne writes word to a correspondent here," says a
contemporary letter-writer, "that everything in England has fallen in
price, except the Grenvilles. They certainly have made an excellent
bargain, in proportion to their talents, reputation, and numerical
strength. Were Lord G---- still in the full vigour of life and
exertion, one should not be surprised at any sacrifice made to obtain
so powerful a support; but by his retirement from public affairs, one
would have thought that the value of the family was reduced near to
that of the half-dozen votes they can bring into a division."[61]
[61] Lord Dudley's "Letters," p. 301.
The first of the next series refers to a private quarrel that at the
period excited a great deal of notoriety:--
RIGHT HON. THOMAS GRENVILLE TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Cleveland Square, March 13, 1821.
MY DEAR LORD B----,
Nobody can be more sensible to your kindness in what you have done
respecting Henry, than Charles is; neither do I find in him more
reluctance respecting his beginning a communication with Lord C----
than is quite natural, and than I think you would yourself approve.
The real truth is, that Charles's opinions certainly do not tend as
decidedly and as professedly as yours have done to intercourse with
the present Ministers, and least of all, perhaps, with Lord C----.
It was very kind in you, therefore, to take upon yourself the
communication by which you intended to do a service to Henry; and
when you had so determined, I think you took the least objectionable
course in applying yourself to _Lord L----_. By so doing, you
effected the very amiable and kind purpose which you had in view,
of assisting Henry's wishes without breaking in upon Charles's
reluctance to pledge himself farther than he could conscientiously
bring himself to do. Having, therefore, yourself taken the step of
applying to _Lord L----_, whenever a renewed application becomes
necessary by a new opening in the diplomatic line, or by the
expectation of one, the easy and natural course of your kindness
will be to renew that application yourself to _Lord L----_. If, on
the other hand, Charles was to apply himself personally to _Lord
C----_ in the present stage of the business, he will be as much and
as entirely committed as if he himself had made the original
application; and your kindness will not have spared him the
embarrassment of becoming a suitor, and of incurring an obligation,
where he wishes to stand free of any, except to you. In truth, as
far as I understand the present position of the business, it does
not seem to me that, after so recent a promise to you from Lord
L---- and Lord C----, any renewed application from you or from any
of Henry's friends is likely to produce anything except a renewal
of the same favourable disposition, whenever occasion should arise.
If any circumstances should produce, or even render probable, any
new opening in the missions, then will be the natural moment, not
for Charles's application to Lord C----, but for the renewal of
yours to _Lord L----_. At the same time, I am sure Charles will not
be unnecessarily reluctant or adverse to any communication with
Lord C---- that may become necessary, or may naturally arise out of
your request to Lord L----, and out of such circumstances as may
require discussion; but though the present state of things seems to
promise no advantage in any renewed application from you, whenever
it does, I am sure you will find Charles heartily and sincerely
grateful to you for your warm and disinterested kindness to his
brother.--I should distrust, as you do, the result of the Catholic
Bill, if every day did not furnish some new evidence which, if
correct, seems to promise a more favourable result. Yesterday, I
heard of Lord Fife having said that the K---- had told him he did
not wish to influence his opinions; and to-day I hear from good
authority that Bloomfield has written within these four days, that
the K---- will go to Ireland with the certainty of greater and more
general popularity than could _have been_ conceived.
The language of the opponents, too, is colder and flatter than it
has ever been; rumours--I know not how true--of the Duke of Rutland
hesitating on the question, and daily talk of other unexpected
votes. Perhaps these rumours are exaggerated; but still they add to
the general tide and current of opinion as to the probable success,
and that opinion may go far to procure the result that is so much
to be wished.
My own notions are, that there should be no exclusion in the Bill
except that of the Lord-Lieutenant, who ought to be as much
excluded there as the K---- is here. I would not exclude the
Chancellor, because I think first it is a breach of the great
principle of the measure; and secondly, because it will be an
irritating bar to and exclusion of the whole legal profession in
Ireland, who are the most influencing and formidable body in that
whole country, in all times, and on all questions of public
agitation. I would, therefore, leave the Seals open to them, and
satisfy the Protestants, as to all ecclesiastical dangers, by
special commissions and clauses for the objects of their
apprehensions. But for all practical good, one must learn to be
satisfied with what can be reached, when what we desire is out of
our reach. Till this measure passes, neither England nor Ireland
can be safe.
Yours ever most affectionately,
T. G.
DR. PHILLIMORE TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Whitehall, March 14, 1821.
MY DEAR LORD,
I feel, indeed, much indebted to your Lordship for your letter of
the 11th inst., and we are all grateful to you for your criticisms
on the Bills; and this I should have told you before, but that I
was entirely occupied by professional business throughout yesterday
morning, and, besides, I wished to consult with Lord Grenville
(with whom I was engaged to dine yesterday) as to the policy of
some of the amendments you have suggested. Some are obviously
improvements on the face of them. The difficulty, as I foresaw,
arises as to the insertion of the additional words to express,
"That no one shall exercise the function of a bishop who shall not
have been approved by the King." We discussed this point fully last
night, and Lord Grenville is decidedly of opinion (and this he
desired me to mention to you, as from him) that if we venture upon
it we shall _shipwreck_ the whole measure. By having the negative
of the King to the nomination of any person whose loyalty and good
conduct may be suspected, we surely have, in substance and effect,
all the security which can be necessary for the protection of the
Protestant establishment; and it would be a sad pity to hazard a
measure which, to a certain extent, at least, is happily advanced,
for the sake of expressions, preferable certainly, but not
essential for our security. I have been with Plunket on the subject
this morning, and his view coincides with Lord Grenville's
entirely. He says it would be laid hold of immediately by the
enemies to the measure amongst the Catholics, and made the source
of much discontent and irritation, and that the rather because the
Bill has been transmitted to them in its present shape, as the
measure to be proposed on this branch of the subject. I should add,
that Plunket expressed the greatest anxiety to concur in any
suggestion which came from you.
You suggest the exclusion of Roman Catholics from the office of
Lord Chancellor of Ireland; but it does not seem to me--and, what
is of more consequence, it does not seem to Lord Grenville--that
the same reasons exist to exclude them from this office which may
be urged against their filling the office of Lord High Chancellor.
The Irish Chancellor has not, _virtute officii_, the disposal
of Church patronage, nor is he called upon to advise the King in
any way respecting it; and the same principle, therefore, which
might be applied to exclude them from this function, might be put
forward as a ground for their exclusion from the functions of any
judge. To say the truth, Lord Grenville is so great an enemy to the
principle of exclusion, that he suggested, instead of the clause as
it now stands, that no Lord Chancellor should dispose of any Church
preferment till he had subscribed the Thirty-nine Articles; but
upon suggesting this alteration, we found it would raise such a
storm from the Dissenters (who are already moving in all directions
against the measure), that there was no option but to abandon it.
It will be a satisfaction to you to know that Lord Grenville has
been consulted throughout, and has himself revised and corrected
the Bills. He appears exceedingly anxious for the success of them;
and certainly, when we reflect how much his public life has been
connected and mixed up, as it were, with the Catholic question, we
cannot be surprised at the exultation he would naturally feel at
witnessing the complete triumph of opinions he has so long and so
uniformly held.
The anti-Catholic country gentlemen complain of the apathy of the
country; and the King has told Lord Fife he hopes he will vote
according to his fancy on the question. These are favourable
symptoms.
Believe me, your faithful and obliged,
JOSEPH PHILLIMORE.
MR. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
March 15, 1821.
I am most sensible, my dear B----, of the kindness of your
continued and active interest for Henry, and, if I saw anything
like an opening, should not hesitate to follow up the overture
which you have made in his behalf; but unless some new circumstance
had occurred since your letter to Lord Liverpool, which presented a
mode of effecting its object, I really should think it too early to
make a second application; besides which, I quite agree with my
uncle, that, in the present situation of affairs, it is preferable
that any application of this nature should, as you have yourself
determined, proceed through Lord Liverpool rather than Lord
Castlereagh; but if I can get an opportunity of reminding
Castlereagh, I certainly will not neglect it.
Everything I see and everything I hear contribute to make me more
and more sanguine respecting the Catholic question. The tide
clearly sets at present in its favour, and the King's good
inclinations are every day more and more surmised. The principal
defalcation of strength which we have to apprehend arises from the
present disjointed and divided state of the Opposition, the members
of which are outrageous against each other, and, according to
Macdonald's report, may be expected by the next Session to split
into three or more distinct parties. He did not specify either the
persons likely to form these, or the points in dispute. At present
one can only see the Mountain and their lukewarm coadjutors; but
what the third is to be, remains to be shown. The amendments which
you suggest to the Catholic Bills appear to me, in general,
improvements, with the exception of the addition of the
Chancellorship of Ireland to the excepted offices, and the
requiring that the King should signify his _approbation_ to the
Bishops before the exercise of episcopal functions. Both of these
would have the effect of extremely diminishing the _effect_ of the
measure in Ireland.
Lord Grenville strongly objected to the exception even of the
English Chancellor, as justifiable upon no principle, when the
exercise of ecclesiastical patronage had been provided for in the
other part of the Bill; and it is difficult to discover what
principle can justify the exclusion of the Chancellor of Ireland,
which would not also extend to every other judicial situation. We
must recollect that the Irish Catholic barristers are just the body
who have, after the priests, the greatest influence, and whom it is
most desirable not to leave a perpetual badge of degradation and
inferiority upon. With respect to the necessity of signifying the
King's express approbation, it is one of the points which the Irish
clergy most objected to, and the omission of which has most
reconciled them to the measure; and if the efficient control is
attained, it surely is desirable that we should not be nice as to
the exact mode in which it shall be exerted. In my own view--and,
what is far more important, in that of my uncle--the question of
securities is, from the great alteration in the situation of Europe
since 1813, become of comparatively small importance, and rather to
be conceded to satisfy the scruples of others, and facilitate the
final success of this great measure, than to be insisted upon by
ourselves.
Dawson's speech against the army estimates last night occasioned
surprise, and looks as if the Catholic question had occasioned some
hitch in his _beau-père_ Peel's negotiations.
Ever most faithfully yours,
C. W. W.
MR. W. H. FREMANTLE TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Pall Mall, March 16, 1821.
MY DEAR LORD,
I am hurried to death by the time, and therefore must make my
relation short I endeavoured to meet the Duke yesterday morning;
but failing in this, I enclosed your note to me, saying I owed it
to him not to withhold such information for his _private ear_,
and desiring him to send me back your note. He sent it back in half
an hour, with the enclosed note from himself. This morning he
begged to see me; and being on a Committee, and not released till
four o'clock, I have only at this moment come from him at his
office.
He entered into a very full discussion of the whole business; and,
first and foremost, declared in most positive and unequivocal
terms, that he was perfectly innocent of the charge imputed to him,
and that, fortunately, he had been so guarded in his whole
proceedings throughout this disagreeable quarrel between Lord W----
and his wife, that he should be enabled most fully and clearly to
rebut and destroy any charge ... that might be brought against him.
But feeling this, however, very strongly, he had been to Lord C----
this morning; had consulted with him upon it; and, for the sake of
the family, he thought it most essential, and most highly
desirable, if possible, to prevent Lord W---- from bringing the
charge forward. He considered Lord W----'s object to be founded
exclusively on a wish to blacken her character, and to enable him
to come forward with more effect in his defence (which he must
make) in the case in which he is involved with Mr. W----; that
however much he might blacken her in the first instance, it would
ultimately recoil on himself, and therefore it was a real object to
stop the further proceedings, if possible; that he (the Duke) had
done everything in his power to reconcile the differences
throughout, and that such must appear if Lord W---- persisted.
These were the grounds on which, as a gentleman (without adverting
to a personal consideration), he thinks he ought to advise that a
stop should be put to W----'s further prosecution of this charge
against his wife. The _habeas corpus_ has been demanded, and must
be discussed to-morrow, at _three_ o'clock, in the Chancellor's
private chamber; but in this discussion, if Lord W---- persists,
this business must be gone into. The great object, therefore, that
the Duke would recommend is, that you should, if you think proper,
before that time communicate by a special messenger to W----, or to
the individual through whom you gained your information, and
endeavour to persuade him (the Duke being so completely armed
against such a charge, and so prepared to refute it ultimately),
that it could only for a moment serve his purpose, but in the end
would damage his case. Indeed, I am persuaded, from what he said,
that if W---- abandoned this attack on his wife, there would be
little doubt that Mr. W---- would ultimately give way, and not call
him up for his defence. In the many communications which W---- has
had with the Duke, he has, at various times, not only personally,
but by letter, absolved the Duke from all suspicion on his part of
criminality ... and the Duke, throughout all these transactions and
communications which he has had with Lady W----, has uniformly and
constantly consulted and advised with her brother, Lord C----, upon
them.
I have written to you, therefore, as I assured the Duke I would do,
and at his desire, and have ventured to say that I was quite sure
you would view the circumstance on the same liberal and gentlemanly
grounds he had put it, and endeavour to use your influence (if you
have any) to stay the further proceedings on this charge, by
sending up a servant to the party or parties, as you might think
most advisable, before three o'clock to-morrow--it is now nearly
six.
Ever yours,
W. H. FREMANTLE.
MR. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
MY DEAR B----,
The whole of the third volume of the "Notice des Manuscrits de la
Bibliothèque du Roi" is occupied with an account of the MSS.
relative to the proceedings against Joan of Arc. There is an
account of one which appears to be a duplicate of yours, though I
think the number of pages is less, and every page is mentioned to
be verified by the signatures of the notaries, who are called
Terrebone and Dionysius Comitis, and which is mentioned to be
lettered "Processus Justificationis Joannæ d'Arc." Probably this
with the date may be the best for your book. I take for granted you
have the "Notice des Manuscrits" at Stowe; and as the account is a
very detailed one, it will be very desirable to compare your MS.
with it. Perhaps, however, this may be best done in town.
We only go into the Committee to-day _pro formâ_, in order to
reprint and then recommit for discussion on Wednesday. The oath is
now to be a new one, embodying the explanation, which is thought
better than adhering to the old one, for which I am rather sorry.
Everything looks favourably. Walter Burrell, Sir Hussey Vivian,
Curteis of Sussex, Fox Lane, have all declared their intentions of
not voting in the Committee, and we hope others may follow the
example; but it is a period of nervous suspense. The debate on
Friday was one of great forbearance, and it is difficult to say
whether Peel most spared Mackintosh--or Canning, Peel. Canning
stated that there was as great a community of sentiment between
Peel and himself as could well subsist between public men. His
speech and Wilberforce's were both uncommonly good.
I had some conversation with Plunket on Saturday about his views,
and I am sorry to find him most disinclined--indeed, I might say
almost resolved--against taking any office which would fix him in
England, and looking only to the Attorney-Generalship and Great
Seal of Ireland, but thinking that he could, while in the former
office, give considerable attendance in the House of Commons.
He appeared to feel that there was no longer any obstacle to his
taking office under the present Government, as now constituted, and
to be well disposed to accept the offer of the Attorney-Generalship
of Ireland whenever they can make room for him, though he would
much prefer coming in with us.
Ever affectionately yours,
C. W. W.
MR. W. H. FREMANTLE TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Stanhope Street, March 20, 1821.
MY DEAR LORD,
I have seen the Duke, who desired me to express to you his very
sincere thanks for the trouble you have taken in the subject of
this detestable quarrel of the W----s. He assured me he would never
mention your name to any human being; and you may rest assured that
no letter to me shall ever go out of my hands.
With regard to leaving the whole matter in dispute to the
arbitration of mutual friends, the Duke says there is no difficulty
whatever in procuring Lady W----'s consent to it; she has repeatedly
offered it, and is now ready to abide by such a reference. With
regard to the child, this is a subject that must be decided by the
Court, and cannot, and ought not, to form a part of the reference.
If the father is entitled to take his child, he will, of course,
have it; and there seems to be no doubt on this point. The real
question of reference would be the litigation which is now carrying
on between Lord W---- and Mr. W----, and the pecuniary arrangements
and formal separation of the parties.
The Duke says, that, with regard to the dispute between Lord W----
and Mr. W----, it stands independent of all other subjects; and as
Lord W---- is now compelled to put in his answer (the rule being
made absolute), and as the case must ultimately be most injurious
and disgraceful in all its bearings to Lord W---- (as it affects
his conduct to Mr. W----), he thinks the best advice to be given to
Lord W----, and the best course for him to follow, would be for him
to write a letter to Mr. W----, saying that though he still
condemns, and shall never cease to condemn, the injurious manner in
which Mr. W----'s counsel had thought proper and been advised to
treat him in his pleadings, yet he was sorry for the conduct he had
adopted to Mr. W---- in consequence thereof, and was ready to offer
his apology. This would satisfy W----, and stop his further
proceedings, and thus end this part of the business. The second
consideration--namely, the separation and allowance--this must now,
of course, be decided, and under some strict and clear covenant;
and which, undoubtedly, could best be done by arbitration of mutual
friends. Lord C---- would guarantee any pledge or engagement on the
part of his sister, and the same could be done on the part of Lord
W----. Indeed, if she were disposed to make difficulties, her
family would urge her to it. The Duke is quite satisfied that she
would now most willingly do what she has repeatedly offered--namely,
to decide the question by a reference to friends; and to show how
far he has before effected this object, he put into my hands the
enclosed, which was the terms agreed to in 1819 by both parties,
and which the Duke is convinced, if they had been acted upon, Lord
W---- would now have been in his wife's bed. Of course, that part
which relates to their residence in the same house is now gone by,
and it must be separation; but the great object is, if possible, to
separate, by a distinct arrangement, the dispute with W----. This
is the part that affects Lord W---- the most; and it is in order to
lessen the heavy censure that would fall on him by the exposure of
_all his conduct_ towards Mr. W----, that he now seeks to ... to
mingle the Duke in the history. Lady W---- cannot proceed in this
cause if W---- is satisfied, for she cannot plead or maintain his
case for him.
Nothing of importance occurred in Court on Saturday. The Lord
Chancellor has got rid of it, and turned it over to Judge Dallas,
who requires more time; so there is now time for friends to
interfere, if it can be done with effect.
You will understand the possession of the child. The Duke has
nothing to do with it. Lord W---- has her now with him. A _habeas
corpus_ has been moved, and the law must, of course, decide this.
You will be so good as to return the Duke's letter, as he desired
me to let him have it again. He really seems much obliged to you
for the interest you have taken about it, and I think is much more
at ease on the subject than he appeared to be on Friday. He knows
for _certain_ that Lord N---- did advise Lord W---- on the question
of Mr. W----.
Believe me, ever most truly yours,
W. H. FREMANTLE.
The Catholic Belief Bill continued to be warmly discussed in
Parliament, and for a time almost excluded all other subjects of
interest from public attention.
MR. W. H. FREMANTLE TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
House of Commons, Four o'clock.
I saw the Duke yesterday, who is truly thankful to you for the
interest and concern you take in the business. He is fully sensible
of the advantage on every ground to arbitrate in this matter,
though he treats with indignation the attempt to fix a guilt on
him. He states, in the most solemn manner, to me--and really in
such a manner as I cannot for a moment disbelieve--that he is
utterly innocent of the imputed charge; that it is a diabolical and
infamous conspiracy, which any man may be liable to; and that if it
proceeds, it will be necessary to expose and punish; that it is
utterly impossible, without fraud and falsehood of the grossest
kind, to bring home to him such a crime. Saying all this, he,
however, admits with you the effect of such a charge on his
character, until it is fully confuted and exposed.
With regard to the first proposition coming from Lady W----, it
would be impossible for him or any one to recommend her in the
first instance to stay proceedings, or to recommend Mr. W---- to do
so: it would be admitting her guilt, which no one could advise her
to do. The Duke is satisfied that she is ready to leave the whole
matter to reference, and I have no doubt I shall have a
communication from Lord C---- to that effect to-morrow; and if a
reference is made on the whole subject--namely, the separation, and
the income to be allowed--such reference and arrangement would
naturally have the ultimate effect of putting an end to all other
proceedings. But it is impossible for her, in the first instance,
to make this a preliminary engagement, or for him to recommend such
a step; it would be admitting a ground for the charge, which he
knows to be most foul and false as it concerns him; and it would be
a confession on her part of her guilt. It strikes me in the same
point of view; and on this ground, also, the Duke cannot be one of
the referees. You would be the best person, and the one most
desirable to all parties connected with her, on the part of Lord
W----; and she would be to name one equally approved by you and
Lord W----. As soon as I have seen Lord C----, who comes to town
to-day, I will let you know his decision and authority.
Ever most truly yours,
W. H. FREMANTLE.
We are in the greatest anxiety about the division to-night. The
best calculators say we shall gain it by four: this is too close.
No fresh news from Naples. The repulse of the 7th, with great
confusion, is fully believed. Canning certainly goes back to Paris
after Lambton's motion; he gives this out everywhere. The rumour
rather gains ground of your going to Ireland; but I don't know from
any authority.
MR. W. H. FREMANTLE TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
House of Commons, Four o'clock.
MY DEAR LORD,
I got your letter this morning, and had previously received one
yesterday evening from the Duke ... which I enclose you. It is
unnecessary, therefore, for me to stir on the subject, or to make a
further observation, till you have read the enclosed, and have
given me your opinion upon it, and what is the determination of
Lord W---- regarding the arbitration. I can only, however, add my
opinion, that it will be utterly impossible to make a previous
engagement to withdraw the proceedings now pending. They are, in
fact, deferred; and the result of an arbitration amicably concluded
would be the withdrawing of all questions now before the Courts of
Law.
Nothing can have been more successful than the whole proceedings on
the Catholic Bill; and there is no doubt but that the Security Bill
will also pass rapidly through the House. This will naturally bring
you to town, to share in the support of it through the House of
Lords.--I have just heard from Mr. Holmes (who said he knew the
fact), that a counter-revolution had taken place at Naples: the mob
had risen--disarmed the troops--spiked the guns--turned the
Parliament out of doors--proclaimed the Regent, Viceroy--and called
for the King's return. General Pepe had not been found, and most of
his army had abandoned him. The person left in command of the
troops at Naples was the first to turn tail. The cry was now, the
old Constitution!
I don't know anything further to tell you. The _old Court_ is
terribly dismayed by the success of the Catholic Bill, and I
believe put very little trust in the King's determination to resist
it. The whole thing in the Lords depends on _his_ decision, and
upon the conduct of Lord Liverpool; if he does not make a
_Ministerial_ business of it, there are great hopes it will be
carried.
Ever most truly yours,
W. H. FREMANTLE.
DR. PHILLIMORE TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Whitehall, March 24.
MY DEAR LORD,
Plunket received by yesterday's post intelligence that his wife was
dying, and consequently set out immediately for Ireland. In spite
of this great disadvantage, we got through the first clause of the
Bill (that relative to the Oath of Supremacy), and gained three
upon the division more than we had on the second reading, the
numbers being 230 to 216. I think they will hardly make a fight
about Transubstantiation; but they will push all their strength on
the exclusion from Parliament, which Bankes will move on Monday. I
think the Bill will pass the House of Commons. I believe Lord
Duncannon and Mr. Holmes are agreed that we should have a majority
of 38, if the whole House were to attend. The notion is that Lord
Sidmouth, Vansittart, and B. Bathurst are to go out if the Bill is
carried. Peel is clearly paving the way for a junction with
Government, even though the Bill should pass; and Canning as
clearly holding out that there can be no obstacle in the way of his
sitting in the same Cabinet with Peel. Peel has not gained ground
by his conduct in the business; I should say he has lost rather in
the estimation of the House.
I sent your Lordship a copy of the Bill on the day it was
reprinted; the alteration was made because it appeared that
doubtful persons were less dissatisfied with it than with the
explanation.
Believe me,
Your Lordship's obliged and faithful,
JOSEPH PHILLIMORE.
MR. C. W. WYNN TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Saturday.
MY DEAR B----,
Notwithstanding the great loss which we sustained last night from
the absence of poor Plunket, who set off for Ireland with little
hope of finding his wife alive, we made a very good figure last
night. Castlereagh spoke better than I ever heard him. You will see
that your suggestion of adding some words to exclude all mental
reservation is adopted--that is to say, both Phillimore and
Castlereagh last night stated the willingness of the promoters of
the Bill to admit them, if any person thought it desirable to move
their insertion. Burrell, notwithstanding what he had said, came
and voted against us; but Curteis and Fox Lane, instead of only
staying away, voted with us. Davies Gilbert did not vote, but is so
completely turned that I have strong hopes of his vote on Monday.
We are also to have Denman, and I believe Abraham Moore, from the
Circuits; W. Pole, who was ill; Dennis Browne, and Sir Gerard Noel,
who were absent. Castlereagh has also promised to insist on
checking the activity of Holmes, who has been quite indefatigable
in the use of every means, fair and foul, to induce members to vote
against us. Lord Fife has been dismissed from the Bedchamber, in
consequence of his vote on the Malt Tax, and Lord Lovaine is to
succeed him.
What passed on that occasion is only a confirmation of the truth of
the Duke of Wellington's view of the state of administration, and
of the hollowness of their support on any question which is not
vital. I suppose they now look to replace the Doctor and Van. by
Peel and Canning, who are evidently extremely disposed to return
together.
I agree with you in thinking the Bill, as it originally stood, with
the explanation of the oath, was preferable to its present form;
but _on fait ce qu'on peut_ and _non ce qu'on veut_. The best way
of all would be to make the oath now proposed general for
Protestants and Catholics, but this, I fear, is impossible.
I fear that we shall be all Monday on the question of admissibility
to Parliament, and must reserve the Privy Council and the Judges
for Tuesday.
It is intended to add the second Bill in the shape of clauses to
the first. I suppose we can hardly hope to carry it up to your
House till Monday, the 2nd. As to the affairs of the South, my view
very closely concurs with yours.
I will make some inquiry about the office of Lord Chancellor of
Ireland before I again write; but I do not myself feel any alarm at
the exercise of visitatorial or any other power _in curia_ by a
Catholic, and think, indeed, it might more safely be lodged in his
hands than in those of an Unitarian or bigoted Presbyterian, who
might both now hold it.
Believe me, ever most truly yours,
C. WILLIAMS WYNN.
More than one communication printed in this volume has indicated that
the Government were anxious to secure the services of the leading
members of the Grenville party. It will be seen that the former became
more and more conscious of the desirableness of such a junction.
THE DUKE OF WELLINGTON TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
London, March 27, 1821.
MY DEAR LORD BUCKINGHAM,
I have received your letter; and you may rely upon it, that there
is no man more desirous than I am of strengthening the connexion
between your family and the Government. I think that the services
which you have, upon principle, rendered to them are of a nature to
give you every claim to their consideration; and I am very much
mistaken if this feeling is not common to all those at present
forming the Administration.
I shall be very happy in being instrumental in forwarding any wish
of yours; and I will so conduct myself as not to involve you in
anything.
Believe me, ever yours most sincerely,
WELLINGTON.
DR. PHILLIMORE TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Doctors' Commons, March 29, 1821.
MY DEAR LORD,
I should have sent your Lordship yesterday the result of Tuesday's
debate, but that I was shut up all the morning with Sir John
Newport _and Co._, on the subject of the clauses relating to the
securities. You will perceive that several inaccuracies are
corrected; and amongst other amendments, I believe most of the
alterations you suggested have been introduced--all, at least, that
we considered, under existing circumstances, to be advisable.
We got through all the clauses last night, upon the whole, very
triumphantly; but Mr. Hutchinson opened a broadside upon us, which
in the earlier stages of the Bill might have sunk the whole
concern--inasmuch as he characterized the second Bill (now
consolidated with the first) as a Bill of pains, penalties,
degradation, &c., imposed on the Roman Catholic clergy. The attack,
however, recoiled upon the promoter of it, and the discussion was
so conducted as to assist the Bill. The debate is exceedingly ill
given in all the papers I have seen, more especially as it omits
the speeches of three Irish county members, who rose in succession,
and said they had every reason to believe the measure was very
agreeable to the Roman Catholics in the counties they
represented--Butler, the member for the county of Kilkenny (which,
I believe, is intensely Catholic), being one. None of the
Opposition ultras would attend last night.
The Report is to be brought up to-day, and the Bill to be read a
third time on Monday. They have abandoned all idea of opposing the
bringing up of the Report; but Croker, I understand, in spite of
all that can be said to deter him, persists in his intention of
moving that a provision shall be inserted in the Bill for the Roman
Catholic clergy. A great exertion is to be made against us for the
division on the third reading, but I think we shall succeed; we had
seven votes shut out on the clause relating to Parliament, which
was most unfortunate.
I am now going to meet Sir John Newport, at Lord Castlereagh's, to
consider of the propriety of some alterations which have been
suggested as expedient to be made on bringing up the Report. Lord
Castlereagh _now_ seems quite in earnest, and I think his having
this meeting at his house is a proof of it; he was very pressing
with me to attend it.
The Bill will be reprinted; and as soon as it is distributed I will
send a copy to Avington, where I shall presume you continue till I
hear to the contrary.
Believe me, my dear Lord,
Your Lordship's obliged and faithful,
JOSEPH PHILLIMORE.
THE DUKE OF WELLINGTON TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
London, March 30, 1821.
MY DEAR LORD BUCKINGHAM,
Fremantle has just come in to me, and has informed me that you
understood that part of a late letter I had written to him,
referred to you. I assure you that you are quite mistaken. It could
not refer to you.
I think I have reason to believe that Lord W---- himself does not
believe in the truth of the charges he thinks proper to make
against me. I may be mistaken; but that is my opinion, and that was
the opinion which, as well as I recollect, I intended to convey,
and no other; and even this opinion I intended to convey in terms
as polite, guarded, and little offensive to anybody as possible.
Pray don't think that I could mean to refer to you in any manner.
And believe me, ever yours most sincerely,
WELLINGTON.
MR. W. H. FREMANTLE TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Stanhope Street, March 30, 1821.
You will see, by the enclosed, how totally you mistook the Duke's
meaning in the last paragraph of his letter to me of the 27th. He
was much surprised at it, and extremely distressed; and after
having conversed for some time on the subject, and desired me to
explain the matter to you, he ended in saying--"I think it would be
more satisfactory to Lord B---- that I should write him a note,
which I will do, and give to you to enclose to him." This he
accordingly did. With regard to the mode of referring it, he is to
see Lord C----, who will write to me, stating distinctly the
grounds and extent to which arbitration shall go. I need say no
more, therefore, on this subject, particularly as we shall meet so
soon, and probably before I hear from Lord C----.
A confirmation is arrived of the counter-revolution both at Naples
and Turin. At the former, the Prince Regent, the army, and the
people are united; they have dissolved the Parliament, pronounced a
declaration in favour of the old Constitution, and sent a
deputation with a submission to the King, and a supplication for
his resumption of his dominion. At Turin, Prince Carignan has put
himself at the head of some troops, has resigned the Regency, and
marched to join a corps which had been assembled in favour of the
King; and the cry at Turin and throughout Piedmont was for the
return of the King, and the resumption of the old order of things.
Thus ends, I hope, and as it is believed, the whole of these
revolutionary attempts, which might have embroiled all Europe.
The impression gains ground in favour of the Catholic question in
the House of Lords. I asked the Duke of W---- what he thought would
be the result; and he said, "We think it will be carried." I said
it would depend much on the King; he replied, "We hear he is for
it." I added, "Much also must depend on Lord Liverpool's conduct;
if he acts as an individual, it will have little effect, compared
to any canvass as a Minister." He answered, "The latter is
impossible; our Cabinet could not allow such a thing; his
influence, as a private [individual], considering his character,
situation, &c., must have great weight, but no further; perhaps
those who oppose it will not be heard, as in the House of Commons."
I give you nearly word for word as he said it; and I should judge,
from the tenor of his words and manner, that he really thinks it
would be carried. By-the-bye, he added, "I hear Lady Conyngham
supports it, which is a great thing."
I am hurried for time, so I wont add more. We have no fear for the
division on Monday; I will see you in the evening, in my way from
the House.
Ever truly yours,
W. H. F.
THE DUKE OF WELLINGTON TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
London, March 30, 1821.
MY DEAR LORD BUCKINGHAM,
Since I wrote to you last, I have had some conversation with those
likely to carry into execution the object you have in view; and I
have found them exactly in the disposition in which I told you in
my last I expected to find them. Of course, in the existing state
of the measure in Parliament, and particularly as no design for
carrying it into execution can yet be in discussion, or in the
contemplation of more than a few, no decision can have been taken.
But I am certain that the disposition to which I have above
referred exists; and I think it might be desirable that you should
let me know whether you have any, and what, views for your family,
or any of the friends attached to you.
Believe me, ever yours most sincerely,
WELLINGTON.
MR. C. W. WYNN TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Saturday.
MY DEAR B----,
Lord Donoughmore, participating in his brother's objections, has
to-day declined the conduct of the Bill in the House of Lords, and
recommended that an attempt should be made to prevail upon Lord
Grenville to undertake to move the second reading. Anticipating
this, I had, by Castlereagh's desire, yesterday sounded Lord G----,
who, to my great satisfaction, said that, if applied to under these
circumstances, he did not think himself at liberty to refuse. It is
intended to fix the second reading for Tuesday se'nnight, the 10th.
You will see that the resolutions of the Dublin clergy are
extremely moderate, and I understand that their petition is still
more so. In Limerick, the clergy have come to violent resolutions,
and there has been an aggregate meeting to the same effect. There
is a strong protest against them, very numerously and respectably
signed by what Rice, the member for the city, describes to be the
principal Catholics there. Altogether, it is supposed that the tide
runs strongly in favour of the measure.
I have been looking over the lists of the House of Lords, by which
the majority against the Bill cannot be rated less than twelve; and
when one looks at the names of which it consists, I fear that it
displays such an array of bigotry and stupidity that one can
scarcely hope to make material impression upon it. The only hope is
that some of them may stay away. I trust that you will not now
delay coming up.
Ever affectionately yours,
C. W. W.
THE DUKE OF WELLINGTON TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
London, April 2, 1821.
MY DEAR LORD BUCKINGHAM,
You are quite right respecting the subject of your taking office. I
have suggested from myself the propriety and expediency of making
you the offer of the Lord Lieutenancy in Ireland, in case the
Catholic Bill should pass; and that suggestion was well received.
It occurred to me that the arrangement, if occasion for it should
offer, might be facilitated by my knowing your wishes, or whether
you had any, respecting others, and for that reason I asked the
question.
It certainly referred only to the particular object in question, if
occasion should offer--that is, if the Catholic Bill should
pass--as you did not go farther with me. But if you feel disposed
to talk with me upon your situation, and that of your friends, in
relation to the Government in general, you will find me well
disposed to enter into the subject, and to do anything in which you
may think I can be of service to forward your views, in the same
mode as I have upon the object first mentioned. I shall be at the
office today till five o'clock, and to-morrow from two. I can go in
to you at any hour; and I think I had better go to you, as your
visit to me there might be observed.
Ever yours most sincerely,
WELLINGTON.
The Catholic Relief Bill was brought before the House of Lords on the
3rd of April, and a very animated debate on the question took place on
the 17th, when the Duke of York made an emphatic declaration in
opposition; and, although Lord Grenville delivered an able speech in
its support, the motion was negatived on a second reading.
The division on the second reading of the Bill was 159 against, 120
for, showing a majority of 39. On the measure being lost, Lord Eldon,
the most zealous of the anti-Catholics, thus writes:--"It was quite
clear in Lord Grenville's speech that, professing that the Bill must be
greatly amended in the Committee, he did most carefully abstain from
pointing out one single enactment that could be left untouched, or one
that he would introduce as one of his great amendments. He was very
dexterous in avoiding saying that he would have no securities; but I
think it is clear that is now his meaning. The Duke of York has done
more to quiet this matter than everything else put together. It has had
a great effect. I have nothing further to delay your drinking to the
thirty-nine who saved the Thirty-nine Articles--a very fashionable
toast."[62]
[62] "Life," by Twiss, vol. ii. p. 40.
"As to Liverpool," writes the Lord Chancellor, "I do not know what he
means. To please Grenville, he makes a Regius Professor--friend to the
Catholics. To please Lansdowne, he makes a Bishop of Bristol and Regius
Professor--friend to the Catholics. He therefore, I dare say, will not
stir a step beyond pronouncing in words his speech. I am not quite
content with this, and yet I don't know what to do. But what he does or
does not do, I think, should not regulate me."[63]
[63] "Life," by Twiss, vol. ii. p. 41.
The Court had recovered from the alarm the Queen had created. A
magnificent banqueting-room had been finished at the Brighton Pavilion,
60 feet long by 42 wide, and had been furnished with imperial
magnificence. This suggested anything but doubts of the Sovereign's
undisturbed rule. At Windsor, the current of affairs went merrily as a
marriage-bell, the Royal party enjoying "the contemplative man's
recreation" on the Virginia Water with a zeal that would have
gratified, if it did not edify, Izaak Walton; and now the Coronation
was boldly talked of--indeed, preparations were making for the
performance of this ceremony with the greatest possible splendour.
THE DUKE OF WELLINGTON TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Strathfieldsaye. April 23, 1821.
MY DEAR LORD BUCKINGHAM,
I have received your note in answer to that which I wrote to you on
Wednesday; and I wish you would let me know whether you have any
objection to my stating that I know those are your feelings, if
there should be an opportunity.
I shall be at Winchester on Wednesday, for the meeting of the
Lieutenancy, but I am obliged to return here that night, as I have
some people here; otherwise, I should take that opportunity of
paying you a visit at Avington.
Believe me, ever yours most sincerely,
WELLINGTON.
I was last week at Woburn. I think the Opposition are much more
annoyed at having failed in pledging a number of persons by a vote
to go with a Committee on Reform, than they are at the loss of the
Roman Catholic Bill.
RIGHT HON. THOMAS GRENVILLE TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Dropmore, May 15, 1821.
MY DEAR LORD B----,
I hear from London that the D---- of N---- has been so ill-advised
as to have offered to the Q---- the Marshal's box at the
Coronation, and that she has written to the K---- to know where and
in what dress she should appear at that ceremony. I presume the
answer will be, "In a white sheet, in the middle aisle of the
Abbey." Perhaps _two_ white sheets might be more appropriate, if
the report is founded of Bergami the Second, in the person of a
certain strapping Scotch Baxter, seven foot by six. If the K----
continues to drive Lord L---- to the wall on one side, and the
commoner Lord L---- urges him with a Catholic measure on the other,
I should not be surprised that he took that opportunity of
withdrawing himself from the turmoil, and of leaving _champ libre_
to the commoner Lord L----, who may feel more confidence than is
reasonable, that he should find himself strong enough to take the
whole Government upon his own shoulders--a speculation which,
however flattering to his ambition, seems hardly within his reach
to carry through, the general opinion being certainly much less
favourable to him than to the present First Lord. Perhaps, however,
the K---- is tired of his old Ministers, and is ready enough to
take to their opposers, provided he can do so with at least the
appearance of making it his own act, instead of his submitting to
undisguised compulsion; but if he puts away his present servants,
he places himself as unconditionally now at the discretion of
Opposition, as he would have been if he had surrendered to them at
the beginning of the session. Perhaps female influence may have
contributed to this new view as a new measure; and undoubtedly it
is a most marked demonstration, that the three _first_ subject
dinners after the accession should be found in the three leading
houses of Opposition. The probability, however, is that it is an
over-refinement to give consistency or premeditation to that which
may be only the unrestrained irritation of the moment.
Yours most affectionately,
T. G.
LORD GRENVILLE TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Dropmore, May 16, 1821.
Certainly, your description of the discussion for and against the
proposed relief to the Catholics is not encouraging, any more than
the prospect which the papers seem to hold out of the rejection of
the Grampound Bill by the majority of the Cabinet, in contradiction
to Lord Liverpool's support. The King's demonstrations of renewed
intercourse with the great peers of opposition must also, in such a
moment, be a source of weakness, as well as of personal vexation.
In this state of things, I do not wonder that both parts of the
Government should be unwilling to stir this Catholic question again
in any shape; and I certainly see no such benefit likely to arise
from doing so in the mode of partial relief, as to induce the
friends of conciliation on a larger scale to embark in any such
proposal as this limited measure holds out.
If any other proof were wanted beyond what the general view of the
subject affords, to convince any reasonable man that this mode of
treating the most important of all our present public interests as
no Government question, is the worst instead of the best that could
be adopted, Lord Londonderry's[64] own situation in respect of this
subject at this moment would be decisive against it. He has, I am
persuaded, been restrained only by that pledge from taking the only
course which becomes him on the subject, and which, if he had
adopted it in consequence of the passing of the Bill in the House
of Commons, would have been decisive in its favour in its
subsequent stages. Having neglected to do this at that time, I
myself think that his doing it now would be a step of much more
doubtful result, and probably of much more dangerous consequences,
and therefore, if I were his adviser, which I am very glad I am
not, I do not see what I could suggest but now to leave the matter
as it is. Shall we see you on Monday? As to the direct reference
which Lord L----'s conversation seems to have had to yourself and
your own conduct, in respect to making yourself, personally and
officially, a party to this system of treating the greatest of all
questions in our domestic policy as no Cabinet measure, what I have
already said will sufficiently show you my opinion. It is a mode of
getting rid of a present difficulty, but at the risk and almost
certainty of the greatest possible embarrassments in future. And
this deserves the greater consideration, inasmuch as the events of
this session have again rendered this Roman Catholic question so
very prominent a feature of all that can be looked to for some time
to come.
[64] Lord Castlereagh's father having recently died, he had
succeeded to the title.
LORD GRENVILLE TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Dropmore, Sunday Night.
I have just got your letter, and write these few lines to save the
post, though I have, in truth, in what I wrote to Charles this
morning, said all that occurs to me as material on the subject.
It is of great importance that you should not appear, either to
Plunket or to others, to stir a single step in the matter without
his previous approbation.
I most entirely agree in the utter impossibility of either yourself
or Wellesley, or any other supporter of the Catholic Bill, bringing
forward any such proposition as this, or even acquiescing in it,
except under an express and positive declaration that you do so
only as seeing in it an advance, _however small_, towards the final
and total accomplishment of that which can alone satisfy your own
duty and opinion on this subject.
How can Lord Londonderry or any of his colleagues think that any of
those who were turned out in 1807, precisely because they would not
pledge themselves to any truce or cessation of this question short
of its total and final accomplishment, would now lend themselves to
such a measure for the sake of obtaining for the Catholics benefits
so small that it is even doubtful (as I explained to Charles this
morning, according to my view of the subject,) whether they or
their opponents would gain most by thus varying the state of the
question?
I forget which bishop it was that was foolish enough to express his
hope that the present rejection of the Bill would finally set the
question at rest. But I well remember that I noticed this
nonsensical expectation in the course of what I said, and assured
him that it neither ought to have, _nor would have_, that effect.
And indeed if I, and half or all the supporters of the Bill, had
thought differently, and were inclined to lend ourselves to such a
pledge, how could any or all of us answer for the Catholics
themselves, or bind ourselves, if they stirred the question in
opposition to our pledges, that we would then vote against our
declared opinions?
All this, in my judgment, only shows that Lord Londonderry is, as
he may well be, most uneasy in his situation, as resulting from the
present strange and most anomalous state of this business, which he
ought to have foreseen, but did not, as at least a possible event,
when he agreed to form a Government in which the one most important
feature in the whole political interests of the country was not to
be considered as a ministerial question.
"You have what I advise;" but pray do not forget that, on this
subject above all others, Plunket is entitled, not to _know_, but
almost to _direct_ your course.
GRENVILLE.
The Queen put in a formal claim to be crowned with the King, and Mr.
Brougham urged it, with all his forensic eloquence and skill, before
the Privy Council; but, as will be seen, all the principal precedents
were in opposition to his argument:--
"William the Conqueror's Queen was crowned two years after he was
crowned.
Henry I.'s Queen, ditto.
Stephen's Queen, ditto.
Richard I.'s Queen, crowned abroad.
John's Queen, not crowned with him, but crowned.
Henry III.'s Queen, not with him, but afterwards, alone.
Edward III.'s Queen, crowned alone.
Henry IV.'s Queen, crowned--not with him.
Henry V.'s Queen, ditto.
Henry VI.'s Queen, not crowned with him, but alone.
Henry VII.'s Queen, crowned long after him.
Henry VIII.--Some of his Queens crowned, some not.
Charles I.--His Queen not crowned at all.
Charles II.--His Queen not crowned at all.
George II.'s Queen, or George I.'s, I am not sure which, not crowned at
all."[65]
[65] Twiss's "Life of Lord Eldon," vol. ii. p. 43.
On the 21st of May a feeble attempt was made in the House of Commons to
bring forward the pretensions of the Queen to share in the approaching
State ceremonial; but the firm language of Lord Londonderry, and the
apathy of the House on the subject, set the matter at rest.
MR. W. H. FREMANTLE TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Stanhope Street, June 4, 1821.
MY DEAR LORD,
The coronation is fixed (_decidedly so_) by the Government to take
place previous to his going to Ireland, and a fortnight after the
close of the Session: two days afterwards he starts for Ireland,
and embarks at Portsmouth; and on his return from Ireland, he goes
to Hanover. This is all arranged at present, and the Ministers have
agreed to it. With the exception of the coronation, all the rest
may be subject to change; but I am quite sure the coronation is
determined on. Prince Leopold was to have started for Germany on
Friday, to see his mother; but has put it off, in consequence of
this decision, as he could not be back in time.
Canning leaves Paris this day for London. Parliament--that is, the
House of Commons--is expected to be up on the 25th; and I think it
may. There is no other news.
Ever yours truly,
W. H. F.
There are to be two Parliamentary Commissioners--Frankland Lewis
and Wallace--for this Irish examination, and three other
Commissioners; salary, £1500 (to Parliamentary Commissioners) per
annum. I don't think it would be a bad appointment (one of the
others) for Tom Fremantle, if I could have a chance of getting it.
I suppose their salary is much less.
RIGHT HON. THOMAS GRENVILLE TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Cleveland Square, June 5, 1821.
MY DEAR LORD B----,
It is evident that something has for the moment interfered to
prevent the immediate announcement of Lord Sidmouth's resignation,
which on Saturday and Sunday was reported upon the best authority.
Lord G---- told me that Lord S---- was suddenly sent for by the
King on Saturday, and it seems probable that it was to tell him to
delay his resignation; indeed, as the Session will end with this
month, that period would be the natural one for change.
Lady Liverpool was yesterday reported to be dead, but she still
lives, though she is considered as being at death's door; and I
believe the Ministers are much alarmed, from their doubting
whether, in that case, Lord L---- will not retire altogether.
The coronation is now again afloat, and is expected to take place
before the journey to Ireland. The Court of Claims is resumed; and
having a ticket to-day to see the preparations in the Hall and the
Abbey, I am convinced from what I saw that they are now in earnest,
and that there is nothing which may not be quite completed in six
weeks, except the tower at the Great Gate of Westminster Hall. The
Hall is beautiful and magnificent; but in the Abbey, the appearance
of the great aisle is much hurt by the projecting galleries on each
side for the spectators.
Yours affectionately,
T. G.
MR. W. H. FREMANTLE TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Stanhope Street, June 10, 1821.
MY DEAR LORD,
I only returned to town this morning, having gone on Sunday. I am
very glad you were so satisfied with my last, but think you rather
went beyond my meaning in your construction of its contents;
however, I saw the Duke of Wellington this moment, and put your
letter into his hands, which he read with great attention. We were
on horseback, and many persons passing in the Park, and therefore
he had little means of conversing upon it; however, his observation
to me was--"I am glad he is satisfied with my explanation; I am
quite sure he may depend on what I said. You have heard, no doubt,
of the event of this morning" (meaning Lady Liverpool's death,
which took place at six o'clock), "this for the moment, of course,
stops all proceedings. Does Lord Buckingham remain in the country?
I am glad he does; he would be more fidgetty here, with all the
reports, but a few days probably will give him information." By
this you will perceive, for I really think I have quoted every word
he said (as we were interrupted by Mr. Singleton's presence), that
the communication is beyond doubt intended, and I shall think it
your own fault if you let the opportunity slip.
Without meaning in any manner to embarrass any views which you may
have, I think it fair to state my wish, which is to be placed at
any one of the Boards of Treasury, Admiralty, or India. It was the
situation which I was to have when Lord Grenville was to come in,
and I should hope both my pretension of former office and my
talents would entitle me to it, but be assured I mean not to
interfere with your arrangements in any way.
I send you a list which is made out at White's of the new Peers,
and which is said to be correct; it is expected out immediately.
Irish: Roden, Kingston, Conyngham, Longford, and Ormond.
Scotch: Wemys and Lothian.
English: Lord George Murray, Sir W. Scott, Pole, Cholmondeley,
Forester, Sir T. Liddle, and Sir T. Heathcote.
I have nothing further to say at present. You shall hear to-morrow
if anything occurs. I had a letter from Cecil Jenkinson announcing
her death, and saying Lord Liverpool was as well as could be
expected. The Duke of Wellington told me they were urging the King
to go to Ireland by Holyhead, but as yet he persists in going by
long sea.
Ever most truly yours,
W. H. FREMANTLE.
The negotiation with the Grenvilles was again resumed; a full report
of which is here given, including some curious revelations of Court
and Ministerial life.
MR. W. H. FREMANTLE TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Stanhope Street, June 11, 1821.
MY DEAR LORD,
I am perfectly aware of the difficulties you have in managing the
_half-Whig_ principles and the _negative qualities_ which are
acting against you on the subject of negotiations and connexion
with the Government; and it was because I felt this, and knew the
delicacy of the transaction, and because I had incurred so much
blame from Lord G---- and others in former negotiations, that I
acted as I did. The moment I got your first letter I determined to
act upon it, _without consulting any one_. It was your wish that I
should communicate with the Duke of Wellington (personally); I
concurred in that opinion, and I therefore instantly went to him.
_After_ I had so communicated with him, and had written the account
of it to you, I sought Charles Williams [Wynn], to inform him of
what I had done, and showed him the correspondence. I had a long
conversation with him, and maintained those opinions and the views
which you have suggested in your letter of this morning. Although
he deprecated the overture to the Duke of Wellington, yet I am
quite persuaded he is delighted at the prospect it has opened to
his views. I know not whether he may or may not have opened the
subject to his uncles, but it is impossible they can condemn a
proceeding which was called for by the general and increasing
rumours of the town; but even if they are so disposed, it is
necessary for every man to judge for himself. They might think it
right to remain quiet; you, on the contrary, think it right to
communicate your views and opinions confidentially to the Duke of
Wellington, with whom you had before conversed on the subject. I
have always told you, and I repeat it, that Charles Williams,
though most able and admirable as your chief in the House of
Commons, is too full of difficulty and _splitting of hairs_. My
opinion is, decidedly, that you should, under all the difficulties
of the present moment, and with the retirement of your uncles, get
into official station, and thereby official strength and power; and
when once that is done, your influence, your necessity _to any
future Government_, will be tenfold what it now is; but if you are
now to hold off, and to be fighting for general objects, and for
balance of Cabinet strength, and for questions and individuals, I
have no hesitation in saying that I think you will do wrong. These
will be the points, I perfectly well know, that will be uppermost
in the mind of your uncles and Charles Williams; but it is for you
to act for yourself, which I think you can manage without
quarrelling with them. With all these impressions on my mind, and
recurring to the blame I incurred for communicating with Harrison
on a former occasion, I felt it impossible for me not to mention
the transaction to Charles Williams, _after I had executed your
wishes_; but I can assure [you] there is no other individual on
earth to whom I have opened my lips on the subject; and you must be
aware that, whether this conversation had been made known or not,
you must have mentioned the subject to your uncles and Charles Wynn
whenever the Government had sent to you, and on your arrival in
town. I feel exceedingly sorry you should have thought that I
wanted discretion by so doing; but, devoted as I am at all times to
you, the case was one in which I felt obliged to take the step I
did.
I shall not communicate your letter of to-day to him; but shall
continue to urge the same language you hold, and which, I assure
you, I have already done to him; and I would recommend you to leave
it now where it stands. Again I can't help expressing my opinion of
the propriety of your conduct, and the necessity there was of
coming to a full and distinct understanding as to your footing with
the Government.
I cannot yet give a good guess as to Lord Liverpool's conduct. If I
were to give my opinion, it is that he will remain in office; but
if Lord Londonderry thinks his situation, and power, and influence
must be strengthened (which seemed to be the opinion of the Duke of
Wellington), he may be better pleased with an arrangement which
would give him the Treasury and Chancellorship of the Exchequer,
and thereby he would possess the patronage and the authority over
the Secretaries of the Treasury. It certainly is now a drawback to
his Parliamentary means; at the same time, I own I cannot see
strength in the retirement of Lord Liverpool. He has more footing
and support in the country than any one of the Ministers; and even
his promise of support would be a very different thing. Who is
there to conduct the House of Lords?
Lady Conyngham is certainly moving to introduce the Opposition. I
was told last night (but I can't positively vouch for the fact)
that Lord and Lady Grey and children are invited to the Carlton
House ball this evening; if so, nothing can more strongly mark her
influence; for you must remember the language the King held to me,
not six months ago, about Lord Grey individually. There was no
opprobrious or harsh epithet he did not use. He dines with the Duke
of Devonshire to-morrow, and has a limited party to meet him in the
evening--a ball. I have not heard who are the invitations--but of
course Diplomacy and Opposition. The King has left out many of the
Ministers' ladies and his old friends to-night--such as the Duchess
of Rutland, Lady Bathurst; the only Minister's wife, Lady Melville,
asked.
I will keep this open, in case I have anything further to tell you.
Adieu!
Ever sincerely yours,
W. H. F.
House of Commons, Six o'clock.
I have little more to say, excepting that Lord Londonderry is
unwell, and no particular business will come on this evening. _Lord
and Lady_ Grey are certainly invited to Carlton House to-night, and
Tierney to the evening to-morrow, to meet the King at the Duke of
Devonshire's. The strongest rumours are afloat, and increase with
regard to _his leaning_ towards the Opposition; and certainly these
invitations do not discourage them. What he can mean seems
difficult to unravel.
MR. W. H. FREMANTLE TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Stanhope Street, June 16, 1821.
MY DEAR LORD,
I feel that I acted wrong in showing your letter marked
"Confidential" to Charles Williams, and am sorry I did so,
particularly as it has given you pain, but a variety of reasons
prompted me at the time; the subject was so important, and the
nature of the commission so delicate, that I did not sufficiently
consider how it might embarrass you. I am quite aware of the many
difficulties you have to contend with, and this made me feel (from
past experience) the danger of moving without explanation; however,
I can only say I am sorry I showed your letter, and it will be a
lesson to me in future to act with more caution.
The state of things is most critical and curious. Everybody now
acknowledges, and seems to admit, that changes must take place and
are pending, but what with the King's flirtation with the
Opposition, the strange absence and conduct of Canning at the House
of Commons, the illness of Londonderry, and the death of Lady
Liverpool, it is all loose and wild conjecture; my version is
this--I have no hesitation in saying, from what I gather, that Lord
Liverpool will not resign (the King has written him a most kind and
considerate letter); that the King only plays a game with the
Opposition from vexation and anger about Mr. Sumner's appointment,
and a wish at the same time of keeping down a party for the Queen,
but that he has no idea of changing his Government. That as soon as
Lady Liverpool is buried and the Session is closed, a communication
will be made to you, and that the Government will be strengthened
by your accession. How and in what manner this will be arranged, in
accordance with your feelings and views, I cannot pretend to say;
but whenever that proposition is made, if you are afterwards to
waive the accedence to a junction till you are enabled to satisfy
the theories and calculations of your uncles, I am quite sure you
might as well remain at Stowe. I have no hesitation in saying to
you, that I think you would do well to make a _sine quâ non_ of
Charles Williams being of the Cabinet; but if beyond this he is to
have all his difficulties of who shall fill the different offices,
and how more or less the Government could be better classed, and if
these difficulties are again to be weighed and reasoned on by your
uncles, who sit in their libraries and fancy things and men are as
they were twenty years ago, and forget we are under a new reign,
_and such a reign_; and if above all, they fancy the Government is
reduced to the state of giving you _carte blanche_, and that they
cannot go on without your party, I am quite convinced they would
not treat on these terms, and that _they are_ prepared to go on, if
they find such to be your feelings and line of conduct; I tell you
this as _my own opinion_, and which I think I am bound to give you,
knowing the situation in which you stand, and weighing well all
these difficulties you have to contend against, and as they affect
what I know to be the prevailing object of your mind to conciliate
the junction.
The Opposition are whispering and cajoling about the King's conduct
towards them, and I see are endeavouring to separate the Whigs from
the Mountain; but they will be unable to do this while the Duke of
Bedford, Lord Grey, Lord Lansdowne, &c. are at Carlton House, and
Lords Tavistock, Fitzwilliam, Milton, Jersey, &c., are with the
Queen on the same evening.
Lady Conyngham is the great link upon which this hangs, and the
Opposition ladies are courting her to a degree and with success.
The King goes to-day (if he is well enough) to the Cottage, for the
Ascot week, and is to have his party, Lady C----, &c.
He is certainly very unwell, with a great degree of gout. He was in
his bed on the day he dined with the Duke of Devonshire till he got
up for the dinner, and went away at twelve. He sat nearly the whole
evening on a couch with Lady C----, and the night before at Carlton
House he did the same with her, attending very little to the
children, and then dismissed his company at about eleven o'clock,
to have a private supper with her. I cannot find that he spoke to
Lord Grey on either of the evenings. Adieu.
Ever truly yours,
W. H. FREMANTLE.
MR. W. H. FREMANTLE TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Stanhope Street, June 18, 1821.
MY DEAR LORD,
I can have no idea that the Duke of Wellington speaks alone from
his wishes, when he expressly told me that the _chiefs_ of the
Cabinet thought exactly as he did on the subject, and meant to act
upon it. If the Chancellor, Lord Melville, and others, have
counteracted this intention by stopping the arrangement with
Canning, I cannot but think it must end in their quarrelling, for I
am sure Lord Londonderry wishes for further strength in the House
of Commons, and he will not be deterred in procuring it by the
Chancellor's meddling, who does not suffer from this part of the
Government weakness. However, a short time must disclose it. Lady
Liverpool's body leaves town to-morrow to be buried at Hawkesbury;
Lord Liverpool attends it, and sleeps on Wednesday night at
Badminton (Duke of Beaufort's), very near the place; when he
returns, which he does to Combe, on Thursday or Friday, he will of
course resume business and communication with his colleagues. Lord
Londonderry is better; possibly may come to the House of Commons
to-day. There has been the _devil to do_ with the Duke of
Devonshire's dinner. The Spencers, indignant at not being asked,
refused to go in the evening; she saying that she did presume to
think that she was as much entitled to a _family_ association as
Mr. and Mrs. G. Lambe or Captain Clifford, and one must say with no
_little_ reason. He also wrote to Lady Jersey to beg her to _send
him an excuse_, as he had reason to think her presence would be
objectionable (this at the time he had invited Lady Tavistock, and
who was actually there, having been with the Queen the night
before); Lady Jersey is outrageous, but has written a most violent
letter to the Duke; but is crying to everybody, saying she is
abandoned by her friends and everybody; she was at Lady
Londonderry's on Saturday, sobbing and bewailing to every soul,
literally crying. Lady Conyngham carries it with the very highest
hand. She met R. Smith (Lord Carrington's son) on the Friday
morning, asked him if he was to be at the ball at Carlton House
that evening. He answered, "No; he had not been honoured by an
invitation;" to which she replied, "Oh, I'll take care of that;"
and he received a card a few hours afterwards.
Lady Londonderry sent her an invitation for one of her evening
parties; she sent word that Lady Londonderry not having invited her
to one party last winter, as she was not fit company in the year
1820, she could not be better or more worthy in the year 1821. Lady
Gwydyr is the great friend. I don't find the King spoke to one of
the Opposition _men_ either at Carlton House or at Devonshire
House; at the latter, a great mass of them, Tierney, Lord Grey,
Mackintosh, &c. &c., were collected in the outer room to make their
bow as he went out, but either by design or accident he came out by
another room, and the thing missed fire.
I perfectly agree with you in thinking the King's conduct towards
them is more with a view to destroy a Queen's party, but at the
same time it weakens most terribly his own. Canning looks like the
D----; I never saw a man so cast down or so miserable. His late
gasconade has done him great mischief; it is said that Charles
Ellis disapproved it strongly before he wrote the letter. I shall
keep this open till I go to the House. The King goes to-day to the
Cottage for the week--Lady Conyngham, Esterhazys, &c. &c. The
Agricultural Horse Tax is given up; it was surrendered in the
Committee this morning. I met Lord L---- this moment, who told me
he had just parted with Lord Sidmouth, who had seen Lord Liverpool
this morning. He (Lord L----) asked Lord Sidmouth whether there was
any disposition or feeling on the part of Lord Liverpool to resign;
he answered him in the clearest negative, saying he had no such
idea whatever; that he found him greatly subdued this morning, but
that after a little conversation he recovered and began upon
business. Adieu.
Ever truly yours,
W. H. F.
MR. W. H. FREMANTLE TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Stanhope Street, July 2, 1821.
MY DEAR LORD,
I am quite persuaded there is no person more anxious on the subject
than C---- W----; and however sulky he may have been, he was not
the less delighted at the steps you took, by which the prospect
appeared to be so much opened.
I am quite at a loss now to account for the _non_-communication.
Your conjecture is, most probably, that the party who do not feel
the weight of the Government are too strong at present to enable
the efficient members to accomplish their object: at the same time,
it is quite clear something _must_ be done. If they get both
Canning and Peel, they may do; but I don't look to this. The former
claims too much, and there is a great portion of the Cabinet who
hate him. He certainly was walking with Lord Lichfield for an hour
previous to his making his speech; but his friends (I mean Lord
Binning, who told me so) say it was to dissuade him from making it.
He paired off himself on the question, which is a clear
demonstration of his ill-humour. I will endeavour to throw myself
in the Duke of Wellington's way, but I should think it unwise to
call upon him; and, if I have an opportunity, will open the
subject. After his declarations, if the business is off, he will
and must feel very awkward; but at the same time, I think he must
also feel called upon to give you some explanation. The truth is,
that the Government is so extremely weak, and so dis-united in
itself, and upon such terms with the King, that they don't know
from day to day, or from hour to hour, what will be their next
proceedings. I understood last night, the Council were to hear an
argument on the claim set up by the Queen to be crowned. The
Chancellor was to see the King upon it yesterday. This will add
disgust and ill-will from the King, who cannot listen to common
forms on her subject. Nobody can account for the Peerages not
having appeared, as also the Brevet in Army and Navy. Lord Talbot
was to return this week.
Whenever I hear anything, or can procure information, you shall
know immediately. I leave town on Saturday.
Ever most truly yours,
W. H. FREMANTLE.
MR. W. H. FREMANTLE TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Stanhope Street, July 4, 1821.
MY DEAR LORD,
You will receive with this another letter which I have written to
you, but which I told the Duke of W---- I would not send without
his first seeing, being upon a matter so important, and conveying
his message. Nothing can be so thoroughly weak as the proceedings
of the Government on this question: it is, as usual, holding off
and endeavouring to tide on, trusting to accident, but knowing
themselves to be incapable of continuing in their present form for
another session.
I had a conversation with the Duke, in which he evidently felt
embarrassed, because he admitted the folly of suspending any
measures, but was forced to admit, at the same time, he was
compelled to it. He talked over and admitted the inefficiency of
many members of the Cabinet, but then said there were reasons which
made it difficult to remove them, particularly when adverting to
Lord Sidmouth--said he knew how "silly a fellow he was," but that a
great following of the country attended him, and he would bring
more "_public_ opinion" to the Cabinet than any other member. It
was to his change, however, they looked. That it was impossible the
House of Commons could go on as it was; and the difficulty was, how
best to strengthen it, when there was in all parts of the House
_such a parity_ of abilities. I admitted this, but said the
disparity was only displayed in the Government benches; that B.
Bathurst, Vansittart, and others (I did not name Pole) were perfect
cyphers. It is clear that the efficient members--viz., Liverpool,
Londonderry, and the Duke of Wellington--have been thwarted in
their endeavours by the minor members of the Cabinet, and this
arising from the want of energy in Lord Liverpool. I said, "Do you
think the present supporters of Government, and the members of the
Cabinet whom you may remove, would or could oppose the new
Cabinet?" "Certainly not," he answered; "but though they would
support, yet it would be an unwilling and cold support, such as
could not be relied on." I made him feel as much as I could the
awkward situation in which he himself was placed, with the opinions
he entertained of the weakness of Government; and he really had
nothing to say to this, except that it could not last, but that a
strengthening of the Cabinet _must_ take place before the opening.
One thing, however, has [been] elicited--namely, that neither
Canning nor Peel are thought of as in distinction to a more
enlarged opening.
I have seen Charles Wynn since, and showed him the letter I was to
show the Duke, and which is here sent. Our conversation was short.
His impression is in favour of your joining the Whigs; but this
would be madness. First, that they would repel you; and next, it
would not a bit lessen the power of the present Government; or
could it lead, under any circumstances, to the formation of a
stronger or more efficient Government; it would and must lead you
into the stream of the Radicals, who completely govern the Whigs.
My opinion is, that you should now hold yourself liberated from all
connexion with the Government, and that whether they do or do not
communicate with you, is now a matter not worth your notice; but
that you shall give your support and influence to the formation of
any Government that can rescue us from the danger of revolution,
which is fast approaching, and which daily threatens us more and
more, from the weakness and want of energy of the present members
of the Cabinet. I will add a word or two to this after I have seen
the Duke.
You will see by the papers the death of Buonaparte. I met Lord
Sidmouth, who told me the accounts had arrived. He died of a
stomach attack of a cancerous nature, on the 5th April.
Four o'clock.
I am just come from the Duke, and I send you the letter as he has
altered it.
MR. W. H. FREMANTLE TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Stanhope Street, July 4, 1821.
MY DEAR LORD,
I have seen the Duke of Wellington this morning, who sent to me to
communicate the last decision of the Cabinet with regard to change.
He desired me to tell you it was found impossible, for reasons into
which he could not enter, to make the arrangements which had been
in contemplation, and that it was thought best not to come to you
with an offer in an arrangement which was not complete, and
therefore to delay to communicate with you till the complete
arrangement could be made. This must be made between this and the
next session of Parliament; and the Duke told me that nothing of
the kind could be done without communication with you; that if the
arrangement in contemplation could have been made at present, an
offer would have been made to you which the Duke thinks would have
been agreeable to you; and he was quite certain nothing of the kind
would be done in future without something of the same kind. I
begged to understand from the Duke whether any partial change--such
as the introduction of Mr. Canning or Mr. Peel--would be considered
change? His answer was, that no change whatever would take place
without your being consulted and a party to it; and that he made
this communication to you with the knowledge and concurrence of
Lord Liverpool.
Believe me ever, my dear Lord,
Most sincerely yours,
W. H. FREMANTLE.
MR. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Whitehall, July 5, 1821.
MY DEAR B----,
I yesterday met Fremantle, who told me of his conversation with the
Duke of W----, which terminates that business just as I expected.
The moment that the pressure of immediate difficulty is removed by
the prorogation, they are content to go to sleep, just as they did
in autumn, and depend upon what good fortune, chance, or the
chapter of accidents may send them before next session, which will
find them just as unfit, unprepared, and incapable as the present
has left them. They all say that Lord Liverpool is in a state of
such nervous irritation, from mental distress and the accumulation
of business which has taken place in his absence, that it is
impossible to get an answer from him upon anything. I spoke the
other day to Lord Londonderry about Henry, and he held just the
same language as before--hope of making an early communication, but
had not yet been able to speak to Lord Liverpool.
Report states the intended reduction to be four regiments of
dragoons, three of infantry, and ten men per troop and company on
the remainder. I doubt the dragoons, since that would be lower than
the establishment of 1792.
The Ordnance is also to be well pared.
Ever yours,
C. W. W.
MR. W. H. FREMANTLE TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Stanhope Street, July 7, 1821.
MY DEAR LORD,
I am just come from the Duke of W----, who had shown your letter to
Lord Liverpool. Of course he said little upon it, more than
admitting the general terms and the necessity of forming a strong
Government.
I found him, however, I think, a great deal more irritable on the
subject of the King, full of anger, and vexation, and complaint of
the difficulties in which the Cabinet was placed; every hour
increasing those difficulties from the conduct _he_ was pursuing,
not only by his _flirtation_ with the Opposition, but by his
strange whims and orders respecting the Coronation, and the
impatience he already shows at any reductions, particularly when
they touch the military. However, these are things that must be
fought, and as I again repeated, the sooner the better. I found,
however, from the Duke, that the great resistance was made to the
re-introduction of Canning (and this is, I think, material for you
to know). _He_ cannot forgive him, and the particular offence is
the letter he wrote to B----, explaining the grounds of his conduct
regarding the Queen, and in which he stated he "was no party to
laying the green bag on the table of the House of Commons," which
is a direct falsehood. By this you will observe where the _hitch_
rests; and it is likewise gratifying, with your views of the
subject, to feel that the Cabinet consider a strong Government can
only be constituted by the admission of Canning; indeed, the Duke
entered into this part with a great deal of reasoning on the state
of the House of Commons.
The more I hear and see of the matter, the more convinced I am that
the whole thing hangs on a thread; that if the King dared turn them
out he would, that is, he would submit to the influence of Lady
C---- in so doing, but I don't know that if it were not but for
this influence he would be so disposed. That the Cabinet knowing
this are cautious not to give him any good ground, and not to
exasperate him at the present moment. You cannot imagine the state
of irritation in which the Duke was this morning, and I think not a
little of it arose from the result of an interview which Lord
Anglesea had with the King yesterday, for he said to me among other
things--"You have no idea the mischief that is done to us by
persons who have an opportunity of seeing and conversing with the
King. Lord Anglesea saw him yesterday, and this has interfered
already in our proposed military reductions." Afterwards he
said--"There are not less than five Pagets named for situations at
the Coronation." I give you all this to show the tone and temper.
I told him when he was talking over the state of the House of
Commons, that I thought if he could in the arrangement secure the
most efficient of the present members of Government, together with
your squadron, Canning, and Peel, such a Government might defy not
only the Opposition, but all the folly, or indiscretion, or passion
of the King; to which he said, "It is the only Government that
ought to be formed." Nothing could exceed his indignation and
abuse of Lady C----. He said the situation in which she was now
placed, was one she had been seeking for twenty years; that her
whole object was patronage and patronage alone; that she mingled in
everything she could, and it was entirely owing to the necessary
interference of the Government on one or two points, and the
offence given by Lady Castlereagh in not inviting her, that her
present animosity to the Government proceeded, and the consequent
difficulties with the King.
I have run on till the bell-man is actually passing; probably you
will be in town before Sunday, when I shall see you, but I am
compelled by business to go on that day. Adieu.
Ever most truly yours,
W. H. FREMANTLE.
P.S.--The Peerages are expected out to-night, nobody knows why Lord
Rous is made an Earl.
MR. C. W. WYNN TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
MY DEAR B----,
Many thanks to you for your two letters. The account which
Fremantle yesterday gave me of his second conversation with the
Duke of W---- certainly bore a more decisive character than
anything which had previously passed; still, even that is
symptomatic of the general weakness and procrastination which marks
the Administration in general and Lord Liverpool in particular. In
general I concur most fully in the sentiments which you have
expressed in your letter to Fremantle. Perhaps I do not so much
wish as you do for Lord Liverpool's continuance in his present
department; as, notwithstanding the weight which attaches to his
character, I believe that the peculiar peril of the present day
might be encountered with greater probability of success if Lord
Londonderry were to unite that office with the lead of the House of
Commons.
I do not yet know exactly whether I can be with you on Wednesday or
Thursday, but on one of them I certainly will. I find that there is
a probability of the Oxford election being deferred till the 23rd,
or possibly the 24th. I think Heber has a fair probability of
success, if his friends exert themselves; but his committee wants
very much the order and method of your arrangements in St. James's
Square. I fear that of the new Peers there will be a considerable
majority against the Catholics. I can only find William Pole, Lord
Ormond, and perhaps Liddell, among the favourable, and all the
remainder who had not previous votes as representative peers,
hostile.
Ever affectionately yours,
C. W. W.
RIGHT HON. THOMAS GRENVILLE TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Dropmore, July 10, 1821.
MY DEAR LORD B----,
I think I shall determine to return to town on the 17th or 18th,
because I do not see how the bustle of the coronation can reach me
in Cleveland Square, if I carefully avoid all nearer approach to
it; so that, according to my present projects, I think I shall
certainly see you in London. My expectation is that, more or less
immediately, the influence of the lady will effect the change that
she is supposed to be working for, more especially as I believe her
lover's vanity would rather be flattered by the ostentation of
displaying her power and influence on this subject, in spite of the
manifest impropriety of her appearing in public affairs, and the
hazard which might attend such a manifestation in times like the
present and with the jealousy which the public mind has already
shown upon these topics.
I perfectly agree with you also in the apprehensions which you
express, of the weakness of the present ministers inviting and
acquiescing in the transfer of the executive government from
official responsibility to votes and resolutions and debates.
If the Opposition shall succeed to office, I shall certainly think
their success not a whit more creditable to them on this occasion,
than was their disgraceful failure last year; but whenever that
happens, a new state of things will arise, which will create
perhaps a difficult question, and certainly a most important one,
as to the more or less support which the public interests might
demand for them. If they take the government diffident of their own
strength, they may court popularity among the lower ranks by
measures, under the specious name of reform, which might
irrecoverably ruin the constitution of the country, before they
could be displaced; if, on the other hand, they could promise
themselves a fair and extensive parliamentary support in
endeavouring to bring back to government its proper dignity,
authority, and responsibility, that would be so great a public good
that all possible means should be taken to support it, however
objectionable their conduct out of office had been: the difficulty
would be to decide that important question; we shall have time
enough to think and talk it over.
MR. W. H. FREMANTLE TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
White's, July 14, 1821.
It is impossible to describe to you half the lies or inventions
that daily take place. To-day it is said, and confidently, that the
King has nominated four extra Knights of the Thistle--Lauderdale,
Cassilis, Melville, and Aboyne. The preparations for the Coronation
are going on with infinite energy, but I should think with equal
confusion. A grand quarrel between the Lord Great Chamberlain and
the Earl Marshal, the latter engrossing all the Abbey, and the
other all the Hall, and not allowing the smallest interference or
even suggestion from each other. The King perfectly absorbed in all
these petty arrangements of dress, seats, &c. A private box
prepared in the Hall for the Great Chamberlain, in which Lady
Conyngham is accommodated. Lord Conyngham said to-day, at White's,
that he and family were to depart for Ireland immediately after the
levee; not to wait for the ball which is to be given on Friday,
27th, at Carlton House. It is generally believed that Lord Sidmouth
forgot to sign his name to the letter to the Queen; but the
extraordinary part is, that yesterday it was generally understood,
even by the Government, that the Queen was to have a place at the
Abbey, and this I fully believe; but that the King said he had a
full and complete control over the Hall, and _there_ she should not
come; and I believe this is the cause of the rejection altogether.
You can have no idea what an impression it makes in the public, the
conduct of the King towards his Government. The flirtation he holds
with the Opposition, and his general estrangement from them; the
appointments he makes, without the least communication with them. I
dined yesterday at the Duchess of Rutland's, where there was a
large party of Government people, and where nothing else was talked
of. The arrangement for reduction is this at present--ten men
reduced from every troop in every cavalry regiment, and twenty-five
per cent. from all official situations, high and low; this is what
I heard to-day.
I go out of town early to-morrow. You will no doubt have much
communication with the Duke of Wellington when you come, and, if he
is as full as when I last saw him, you will hear much to astonish,
and, I think, to alarm you.
Lord Lansdowne's appointment is confirmed.
Ever yours,
W. H. FREMANTLE.
MR. W. H. FREMANTLE TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Stanhope Street, July 11, 1821.
MY DEAR LORD,
I waited till the last moment to see if I could pick up anything
for you. Hume was cut off in the middle of his speech. The Queen
certainly means to come to the Royal box at the Coronation, and it
is now said the Cabinet have decided on providing her a seat.
Whether this is true or not I cannot say; but they are mad if they
leave her to fight the battle in the street, which she will
certainly do. The peerages are delayed on account of the question
of titles. Forester can't be Lord Forester or Wenlock, the latter
claimed by Lawleys, the former possessed at present by Lord
Verulam. Forester out of town, and expresses going to settle this.
The list of Peers has given great offence to the friends of
Government; and, to be sure, if England had been looked through for
pretensions, there could hardly [have] been found a set of men who
had so little claim. Lord Donoughmore (the Opposition say) is to
take the title of Alexandria in honour of his brother, who was made
a Peer for his conquests there. Old Foster is to be one of the new
Peers; he was not before named. I do not hear any confirmation of
Lord Lansdowne's appointment as High Constable of Ireland, and I
therefore doubt it. Lady Conyngham dined a few days ago at Lord
Gwydyr's; among the party was Brougham, who had pleaded in the
morning before the Privy Council for the Queen. The report of the
Queen's attending the Coronation has given such an impression of
riot, that the seats have fallen to nothing, and, though they are
preparing accommodation for thousands and thousands, the sale of
tickets is very heavy indeed. I am frightened for the yeomanry, and
hope Lord Temple will be able to get them well back without a row.
I am sorry I shall not see you, for I must go on Saturday, and have
a long appointment for Monday on public business in the country.
You have no idea of the million of reports which are hourly
propagating here on the subject of the Government and Lady
Conyngham, and the Coronation, &c. &c. The town is absolutely in a
ferment. You shall hear to-morrow from me.
Ever truly yours,
W. H. F.
The day appointed for the imposing pageant, the Coronation, came at
last. The Queen had made several vain efforts to obtain a recognition
of her right to be crowned at the same time as the King; but the Privy
Council decided against her on the 10th of July. Nothing daunted, the
day following she wrote to Lord Sidmouth to inform his Lordship of her
intention to be present, and a few days later published a protest
against the decision of the Privy Council. On the 16th, Lord Hood, at
her desire, wrote to the Earl Marshal, informing the Duke (of Norfolk)
of her Majesty's intention to be present at the approaching ceremony on
the 19th, and desiring that persons should be in attendance to conduct
her to her seat on her arrival at the Abbey. The day arrived, and so
did the Queen; but though she tried, with Lord Hood's assistance, to
gain admission at more than one door, her entrance was opposed. She was
not only obliged to endure this repulse, but sounds assailed her ears
as soon as she was recognised by the spectators in the galleries, that
declared how completely she had fallen in public estimation. Mortified
and humiliated, she at last returned to her residence; and, though a
mob of disorderly boys broke the windows of mansions belonging to
noblemen known to be opposed to her, the intelligence failed to afford
her sufficient solace. Lord Eldon thus describes her Majesty's final
exhibition of spirit: "It is all over, quite safe and well. The Queen's
attempt to make mischief, failed. She sent a message to say that she
would be at the Abbey by eight o'clock. To take the persons there by
surprise, she came between six and seven. After trying every door of
the Abbey in vain, she came to the Hall; there she was also denied
entrance. A few of the mob called 'Queen for ever!' I am informed that,
on the other hand, there was great hissing, cries of 'Shame, shame! go
to Bergamo!' and a gentleman in the Hall told us that when her Majesty
got into the carriage again, she wept."[66]
[66] Twiss's "Life of Lord Eldon," vol. ii. p. 48.
She felt the crushing nature of this disappointment, and though she
made an effort--a vain one, of course--to induce the Archbishop of
Canterbury to crown her a day or two later, she was so thoroughly
overwhelmed by this complete downfall of her hopes, that she became
seriously ill, and died on the 7th of August--a week after the King had
left Carlton House for Ireland. The suddenness of her death created to
some extent a reaction of public opinion in her favour, particularly
among the lower orders, and riots of a serious nature attended the
passage of her remains through the metropolis, on their way to
Brunswick; but the nine days' wonder had scarcely lived out its brief
reign, when the town was entertaining itself with accounts of the
King's amazing popularity in Ireland, in a manner that betrayed its
eagerness to get rid, as soon as possible, of a disagreeable subject.
Thus passed away Caroline of Brunswick--a character variously
represented by that very unsatisfactory photograph, Party; but, though
the likeness has often been idealized by those whose credit was likely
to suffer by too natural a resemblance, sufficient physiognomical
likeness has remained to show that she was far from being the sort of
woman a sensible man would court for a wife, or the kind of Princess
that would confer any distinction on the nation that would accept her
as a Queen.
CHAPTER V.
[1821.]
EFFECT OF QUEEN CAROLINE'S ILLNESS AND DEATH ON THE KING. HIS NARROW
ESCAPE IN THE ROYAL YACHT. HIS VISIT TO IRELAND. ENTRY INTO DUBLIN.
POSITION OF THE KING'S MINISTERS. GEORGE IV. ON THE FIELD OF WATERLOO.
THE KING'S VISIT TO HIS HANOVERIAN DOMINIONS. COALITIONS AND DOUBLE
NEGOTIATION. POLITICAL GOSSIP. A NEW CLUB. DISMISSAL OF SIR ROBERT
WILSON FROM THE ARMY. PUBLIC SUBSCRIPTION FOR HIM.
CHAPTER V.
Intelligence of the serious character of Queen Caroline's malady
reached the King, as was stated in the last chapter, when his Majesty
was making a yachting excursion, and its effect upon his mind may be
gathered from the following extract of a letter written by the King
soon after the information had reached him:--
"On Tuesday, at noon, as I had heard nothing from my friend Lord
Sidmouth, who had passed over to the other coast some hours before, we
took up our anchorage here. We had reason to know he had heard the
report before he left Holyhead, and it was determined, as the best
medium line that could be adopted until I could hear from him, that I
should proceed for twelve hours to Lord Anglesea's. Accordingly, I
wrote to Lord Sidmouth and Bloomfield to acquaint them with the
communication I had received respecting the Queen, to account for the
delay in my not proceeding to Ireland, and desiring Lord Sidmouth's
advice as to what I had best do, and that he would make all the
arrangements which might be necessary under existing circumstances.
"I returned from Plas Newydd to my yacht here about four o'clock on the
next day (Wednesday), and found Lord Sidmouth just disembarked, and
ready to receive me. He stayed about two hours with me on board, and
then again took his passage in the steam-boat, having arranged with me
that if the accounts from London of the Queen the next day should
represent her to be in an improved state, that then we should set sail
as quickly as possible, and land at Dunleary, and make my public
_entrée_ at Dublin on that day (Friday), although he had already taken
measures for a private entry if matters should be worse, as it was
utterly impossible for me, under any circumstances, not to proceed now
to Ireland, where public notice would be given that I should observe
the strictest privacy for some days, until we were acquainted either
with the Queen's recovery or her demise, and till after the body should
be interred.
"Lord Londonderry fortunately arrived the next morning, after Lord
Sidmouth left me--that is to say, yesterday (Thursday), before seven
o'clock in the morning--and has remained with me, and will continue to
do so till I have set my foot on the Irish shore. He approved of all
the arrangements I had made with Lord Sidmouth as the best possible,
and with every view I had taken of the whole circumstance; and it is
now determined that, either in the course of the day, or as soon as
possible as the wind and weather will permit (but which at present does
not appear very encouraging), we are to set sail either in the yacht
alone, or by steam to Ireland; to make Howth (about five miles from
Dublin), and to proceed, without any sort of show or display, to the
Phoenix Park, without entering or passing through Dublin at all. My
arrival there will then be publicly announced, and that the strictest
privacy for a few days will be observed, as far as proper decency and
decorum may require; and that after that the day will be announced when
I shall make my public _entrée_, and when all public ceremonies and
rejoicings will commence."[67]
[67] Knighton's "Memoirs," p. 91.
This careful attention to decency and decorum disproves all the
reckless allegations that have been put forward of the King's
indifference, or, as some writers have asserted, exultation, when
intelligence reached him of the serious nature of the Queen's
indisposition. It proceeded further than is indicated in the extract
just quoted; for, when he put to sea with the intention of returning to
England, his Majesty and all the royal suite had a narrow escape from a
watery grave. The scene is thus graphically described by his Majesty's
hand:
"We sailed again yesterday morning between four and five o'clock, with
a most promising breeze in our favour, to make the Land's End. About
two or three in the evening the wind shifted immediately in our teeth,
a violent hurricane and tempest suddenly arose, the most dreadful
possible of nights and of scenes ensued, the sea breaking everywhere
over the ship. We lost the tiller, and the vessel was for some minutes
down on her beam-ends; and nothing, I believe, but the undaunted
presence of mind, perseverance, experience, and courage of Paget
preserved us from a watery grave. The oldest and most experienced of
our sailors were petrified and paralysed; you may judge somewhat, then,
of what was the state of most of the passengers; every one almost flew
up in their shirts upon deck in terrors that are not to be
described."[68]
[68] Knighton's "Memoirs," p. 94.
In this position the Royal yacht and her amateur sailors must have made
a study for a marine painter, than which nothing, we believe, more
striking has ever appeared on canvas. The King subsequently sailed on
his intended visit to the sister island, and arrived off the coast in
due course. On his Majesty's landing, the inhabitants of Dublin and of
the neighbourhood, says a chronicler of these events, "escorted him
with the most tumultuous acclamations to the vice-regal lodge, from the
steps of which he thus addressed them:--'This is one of the happiest
days of my life. I have long wished to visit you. My heart has always
been Irish; from the day it first beat I loved Ireland, and this day
has shown me that I am beloved by my Irish subjects. Rank, station,
honours, are nothing; but to feel that I live in the hearts of my Irish
subjects is to me exalted happiness.'"
"These felicitous expressions," we are told, "diffused universal
enchantment, and combined with the graceful condescension and dignified
affability of manner, which the Sovereign knew so well to exhibit when
inclined to do so, roused the loyalty of the people to a perfect
enthusiasm. For the week that he remained there, his life was a
continued triumph."[69]
[69] Alison's "History of Europe," vol. ii. p. 486.
His stay in the island was marked by a series of loyal demonstrations
that could not fail of producing in the mind of his Majesty intense
gratification. On the 15th of August the King held a private levee at
the Lodge in Phoenix Park, Dublin, at which the principal members of
the Irish Government were presented. On the 17th was his public entry
into the metropolis, when his progress to the Castle was a scene of
devotion such as Dublin had never before exhibited. He re-embarked at
Kingston on the 5th of September, but did not quit the Irish shore till
three days later. After a stormy passage, he returned to English ground
at Milford Haven on the 13th, and arrived at Carlton House on the 15th
of the same month. Some particulars of this memorable visit hitherto
unknown may be found in the following letters.
MR. W. H. FREMANTLE TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Englefield Green, Aug. 26, 1821.
MY DEAR LORD,
Not knowing in what part of the world a letter would find you, I
have not written. I don't know whether you have heard any of the
details from Ireland, but the conduct of the Irish is beyond all
conception of loyalty and adulation, and I fear will serve to
strengthen those feelings of self-will and personal authority which
are at all times uppermost in The Mind. The passage to Dublin was
occupied in eating goose-pie and drinking whiskey, in which his
Majesty partook most abundantly, singing many joyous songs, and
being in a state, on his arrival, to double in sight even the
numbers of his gracious subjects assembled on the pier to receive
him. The fact was, that they were in the last stage of intoxication.
However, they got him to the Park. Lady C---- has been almost
constantly at the Phoenix Park, but has not appeared much in
public. He was greatly satisfied at the time with the conduct of
Lord Liverpool, &c., on the death of the Queen, and it had
reconciled him to them. Whether these sentiments will remain is
more than I can say. I think her death a great gain to the Whigs;
it relieves them from great embarrassment. The officers of the
Guards have sent in to the Duke of York a remonstrance against the
conduct of Sir Robert Wilson[70] on the day of the funeral. He has
been called upon to give in his answer, which I understand he has
done. I have no doubt, on the King's return, he will be dismissed
the army, which he ought to be. His conduct was most atrocious,
leading and directing the mob.
The King is determined to go to Hanover, and has engaged to be
there on the 16th. If this holds good, which I have no doubt it
will, nothing will take place till after his return from thence. He
wrote to the Duchess of Gloucester from Dublin, full of joy and
happiness and spirits. Not a soul in Ireland in mourning. The
person most talked of to succeed Lord Hertford is Lord Wellesley.
Lord Stewart does not return to Vienna.[71] Heber gains his
election, which I am delighted at, for it was an attempt to shake
the interest and strength of Lord Grenville in the University.
Ever, my dear Lord, most faithfully yours,
W. H. Fremantle.
P.S.--I hear the Whigs at present disclaim the conduct of
Lushington.
[70] This officer took a prominent part in the disturbances
created by the populace of London on the passage of the Queen's
remains through the metropolis, to be embarked for the Continent.
[71] This is incorrect. His lordship subsequently succeeded his
brother as Marquis of Londonderry, when he threw up his
appointment as ambassador at the Court of Austria rather than
serve under Mr. Canning.
MR. W. H. FREMANTLE TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Bagshot Park, Sept. 5, 1821.
MY DEAR LORD,
I send you a few lines from hence, where I have been staying a few
days. The Duke of G---- is full of the idea of changes in the
Government, but is fully convinced it will not be to take in the
Whigs. He thinks Lord Liverpool is to go, and Lord Londonderry to
be at the head of the Government; and the latter, you may be
assured, from all I have heard, has replaced himself in the King's
good opinion, and has equal influence to what he has ever had. The
Irish journey has done this. The Duke has not the least idea of the
real state of things; but I find from him the Whigs are aware of
some change before the meeting. I cannot at all guess whether the
steps which were proposed are intended previous to the King's
departure for Hanover. He will be in town to-morrow if the wind
permits, or perhaps he may be delayed a few days. He proposed to
leave town for Hanover the 16th or 17th. He appoints Lords Justices
(not a Regency), to consist of all his Ministers, together with the
Archbishop of Canterbury, the Lord Steward and Master of the Horse,
and the Lord Chamberlain. These are to do nothing but the common
routine of business. Lord Londonderry accompanies the King abroad;
and all correspondence is to be kept up through him, and no
appointments of any sort to take place but such as absolutely
demand immediate filling up. He goes to Vienna, and Paris, and
Homburg, Munich, &c., &c.: such is his present intention. He cannot
be back till the end of November or December, and I can hardly
conceive it possible they will defer all changes till that time,
when any new members of a Government must be so ignorant of
measures just as the meeting of Parliament is about to take place.
The Duke of Wellington will be back from Paris time enough to meet
the King. _I do not believe_ one word of Lord Liverpool's going
out. He certainly has not done the thing well as to the funeral;
but the great blame is in that booby, Sir R. Baker. Lady C---- has
been living with the King at the Phoenix Park, and he has never
slept out but at Slane Castle. The Royal yacht went to Holyhead to
take her over to Dublin; the Admiralty yacht took the Princess
Augusta to Ostend. The latter does not go to Hanover; it is said
the former does. Lord Grosvenor loses upwards of 80,000_l._ by his
agent More's failure. He has two vacancies for Shaftesbury, and
brings in Mr. Ralph Leicester, of Toft, in Cheshire, and offers the
other seat to Lord Normanby. I see Canning is waiting in England
(having intended to return to France), which looks very like an
immediate arrangement. I suppose you heard that a Board of General
Officers is examining into the conduct of Sir Robert Wilson on the
14th. I think I told you this in my last.
The story abroad is, that they are trying to cook up a match for
the King with a Princess of Tour and Taxis (I believe a sister of
the Duchess of Cumberland), and a sister of the Princess Esterhazy.
Metternich is at the bottom of it. Query, whether Lady C---- will
oppose or promote a match? If her lord would go, other objects
might occur to her; indeed, it is hinted that she is trying to push
her daughter for the prize. The Duchess of G---- had a long letter
from the King a few days ago, full of the highest spirits.
I think I have told you all I have picked up.
Ever most truly yours,
W. H. F.
MR. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Llangedwin, Sept. 9, 1821.
MY DEAR B----,
The enclosed letter came to-day from Wheatley. I send it you,
though I certainly do not attach much credit to the virtuous
refusal of the Whigs to come in under Lady Conyngham's auspices,
forasmuch as I should rather believe that if the daughter of the
Devil would engage to bring them in, they would even conform to the
condition of admitting old Nicholas (not Vansittart) as their
colleague and patron. The opinion of the breach between the King
and his Ministers being past all mending, seems every day to gain
ground, for I hear of it from different quarters. If the King goes
to Hanover, it seems almost impossible that he should return in
time to make any new arrangement before the meeting of Parliament.
My uncle has, I find, returned from Bowood, strongly impressed in
his own mind with the wish of Lord Lansdowne, to form an
Administration in conjunction with us, if he can effect it.
Certainly this is what I should individually prefer to any other
arrangement, but it is impossible not to see the extreme difficulty
which must arise in drawing a line between the less violent and
more furious of the Opposition, since no man can say where that
line should run, or who should be included in each division.
It hardly can be desirable that we should select that moment for
connecting ourselves with those whom we have so long opposed, when
they are on the point of being kicked out, when they have lost both
the favour of the Crown and the confidence of the House of Commons.
Yet that is the present appearance, and I think you will agree that
our union with them could not of itself be sufficient to save them,
unless Canning were also included, and unless we could see some
reasonable probability of an arrangement of the Catholic question,
which I am inclined to fear the King's visit to Ireland, by raising
the hopes and the tone of the Irish Catholics, will place at a
greater distance than ever. If the King has really made up his mind
to part with his present Ministers, it is not unlikely that instead
of taking upon himself the responsibility of turning them out, he
may only negative any minor change, and so either drive them to
resign, or instigate the House of Commons to turn them out in the
first month of the next Session. The miscarriage of all the Irish
Peerages must of course manifest still more publicly than before
the bad understanding between master and servants. Pray send me
word what you have heard on that subject, as well as on the general
posture of things. Your host is lucky that the dispute did not
arise on the English instead of the Irish Peerages.
Ever most affectionately yours,
C. W. W.
MR. W. H. FREMANTLE TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Englefield Green, Sept. 16, 1821.
MY DEAR LORD,
I went to town with the express object of seeing the Duke, but did
not succeed; I called twice on him, but he was from home, and I did
not think it was advisable to write to ask to see him, as it would
have looked so very like impatience, and I am quite sure that until
the King's arrival he would have been able to say nothing. I find
the King arrived yesterday evening, but my full belief is, that
nothing will be done till his return; I differ with you, however,
completely in thinking that this fever of loyalty in Ireland will
induce them to try to tide on; I am quite convinced the thing is
impossible, the state of the public mind in this country is so
agitated, the unpopularity of the King so great, the weakness of
Government so apparent, and the general resistance to the
reductions, both civil and military, so strongly demonstrated in
the supporters of Government, that I am quite satisfied a change
must take place, and I have quite altered my opinion with regard to
his taking the Opposition. He may try Lord Lansdowne (which will
fail), but my speculation is, that your friends and Canning will be
and must be in office, previous to the opening of Parliament. You
see by all the papers that Lord Talbot is to remain another year,
and I think if it were not true, it would have been contradicted.
The change I contemplate is--Canning, Home Secretary (Sidmouth
retiring, who wants to do so), and you Admiralty, Melville the
India Board, and B. Bathurst making way for Wynn. I consider the
_boutique_ of Sidmouth as going altogether; how it will be arranged
I won't pretend to say, but this is the quarter that is to make the
opening.
I never in my life heard of anything equal to the K----'s
infatuation and conduct towards Lady C----. She lived exclusively
with him during the whole time he was in Ireland at the Phoenix
Park. When he went to Slane, she received him dressed out as for a
drawing-room. He saluted her, and they then retired alone to her
apartments. A yacht is left to bring her over, and she and the
whole family go to Hanover. I hear the Irish are outrageously
jealous of her, and though courting her to the greatest degree, are
loud in their indignation at Lord C----. This is just like them. I
agree in all you say about Ireland. As there is no chance of the
boon being granted, no Lord Lieutenant could have a chance of
ingratiating himself, or of fair justice done him, with the King's
promises and flattery. I cannot see how he can be so long absent as
his journey must necessarily make him. I have heard it thus
calculated:--Supposing he sets off the 24th or 26th; a fortnight to
Hanover, as he goes through the Low Countries and visits the King
of the Netherlands; this would make it the 10th October. A month
there, 10th November. A fortnight's journey and stay at Vienna,
24th November. A fortnight more from Vienna to Hamburg, Wurtemberg,
and to Paris, 10th December. Four days at Paris, about the 15th or
16th December return. And all this with the present state of the
country. I do not think it possible for him to be allowed to do it.
I have not touched upon expense, for although it is said Hanover is
to pay for his stay there, the presents and remainder of the
journey must be paid by England.
Whatever I hear, you shall have forwarded to you as quickly as I
can. I shall direct always to Pall Mall. I think of going to
Brighton for some warm baths next week.
Ever most truly yours,
W. H. F.
P.S.--I hear Lord Lauderdale is _seriously_ ill.
MR. W. H. FREMANTLE TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Englefield Green, Sept. 21, 1821.
MY DEAR LORD,
The arrangements for the foreign tour are all changed since the
King's return from Ireland. Vienna, Hamburg, Wurtemberg, and Paris
are given up, and he goes only to Hanover, sails from Ramsgate to
Ostend, visits the King of the Netherlands, and passes on
immediately. His promises are that he will return in six weeks; and
there has been a great exertion to induce him to give up the
foreign tour altogether, but this could not be carried.
No appointments whatever have been made--not the Chamberlainship--and
you see his name omitted in the Lords Justices. With regard to
these appointments and changes, I am thoroughly convinced they will
take place before the meeting, but I really think on every account
it would be unwise, and too much beneath your dignity, and indeed
injurious to your objects, was I to see the D---- of W----, to know
more upon it at present. It would place him, perhaps, in a very
awkward predicament, and after his solemn assurances and written
communications to you personally and through me, he must write to
you or send to me should the arrangements be relinquished.
Be assured the state of the public mind is such that they cannot
attempt to tide over another session. The King in his journey home
overtook Lord and Lady Harcourt (now the bosom friends of Lady
C----), stopped them, got out of his carriage, and sat with them
for a quarter of an hour in the public road, recounting all his
perilous adventures at sea and flattering reception in Ireland.
Lady Harcourt told me his _pious acknowledgment_ for his great
escape of being shipwrecked was quite edifying, and the very great
change in his moral habits and religious feelings was quite
astonishing, and all owing to Lady C----.
The Duchess of Gloucester went to see him yesterday. He was in
particular good health and spirits, but not so much enraptured with
Ireland as she expected to see him. I believe he is a little
alarmed at the advances and favour he has shown to the Catholics.
Lord Londonderry is in the highest possible favour, which certainly
don't look like the Whigs coming in, although many circumstances
give reason to think Lord Liverpool will go, which, however, I
shall never believe till I see. It was not intended to have named
the Duke of York in the Lords Justices, but for some reason which I
can't tell you, his name was inserted. They are to execute nothing
but absolute necessary measures, and to fill up no appointments
without communication with the King. Lord Londonderry accompanies
him to Hanover--all the family of the C----s also, which the
Duchess of Cambridge does not very much relish. I shall leave this
place on Saturday; therefore, if you write to me, direct to
Stanhope Street. I think of being at Brighton about Tuesday or
Wednesday.
Ever truly yours,
W. H. F.
The particulars, as I understand, of Sir Robert Wilson, are what is
stated in the papers; but they have the additional proof of his
having paid individuals for breaking up the road and intercepting
the hearse; I believe he has not even a feather to stand upon, the
facts are so strong against him. The King is to go to Waterloo, Sir
Andrew Barnard, Lord Francis Conyngham, Sir William Knighton, and
Sir B. Bloomfield are all that are at present appointed to
accompany him.
Adieu, my dear Lord,
Ever sincerely yours,
W. H. F.
The King quitted England to visit Hanover, embarking from Ramsgate, and
disembarking at Calais, whence the royal party proceeded by way of
Lisle to Brussels; then, attended by Prince Frederick of Holland, the
Duke of Wellington, and Lord Clancarty, he rode to the field of
Waterloo. It was a locality full of the deepest interest to the King,
increased by his Majesty having for his _cicerone_ the victor who had
made it so celebrated. The weather was bad, but it did not in the least
damp his Majesty's ardour, or make him abate his curiosity. He went
"into the little church of the village, examined all the tablets of
inscriptions upon the walls, then visited the willow-tree under which
was buried the shattered limb of Lord Anglesea, and seemed greatly
impressed with all around him." Nothing escaped him, he carefully
examined every position, and did not leave the field till he was master
of all the details of the battle.
The party then proceeded to Namur, thence to Aix-la-Chapelle, which
they reached on the 2nd of October, and entered the dominions of the
King of Prussia on the 4th; the royal suite consisting of forty horses,
besides the escort. Though the King's reception by the Prussians was
very satisfactory, no time was lost in getting into his own
territories, which he reached on the 6th, resting at the palace of
Osnabruck.
An incident occurred during the King's sojourn in his German dominions
which has thus been recorded. "Early in the morning a poor woman, with
a countenance apparently much worn with sorrow, on her knees presented
a paper to the King's Hanoverian Chamberlain, which was rejected. I saw
this from the saloon, from which I was looking down on the many
thousand persons assembled in the court-yard, and I observed the
expression of despair which followed. I hastened down, fearing to lose
sight of her, got her petition, and presented it to the King. It craved
his mercy for her husband, who was doomed to five years' hard labour in
a fortress. She was the mother of eight little children, and, it need
not be added, in great poverty and want. The crime was of a nature to
be pardoned, and this was done by the King, with his pen, instantly,
for here his authority is absolute. We had the poor woman in the
saloon, and you may imagine the rest."[72]
[72] Knighton's "Memoirs," p. 106.
The visit excited a great deal of Hanoverian enthusiasm, the whole
population of Osnabruck coming out to greet their King, and all the
streets through which the royal cavalcade passed were strewed with
flowers and evergreens. "Every village, too," adds the same authority,
"had triumphal arches erected, with appropriate inscriptions, all
bearing evident marks of real religion."[73] The pastor in his robes is
described as standing by the whole parish on either side, and the women
carrying their Bibles under their arms.
[73] Ibid., p. 107.
The King's reception at Hanover was equally gratifying. His Majesty
made his entry on horseback, and the occasion produced a grand
spectacle. His Majesty held a levee and a drawing-room in the capital,
which was brilliantly attended; and everything was proceeding in the
most gratifying way, when a severe fit of the gout, brought on by
spraining his knee when getting on horseback, put a stop to all
festivities. This occurred about the middle of October, and he did not
commence his return till the end of the month, when the same
enthusiastic spirit accompanied his progress. "Every town and village
was crowded. The sacred emblem of the arch, with flowers and branches
of trees, with happy devices, prevailed everywhere. The peasantry all
well dressed." Subsequently, a curious incident occurred. "Some
hundreds of miners from the mountains came to serenade their king. They
are a particular race of Saxon origin, and for centuries have preserved
their customs, language, and manners. Their countenance is interesting;
I saw five or six in a room. They have a resigned silent melancholy,
arising, I believe, from being so much underground; they are very
religious. They sang with a band of music, two of the most beautiful
hymns I ever heard. These miners had walked thirty miles for the
purpose of paying their devotion to their sovereign."[74]
[74] Knighton's "Memoirs," p. 114.
A tournament was got up for his entertainment at Göttingen, which is
described as having been beautiful and magnificent. At this famous
university an address was presented by the authorities, that affected
the King to tears. He had felt warmly the loyal affection his
continental subjects had so earnestly displayed; and of the visits he
had paid to different portions of his dominions, he appears to have
enjoyed this the most thoroughly. His return journey was rendered
gratifying by the fine weather with which it was accompanied, and the
beautiful scenery through which he passed. Everything seemed to favour
him, and he reached England without being sensibly affected by the
fatigue, and with his general health very much improved.
The impression his Majesty made was not always favourable. "I cannot
help suspecting," observes an intelligent cotemporary "that his
Majesty's late journeys to see his kingdoms of Ireland and Hanover will
not on the whole redound much to his honour or advantage. His manners
no doubt are, when he pleases, very graceful and captivating. No man
knows better how to add to an obligation by the way of conferring it.
But on the whole he wants dignity, not only in the seclusion and
familiarity of his more private life, but on public occasions. The
secret of popularity in very high stations seems to consist in a
somewhat reserved and lofty, but courteous and uniform behaviour.
Drinking toasts, shaking people by the hand, and calling them Jack and
Tom, gets more applause at the moment, but fails entirely in the long
run. He seems to have behaved not like a sovereign coming in pomp and
state to visit a part of his dominions, but like a popular candidate
come down upon an electioneering trip. If the day before he left
Ireland he had stood for Dublin, he would, I dare say, have turned out
Shaw or Grattan. Henry IV. is a dangerous example for sovereigns that
are not, like him, splendid chevaliers and consummate captains. Louis
XIV., who was never seen but in a full-bottomed wig, even by his
valet-de-chambre, is a much safer model."[75]
[75] Lord Dudley's "Letters," p. 295.
The rumours of changes in the Government had taken every possible
shape; but, like the long-talked of negotiation to include the
Grenvilles, though often imminent, had never been accomplished. The
probable reason of this may be traced to the King's varying
disposition--possibly to his insincerity. It appears that two
arrangements were going on at the same time, totally opposite in their
intentions; one, a coalition of the Marquis of Buckingham and his
friends, was negotiated by the Duke of Wellington, with the express
authority of the King; the other, the introduction of a Whig Ministry,
with the Marquis of Lansdowne at their head, was evidently brought
forward under less creditable auspices, but could scarcely have gone on
without the King's cognizance. We are much afraid that it was but a
repetition of the old "Comedy of Errors," performed during the Regency,
where the principal character trifled with both parties, till he had
made more advantageous terms with the servants in his employ. The
comedy, however, still proceeded, for the last act had yet to be played
out.
MR. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Llangedwin, Oct. 4, 1821.
I am very much obliged to you, my dear B----, for your letter. I
scarcely know what to wish as the final result of the arrangement.
If I had entirely my own way, I should desire that Lord Londonderry
should unite the offices of First Lord of the Treasury and
Chancellor of the Exchequer, and Lord Liverpool take some other
office; but this is not to be hoped for, and the question resolves
itself into that whether the increased strength which the
Government would derive from placing its chief in the House of
Commons, would counterbalance the general loss of character and
influence which would result from the retirement of Lord Liverpool.
On the whole, I am disposed to think it would; added to which is
the advantage which would result from the whole strength, if not
the whole of the Cabinet, being unanimous on the Catholic question.
You are perfectly right, in my opinion, in determining not to go to
Ireland unless you can carry concession to the Catholics with you.
It is true that the King's language to them is perfectly
undecisive, and cannot be construed into anything like a pledge or
assurance of support, but still the complexion of his general
conduct has been such as to convey, not to them only, an impression
of his favourable disposition, and unless he makes some marked
demonstration the other way, I am convinced you will perceive the
effect in the next divisions in both Houses. Many hold the language
of disapprobation of concession, but at the same time express the
opinion that it must be carried, and if so, the sooner the better.
These will never support the measure, but will be well disposed to
stay away.
Lady C---- seems to hazard a good deal in letting her husband and
two sons perform the parts of deputy guardian angels while she
remains behind, especially if Lord Londonderry be in favour again,
since he may contrive to bring some rival charmer in view.
I quite agree with you that there is no difference of principle
which opposes our union with Lord Londonderry. The whole resolves
itself into a question of expediency. Is there a prospect of his
being able to form with us an administration strong enough to carry
on the public business advantageously and creditably? And this we
have not the means of answering till we know more fully what the
plan and what the further intentions are. If there appeared any
reasonable chance of our carrying the Catholic question, I should
myself feel that a paramount motive to accede to the Government,
even if I were certain that the King's aversion to the individual
Ministers joined to the general feebleness of the administration,
were sure to break it up the next day after that object had been
effected.
Vansittart's retirement from the Exchequer is indispensable, and if
Castlereagh does not himself take the office, Huskisson is the only
candidate for it whom I should think likely. Canning would be
objected to by Lord L----, and Robinson is wholly unequal.
All this, however, is premature, and till we have more data to
reason upon, a mere useless consumption of ink and paper.
Meanwhile, the state of Ireland seems to show that the blessed
conciliation effected by H. M.'s visit is confined to those
districts which have been illuminated by his countenance, and
doubts may be entertained whether the reduction of the army may not
have proceeded somewhat too far. It is not likely that as the
nights lengthen they will become more tranquil.
Ever affectionately yours,
C. W. W.
MR. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Welshpool, Oct. 12, 1821.
MY DEAR B----,
Henry's _beau frère_, Bob Smith, came down to Llanvorda last week
with the story of a violent quarrel about the appointment of Lord
Conyngham to be Master of the Horse, which the K----, when last in
town, insisted on. That Ministers positively refused, and on the
Sunday night tendered their resignations. That the K---- would not
give a final answer, but postponed his decision till after his
return, and so set out with Lord C---- in his carriage and his two
sons in his suite. He also, I understand, told Henry that Canning
had refused office unless we were included, which piece of
intelligence makes me incredulous as to the rest, though most
positively asserted, since from what you have told me, the persons
in the latter story ought to be nearly reversed.
The Opposition seem to think the result to be that the ball is at
Lord Lansdowne's feet, which may be true, and yet he unable to take
it up.
There was a grand Whig dinner at Chester on Tuesday, and by calling
in Wales, Lancashire, Staffordshire, and Shropshire, they mustered
a hundred.
Ever most affectionately yours,
C. W. W.
MR. W. H. FREMANTLE TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Brighton, Oct. 12, 1821.
MY DEAR LORD,
Since I have been here I have seen a great deal of Sir Mathew
Tierney, who accompanied the King to Ireland, and who is of course
pompous of his station, and glad to communicate all he knows. I
am quite astonished to hear the language he holds, so highly
favourable to the Catholics, and he does not scruple to say that
their demands _must_ be granted; that it is _injustice to the
King_ that they should be withheld; that they are the most loyal
and attached subjects he has; and the manner in which they behaved
to the King, and he to them, rendered it necessary for the
Government to bring forward the measure. Now, as I am convinced he
would not hold this language if it were not the one he hears, I
leave you to judge of what may be the result of it. I hear, also,
from Lady Gwydyr, who is here, that this is the style of Lady
Conyngham's language.
The yachts are ordered to be off Calais the beginning of next
month, and the King is under engagement to be back by the 9th. I am
pretty sure this is true. He goes nowhere; but has written to his
sisters, &c., to meet him at Hanover; and Mrs. Fremantle had a
letter from the Landgravine of Hesse Homburg, saying she should be
there as to-day.
Ever, my dear Lord, most truly yours,
W. H. F.
MR. W. H. FREMANTLE TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Englefield Green, Oct. 24, 1821.
MY DEAR LORD,
I am just returned here after paying a visit for a day or two to
Lord Arran, at Bognor. I did not answer your last because I had
nothing to tell you; and now I have only to say, that Lady G. Monk,
who is mother to Charles Paget's wife, told me he had orders to be
at Calais to receive the King on board on the 4th, and up to this
day he has received no counter order; so that, in my opinion, the
King will not remain beyond the time he had promised to return. But
I see by the papers he has got a touch of the gout: one can never
say to what extent this may go, or whether it is really gout.
While I was at Brighton, or rather the last day I was there, which
was Saturday, I met Croker, with whom I had a good deal of
conversation. He said the _thing_ could not go on as it is; "that
all parties were agreed upon that;" and so soon as the King came
back, it must be brought to a decision, either for him to
strengthen his Government by the admission of your party and
Canning, or to change his Government altogether. These were his
words. He also said that Ireland was going to the devil, in
consequence of Grant's indolence. I said, "Surely he is a Catholic,
and that suits our views." His answer was, "Yes, that's true; but
he thinks of nothing but devotion; he is a saint, and can and will
do no business whatever. The government of Ireland must be changed,
or the country will go to the devil." This, I think, corresponds
something with Sir M. Tierney's language, but it shows, from such a
man as Croker, that the Government is dissatisfied with the state
of affairs there, and the suspension of all the Irish Peerage
promotions confirms this. I believe every part of your history
about the King's intention about the Mastership of the Horse. From
a variety of causes I think it is correct; but I believe, at the
same time, that a powerful interest is making abroad to lead him to
encourage a wife. How far this will be successful must be seen; the
attack of the gout is against it.
Ever, my dear Lord, most truly yours,
W. H. F.
RIGHT HON. THOMAS GRENVILLE TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Cleveland Square, Oct. 26, 1821.
MY DEAR LORD B----,
My brother came up to town for a day of Exchequer business. He told
me that he sees (by a letter of invitation to belong to a new club)
that T---- is one of the committee.
I have also received a similar letter of invitation, but neither of
us has sent an answer. In conversing together yesterday upon this
subject, it occurred to us that if you and your son took some lead
in the forming such a new club, and endeavoured to get your friends
to belong to it, it might be made, perhaps, a source of some
advantage as well as convenience to you. It would not be at all
necessary that any exclusive rule should be adopted in the election
of the new members; all that would be desirable would be that the
leading persons in it should not be those of Brooks's or of
White's, and that it should be seen as a sort of neutral ground, in
which the violent party leaders on both sides would not be found to
predominate. If Lewis and Plunket, and Charles Williams and
Fremantle, and some others, would belong to it; and if you and
T----, upon consideration, should think the thing practicable and
desirable, and would set about it in earnest, perhaps such a shape
might be given to it as would appear to you to be worth your while
to pursue. At all events, I thought it best to make the suggestion
to you. I am too old to go much to clubs, and belong now only to
the Literary Club; but if T---- and you think there is any
advantage in having my name as belonging to it, pray tell T----
that he is authorised, if he wishes it, to give in my name as a
subscriber. Lord G---- told me he would write to you to offer his
name likewise, if it strikes you that the object I allude to is
worth pursuing, and if our names are likely to be of any use to you
for the purposes above mentioned. Town is thin; few people, and
less news; but an increasing report among Sidmouth's friends that
he is in too bad health to continue, and that he must resign.
The Radicals, as you see, are all trying to make out a mob case for
Sir R. Wilson, but the army, I am told, is well pleased at his
dismissal.
Ireland is, from the account of a very intelligent friend of mine,
in a worse state than ever; and unless vigorous measures are soon
adopted there, no authority will remain in the country.
Yours affectionately,
T. G.
LORD GRENVILLE TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Dropmore, Oct. 29, 1821.
My brother is not here, but I have sent him your letter. It is not
easy to advise you on a matter so much depending on feelings into
which you alone can thoroughly enter. But, as a mere question of
interest and convenience, I should think, on your statement, that
delay was advisable.
I got, some time since, a circular notice of a new club, and a
proposal to include my name amongst its members. I disregarded it,
as I have long done all such offers, having as long ago as when I
married, discontinued all attendance on clubs.
But I had another letter some days since, by which I see that
T----'s name is on the committee, and this has revived a notion
which I had at first, of suggesting to you the very great political
advantage which you and Charles might derive from the formation of
some new establishment of this sort, which might relieve those who,
with you, might hold a middle course, from the necessity of a
society in either of the extremes of Brooks's or White's.
I well remember the very great advantage that Pitt derived from
Goosetree's, previously to the time when we took possession of
White's. If you like any notion of that sort, and think you can
make anything of it, or if it would in any way be at all gratifying
to T----, I will most willingly send in my name; if not, I shall
decline as before. Pray, therefore, let me know what you wish.
RIGHT HON. THOMAS GRENVILLE TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Cleveland Square, Nov. 3, 1821.
MY DEAR LORD B----,
I received last night, with a letter from Dr. O'Connor, the
"Mysterious Mother," and I have this morning ordered Coutts to
transfer to your account there 5_l._, which is the price that you
have been so good as to pay. There is a general stagnation of all
news, though London begins to have a sprinkling of visitors. It is
supposed that Lord Liverpool put a final stop to the Paris visit by
declaring that no drafts could be answered except for the direct
return home; if the 29th has been again changed for the departure,
it is probable that it is occasioned only by gout.
I agree with you that there is no possibility of preventing the
Opposition from making motions about Sir R---- W---- (as they did
in Lord Cobham's case); but the apprehension which I feel is, that
Government will not answer as they ought by claiming and asserting
the prerogative, but by _evidence_ of _facts_, &c. &c., and if they
do they will, in my opinion, do an unconquerable evil. A very
intelligent field-officer the other day said very truly, in
speaking of the subscribers, "what are all these _brown_ coats
about? if it is a grievance, it is a grievance to the _army_,
and I verily believe that there is not a single officer in it
who is disposed to make any other complaint than that the
Commander-in-Chief ought to have dismissed him three years ago."
The subscription has utterly failed, no names being procurable
except the Opposition party names that you have seen.
Yours most affectionately,
T. G.
MR. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Llangedwin, Nov. 5, 1821.
MY DEAR B----,
Another week will, I suppose, bring the King back, and with him
intelligence of more interest. Lord Grey and his friends appear to
be most kindly exerting themselves to the utmost to defeat Lord
C----'s efforts in their favour. It looks as if there was a schism
in Opposition on the subject of this subscription, and I am told
that several of them hold strong language against it. Government
have, I think, fallen into the same mistake which they did in the
Manchester business, of keeping back their justification, while
they allow their adversaries to preoccupy the ground in public
opinion. I know enough of the folly and mischievous disposition of
W----, to give them full credit for the sufficiency of their
reasons; but in the present temper of the country, and in the
absence of all confidence in the Administration, I do not conceive
it wise to have acted on those reasons, unless they could be
publicly and explicitly, though not perhaps officially, avowed. All
that is known is that it has reference to the Queen's funeral, but
whether it be for the improper language said to be addressed to the
officer on duty, or for planning and organizing or encouraging the
riot, we at a distance do not know. Among the names of the wise men
who have subscribed on this occasion, I am most surprised to see
that of my old friend the Duke of Somerset: first, because I
thought he had computed too often the number of pence, half-pence,
and farthings in a hundred pounds to give so much away on any
occasion; and secondly, because, if a liberal fit did come across
him, I thought he had more sense and moderation than to let his
name appear on this. I am very glad not to see N----'s on the list.
Have you yet heard the reason of the frost which blighted the Irish
Peerages in their bud. Phillimore writes me word that Lord
Grenville is very anxious that the Catholic question should be
brought forward as early as possible in the next session. While
Lord Liverpool and Lord Eldon retain their present offices, I feel
convinced that nothing but the active influence of the King (which
I think is not likely to be so exerted) can carry the Bill through
the Lords, and unless some favourable circumstances should seem to
open fresh hopes of their passing it, we shall, I am sure, have
great difficulty in procuring the attendance of its friends in the
Commons, many of whom feel that they support it at the imminent
hazard of their seats, and will highly disapprove of its being so
soon agitated again without an increased chance of final success.
Ever affectionately yours,
C. W. W.
MR. W. H. FREMANTLE TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Englefield Green, Nov. 6, 1821.
MY DEAR LORD,
You may depend upon it there is no truth whatever in the supposed
difference between the chief and his love. I know it has been said,
but the attachment is as strong as ever, and the influence as
great. He is expected in the course of a few days, and I have no
doubt _still_ that the arrangement will take place soon, and that
he will not have courage to change his Government. He is to come to
the Cottage here for a few days, and it is said is then to go to
Brighton. Lord St. Helens is now passing a few days with me, and
his language is, the necessity of strengthening the Government, and
the impossibility of changing it, and if one could believe him, the
impossibility of the latter. I see, however, Lord Lansdowne is just
arrived from Paris, and none of his friends or anything but the
actual Mountains have subscribed to Wilson.
What a horrid circumstance the death of Lady Elz. Stanhope: she was
walking in the garden with Mrs. Arthur Stanhope, and dropped
down--never spoke afterwards. They were going the next day to
Fawsley.
Ever most truly yours,
W. H. FREMANTLE.
CHAPTER VI.
[1821.]
THE GOVERNMENT. RUMOURED CHANGES. PROPOSALS. MR. CANNING. NEGOTIATIONS
COMMENCED BY THE DUKE OF WELLINGTON FOR THE JUNCTION OF THE GRENVILLES
WITH THE MINISTRY. REPORT OF CONVERSATION WITH LORD LIVERPOOL ON THE
SUBJECT. PROPOSAL OF THE GOVERNMENT TO RAISE LORD BUCKINGHAM TO A
DUKE. MARQUIS WELLESLEY AS LORD LIEUTENANT OF IRELAND. HIS OPINIONS
ON THE CATHOLIC QUESTION. MR. W. C. PLUNKET ON IRISH AFFAIRS. LORD
GRENVILLE ON THE PROPOSED ARRANGEMENTS. NEGOTIATIONS RESPECTING THE
CATHOLIC QUESTION. THE MARQUIS OF HASTINGS.
CHAPTER VI.
The King returned from his Continental dominions about the middle of
November. On the 16th his Majesty held a Court at Carlton Palace, to
receive addresses from the Lord Mayor of London, the Court of
Aldermen, and the Common Council. With his return recommenced the
usual round of rumours affecting the stability of the Government; but,
although there is no doubt it might have claimed the merit of being
the best abused one in the world, the principal members of it, at
least, held a perfectly secure position. Their conduct, particularly
with respect to Sir Robert Wilson, excited Mr. Grenville's severe
animadversions.
RIGHT HON. THOS. GRENVILLE TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Cleveland Square, Nov. 7, 1821.
MY DEAR LORD B----,
Your appropriation of the 5_l._ to the purchase of Strutt's
"Engravers" was too late, as I had already paid the money to your
account at Coutts's; moreover, that book can only be had by the
chance of some sale, and I believe is worth about eight guineas
when it is a tolerable good copy; mine, which is large paper, and
therefore most commodious for illustrating, cost me sixteen
guineas. I see you suppose me to carry my objections to the
apologetic language of the _Courier_ to a greater extent than is
in my contemplation. Undoubtedly, the abstract right of Parliament
to call upon Ministers as responsible for their advice in the
exercise of the Royal prerogative, cannot be denied; but the more
or less apologetic tone taken by them upon such questions is often
of the highest importance. Their wretched fears for
themselves--their unworthy submission to insult and indignity of
every kind put upon them by the highest as well as the
lowest--their abandonment of all that is due to the dignity and
authority of the Executive Government, provided they are allowed to
continue in the offices of it; all these circumstances have so
lowered and degraded the Executive power that it would be
difficult, even for a new administration of the most vigorous
character, to restore all that is lost; and instead of any present
effort to recover it, every day is a day of some new disgrace and
indignity, and every topic of debate where Ministers should hold a
high tone, and challenge the responsibility of their situations as
advisers of the Crown, exhibits them crouching under the feet of
the Radicals, and shrinking from the eminence on which they are
placed, in the mean endeavour of interposing the authority of
Parliament to shelter them from dangers which it is incumbent upon
them to meet manfully; and this question of Sir R. W----, if
timidly and apologetically met by them as it will be, may prove to
be of the most dangerous importance, if it shall teach the officers
and the privates of the army to look up to Sir F. B---- and to Sir
R. W----, instead of looking up to the military authorities by
which the army of a limited monarchy must be governed.
No news of the K---- had arrived yesterday of later date than the
24th, and therefore all sort of reports were circulated of illness
of every description, &c. &c.; but I have no reason to believe
these reports have any foundation, as I have seen three or four
persons who must, I think, have been informed if there had been any
foundation for these strange rumours.
MR. HENRY W. WYNN TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Llanwnda, Nov. 11, 1821.
MY DEAR LORD B----,
I take joy on the King's safe return, and I trust that he will now
give himself time to settle something respecting his
Administration. If report be true, he was not in the best of
humours when he started from Hanover, and this is not likely to
have been improved by German schwagers and roads, unless, indeed,
he spent the whole of it on his cousin of Hesse Cassel. I fear that
there was not time for his Majesty to find a German countess with
more patient ears and sounder form than the Marchioness, and till
then I cannot conceive that her influence is on the decline,
particularly as no quarrel or coldness is likely to have taken
place by letter. Her folly and rapacity will sooner or later have
their effect.
If Ministers are sincere in their professions to you, they cannot
allow any further delay on the part of the King, and a fortnight
will show what his determination is.
Ever yours, most affectionately,
H. W. W.
MR. W. H. FREMANTLE TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Englefield Green, Nov. 16, 1821.
MY DEAR LORD,
I must preach patience to you, and be assured it is no indisposition
to you, or intentional affront or slight, that the thing rests at
present as it is. I know that they cannot yet bring the King to any
determination, and they are yet firmly resolved to adhere to their
decision of resisting the nomination of Lord Conyngham, and of
strengthening their Government. You must give them credit for doing
the thing eventually, but they are obliged to judge the best
manner. He will resist to the last moment, but I am fully persuaded
he will and must ultimately give way. You have no right to feel
indignant as long as you are not exclusively neglected; and my own
opinion is, that Canning will not be recommended without you and
your friends. I see he is in town, and sees Lord Liverpool
constantly.
The Verulams are here, and have been so some days. Her [Lady V----]
language is, that Lord Liverpool will not remain in office if Lord
Conyngham is appointed Chamberlain, or if his other arrangements
are resisted; and she is loud in her abuse of the King's
flirtations with the Opposition.
He is come back disgusted with Germany; but the insults are all
denied. He was bored to death at Hanover, and his pretended gout
was a bore and a wish to get rid of his subjects. The Verulams are
come from Lord Maryborough's, and their language is also his. Again
I say that things look just the same towards you as they ever did,
and you have the game in your hands. If the Government are foolish
enough to try and tide through another session, I perfectly agree
with you that your line should be to form a junction with Canning,
who will no doubt then feel as indignant as you will do.
The King has seen Lord Wellesley, and I have no doubt is trying to
hatch up something through him, but it is quite impossible he can
belong to the present Cabinet, and I therefore judge he is looking
to a household employment; and there could be no objection to such
an arrangement. But this is not the point; the point of the
Government is the increase to their strength, and Lady Verulam told
me (not knowing that I had heard the same thing from the Duke of
W----) that Lord Liverpool, the Duke of Wellington, and Lord
Londonderry were united and decided on this, and would not meet the
Parliament without it. All this, you see, confirms our histories.
If, after all, they surrender, one can only say what shabby fellows
they are.
As to the Opposition coming in, I don't believe the King will
attempt it. Lord Lansdowne is gone out of town; Lord Londonderry is
still in favour. The King does not come here, but goes to Brighton.
I shall go to town for a day, and whatever I pick up you shall
hear; but I earnestly recommend you not to push the thing, or to
move one step, or to show your offence, but suffer the whole thing
to proceed from themselves, and see the result. You will then stand
on much better ground, and have the strongest complaint against the
conduct of the Duke of Wellington.
Believe me, ever yours,
W. H. F.
MR. W. H. FREMANTLE TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Gorhambury, Nov. 21, 1821.
MY DEAR LORD,
I am just arrived here, and only write three lines to say that the
Verulams and all in the House speak of the change of the situations
of Ministers as a thing decided, though not yet distinctly known.
Canning certainly goes to the Admiralty, as is said, and Melville
and Sidmouth move--but how or when is differently stated. You are
to be offered Ireland, and I take it for granted, C. Wynn your
secretary. They are outrageous with Grant for keeping them in
ignorance with regard to the state of Ireland. He has been all
along saying he wanted no troops, and now he is calling for them at
all risks. Lord Sidmouth has positively refused to let a battalion
of Guards go, saying he cannot spare another man. For some reason,
which I suppose refers to Liverpool politics, Canning's appointment
is not instantly brought forward. My wife saw the Duchess of
Gloucester yesterday, who told her she had seen the King, who was
never in better spirits or health; that he told her he had had an
explanation with his Ministers, that all was now arranged, and he
was more happy and comfortable than he had been for some time. Lord
Cholmondeley has resigned, and Lord Conyngham is Lord Steward; Lord
Rocksavage to be called up to the House of Lords.
I have only written the _on dit_ which I collect here. Lady
Verulam saw her brother, Lord Liverpool, in town on Saturday last,
who, she says, was in excellent spirits, and appeared to be much
more at his ease and satisfied with the K---- than he had before
been, I have no doubt but that the arrangements are settled, and I
have none also that you will be sent to. I only hope you will not
be fastidious. My principle is to take situation, and my advice
would be, to accept Ireland if offered. Be assured it must lead to
all you can desire.
If you are not at the Admiralty, remember I would not wish to go
there; nothing but acting with you would induce me;--otherwise,
either the Treasury or India Board.
W. H. F.
MR. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
I have postponed from day to day, my dear B----, thanking you for
your letter, in the expectation of hearing from you again something
more decisive. From this not being the case, I conclude that you
have heard nothing more than common reports, and that the King and
his Ministers have left town, again postponing any arrangement till
January, just as at the opening of last session till Easter, at
Easter till the recess, at the recess till the return from Ireland,
and then till the return from Hanover. The feebleness and
vacillation they continue to show is at least a consolation to
those who have not been called upon to embark in the same boat with
them. But how can it be possible for that boat, as at present
manned, I will not say to weather any breeze, but to swim through
the smoothest water? You have seen last year the indisposition of
the House to support Vansittart even in the common business of his
office, and it cannot be expected that this will be diminished
after it is publicly known that they have failed in making any
arrangement to strengthen themselves, owing to the want of the
King's confidence and support. For myself, if they attempt to go on
thus, I decidedly wish their fall, as I do not apprehend any
calamity from a Whig administration equal to that of the House of
Commons taking into its own hands the executive administration of
the country. To this we are every day making rapid progress, and I
fear that if we go much further, our return to the practice of the
English Constitution will be impracticable, and convulsion
ultimately the inevitable consequence. Till Ministers shall again
guide, instead of following the House of Commons, I have no hope.
The last report I hear is that the dispute about Canning is to be
compromised by his being appointed to succeed Lord Hastings; and I
feel little doubt that this would completely satisfy him, though it
could only strengthen Ministers inasmuch as it delivers them from
the dread of his turning against them. I should regret anything
which takes him from the House of Commons, for though I have no
respect for his character, yet he is of great use to check Burdett,
Hobhouse, Lambton, &c. &c.
If Ministers admit of Lord Conyngham's appointment to be Lord
Steward, it seems as complete a victory to the King as if he were
at once made Chamberlain, and will produce a lasting disgust in all
the quiet and decent from one end of the country to the other, who
have hitherto been the chief supports of Administration. Lord
Cholmondeley's promise of the next blue ribbon is not worth much,
since he is just as likely to drop as any one of your noble
brotherhood.
If one is to believe the newspapers, Lord Londonderry is to go into
Norfolk on a shooting-party before Henry could reach town from
Askrig. At all events, I have little hope that he will not put him
off with the same sort of postponements as he has hitherto used. I
quite agree with you that they at present consider us as
hackney-coaches bound to remain on the stand whatever the weather
may be, till they shall make up their minds to call us; and I hope
that you will be disposed to reject any continuation of similar
communication to that which they have already made to you, unless
it is accompanied with a direct and intelligible proposal.
As things are, I feel no temptation to quit the comforts of my own
fireside. When we know the time and complexion of the meeting of
Parliament, it may be advisable to discuss further what will then
be to be done.
Adieu.
Ever most affectionately yours,
C. W. W.
Several intimations have been given in Mr. Fremantle's letters, of a
negotiation on the part of the Ministers for an increase of strength;
the following letter brings this more tangibly before the reader, and
shows something like earnestness in the intention.
THE DUKE OF WELLINGTON TO MR. W. H. FREMANTLE.
Teddesley, Nov. 21, 1821.
MY DEAR FREMANTLE,
The period is now arrived at which Lord Liverpool thinks he can
make his arrangements for strengthening his Government, and
according to what I stated to Lord Buckingham by his desire last
summer, he is very desirous of communicating with him. I don't know
where Lord Buckingham is at present; and I think that you had
better come to town if not inconvenient to you, and see Lord
Liverpool, who wishes to speak to you.
I shall be in town myself on Tuesday evening.
Ever yours most sincerely,
WELLINGTON.
The long pending arrangement of the junction of Lord Buckingham and
his friends with Ministers, was now drawing to a close; a sense of its
necessity induced Lord Liverpool to renew the negociation, and Mr. W.
H. Fremantle was invited by the Premier to a discussion with him on the
subject. The result of the interview is given by him in the following
report, and the effect of the official arrangements proposed, will
appear in the correspondence which it precedes.
MR. W. H. FREMANTLE'S REPORT OF CONVERSATION WITH LORD LIVERPOOL.
He begun by saying, that the situation of the Government at the
end of the last session was such that he did not know how far
its stability could be depended upon; that a variety of untoward
circumstances had arisen which made their situation precarious,
and under these impressions he did not feel himself authorized or
justified in proposing a connexion with the Government to any
person or party at that time. The case was now altered, for he had
to say that there was no doubt or question as to the continuance of
the Government, and as to the complete confidence and support of
the King, and therefore he wished to make known to me, for the
information of Lord Buckingham and his friends, what steps the
Government were enabled to take with a view of forming a connexion
with them.
The great and material point to which the Government looked was
strength in the House of Commons, and therefore whatever changes
would take place in the Cabinet were to be grounded on this
consideration alone. The vacancies that would take place in the
Cabinet arose from the retirement of Lord Sidmouth, and by the
opening of the Presidentship of the Board of Control. It was
intended, in the event of Lord Hastings' return from India, that
Mr. Canning should succeed him, but not belong to the Cabinet
previous thereto. That Mr. Peel should hold a very prominent
situation (which I took for granted meant Lord Sidmouth's office),
and that the Board of Control or the Secretaryship of War, with a
seat in the Cabinet, could be offered to Mr. Charles Wynn; that
knowing Lord Buckingham's and Lord Grenville's anxious wishes for
Mr. Henry Wynn, the appointment to Switzerland was now open to him,
and a seat at one of the principal Boards for any friend whom Lord
Buckingham might recommend. That it was right to advert to the
situation of Ireland, and I must be aware of the confidential
communication he had had with Mr. Plunket when he was last in
England; that since that time the King had satisfied himself that
measures might be pursued which would keep the Catholic question in
a state in which neither of the contending parties would
preponderate, and that in this spirit of conciliation he had
communicated lately with Mr. Plunket, and had reason to think he
was satisfied with the views of Government on this subject, and
would be disposed to accede to an arrangement which was now in
progress for making him Attorney-General of Ireland, retaining his
seat in Parliament, and taking an active part in the House of
Commons. That in his communications with the King, knowing what had
been the object of the late Marquis of Buckingham and of the
present, and also the conditional engagement which had been made by
the late King of a Dukedom in case any Duke were created, the King
had authorized him to tell Lord Buckingham, that although he had
not meant to grant that dignity, and did not now mean to create
any other person, he was willing to grant the dignity to Lord
Buckingham on the present occasion. These were the principal
points and engagements held out by Lord Liverpool. In the course
of stating them he added a variety of observations, which chiefly
rested on the difficulties of an arrangement, but always adverting
to his wish to meet the objects of Lord Grenville and Lord
Buckingham by bringing forward Mr. Charles Wynn.
Without entering into the state of the country, or of the
Government, or the difficulties of the House of Commons, I said I
feared such an arrangement would not be satisfactory to Lord
Buckingham; that I knew his object was office; that whatever might
be his feelings with regard to a Dukedom, I was quite satisfied he
would not connect himself with a Government unless he formed a
part of it; that his habits were those of active employment, and
by accepting a Dukedom he was placed on the shelf; and therefore,
though I should feel it my duty to convey the offer, I thought it
right to tell Lord Liverpool what I considered would be the
result--namely, that it would not lead to a connexion with the
Grenville party. That I thought Lord Buckingham's talents were
such as would essentially serve a Government in times like the
present, even if his rank, and station, and influence, were out of
the question; but without entering into a discussion on these
points, I was only expressing my own opinion, but it would be for
Lord Liverpool to receive from Lord Buckingham his answer. To
these observations, which were short, Lord Liverpool only dwelt on
his high opinion of Lord Buckingham, and in the course of further
discussion I said that the Admiralty or Ireland were situations
suitable to the dignity and to the pretensions of Lord Buckingham.
He observed that Lord Talbot had nearly served his time in
Ireland; he had been there near four years, but at the present
moment there were insurmountable objections to removing him; by
which observation it strikes me that he meant to imply that Lord
Buckingham could succeed him, but this was never said. After a few
more observations immaterial, he asked me when I should
communicate with Lord Buckingham; I said I should go to Avington
to-morrow, and as he said he was going next week to Bath, he
should be happy to receive a communication from Lord Buckingham
any day the end of this week, and that if Lord Buckingham would
honour him by an interview, much more could be done, and more
explained, than by letter, and he should be happy to see him.
LORD GRENVILLE TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Dropmore, Dec. 2, 1821.
The two facts which your two letters have successively communicated
have in the first instance highly delighted, and in the second
proportionably dispirited me. Wellesley's appointment I verily
believe to be the best that could be made. But what can I say of
that of his secretary?--a man who may, for what I know, have
virtues and talents of which it never fell in my way to hear a
word, but who is known to the public here, and in Ireland, by
nothing but the having made in the Catholic debates in the very
last year, the most absurd speech and motion that could have come
from the lips of Duigenan himself.
If one could laugh on such a subject, and when such interests are
at stake, what can exceed the ridicule of thus systematically
coupling together a friend and an enemy to toleration, like fat
and lean rabbits, or the man and his wife in a Dutch toy, or like
fifty other absurdities made to be laughed at, but certainly never
before introduced into politics as fixed and fundamental systems
for the conduct of the most difficult and dangerous crisis of a
country.
What is to result from this disheartening folly? Is Wellesley a
man likely to submit, like some of his predecessors, to be made a
cypher in his Government? Is Plunket disposed to see the whole
detail of daily business, and the whole character and temper of
the Secretary's office fall back into the old channels; and that
after the nomination of Grant, and his conduct since he went to
Ireland, had both been among the principal inducements to him to
look at a situation so far beneath his just pretensions? And what,
I might ask, would be Wellesley's own situation between the
Secretary at home from whom he receives orders, and the Secretary
at Dublin to whom he is to give orders, if I did not believe that
with all his failings he possesses a high and independent spirit,
which will lead him to assert himself decisively in the very first
moment of the counteraction, which is thus studiously and
systematically provided to embarrass him in all his operations.
But above all, what a picture does it present of the councils to
which you are invited to unite yourself!
I really had, after receiving your first letter, begun to accustom
myself to look at the bright side of the question alone, and to
indulge soothing visions of honour and happiness to you both in
the new course which is opened to you. And I will endeavour, and
for my own peace of mind I _must_ endeavour, still so to do.
But the decision must rest, where it ought to rest, with yourself
and with Charles; and I can have no other sentiment or feeling on
the subject, but that which leads me to offer up the most earnest
wishes and prayers that it may be such as shall be most honourable
and happy to yourselves, and through you to the country.
I have shown this to my brother, who desires me only to add on his
part, that Wellesley's nomination had made the same impression on
him, as offering a new and most important change in the _face_ of
the Government, and _that_ (as Lord Londonderry would say) in one
of its largest _features_; and that this feeling is with him, as
with me, more than _neutralized_ by a measure to which, forming, as
it will do, a part of the new proposed arrangements, you and yours
are directly made parties.
THE DUKE OF WELLINGTON TO MR. W. H. FREMANTLE.
London, Dec. 3, 1821.
MY DEAR FREMANTLE,
Since I saw you this morning I have learned that Lord Sidmouth is
to remain in the Cabinet by the King's particular desire. I have
not seen Lord Liverpool, but I conclude that he omitted to mention
this from forgetfulness. Indeed, I had myself forgotten that the
King had in the discussions of last summer, desired it.
I beg you, however, to recollect that ours is not, nor never has
been, a _controversial_ Cabinet upon any subject; and that a man
more or less of any particular opinion will not have the slightest
influence on the decision of any question.
Believe me, ever yours most sincerely,
WELLINGTON.
THE MARQUIS WELLESLEY TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Richmond, Dec. 3, 1821.
MY DEAR LORD,
I received your kind note just as I was going to dinner. I will not
detain your servant longer than to return you my sincere thanks. I
will write more fully in the course of the evening, and will take
care that you shall receive my letter early to-morrow. In the
meantime I beg leave to inform you that I wrote to Lord Grenville
as soon as I was authorized to write to any person, and I wrote to
your Lordship at the same period of time. In my letter to Lord
Grenville I requested an interview previous to my departure, for
the purpose of receiving his inestimable advice; at that moment I
had no idea of any other object. I could have attended Lord
Grenville to-morrow, but I have received the King's commands to
wait on him at Brighton, and I must depart early. On my return I
shall be happy to pay my duty at Dropmore or in London, according
to Lord Grenville's convenience.
I was very insufficiently informed of the circumstances mentioned
by you, and was not aware even of their general tenor until
yesterday.
I need not state what my ardent wishes are. The Duke of Wellington
did not know of the commands which I had received from Brighton
when he spoke of the possibility of my visiting Dropmore to-morrow.
Ever, my dear Lord, yours most faithfully,
WELLESLEY.
THE MARQUIS WELLESLEY TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Richmond, Dec 3, 1821.
MY DEAR LORD,
In my short note this evening I stated to your Lordship generally
the restraints which precluded my earlier communication with you
and Lord Grenville; my desire, expressed to him, of receiving the
great benefit of his advice previously to my departure for Ireland;
and my earnest and anxious hope that Lord Grenville, your Lordship,
and your friends, might concur in acting with the Government which
had called me to the administration of the affairs of Ireland.
I was informed a few days ago (but in no distinct statement) that
it was probable that your Lordship and Lord Grenville might give
your countenance to the Government, and that some of your friends
might accept office; but it was not until yesterday that I
understood the arrangements for that desirable object to be in any
advanced state, and from what I then collected, I had hoped that
all difficulties had been removed.
My desire to see Lord Grenville rested entirely on my sense of the
advantage of receiving his opinions, which I was satisfied he would
impart to me with all the freedom and confidence of
long-established friendship, and of mutual esteem and affection;
but I should not have presumed, without his express injunction, to
suggest any opinion respecting the conduct of his friends or his
own in the present crisis. With regard to the settlement of the
Roman Catholic grievances, my general opinions are unalterable; but
the course to be pursued by the Executive Government in Ireland in
the existing state of the law, and in the present condition of that
country, must be regulated by practical considerations, in which
persons may cordially concur whose sentiments may greatly differ on
the great and final question. My view of the present state of
affairs in Ireland would lead me to think that an impartial,
equitable, and mild administration of the law (of which the
alteration cannot be effected or attempted by a Lord Lieutenant),
is the only safe course which can now be pursued, and the only
channel through which we can ever reach a happy and permanent
settlement.
With this view I entertain no apprehension of interruption in my
government from the influence mentioned by your Lordship, as the
subject of alarm in some most respectable minds. I really do not
believe that any person now in high office, or likely to be in high
office in either country, would attempt to contravene the liberal
and benevolent spirit of the King's gracious and conciliatory
admonitions to Ireland; and I trust that, by general consent, the
system of government is abolished by which the laws respecting the
Catholics were administered in a spirit much more severe than their
letter. This is a step towards more substantial improvement, and
every step in this salutary career must advance us still more near
the complete attainment of general union and harmony. This is my
plan, from which I cannot deviate, and in the execution of which I
apprehend no interruption.
I understand from the Government here, and I most ardently hope,
that our highly respectable and admirable friend Mr. Plunket is
likely to hold a high official station in Ireland, where I shall
place the most firm confidence in him, and receive the constant
benefit of his council and assistance. This will be a great comfort
and strength to me in a situation of great and arduous exertion;
where, however, the course to be observed cannot be doubtful,
whatever doubt the uncertainty of all human affairs must cast over
the prospect of success.
If your Lordship had desired my opinion, I should certainly have
declared, that as your junction with the Government cannot fail to
be of great advantage to the country, so it could not be injurious
to the Catholic cause, which can prosper only by the regular and
steady progress of a prudent and temperate system. On this point,
however, I repeat that I would not venture to obtrude my weak
judgment. I am obliged to attend the King to-morrow, otherwise I
should have endeavoured to see your Lordship and Lord Grenville; on
my return I hope for that advantage.
Believe me always, my dear Lord,
With true esteem and regard,
Yours most faithfully,
WELLESLEY.
My brother Arthur has mentioned Lieut.-Col. Fremantle to me with
great regard. I shall be very happy, if it should be in my power,
to promote his wishes; but, in the very extended state of my old
engagements, I cannot make any decision before my arrival in
Ireland.
MR. W. C. PLUNKET TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Dublin, Dec. 3, 1821.
MY LORD,
The mails have arrived here after a continuance of eight or nine
days of storm, and I have just received your Lordship's letter of
the 30th. I hasten to acknowledge it, and to express the strong
sense I entertain of your Lordship's kindness and confidence. When
I was in town last March, I took the liberty of asking Lord
Grenville's advice, with reference to an overture which had been
made to me on the part of his Majesty's Ministers, and on which I
had declined to act, until I should have the opportunity of
learning his sentiments; finding that he had formed a decided
(and I must say most unfortunate) resolution not to become a
member of administration, but knowing, at the same time, how
entirely his views and opinions on the state of public affairs
coincided with those of the Government, I felt disposed to accede
to the proposal which had been made, of resuming my former office
of Attorney-General in Ireland. Your Lordship was not then in
town, or I should certainly have availed myself of your confidence
and friendly interest in my affairs, and have asked the benefit of
your advice. Lord Grenville agreed with me that there was _no
possible objection to the proposed arrangement_; at the same
time he suggested the propriety of holding myself free as to the
time and mode of dealing with the Roman Catholic question.
The business has hung over from that time to the present, and
though the measure was understood, nothing effectual has been done
towards its accomplishment till within this few days. On the
subject of the Roman Catholics, or as to the policy to be pursued
respecting the bringing forward this question, I never have given,
or indeed formed, any definite opinion, and with respect to it I
hold myself just in the same situation as if I were to remain
utterly unconnected with Administration. It appears to me that
great advantages may be derived to that cause from the introduction
of its known and steady friends to some share in his Majesty's
counsels, and I own I should grieve if any circumstance was to
withhold your Lordship's services, and those of some of your near
friends, at this critical period.
That the Roman Catholic question cannot, for any great length of
time, be kept back, appears to me evident; but it seems equally
clear that there is great occasion for caution, and much room for
accommodation, as to the time of bringing it forward; nothing
could be more injurious than the risking the loss of the vantage
ground which we have taken possession of during the last session;
and one cannot but apprehend that such might be the consequence of
bringing the measure forward, without some better prospect of good
sense and good temper on the part of the Roman Catholic clergy,
than they displayed on the late occasion. Of some improvement in
that quarter I am led to entertain hopes, as well as on the part
of those of the laity who were least manageable. All these are
arguments for delay; at the same time, this should be entirely
kept open for discretion, and above all, should not be liable to
be considered as the result of contract or stipulation, especially
with any portion of the Government, which would unavoidably tend
to throw the Roman Catholic body into dangerous hands. Under these
circumstances, and reserving this perfect freedom, I am quite
disposed to attend in Parliament, and render whatever services I
can to the general measures of Administration.
I write to your Lordship, as you desire it, fully, my opinions on
a subject, when I should be much more disposed to ask yours, were
I on the spot or the time admitted it. Will you have the goodness
to communicate what I write to Mr. Wynn, and to him only. I trust
I shall soon learn that the public cause has been strengthened by
your Lordship's accession, and by his.
We are in a state of extreme agitation and disturbance here; the
accounts are much exaggerated, however, _as I believe_, for I have
not had the honour of the slightest communication from any person
connected with the Irish Government. The state of this country,
whilst it furnishes the fullest proof of the necessity of disposing
of the question to which I have adverted, does not, perhaps, afford
strong encouragement for bringing it forward just at present; but
on this and all other matters connected with it, I shall look with
great anxiety to learn the opinion of Lord Grenville.
I beg your Lordship to believe how sensible I am of the honour you
do me by consulting me on the present occasion, and that I am with
great truth and regard always my Lord,
Your Lordship's much obliged
And very faithful humble servant,
W. C. PLUNKET.
LORD GRENVILLE TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Dropmore, Dec. 4, 1821.
We have had a full talk with Charles, and have laid before him the
good and the bad, as far as I can judge of it. His decision and
yours (not ours) must ultimately regulate your conduct.
I have strongly recommended to him to see Lord Liverpool and Lord
Londonderry, and also Lord Wellesley, who has written to me in
very kind terms to announce his appointment, and to whom I write
to offer to go to Richmond to see him, if it is inconvenient to
him to come here. I hope you and Charles will endeavour to learn
from him the plain English of this metaphor about balances, and
what it is that he understands himself to be sent to Ireland to
do.
It is a bad feature of this business, that every day presents some
new difficulty not previously announced to you.
The _Courier_ now informs us,--1, That Lord Sidmouth is to continue
of the Cabinet; and 2, That Canning is _not_ to go to India; or, in
other words, that Charles is to go alone into the Cabinet at the
very moment that is studiously chosen for making it _more_ orange
in its complexion _than it was before_; and secondly, that what is
called _strengthening_ Government in the House of Commons consists
in driving Canning into opposition, who was before the best speaker
on the Government side, and having Peel in Government, who was
before a speaker also on their side.
I wish I could say _I_ approved all these things, because I see
_you_ wish it; but I must speak the truth or hold my tongue, and my
affection to you both makes me very reluctant to do the latter,
though for your sake I have certainly expressed myself much less
strongly to Charles on some of these points than I should otherwise
have done.
As for saying of each of these things separately, that there are
personal objections to A---- and B---- and C----, and that they
are each and all of them individuals of too little consequence for
you to hang your decisions upon, of what does a discussion of this
nature consist, except first, of measures, the explanation of the
most important of which is now wrapped up in metaphorical
ambiguity; and secondly, of the men who are to execute them; and
if these really are severally as insignificant as you deem them,
what better argument can be found against putting them or keeping
them in the first ranks of a new arrangement, the professed object
of which is to supply strength which was confessed to be wanting?
But I have done, and have only as before most earnestly to wish
that you may do what is best, whether I am able ultimately to
think it so or not.
LORD GRENVILLE TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Dropmore, Dec. 5, 1821.
I return you Wellesley's letter, with which I am much pleased. I
wish I could say the same of the other parts of the business; but I
am old-fashioned enough to be thoroughly scandalized at the want of
the common forms of civility and respect so singularly shown in
Lord L----'s sending up for Charles from Wales to receive a
proposal of coming into the Cabinet, and in the interim taking
himself off to Bath, and leaving behind him not even a letter, but
a _message_ that he is not to be back till near the meeting of
Parliament.
Of the substance of the matters now depending, I have nothing more
to add; but do not take it ill if an old man tells you plainly
that if you do not on such an occasion so express and conduct
yourself as to ensure the attention and respect which is due to
you, it will be in vain to attempt to claim it afterwards, and
that if you abandon it, you give up with it the hope of being
really useful.
I have known many such discussions, some ending well, others ill.
But I never yet witnessed one in which such arrangements were (as
in this case) presented _crudely_, to be accepted or refused,
without any previous discussion as to the mode of shaping them, or
any facility offered, or even intimated, for softening down such
difficulties as such proposals are always more or less attended
with.
I must say there appears to be, with respect to both of you, a
total misunderstanding of your real rank and station in the
country, and in its public estimation.
Do not think that I wish your acceptance or refusal to be
influenced by feelings of temper or personal offence. Far from it.
The question involves much higher considerations, both public and
private; but what I do most earnestly wish is that you should
maintain your own dignity against aggressions which are never
neglected without leading to future inconvenience, but least of
all in such cases as these.
The negotiation, like various others that had preceded it, had
obstacles to surmount. One of the most active members of the party
invited to strengthen the Government insisted upon an understanding on
certain great political questions, on which a perfect Ministerial
understanding had more than once before been extremely difficult to
establish. The letters sent and received will speak for themselves.
MR. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Whitehall, Dec. 13, 1821.
MY DEAR B----,
The post has brought me no letter from Lord Liverpool. Perhaps the
reservation in writing of my right to originate any measure which
may appear to me desirable for the amelioration of the state of
Ireland, either in Parliament or in Council, and of declaring that
as the hope of contributing to that object is my principal
inducement to accept office, so I should not hesitate at any time
to relinquish it, if that would more effectually assist the
object; and also of stating that Goulburn's appointment could not
have had my concurrence--which are the three points insisted on in
my letter--may, though agreed to by Lord Londonderry most readily,
be of more difficult digestion to the Earl, particularly if, as
begins to be reported, there is at the same time some hitch on the
part of Peel, and that the Earl may find himself somewhat
embarrassed between conflicting reservations. Still, I do not
myself think that it is possible for him now to go back, as he is
too deeply committed. Henry in to be in town to-night, which I am
glad of, for, as Lord Londonderry goes a-shooting into Norfolk on
Saturday, to-morrow will be his only opportunity of seeing him. I
wish much, if Liverpool's answer is affirmative, to press forward
the appointment as much as I can, in order that I may have the
more time to work quietly at learning the business of the Board
before I am called up to town to attend the Councils before the
meeting of Parliament.
Upon sending to the Foreign Office, I find that Lord Londonderry
is not expected there till to-morrow. Whatever Liverpool's answer
is, it will be desirable that I should see Londonderry; and if it
is in the affirmative, I should also wish to see Courtenay to
learn the state of the office.
One o'clock, P.M.
Liverpool's answer has just arrived by a messenger, accepting all
my scruples and reservations most amply. I enclose to you copies
of both letters. I must see Henry to-night, and Lord Londonderry
to-morrow, but will come down to you afterwards--if I can, in the
evening; but I think that hardly can be done, and therefore I will
say next morning, by the earliest coach, if you will send some
conveyance to meet me. I think that there can be no reason for
your delaying to send your letter to the King. I am inclined to
think that both for the general interests of the Government and my
own convenience, it would be far better that it should be at once
distinctly understood that Plunket's appointment should take place
before the meeting of Parliament, which you will find is eight
weeks hence, so that his writ may be moved the first day, and his
assistance secured at the earliest possible moment in Parliament;
and that the other arrangements should not wait for his.
Liverpool's letter is, I think, a weak one, particularly on the
subject of the appointment of Goulburn. I will write a few lines
of acknowledgment to him, informing him that I have transmitted
his letter to you, and expressing satisfaction in his explanation.
If you like to write a letter of acceptance before I come down, I
think there can be no objection; but probably you will think that
we had better talk over the other arrangements before you write to
him upon them. I wish I could come down to-morrow; but I really
feel anxiety to see both Londonderry and Courtenay before I leave
town, as I think it probable they may both be absent next week.
Ever affectionately yours,
C. W. W.
I have written a line to inform Wellesley of our acceptance, in
the event of no difficulty arising on your part, and desiring to
be allowed to see him, in order to communicate to him my letter to
Liverpool.
MR. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE EARL OF LIVERPOOL.
Dropmore, Dec. 11, 1821.
MY DEAR LORD,
Although I understood from Lord Londonderry that he had fully
detailed to your Lordship the conversations which have passed
between us, and stated the difficulties which pressed upon my mind
respecting the flattering proposal conveyed to me through Lord
Buckingham, I feel it due to your Lordship, both as the head of
his Majesty's Government and also one of those members of it from
whom I differ on the Catholic question, that before any final
determination be taken I should explain without reserve the
feelings and opinions by which my conduct must be actuated in the
event of my acceding to the proposed arrangement.
Regretting, as I do, the difference of sentiment to which I have
already adverted, I must premise distinctly, and in terms which
cannot be misunderstood, that it would be impossible for me to
form a part of any Government without reserving to myself, in the
most ample manner, the full liberty not only of supporting and
advocating, but of originating, either in Parliament or in
Council, any proposition which may appear to me desirable to
promote the amelioration of the general state of Ireland; and it
is scarcely necessary for me to add, that in my judgment
concession to the Catholics is a primary step towards the
accomplishment of this inestimable object. It would be moreover
essential that I should not only posses, but also, at my own
discretion, avow the perfect liberty of speaking and acting, which
I retain on this subject; and it is probable that I might feel
myself called upon to declare publicly that as the hope of
contributing to the success of this measure had been my principal
inducement to accept of office, so I should not hesitate one
moment to relinquish it from the time of my being convinced that
this purpose might be more effectually assisted by my resignation.
The circumstance which mainly encouraged me to act upon this hope
is the intended appointment of Lord Wellesley and Mr. Plunket.
This appears to hold out to Ireland in general the fairest
prospect of a firm, impartial, and conciliatory Administration,
while their known sentiments with regard to the Catholics in
particular will, I trust, excite in that great body of his
Majesty's subjects, a confidence from which the most beneficial
results may be expected. These nominations are, however,
accompanied by that of another gentleman as Chief Secretary, whose
opinions are known to be directly at variance with those of Lord
Wellesley and Mr. Plunket on this most momentous subject. To Mr.
Goulburn's merits and general character every man must do justice
who has observed his conduct in the department which he has
hitherto filled, but I am so deeply impressed with the
inconvenience and irritation which may arise from the apprehension
in the public mind of counteraction and opposition between the
Lord Lieutenant and his Secretary at a period of so much
disturbance as the present, that if this should be made the
subject of Parliamentary discussion, I may, besides referring to
my not having participated in his Majesty's councils when the
appointment took place, find it necessary to declare that it is
one in which I could not have concurred. Lord Londonderry has
already, I have no doubt, fully stated to your Lordship the
various discussions which have taken place on public measures in
my conversations with him; but the points I have adverted to in
this letter are of such paramount importance that I am sure you
will agree with me in thinking them fit to be the subject of a
direct and specific communication to your Lordship. Upon these
points, therefore, as upon that of the confident expectation which
I collected from Lord Londonderry of Lord Wellesley's and Mr.
Plunket's appointments being both completed before the meeting of
Parliament, I shall hope to hear from your Lordship as soon as is
consistent with your convenience.
I have the honour to be my dear Lord,
Your Lordship's most faithful and obedient servant,
C. W. WILLIAMS WYNN.
THE EARL OF LIVERPOOL TO MR. CHARLES W. WYNN.
Bath, Dec. 12, 1821.
MY DEAR SIR,
I was prepared by Lord Londonderry for the letter which I have
received from you this morning, and he has, of course, communicated
to me the substance of the conversations which he has had with the
Marquis of Buckingham and yourself since my departure from London.
Agreeing, as I have every reason to hope we now do, in all the
other leading principles of Government, foreign and domestic, the
difference of opinion which unfortunately exists between us on what
is called the Roman Catholic question must be a matter of sincere
regret to me.
You will do me the justice, however, to believe that this
difference can only be founded on an opinion that the beneficial
consequences supposed by yourself and others to be likely to follow
the proposed alteration of our laws on this subject, would not in
fact result from it. But I think it material further to add, that
whether I may or may not be mistaken, I am fully persuaded that in
the state in which that question now is, and under all the
circumstances of the country, fewer public evils are likely to
arise from the adoption or rejection of the Catholic claims under a
Government of a mixed character, than might occur under one which
for brevity I designate as exclusively Protestant or exclusively
Catholic.
With a knowledge of the sentiments entertained by you and by those
immediately connected with you on this question, I could never have
ventured to have asked the King's permission to be the bearer of
the proposition which has been made to you, unless I had been
prepared to have it distinctly understood that you would be at full
liberty to support, to advocate, and even to originate, if you
should deem it necessary, any measure of which the removal of the
disabilities of the Roman Catholics might form a part, or the
whole; and you can certainly not be precluded from adopting
hereafter any line of conduct which, in the discharge of your
public duty, a consideration of what is due to this question,
combined of course with what is due to other great national
interests, may appear to you to require.
I trust that the explanation will prove satisfactory to you, and I
have only to say, with respect to the appointment of Mr. Goulburn,
that upon the principle upon which the Government is acting I can
never consider the opinion of any individual, whether in support or
in opposition to the Roman Catholic claims, to be in itself a bar
to his appointment to office in Ireland, provided he is in all
other respects duly qualified, it being understood that the
existing laws, whatever they may be, are to be equally administered
with respect to all classes of his Majesty's subjects, and that the
Roman Catholics are in any case to enjoy their fair share of the
privileges and advantages to which they are by law entitled.
With respect to the appointments of Lord Wellesley and Mr. Plunket,
the appointment of the former has already taken place, and he will
leave London for Ireland as soon as his private arrangements can be
made.
Lord Wellesley will have instructions to take measures for carrying
into immediate effect the intentions respecting Mr. Plunket. In the
mode of accomplishing this most necessary and important object,
some consideration ought and must be had for the feelings of the
gentleman now in office; but in order to obviate any eventual
embarrassment on this head, I can have no objection to the other
arrangements being suspended until Mr. Plunket's appointment is
effectually secured.
I cannot conclude without assuring you of the cordiality of my
feelings towards you, and without expressing the sincere pleasure
and satisfaction which I shall have in an official connexion with
yourself and your friends.
Believe me to be, with sincere regard,
My dear Sir,
Your very faithful humble servant,
LIVERPOOL.
DR. PHILLIMORE TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Whitehall, Dec. 13, 1821.
MY DEAR LORD,
Since I had the pleasure of seeing your Lordship I have been
assured, upon information on which I think I can rely, that I may
perfectly well hold one of the Commissionerships of the Board of
Control and continue the exercise of my profession; if this be so,
and you see no objection, it really seems to me that if they refuse
to turn out the King's Advocate, it would be most desirable that
you should press my going with Wynn to the Board of Control, upon
an understanding that, on the death of Lord Stowell, I should
succeed him as Judge of the Admiralty. I will enclose a memorandum
containing the statement. It is very natural that Wynn should take
some person with him in the capacity of a Commissioner, and we know
that Sturges Bourne has made a vacancy there; it must, however, be
understood that I am not to be a Privy Councillor, as that would
prevent me from arguing causes before the Privy Council.
Wynn has as yet received no answer from his letter to Lord
Liverpool, which is rather singular. The idea is very general that
Canning will not go to India.
Believe me,
Yours gratefully and sincerely,
JOSEPH PHILLIMORE.
Since writing the above I have been summoned to a _Cabinet at
next door_ on the arrival of Lord Liverpool's despatch, which,
of course, you will receive by this post.
_Memorandum for the Marquis of Buckingham._
King's Advocate, if an arrangement can be made for the removal of
the present King's Advocate, which, from his unfitness for his
situation, would be a desirable arrangement for Government;
Or,
The promise of being Judge of the Admiralty, whenever Lord Stowell
shall make a vacancy, and in the meantime to go with Wynn as one of
the Commissioners (with a salary) to the Board of Control, if the
duties of that office should not conflict (as I am assured they
would not) with the exercise of my profession.
THE EARL OF LIVERPOOL TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Bath, Dec. 16, 1821.
MY DEAR LORD,
I have this morning received the favour of your letter, and I
derive sincere pleasure from the satisfactory conclusion of the
communications that have passed between us. I can assure you that I
look forward to the connexion which has now been formed, as one
that is likely to be highly advantageous to the public service, as
well as truly gratifying to my personal feelings.
There can be no objection to your putting yourself in communication
with the Secretary of State for the Home Department respecting your
title, and the time is now come when you may properly write to the
King to acknowledge his Majesty's gracious intentions.
I feel with you all the importance of the whole arrangement taking
place as nearly as possible at the same time, and if I wish for a
short delay, it is because I am convinced that Lord Wellesley and
Mr. Goulburn will find great facilities in carrying the point
respecting Mr. Plunket, from being able to say that the general
arrangement is suspended till it can be brought to a conclusion.
Mr. Goulburn is now with me, and proceeds to Ireland to-morrow;
Lord Wellesley will leave London, I understand, on Wednesday, and I
am to see him here on his way. I will certainly recommend to the
King to make Mr. Fremantle a Privy Councillor; I shall be most
happy if it is in my power to open a seat at the Board of Treasury
for him. I feel he would be of great personal use to me at that
Board; but I cannot be confident as to my success in this respect
until after my return to town.
Believe me to be, with great truth,
My dear Lord,
Very faithfully yours,
LIVERPOOL.
THE DUKE OF WELLINGTON TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Strathfieldsaye, Dec. 16, 1821.
MY DEAR LORD BUCKINGHAM,
I have received a letter from Lord Londonderry which gives me
reason to hope that your discussions with the Government have been
brought to a conclusion to your satisfaction. I cannot express to
you the gratification which this circumstance affords me; and most
particularly [when] I think that I have been, in some degree,
instrumental in bringing about an arrangement which is, I trust, as
agreeable to you as I am sure it is beneficial to the country. I
could not avoid writing these few lines to congratulate you; and I
beg you to believe me,
Ever yours most sincerely,
WELLINGTON.
LORD GRENVILLE TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Dropmore, Dec. 20, 1821.
I think you are certainly right in what you propose to do as to
your own title. I am not herald enough to see any difficulty in
your son's being _commonly called_ Earl Temple, as at present;
and I should vehemently suspect that any difficulties arising on
that head at the College, have nothing else in view than the
payment of a third set of fees.
If, however, you give way to them, I should incline to recommend
your taking the Marquisate of _Temple_. I wish I were not in
the way as to that of Grenville; and should you and he prefer that,
most undoubtedly I could have no claim to object to it; but I could
not recommend it, because he as well as I should then experience,
to a much greater degree, the inconvenience which already results
from the confusion of Granville and Grenville.
I return Lord Liverpool's letter, which is very handsomely
expressed.
I know nothing of French politics, and care as little as possible.
I am sick of reading two or three columns about them every day in
our English papers. I cannot much praise the wisdom of letting the
Ministerial papers here open a battery against the existing
Ministry (be it what it may) in France.
You must be aware of the case of the Earl of Euston, and others
similar to it. After all, I see no reason against his being called
Marquis of _Chandos_, if you find it necessary to take another
Marquisate, though I know no instance of the son's being called by
the _same title_ as that which his father has in a higher rank; but
it does not occur to me why it should not be so.
MR. W. H. FREMANTLE TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Englefield Green, Dec. 19, 1821.
MY DEAR LORD,
I am much obliged to you for your communication about the Treasury.
I should certainly prefer acting under Lord Liverpool, for whom I
entertain the highest personal respect and the warmest feeling, to
a seat in the Board of Control; and I feel, moreover, that I could
be of more use in the one than in the other. I am also much
gratified by the intention of recommending me for the Privy
Council, but I would by no means wish for such a distinction unless
I held one of the offices to which I have alluded, and which were
distinctly named to me by Lord Liverpool as open to your
nomination.
I won't worry you on my concerns more, knowing how much discussion
this whole subject has created.
Ever truly yours,
W. H. FREMANTLE.
MR. W. H. FREMANTLE TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Englefield Green, Dec. 21, 1821.
MY DEAR LORD,
I never for one moment doubted your kindness and friendship towards
me, which I have always felt, and on this occasion I was sure you
would keep Lord Liverpool to his engagement; but in looking at his
letter you will see that it is very vague, though probably he did
not mean it to be so, and I wished you to be aware of this in time.
I am quite sensible to your particular attention to my extra object
of Privy Council, which I was so anxious for you to press because
it was not stipulated. I am quite sure it will all end right, and
whether it is Treasury or Control I care little, but on the grounds
which I think would be most advantageous to you.
From what I hear, the blow is felt by Opposition. They are very
sore at the connexion you have formed, and endeavour to hold out
that the Government is not strengthened by it. There can be no
doubt of its increased strength, provided the whole of Canning's
party, with him at the head, do not form a junction with Lord
Lansdowne; and this seems impossible, for some time to come at
least. Indeed, those most connected with him still hold out that he
is to go to India, though not immediately. I was not aware till a
day or two ago that he was to have a Peerage previous to his
return, but not on his assuming the Government.
Ever truly yours,
W. H. F.
LORD GLASTONBURY TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Conduit Street, Dec 21, 1821.
MY DEAR LORD,
Nothing can be more honourable than the arrangements lately
proposed to you by Lord Liverpool, or more dignified and consistent
than your acceptance of them on your own part and on that of your
friends', whether considered in a public or private point of view.
I am most thankful to you for the communication of them, and I feel
most sensibly the very flattering and affectionate terms in which
you convey it. I share, believe me, most warmly in the pride and
exultation which yourself and every part of your family must feel
on your advancement to the highest rank in the Peerage. This was
the object of your good father through the whole course of his life
(who _justly_ considered it as the most _substantial_ proof of
Royal favour which could be given), as it has been of yours; and
you have now the gratification of obtaining it thus speedily, and
(as it must be universally allowed) without any dereliction of
principle or submission whatsoever. On the contrary, you have
asserted your right to maintain all your old opinions, and to
adhere to them in spite of all possible contingencies: nothing more
could be required by you, and your satisfaction must be complete. I
must likewise observe on your Dukedom (and I feel a pride in making
the observation), that you are to be called to it without a
companion, which adds considerably to the distinction. This great
boon, therefore, is conferred on you with every circumstance which
must make the acquisition complete, and, in any point of view, it
is of higher value as it brings no responsible situation in the
Cabinet or elsewhere with it. This would have appeared to me a sad
drawback in times like the present, which I may say, without
meaning to convey any censure on the Government, are truly
alarming. But your mind may [be], and probably is, of a more ardent
cast; and difficulties and dangers may be to you additional
recommendations. However, my grey hairs do not dispose me to thrust
my hand, like the old Roman, into a flaming fire; but better days
may follow, and the sun may again shine upon us, when such
situations may be more desirable, and will be attainable.
The Catholic question is the only point on which you differ with
any part of the King's Ministers, and on this point there has been
always a difference among themselves. I sincerely wish that the new
arrangements may bring this question to a happy conclusion, which
seems now more indispensably necessary than ever to the public
safety. But this is the only part of the change which I do not
quite approve. The appointment of Lord Wellesley is excellent,
provided he still retains sufficient bodily strength, and the
energies of his mind are such as they were several years ago in
India; but I think that I see a sort of _compromise in the
appointment_ of the Lord Lieutenant and his Secretary, who are
thought to come from different schools and to hold different
doctrines. This compromise has been already fatal, and we are now
tasting its fruits. The times will no longer bear such a line of
conduct. I therefore sincerely hope that the public suspicions on
this subject are unfounded.
My brother desires to join me in every sentiment which I have
expressed personal to yourself. We both desire to be personally
remembered to Lady B----, and I remain, my dear Lord, with the
sincerest esteem,
Ever affectionately yours,
GLASTONBURY.
MR. HENRY W. WYNN TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
St. James's Square, March 28, 1821.
MY DEAR LORD B----,
I saw Lord Castlereagh this morning, and am happy to say that his
reception of me was as favourable as I could have wished. He began
by a great deal of palaver about the obligation the Government were
under to _my_ family, and that he conceived I had an undoubted
claim upon them. At the same time he said that he was not enabled
to make any communication to me, but that he trusted soon to have
it in his power. When I told him that I was going abroad for six
weeks, he desired me to call on him on my return, and that he did
not doubt he should then be able to give me a decisive answer. I
consider this as almost tantamount to a promise, and that I have
very nearly obtained the object I have so long had in view. This I
owe entirely to you, and the most difficult task I have now to
perform is to express to you one half the obligation I feel for
your kindness. You will, I am sure, consider yourself as repaid by
the happiness you have procured to me and mine.
Ever your affectionate and obliged,
H. W. W.
Watkin has just brought in from the House of Commons the account of
the game being quite up with the Neapolitans.
MR. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Llangedwin, Christmas Day.
MY DEAR B----,
On Saturday I slept at Dropmore, in my way down here, and my visit
was well timed, as I just met Lord Wellesley, and had a great deal
of conversation with him. Ha was in high spirits, and very
entertaining, narrating his past victories over Indian cabals, and
anticipating his future ones over Irish. I cannot say that the
King's Lieutenant (as he took care more than once in conversation
to style himself) was received without that ceremony. On the
contrary, Mr. Dodsworth was Lord Chamberlain for the occasion, to
show him his room before dinner, and he found his own way into the
gallery afterwards, and had nobody even to carry up his candlestick
to bed.
In and about his carriage were five servants, among whom were two
young _gentlemen_ between eighteen and nineteen, who, by the
housemaid's report, made his bed. (I should have thought one would
have been sufficient to make or unmake it) Lady Grenville was cruel
enough not to repeat this to me till he was gone, so that I had no
sight of them.
He told me that he understood Downes made no objection to retiring,
and therefore he anticipated no difficulty or delay in Plunket's
appointment, as Saurin would not have the power to stop it, and
would only have to choose between promotion to the Chief-Justiceship
and dismission from the Attorney-Generalship. The latter is
reported to be troubled with scruples of conscience, not only from
his want of experience in criminal law, but objections to passing
sentence of _death_. Now, since as Attorney-General he must have
swallowed these sufficiently to direct capital prosecutions, I have
myself little apprehension of their choking him when he is to pass
sentence, or even if his office required him to execute it. Lord
Wellesley talked to me a good deal about Canning, and expressed his
belief that he really wished to go to India. If that is the case,
there can be no doubt, that whether he delays two or three months
on account of Lord Hastings or not, that it will end in his going.
He treated the reports of disturbance in Dublin as quite
ridiculous, and told us that they rested only on the depositions of
Patrick Maloney, a discharged serjeant, who tells of a meeting of
1700 men at night under Carlton wall, who were seen by nobody else
but Terence O'Tregan, who is to come forward hereafter, but at
present is confined at home, having caught a _could_ in his head,
and so keeping house.
MR. W. H. FREMANTLE TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Englefield Green, Dec. 27, 1821.
MY DEAR LORD,
Nothing can be more satisfactory or conclusive than Lord
Liverpool's letter, which fully confirms your interpretation. I am
perfectly satisfied, and shall wait with great patience and
pleasure his convenience.
I believe there is something in the change of Bloomfield. I have
heard it from a variety of quarters, but I doubt its being put into
execution, as there must be so much in the power of the individual,
from long habits and confidences. At present it is clearly not so,
for only yesterday I received a note from him, _under the King's
authority_, requesting me to learn from Charles Wynn for a
certainty whether he could place at the disposal of his Majesty a
writership for the year 1821, for a young man whom he was anxious
to send out to India. I have enclosed the note to Wynn. A pretty
good and modest demand, even before he is in office, or knows what
his patronage may be; and why it was to be conveyed through me, I
know not.
When this letter will reach you, I have not a guess. The floods
have stopped up all communication with London. There are not less
than twenty stages now at rest in Egham, and the water still
rising. The sheep, oxen, &c., all removed, and no provision for
this additional population. I see by the papers it is much the same
in your Northamptonshire neighbourhood. When do you expect your
patent will be ready?
Ever most truly yours,
W. H. F.
MR. W. H. FREMANTLE TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Englefield Green, Dec. 30, 1821.
MY DEAR LORD,
I heard yesterday the particulars regarding Canning, which I
believe to be true, and accounts about the trouble of a letter,
&c., which you had heard.
About a year and a half since, Lord Hastings wrote to Sir John
Doyle a private letter, in which he complained bitterly of the
conduct of the Board of Directors, saying as he had lost their
confidence, he should remain in India no longer. Doyle showed this
letter, and had authority from the Directors to say that so far
from Lord Hastings having lost their confidence, they entertained
the highest opinion of him, and should be extremely sorry if he
returned. In answer to this, Lord Hastings writes to Doyle to say
he is glad to find the Directors are satisfied with his conduct,
but that he should return to England, as he found his health and
spirits give way, and he was anxious to return. Upon the strength
of this letter the Ministers thought proper to act, and notified
their intention of naming Canning for his successor, transmitting
the letter of Lord Hastings to Sir John Doyle to the Court of
Directors as their grounds for appointing him a successor. The
Court return the letter, saying they could not receive a private
letter to a private friend as a ground for such an appointment, and
on this objection it was decided to write to Lord Hastings to know
decidedly his wishes on the subject of return. This letter was
prepared by the Court of Directors, and ended in leaving it
entirely at his option to remain or come home; and being sent to
the Board of Control for approbation, B. Bathurst scratched out the
latter paragraph, and left it with the intention of naming him a
successor, in compliance with the wish expressed by him to Sir John
Doyle. This letter went the 15th of last month, so that no answer
can be had for ten months to come; and I have no doubt Canning will
wait till that time under an assurance of supporting Government,
unless anything turns up in the meantime to make it worth his while
to take another position.
I hear from many hands the Opposition are violent with us; and
there does not seem to be two opinions as to the liberal and
handsome terms which have been made with you; indeed, I may fairly
say to you that Wynn's appointment is considered much beyond his
pretensions.--The King is living very retired; literally no one at
the Pavilion but the Conynghams and two or three of the household.
One of the grounds for believing in Bloomfield's disgrace is that
Lady Bloomfield is not there, being the first time she has ever
been absent from a party of this sort. I am very glad to hear the
Christmas quarter in the Revenue has kept up very well, and I
understand Vansittart talks of having a surplus of seven millions
this year. Such a result would very much lighten our labours in the
session. They are going to make a new Board for the preventive
service against smuggling, Sir Henry Hotham to be the chief, and
two other commissioners, Boyle and the officer now employed, whose
name I believe is Shortland. This will necessarily create a new
Board of Admiralty by the vacancy occasioned by Sir H. Hotham and
Warrender, who wishes to retire. I heard the new navy lord, but I
can't just now recollect who it was. I have never heard who comes
in the room of Warrender.
Ever sincerely yours,
W. H. F.
CHAPTER VII.
[1822.]
CHANGES IN THE GOVERNMENT. LORD ELDON'S DISSATISFACTION. MR. CHARLES
WILLIAMS WYNN APPOINTED PRESIDENT OF THE BOARD OF CONTROL. OTHER
MINISTERIAL ARRANGEMENTS. THE KING'S SPEECH. TROUBLES IN IRELAND.
THREATENED ATTACK IN PARLIAMENT ON MR. HENRY WILLIAMS WYNN. LORD
GRENVILLE ON THE FINANCES OF THE COUNTRY. DEAN BUCKLAND. DISCONTENT
OF THE COUNTRY GENTLEMEN. THREATENED DISSOLUTION OF THE GOVERNMENT.
DISMISSAL OF SIR BENJAMIN BLOOMFIELD.
CHAPTER VII.
The long negotiated arrangement of the Government for an accession of
political and official strength was made known to the public by an
announcement in the _Gazette_ of the 12th of January, that the King
had directed letters patent to be issued, granting to the Marquis of
Buckingham the titles of Marquis of Chandos and Duke of Buckingham
and Chandos. On the 17th the King held a Court at Carlton House, when
the Right Hon. Charles Williams Wynn kissed hands on receiving the
appointment of President of the Board of Control, and on the following
day he attended at a Cabinet Council. A little later Dr. Phillimore and
Mr. W. H. Fremantle were joined with him at the Board, and Mr. Henry
Williams Wynn received a diplomatic appointment to the Swiss Cantons.
The Cabinet was further strengthened by having the Right Hon. Robert
Peel in place of Lord Sidmouth, who resigned the post of Secretary of
State for the Home Department.
After recording these changes, a modern historian adds: "This coalition
gained Ministers a few votes in the House of Commons, but it was of
more importance as indicating--as changes in the Cabinet generally
do--the commencement of a change in the system of government. The
admission of even a single Whig into the Cabinet indicated the
increasing weight of that party in the country, and, as they were
favourable to the Catholic claims, it was an important change."[76]
[76] Alison's "History of Europe," vol. ii. p. 489.
The biographer of Lord Eldon implies that this accession of strength
was regarded with much dissatisfaction by a certain portion of the
Government, of which the Lord Chancellor may be considered the
representative, and acknowledges they were of opinion that the honours
and advantages conferred on the new recruits would have been better
bestowed on themselves. An extract of a letter, dated January 14th,
from the learned Lord to Lady F. J. Bankes, supports his views: "This
coalition," he writes, "I think will have consequences very different
from those expected by the members of Administration who have brought
it about. I hate coalitions."[77] The Lord Chancellor was in truth very
much put out of temper by an arrangement in which he had not been
consulted, and revenged himself by circulating all the jokes (harmless
enough) he could hear or invent, at the expense of his new colleagues.
[77] Twiss's "Life of Lord Eldon," vol. ii. p. 61.
There is no doubt that this junction firmly established the Government
in their position. If only a moiety of the rumours that had long been
circulated affecting their stability was true, they were in an
unenviable state. The King's dissatisfaction had been confidently
reported, and changes threatened of a very sweeping character; but,
though his Majesty had no doubt been greatly irritated by the result of
the Queen's trial, the unexpected removal of the cause of irritation,
and the agreeable impression created by his Irish and German tours,
caused a sensible reaction in favour of his long-tried servants, and he
only permitted the removal of one--replaced by a younger and more
active statesman, who had already acquired high political eminence. How
these changes affected the parties most interested in them, will be
found fully detailed in their correspondence.
MR. W. H. FREMANTLE TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Bagshot Park, Jan. 11, 1822.
MY DEAR LORD,
Most sincerely and truly do I congratulate you on your creation,
which, thank God, closes an event so many years looked for, and
anxiously desired by your good father and yourself; I did not
flatter myself with the hopes of living to see it take place, and
more so, from the honour conferred upon you two years ago. The
addition of the entail of the Earldom in the female line, is a mark
of most singular and partial favour altogether. It is as much as
any subject of the empire could acquire, and bestowed on one whose
family and himself have been unconnected with the Government, and
generally opposing it for the last fifteen years. We have been here
for three or four days, and leave it to-morrow. The Duke was quite
flattered and pleased with your letter. From all I learn, I am
inclined to believe the Opposition are very low, and do not flatter
themselves with a great stand this session. The revenue is a great
aid to us. I have not heard a word since from Lord Liverpool, but
take it for granted (which I shall lament) that he will not be able
to succeed in vacating the Treasury; I am rather of opinion that he
would wish it if he well could.
Most faithfully yours,
W. H. FREMANTLE.
MR. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE MARQUIS OF BUCKINGHAM.
Tuesday.
MY DEAR B----,
In consequence of Lord Liverpool's summons, desiring me to be in
town two or three days before the 16th, and that he would meet me
there any day I would appoint, I announced to him that I would come
up Sunday evening, and call upon him any hour that he would fix on
Monday. On my arrival on Sunday night I found an answer to this,
stating, without one word of excuse or apology, that he was going
down to Combe Wood, but would return on Tuesday and receive me at
twelve o'clock on that day. This certainly is anything but civil,
but I suppose it is the nature of the animal. I have been with him
this morning, and he told me that there would be a Council on
Thursday at Carlton House for the purpose of swearing me a Privy
Councillor, and that he thought it would be as well that you should
take the same opportunity of kissing hands for your Dukedom. Most
heartily do I congratulate you upon its completion.
I find that both Sturges Bourne[78] and Lord Binning[79] have
desired to retire from the India Board; both, however, expressing
their strong wish to support the Government, and that their retreat
may be considered as unconnected with Canning's.
Their successors are not yet fixed upon. It is proposed to Charles
Grant to be one, which I am told he has not yet positively
declined, but I can hardly believe that he will accept anything so
much lower in the scale of office than what he has previously held.
This is unlucky, as it will so much delay my own appointment and
the commencement of my salary, which begins to be an object. I also
find the finances of this Board in such a state of embarrassment
that there is a debt of 2000_l._, and the charges next year likely
to exceed the income 1600_l._ a-year, to meet which, a deduction of
five per cent. on all our salaries is talked of as the only
resource.
Lord Liverpool professes readiness to appoint Phillimore to a seat
at one of the Boards, but not to be held with his profession, which
is a mere contrivance to negative it.
[78] Right Hon. William Sturges Bourne, Secretary of State in
1827.
[79] Son of the Earl of Haddington. In 1833, he was appointed
Lord Lieutenant of Ireland.
THE RIGHT HON. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
St. James's Square, Jan. 17, 1822.
MY DEAR DUKE,
I have not yet seen Sir Scrope, but I understood yesterday from
Hobhouse that your patents were all in progress, and that it was
determined that you should have a new Earldom of Temple, remainder
to your own male issue, remainder to the male issue of Hester,
Countess Temple, the original grantee, remainder to your
granddaughter and her heirs male. I am going to-day to be sworn in
and to kiss hands, and shall previously see Lord Liverpool, whom I
find very impracticable about Phillimore.
The difficulty about my office is, that the payment by the India
Company being limited to 26,000_l._ a-year by Act of Parliament,
Canning introduced a new scale of salary for the clerks, increasing
according to the number of years' service, so much faster than
seniors have dropped off, that there would in the coming year be an
excess of 1600_l._, besides the past debt of 2000_l._ already
contracted to the tradesmen. This Courtenay proposes to meet by a
general deduction of five per cent. from every salary in the
office, of which I cannot approve, unless some such system should
pervade the public service. It appears to me that the fitter course
is to pay the debt out of Bathurst's lapsed salary of last year and
to oblige the clerks to revert to a fixed scale of salaries.
I dined yesterday at the General's and met Lord Bathurst, who as I
see most plainly, is very hostile and bitter against Lord
Wellesley, quizzing his speeches, &c. &c. All seems to be going on
well, but I am sorry to find that Joy is likely to be
Solicitor-General.
Goulburn has written to Grant that their only difference is upon a
legislative measure, and that he has no inclination at all to
depart from his official and executive system. The regular and
constant manner of doing business is very much _pronée_ by the
Orange party, contrasted with the indecision and idleness of Grant,
though they allow that abstinence from wine is a new and dangerous
feature in an Irish Secretary.
I fear that the country gentlemen will make a desperate effort to
diminish the taxation, and that the friends of the Government are
disposed to take the front of the battle.
There are considerable apprehensions in Ireland of distress from
the utter failure of the potatoes, which are all rotten, and of the
turves which they were prevented by the wet from cutting.
As I was stepping into the carriage to go to Court, Sir Scrope put
into my hand the copy of your letter, and I could only desire him
to call to-morrow at eleven. Fremantle and I were duly sworn in,
and I kissed hands as President of the Board. The K---- looked glum
and out of humour, but as there was no opportunity for him to speak
to us, we could not ascertain whether it belonged to us
individually, or from a previous long Recorder's report, which I
believe always makes him nervous and uncomfortable. Lord Liverpool
seemed much more coming about Fremantle, but I fear there is little
hope of my Board being completed so that the Commission shall issue
before Wednesday next.
Ever yours affectionately,
C. W. W.
THE RIGHT HON. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
London, Jan. 23, 1822.
MY DEAR DUKE,
I have this morning seen Lord Liverpool, and received from him the
offer of a seat at the India Board for Phillimore, which will be
thankfully accepted. It is rather odd that they do not place him at
the Admiralty, since they have an opportunity for it. Berkeley
Paget accepts a place at the Audit Board, Fremantle will go to the
Treasury, and Sir George Clerk come to the India Board from the
Admiralty, where he is to be succeeded by Douglas (brother to Lord
Queensberry). If B. Paget declines the Audit Office, Fremantle will
come to the India Board, and Sir G. Clerk remain at the Admiralty.
As yet we have had little talk of business. The general plan of
business for the session will be opened to us the day after
to-morrow, at Lord Liverpool's, where we all dine for that purpose.
He concurred with me generally upon the principles you suggest, of,
in the first instance, bringing forward as our own measure all that
we think we could with any degree of propriety concede, instead of
waiting till it is wrung from us. Upon corn I really think that the
eyes of the public are beginning to open, and that a large
proportion of the House of Commons will be ready to resist any
proposition for again tampering with its price, notwithstanding the
nonsense of Mr. Webb Hall and his petitioners.
I find by the accounts from Paris there is rather more hope of
co-operation between the Right and Centre parties than had at first
appeared, but there are many symptoms of restlessness and cabal
among the military, particularly the non-commissioned officers.
My uncles are extremely alarmed at the threat of a question being
brought forward on Henry's appointment to Switzerland, which, it is
contended, ought to be left only to the care of a _chargé
d'affaires_. At any other period than the present I should think
nothing of it, and even now I do not think it can produce much
effect, since Stratford Canning held the same appointment in 1820,
or till the end of 1819, and as the difference between the expense
of an envoy and _chargé d'affaires_ to the public is only 2400_l._,
one-half of which is covered by the cessation of Henry's pension.
Lord Liverpool told me that your Dukedom had produced many very
urgent applications--Lord Hertford, &c., and Lord Waterford for an
Irish Dukedom.
LORD GRENVILLE TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
Dropmore, Jan. 20, 1822.
I most heartily congratulate you on the attainment of an object
which you had so much at heart. The additional provision respecting
the Earldom is certainly a very considerable fresh mark of favour,
but I hope a very unnecessary one. My newspapers have missed me for
these two last days, but I conclude I am not premature in directing
this to you by your new title.
Plunket's appointment has actually been recommended from Ireland.
Wellesley had indeed told me, when he was here, that he had full
powers to carry that arrangement into effect, and in all
contingencies; and he certainly has not taken much time to do so.
Saurin refuses both the Chief Justiceship and the Irish Peerage,
both which were offered to sweeten the pill. It is said--but I know
not how to credit it--that although this thing had been directed
from England ever since last spring, the first intimation which
Saurin ever had of it was subsequent to Wellesley's arrival.
Tho only uneasiness I now feel is lest the Irish Chancellor should
feel his consequence so much superseded by this event, as to induce
him to look to his retreat, which would of necessity remove Plunket
from the station where his services are most wanted, to one of
higher dignity but less ability.
I feel the greatest anxiety about poor Hodson. It was not till this
morning that I heard of his danger. Few things ever gratified me
more than his appointment, and I had looked forward with infinite
delight to the hope that you might be, as I am sure you wished to
be, of much further use to him.
Ever most affectionately yours,
G.
The principal political friends of the Duke of Buckingham that had for
some time past been acting as a distinct party, now either formed a
portion of, or were content to vote with, the Government; but this
coalition was something more than an addition of strength--it implied,
to a very important extent, a change of policy. That it was so
understood by the community at large will sufficiently appear in the
course of the correspondence.
THE RIGHT HON. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
India Office, Jan. 28, 1822, Five P.M.
MY DEAR DUKE,
I have this instant returned from the Cabinet, to which the first
sketch of the King's Speech has been submitted. The principal parts
of it are the expression of hope that peace may still be preserved
between Russia and the Porte; pleasure at the manifestation of
loyalty and attachment during his visit in Ireland; hope that it
has produced beneficial effects, but regret at the spirit of
outrage which has evinced itself by systematic violence, &c.;
determination to exert every means in his power to protect the
peaceable and loyal, and referring it to the consideration of
Parliament whether further powers may be necessary--_i.e._,
Insurrection Act; assurances of the determination to administer the
law _equally and impartially_ to every description of subjects;
great satisfaction at the increasing produce of the revenue, and
the flourishing state of manufactures. The Speech concludes with
the depression of the agricultural interest, and so commending the
subject to the most serious attention of Parliament.
I have no time to enter into a discussion of these points before
the post goes out, as I only returned from Dropmore to the Cabinet,
and have some other letters which cannot be delayed. I am anxious
to hear how soon you come up, as subjects of this kind can be
considered infinitely better by conversation than correspondence.
Our accounts from Ireland are very bad. There has been a desperate
engagement between the insurgents and a party of the King's troops
near Bantry, in which the former fought with great resolution. One
of the soldiers was killed, and twelve of the others. There has
also been a search for arms in Kildare, which has produced 667
fire-locks and a great number of other weapons. This, so near
Dublin, is a more alarming circumstance than the former.
The Commission for the new Board, consisting of Fremantle,
Phillimore, and myself, is at length ordered, and will appear in
to-morrow night's _Gazette_.
If you have no particular objection, I wish that you would yourself
propose to Lord Liverpool the arrangement for the change of
Phillimore for Sir E. Carington at St. Mawe's, and the return of
the former for a Government seat.
I think that Lord Liverpool seems indisposed to Phillimore, and
perhaps has not yet forgot his resentment on account of Phillimore
voting for Lord Grenville immediately after he (Lord L.) had made
him Regius Professor of Civil Law at Oxford. I have been obliged to
urge him a good deal to obtain what I have, and I therefore should
not like immediately to make a new request to him, apparently in
favour of the same person, though really for Sir E. C----.
There is a strong disposition in the Cabinet to relieve the
agricultural interest, but whether this can be done most effectually
by a sacrifice of taxation to the amount of 1,500,000_l._, or by an
issue of Exchequer Bills, as has been done in former instances for
the commercial interest, is not yet determined.
The absurdity of supposing that the importation of corn three years
ago, since which the ports have been shut, can govern the present
markets, seems really too absurd for even a country gentleman to
swallow.
Ever affectionately yours,
C. W. W.
The reason of Fremantle not being appointed to the Treasury is that
Lord Anglesea is, I believe, apprehensive of contest at Milborne
Port, and therefore does not choose that Berkeley Paget should
vacate his seat.
Would it not be as well to recommend Sir E. C. to Lord Liverpool
for a Treasury seat as [well as] Phillimore? I own I think it might
embarrass the pressing the latter for the King's Advocateship, in
the event of its becoming vacant. I am, however, most perfectly
ready, if you prefer it, to mention the matter to Lord L.; but
certainly had rather not, under the circumstances, so soon ask
anything more for Phillimore.
DR. PHILLIMORE TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
Doctors' Commons, Jan. 29, 1822.
MY DEAR LORD,
I have a letter from a friend in Dublin, which mentions that Lord
Wellesley has said something in conversation which has been
construed into meaning that he expects soon to be in Lord
Liverpool's place; and as a confirmation of this, it is added, that
he will not appoint to the situations in his household till after
Parliament has met. Have the kindness not to cite me in the _most
remote manner_ for this communication. The accounts from the South
of Ireland are bad. The White Boys have treated some of Lord
Bantry's people who have unhappily fallen into their hands as Owen
Glendower's Welshmen treated the English in Henry IV.'s time--stuck
their heads on poles, &c. &c.
On my way here to-day I met Abercromby, who told me we should have
warm work in Parliament, and that the Board of Control would be
attacked, as Wynn's appointment had given so much umbrage to
_several_ who thought he ought not to have been preferred to them.
Of course Huskisson is one alluded to. Who the others are, I cannot
guess. The Opposition certainly calculate on the bad humour of the
_Canningites_, and the storm which is expected to blow from the
country. They would wish to have it understood that on certain
points connected with economy there is an understanding between the
Boodle's _set_ and themselves; but this I disbelieve.
Believe me,
Your Grace's obliged and very faithful,
JOSEPH PHILLIMORE.
THE RIGHT HON. W. H. FREMANTLE TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
Stanhope Street, Jan. 30, 1822.
MY DEAR DUKE,
I came to town last night, and find from a civil letter I received
last night from Lord Liverpool, that I am to go to the Board of
Control, at which I am exceedingly sorry, and rather more so as I
find I am to go to bed there with Phillimore. I own I thought I was
entitled to a little better berth than he was--however, I am sure
you did your _possible_. I think also it is not the most creditable
thing for your party that we should all be huddled up in a nest
together. In short, altogether I am sorry for it, and should have
been much better pleased at the Treasury. I have been riding with
Tierney, who professes to know nothing of the intention of
Opposition, but evidently builds entirely on the diversions in
Ireland, and the necessity of the Catholic question being now to be
decided, if the Grenvilles, and Plunket, and Lord Wellesley have
any regard for their character, or if they have any weight in the
councils. An attack is to be made immediately on the appointment of
Henry Wynn to Switzerland, as being unnecessarily called for at a
moment of professed economy.
Ever, my dear Duke,
Most truly yours,
W. H. FREMANTLE.
THE RIGHT HON. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
Jan. 30, 1822.
MY DEAR DUKE,
I omitted in my account of the King's speech a paragraph stating
that the estimates have been framed with every possible attention
to economy, and expressing satisfaction at the reduction which it
had been found possible to make upon the general expenditure,
particularly on the navy and military services. This amounts to
1,500,000_l._; but there is 450,000_l._ of temporary charge to
be added for the veteran battalions to Ireland. I am myself much
inclined to agree with your view, and to think that with the
present superabundance of capital in the market, the advance of
five millions to the agricultural interest in Exchequer Bills at
four per cent. interest can do little. It may have the effect of
producing a general lowering of the interest on mortgages, and if
this should succeed, it would indeed be a material advantage, and
would also collaterally tend to raise the stocks and to enable us
to save a million and a half by paying off the Five per cents.
Still I am myself very anxious for a reduction of taxation, but it
is true that it is very difficult to determine to what articles
this should be preferably applied for the relief of the land.
Windows would probably be the most direct, and yet that would apply
more efficaciously to the towns than to the country. It has been
already seen how very little relief was produced by the reduction
of the malt duty.
Every day's account from Ireland is worse and worse. There is more
appearance of organization and connexion; nor have we as yet a clue
to any of the directors of it.
I know nothing about Bloomfield, or of what is going on at
Brighton.
You will be amused to hear that from secret and private sources we
have reason to believe that Lord C---- has by this time made
himself master of the military chest of the _army_, containing
500,000 dollars, and has sailed to establish himself _independently_
on the isthmus. Will not this make a good novel for some future
Walter Scott?
To-day the plan for issuing Exchequer Bills to the landed interest
seems to be nearly dropped, and to be changed into a general
proposition for increasing circulation by borrowing four millions
from the Bank. Still I am convinced that we must come to the
reduction of taxation as the only measure of relief which will be
comprehensible.
Ever yours,
C. W. W.
Parliament was opened on the 5th of February by the King in person;
but before the Parliamentary campaign was commenced, some anxiety
was felt by the friends of the newly-appointed envoy to Switzerland,
in consequence of a threatened opposition to his appointment from
the Whigs and Radicals. This portion of the House of Commons
affected to treat the recent coalition as a matter of very little
importance,--nevertheless, it was believed that they would gladly
seize upon any opening for an attack upon the Government and their
new friends; and it was imagined that the disappointment which had
followed from the expectations excited by the overtures of the Court
last year, would give an additional stimulus to their hostility.
MR. HENRY WILLIAMS WYNN TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
St. James's Square, Feb. 1822.
MY DEAR DUKE,
I am sorry to hear that you have such authentic accounts of the
attack on _me_. I have still reason to believe that none will be
made till the general one on the Civil List. Charles has had a
conversation with Lord Londonderry, who says that he is perfectly
ready to meet any attack, both as to the time the mission had been
vacant, and as to the expediency of having a person there with my
rank. With respect to the first, he says that as soon as Canning
left Switzerland, he took the King's pleasure as to Lord
Clanwilliam's appointment, which was approved, but that in
consequence of Hamilton's illness, he was appointed, _ad interim_,
Under Secretary of State, and that he liked the business so much,
that he now wishes to hold the situation permanently. With respect
to the expediency of appointing a Minister, he defends it on the
plea of all the great powers having a representative there with
that rank, and that in case of disturbances in Italy, it might be a
very important post. In point of expense, I find that it will be
more considerable than Munich, Stuttgard, or Frankfort. Lord
Londonderry thanked Charles for my offer, but said that he did not
see any necessity for accepting it, and that it would be of bad
consequences, as showing weakness at the first start. Duncannon
told Phillimore that they were not making any whip for the first
days.
Many thanks for your box, respecting which I have sent to inquire.
I kiss hands on Monday, after which I will call in Pall Mall, in
hopes of finding you arrived.
Ever yours affectionately,
H. WILLIAMS WYNN.
The references to the late Dean of Westminster, to be found in the two
following letters, are not without interest. The Duke of Buckingham was
anxious to engage him as a travelling companion in a tour he was about
to undertake, in which he proposed to avail himself of every opportunity
for adding to his knowledge of geology.
LORD GRENVILLE TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
Dropmore, Feb. 17, 1822.
My friend Buckland is so far from being a quiz in a buzz wig, that
he is, I think, one of the men I should most choose for an
_agreeable companion in a post-chaise_. Whether he is prepared
to undertake so formidable an expedition as you speak of, I should
have some doubt, and the rather because he has usually some project
of his own for spending the long vacation abroad in the prosecution
of his inquiries. I can, however, have no difficulty in asking him
the question, and at all events I should be glad of the opportunity
of making him known to you, because I am sure you cannot but like
him.
I have been reading Lord Londonderry's speech, which, as far as I
understand his figures, seems to me more satisfactory than I had
hoped. The great question is--will it satisfy the country
gentlemen, without whom he cannot go on, and will they, on this
ground, make a real and firm stand in his behalf? Of that of course
I cannot pretend to judge, nor perhaps is it easy to say who can.
Government have certainly, under all the circumstances, acted
wisely in taking the present moment for reducing the Five per
cents. quite down to Four, though it is obvious they might have
made rather a better bargain by a little further delay. So far is
well, and I think the Malt Tax is, on the whole, the best they
could have chosen, though I am not sure whether the Window Tax
would not have given more general relief. His million for next year
(assuming Ireland to be tranquillized), I also fully understand and
approve.
But pray explain to me if you can (for from the newspaper I can
make nothing of it), from what quarter his 500,000_l._ in each
year, for the four preceding years, is to come? Observe he states
it (if said _Courier_ be correct), as something independent of, and
in addition to, the future reduction of Four per cents. down to
Three.
If by the conjuration of what is called _borrowing of the
community_, in order to keep up the nominal Sinking Fund, he means
to apply the five millions annual surplus at _simple_ interest, and
not at _compound_, he ought in the first place to say so
distinctly, for whether right or wrong (about which much might be
said), it is, at least, a more complete departure than any yet made
from the original principle of the Sinking Fund. I do not say it
would be necessarily wrong because _new_, but it would be _so new_
that it ought to be brought distinctly under view.
But I suspect this cannot be his meaning, both from his relying so
much on the necessity of keeping up Pitt's measure, and also from
his expressly stating the larger amount of this sinking fund of
five millions in proportion to debt when compared with Pitt's
original million in proportion to the debt of 1786. The fallacy of
such a comparison would be monstrous, if the one was a fund working
at compound interest, and the other be meant to work only at simple
interest. Besides, even if this were to be done, the annual
interest set free by the 5,000,000_l._ annually applied would, at
four per cent. be 200,000_l._, not 500,000_l._ So I am at a loss to
make it out, and perhaps after all it is only the blunder of the
newspaper reporter. If you can explain it to me pray do.
Lord L---- takes no notice of the successive falling in of the army
and navy half-pay and pensions, which, if the present amount be as
he states it, 5,000,000_l._, cannot be put at less than from
100,000_l._ to 150,000_l._ to put in in each year. I suppose he was
afraid of the old joke against Sir George Yonge, who was said to
have expressed a hope that the half-pay officers would die off
fast, and be thus _provided for_.
Ever most affectionately yours,
G.
LORD GRENVILLE TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
Dropmore, Feb. 20, 1822.
I enclose you Mr. Buckland's answer, which I think you may pretty
nearly consider as an acceptance of your offer, and I really
congratulate you upon it. He is full of information of all sorts,
with lively spirits, and a most active mind and body, and will, I
think, be as cheerful and amusing a companion as a man could have
in such a tour. I trust you take a draughtsman with you, for
without that your _cortége_ will be very incomplete.
I do not think Monday's discussion argues at all favourably for the
Government, and Huskisson's loss will be most severely felt on the
corn cause, if he is really so weak as to be driven from it by a
little pelting in pamphlets and speeches. To my taste his speech
read as much the best that was made on the former day. But I cannot
for the life of me see what good the four millions are to do; nor
can I understand, on the other side, Ricardo's fears of the harm
they are to do.
The Bank have acted with the same ignorance as has characterized
them throughout. If they do not lend their gold to Government, they
must lend it to individuals by lowering their discounts, and if
they incur loss by either operation, I do not see who but they will
suffer by it.
Ever most affectionately yours,
G.
I see by the subsequent accounts in the _Courier_, that Government
does plainly mean to apply the 5,000,000_l._ at simple, and not at
compound interest, and I do not see why one should be sorry for it.
But even so, I cannot work 200,000_l._ up to 500,000_l._ I suppose
the rest is to come, and much more I am confident will come, from
casual saving and increased revenue in each successive year.
If I cared a farthing about my predictions, otherwise than as the
facts are of public benefit, I should have great cause to be proud
of all I have said from the first day of peace, as to the necessary
rise of our revenue to follow from it, and that while all the world
was croaking all round me on that subject.
The threatened attack did not come off for some time; nevertheless a
fair amount of political skirmishing took place in both Houses, and
every great question was a wager of battle in which the contending
parties exerted themselves to the utmost to overpower their adversaries.
Catholic Emancipation was expected to be a severe contest, but the
increasing disturbances in the sister kingdom caused the friends of
Ireland much anxiety, and rendered a coercive policy inevitable. At
this period the country gentlemen began to exhibit a diminution of
ministerial support, which created considerable embarrassment.
THE RIGHT HON. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
MY DEAR B----,
I yesterday met the Chancellor in Cabinet, who immediately came to
me, and expressed in the strongest manner the pain which he had
felt at seeing sentiments attributed to him by Fyshe Palmer, in his
speech at the Bedford meeting, which he never entertained, and
which if he had, he trusts he never should have been fool enough to
have so expressed.
The joke is a very bad one, and was repeated to me when I came to
town in January as Mackintosh's, probably with just as little
foundation as it is now attributed to the Chancellor.
Lord John's coarse and ungentlemanlike attack appeared to me very
much to miss fire, and my reply was well received and listened to;
but it is curious to see what common cause the newspaper reports
make in hostility against me--wilfully altering, and even inserting
things for which there was not the least foundation in my speech.
The _Times_ contained the only tolerable report, which was copied
in the _Courier_, and even from that it would appear that, instead
of being extremely clamorous and inattentive to Folkestone[80] (so
much that he was obliged repeatedly to stop, in order to procure
silence), and then listening to what I said very favourably, the
House had adopted a conduct exactly the reverse.
Lord Londonderry is to-day to open a plan of providing for the
annual charge of five millions now paid in half-pay, pensions, &c.,
by granting long annuities for forty-five years, by which means a
saving of two millions annually is to be made, which is to repeal
the salt tax and diminish the window-tax.
Being myself no friend to the Sinking Fund, and anxious that the
Government should have the credit of affording every practicable
remission of taxation, I have no objection whatever to this; but I
must say for those who support that system, it is somewhat
ridiculous with one hand to expend five millions in relief of the
burthens of posterity, and with the other to transpose a burthen
from our own shoulders upon theirs.
I am still myself sanguine in my hope of the continuance of peace,
as I think it clear that both powers wish to avoid war, and that
the Emperor Alexander is aware of the certainty that the flame once
lighted must spread further.
[80] Viscount Folkestone, the present Earl of Radnor.
THE RIGHT HON. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
House of Commons, Six P.M.
MY DEAR B----,
Lord Liverpool had not, at eleven this morning, returned from
Brighton, and Londonderry was not out of bed, or at least not come
down. I sent your two notes to the latter, but have not yet seen
him, though the post is just going out.
The visit to Brighton relates, I believe, wholly to the Civil List,
on which the country gentlemen are to make their next serious
attack. I do not agree with you in your wish that the Government
should break up upon so very unpopular a question as that of the
Admiralty. I myself look at the minority on the salt tax with more
apprehension and concern than the majority on the Admiralty.
Ever yours,
C. W. W.
THE RIGHT HON. THOS. GRENVILLE TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
March 4, 1822.
MY DEAR DUKE,
The country gentlemen have so much deserted the Ministers in the
Admiralty questions, that it is not a propitious moment to ask
favours, while so much ill-humour mutually prevails. A great many
of these country gentlemen being sulky and discontented because the
price of corn will not sustain the rise they had made in their
rents, vent their spleen by opposing and thwarting the Government;
and some who were steady anti-reformers have suffered themselves to
be gulled by Cobbett into attributing the pressure of their rents
to an inadequate representation in Parliament, though it has no
more to do with their rents than with those of the Cham of Tartary.
Yet these blockheads all profess that they do not wish to change
the Government, though they are doing all that they can to
annihilate them. The danger is a pretty serious one, for, with the
connexion that Opposition holds with the Radicals, and the daily
pledges they give to the tenets of these people, it is probable
that the extensive changes that would immediately take place, would
have very much the effect of an entire revolution in the government
of the country. At sixty-seven this is less interesting to me than
it is to you and to your son, for whose sake I heartily wish I may
see this with exaggerated alarm.
Most affectionately yours,
T. G.
THE DUKE OF WELLINGTON TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
London, March 6, 1822.
MY DEAR DUKE,
Your letter of the 3rd followed me into Hampshire, from whence I
returned this day; and I assure you that I am much flattered by
your confidence.
You are quite right; the country gentlemen treat the Government
exceedingly ill. What I complain of is not the votes of individuals
upon the salt tax or the Lords of the Admiralty, or upon any other
question of reduction, as in the existing temper of the country,
men may find themselves obliged to follow the torrent rather than
stem it; but what I complain of is their acting in concert, and as
a party independent of, and without consultation with, the
Government, which they profess to support, but really oppose. In
ordinary times, and under ordinary circumstances, this conduct
could not be borne for a moment. The Government would necessarily
be obliged to take the line which you suggest; and I think that
under ordinary circumstances the result would be what you suppose.
I think it also not impossible that we may find ourselves obliged
to take this step before this session closes. But I confess that I
shall take it myself, and see it taken by my colleagues with the
greatest reluctance and pain, for reasons which in fact constitute
the great difference between these times and others.
It would not be difficult to form a Government to succeed to us out
of our own party. But if we are unable to conduct the Government,
they would be still more unequal to it; and they would want
particularly our experience in tiding over the difficulties of the
day. The Opposition are still more unable than ourselves or others
to form and conduct a real Government. But they would be able, and
not unwilling, to do a great deal of mischief--enough probably to
prevent us or any others who should succeed to them from being able
to conduct the Government again. They would soon find that they
could not govern upon their new system; and they would not be
supported by the country on that or any other; but they would just
have the power to render the government of the country impossible
to their successors.
I have stated to you very shortly my view of this question, which I
believe is the true one. I believe, then, that however painful it
may be to us, and I declare most sincerely that it is so to me, it
is our duty to remain where we are as long as we can; and at all
events endeavour to overcome the difficulties of this most critical
of all moments.
Believe me, ever yours most sincerely,
WELLINGTON.
The Government was for the hundredth time menaced with immediate
dissolution; but the familiar proverb that pronounces the longevity of
ordinary men when threatened, appeared to be equally applicable to
Cabinet Ministers. It will be seen from the following communications
that they were likely to lose the support of one of their most
influential friends at Court. Sir Benjamin Bloomfield, however, was not
so completely disgraced as the writer tries to make it appear, for, on
the 1st of April he was gazetted as a Knight Grand Cross of the Bath,
and lived to enjoy several other honours and advantages.
THE RIGHT HON. W. H. FREMANTLE TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
Board of Control, March 10, 1822.
MY DEAR DUKE,
You can have no idea how much advantage we derive from the division
of the other night, being of much greater importance to the
Government than to us, and it is so felt by the Opposition. Nothing
could be more absurd than Tierney's conduct, speaking entirely
against Creevey, and by his vote identifying himself with the
Opposition upon it. Lord N---- was really the height of folly, to
call it by no other name, for the division was so miserable a one,
and so completely confined to the Opposition, that there was no one
reason why he should have come up for it.
I am rather surprised at your saying that you think Ireland is
looking worse; it is not thought so here. I asked both Peel and
Plunket on Saturday, and their accounts from Ireland and their
private opinion on the subject were much more favourable. Plunket
told me he was satisfied that as yet nothing had emanated from
Dublin, that whatever were the steps of insurrection either at
Limerick or Cork, they proceeded without communication or
combination with Dublin. I am quite persuaded the only thing for
the Government to establish and confirm their strength would be to
force Canning into the Cabinet. It is the height of madness to let
him go abroad in the present state of the House of Commons.
As to the conduct of the K----, it is inexplicable. He is praising
Lord Liverpool on all occasions, but sending invitations to nothing
but the Opposition. The communications on the subject of Bloomfield
are now carried on by the Duke of Wellington. How this is to end no
one guesses, as to the provision that is to be made for him. With
regard to Ireland I am quite satisfied the great man is holding the
most conciliating language to both parties; holding out success to
the Catholics, and a determination to resist them to the
Protestants.
Ever yours,
W. H. F.
THE RIGHT HON. W. H. FREMANTLE TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
Board of Control, March 11, 1822.
MY DEAR DUKE,
You may depend upon it nothing can be more precarious than the
situation of the Government at the present moment. My own opinion
is that it will stand, but the difficulties are great, and we shall
only be extricated from them by the fear of the country gentlemen
bringing in the Opposition. The defence for the Post-office will be
most arduous; it can only be taken on the ground of influence,
which must be maintained. If it is lost, which seems to be
apprehended, it cannot alone form a sufficient ground for the
breaking-up the Government. It is undoubtedly (coupled with other
measures which have taken place) a good ground for Government to
hold a language of retirement, but they must rest such a step on
some more important proof of want of confidence--I mean the loss of
any taxes--as, indeed, a small division against the repeal of a
tax, which would be almost as discreditable to them as the repeal
itself. You will observe by the papers that notice has been given
for the repeal of almost all--indeed, I may say all--the taxes
which bear on agriculture. This therefore must be the touchstone,
and upon this they must rest their determination. If I were to
speculate on the question of the Postmaster-General, I should think
it would not be carried; but such is not the general opinion, and
if we are to believe the common report, Lord Normanby will carry
his motion.
I don't know whether you have heard the particulars of Bloomfield's
dismissal. He received on Thursday last in town a notification from
Brighton of what was intended, and he got at the same time a note
from Lord Liverpool, desiring him to call upon him at ten o'clock
the next morning. This he accordingly did, when the Minister
formally announced the King's order of dismissal from all his
employments and offices, together with the order to quit his
residence at Carlton Palace and the Stud House (Lady Bloomfield
retaining the Rangership of Hampton Court Park, which she holds for
life); an offer was at the same time made to him to retain his
salaries, which he rejected. No ground was given for the dismissal.
Sir Benjamin claimed a Peerage which had been promised by the King
under his hand within the last month. This was rejected on the part
of Lord Liverpool, but the person who communicated this to me, and
who had it from Bloomfield himself immediately on his leaving Lord
Liverpool, told me that on this point Bloomfield said he should
make his stand. No private secretary is to be appointed with the
rank of Privy Councillor; Mr. Watson is to remain to arrange the
King's papers, and to lay them before his Majesty. The Privy Purse
not named. Thus far I tell you as knowing distinctly, and from the
very best authority, the facts. On what ground the dismissal has
taken place I cannot tell you more than common report, which varies
and invents ten thousand different reasons--one that there was a
large sum to be accounted for in the expenses of the Coronation,
incurred for diamonds. The whole of these expenses were referred to
an auditor, and Bloomfield was summoned to give an account of these
diamonds; his answer was that they had been furnished by order of
the King, and his directions were to place them on the Coronation
account. Whether they were so applied he could not say, but took it
for granted they were. It was not, however, so proved; and the
King, considering such a disclosure, or rather explanation, on the
part of Bloomfield as a breach of confidence, made it the ground of
his dismissal. There may or may not be some truth in this report;
but depend upon it, the measure has arisen from an intrigue in the
party now governing at the Pavilion. For my own part, I think
nothing can augur worse for the Government than this very bout. I
am quite confident Bloomfield was devoted to this Government, and I
am also sure that no new nomination of private secretary takes
place, because in such an event the Ministers must have a voice,
and no one could be appointed but under the sanction of Government.
There is a large party of Opposition gone down to Brighton this
week--Duke of Devonshire, Lord Lansdowne, &c. &c.
I will endeavour to communicate with Parnell, but he evidently
avoids me, and depend upon it he will not commit himself until he
finds which party prevails. Plunket is arrived, and is actually at
this moment in the next room with Wynn. We have not much fear in
our quarter of the Board of Control on Thursday, which I suppose
will end in an abusive speech from Creevey. Vansittart's
Superannuation Bill will create a great deal of discussion, and
which he will not mend by his explanations. I have nothing to add;
you shall hear from me as things occur. The next ten days will
decide upon the question. I had a note yesterday from Lord
Grenville on other matters, but he adds a few sentences expressive
of his apprehensions for the Government, which can only be
maintained by a sudden alarm and consequent support from the
independent part of the House of Commons.
Ever, my dear Duke, sincerely yours,
W. H. F.
THE RIGHT HON. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
East India Board, March 22, 1822.
MY DEAR B----,
Canning has at length swallowed his scruples and difficulties, and
will next week be appointed Governor-General. I regret this
extremely, for the reasons mentioned in my last, but it cannot I
fear be prevented. I was mistaken in telling you that Newport went
away, as he voted with us.
Ever yours,
C. W. W.
THE RIGHT HON. W. H. FREMANTLE TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
Stanhope Street, March 30, 1822.
MY DEAR DUKE,
The King has been in town and went this morning back to Brighton. I
hear from the _best_ accounts that he is ill, thinks ill of
himself, and is low, but Wynn told me he thought he looked very
well and was particularly civil to him, and inquired most kindly
after you. Bloomfield is to have a pension of 1200_l._ per annum,
Lady Bloomfield the Park at Hampton Court (not the Stud House); he
is also to retain the Privy Purse, but to do no duty for it (how
this is to be I know not). This is calculated altogether to afford
an income of 2800_l._ per annum. He is to go to Brighton on Monday
to be invested with the blue ribbon, and the second Irish Peerage
is held out to him. All this you may rely upon, as it comes from
the King's own lips. The only ground of complaint urged, is
Bloomfield's temper, which was all of a sudden found to be so bad
that he could not longer go on with him. He also said, "He had
engaged not to renew the appointment of Private Secretary, but that
he did not know how he could possibly go on without one." This
looks as if he meant to fight the battle again, and the Ministers
will be mad if they give way.
You will see what occurred yesterday respecting the Catholic
question; they will bully Plunket into moving it, which for one I
shall be sorry for.
I am just interrupted, therefore am compelled to finish this.
Ever most faithfully yours,
W. H. F.
THE RIGHT HON. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
India Board, March 30, 1822.
MY DEAR B----,
I had an audience on Thursday after the Council, and was very
graciously received, with very particular and really kind inquiries
about your health.
You know that my bile is not easily stirred, nor am I, for a
Welshman, particularly irritable on anything connected with
politics; but really in the course of twenty-five years'
parliamentary life, I do not believe I have ever felt so much as on
Lord King's coarse and personal attack on Henry. If he chose to
question the propriety of the Swiss mission, it was perhaps bad
taste in him, but after all fair political game; but to speak of
one so nearly connected with him, and whom he had affected always
to maintain intimacy with, as a person wholly unknown, to rake into
his diplomatic life, and by implication accuse him of overstating
his losses in his claim for compensation fifteen years ago, shows
such a total absence of all feeling that I cannot trust myself ever
again to exchange a word with him.
On public affairs I have little new to say. We tide on and shall do
neither good nor evil without being compelled to it.
Ever most affectionately yours,
C. W. W.
CHAPTER VIII.
[1822.]
SIR WILLIAM KNIGHTON. MR. CANNING BRINGS FORWARD THE CATHOLIC QUESTION.
OPINIONS RESPECTING CATHOLIC RELIEF. STATE OF THE KING'S HEALTH.
POLITICAL MEETING TO CONSIDER A NEW CATHOLIC MEASURE. MARQUIS WELLESLEY
AT THE PHOENIX PARK. COMPLAINTS OF HIS INATTENTION TO HIS DUTIES AS
LORD-LIEUTENANT. SPEECH OF DR. PHILLIMORE ON THE CATHOLIC QUESTION.
MOTION ON THE APPOINTMENT OF MR. HENRY W. WYNN. CONDUCT OF MR. ROBERT
PEEL. LIBELS. ANTI-CATHOLICISM IN WALES. BALL FOR THE RELIEF OF THE
IRISH. PROJECTED VISIT OF THE KING TO SCOTLAND.
CHAPTER VIII.
The statement hazarded in the next letter, of Sir W. Knighton's
literary incapacity, is, we believe, unfounded. The memoir of this
gentleman, edited by his widow, affords ample evidence to the contrary,
and he enjoyed a large share of the King's confidence at this date, and
subsequently. Lord King's motion for a further reduction of the Civil
List, animadverted on in the same communication, was made on the 26th
of March, and Mr. Canning's notice of motion for the admission of the
Catholic Peers into the Imperial Legislature was given on the 29th; the
motion was brought forward on the following day, and carried by a
majority of five; on May the 10th, the second reading was carried by an
increased majority of fourteen. The interest taken by the Duke of
Buckingham in the question may be seen in some of the following
letters:--
THE RIGHT HON. W. H. FREMANTLE TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
Board of Control, April 1, 1822.
MY DEAR DUKE,
Depend upon it there must be some mistake or fumble about your
application for the _entrée_. The fact is, there is no distinct
person at present to whom the reference is had at Brighton, and I
have heard that the King complains bitterly of the inability of
Knighton, who is quite incapable of writing a letter; whether this
is true or not I cannot absolutely say, but I believe it from the
quarter it came; it seems impossible that the King should have
received the letter, or it must have escaped his memory on Thursday
when Wynn was with him, otherwise he would have made some
observation to him upon it. But pray don't hurry any further step:
I will desire Mrs. F. to mention the thing to the Duchess and see
what is said upon it; I doubt if she is in correspondence with the
King.
I did not mention all the jobs for Bloomfield; he is to have a
Governorship of Fort Charles, which Lord Stewart gives up to him,
and the promise of a foreign mission, in addition to what I before
enumerated to you. Lord King's conduct is worse than your
brother's, who was not at the moment aware of "his honourable
friend's" intention, and really does not know the details of your
father's conduct as teller. I find from Charles W---- that Lord
Grenville is equally outrageous with Lord King. It is evident that
the Mountain are moving heaven and earth to lower you and your
friends, but it will not do. I dread all the discussions arising
from the Catholic question; Canning consulted no one, and I really
believe not a soul was aware of his intention previous to his
giving the notice. It will place Plunket in a very awkward
predicament, for it must bring on the argument on the general
question; you have no reason, however, as far as I can understand
it, to complain of a want of communication, for it was Canning's
_move_, and his alone. James Stanhope told me this morning he was
coming into Parliament immediately; I think he said it was
Houldsworth's seat, but am not quite sure. The Agricultural Report
is to be made to-day, and Lord Londonderry gives notice for a
motion upon it, I suppose to bring in a Bill after the holidays. We
shall get through the Miscellaneous Estimates to-day, and shall
have advanced altogether most extremely in Parliamentary business,
much beyond the usual proceedings, so as to secure the House being
up in time, provided no unforeseen events occur.
Ever most faithfully yours,
W. H. F.
THE RIGHT HON. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
April 3, 1822.
MY DEAR B----,
If I felt that any one vote was likely to be lost to the general
Catholic question in the event of the success of Canning's motion,
I should be very much disposed to agree in your view of the
impolicy of agitating it. But if there be a reasonable probability
(as we have been told) that there are those who, adverse to a
measure of general concession, would accede to this, I should
anticipate a directly opposite result to what you expect. Supposing
the Bill to be carried, or even to meet with an increased support
in the House of Lords, upon neither of which points am I myself
very sanguine, it could not fail to be a stepping-stone to further
success. Independent of the immediate gain of six votes when they
are most wanted, there are many who, having once voted for a motion
of concession, though not intending to proceed further, would feel
themselves drawn in, and perceive that they cannot maintain that if
it be safe for a Roman Catholic to exercise the functions of the
Peerage, he must necessarily overturn the Constitution if elected
to the House of Commons or appointed a justice of the peace. Our
adversaries are perfectly right when they say that no breach can be
made in the present system without necessarily entailing the fall
of the whole of it.
I have, however, already told you that in my own opinion, this is
so generally felt that there will be scarcely any difference in the
division upon the particular and the general question. That it will
be thought, as it is in fact, merely a new road to attain the same
object. At the same time it is perfectly true, that by this means
we get rid, or rather postpone, many of the difficult details which
we have to encounter; and that the case of the Peers, who are
deprived of a vested interest which they possessed without the
slightest inconvenience to the public, long after the other
Catholics were disabled from exercising their civil functions, is
infinitely the strongest which exists.
Altogether, though the motion is brought forward not only without
consultation, but even without the previous knowledge of most of
the friends of the Catholics, still, my impression of its justice
is such that even if I had a much stronger opinion of its impolicy
than I had, I would earnestly support it; and I cannot but feel the
utmost anxiety that under the particular circumstances in which you
stand, the line which Lord C---- has taken upon the subject, and
the disposition which exists to represent your conduct in the most
unfavourable light, that you would reconsider the matter before you
resolve to separate yourself from the rest of those who have so
long advocated this measure. Upon questions of _right_ and _wrong_
every man must judge for himself, but on those of policy and
expediency it seems to me that the opinion of the great body and
the most eminent of those who contend for the same object ought to
prevail.
I have just heard that Plunket has returned, and is desirous to see
me. If I can have any conversation with him before the post goes
out I will write again, if not, to-morrow. I hear that he has no
apprehension of any jealousy on the part of the Irish of the claims
of the Peers being brought forward separately. He is extremely
distressed between the strong wish of Lord Londonderry to keep
back, and of the Opposition to force forward the question.
My own opinion is, as I have already told you, that the
conversation which passed on Friday in the House when reported in
Ireland will produce so strong a feeling in favour of the latter
course that he cannot resist it.
Ever affectionately yours,
C. W. W.
THE RIGHT HON. W. H. FREMANTLE TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
Board of Control, April 4, 1822.
MY DEAR DUKE,
I dined yesterday at the Duke of Gloucester's, and, sitting by the
Duchess, I had an opportunity of talking to her, and find she has
no correspondence at all with the King, and is evidently not in
communication with him but when he comes to town; and as I knew she
tells every thing on earth to the Duke, and that he gossips again
to his friends in Opposition, I thought it better not to say
another word on the subject of your application to the King.
I am quite satisfied of the proper way of recurring to the subject,
which is that Wynn should mention it to Lord Liverpool as a private
hint, and it would be immediately settled; for be assured the King
does not object, but that it is owing to some mistake, or loss of
letter, and requiring an explanation--through Wynn would be much
the easiest mode, and not make it of too much importance; for I
think you should consider the thing as a matter almost of course,
and not place more importance upon it than that which of course
belongs to the incivility of not answering your letter, and this
really I cannot but think is unintentional.
Lady J---- is come back from Paris, abusing the K---- most
violently, and regretting she ever was such an idiot as to suffer
her boys to go to the Coronation. In short, there is nothing she
does not say against him--and what do you think for? Because he has
conferred the Dukedom of Buckingham on you, when Lord J---- was the
proper representative of the title. This is very good, but I am not
sorry the King should find these Opposition ladies not quite so
disposed towards him.
Plunket still undecided as to his motion, which, for my own part, I
hope he will not bring on, for be assured neither his nor Canning's
has the chance of succeeding in the House of Lords, and the
Lansdownes are only urging it because they see, or flatter
themselves they see, the prospect of discussion thereby in the
Cabinet.
The Report, as was expected, from the Agricultural Committee, is a
miserable performance, concocted by Bankes, and affording no one
benefit of any sort or kind, saving this, which in my opinion is
valuable--an acknowledgment that Parliament can do nothing for the
relief of the farmer.
I think Lord King looks foolish and awkward, as well he ought. His
conduct is universally blamed.
Ever, my dear Duke,
Most faithfully yours,
W. H. F.
P.S.--The King comes to town on the 18th to remain for some little
time. Does not return to Brighton, but, on his leaving town, goes
to the Cottage at Windsor.
The Catholic question as introduced this session by Mr. Canning,
created more than its customary amount of political excitement,
because, though one in which the Duke of Buckingham, his family and
friends, had long taken a consistent interest, it was pressed forward
by the Opposition to embarrass the recent coalition and the Government.
The reader will shortly see the result.
THE RIGHT HON. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
Whitehall, April 4, 1822.
MY DEAR B----,
I called to-day upon Plunket, and found him still in great doubt as
to the course which it might be expedient for him to pursue on the
Catholic question during the present session.
The bias of his own mind is evidently to defer the agitation of it
till the next session, and he dwelt much on the disadvantage which
might arise if Lord Londonderry, though supporting the measure,
should cool in the active personal exertion to influence votes and
to fix the wavering which he exhibited last session. Altogether, he
considered the question as too important for him to decide upon
singly, and therefore was disposed to request a meeting of its
principal Parliamentary friends on Tuesday, the 16th, the day
before the Houses re-assemble. In the interim he hoped to hear
again from Ireland, and to see Lord Grenville. He would also be
very anxious to communicate with you on the subject. It is obvious
that if it is to be brought forward, it must be before Canning's,
as it would be absurd to carry up the general measure after the
Lords have rejected the more limited one.
My uncle Tom is very favourably inclined to Canning's proposition,
as he thinks that the admission of the general proposition is too
great a change to expect at once from the House of Lords, while the
proposition of the strongest of the detailed points, one by one,
might be more likely to succeed. With this view, he told me that he
had himself more than once suggested trying a personal Bill to
enable the present Duke of Norfolk to sit and vote, and afterwards
for the other peers, leaving the laws as they stand. This, I
confess, I should not be so well inclined to. It will be an
advantage, if we are to fight it in the proposed shape, that we are
at once rid of all the details of oaths, securities, &c., for I
conclude the consciences of the Roman Catholic Peers will, if the
declaration be omitted, be disposed to swallow the Oath of
Supremacy without a single wry face, which will be a most useful
example to the other Catholics, and will of itself go far to bring
the priests into order. Plunket does not apprehend any jealousy of
the limited measure from Ireland, as he thinks that they will
consider it as a stepping-stone, and will be much alive to the gain
of six votes.
Plunket mentioned confidentially the opinion of Lord Wellesley in
favour of deferring the general Bill till next year, for which
likewise Lord Londonderry and Lord Melville seemed very anxious.
How far what has passed in Parliament, and the eagerness of the
Opposition, may drive the Catholics in Ireland forward, he could
not calculate, but otherwise conceived them to be content to
acquiesce in its postponement. At all events, I am most desirous
that, whether you entirely approve of the manner in which the
question is brought forward or not, you would acquiesce in the
course to be determined upon, which I am sure is of the greatest
importance to the public character of us all.
Ever most affectionately yours,
C. W. W.
LORD GRENVILLE TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
Dropmore, April 8, 1822.
You know I have quite done with political speculations, and
discussions of every kind. If Canning's motion succeeds (as I
conclude it will) in the House of Commons, and comes up to the
House of Lords, I can have no doubt of supporting it, as far as my
vote, or more probably, my proxy, may extend, because it is one of
the points that I have always most strongly urged, and particularly
in my speech, even, of last year; and also because it really does
seem to me that such a motion follows as a natural and undeniable
consequence from any opinion entertained by the friends of the
general measure, that next year would be more favourable than this
for the discussion of the main question, in so far as it concerns
the great body of the Irish Catholics.
The conduct of that body has certainly been often such as to show
the utmost blindness as to what was likely to advance or obstruct
their cause. But I cannot think them so ignorant as not to see the
infinite advantage which the success of such a motion would give
their friends in any future discussion.
My own opinion, indeed, is that it is in something of this
piecemeal way that their object will ultimately be obtained; and I
should not be without considerable hope of seeing Canning's measure
carried, even in this year, if I felt quite sure that it would have
fair play given it.
As to the prudence of postponing or bringing forward the main
question this year I have formed no opinion, and I mean to form
none. I have done with such speculations; I have entire confidence
in Plunket's judgment and uprightness; and my greatest fear is that
of seeing the measure taken out of his hands, to fall into worse,
and worse I am sure they will be into whatever hands other than his
it can fall. He is coming here on Friday, and if you wish to say
anything to him on the subject, you cannot do better than meet him.
THE RIGHT HON. W. H. FREMANTLE TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
Englefield Green, April 10, 1822.
MY DEAR DUKE,
The note you have enclosed me makes the thing more embarrassing,
and I have been puzzling my brain how I can possibly promote the
object; but I really know not in what way I could move. I could
write a _private and confidential letter_ to Lord Conyngham (whom I
know intimately), stating the case, and expressing your
embarrassment about it; but I don't know whether you would approve
of this, and I cannot think of any other means. Let me know by
return of post, and I will act accordingly. Perhaps you would write
yourself to him, quite as a private friend (if you know him well
enough), but if you had rather I should, only say so. I am quite
sure, from Bloomfield's letter, it is meant to be done; but the
_chief_ is so strange and inconsistent, and I suppose so perfectly
incapable of going through with his business, that unless he has a
man at his elbow constantly to jog him on, he is not to be depended
on for one moment.
I shall remain here till the day before the meeting. I dread any
confusion that may arise from the jumble of the Catholic question.
Be assured, whatever one may think of this question, it is not one
that the public will go with you upon, in any measure of hostility
to the Government, much less of separation, and as to our carrying
it, or preventing its being carried, the question rests so entirely
on the House of Lords, that it is there and there only that it will
be decided; and as long as we have the present Chancellor and Lord
Liverpool, it is out of the question, unless the King were to take
a part, which he certainly will not. Why, then, what would be the
result? We should separate, the Government would go on, and we
should have another sixteen years of opposition. I am arguing only
on the idea of our taking a line different or more violent than the
other best supporters of the measure. I mean Plunket, Londonderry,
Canning, &c. &c. My idea is that the latter does not mean mischief
so much as the regaining some little character and importance which
he has so justly lost.--The King comes to the Cottage here as early
as he possibly can after Easter. I believe him to be _decidedly_
ill; his legs swell, and when they are reduced, he has violent
attacks in his chest and head. His appetite is bad, and he is very
low about himself.
Faithfully yours,
W. H. F.
P.S.--In looking at Bloomfield's letter again, I see he says _the
King said he had given the necessary orders_. Surely this would
justify you in writing to the Duke of Montrose to ask the question.
THE RIGHT HON. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
East India Board, April 12, 1822.
MY DEAR B----,
I yesterday communicated your sentiments on the proposed manner of
bringing forward the Catholic question to Plunket, who expressed
himself highly flattered by the confidence which you placed in his
opinion. He has to-day gone down to Dropmore, and returns
to-morrow. The outline of the plan which he is disposed to
recommend to remedy the most pressing grievances on the subjects of
the tithe, is to enable incumbents to agree for a composition for
twenty-one years with the _landlords_, and the tithes then to
be collected as county rates, and the receipts to be good in
payment of rent. This is the outline; but the detail must be matter
of great difficulty, since, though this may apply to future
contracts, I fear that as the majority of the peasantry are for
election purposes life tenants, it will not be easy to increase
their rent to the landlords by the amount of what will be payable
for tithes. As yet this has only been discussed by him with Lord
Liverpool and Goulburn, so of course you will feel the necessity of
not communicating upon it with any one.
Ever affectionately yours,
C. W. W.
THE RIGHT HON. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
East India Board, April 16, 1822.
MY DEAR B----,
The proposed meeting on the course which it might be expedient to
adopt respecting the Catholic question, took place this morning. As
the persons invited to it were only those members of the House of
Commons who had last year been named to bring in the Bill, I
advised Fremantle not to come, since it would only excite jealousy
to see us endeavouring to secure a majority by introducing any one
who had not on former occasions been called into council on the
subject.
The persons present were Tierney, Newport, Parnell, Canning, Grant,
Phillimore, Plunket, and myself.
Tierney expressed a very strong opinion as to the detriment the
general question had received from not having been taken up
immediately upon the meeting of Parliament, from Lord Londonderry's
declaration on the first day against any discussion of it, and from
Plunket's language on Canning's notice, but declined giving any
advice as to the course to be pursued under existing circumstances
at so late a period of the session, and after Canning's notice of
the limited motion.
Newport, though agreeing in regretting that earlier measures had
not been taken, yet distinctly admitted that the question had so
much varied by what had taken place, that it could not now be
agitated with advantage.
Grant thought that in the first instance the general motion had
better have been brought forward, but that Lord Londonderry's
declaration and Plunket's opinion, to which he was disposed
implicitly to defer, were sufficient reasons for delaying it till
next year. Altogether the result will be that Plunket will declare
his decided intention of postponing it till next year.
Canning is sanguine in his expectation of increased support or
rather neutrality of former adversaries, but Tierney doubts whether
members of the House of Commons will be as ready to come to town on
the limited as the general measure. He admitted, however, that the
call which has been ordered for the 24th may go far to remove this
objection.
I find the Orange party are loud in their abuse of Lord Wellesley
for shutting himself up at the Phoenix Park, lying in bed all day,
seeing nobody, and only communicating with Secretary Gregory by
letter. Indeed, I believe that the latter is more than he often
favours Secretaries Peel and Goulburn with.
Ever affectionately yours,
C. W. W.
Your account of the King's health rather surprises me, as we all
thought him, when last in town, to be looking decidedly better than
he had been, for some time.
THE RIGHT HON. W. H. FREMANTLE TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
House of Commons, Five o'clock, April 18, 1822.
MY DEAR DUKE,
I should have sent your note to Canning, but I have just seen him
and put it into his hands, saying that I had been prevented from
attending the meeting of Mr. Plunket, or I should have taken that
opportunity of explaining to him by your desire your views on his
proposed question: that I could not do it better now than by
putting into his hands a note which you had written to me on the
subject, and which you had since desired me to show him. He
immediately read your note, thanked me, and thus the matter ended.
He was interrupted by persons coming to speak to him, and sitting
behind him (which I did at the time), he could not well have
entered into any discussion had he been so disposed, indeed there
was not much to be said to me upon it.
I came to town purposely at your desire to attend Plunket's
meeting, and had no conception it was a select party till I got a
note from Wynn, describing it as such to me.
The King is come to town in bad humour at breaking up his Brighton
party, and determined to stay as short a time, and to do as little
in the way of public _appearances_, as possible, and which his
Ministers are strongly urging him to do. I suppose you will come up
for the Drawing-room if you don't for the Levee. We are in much
better spirits, in general appearances and prospects in the House,
and though Ireland will create much discussion, and also
Londonderry's agriculture propositions, still there is no doubt we
shall get the Session much sooner closed than usual. You shall hear
from me, if anything occurs, from day to day, before you come up.
Ever most faithfully yours,
W. H. F.
THE RIGHT HON. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
Whitehall, April 25, 1822.
MY DEAR B----,
It would give me the greatest pleasure to deliver your message to
the King, if I could find the opportunity of any other business to
desire an audience, but I think, upon consideration, you will think
that it might more properly be made the subject of a letter from
yourself to Sir Andrew Barnard, as Gentleman-in-Waiting, or
directly to the King, than of a note from me.
I am myself such a mere novice in matters of etiquette, that I
should not place the least confidence in my own judgment on such a
point, but should readily submit to yours, if I had not this
morning consulted my uncle Tom, who gave the same opinion which I
had previously formed. I have not yet had an opportunity of any
conversation with C----, having only seen him last night while I
was in labour of a speech, but I shall be very glad to see the
paper which you mention.
Grant's speech was excellent, better than I ever before heard from
him, but I do not believe you or any other Lord-Lieutenant would
like him as a secretary, as his warmest friends admit his
inefficiency and idleness. His total neglect of his correspondence
with this country, after repeated friendly admonition, was really
inexcusable. We are nearly in the same state with respect to Lord
Wellesley, which I trust is only owing to his illness. It is very
well for a Lord-Lieutenant or Secretary to say that they act on
their own responsibility, but during the sitting of Parliament
those upon whom that responsibility really and efficiently falls,
have a _right_ to expect to know their views of the situation
of Ireland and of the course to be pursued. Upon none of the great
points of Tithes, Magistracy, Police, &c., have we yet heard a
syllable, nor any view of the state of the country, for the last
month. Were Lord Wellesley well, I should certainly write to him
myself to tell him confidentially the complaint which arises from
his silence, but under the circumstances of his illness I had
rather that even if you should write to him you should not advert
to what I have mentioned. Adieu. I must go down for Reform in
Parliament, which owing to Lord Londonderry's hoarseness, would
rest on Peel and me, if Canning does not, as I expect, take the
labouring oar, and be the grand reformer of the night.
Ever yours affectionately,
C. W. W.
THE RIGHT HON. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
Whitehall, April 25, 1822.
MY DEAR B----,
I have been to the Drawing-room and brought back for a wonder such
a headache that I cannot write to you as fully as I should wish.
The King only asked me how I did, but did not give me an
opportunity of making your excuses. He looks well, I think, but I
certainly have heard reports of dropsy on the chest, which agree
too much with yours. The debate last night was very interesting.
Rice, Grant, and Plunket, full of information and excellent
speeches, the rest very indifferent.
Ellis's furious tirade against the Catholics laid him open to a
severe drubbing from Plunket, yet to say the plain truth, I fear
that he was but too correct, and that the distinctive feature of
the present conspiracy is, that in every part of Ireland it is
exclusively Catholic both in its objects and composition.
Ever affectionately yours,
C. W. W.
DR. PHILLIMORE TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
Whitehall, April 25, 1822.
MY DEAR LORD,
I take the liberty of forwarding to your Grace a copy of the speech
I made on introducing my Bill to amend the Marriage Act, which I
have published at the request of Lord Londonderry and others, who I
presume think that the facts alluded to, and the cases cited, may
essentially assist the Bill when it reaches the Upper House.
We are, I think, upon the whole going on well in the House of
Commons. I confess my mind has been much relieved since the
discussion on Sir John Newport's motion on Monday. Plunket's speech
was everything that could be wished, and set us quite right with
the House as to Ireland; it had also had the effect of indirectly
giving a lift to the general question respecting the Catholics.
On my return to London last week I passed a day at Dropmore. I
found Lord Grenville inclined to criticise most severely the Report
of the Agricultural Committee, but exceedingly anxious on the
subject of Canning's Bill. I must say I think the Agricultural
Report bad in every sense, but as I apprehend Lord Londonderry does
not mean to act in conformity with the spirit in which it is drawn
up, I trust it will be harmless as to effect.
I suppose Canning's Bill will pass our House--it will be a severe
blow to the cause if it does not; it is reported that Lambton and
Co. are anxious to vote against it, because Canning brings it in.
In the House of Lords, perhaps, it will have more votes than the
general question.
I cannot conclude this party communication without expressing the
very sincere regret I feel that your Grace should still be
suffering from indisposition, but I trust that you now only want to
recruit your strength.
Believe me, your obliged and faithful,
JOSEPH PHILLIMORE.
P.S.--The speech would have been out last week, but the proofs were
unfortunately sent to a wrong address to me in the country, and I
was some days before I could recover them.
Political partisanship at this time sometimes exerted a pernicious
influence over well-meaning men, hurrying them into the avowal of
sentiments which under other circumstances they would long have
hesitated to express. In this way a distinguished member of the peerage
committed himself by some remarks on the conduct of the Duke of
Buckingham, which the latter treated with characteristic spirit.
THE RIGHT HON. W. H. FREMANTLE TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
Stanhope Street, April 29, 1822.
MY DEAR DUKE,
I have just seen the Duke of Bedford's answer to your last letter,
which leaves you no alternative but to come to town. The whole
attack has been a premeditated one, and of the most unjust and
illiberal nature. I think the manner you have taken it up is
honourable to your character, and what every man who has a proper
feeling must commend. The thing does not seem to have been
whispered abroad.
I will come to you the moment you come to town, if you will let me
know. I shall be in the House of Commons upon Canning's motion. Sir
W---- W---- has acted extremely well on the occasion, and really
feels as your kindest and dearest friend ought; solely occupied in
the whole proceeding by a regard to your honour, and character, and
feeling. Nothing, I think, could have been better than the wording
of both your letters.
Ever most faithfully yours,
W. H. F.
LORD GRENVILLE TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
Dropmore, May 3, 1822.
I need not tell you with how deep an interest I received my
brother's letter and yours this morning. I think nothing can
possibly have passed more properly, or more satisfactorily, and I
derive the highest pleasure from it. It is no doubt a painful thing
to be reduced to this course, but whatever be the objections to it,
surely those are alone answerable for them whose wanton
intemperance of abuse places men under the necessity of thus
acting, in self-defence. The Duke of Bedford's disavowal, in the
conclusion of the business, seems to have been manly and
unequivocal, and the only real atonement he could make for the
original most unprovoked insult.
THE RIGHT HON. W. H. FREMANTLE TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
Stanhope Street, May 7, 1822.
MY DEAR DUKE,
I am sure it must give you pleasure, as it does me, to hear from
all sides, and all sorts of persons, one uniform expression of
approbation of your conduct. When one is forced to take a step
which places one's character before the public tribunal, it is most
gratifying to feel afterwards that the step has been approved and
sanctioned; that this is the case, I have not the shadow of a
doubt, and I would not say so to you, if I had not received the
most unequivocal proofs of it. I hear that even at Brookes' the
comparison is greatly in your favour. No one can deny that your
adversary has retracted his words, though he has done so in the
only manly and honourable manner he could do it. Yesterday Charles
Long conversed with me a great deal upon it, and said you had not
only done benefit to the general cause of Government, but that you
had served to put down that personal and unjust mode of proceeding
which was gaining ground every day. He attacked the conduct of the
Duke of B----, as being most improper and unjust; he said he had
had an opportunity of repeating the same language the day before to
the Duke of York, who, although a great personal friend of the Duke
of B----, could not but admit that you were compelled to act as you
had done, and that you had done so in the most dignified and
gallant manner.
I wish I could speak as flatteringly of the general conduct of the
Government, but I own every day lessens my confidence in them;
there is such a complete want of steadiness, and of an open manly
uniformity of conduct, that I see no hopes of its going on.
Although I have sealed my letter, I write to tell you a thing I
forgot--namely, that Talbot of Malahide came to me yesterday,
saying he considered the question to be of a personal nature, and
feeling the highest regard, affection, and gratitude to your
family, he could not think of voting upon it. That his party making
it a general question, he could not vote against it, but that he
should go away, which he did. I thought this a very handsome
conduct, and said I should certainly take care to communicate it to
you.
W. H. F.
DR. PHILLIMORE TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
Whitehall, May 11, 1822.
MY DEAR LORD DUKE,
Lest Wynn or Fremantle should not write to-day (for it has so
happened that I have seen neither of them), I just send your Grace
a few lines to say that the Catholic cause prospered last night,
the numbers being for the second reading of the Bill, 235; Noes,
223. Lord Duncannon told me that he had _never_ known a greater
exertion made against any measure than against the second reading
of this Bill. There were twenty-seven pairs in the House--_i.e._,
of persons who appeared in the House. My own idea is that all
further opposition to the measure in our House will be abandoned.
It certainly is most satisfactory to find the House of Commons so
steady on this point; but I must own I think the experiment has
been a hazardous one; if the measure had failed, the general
question must have been damaged. However, the result is most
favourable, and I should not be very much astonished if this Bill
was to pass your House. The most remarkable incident of last night
was the declaration of Mr. Skeffington (Lord Oriel's son), that he
had come to the conviction that the Catholic question must be
carried sooner or later.
I hear from all quarters that the Duke of York's canvass against
the Bill has been most active. Peel certainly took a higher tone
than he did last year. You will have heard from Wynn that the Swiss
mission, the general question respecting missions, and the repeal
of the Act which commuted offices for pensions, are to be made
vital questions (as the phrase is). At this I exceeding rejoice.
The post is going out.
Believe me,
Your Grace's most faithfully,
J. PHILLIMORE.
The long threatened inquiry into the diplomatic appointment given to
Mr. Henry W. Wynn came on on the 14th of May, when Mr. Lennard in the
House of Commons moved for a Select Committee to inquire into the
diplomatic expenses of the Government. The result is thus described:--
THE RIGHT HON. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
Friday.
MY DEAR B----,
It was yesterday determined that the motion respecting Henry's
mission on Tuesday, and the foreign missions in general for the
following day, should both be considered as vital questions,
decisive of the existence of the Administration. The case on the
former is very strong. Londonderry will state that at the Congress
of Vienna it had been decided that each of the great Powers should
keep Ministers of calibre (_quere_, great bores) there. The reason
of this was principally with the design of preventing the Cantons
from falling back into their former dependence on France, in
compliance with which it will be seen that each of them has
Ministers there of the same rank with Henry. The general diplomatic
arrangement was then laid before Parliament by estimate, in 1815
referred to a Committee, and acted upon. When Stratford Canning
came away, the mission was first intended for Foster, then for
Clanwilliam; and if Henry had declined, it would have been given to
another person.
With respect to the general question, it will be found that the
expenditure is reduced 20,000_l._ below the estimate of 1815,
and besides that, there will this year be the 10 per cent. upon all
salaries. Lord Londonderry has to-day a meeting of all men in
office to communicate this resolution to.
It is singular enough that in each of the three first divisions,
upon propositions the most adverse--viz., Webb Hall's, Ricardo, and
Althorpe's--the minority should have been 24, 24, and 25, though
composed of perfectly different persons.
Peel shows, I think, more spirit and good judgment as to the course
which we ought to pursue, than any man in the Cabinet.
Ever affectionately yours,
C. W. W.
THE RIGHT HON. W. H. FREMANTLE TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
Stanhope Street, May 16, 1822.
MY DEAR DUKE,
You will probably have heard from others the success of our whip
yesterday. Nothing could be better; and, though probably our
numbers may not be so many to-day, yet I should hope the relative
strength of the division may be equal. The debate was all on our
side, as well as the feeling of the House. Lord Nugent told me he
should not vote to-day, nor should Lord Ebrington. They show their
good taste in this. I understand Neville is very likely to vote
with us.
We are in better spirits, though the money question still hangs a
dead weight. The South Sea have refused the contract, and
Lushington told me last night the Bank would take the contract. I
fear this will commit the Government more and more with the Bank,
which has too much power already.
Ever yours,
W. H. F.
THE RIGHT HON. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
East India Board, May 15, 1822.
MY DEAR B----,
I agree entirely with what you say in your letter to Phillimore as
to the absurdity of the distinction of _vital_ and _indifferent_
points. All ought to be vital.
This is the course which Peel every day recommends. He has lately
taken a much bolder and decided tone both in Parliament and
Cabinet, and I have little doubt means to run for the lead of the
House of Commons. It appears to me very probable that his object is
to break up the Government, in the expectation that it will be
impossible for the Opposition to substitute anything which can
stand three months, and that he may then mould and form it at his
pleasure. He has himself spoken to me of the advantage which would
result from our retiring, and the certainty that we must return to
power within three months. Does he think that that period would be
sufficient for Opposition to pass the Catholic question?
Wilberforce's disclaimer of any intention to reflect on me was _ex
proprio motu_. It is curious that the _Morning Chronicle_, which
not only inserted the misrepresentation, but made it the object of
a leading paragraph, afterwards omitted the contradiction. This I
was told, but on examination find it is not true.
Report states that we are to have large divisions both to-day and
to-morrow, and that all the loose fish come into our net.
Ever affectionately yours,
C. W. W.
I have stated to Lord Londonderry and Peel, the impossibility of my
supporting the Alien Bill, or interfering to persuade my friends to
do it, but have assured them that I shall not dissuade them from
it. I added that my wish would be to stay away, as I had done on
the two last occasions of its renewal, but that I could not
absolutely pledge myself to this, since I might be compelled to
come down to answer comments on my absence.
Pray tell me whether you have procured any clue which may enable us
to _patronize_ a newspaper.
DR. PHILLIMORE TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
Doctors' Commons, May 17, 1822.
MY DEAR LORD DUKE,
The debate took a turn last night we had not at all anticipated.
Warre never mentioned Henry Wynn but in terms of civility and
courtesy, and not only disclaimed all personal attack against him,
but also every imputation against the arrangements which had led to
his appointment. Lord Londonderry followed Warre, and explained the
case, &c., &c.; and the only other person who took any part in the
debate was Lord Normanby, who distinctly also declared against all
allusion to the individual who held the appointment; and he had
scarcely proceeded thus far before the House became so impatient
that he was all but coughed down. Under these circumstances there
was no opening for any of us, which for some reasons I regret,
though upon the whole nothing could be more satisfactory than the
tone and temper of the debate. I think the abstinence from personal
attack must have been the result of previous arrangement, probably
the more sober ones refused to concur in the vote on any other
terms. A weaker case was never made out. Newport stayed away.
Calcraft went out just before the division. Talbot, member for the
County of Dublin, sent a message to Wynn by Plunket, to say that he
would not vote against his brother. Carew, member for the County of
Wexford, made a similar communication to me. Neville, I believe,
voted with us; and Ebrington stayed away. Holmes told me that
twenty-four came to the door after it was closed, of whom nineteen
belonged to us.
The most serious business we have now to look forward to is the new
financial arrangement; and I must own that I dread the difficulties
in which Van may involve us.
Believe me, your Grace's very faithful,
JOSEPH PHILLIMORE.
P.S.--The whole debate last night did not occupy two hours.
The Catholic Peers' Bill stands for the third reading to-night; it
is not to be opposed, at least not by those who have taken the lead
against it. I hear that Lords Caledon and Gosford, Gosse and Wilton
will vote for the Bill, the two first have hitherto always voted
against the Catholics, the two latter have not voted on the
question; an Irish bishop is also to vote with us. On the other
hand, Lords Camden and Clancarty will not vote, and they have
supported always the general measure. The Archbishop of York told
me he thought several of the opposers of the general measure would
stay away: this, I understand from other quarters, is the course he
intends to adopt. Lord Grenville, I believe, will come to London
for the debate in the House of Lords. I am afraid that the Bill
will not be carried, but I am very sanguine in thinking that the
majority in the Upper House will be very considerably diminished.
Wilberforce made a point of staying to vote with us last night.
THE RIGHT HON. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
East India Board, May 17.
MY DEAR B----,
I am on the whole extremely well satisfied with the issue of the
two last debates, as the Opposition have entirely failed in the
establishment of any case whatever, and did not appear to produce
any effect on the House. Talbot of Malahide went away, expressly on
the ground of declining a question which affected any connexion of
yours personally. Newport also was absent, as were Ebrington and
George. Neville, Wilberforce, Banks, and most of the country
gentlemen voted with us. The places of several of those who stayed
away from the Opposition were supplied by the Ponsonby's and
Fitzwilliam's connexions, who had been absent the preceding night
on account of Lord Fitzwilliam's death.
I have already told you how much embarrassment I feel about the
Alien Bill. Read your own speech of the 18th of June, 1816, and
mine of the 20th of May in the same year, and I think that you will
agree that we are a good deal hampered.
Ever affectionately yours,
C. W. W.
We read the Catholic Bill a third time to-day. I am told that the
second reading in the Lords will be fixed for the 31st of May.
THE RIGHT HON. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
East India Board, May 20, 1822.
MY DEAR B----,
The Duke of Portland has undertaken the management of Canning's
Bill in the House of Lords. I fear that so long a postponement of
it as you suggest, will hardly be thought expedient for the
interests of the Bill. It had been much wished that it should be
brought forward this week, but on account of Epsom it has been
deferred till the following Friday. I shall be very sorry if you
are prevented from attending, under all the particular
circumstances in which you stand, and should even think that it
might be worth while for you to come up and return next day. Lord
Clare, Lord Gosford, Lord Caledon, and Lord Gage are mentioned
among the new votes expected, but I am told that there are ten of
them. Lord Headfort's proxy has been forgotten, and as he is in
Italy cannot now be obtained. Lord Camden and Lord Clancarty will
not vote. Could not you get Lord Torrington's proxy? I think he
used to give you charge of it. Bulkeley hangs undecided about
coming or staying away. Old St. Vincent is to take his seat and
make a proxy. Lord Buckinghamshire is not yet ascertained.
You do not mention anything on the subject of the Alien Bill,
which, as I told you, I feel considerable difficulty about from the
part which we have both taken. With respect to the Finance plan, I
feel convinced that it must end where it ought to have begun, in an
appropriation of part of the Sinking Fund, and that this will be
done with more or less disguise and humbug, but that no regard for
consistency will be sufficient to prevent a measure so essentially
necessary.
I will try what I can do to obtain a postponement of the Catholic
Bill for you, but have little hope of success.
Ever affectionately your,
C. W. W.
Thirty or forty years ago the public press was managed with much less
talent and principle than the respectable portion of it now possesses.
Personality and scurrility appear to have gone out of fashion, and such
attacks as that from which the Duke of Buckingham suffered in the
columns of a provincial paper, are of very rare occurrence.
LORD GRENVILLE TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
Dropmore, May 21, 1822.
I learn from my brother that the Duke of Portland is to move the
second reading of Canning's Bill, and that they talk of the 31st
for it; that day being opportunely hitched in between the two
important epochs of Ascot and Epsom. But these arrangements of days
for Parliamentary business are always so uncertain, and so liable
to be varied up to the last moment, that I have never found one got
much previous communication of them; nor do I, to speak fairly,
think that the want of it affords the smallest ground of offence.
As to the yeomanry arrangements, it does not seem to me possible
that the day of this motion could have been fixed in time to enable
you to reconcile those two engagements.
I shall be sorry if you are absent from the discussion of this
Bill, for a thousand reasons that make one wish you present at it,
and I still hope you will contrive to run up for that night only.
But if that really cannot be, I will very willingly hold your
proxy, supposing that I do not in the interval (and it is now
little likely I should) receive some one that I cannot transfer. I
now hold only Lord Carysfort's.
On the other subject on which you write to me it is more difficult
to advise. The least troublesome course no doubt is that which I
have always pursued--to treat, and unaffectedly to consider, the
whole tribe of newspaper libellers as unworthy of the smallest
notice. And this was, on the first impression, the opinion which I
expressed the other day to my brother, who wrote to me on this
matter, in consequence of something your son had said to him. On
reflection I do not feel as sure as at first, that I was right in
this opinion, as applicable to your case and to the Aylesbury
paper. To any idea of a complaint against him in the House of Lords
I feel utterly averse. My recollection does not serve me to
remember any instance since Lord Sandwich and Bishop Warburton in
the beginning of the last reign, in which the House has interfered
in case of general libel. I myself brought a printer before them
for an attack on Bishop Watson, but then that, if I am not
mistaken, was a case of attack for words _spoken in Parliament_,
and not for general political conduct. If you prosecute, the right
course is certainly that of _information_ in the King's Bench; for
it would be most unseemly to allege that your character has really
been _endamaged_ by such ribaldry.
On the question itself, whether to prosecute or not, I really feel
myself incompetent to advise. I have already said that my first
impression was against it, but further consideration of the subject
has so shaken that opinion, that I should be sorry now you laid the
least stress upon it. Every man who goes into a court of law, and
especially every man who attacks a newspaper there, does, under our
blessed system of newspaper government, expose himself to a
lottery, the chances of which no man can foresee, and out of which
it would be much more desirable to keep himself. But, then, in this
as in other cases, one may be driven to the wall, and obliged to do
that which in itself one is far from wishing. That this is the case
in this instance, certainly seems probable, and if it is, the
decision is one which you alone can take for yourself; though if my
own judgment were fully satisfied either way, I would certainly not
hesitate to let you see it.
Ever most affectionately yours,
G.
THE RIGHT HON. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
House of Commons, May 23, 1822.
MY DEAR B----,
I left your letter at Lord Bulkeley's house, and afterwards meeting
him, urged him as strongly as I could to give his proxy, which, as
he is applying to me for a cadet-ship for a Welsh lad, I could
press further than I otherwise should. I am sorry to say, however,
that I could not boast much of my success. He talked of the
violence and bigotry of Carnarvonshire, which I do not believe
really weigh with him, as they were more violent and bigoted when
he formerly voted for the Catholics; but I believe the real reason
is some promise which he has made to his wife. I cannot learn where
Lord Torrington is in town, as he has no regular town house, but,
as I am told, takes his letters at the House of Lords; so I have
there left it for him. I spoke to Lord Cassilis about your proxy,
which he will willingly attend to hold if necessary, but had
expected you rather to give his.
The new votes mentioned besides Lord Caledon, Lord Gosport, and
Lord Clare, are Lord Gage, Lord Lucan, Lord Glasgow, Lord Wilton,
Lord Maryborough, Lord Ormond, and I think Lord Suffield (but I am
not sure which way the late Lord voted).
Ever affectionately yours,
C. W. W.
Frankland Lewis had a bad fall yesterday in the park, and was a
good deal bruised, but did not, I hope, suffer materially. Lord
Lonsdale had a worse a short time after, and broke two ribs and his
collar-bone.
LORD BULKELEY TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
Englefield Green, May 27, 1822.
MY DEAR LORD DUKE,
It is certainly most true that I promised your Grace to vote in
favour of Mr. Canning's motion whenever it came into the House of
Lords, and being conformable to my former votes and opinions, I
should with pleasure have ranged myself under the standard of the
party with which I had so long acted, had not a storm arisen in
Wales on that question, in consequence of Sir Robert Williams's
vote in the House of Commons, which I own to your Grace staggered
my intention very much. It was plainly told me, that if I did not
put water in my wine, all my popularity there would sink to the
ground, and an opposition declared which would put me to great
expense, and a very doubtful issue; and that it depended on my vote
to allay the storm, especially as Sir Robert had raised it. At the
head of these ultra anti-Catholics stand the Bishop of the diocese
(Magendie), and all the parsons to a man, and Mr. Ashton Smith,
Lord Kenyon, and Sir Robert Vaughan, and hundreds who look up to
Lord Eldon and Mr. Peel, and who think that the King is hostile to
the Catholics. I hope, therefore, I may be permitted to absent
myself as I have few days to live, and those few I can pass with
tolerable goodwill in my own _natale solum_, if I do not provoke
their ardent feelings on a point which they have opinions like
those of the University of Oxford. In my general support of
Government under your standard, my Taffies are rejoiced, but upon
the Catholic question they are raving mad.
Hoping the Duchess is well, and your Grace, I am, my dear Lord
Duke, with Lady B----'s joint best remembrances,
Your ever faithful,
W. B.
This is the last communication the writer addressed to his friend, as
he died suddenly, at the age of sixty-nine, at Englefield Green, on the
3rd of June.
THE RIGHT HON. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
Dropmore, May 29, 1822.
MY DEAR B----,
My uncle Tom writes to Lord Grenville: "My sister just tells me
that she met Canning last night at Burlington House, who told her
that he should write to you to-day to tell you that the Catholic
question was put off in the House of Lords, in consequence of the
death of Lord Grey's mother. I had heard from several people
yesterday that it was not put off; and so much satisfaction was
expressed at the day not being disturbed, that I am persuaded this
new change will be extremely unpopular."
No letter from Canning has arrived; but this probably proceeds from
his directing to Maidenhead, which was the case with the last
letter he wrote to Lord G----.
Ever affectionately yours,
C. W. W.
What will my worthy colleagues in the Empire of the East do about
this _fracas_ at Canton? Must they not shut up shop? On this head I
have nothing to say to them. I am for sending out a detachment of
capital convicts from the Old Bailey Sessions, since, provided they
are allowed to hang a sufficient number, it is all the Chinese
Government requires.
Lord Eldon had not recovered his good humour, nor reconciled himself to
the new servants his sovereign had called to his counsels, and when he
could not express his dissatisfaction orally, he rarely failed to do so
in writing to his confidential friends--now and then, however, with
characteristic caution, denying the authorship of the bad jokes he took
pains to circulate.[81] The proceedings of the Legislature he regarded
with real alarm whenever their object was to alter what the public
voice pronounced capable of amendment, or prune what was judged
superfluous. The vote of the House of Commons on the 1st of March, for
discontinuing the services of one of the Lords of the Admiralty, and
that given on the 2nd of May for getting rid of one of the
Postmasters-General, his Lordship called "stripping the Crown naked,"
and represents the King as suffering from severe illness, occasioned by
these attacks, as he considers them, on the Royal prerogative.[82] His
acknowledged talent as a lawyer, however, joined to his earnest
advocacy of the cause of which he was one of the stoutest champions,
ought to suggest allowances for such harmless exaggerations.
[81] Twiss's "Life of Lord Eldon," vol. ii. p. 63.
[82] Ibid., p. 64.
The Catholic question having been put off in the House of Lords till
the 21st of June, other questions of a more popular character,
including Parliamentary Reform, the Importation of Corn, the
amelioration of the Criminal Code, the continuation of the Alien Act,
the state of the Currency, and the Tithe system in Ireland, the
influence of the Crown, and the suppression of the Slave Trade, came
under consideration in this month.
The ball referred to in Mr. Fremantle's note, was given for the benefit
of the suffering poor of Ireland at the King's Theatre, London, on the
30th of May, and produced 3500_l._
THE RIGHT HON. W. H. FREMANTLE TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
House of Commons, Five o'clock.
MY DEAR DUKE,
You can have no idea of the great impression which has been made on
the public mind by these two last divisions. It has given courage
and unity to our people at the same time, and I trust will enable
us to stem the tide which has been setting against us for the
latter weeks. The great question that still hangs upon us is the
annuity transaction. The South Sea don't take it; the Bank are
negotiating but disinclined; and from what I hear from good
quarters, it will end in its being done by the Government, and
though not actually from the Sinking Fund, still with the means of
applying the Sinking Fund in case of failure. The whole project is
of Vansittart, and therefore to be feared, but I hope ultimately we
shall get over it, and satisfy the country gentlemen by taking off
1,500,000_l._ or 1,600,000_l._ of taxes.
There is nothing material more to say. There has been a fine
tripotage among the higher females about this Irish ball. The
Duchess of Richmond was first applied to to be at the head, and the
Duke of York was patron. All the present ladies were of her list,
and had agreed to be patronesses, when lo and behold! Lady
Conyngham, not having been sent to by the Duchess of Richmond, took
offence, and set up a new list, placing the King at the head, whom
she commanded to go, and all these ladies turned tack directly,
abandoned the Duchess, and are now of the new Government--a pretty
semblance of what might occur in the male political tribe.
Ever most faithfully yours,
W. H. F.
The state of Ireland--between famine and revolution--became every day
more alarming, and the influence of the Marquis Wellesley for good,
appeared more problematical. At this time the Ministers were desirous
that the King should pay a visit to another portion of his dominions,
where a welcome awaited him not less genuine than that which had given
so great a zest to his visit to Ireland; but, as will presently be
seen, they had some difficulty in getting his Majesty to enter into
their views.
THE RIGHT HON. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
House of Commons' Committee Room, Thursday morning.
MY DEAR B----,
I explained to Sir Edward East the other day, how the case stood
with respect to his claim to be admitted to the Privy Council.
There have been two instances which have occurred of his
predecessors being so appointed. Upon Sir John Anstruther's return
during Lord Grenville's administration, you must, I am sure,
remember that the greatest inconvenience had arisen from the
secession of Sir William Grant, and I believe Sir William Scott,
from the Privy Council, and that there were no lawyers to attend
the hearing of appeals. To supply this want, and with no reference
whatever to his having been Chief Justice of Calcutta, Anstruther
was sworn in. Sir H. Russell returned in 1813, and three years
afterwards was made a Privy Councillor for the same purpose. It
therefore seems to me, that whether it be or be not thought
desirable that East should hereafter receive the same mark of
favour, when legal members may be wanted at that Board, it is at
all events objectionable to give it at the present moment, which
would establish an absolute _right_ for all future Chief Justices
against whom there had been no particular charge, to claim it
immediately on their return. With this explanation he appeared
perfectly satisfied, and desired that it might be understood to be
his wish that it should not be pressed if there was any objection
to it.
I send you the Irish Constables' Bill, the alterations in which
have, I believe, satisfied almost all the Irishmen.
Newport went out of town yesterday. I do not myself believe in the
existence of any intrigue for keeping Canning in this country. If I
knew of any, I should be much disposed to join in it _openly_.
Why Westmoreland should not make room for Lord Melville, who might
continue to hold the sceptre of Scotland, and so leave the
Admiralty to Canning, I cannot conceive. I think as ill of the
latter as the K---- or you can, but it seems to me to be so much
his interest to do his best, and that the gulf between him and the
Reformers is so impassable, that it would be far better to admit
him, and to take the benefit of service in the House of Commons,
which no other man can render.
Having been bored till five this morning in the House, I can write
no more. Richard Wellesley, who is upon the Committee, tells me
that his accounts of Lord Wellesley are very good, and that he is
_quite well_.
THE RIGHT HON. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
Whitehall, July 5, 1822.
MY DEAR B----,
You will perhaps be surprised at not having heard from me
respecting the late arrests in Ireland, but the truth is, that his
Excellency is too discreet to communicate by his despatches more
intelligence than appears in the Dublin newspapers, except that the
evidence against these persons is so strong, that he is confident
of convicting several of them. In due time he promises to send us
the examinations which have been taken, and on which the men were
apprehended. This, I suppose, will not be till after he has tried
them.
We get on, as you will see, at a snail's pace; still I flatter
myself I see many symptoms of the session drawing to a conclusion.
After next week, we shall have no Irish members left, and most of
the English will also have left town.
The King now again proposes going to Scotland. The visits are to be
to the Duke of Athol, Duke of Montrose, Lord Mansfield, and Lord
Hopetoun; perhaps Lord Breadalbane, but not to Gordon Castle or
Inverary--the first on account of distance, the latter of the
Duke's absence.
He has been extremely reasonable in agreeing to the postponement of
a Bill enabling him to make a will, and to the alteration of one
for regulating the Duchy of Cornwall, though he had got somewhat
like a promise before Christmas that they should be passed in this
session.
Ever affectionately yours,
C. W. W.
THE RIGHT HON. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
July 8, 1822.
MY DEAR B----,
I had an audience to-day on some business of no importance, but was
very graciously received. He talked to me some time about Canning,
whom he abused extremely for falsehood and treachery, and expressed
his opinion that he was now engaged in some intrigue or another.
The expectation of the Chancellor's retiring seems to be very
general, in consequence of the undisguised irritation which he has
expressed on the decision of the Marriage Bill. There certainly
never has been so strong an instance of revolt among those who for
so many years were the humblest of slaves.
Proxies, as you will see, were not called for. Yours was entered to
Lord Wemyss, who expressed himself much flattered at holding it. I
should have given it to Lord Cassilis, but that he was doubtful as
to his power of attending.
Ever affectionately yours,
C. W. W.
THE RIGHT HON. THOMAS GRENVILLE TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
Cleveland Square, July 9, 1822.
MY DEAR DUKE,
The match that has been so long pending, after a very long
attachment, between the Duke of M----'s daughter and Mr. G----, is
declared off, as is said, by the lady, in consequence of the
insanity _found now_ to prevail in the bridegroom's family. But as
all the world has long known that G----'s father shot himself, and
his uncle (W----) cut his throat, it seems quite incomprehensible
that this should have escaped the lady's observation till now.
A strange report was circulated of the eldest son of Lord Cassilis
(Lord Kennedy) having shot at a boy in a tree and killed him. There
was no boy, and no tree, and no shooting, and no possible account
how such an entire fiction could have been circulated.
I am going to see our bronze Achilles[83] mount this morning upon
his pedestal in the park.
Kind love to your dear wife, and God bless you!
Yours affectionately,
T. G.
[83] The well known figure in Hyde Park, erected in honour of the
Duke of Wellington.
THE RIGHT HON. W. H. FREMANTLE TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
Stanhope Street, July 11, 1822.
MY DEAR DUKE,
We have had a very severe fagging for the last ten days, but I
think we have made great progress, and I have no doubt now that the
House of Commons will be up at the end of this month. The King
certainly does not go to Scotland, though the decision has been
fluctuating for some time past. His Ministers wished him to go, and
he wished not, and has been putting up his doctors to support him
by ordering them to pronounce that he would suffer from the
journey, fatigue, &c. I hear that, in consequence of all this, he
is not quite in such good humour with them as he was. Lord Warwick,
you see, has got the Lieutenancy of Warwickshire, which has
offended Lord Hertford. Lord Liverpool has had a serious attack of
inflammation in the sinew of his thigh (his old complaint); he was
extremely bad for two days, but is now nearly recovered. There
never was anything so strange and absurd as Lord W----'s match; it
was evidently planned and forced by the S----s. After he was gone
he wrote three letters, which have been seen by the person who told
me--one to his mother, the Duchess of B----, saying how sorry he
was to have offended her by this marriage, but he was sure she
would forgive him if she could witness the happiness he then
enjoyed; the second to Lord Fitzroy Somerset, saying he was the
most miserable man breathing, that he had been entrapped to marry,
and he should never feel a moment's happiness again; the third to
Lord Alvanley, saying that he had been obliged to marry; that he
begged he would let him know what was said upon it, particularly by
the girls (he had been making love to Lady Caroline S----). Hoped
they would not quiz him, for he was unhappy enough.
Can you fancy such folly and such profligacy? The fact is, I really
believe he has got ... or that she made him believe it, and
therefore compelled him to marry her. There is nothing but this
sort of gossip stirring in town. The debates are most tedious, and
the Houses very thin. I believe the Opposition as weary of it as we
are. Phillimore will have some plague with his Marriage Bill, but I
have no doubt will carry it, though the Chancellor is outrageous,
making a prodigious noise about it, and sets up the
Attorney-General to oppose it.
W. H. FREMANTLE.
The Lord Chancellor not only continued to set his face strongly against
the Grenville portion of the Government; but there exists evidence
that while doing so he began to look favourably upon Opposition. He
accepted an invitation to dine at Holland House, and there met, as he
acknowledges, Lords Holland, Grey, Lauderdale, and "several of the
Opposition."[84] A step like this from such a man, is extremely
suggestive, and rumours of sweeping changes in the Administration
followed, as a matter of course.
[84] See his letter to Lady Bankes, Twiss, vol. ii. p. 71.
CHAPTER IX.
[1822.]
SIR WILLIAM KNIGHTON APPOINTED KEEPER OF THE KING'S PRIVY PURSE.
HIS SENSE OF DUTY SOMETIMES OPPOSED TO THE KING'S INSTRUCTIONS.
HIS IMPORTANT SERVICES IN LESSENING THE ROYAL EXPENDITURE. ARRESTS
IN IRELAND. CANNING AND PEEL. LAMENTABLE DEATH OF THE MARQUIS OF
LONDONDERRY. ESTIMATE OF THIS DISTINGUISHED STATESMAN. LETTER FROM
THE KING ON THE SUBJECT. THE ROYAL VISIT TO SCOTLAND. SIR WALTER
SCOTT'S RELIC. PROSPECTS OF THE GOVERNMENT. THEIR NEGOTIATIONS WITH
MR. CANNING. HIS SPEECH AT LIVERPOOL. HE SUCCEEDS THE MARQUIS OF
LONDONDERRY AS SECRETARY OF STATE FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
CHAPTER IX.
Sir William Knighton was appointed Keeper of the King's Privy Purse,
and was employed in the most arduous labour of endeavouring to arrange
the private accounts of his Majesty. While putting these affairs into
a satisfactory state, he was sometimes obliged to oppose the King's
inclinations--on one occasion so as to excite his displeasure. But
George the Fourth was not the less partial to his servant for
maintaining what was right and proper under such circumstances, despite
his master's disapproval; and after one unpleasant scene of this
nature, his Majesty wrote him the following note:
THE KING TO SIR WILLIAM KNIGHTON.
Carlton House, July 11, 1822,
Wednesday morning, Eight o'clock.
You may easily imagine, warm and sincere as my affections are
towards you, I have had but little rest since we separated last
night. The feeling that I may possibly and unfortunately, in a
hurried moment, when my mind and my heart were torn in fifty
different ways from fifty different causes, have let an unjust or
hasty expression escape me to any one, but most especially to you,
whom I so truly love, and who are so invaluable to me as my friend,
is to me a sensation much too painful to be endured--therefore let
me implore you to come to me, be it but for a moment, the very
first thing you do this morning, for I shall hate myself until I
have the opportunity of expressing personally to you those pure and
genuine feelings of affection which will never cease to live in my
heart so long as that heart itself continues to beat. I am much too
unhappy to say more, but that I am
Ever your affectionate friend,
G. R.[85]
[85] Knighton's "Memoirs," p. 118.
This communication proves that the writer was not so thoroughly selfish
and heartless as he has often been represented. His correspondence with
Sir William Knighton and other persons in his confidence is
characterized by the same tenderness and good feeling. His Majesty
sanctioned all the proceedings of his Privy Purse to put an end to
abuses in his private expenditure, that had long been a source of
embarrassment and vexation, and later in the year issued the following
document:--
Royal Lodge, Oct. 26, 1822.
I hereby authorize and direct Sir William Knighton, Bart., Keeper
of my Privy Purse, to give notice to our several tradesmen that
they are not to receive orders or to furnish any articles of
furniture, &c. &c. &c., or to incur any expense whatsoever from
their different trades, where such expense is to be provided for by
my said Privy Purse, without receiving a specific order in writing
for that purpose from the said Sir William Knighton Bart.; and I do
also give my authority to the said Sir William Knighton, Bart., and
order and direct him, during our will and pleasure, to undertake
the entire management of my private affairs, with a view to the
observance of the most strict and rigid economy, that we may have
the opportunity of relieving ourselves from certain embarrassments
which it is not necessary to mention further in detail. We do
therefore rely with confidence on the said Sir William Knighton for
the strict performance and fulfilment of all our wishes on this
head.[86]
GEORGE R.
[86] "Memoirs of Sir William Knighton, Bart."
It is but justice to add that Sir William's management worked a reform,
the beneficial effects of which were acknowledged and appreciated. "I
see with pleasure," writes the Duke of Clarence, "and hear with equal
satisfaction how well the Privy Purse is carried on under your able
management."[87] The King was not only freed from large accumulations of
pecuniary liabilities, but was enabled considerably to increase his
donations to public and private charities.
[87] Ibid.
The new members of the Board of Control were not quite pleased with
their position on their first taking office, and it is clear from their
representations of the unsatisfactory state of the Government, that
some of them at least were not indisposed to break the tie that
connected them with it. It becomes more and more evident that the
dissatisfaction of the President was leading him into a desire for
change, but it does not appear that the Duke of Buckingham encouraged
such speculations--indeed, the interest taken by the Duke in politics
had so greatly subsided, that he was sailing about the coast
preparatory to quitting the country for an absence of considerable
duration. He followed the advice given by Mr. Fremantle in a subsequent
letter.
THE RIGHT HON. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
July 15, 1822.
As far as I can judge from my conversations with Canning, he is
perfectly _in earnest_ with respect to his intended voyage, and
much as I regret it for the country, I think that considering the
great personal disinclination both of the King and (I believe) the
Duke of York towards him, the unstable nature of the Government,
and the state of his own affairs, the course he pursues is far the
best for his own interests. I think I told you that both Liverpool
and Londonderry evidently considered the completion of this
appointment as a great advantage gained, and were in high spirits
on the occasion.
It cannot be doubted that Peel and Lord Bathurst strongly
participate in this feeling, and that the Chancellor carries it a
good deal farther. Under these circumstances, the Duke of
Wellington is the only man of any weight in the Cabinet, of whose
co-operation in a plan for retaining Canning in this country there
could be a hope, and without that, we could not hold out such a
probability of success as alone could justify any communication to
Canning, or expectation that he would listen to it. If it could be
effected, I have no hesitation in saying that it would be a measure
of great benefit to the country.
I have lately heard much general rumour of disinclination on the
part of certain members of the Cabinet who are not cordial towards
as, and of Peel's having said that things would not go on well till
they had got rid of the Grenvilles. This I do not believe, as he is
much too cautious a man to commit himself by such a speech, but I
cannot but admit that the coldness and reserve of his manner to me
make me think that the opinion, though not uttered, is not unlikely
to be entertained by him. He assures me that he still continues in
the same complete ignorance as to the persons lately arrested in
Ireland. The only depositions transmitted are those of persons who
believe them to be engaged in a traitorous conspiracy for the
overthrow of the Government; but what the facts against them are,
whether any papers have been taken, whether any of them have given
information, and even whether they have been examined before the
Privy Council, the Lord Lieutenant has not judged it necessary to
inform him. It is evident things cannot go on in this way, and I do
not think it unlikely that Peel is lying back in order to make as
strong a case as he can, before he attacks Lord W----, after which
he would more easily overturn us.
The last resolution was, I believe, in favour of the visit to
Scotland, but not to stir beyond Edinburgh.
I am very glad that you are satisfied with the alterations in the
Irish Constables Bill. I think you quite right in your plan of
writing a letter to Plunket to explain your general views with
respect to Ireland. He must remember that he is Attorney-General,
and from his character ought to be House of Commons Minister for
that country, besides being representative of that shabby body
called Trinity College. He cannot conceal from himself the
resolution of the Irish members, and indeed of the House, to force
the Tithe question, and that the only thing in his power to
determine is, whether the Government will take the conduct and
management of the business to themselves or leave it to the
Opposition.
I have entered in this letter more fully into our position than I
otherwise should, as you mention that it will reach you in
_safety_. I never know exactly how far the post is to be trusted,
but the time which elapses between putting in the letters and their
dispatch by the mail is so _very short_, that I think, unless under
very particular circumstances indeed, there can be little chance of
private correspondence being violated. I know that it _can_ be
done, but believe it very seldom is.
Arbuthnot spoke to Phillimore of the good disposition of Lord
Liverpool and Londonderry towards us, as in contrast to some other
members of the Cabinet, and Plunket has evidently taken the same
opinion.
THE RIGHT HON. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
East India Board, July 20, 1822.
MY DEAR B----,
Before Plunket left town, I had a conversation with him on the
subject of the Armagh arrest, mentioned in my last, and found him
very much inclined to fear that it had taken place on insufficient
evidence, particularly of one individual who represents himself as
having become a Protestant three or four years ago, but to have
continued an ostensible Papist for the purpose of penetrating and
betraying the Catholic plots now carrying on. The arrest was made
by a Colonel Blacker, one of the most furious Orange agents, and of
course the trial must take place at Armagh, by a red-hot Orange
jury, which it may be expected will convict, however slight the
case may be, and which will not obtain credit for having done
justice even if the evidence be sufficient.
It is scarcely possible to make any complaint of Peel's manner, as
though it is cold and reserved, I should be told that it is such to
others, and that to notice it would only increase the evil. The
reports which I mentioned of his conversation, are such as I do not
myself believe to be true, though they may be founded upon what the
inventors of them believe and hope to be his ulterior wishes.
The King is to be attended in Scotland by Peel and Lord Melville,
but not to pay any visits; he is to be quartered at Dalkeith, and
his suite in Holyrood House. We are, in consideration of the
reversal of the Scotch attainders, to signalize his visit, but this
is all undecided as yet.
Ever affectionately yours,
C. W. W.
THE RIGHT HON. W. H. FREMANTLE TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
House of Commons, July 23, 1822.
MY DEAR DUKE,
I have delayed answering your letter for some days, because I
wished to ascertain the ground, and see how the thing looked before
you ventured to take any steps with regard to communicating with so
slippery and uncertain a man as C----. The fact is, you may be
assured that he has the best disposition to trip these people up,
but I am persuaded he will not be able to do it; and they are fully
aware of his designs. My own opinion is, that no overture or
communication will be had with him--there is no part of the
Government who wish for his connexion. They find the strength and
power of Peel have completely answered their purpose, and with more
popularity and feeling of the House than the other would have done;
and above all, be assured there is a mortal antipathy against C----
in the K----. All these circumstances combined would, in my
judgment, not make it worth your while to attempt any movement
through him, or to have any communication with him.
I cannot but think that Wynn is gaining strength in the Cabinet,
and the best support he has is, in my opinion, Lord Londonderry's,
which would be totally destroyed by any underhand communication
with C----; and your seeing him or corresponding with him would
have that effect. I should, therefore, on the whole, strongly
advise all abstainment from all connexion with him.
Things look a great deal better than they did, though the K----, I
should fear, is not quite in the good humour he was. He dislikes
the journey to Scotland, and I have no idea why they plagued him to
take it (which is said to have been the case). The intention is now
only to stay in Scotland ten days, and visit no one. Peel and Lord
Melville are the Ministers who attend him. He is to make a public
entry into Edinburgh, but to live entirely at Dalkeith House.
I don't know the names of all his retinue in the yacht, but Lord
Fife is invited to be one of his companions, and goes accordingly.
The Marchioness of C---- is going to Ireland, by Scotland,
therefore I should not be surprised if _accident_ brings her to
Edinburgh, about the same time.
We shall not adjourn this House till Friday week. I shall get out
of town on Tuesday, I hope. Everybody but Hume and Bennett are sick
to death of it, and literally every other Opposition man gone out
of town.
I hope your sailing has done you a great deal of good, and that I
shall have the pleasure of hearing you are quite re-established.
Ever most truly yours,
W. H. F.
THE RIGHT HON. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
East India Board, July 26, 1822.
MY DEAR B----,
It was yesterday determined that Lord Londonderry should attend the
Congress at Vienna, upon which subject _strict secrecy_ was
recommended; but it was observed that it had on Tuesday night been
communicated by Lord Francis Conyngham to all the ladies at the
opera-house.
We have accounts of the Prince Royal of Portugal having been
addressed to take on him the title of Perpetual Regent of Brazil,
to which he graciously consents, provided it shall appear to be the
will of the people. The probable consequence will be his exclusion
from the throne of Portugal, which there has been already a strong
disposition to pronounce.
The Cortes of Spain, though in possession of full evidence of the
King and French Minister's share in the late attempt of the Guards
to effect a counter-revolution, and even of his having placed each
of his Ministers in separate confinement during the whole of the
night of the attack, seem to think the time not yet ripe to get rid
of him, and therefore conceal everything. If they are obliged to
dispose of him before the country will allow them to proclaim a
republic, they are many of them disposed to propose a union of the
Peninsula under the King of Portugal, as the most inefficient
shadow of royalty that can be set up.
Bobus Smith the other night proposed a caricature of a private
conference between Hume and Vansittart as a dialogue of penny-wise
and pound-foolish.
I see no reason to doubt Canning's going to India. His writ will, I
believe, be moved the last day of the session, and as the K---- is
going for Scotland immediately afterwards, there will be no room
left for intrigue to avert it. The Duke of Wellington is the only
one who has appeared to me at all sensible of the loss we shall
experience in him, and he speaks of him as being nearly useless out
of the walls of the House.
The town was startled in the month of August by a terrible incident.
The Marquis of Londonderry, on the 12th of the month, terminated his
existence by his own hand, at one of his residences, North Cray Farm,
near Bexley, Kent, in the fifty-third year of his age. The elevated
position he had filled for many years in the Government of this great
empire, had made him a prominent mark for the malicious shafts of those
who had, or fancied they had, an interest in opposing his policy.
During his long and most honourable career, no statesman had
accomplished such a series of important services. The Legislative Union
of Great Britain and Ireland, had it been suffered to bear the fruit
which only came to perfection thirty years later, was a measure of such
vital importance to the State, that its successful settlement under the
extraordinary circumstances which attended its discussion, entitled him
to rank with the ablest ministers of his time; but eminently sagacious
and beneficial as was this measure, it was thrown into the shade by the
success of subsequent calculations of Lord Castlereagh, first as
Secretary-at-War, and then as Foreign Secretary, which effected the
overthrow of that brilliant genius by whom his country had so long been
menaced. These services appear to have called into existence hosts of
political enemies, imbued with the vindictive spirit that prevailed at
this period, from whose attacks he was rarely free. They included in
their ranks many of a younger generation of adventurers--quite as
depreciatory in their opinions, if not as malicious--who regarded his
downfall as affording an opening in the direction of place and power.
Nothing could exceed the manliness of his bearing in the unequal
conflict in which every session he found himself engaged, unless it is
to be looked for in the inexhaustible amiability that characterized his
relations with the most implacable of his foes. It is, however, evident
that as his health began to fail from the long course of exhausting
labours which his office imposed upon him, he became more sensitive to
such provocations, and though he carefully concealed it from outward
view, an increasing irritability affected his whole nervous system.
The melancholy result, though unfortunately too easily explained,
excited reports as ingenious as malevolent, to account for its
suddenness, but like the injustice to his memory he has received from
rivals or successors, who sought to raise a reputation by advocating an
adverse policy, they had but a brief existence. As a statesman, as a
gentleman, as a man, the Marquis of Londonderry was the Bayard of
political chivalry, _sans peur et sans reproche_, and it reflects
no slight disgrace on this monument-rearing age, that neither in the
land of his nativity nor in that of his adoption has any memorial been
raised worthy of his fame.
The characters of few public men have been so unfairly treated; his
political opponents, numbering among them many writers of great ability
and influence, have allowed their judgments to be warped by party
animosity, and have descended to misrepresentation to an extent truly
pitiable. Thus his countrymen have received impressions of his policy
and administrative capacity during his long and arduous career, totally
at variance with the truth.[88] One writer of eminence has, however,
recently stepped forward to uphold his fame with emphatic earnestness,
and we make no apology for inserting here his estimate of this
distinguished and much-maligned statesman:
[88] His best advocate will be found in "The Castlereagh
Despatches," in twelve volumes, edited by his brother, the late
Marquis.
"His whole life was a continual struggle with the majority of his own
or foreign lands: he combated to subdue or to bless them. He began his
career by strenuous efforts to effect the Irish Union, and rescue his
native country from the incapable Legislature by which its energies had
so long been repressed. His mature strength was exerted in a long and
desperate conflict with the despotism of revolutionary France, which
his firmness as much as the arm of Wellington brought to a triumphant
issue; his latter days in a ceaseless conflict with the revolutionary
spirit in his own country, and an anxious effort to uphold the dignity
of Great Britain and the independence of lesser States abroad. The
uncompromising antagonist of Radicalism at home, he was at the same
time the resolute opponent of despotism abroad. If Poland retained
after the overthrow of Napoleon any remnant of nationality, it was
owing to his persevering and almost unaided efforts, and at the very
time when the savage wretches who raised a shout at his funeral were
rejoicing at his death, he had been preparing to assert at Verona, as
he had done to the Congresses of Laybach and Troppau, the independent
action of Great Britain, and her non-accordance in the policy of the
Continental sovereigns against the efforts of human freedom.
"His policy in domestic affairs was marked by the same far-seeing
wisdom, the same intrepid resistance to the blindness of present
clamour. He made the most strenuous efforts to uphold the Sinking
Fund--that noble monument of Mr. Pitt's patriotic foresight; had those
efforts been successful, the whole National Debt would have been paid
off by the year 1845, and the nation _for ever_ have been freed from
the payment of thirty millions a-year for its interest. He resisted
with a firm hand, and at the expense of present popularity with the
multitude, the efforts of faction during the seven trying years which
followed the close of the war, and bequeathed the constitution, after a
season of peculiar danger, unshaken to his successors. The firm friend
of freedom, he was on that very account the resolute opponent of
democracy, the insidious enemy which, under the guise of a friend, has
in every age blasted its progress and destroyed its substance.
Discerning the principal cause of the distress which had occasioned
these convulsions, his last act was one that bequeathed to his country
a currency adequate to its necessities, and which he alone of his
Cabinet had the honesty to admit was a departure from former error.
Elegant and courteous in his manners, with a noble figure and finely
chiselled countenance, he was beloved in his family circle and by all
his friends, not less than respected by the wide circle of sovereigns
and statesmen with whom he had so worthily upheld the honour and
dignity of England."[89]
[89] Alison's "History of Europe," vol. ii. p. 526.
Lord Londonderry's colleagues entertained a similar opinion:--"Our own
country and Europe," writes one of the most sagacious of them, "have
suffered a loss, in my opinion irreparable. I had a great affection for
him, and he deserved it from me, for to me he showed an uniform
kindness, of which no other colleague's conduct furnished an
example."[90]
[90] Twiss's "Life of Lord Eldon," vol. ii. p. 73.
The King had proceeded a few days before, on a visit to his Scottish
dominions, and the startling news reached him soon after the _Royal
George_ had dropped her anchor at the termination of the voyage. His
Majesty, fully impressed with the irreparable nature of his loss,
hastily wrote to the most influential members of the Cabinet, to
deprecate any hasty arrangement. We quote the following:--
THE KING TO LORD ELDON.
Royal George Yacht, Leith Roads,
Aug. 15th, half-past eight P.M., 1822.
MY DEAR FRIEND,
I have this moment heard from Liverpool of the melancholy death of
his and my dear friend, poor Londonderry. On Friday was the last
time I saw him; my own mind was then filled with apprehensions
respecting him, and they have, alas! been but too painfully
verified. My great object, my good friend, in writing to you
to-night, is to tell you that I have written to Liverpool, and I do
implore you not _to lend yourself_ to any arrangement _whatever_,
until my return to town. This, indeed, is Lord Liverpool's own
proposal, and as you may suppose, I have joined _most cordially_ in
the proposition. It will require the _most prudent foresight_ on my
part, relative to the new arrangements that must now necessarily
take place. You may easily judge of the state of my mind.
Ever, believe me,
Your sincere Friend,
G. R.
The King's intention to visit the northern portion of his kingdom, made
there as great a stir as had been created by his previous one to
Ireland. Sir Walter Scott was at the time in Edinburgh, and took a
prominent part in the preparations that were making in the Scottish
capital to receive its Sovereign, and on the royal yacht coming to
anchor in Leith Roads, he was the first Scotsman to venture on board,
on a very rainy day (August 15th), to present his Majesty with a St.
Andrew's Cross in silver, from the ladies of "Auld Reekie." The King,
much gratified, invited the novelist to drink his health in a bumper of
whisky, which having done, the latter requested permission to keep the
glass as a relic to hand down to his posterity. This having graciously
been granted, he put it very carefully in his pocket, and took his
leave. On returning home, he found Crabbe the poet, who had just
arrived from his English home, to pay a long promised visit; and Sir
Walter was so earnest in welcoming his guest, that the precious relic
was forgotten, till sitting down suddenly he crushed it to atoms, not
without inflicting on himself a severe scratch from the sharp
fragments.[91]
[91] Lockhart's "Life," vol. v. p. 195.
The King delighted his Scottish subjects by wearing the Highland garb,
in which he was very carefully dressed by the Laird of Garth, but the
pride of the Macgregors and Glengarries who thronged around the royal
person, suffered a serious blow when a London alderman entered the
circle clothed in a suit of the same tartan. The portly figure and
civic dignity of Sir William Curtis gave to the costume too much the
appearance of a burlesque to pass unnoticed either by the Sovereign or
his loyal admirers, and it was some time before they recovered their
gravity. On the 24th, the magistrates of "the gude town" entertained
the King with a banquet in the Parliament House, in the course of which
his Majesty gave as a toast, "The Chieftains and Clans of Scotland, and
prosperity to the Land of Cakes." The King did not quit his Scottish
dominions till the 29th, when he embarked from Lord Hopetoun's seat on
the Firth of Forth, previously directing a letter to be written to Sir
Walter Scott by Sir Robert Peel, expressing his warm personal
acknowledgments for the deep interest he had taken in every ceremony
and arrangement connected with his Majesty's visit.[92]
[92] Lockhart's "Life," vol. v. p. 215.
THE RIGHT HON. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
East India Office, Friday.
MY DEAR B----,
I have only time to write one hurried line to say that I am in
town, but know nothing. Lord Liverpool very cast down, and
depressed in the extreme. No arrangement or preparatory discussion
to take place till after the King's return, and till we are
collected from the different quarters in which we are at present
scattered. The Duke of Wellington is expected back to-night or
to-morrow, and is immediately to be dispatched with the
instructions which had been prepared for Lord Londonderry, to
Vienna.
I think that though nothing can absolutely be determined in the
absence of Peel, Lord Harrowby, and Lord Melville, there still must
be something substantially understood before the Duke will turn his
back on England, and this something _must_, I am convinced, be
Canning. What other changes may take place cannot yet be foreseen,
but from a word which Lord Liverpool dropped, I think he
anticipates more than simply a new Secretary.
The funeral takes place on Tuesday, by Lady Londonderry's
particular desire, in the Abbey!!! I think it most unwise to run
the chance of the insults of a London mob on such an occasion.
THE RIGHT HON. W. H. FREMANTLE TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
Stanhope Street, Aug. 20, 1822.
MY DEAR DUKE,
I came to town last night for the funeral, and am returning this
instant. I find Wynn has written to you, and I hope you will go to
him at Broadstairs; he is _quite satisfied_ with the prospect,
though of course nothing is or can be arranged till the King's
return. I was at Dropmore; your uncles both think it would be worse
than nothing to attempt a Government without Canning, and such
seems to be the opinion of everybody, such was the language of
_all_ the official men this morning. But after all, I fear we shall
not, even with Canning and Peel, and even Grant in addition, be
altogether so well off as with Londonderry. His rank, his long
standing, the sort of authority and power he possessed, all
contributed to his advantage and that of the Government.
Ever most truly yours,
W. H. FREMANTLE.
THE RIGHT HON. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
East India Office, Aug. 20, 1822.
MY DEAR B----,
The formal determination transmitted to the King is, that there
shall be not only no arrangement but no discussion till his return.
Tho real effect of which is only to enable Lord Liverpool to lock
himself up, and decline talking to those whom he wishes to avoid,
among whom I must reckon myself. I have, however, seen the Duke of
Wellington and Frederick Robinson, and had much conversation with
both of them, and the result of the whole is very satisfactory to
me so far as it goes. Neither of them seems to anticipate the
possibility of any other arrangement, but that of Canning
succeeding to the lead of the House of Commons, and the Duke of
Wellington expressed much anxiety that he should also succeed to
the vacant seals.
He showed me, however, the King's letter, which seems distantly to
allude to objection to Canning for that particular department.
This, however, he thinks, can be overcome, and I am therefore the
more pleased that he remains till after the King's return, instead
of proceeding immediately to Vienna. I should I believe myself, if
Canning could be induced to accept the Exchequer (which at one time
he certainly was ready to have done), with the lead of the House of
Commons, like to transport Nic Van to India, send Lord Bathurst to
the Foreign Department, Robinson to the Colonial, and Huskisson to
the Board of Trade.
The strongest proof to me of the universal impression of the
necessity of consigning the lead of the House of Commons to
Canning, and that the No Popery party will not venture to propose
Peel, was, that I found Westmoreland, with whom I was associated in
the funeral this morning, quite of that opinion. Now, if the
Chancellor were intriguing for Peel, would he not have secured
Westmoreland.
I concur very much in your view of the impropriety of remaining in
an Administration, _both_ the leaders of which are the most decided
opponents of the Catholic question, and intimated as much to
Robinson, who appeared to feel the similarity of his own situation.
I have had much conversation also with an intimate personal friend
of Peel's, whose opinion it was that Peel would be by no means
desirous of undertaking the lead, as independent of other
objections, his health was not sufficiently strong to admit of his
assuming functions so laborious and incessant.
The King has mentioned his intention of leaving Edinburgh as on
Saturday next. Poor Liverpool's bridal ideas have been quite driven
out of his head, and I do not yet hear of a fresh day for
consummation being fixed. I am very sorry for the public effect of
the visit to Bowood at this time, but it had been fixed I believe
before Lord Londonderry's death, and Lord G---- does not feel any
necessity of extending to Opposition any of that coyness he shows
towards Government. Both my uncles are fully satisfied of the
absolute necessity of Canning's leading the House of Commons, and
probably the more so from his having lately paid a visit of two
days to Dropmore.
Ever most affectionately yours,
C. W. W.
THE DUKE OF WELLINGTON TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
London, Aug. 21, 1822.
MY DEAR DUKE,
I have received your letter, which, according to your permission, I
have communicated to Lord Liverpool. When the deplorable event
occurred which gave reason for your writing it, Lord Liverpool
requested the King not to consider of the measures to be adopted to
fill the situation in H. M.'s Councils which had been held by Lord
Londonderry, till H. M. should return to London, and he assured the
King that he likewise on his part would take no step whatever on
the subject till he should have the honour of seeing his Majesty.
This matter then stands exactly as it did on the day of the fatal
catastrophe, and so will remain till the King's return.
Lord Liverpool is very anxious that your Grace, and those who wish
well to the Government, should take no step and make no declaration
previously to his Majesty's return, which might embarrass the
Government or themselves. He hopes that you will so far confide in
him as to be certain that he will do what he ought upon this
occasion, and you may rely upon his taking the earliest opportunity
of making you acquainted with the steps which he will have taken.
Believe me, my dear Duke,
With the most sincere respect and affection,
Ever yours most faithfully,
WELLINGTON.
THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM AND CHANDOS, K.G., TO THE DUKE OF WELLINGTON.
MY DEAR DUKE,
I beg that you will assure Lord Liverpool that nothing could be
further from my intention or my wishes, than to hasten forward any
discussion or precipitate any decision respecting the steps to be
taken to complete and strengthen the Government under existing
circumstances: on the contrary, no one is more convinced than I am
of the absolute necessity of the Government having most mature
deliberation on this very momentous question. For this very reason
I thought it due to Lord Liverpool that he should at as early a
moment as possible be put in possession of the sentiments and
feelings of those connected with his Government, provided you
thought mine of sufficient importance to be transmitted to him.
Believe me always yours sincerely,
B. C.
Of Canning at this period one of his intimate friends thus
speaks:--"Great as his talents for Parliament are, and great as is the
want of them on the Ministerial side of the House, it is not without
the utmost reluctance that the rest of the Cabinet will consent to
receive him as an associate. If they make him any proposal, it will be
only because they are forced to it by the opinion and wishes of their
own friends, and if they make him a _fair_ proposal, it will be a clear
proof that they think that the Government cannot go on without his
aid."[93]
[93] Lord Dudley's "Letters," p. 351.
A little later we learn from the same authority: "The delay that has
taken place in filling up the very important station that was held by
Lord Londonderry is itself a pretty good proof of the embarrassment of
the King and his Ministers. Canning will be a bitter pill to them, and
yet I am more inclined than I was at first to think that they will
swallow it. I give Canning full credit for what he declared at
Liverpool, that he _knew nothing_; and yet without imputing to him any
Jesuitical reservation, I consider his speech to be that of a man who
thought that he was more likely to come in than not."[94]
[94] Lord Dudley's "Letters," p. 356.
Canning knew well enough that he had only to wait, and the necessities
of the Government, notwithstanding the aversion of the majority, would
force him into the position his great rival had left vacant. Many
persons of influence shared in this conviction, and though far from
cordial in their admiration for this political leader, they were eager
to adopt him as their colleague or superior, seeing no other assistance
at hand so capable of advancing their particular policy.
THE RIGHT HON. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
Broadstairs, Aug. 24, 1822.
MY DEAR B----,
My letter of yesterday will have sufficiently put you in possession
of my opinion, that although I agreed in the principle of your
letter, yet the addressing it under the present circumstances to
the D---- of W----, and through him to Lord Liverpool, was
premature. They seem to have thought the same, though I wish they
had expressed it in a manner less unambiguous.
It is difficult to make up one's mind whether it would, on the
whole, be more desirable to see Canning at the Exchequer or in the
Foreign Office. I rather believe that by Huskisson's assistance he
would discharge the duties of the former office better than the
latter, to which the disinclination of Carlton House and the very
unconciliating style of correspondence in which he indulges himself
(and of which the records of the Board of Control have shown me
some specimens) are great objections. If, indeed, the arrangement
which I chalked out in a former letter for the promotion of Lord
Bathurst, Robinson, Huskisson, and either W. Lambe or C. Grant,
could take place, I should have no doubt that it would be best to
give Canning the Exchequer. But if the result should be, as many
anticipate, to consign the Foreign Seals to your friend the D----
of W----, it is not easy to decide whether the inconvenience of
that appointment would not counterbalance the benefit of removing
Van.
From being in the first coach, I could see little of the behaviour
of the mob at the funeral, but all that I saw or heard was
perfectly proper till the moment of the removal of the _coffin_
from the hearse to enter the Abbey, when a Radical yell was set up
from St. Margaret's churchyard.
Lady Londonderry's wish that he should be interred in Westminster
Abbey, and with the pomp of a private funeral, seems to me
extraordinary, and under the unfortunate circumstances of his
death, very ill-judged. I had myself proposed, in order to obviate
the possibility of any expression of hostile or disrespectful
feeling, that the body should at once have been brought on the
preceding night to the Jerusalem Chamber, instead of to his house
in St. James's-square, and that the procession should be formed
from thence on foot.
Sunday, 25th.
A letter from town this morning tells me that the King is not to
leave Edinburgh till the 28th, which will of course extend my stay
at this place. Everything leads me to believe that the discussion
will rather turn on the particular official situation to be held by
Canning, than on the vesting in him the lead of the House of
Commons, the necessity of which seems to be so generally and
strongly felt, that opposition to it must be ineffectual. At the
same time nothing is yet known of Peel's sentiments, and there will
not be wanting those among his friends who will urge him to refuse
serving _under_ Canning.
Have you any ground for mentioning Harrowby as a decided opponent
of C----'s admission? I should have thought that agreement on the
Catholic question would have reconciled him to it.
Ever most faithfully yours,
C. W. W.
THE RIGHT HON. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
Whitehall, Sept 3, 1822.
MY DEAR B----,
My principal reason for doubting the expediency of your step was,
that if, as I believed, the view which you yourself took was also
entertained by those to whom you addressed it, the declaration
which it contained might have been reserved, to be afterwards
brought forward in support of them, when it might be better applied
to the existing circumstances. My own inclination is to consider
the offer of the lead to Canning as indispensable, and that no
other proposition should be offered as an alternative. Yet, did he
or any one else ever give a proof of worse judgment than his speech
at Liverpool, in which he recommends a compromise, and that the
question should be allowed to rest after "_perhaps_" one more
general discussion? Admitting that the advice might be good if
addressed to the Catholics, his bringing it into his Liverpool
speech at the present moment is just the way to defeat his object,
and to persuade the Catholics that he is ready to sacrifice them to
his own objects of ambition.
Matters are but little advanced, that is to say, that Lord L----
has laid the proposition of an application to Canning before the
K---- this morning, and desired him to take till Thursday to
consider it, and to consult any others of his servants. This makes
me feel strong hope that none of them have decidedly opposed it.
Repugnance was expressed, but I see that L----[95] as well as
W----[96] thinks that it will finally succeed. To-morrow we are to
have a Cabinet, which, but for the delight of procrastinating
everything, might just as well have been held yesterday or on
Sunday.
L---- distinctly stated to me, that he felt that the country could
not be satisfied unless a proposal were made to Canning, but
referred to the possibility of his insisting on unreasonable
conditions. Should this be the case, I can only say _alors comme
alors_, and that the course to be pursued must depend on the
peculiar circumstances which one cannot anticipate.
Ever affectionately yours,
C. W. W.
[95] Lord Liverpool.
[96] The Duke of Wellington.
THE RIGHT HON. W. H. FREMANTLE TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
Englefield Green, Sept. 8, 1822.
MY DEAR DUKE,
Having had nothing to communicate I have not written to you; indeed
now there seems nothing to discuss till you know the terms on which
Canning is to come in; I have no doubt the offer is, the
Chancellorship of the Exchequer and lead of the House of Commons,
and Cabinet for Huskisson or any one other friend. Whether he will
think this enough I doubt; I am rather confident from what I have
heard, that he will not surrender the foreign seals to anybody but
the Duke of Wellington. I have no doubt they are intended for Lord
Bathurst. He must feel and know we cannot do without him, and
having so good a thing in his present possession, he will of course
not accept office but in such a way as shall fully meet his wishes.
The King sent for the Duke of York, who, with the Chancellor, will,
I am sure, throw every difficulty in the way, though they must know
that nothing but his connexion can save and support the Government.
The arrangement of getting rid of _Van_ would certainly be the most
eligible and satisfactory to the public that could be adopted. The
Duke of Wellington has been seriously ill, but is now better.
Whether this will impede his expedition to Vienna I know not, but
should not think it would. The King is most delighted with his
expedition to Scotland, preferring it infinitely to his Irish
jaunt; this will not please _Paddy_.
I should be delighted to hear that Nugent got Ireland, but I am
sure his rank is now too high, the station has been lowered to a
_commanding_ officer only, and a full General's staff is not
allowed. The Duke and Duchess of Gloucester are come to Bagshot;
they seem to think the _Regnante_ is losing ground; I don't believe
one word of it, indeed I am quite sure of the reverse.
Ever most faithfully yours,
W. H. F.
THE RIGHT HON. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
East India Office, Sept. 10, 1822.
MY DEAR B----,
A communication to Canning was authorized on Sunday, and he may be
expected in town I believe to-night. The proposal is to succeed
Lord Londonderry in all respects, and there I fear it stops, and
that there will be resistance to the stipulation which will
probably be pressed for Huskisson's promotion.
Ever affectionately yours,
C. W. W.
THE RIGHT HON. W. H. FREMANTLE TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
Englefield Green, Sept. 12, 1822.
MY DEAR DUKE,
I find the offer is made to Canning for the full succession to Lord
Londonderry in his office, and leader of the House of Commons;
this, as far as it goes, is a measure that will strengthen the
Government, but I was in hopes it would be followed up by the
resignation of _Van_; however, if it should not now happen, the
thing must ere long--it is not likely that Canning will do his
business in the House of Commons as Londonderry did, and even if he
were so inclined, I should think that Van with a grain of spirit
would not allow him to do so. It will be curious to see how the
Chancellor reconciles himself to his quondam associate, after the
last speech of Canning. I am told it has been the most bitter pill
for the K---- to swallow, and nothing but necessity has induced
him. I have no idea that Canning can refuse such a proposal; he can
never have a greater situation, for in fact he becomes at once the
chief of the Government. Surely Van could be tempted by India, he
would make an excellent Governor-General, and Robinson or Grant a
much better Chancellor of the Exchequer.
Ever, my dear Duke,
Most faithfully yours,
W. H. FREMANTLE.
THE RIGHT HON. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
MY DEAR B----,
Canning is just sworn in. The language of Lord Liverpool and others
is that the consideration of any other changes is postponed, and
that it was particularly desirable that Canning's appointment
should not be clogged by any other discussion. The Chancellor did
not attend the Council to-day--indeed, we had only Liverpool, Van,
Lord Bathurst, Westmoreland, Robinson, Canning, and myself, all the
rest being out of town.
Melville will have the offer of India if he wishes it, but he has
before refused it when pressed, and if otherwise disposed at
present, would hardly have started back for Scotland the moment
Canning notified his acceptance. However, till he sends his answer,
nothing further will be done, and by that time, if the Speaker
wishes it, he will probably make it known.
I do not, however, hear anything of the Chancellor's resignation,
but everything points, I trust, to Van. Lord Redesdale is quite
superannuated, and nothing would seem to me so impossible as his
appointment.
Ever affectionately yours,
C. W. W.
THE DUKE OF WELLINGTON TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
London, Sept. 14, 1822.
MY DEAR DUKE,
You will be anxious to learn the result of the discussions with Mr.
Canning, and I have great pleasure in informing you that he has
accepted the Foreign Office, and is to lead in the House of
Commons.
This was settled yesterday, but as I have been confined to my
house, I did not hear it till it was too late to write to you by
last night's post.
I hope to be able to set out for Vienna on Monday.
Believe me, my dear Duke,
Ever yours most sincerely,
WELLINGTON.
"The bitter pill" was at last swallowed by the King, and despite of
both open and concealed hostility from persons of influence very near
the Royal person, Mr. Canning filled the important position in the
Cabinet left vacant by the late Marquis of Londonderry. The reader will
presently see how soon he won powerful friends at Court; but superior
as he may have been in some things, his subsequent career shows--what
indeed his previous political life prominently indicates--that there
were other qualifications, less brilliant but more useful, possessed in
an eminent degree by his predecessor, in which he was singularly
deficient.
CHAPTER X.
[1822.]
MR. CANNING AGAIN IN THE CABINET. RUMOURED MINISTERIAL ARRANGEMENTS.
MR. CANNING OFFERS MR. WILLIAMS WYNN THE SPEAKERSHIP OF THE HOUSE OF
COMMONS. A POLITICAL RUSE. THE KING AT WINDSOR. THE SPEAKER. FOREIGN
AFFAIRS. PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONGRESS OF VERONA RESPECTING SPAIN. MR.
HENRY WILLIAMS WYNN'S PROPOSED DIPLOMATIC CHANGE. MR. CANNING'S
UNDER-SECRETARY OF STATE. CONDITION OF IRELAND. M. VILLELE.
CHAPTER X.
The addition of Mr. Canning to the Government was regarded with
different sentiments when looked at from different points of view. His
brilliant talents and great popularity were recognised advantages, but
then the necessity by which he might consider himself bound to put
forward an original policy, made reflecting politicians regard his
appointment with distrust. He appears to have exhibited a wish to serve
some members of the Grenville family, though not in the required
direction. Mr. Charles Williams Wynn was ambitious of filling the
distant but lucrative post to which the new Foreign Secretary had been
appointed before Lord Londonderry's death, but Mr. Canning suggested a
position scarcely less honourable at home. How these and other
negotiations proceeded, may be learnt from the following letters:--
THE RIGHT HON. W. H. FREMANTLE TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
Englefield Green, Sept 19, 1822.
MY DEAR DUKE,
Charles Wynn, I am told by my servant, called on me here yesterday,
and was anxious to see me. Probably it was to communicate some
change or probable change. I should be very happy to hear that he
got India, if he wishes it; the situation to a younger brother with
a family, is undoubtedly most valuable, and at his age would be a
most flattering station. I doubt greatly, however, his success, for
I am thoroughly aware that the Directors hated our appointment at
the Board, and I see no reason to imagine that the President or the
Board have made themselves more popular with them. I do not say the
contrary, but there has been no opportunity, and the little
discussions which have taken place have been rather of a
controversial nature. Lord Maryborough wants it, but I think won't
succeed: Lord Melville, I am _almost certain_, will not take it.
Vansittart would be the best appointment (supposing Charles Wynn
can't succeed), and by this means we should get rid of a great
encumbrance to the Government. I understand Lord Liverpool will
_not_ have Huskisson, and the King does not approve of his being
in the Cabinet; but this, however, would be easily got over by
making Robinson or Grant Chancellor of the Exchequer, and Huskisson
Board of Trade and Treasurer of the Navy. The King comes to the
Cottage on Saturday, and has at present determined to stay five
weeks. The Regnante comes also.
Ever faithfully yours,
W. H. F.
Lord Harrowby is the candidate for the Garter, which, if he don't
get, I think will drive him from the Government. This would be the
best opening for you, if the Admiralty or Ireland does not offer.
Lord Hertford and the Duke of Portland are also talked of for the
Garter.
THE RIGHT HON. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
East India Office, Sept. 23.
MY DEAR B----,
I am, I think, at length perfectly _au fait_ of the arrangement
which is desired, and the motive for proposing it. Canning is most
anxious, by any means, to procure my resignation of my present
appointment, in order that it may fall to Huskisson, who
particularly desires it. Last night I received the enclosed from
C----, together with the letter from Lord G----, which I also send
to you,[97] and this morning met L---- and C---- accordingly. The
former told us that he had, as he anticipated, received a decided
refusal from Scotland, and we then entered on the discussion of the
different candidates. C---- said that in his conversation with the
Directors, when he informed them of his resignation, he found that
their first preference would be for Lord Melville; 2ndly, very
strongly in favour of Lord W. B----;[98] 3rdly, Lord Amherst; that
if none of these were offered to them they would accept the
Speaker, but that it was clear that no other candidate would go
down without a considerable struggle. I expressed my own opinion of
the insufficiency of the Speaker for a post of so much importance,
and my fear that a man naturally indolent, would in so indolent a
climate be wholly inefficient, and rather recommended Lord W.
B----. C----, in reply, dwelt not on Sutton's fitness for India,
but his unfitness for the Chair. Perceiving his drift, I suggested
the possibility for replacing him there by William Courtenay, but
C---- immediately said, that unless it would lead to my accepting
the Chair, he did not think that there was any reason to make it
worth while to remove S----. I adverted to some of the reasons,
which we have already talked over, which indisposed me to the
change, and they then desired me to take a week to consider the
subject, and if I liked it to talk to Lord Grenville after his
return from Elton.
I hear from other quarters, that there is a strong party among the
Directors disposed to object to me if I am proposed for India. It
is, indeed, possible that if I held that out as the only condition
upon which I would give up this office, Canning might, by the
exertion of his personal influence among them, carry the question;
but I doubt much whether, even supposing I was more anxious to
obtain it than I am, it would be creditable to me or to any
President of the Board of Control, to have his nomination the
subject of a struggle, which, if it should succeed on the part of
the Directors, and he should continue in office, must render all
future intercourse acrimonious and unconciliating.
[97] The enclosures have not been preserved.
[98] Lord William Bentinck.
THE RIGHT HON. W. H. FREMANTLE TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
Englefield Green, Sept. 26, 1822.
MY DEAR DUKE,
The communication you have made to me is not a matter of surprise,
for I own I expected this would be the result. The proposition,
however, being now made by one Cabinet Minister to Lord Grenville,
and communicated by another to you, see how I should stand
committed if I were to meddle with it by asking an interview with
Lord Liverpool. In the former case Lord Liverpool opened the
proposition to me, and it was my duty to lay it before you, even
before I spoke to Lord Grenville; but in this case Wynn has
informed you of it, and he would have a right to demand why I
presumed to communicate at all with Lord Liverpool without his
authority or permission, on a subject so deeply involving his
interests and wishes. By his communication to you, he has entitled
you to write to Lord Liverpool, as you have done to Canning,
expressly stating your views and feelings on the subject; and I am
witness that a station in the Government was undoubtedly one of the
primary objects of your contemplation in the former negotiation. I
have no doubt that if I were to see Lord Liverpool, even under your
authority, he would treat it as a Cabinet question, and refuse to
enter into any discussion with me upon it, but I am quite sure I
could not discuss it without touching upon the views and objects of
Charles Wynn in a way that might offend him; it is an object of
such moment and importance to him, that I cannot be surprised that
he receives it so favourably. I heard from him the moment he came
to town, telling me he was quite sure the Directors would not
nominate him, but he says nothing of the new proposal, and probably
it had not then been made, or if so, he did not choose to confide
it to me. With regard to the advantages the Government derived from
his efforts as a speaker on the Treasury Bench during last session,
it must be obvious to you as it was to him, that he failed
altogether. The difference which you point out, as to the effect
this change would have on the Catholic question, may to a certain
degree be past, but still I think, _as a Speaker_, his influence
would have much more weight than even if he remained in Cabinet.
The question is also one which materially affects Lord Grenville's
support of the Government; and Canning, Lord Liverpool, and Wynn
are now evidently treating with a view of connecting your uncles
more closely with them; also you must consider that Plunket, who is
also the organ of your party, still commands this question.
I know you will say, and feel naturally, that these considerations
have nothing to do with your personal objects, and the claim which
you have to Cabinet; but on the other hand the Government will feel
that if they can more strongly and generally unite your family
interests with theirs, it is the best course they can pursue. I
cannot think that the public would view this transfer of Cabinet to
the Chair as a sale of your support, originally contemplated, for
this distinct object and your Dukedom; nobody could have calculated
on anything occurring which would induce Manners Sutton to quit the
Chair, and surely there is no trafficking on your part or that of
your family for the object; the proposition comes to you, and is
always to be so stated and avowed. I take it for granted the
difficulty is opening a Cabinet office; Lord Wellesley could not be
removed without disgracing him, unless he applies for recall, and I
should presume Lord Harrowby has no disposition to retire.
I see how very difficult your situation is, for in resisting this
arrangement you bar the anxious wishes and hopes of Charles Wynn,
and in giving way to it you for a time put by your claim, but at
the same time it is but for a time, for it makes it stronger
whenever the vacancy occurs. I cannot, however, concur in thinking
the public would condemn you, or think it was an excess _of job_ if
the proposition is acceded to, for it must always be Canning's
_job_, and not yours. I trust you will give me credit for the
motives which I have placed before you, as inclining me to hesitate
in writing to Lord Liverpool; I really hope on reflection you will
see them in the same point of view.
Believe me ever, my dear Duke,
With sincere attachment and affection,
Most faithfully yours,
W. H. FREMANTLE.
THE RIGHT HON. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
East India Office, Sept. 26, 1822.
MY DEAR B----,
Enclosed I send you a letter which I yesterday received from Lord
G----, together with the draft of my answer,[99] in which I have
expressed myself fully. You will see that I had anticipated a part
of your feelings upon the proposed plan, though I speak of them as
likely to arise hereafter instead of at present. What has most
struck me in all that has passed, is the manner in which Canning
has assumed to himself, even in the presence of Lord Liverpool, the
tone and authority of Premier.
You will see I mention in my letter to Lord G---- my opinion of the
manner in which he has put off seeing me as a mark of
disinclination. On Monday, the business was scarcely commenced when
he expressed his wish to discuss foreign business with Lord L----
before he left town, in order to get rid of me. Knowing that the
latter was not to return to town during the week, I expressed my
wish for further discussion with C----, and asked him when he could
see me. He said Tuesday was foreign post day, Wednesday he had
several appointments, and then named to-day. Yesterday I had a note
from him that he wished to shut himself up to-day, and to-morrow to
write to the Duke of Wellington, and naming Saturday. Now,
considering that we have as yet had no discussion whatever on the
general state of things, I think this is, to say the best,
unconciliating conduct. Still, on Saturday I will endeavour either
to lead or to force him upon different subjects, and particularly
on the Catholic question, which will naturally arise out of your
letter. His want of judgment is such, that I really think it is an
even chance that in the first session he gets into some difficulty
from which he cannot extricate himself, and in which his friends
will delight to leave him. If he survives that, I expect him to
govern the House with a rod of iron, and fix his power absolutely.
He seems to me fully aware of the weakness of character he has to
deal with, and that the assumption of power will probably confer
it. I am to see the Chairman of the E.I.C. alone to-morrow, and
probably shall from him learn more of the feelings of the Directors
than C---- has communicated to me.
Ever most truly yours,
C. W. W.
[99] Enclosures not preserved.
THE RIGHT HON. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
East India Office, Sept 28, 1822.
MY DEAR B----,
I read part of your letter to C---- to-day, but did not show it to
him, as there were parts of it which I thought referred rather too
much to topics which are private to ourselves, and my uncle Tom had
particularly entered his _veto_ against communicating the reference
to his letter. I saw it discomposed him extremely, and he agreed
that it would be necessary for me to see Lord Liverpool and talk
the matter over with him before it goes any further. He told me
that previous to making this proposal, he had ascertained that the
Directors would not be disposed to send me to India, and that their
motive to accept the Speaker would only be with the view of making
room here for Huskisson. That he had originally determined before
he came to town to have stipulated for the promotion of Huskisson
before he made himself "the immense sacrifice he did in accepting
office," but that the concurrent opinion of his friends had
deterred him from this, and that he was most especially moved to it
by your letter to Lord Morley, which had peculiar weight with him,
and that now, standing as he did single in the Cabinet, he felt
that he was entitled to have every facility afforded him for that
purpose, or that it might still be necessary for him to retire.
I have written to Lord L---- to offer to go down to Combe Wood
to-morrow, as I am sure it is desirable to bring the matter to an
upshot one way or the other. My uncle Tom comes up to town, and
dines with me to-day. I must own it appears to me that C---- has
completely _got round_ both him and Lord G----. They are astonished
that I can think he shows disinclination to me personally, &c. &c.
I must say that I think your view of the question is a fit one, and
such as you are thoroughly entitled to take, and have only to beg
earnestly that no consideration of my interests may induce you to
depart from what you feel to be due to yourself and your own
consistency.
Ever most faithfully yours,
C. W. W.
THE RIGHT HON. THOMAS GRENVILLE TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
Cleveland Square, Oct. 3, 1822.
MY DEAR DUKE,
Having learnt from Charles that you have expressed to him some
uneasiness at not hearing from me in reference to the discussions
which have, as he tells me, been going on between you and the
Government upon the proposal of his taking the Chair, I do not
hesitate to assure you that no man living can take a more cordial
and affectionate interest than I do in everything which regards
your happiness and gratifications, public and private, and that
whatever could be done, on my very limited scale, that could in the
least degree contribute to any of those objects, I should do with
all the kind and ready feelings of warm and sincere affection. From
political discussions, however, I have, as you know, entirely
withdrawn myself for a very long time past, and the very little
share which I took in the discussion respecting yourself and
Charles, at the beginning of last winter, convinced me how much
pain to myself and how little advantage to you, must arise from my
renewing them. In truth, I am much too antiquated to enter into the
councils of a mind as ardent as yours, and much too little
conversant with the politics of these times to be a useful or safe
adviser. I have the more readily adopted this negative course from
the persuasion that you, who are in the prime of life for business,
with more than forty years over your head, with good talents, and
with no little experience of men and manners, are a much more
reasonable judge of what is fit for you to do or not to do, than
any other man can be for you. Who is there that can sufficiently
adopt the thoughts and feelings and taste of another, to decide for
him what is best for his own happiness? Why should it be required
that I, who have one foot in the grave, should see the objects of
public life or the means of attaining them, in the same points of
view with yourself, who are in the prime of active life, and
ardently alive to all those pursuits which are flat and
unprofitable to my antiquated eyes? It is perhaps not unreasonable
in me, who see you one of the first men in the country, with a
Dukedom and the Garter, and having already all that the Crown can
give, to consider you as standing upon very elevated ground, and as
being one who ought not easily to be persuaded by any Government to
accept of any office from them. On the other hand, it is quite
natural for you or any man who has the ambition to be decidedly the
one first man in the country, to take the course which in your
judgment leads most directly to the object of your wishes; but how
can I advise in this, who do not start from the same post or look
towards the same goal? I am prouder, it seems, for you than you are
for yourself, and while you seem anxious to establish a claim for
office in the present Government, I am too proud to see you as that
claimant, or to agree that any consideration should induce you to
take official share in this Government, unless it were for the
single act of dispensing to Ireland the blessing of Catholic
emancipation? This different view of your situation from that which
you entertain, leaves therefore no possibility of my old-fashioned
eyesight adopting what your younger and stronger eyes see with an
ardour of which mine are no longer capable. As long as I see my
dear Duke, I do not see upon earth anybody in whose prosperity and
happiness I take a warmer and more sincerely cordial feeling than I
do in yours--and that is better in an old, decaying uncle, than
discussions that he is no longer fit for.
This sensible communication anticipates the result of the overtures of
Mr. Canning, who was already beginning to feel his strength, and did
not hesitate to show it. What his object was is expressed in the next
letter; it was foiled by the Duke of Buckingham placing it in a strong
light before the observation of the now nominal Premier, Lord
Liverpool.
THE RIGHT HON. W. H. FREMANTLE TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
Englefield Green, Oct. 7, 1822.
MY DEAR DUKE,
I thank you for your communication, and am glad to find the whole
business, as far as it was connected with your party, is
terminated; I received a letter from Charles Wynn yesterday
morning, informing me of the result of your communication with Lord
Liverpool.
No one can undoubtedly so well judge the question, as it may affect
your honour and character, as yourself; the removal of Charles Wynn
from the Cabinet, if done either by intrigue or force, was a
measure which you could not submit to, and if you were satisfied
that such was the intention, the steps you adopted were such as
became you; I consider that it would have been impossible for any
one of your party who had accepted office, to hold it one moment
after you had come to the decision of separating yourself from all
official connexion; nor do I think that under such a declaration
Charles Wynn could doubt of the line which he so promptly and
honourably adopted. Indeed, I must fully agree with you in
applauding his feelings towards you and his friends. I am rejoiced
that no new arrangements take place in your political relations
with the Government, for I am persuaded the best, the most
advantageous, and most popular state in which your interests can
stand, for some time at least, is by remaining perfectly quiet, and
suffering public discussion on men and parties and official
situations to be diverted to other quarters. We had our full share
last Session, and let Mr. Canning, if he chooses to commence his
career by Cabinet intrigue, have the full benefit of it; no change
would at this moment occur in your party without incurring (whether
true or false) the charge of official rapacity on the one hand, or
a want of common gratitude on the other.
The King is arrived at the Cottage with his _usual_ party, and I
understand remains about three weeks: he sees nobody as yet, but is
reported to be very well and in good spirits; he was at chapel
yesterday, and is driving in the Park every day.
Ever, my dear Duke,
Most faithfully yours,
W. H. FREMANTLE.
THE RIGHT HON. W. H. FREMANTLE TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
Brighton, Nov. 5, 1822.
MY DEAR DUKE,
Charles Wynn wrote to me to say he wished to come and lay before
the King Lord Amherst's appointment to sign, thinking it would be a
good occasion of presenting himself for an audience, and I strongly
recommended him to do so, though it was uncertain how he might take
it; however, nothing could have been better received. The King has
not appeared since he has been here, now ten days, and has confined
himself to his room under a slight affection of gout, for which he
is taking Wilson's medicine, but he received him most graciously,
talked for an hour and a half, and Wynn came away delighted. I am
quite happy that he came down for the purpose. I can't make out
exactly how matters stand at the Pavilion. The Regnante has not yet
arrived. He has been quite alone, literally, with Lord Conyngham
and Sir W. Knighton, and not another person. It is said she has
taken an aversion to this place, and I rather give credit to it,
for Lord Conyngham told me he was going to fit up the Castle at
Windsor, as the King had taken a fancy to it, and now seemed to
prefer it to the Cottage. What this means I know not; I do not
think, notwithstanding, that she is out of favour, or even to have
lost ground, but that the strangeness of his conduct daily
increases.
Did you ever hear of anything half so absurd as the conduct of the
Speaker? He first wrote to Lord Liverpool to ask his opinion about
standing for the University, and having received a very cold
answer, declaring his wishes to be in favour of Lord Hervey, he
immediately declared himself with his _re_consideration
advertisement; afterwards Charles Wynn hit the blot which bad been
overlooked, or probably never looked for, in the case of Charles
Dundas when proposed by Sheridan, and who was objected to by Mr.
Pitt, as not being capable on account of not having previously
taken the oath at the table before the Speaker, which by the act
is necessary in every case but at the commencement of a new
Parliament. When Charles Wynn mentioned this, it set them all
aback, and after requiring a day to consider it, it ended by his
giving up; the consequences of all this has been that the
Solicitor-General has been driven from a certain success, and the
Government interest being divided between R. Grant and Lord Hervey,
it is not improbable that Scarlett may succeed.
I should judge from the language of Tierney on general points, that
he thinks the Government stronger and more likely to hold a firm
and vigorous language and line of conduct by the introduction of
Canning, than it was last year. I believe the latter is to name
Frederick Lamb[100] his Under-Secretary, and Lord Clanwilliam to
succeed Frederick Lamb.
The appointment of Lord Amherst, taking all things into
consideration, is, I believe, as good a nomination as could have
taken place; and as far as it regards our Board, I should think the
best, for he has no intrigue, and will act straightforward with us.
Canning is gone down to Walmer, and you may rest assured that it
will very soon end in his leading Lord Liverpool; if he can
persuade him to get rid of Vansittart, it would be the best
exercise he could make of such an influence.
Ever, my dear Duke,
Most assuredly yours,
W. H. FREMANTLE.
Of course you know Sir Henry Wellesley is named to succeed Lord
Londonderry; better accounts of the Duke of Wellington's health.
[100] Afterwards, in 1839, created Lord Beauvale; he was for some
years Envoy-Extraordinary and Minister-Plenipotentiary at Vienna.
THE RIGHT HON. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
East India Office, Nov. 6, 1822.
MY DEAR B----,
I thought it right to take down the approbation of Lord Amherst's
appointment to Brighton myself on Sunday, and was most graciously
received.
He [the King] complained much of flying gout, with which he had
been extremely unwell during the last week, but was in excellent
spirits, and kept me sitting with him more than an hour. He was
lame, and moved with difficulty, and told me (at nine P.M.) that he
had only been up for two hours. Not a soul in the palace but Lord
Conyngham, Lord Francis, and Sir William K----n. His face was
deeper sunk in the lines than I have yet seen it, but the colour
was better than I expected--a dark brown, instead of the dead,
tallowy colour which I have sometimes seen.
The Speaker has made the most stupid and unpardonable mess at
Cambridge ever made by man. He wrote to Lord Liverpool, who
answered him that he thought his situation created much difficulty,
and advised his consulting Lord Sidmouth and Lord Colchester, both
of them having, when in the Chair, been intended candidates for
Oxford. He asked neither, but talked to the Attorney and
Solicitor-General and his own clerks, declared himself a candidate
without ever communicating with a single Minister in the House of
Commons. As soon as I found that he had declared, I was convinced
of the impossibility of his being re-elected Speaker if he vacated
his seat, after the decision of the House in 1801 in favour of
Pitt's objection to C. Dundas, and therefore went to Canning, who
begged me to write to Liverpool, who in return wished Canning to
write to the Speaker about it. Canning begged me to go to Peel.
There I met the Speaker, who had not in the least adverted to this
difficulty, but allowed that it would be unreasonable to expect the
Government to fight his battle against such an authority, and
finally agreed to retire from the contest!
Fremantle tells me that he is quite in the hands of a sister of
Lady B----, with whom he passes all his time, so I suppose Miss
H---- wears the willow.
Some suspicion had been excited by the numerous stacks burnt in
Ireland, some of them the property of persons by no means obnoxious
to the Rockites. A search was therefore made in a small district,
in which no less than thirty were found prepared for the flames,
the wheat having been threshed out and the straw re-stacked for the
convenience of charging the barony for the bonfire.
You will see that Wellesley has, on the authority of the law
officers, taken steps to prevent the dressing up Old Glorious on
Monday at Dublin. I shall be curious to see the result, which I
expect will be only some offensive speeches in the Quarterly
Assembly, &c.
Lloyd of Aston, after declaring himself a candidate for Shropshire,
has again retired. The only candidates now are Childe and mad
Cresset Pelham. I trust that the former will carry it, and that
then B. Thompson will come in on Watkins's interest for Wenlock.
Ever affectionately yours,
C. W. W.
THE RIGHT HON. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
East India Office, Nov. 12, 1822.
MY DEAR B----,
There is little at present going on, as everything is reserved till
the latter end of this week, when we are to have ten days of
Cabinets to consider the various subjects for the next session.
Among others we have the promise of a despatch from Lord Wellesley,
on the subject of tithes, by the 15th. C---- is civil (which for
him is a good deal), but I cannot say cordial. I seem not to find
it out, and mean to allow time for the little irritation which has
arisen from the failure of his plan, to subside. No allusion was
made to the subject during my visit of last week, and indeed the
conversation was chiefly on Stuart Papers, Horace Walpole, &c. &c.
Notwithstanding the panic on the Stock Exchange, our news from
Congress is still of a decidedly pacific tendency. The Spanish
insurrection, we are told, gains strength, and the Greek loses; but
on the latter head we have found our informants somewhat partial.
Ever most affectionately yours,
C. W. W.
THE RIGHT HON. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
Nov. 22, 1822, half-past five P.M.
MY DEAR B----,
Your apprehensions relative to the issue of what is passing at
Verona certainly would derive more support from our last accounts
than from the previous ones, and the way which had been made with
France by exciting her political apprehensions, and with Russia by
a representation of the military difficulties, seems now to be very
much _en retrograde_.
Still, the language and assurances of Villele and the King of
France are perfectly pacific; and Montmorenci, who has adopted the
other line at Verona, still states the necessity of his returning
himself to Paris before any communication even of the nature of a
threat is held out to Spain. Meantime he wishes France should be
allowed to manage the interference entirely herself, and protests
against Russia having any share in it, or marching a single
regiment through her territory.
The only real object of Alexander is to ward off the present and
pressing danger from his army, for whom he wants employment, and
has proposed this Spanish campaign merely as a substitute for the
Turkish.
Wellesley's despatch has, as I told you, arrived, but is not yet
circulated.
We are about to recognise the S. American Republics and Brazil, and
at the same time to adopt measures of reprisal against Porto Rico
and Porto Cabildo, unless the Royalist Governors of those places
will give up the Lord Collingwood, and cancel their orders for
impeding our trade.
I have just been at Council, and thought that the K---- looked
worse than at Brighton, but still his colour was tolerably good.
Ever affectionately yours,
C. W. W.
The proceedings of the French Government with relation to Spain, now
began to excite a good deal of attention in this country; appearances
being in favour of the supposition generally entertained, that the
labours of Wellington in the Peninsula were about to be rendered
nugatory by the presence there of a powerful French army, and the
consequent return of Spain to the position she held as a French
dependency before the war.
THE RIGHT HON. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
Tuesday evening.
MY DEAR B----,
I do not believe that the French Cabinet is mad enough to entertain
any view of the conquest of Spain. Experience must have taught even
to them more wisdom, but Monsieur and the Ultra-Royalist party
dread the intercourse with a _Republic_ on their frontiers, and
besides, have revived the old notions of the family connexion, and
their duty to protect a Bourbon monarch. This is fed by their
communications with Spain, where for the last ten months they have
been active in exciting, both by money and other means, the
Royalist or insurgent party, and these designs are equally
instigated by the Ultra-Royalist and Ultra-Liberal party in both
countries. The former, with the view of re-establishing the
authority of the beloved Ferdinand; the latter, of raising by any
means a war, which they calculate must end in the overthrow of both
thrones.
We have no wish ourselves to take Cuba, but are inclined to give
her the fair option of either continuing Spanish, becoming
independent, or uniting with Mexico, positively resisting, however,
even if necessary with arms, her occupation by any third power,
_i.e._, North America.
I continue most completely separated from the rest of the Cabinet.
Whether they live at all together I know not, but believe they do.
However, we have all been in town now for more than a week, and I
never have seen anything of any of them except in Cabinet. No one
dinner have I been asked to since the conclusion of the Session,
excepting one in the beginning of September at Robinson's. Now we
all know that business can never be really settled in the meetings
of so numerous a Cabinet, but that it must be _in fact_ arranged at
more private meetings and dinners.
Canning is certainly not cordial, though there is nothing I have a
right to complain of. Still I see that he is disposed to discuss
the business of his own office, &c., with Lord Bathurst, Peel, or
Robinson, but not with me. Peel is reserved in his natural manner,
but I rather get on with him. What is Canning's object I cannot at
all discover. His obvious policy would be to unite us to himself,
but I am clear that is not in his view. His language to me on the
Catholic question was in such a tone as to lead me to doubt
extremely whether he can be relied upon. He dwelt to much on the
disposition of the Duke of York, if he succeeded to the throne, to
stake his Crown entirely upon opposition to it, and talked so much
on the advantages of a compromise, which should secure everything
except Privy Council and Parliament; professing willingness
himself, if that was conceded, to oppose any agitation of the
question for a considerable time, that I am myself convinced that
he is disposed to consider it as a millstone, to which he is not
absolutely pledged, and which he will for his own interest shake
from off his neck. We have begun on Wellesley's plan, but as yet
made no progress. Indeed it is so defective, that though it
professes to rest upon two or three plain principles to be adopted
or rejected, there are double that number not adverted to which
must be previously understood and determined.
Ever affectionately yours,
C. W. W.
THE RIGHT HON. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
East India Office, Dec. 7th, 1822.
MY DEAR B----,
I had yesterday a conversation with Canning, when he offered me
either Copenhagen or Stuttgard for Henry, as a remove from
Switzerland. I obtained from him that the question should be kept
open till I heard from him, though I cannot feel a doubt that he
will gladly accept the former, as though the business is in truth
as little or less than that of his present situation, it is in the
public eye a decided promotion, the salary is 1000_l._ a year
higher, and whenever anything more desirable may become vacant, any
Secretary of State will be better disposed to promote him than from
Switzerland, the mission to which can never be vacant without again
raising a question upon its suppression. The residence is certainly
less desirable as well as the climate, but these are inconveniences
which any man who wishes to rise in his profession must be disposed
to overlook. The offer is also valuable, as I think it shows good
disposition.
We have to-day the D---- of W----'s despatches from Verona of the
26th. He proposes setting off on the 30th, and coming home through
Paris. He sends copies of the despatches of Russia, Austria, and
Prussia to their Ministers at Madrid, which are to be communicated
to the Spanish Government _in extenso_. They are couched in very
strong, indeed, offensive terms, announcing their intention to make
common cause with France in the event of the violent death of the
King or any of the Royal Family, of his dethronement, or any
alteration in the succession, or of any aggression on the territory
of France. The note of Russia goes through a kind of history of the
revolutionary steps of Spain. Meanwhile, Villele continues the
assurance of his determination, supported by the King, and _also
by Monsieur_ (who I suppose now, as is his custom, has taken
fright), to avoid a rupture, and expressing his hope of having the
support of Sir C. S----[101] to resist Rozzo di Borgo. Metternich
also, while he joins in the impulse which Russia has given to the
Congress, begs the D---- of W---- that Sir William A'Court[102] may
be instructed to mediate as far as possible with Spain, and to
prevent her from resenting these extraordinary measures.
Altogether, if A'Court can succeed in persuading Spain that it is
her interest to wait till she is attacked, and only to resent these
words with words, I think it is very probable peace may still be
preserved, as Villele has extremely increased his strength in the
Legislative Assembly, and the danger of again bringing a French
army into action is felt by every one but the Emperor Alexander,
who, as usual, acts from his own feelings only, and particularly
from aversion to the example of a successful military mutiny, to
which Prussia also is most sensible.
Ever affectionately yours,
C. W. W.
[101] Sir Charles Stuart, created in 1828 Lord Stuart de
Rothesay.
[102] In 1828 created Baron Heytesbury.
THE RIGHT HON. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
East India Office, Dec. 30, 1822.
MY DEAR B----,
You will probably have heard from other quarters of the intended
appointment of Lord Francis Conyngham to be Canning's
Under-Secretary of State. I only know it from report, but am
disposed to believe it; and it is added that the King on his late
visit to Brighton leant on his shoulder and patted his head.
I cannot conceive how Lord F. C---- can retain the Mastership of
the Robes.
The next report is that the newly-erected pillar of orthodoxy,
young Bankes, has to encounter an action for crim. con. from Lord
Buckinghamshire, and that Scarlet is retained for the plaintiff.
Surely Wellesley is making too ridiculous a parade, even for the
taste of Paddy, when he talks of the _horror_, the _awful moment_,
&c.; and when we consider that the King and his father have both
had to encounter bullets, it is but in proper subordination that
the piece of a rattle and of a glass bottle should be directed
against the occupant of "_the throne on which he has been placed by
the favour of his Sovereign_."
Still it may be of use towards the suppression of the Orange
Lodges, which I have great hopes will result from it. It has been
proposed to extend the English Act against Secret Societies, to
Ireland, with a view to some of the cases of conspiracy which they
have been unable to deal with; and upon mentioning to Peel that
that was the Act upon which the House of Commons in general agreed
in 1813 to consider the Orange Association as illegal, I had much
pleasure to see that he looked upon this as a recommendation rather
than an objection.
The conduct of Villele is to me quite inexplicable, nor can I
conceive his motive for resorting to so offensive and irritating a
step as the publication of a despatch (in itself calculated to
provoke a war) immediately after he had triumphed over the war
party, and their expulsion from the Cabinet.
Ever most faithfully yours,
C. WILLIAMS WYNN.
CHAPTER XI.
[1823.]
CONTINENTAL AFFAIRS. DIPLOMATIC POSTS. PROPOSED MINISTERIAL CHANGES.
MISSION OF LORD FITZROY SOMERSET TO SPAIN. STATE OF IRELAND. OBJECTS OF
FRANCE. APPOINTMENT OF REGINALD HEBER. INCREASING POPULARITY OF MR.
CANNING. THE KING'S SPEECH. TRIALS IN IRELAND. MR. PLUNKET. THE
BEEFSTEAK CLUB IN DUBLIN. OBJECTIONABLE TOAST. THE DUKE OF CLARENCE.
IMPRUDENCE OF LORD WELLESLEY. THE LORD-LIEUTENANT'S EXPLANATION.
CHAPTER XI.
Continental affairs were at this time attracting general attention
throughout the British Empire, principally in consequence of the
recently-published declaration from the Allied Sovereigns at the
Congress of Verona, threatening interposition in the affairs of Spain,
and the attitude of France with a view to the same object. To the new
Foreign Secretary an opportunity presented itself for directing the
policy of Great Britain in a manner worthy of the position she had
acquired by her prodigious exertions in the last European war; and
remembering the largeness of his professions when out of office, the
political world waited with much eagerness the measures of this
brilliant statesman to maintain the dignity of his country. Mr. Canning
appeared sensible of the gravity of the threatened complication, but
occupied himself much more in endeavouring to strengthen himself in the
Cabinet than in developing a policy likely to realize the expectations
of his admirers.
THE RIGHT HON. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
East India Office, Jan. 3, 1823.
MY DEAR B----,
I am sorry to say that in consequence of William Hill altering his
mind and declining the Under-Secretaryship, the intended promotion
in the diplomatic line which was to have opened Copenhagen to Henry
is stopped, and Canning now strongly presses his removal to
Stuttgart with the same rank and salary, with a view to an
arrangement by which the missions to Switzerland and Frankfort will
be reduced to a Minister Plenipotentiary, with about half the
present allowances.
This I think, though by no means pleasant to Henry, he ought to
accede to, both for the public benefit and the gratification of his
immediate superior, it being clearly understood that he is to be
considered as entitled to promotion on the first occasion.
Canning is very gracious and confidential. He certainly wishes in
no moderate degree to get his friend Huskisson into my particular
office, but would be quite willing to give me any other I chose in
exchange which he could obtain, but as I really prefer it to any
other which could be given to me, except that of Secretary of
State, or possibly the Admiralty, if there were no better claimant,
I do not see any probability of his wishes being gratified _à
l'aimable_.
It is most vexatious that, in spite of all admonition, the
_Courier_ persists in its warlike tone and justification of the
interference of the Continental Powers in the internal affairs of
Spain, in opposition to all the known views and declarations of the
British Government.
Of this I have given a hint, and desired that it may be noticed in
the next.
With respect to France, I can tell you hardly anything which you
do not already know. They continue assurances of their pacific
intentions to us, and it seems clear that Montmorenci resigned
because his note was deemed too warlike; and yet one can scarcely
conceive how it could have been more likely to create a rupture
than that of Villele, particularly followed up as the latter has
been by the very offensive step of giving it publicity in the
_Moniteur_ within forty-eight hours after it had left Paris.
It cannot be denied that this note so published is in itself a
legitimate ground of war to Spain if she chooses to avail herself
of it C---- believes that she is not yet sufficiently ready, and
will prefer remaining at peace. Meantime she has made the greatest
haste to grant all our demands which had been so long pending, and
to promise immediate satisfaction on our different grounds of
complaint.
Ever most affectionately yours,
C. W. W.
I agree with you in thinking that the Indian Juggler has
disappointed expectation most lamentably, and I fear that we must
say the same of _our_ own friend, who seems to me a _Diabolus
Domini Vice Regis, tout comme un autre_.
THE RIGHT HON. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
East India Office, Jan. 6, 1823.
MY DEAR B----,
Canning not having come up to town, I have not been able to speak
to him on the subject of your letter, but after communicating with
Lord Liverpool, I can, I believe, say with certainty, that though
of course no part of the King's speech has yet been framed or
considered, you may depend upon its containing such a
recommendation of relief from taxation as will satisfy the
principle upon which Lord C---- wishes for information.
I have much pleasure in telling you that a change will, I trust,
take place by the retirement of Bragge Bathurst, which will enable
us to take the field with better auspices at the meeting of
Parliament.
It is proposed that Vansittart shall succeed to the Chancellorship
of the Duchy, with a _Peerage_; Robinson to the Exchequer;
Huskisson, Board of Trade and Treasurer of the Navy, without
Cabinet; Arbuthnot, Woods and Forests; Herries, Secretary to the
Treasury. As yet, this is completely a secret even to the Cabinet,
but as the King has approved it, it probably cannot long so
continue. One consequence I apprehend will be, that Peel and I must
stand the pelting of the first fortnight of the Session by
ourselves, which probably your kindness will admit as an additional
reason for my wishing C---- to listen favourably to Canning's
request.
I really do not think that there is the least ground for your
supposition of intentional neglect on the part of Government
towards you. Nothing which I have seen looks at all like it. It is
possible that you may think that you ought to have been written to
oftener, but it has naturally been supposed, that as I was in
constant communication with you, it was not necessary for anybody
else.
I have to-day heard from Dublin that the Grand Jury has thrown out
Bills preferred against the rioters for a misdemeanour, very much
in consequence of the feeling originally excited by the first
design of proceeding against them capitally for a conspiracy to
assassinate. Plunket has, I understand, immediately declared that
he would file an _ex officio_ information against them. Whether
this is wise or not depends, I think, wholly on the nature of his
evidence; if he can produce sufficient to warrant a conviction it
will be quite right, and expose the Orange spirit of Dublin; but if
it is deficient, it will have a most mischievous effect to subject
them to such a proceeding, after the Grand Jury has thrown out the
Bill.
I am very sorry that you differ with me about Henry, but it really
seems to me that after Canning has intimated this opinion in favour
of the reduction of the mission, he has only the choice of leaving
it or of carrying into execution his original offer of taking it
with his own rank, but a reduced salary. In the event of a
repetition of last year's attack, it would be no trifling change if
the Secretary of State were in his heart against us, and if,
perhaps, his intimates knew that he had proposed an arrangement for
averting it. I will also fairly state that, after thwarting
Canning's favourite plans for Huskisson, I am the more anxious not
to interpose unnecessary difficulty in the way of this.
I have to-day heard from Lord Hastings, that he awaits his
successor in India. The last _Guardian_ is not quite as good
as that of the preceding week, but the letter to Lethbridge is
excellent, and the general tone and conduct quite right.
Ever affectionately yours,
C. W. W.
THE RIGHT HON. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
Audley End, Jan. 14, 1823.
MY DEAR B----,
The mission of Lord F. Somerset[103] is not of a nature to give any
jealousy to A'Court, being rather despatched by the Duke of
Wellington to Alava, and some of his old friends in the Spanish
army, than by Canning to the King of Spain; besides, he having been
at Verona, can more correctly state to them the means by which they
may enable us to avert the war with which they are menaced.
Henry accepts Stuttgart, though extremely reluctantly. You have
never made any observation on the changes which I announced to you
before I left town, and which I thought would please you. An
attempt was made to persuade me to take Robinson's succession, but
I really was exactly of Mr. Huskisson's opinion, and thought
2000_l._, or rather 1800_l._ a-year, worth more than a house,
coal and candles; besides which, I did not like the idea of a
second time undertaking a new department of the business, of which
I knew nothing, just at the outset of the Session.
I think Old Nick ought to be Viscount Van, for alliteration sake. I
believe he trusts still to his own loins to perpetuate the peerage,
and applies for no remainder. With this exception, I think the
arrangement as far as it goes good. Indeed, I do not know why
Arbuthnot should have the Woods and Forests, but that the
diplomatic pension list is full. I wish Lushington would retire
also, for I believe he does his work ill. I suppose you have had a
due announcement of the marriage of M. F----. Poor man, with such a
simpleton of a wife, and such a collection of radical
brethren-in-law, I think he has a good thing of it. Lord Braybrooke
has been ill, and was last week very largely bled; he is now
better, but has not yet quite recovered.
Lord Liverpool positively asserts that he has neither directly nor
indirectly pensioned Cobbett. I really think the Duke of Wellington
not a little indebted to him for forcing the Whigs to declare
county meetings a farce.
Ever affectionately yours,
C. W. W.
[103] The late Lord Raglan.
East India Office, Wednesday.
Reginald Heber has, after much hesitation, to-day accepted the
Bishopric of Calcutta; I grieve at losing him, but believe that the
appointment will be most extensively beneficial. Our Brighton
detachment reports the K---- to have been in excellent humour and
spirits, and the general health good, but so lame as to occasion
considerable doubt whether he may recover the use of his feet,
which are much contracted.
THE RIGHT HON. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
East India Office, Jan. 20, 1823.
MY DEAR B----,
I see the changes have at length got into the newspapers. I am only
astonished that the secret has been preserved longer than any
similar one which I recollect, as it has been in agitation ever
since Canning came into office, and the hope of assisting it by
inducing Van to take my office was one of the considerations most
strongly urged upon me at the close of our discussion relative to
the Speakership.
For the best possible reason I cannot tell you our finance plans,
but I trust that considerable reduction of taxes must form a part
of them, agreeably to Liverpool's assurances. In the course of two
or three days I shall know more.
Robinson[104] will be a decided improvement on poor Van, both in
manner and popularity with the House, but as to measures, Liverpool
must of course give the orders, and he obey. Still he is a man of
sense and judgment, though perhaps deficient in energy, and if (as
I am told) Huskisson will draw well with him, it really is the best
appointment, both ostensibly and in fact, that we have materials
for.
Lord F. Somerset's instructions are decidedly to act under
A'Court's orders, and only to make those communications from the
D---- of W---- to Alava and other individuals, which could not with
any propriety be conveyed through the accredited Minister, and
which would in truth excite all the clamour against interference in
the internal affairs of Spain, which we most desire to avoid.
With respect to the question of sugars, I am very far from having
formed any definite opinion, and am disposed to go into the
Committee which Van last year pledged himself to grant, with a most
impartial spirit. The bias of my mind certainly is to believe that
by no means in our power can the ruin of the old sugar islands be
averted, and that the present plan only sacrifices the East Indies
to the new ones, which in their turn will be obliged to give way to
the S. American Continent.
The state of India is now certainly most critical, as by the
successful introduction of the British muslins you have completely
destroyed that which till within a very short time has been their
great staple export, and which now they have ceased to use
themselves. I doubt, however, whether Robinson will even consider
himself bound by Vansittart's pledge to go into the Committee, as I
know he disapproved extremely of its being given, and thinks that
the East Indies ought rather to look for relief from encouragement
to the silk trade, and consequently to their growth of raw silk,
than to any other source.
The question, however, is one of which I am by no means master, and
on which I am not in any way committed.
Ever most affectionately yours,
C. W. W.
[104] Afterwards created Viscount Goderich and Earl of Ripon.
The presence of a popular Lord-Lieutenant, as the Marquis Wellesley was
considered on his first arrival in Ireland, did not eradicate that
feverish spirit of disaffection in a certain portion of the population
of the island, which had been the great difficulty of his predecessors.
Indeed, his Lordship had lately become an object of open hostility, and
an outrage had been perpetrated apparently against the vice-regal
dignity, that was now undergoing investigation before the proper
tribunal. This was only one indication of a mischievous spirit that had
defeated the wisest intentions; in other places, the chronic disorder
was so conspicuous as almost to make the friends of Ireland despair of
being able to effect any permanent good in this unfortunate country.
THE RIGHT HON. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
East India Office, Jan. 23, 1823.
MY DEAR B----,
I have scarce a moment to write to you, as between general business
and that belonging to the office, which presses particularly at
this moment, I am hard pressed. The depositions in the Dublin riot
seem to me completely to establish the fact of a preconcerted
disturbance, but rather directed against the Lord Mayor than the
Lord-Lieutenant; but there is nothing to support the idea of a
capital charge, unless some subsequent declarations that they
should not so miss him another time, and that they were ready to
sacrifice their lives for the object, should be so thought. We are
to-morrow to consider the steps to be adopted.
On the first flush, the proceeding by information after an
indictment has failed, certainly seems objectionable, but I believe
it must certainly be legal, just as preferring a second indictment
would. I am myself, however, most inclined to support this course,
not because I approve it, but because after all that has happened,
it would degrade both Wellesley and Plunket, and exalt the Orange
faction in the public eye, to refuse our sanction to the measures
which they have adopted.
The great object of France, in all her twisted course, has been to
have the question of War and Peace left in her hands by the rest of
Europe, then by a dexterous application of this power to produce a
restoration of some portion of the King of Spain's authority, and
on that ground to regain her ancient influence in his Court. In
this, at all events, she has completely failed. Spain now promises
payment of all our just claims, some of which she admits, and is
willing to refer the remainder to a mixed commission. She also
sends over a specific request for our good offices, to avert from
her the calamities of war. Canning, I think, expects that peace
will be preserved, and reasons much as you do. Both the King of
France and Villele profess to see how prejudicial to the interest
of France war must be.
I verily believe Lord Melville's conduct to you to be only the same
by which he gives offence to everybody else. Hay, I believe, told
Phillimore that Lord M---- had not answered one letter of all those
which arrived during the time he was in Scotland. Canning retires
from Liverpool, and succeeds to one of the seats for Harwich,
vacated by B. Bathurst's retirement and Nick's peerage.
Ever most affectionately yours,
C. W. W.
There is some talk of Lord Maryborough quitting the Cabinet, and I
believe that the Doctor only remains till he can appear to leave it
without any reference to Canning's appointment.
THE RIGHT HON. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
East India Office, Jan. 25, 1823.
MY DEAR B----,
There is much reason to fear that Chateaubriand is still more
favourably disposed towards the War party than his predecessor, and
is run away with a true French notion that the _glory_ of success
can only exist in connexion with the white cockade. Should he
prevail, there is little doubt that Villele will retire, and _then_
the Ultra-Royalists will drive to the Devil with a rapidity that
nothing can check.
This is the gloomy side; on the other, Villele has certainly great
strength, and even the Royalists will think twice before they allow
the million (English) of surplus which is about to be applied to
indemnify them, to go towards the _frais_ of an armament, the
recommendation of which is that it is to be levied without a loan
and without an additional tax.
I quite agree with you in the necessity of supporting Wellesley and
Plunket, though we may _in private_ think they have acted absurdly.
I am convinced that the Orange party will make a run against them
with all the power they can, of which I already see symptoms which
cannot be mistaken; but as far as I can judge, L---- will behave
_honestly_.
The depositions have all been sent over, and I am not surprised
that the English lawyers are unable to find among them any ground
to maintain the committal for the capital charge. As, however, this
was abandoned, the practical battle will be upon the propriety of a
prosecution by information, after an indictment preferred by the
Attorney-General has been ignored. Of this there is no example in
England. Whether there is or not in Ireland I do not know, but at
all events Plunket must be supported in it, and allowed to proceed.
The Irish Government now stand publicly committed to that course,
and if they were compelled to abandon it, _must_ immediately
resign, and afford a triumph to the Orange faction. It is no small
misfortune that our law advisers should be so entirely in one
interest, and under one influence, as to exercise no free agency of
their own. I trust that we have put a stop to the practice of
submitting Plunket's conduct and opinions to _their_ revision, by
treating their communication as one of a nature strictly private,
and as one which it would be impossible to make known to any one
individual without giving the justest offence both to Wellesley,
Plunket, and Bushe.
The Speech will recommend considerable relief from taxation, and
notice will be given of Robinson's intention to bring the subject
forward as soon as he resumes his seat. It signifies little what we
do. Lethbridge and the Squires will feel bound to go beyond us; but
if we can extend the relief to 50 per cent. on houses and windows,
carriages, horses, and servants, all reasonable men ought to be
satisfied.
I have spoken to Lord Liverpool about Sir George Nugent, and he
vows and protests nothing could be further from his intention than
the slightest disrespect to a person towards whom no one can feel
anything but regard, &c. &c. &c. In short, he says all that a man
in the unfortunate situation of having done an awkward absent thing
can say, and I know not what can be done further.
I believe my appointment of Reginald Heber is really the very best
for India that the kingdom could have supplied. Henry is to be
accredited to Baden and Carlsruhe, as well as to Stuttgart.
Ever affectionately yours,
C. W. W.
THE RIGHT HON. W. H. FREMANTLE TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
East India Office, Jan. 27, 1623.
MY DEAR DUKE,
Of course Wynn has communicated with you upon the changes which
have taken place; I was completely ignorant of them till the papers
announced them, but think altogether it is a much improved
administration; the weak point of Vansittart is strengthened, and
though perhaps Robinson may not have been the fittest man for a
Chancellor of the Exchequer, there is none other who would have
done so well with Lord Liverpool, and he is a very popular man in
the House of Commons. Wallace is most indignant at Huskisson being
put over his head, and has resigned the Vice-Presidency of the
Board of Trade; this has been offered to Vesey Fitzgerald,[105] who
I have no doubt will take it, but should he not, I understand it is
to be offered to Charles Grant;[106] and it is also said that Lord
Maryborough goes out, and Wallace is to replace him at the Mint.
The change at the Treasury would certainly make it easy for Canning
to take a jump at any future opportunity by the resignation of Lord
Liverpool, by becoming First Lord and Chancellor of the Exchequer,
and giving the Foreign Seals to Robinson; how far this may be in
his contemplation, you have better means of judging than I have,
but it is not very foreign to his character to entertain such a
view.
Every human being seems to condemn in the strongest terms the
conduct of Wellesley; there never was such an ass, and if he has
hatched all this trumpery and made Plunket his dupe, the latter
will never get over it; such is the belief, and it really looks
like it. Plunket must of course come to the meeting, and we shall
then see what he chooses to disclose to the public; for a
justification he must make. The Opposition are not disposed to
attack Lord Wellesley, and are of course in trammels on the
question, but there are plenty of Orangeists who will not be
wanting. The thing that I think looks most suspicious in all these
measures, is the unmeasured applause which the Opposition papers
give to Canning, and I hear that at Brookes's he is much the most
popular man in the country; we know his avidity for popular
applause, and I own I cannot but entertain some fears as to the
abstainment on his part from all intrigue; the best security
against this will be in the meeting of Parliament, when he will be
soon brought in contact with those who are now upholding him. He
does not come in for Liverpool, but for Harwich, as also Mr.
Herries. Young Disbrowe comes in for Windsor, in the room of Sir
Herbert Taylor, who resigns his seat. The Duke of York has been
alarmingly ill, but is now much better; I understand you met him at
the grand _chasse_ at Ashridge.
Although it is very likely the French Government will be forced
into a war, yet I am for my own part still disposed to think they
will not, from all Lionel Hervey tells me on the subject; it is
fraught with too much danger to France itself, and too certain a
failure in the object for which the war is contemplated, to be
persisted in, however they may bully and prepare for it. Canning
has certainly recommended himself greatly to public opinion by the
line he has adopted, and though _we are given to understand_ there
has been considerable differences in the Cabinet upon it, he has
never changed his tone for one moment, and has carried his views.
Adieu, my dear Duke,
Ever most unfeignedly yours,
W. H. F.
[105] Created Baron Fitzgerald in 1826.
[106] Created Baron Glenelg in 1836.
THE RIGHT HON. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
East India Board, Jan. 31, 1823.
MY DEAR B----,
The die seems at length to be cast, and the throw cannot be
altered, though the French continue to profess the same desire of
avoiding war, and with as much sincerity as they have done
throughout the discussion. They have taken the worst course, and in
the worst possible way. I really am so much out of humour with the
_gros cochon_, that I rather hope that his life may be prolonged,
so as to taste a little of the evil which he is about to produce.
Poor Liverpool is in a state of worry and dejection which exceeds
anything I have yet seen, but I am assured by Lord Melville this is
not for him extraordinary when hard-worked.
The Speech states the King, faithful to his principles, &c., to
have declined any measure which could lead to a foreign
interference in the internal affairs of France; his endeavours to
prevent hostilities, and his determination if they should take
place, to use every effort to put an end to them, maintaining in
the mean time the strictest and most exact neutrality; pleasure at
the state of the Revenue, and that Parliament will be enabled
thereby to relieve the burthens without any violation of public
credit; condolence to the agriculture, congratulation to the
commerce.
We have plenty of business to bring forward: Irish tithes, Irish
distillery, finance, &c. &c.
I heard this morning from Plunket, desiring me to fix with Canning
an early day for the Catholic question, which he will bring forward
accordingly. I think of Thursday, the 20th, or Tuesday, the 25th.
He waits for the trials, but hopes to be over, as I understand him,
on the 10th. He is prepared for violent attacks from the lawyers on
the filing of his information after indictment, but speaks
confidently of his defence.
Liverpool, Bathurst, Robinson, the Duke, Harrowby, and
Westmoreland, are gone down to Brighton to read the Speech.
I do not yet even know what Burdett's motion for to-morrow is to
be, but I am told resolutions of moderate censure on the Sheriff;
and still less do I know what the course of the Orange Party will
be; and it is on the latter that ours must principally depend, as
their only object will clearly be to inculpate Plunket either
directly or impliedly.
I go on with very little intercourse with my colleagues in the
House of Commons, but must say that they seem not to have any more
one with another.
I must break off.
Ever affectionately yours,
C. W. W.
THE RIGHT HON. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
East India Office, Feb. 1, 1823.
MY DEAR B----,
I have not myself the least idea that a wish for the admission of
Lord Colchester into the Cabinet exists in any mind except his own,
or that Lord Harrowby has any idea of retiring at present.
It is perfectly true that France still continues to say that it
must be six weeks before any blow can be struck or a shot fired,
and to beg us to continue our good offices, though she cannot admit
any mediator between Princes of the House of Bourbon and near
neighbours, but she still urges the necessity not so much of any
real or efficient change being made, as of its emanating directly
from the authority of the King--in short, that because they had a
charte, two chambers, and an amnesty, Spain shall have them all
likewise.
I have seen no symptom whatever of division among Ministers on this
point.
The Lord Chancellor had viewed the introduction of Mr. Canning into the
Cabinet with more discontent even than he had bestowed upon the
admission of the Grenvilles; but an arrangement that brought him
another popular statesman as a colleague, he regarded with so much ill
feeling that it amounted to the expression of a desire to resign. "The
_Courier_ of last night," he writes, "announces Mr. Huskisson's
introduction into the Cabinet. Of the intention or the fact I have no
other communication. Whether Lord Sidmouth has or not, I don't know,
but really this is rather too much. Looking at the whole history of
this gentleman, I don't consider this introduction, without a word said
about the intention, as I should perhaps have done with respect to some
persons that have been or might be brought into Cabinet, but turning
out one man and introducing another in the way all this is done, is
telling the Chancellor that he should not give them the trouble of
disposing of him, but should (not treated as a Chancellor) cease to be
a Chancellor. What makes it worse is, that the great man of all has a
hundred times most solemnly declared that no connexions of a certain
person's should come in. There is no believing one word anybody says,
and what makes the matter still worse is, that everybody acquiesces
most quietly, and waits in all humility and patience till their [his]
own turn comes."[107]
[107] Twiss's "Life of Lord Eldon," vol. ii. p. 76.
A recollection of Mr. Huskisson by another political cotemporary of
eminence, may here be put forward by way of contrast to the preceding.
"Besides possessing considerable abilities, and upon some subjects
extensive knowledge, he is cheerful, good-natured, and obliging--a man
of the world of the best sort. When you come to converse with him upon
other topics than those to which the purpose of your first interview
limited you, you will find that nothing can be more rational and
agreeable than his conversation."[108]
[108] Lord Dudley's "Letters," p. 321.
Though an able man, his subsequent political career was short and
unsatisfactory. His known devotion to Mr. Canning, who had long
endeavoured to bring him forward, after the demise of that eminent
statesman, exercised a prejudicial influence over his fortunes, and the
first opportunity that presented itself was eagerly seized to get rid
of him.
About the end of January, Lord Grenville had a serious attack of
illness--a paralytic seizure--that caused considerable alarm among his
relatives and friends; but Sir Henry Halford having been summoned to
the assistance of the ordinary medical attendants at Dropmore, an
improvement shortly took place, and in a few days he was pronounced out
of danger.
The proceedings going on in Ireland, arising out of the alleged
conspiracy and rebellion, were regarded with as much interest in
England as the threatened invasion of Spain by France.
THE RIGHT HON. W. H. FREMANTLE TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
East India Office, Four o'clock.
MY DEAR DUKE,
I am just come from the House, which was not made, owing to the
horrid weather and fall of snow, therefore I cannot move the writ
till to-morrow, when I shall certainly do so.
I saw Spring Rice,[109] who had just received letters from Dublin,
giving an account of the first day's trial. His letters were from
Maurice Fitzgerald, Mr. Goold, and another whose name he did not
mention, but he read them all to me, and they perfectly agreed in
stating that nothing could have been more favourable to the proof
of the conspiracy than the first day's trial. The Sheriff evidently
attempted to secure a good jury; there were six trials, and he had
only collected sixty individuals for the formation of the juries;
the Court directed him to enlarge his numbers, which he was obliged
to do, and the jury was considered tolerably good, though not a
single Catholic upon it, only one individual who they knew to be a
sworn and decided Orangeman. Nothing could exceed the eloquence,
temper, and firmness of Plunket, exceeding his acknowledged powers.
One witness only examined as yet, but all agreeing that if he
[Plunket] only proves half that he has stated himself prepared to
bring forward, a conviction must follow. In the course of his
speech he stated that Lord Wellesley was supported in all the steps
he had taken by the Government in England, and by the personal
sanction and approbation of his Sovereign. He laid it very heavily
on the Sheriff, Thorpe, and others of the Corporation. Altogether,
from these letters (which of course must be taken with some
abatement, from the character and opinions of the writers), it
would appear that Plunket will not only come out most triumphantly,
but that the Orangeists are fallen beyond all belief in their
triumphant expectation.
Fitzgerald's phrase is, "The case even exceeds the most sanguine
statement which Lord Wellesley had made me the day before."
Ever truly yours,
W. H. F.
I merely add a few words, to say that our first day has been most
favourable to the Government, and that we are all in tip-top
spirits. No one can yet believe that France will be mad enough to
march troops into the Peninsula. Brougham's certainly one of the
most, if not the most eloquent speech he ever made, but most bitter
and vindictive towards the allies and the magnanimous Alexander.
Nothing can be better than the accounts from Dropmore.
W. H. F.
I forgot to say that Plunket has two Orange informers to produce as
witnesses, who were parties to the conspiracy. There was no
prevarication or difficulty with the only witness examined.
[109] In 1839 created Baron Monteagle.
THE RIGHT HON. W. H. FREMANTLE TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
House of Commons, Five o'clock.
MY DEAR DUKE,
Nothing is talked of but Lord Wellesley's business; he really seems
to have lost his head, though Plunket and Newport are come full
primed and most loud in his defence; the Opposition, I have no
doubt, will support him, and I have as little doubt that the
Cabinet will do the same; but all the Orange part of the Government
are trumpeting forth his misconduct, and folly, and madness. The
real fact I believe to be, that he has been guilty of great
imprudence, but that the Orange faction in Ireland were determined
to drive him away, and Lord Manners was at the head of this
faction. It is impossible that they can both now remain, and
therefore I have not the least doubt that Lord Manners will be
recalled. There is a story in town to-day, of a message having been
sent by Lord Wellesley to Lord Manners, in which the former
upbraids the latter with the most culpable, unfair, treacherous
conduct towards him from the moment he set foot in Ireland, and
letting him know if it were not for their public situations he
should have resented it in another mode. I do not believe one word
of this, though I give full credit for his indiscretion.
I have just seen Newport, who says it is impossible. He is just
come from Dropmore, and gives a good account of Lord G----. Lord
Liverpool I hear is quite firm about Wellesley; how the Chancellor
will act upon it remains to be seen; the question must now come to
an issue.
We expect much effect from Robinson's first essay on Friday.
Canning has done remarkably well as yet, and gives great
satisfaction. Nothing can prevent the mad war of the French.
Ever most faithfully,
W. H. F.
THE RIGHT HON. W. H. FREMANTLE TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
House of Commons, Feb. 10, 1823.
MY DEAR DUKE,
The Dublin jury were out for six hours, and then requested the
judge to dismiss them, for they could not come to a decision. They
were of course remanded, and ordered to be locked up till the next
morning. We shall probably next hear of their fighting among
themselves. Lady Rossman, in her evidence (ninety years of age),
says it must have been an older woman than herself to be frightened
by such a proceeding at the theatre.
I heard to-day (_quite private_) that a demur arises as to
Huskisson's appointment to the Board of Trade, he being agent to
Ceylon, and in that capacity a continual suitor on the part of the
island to the Board. The agency is 1200_l._, the Presidentship
_nil_. He therefore of course will not hesitate, should it be found
to be a vital objection. It makes no difference as to his election.
Banks stands for Dorsetshire, _vice_ Portman, dead; it it not
known yet if any other person stands. No further news.
Ever, &c.,
W. H. F.
THE RIGHT HON. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
Feb. 10, 1823.
Nothing more decisive has, I believe, arrived from France; and the
latest account from Ireland is, that at eight o'clock on Friday
night the jury were considering their verdict.
I shall not be surprised if the evening papers obtain the result,
though it may not reach Peel till to-morrow.
The war-whoop of Opposition may possibly have some effect towards
frightening old Louis, and in that case it may be useful, but I
trust there is little chance of its communicating its effects
either in the Cabinet or Parliament on this side the water. Canning
will, I believe, return in time to take his seat to-morrow.
Ever affectionately yours,
C. W. W.
THE RIGHT HON. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
Feb. 11, 1823.
MY DEAR B----,
The newspapers will tell you the result of the Dublin trials, but
we have had no letters, and know nothing of Plunket's intentions.
The report is that the Orangemen are quite triumphant and insolent.
What line C----g intends to take I do not know, but I have observed
that he never omits an opportunity of quizzing the Bottle Plot, and
that all his friends ridicule Wellesley on every opportunity.
Stocks are down to 73-1/2, but we have nothing new either from
Paris or Madrid.
Ever yours affectionately,
C. W. W.
THE RIGHT HON. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
East India Office, Feb. 13, 1823.
MY DEAR B----,
We are, I believe, going to augment our estimates from 21,000 to
25,000 seamen, which it is thought will be sufficient to protect
our neutrality in the contest which now seems all but certain.
I am glad to say that the increase of the number of judges is
consented to, and the measures of a third assize, the alteration of
the Welsh Judicature, and the appointment of a Committee of Lords,
with certain judges as assessors, are to be consequent upon it.
We are also to increase the efficiency of secondary punishments by
sending convicts to different parts of our colonies, there to be
employed in hard-labour; the worst to Sierra Leone; and to diminish
the number of offences liable to capital punishment.
I expect Plunket every hour. He sailed from Dublin on Monday night,
and I should think ought at latest to have been in town to-day. The
remarks mentioned in my last have been general enough to have
produced much observation, and they are, I am told, attributed
rather to disinclination to the _master_ than the man.
THE RIGHT HON. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
East India Office, Feb. 15, 1823.
MY DEAR B----,
No one who does not reside the greatest part of his time in London,
can possess real influence in public affairs. Lord Chatham at
Hayes, and Lord Grenville at Dropmore, neither of them half your
distance, are instances of the loss of political consequence at a
time when from the extreme multiplication of correspondence,
Parliamentary inquiries, &c., every single department was not
over-worked and over-occupied to the degree they now are. There
really now is no time even for communication among the different
members of the Government, each member of which manages his own
department almost without interference from his colleagues, except
when he thinks it necessary to call a Cabinet on any point of
peculiar importance.
Plunket arrived yesterday evening, and I have had a long
conversation with him to-day. He is harassed and fatigued to a
great degree by all he has lately been going through. The
dismissals of Sir C. Vernon, St. George, and Stanhope, have taken
place since he left Dublin, he having dissuaded Lord W----y
strongly from the removal of the former before he went, and as he
thought with success, he being just the good-natured, silly animal
whom everybody would compassionate, and the women in particular.
The particular offence is their presence at the Beef-steak Club,
where the _Chancellor and Commander-in-Chief_ also dined, when the
Lord-Lieutenant was drunk to the tune of "Now Phoebus sinketh in
the west," with dead silence, and Lord Talbot with great applause;
and afterwards the toast, which you will read in the _Courier_.
Now really, as the Dublin paper observes, for poor Charley Vernon
to have got up, and in the presence of the Chancellor and Lord
Combermere to have objected to the toast which they joined in
because the Lord-Lieutenant was clearly the person who wished to
"_subvert the constitution_," would have been rather a strong
measure; and it seems pitiful to resent conduct in the Chamberlain,
because he was part of his household, which the Lord-Lieutenant
dare not notice in the Chancellor.
He [Plunket] has seen Liverpool, who, as is usual with him, dealt
in generals, and avoided any particular conversation on the late
events.
It seems to me that the proposition for extending the Act against
secret and affiliated societies to Ireland (which has not yet been
decided upon by the Cabinet) will probably bring the matter to an
upshot. If that is agreed to, it will be evident that the
Government are determined to support Lord Wellesley, and if not,
that they are willing to resign Ireland to the tyranny of the
lodges.
Plunket describes the flame in Dublin as beyond description, and
regretted Wellesley being surrounded by a set of people totally
incapable of assisting or advising him, and who merely carry
rumours to irritate him.
I have no time to write more.
Ever affectionately yours,
C. W. W.
The Duke of Buckingham having accepted a proposal made to him to
preside at the anniversary meeting on St. Patrick's day, wrote to the
Duke of Clarence to obtain for the festival the advantage of his Royal
Highness's presence, who thus replied:--
H.R.H. THE DUKE OF CLARENCE TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
Bushey House, Feb. 10, 1823.
Late at night.
DEAR DUKE,
I have this instant received your Grace's letter of yesterday, and
can only observe that in general I decline dinners of the kind
mentioned in that epistle; however, my profession has carried me to
Ireland more than once, and particularly when I was in the sister
kingdom in the year 1787 I experienced those attentions which time
cannot obliterate from my memory. I esteem and value Ireland, and
wish her well from the bottom of my heart. I am confident the
meeting on St. Patrick's day ought to be one of charity and good
humour, and totally void of those politics which unfortunately
distract that unhappy country; in your Grace's hands, I am sure the
business will be ably conducted to the utter exclusion of topics
which might produce discord, and I shall be happy, as Earl of
Munster, to assist your Grace in supporting the object of charity,
and in preserving harmony and unanimity on the 17th of next March;
till then adieu, and
Ever believe me, dear Duke,
Yours sincerely,
WILLIAM.
The imprudence of Lord Wellesley had become the subject of much comment
even among his Lordship's friends, and somewhat embarrassed his
colleagues in the English Cabinet. He excited in Dublin considerable
opposition, in which more than one person in authority, with whom he
ought to have cultivated the most friendly relations, made himself
conspicuous.
THE RIGHT HON. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
East India Office Feb. 17, 1823.
MY DEAR B----,
I very much agree in the view which you take of the situation of
Lord Wellesley, and what I intended to convey to you was a
disapprobation of his having SWOOPED at such small birds, when the
Chancellor and Commander-in-Chief crowed in his face. He had only
to decide between the course of entirely overlooking the
transaction, and that of requiring _their_ dismission.
You will see the tone assumed by the _Courier_ to-night is
obviously with the intention of forcing the Orange part of the
Government into action. A Cabinet will be held to-morrow, when I
think the matter cannot fail to be brought forward.
Wellesley has played his cards wretchedly, particularly in not
communicating with anybody. I really believe that by a contrary
course he might have carried Peel with him. He has not even, I
understand, written to the King, whom he ought to have treated as
his sheet-anchor.
The information which you give me of the ascendancy of the Orange
faction in every department of Government, is strongly confirmed by
Plunket. His view is, that if the Act against secret and affiliated
societies is passed, it should be considered as the manifestation
of the resolution of Government, and be followed up by a private
communication that all persons in office who endeavour to evade it
and continue members of Orange Lodges, should be dismissed.
Canning appears engrossed in his own department, and certainly does
not seem to place confidence in any of his colleagues but
Liverpool. With Peel I have made much progress, and find him in
general more fair, more manly, and more statesmanlike in his views
than I had at all hoped.
I think it clear that either Lord Wellesley or Lord Manners must be
recalled. I still hope it will be the latter, but either way it
must decide what the future character and bearing of the
Administration is to be, and drive out one part of it.
Ever affectionately yours,
C. WILLIAMS WYNN.
THE RIGHT HON. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
House of Commons, Feb. 18, 1823.
MY DEAR B----,
In consequence of the very agitated state of Ireland, and the
certainty that the debate, instead of relating to the Catholic
question, would have wholly turned upon the late proceedings in
Dublin, it was generally thought at a meeting which this morning
was held at Plunket's, that it would be advisable to postpone it
till after Easter, and in consequence, Plunket, on the application
of Newport and Canning, has just deferred it till Thursday, the
17th of April.
The paragraph in the _Courier_ is disclaimed by everybody, and
will, I trust, lead to the breaking off of all connexion between
that paper and Government.
I have heard nothing more on the subject of Ireland, but have
talked with some of my colleagues, who seem to feel as strongly as
I do the necessity of the removal of the Chancellor. You shall hear
when I know anything more.
Ever yours,
C. W. W.
THE RIGHT HON. W. H. FREMANTLE TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
House of Commons, Feb. 19, Four o'clock.
MY DEAR DUKE,
The difficulties of Ireland are complicated in every way, but I am
quite sure the Government must stand firm to Lord Wellesley on the
present occasion. The recalling him would be such a complete
victory to Orangeism, that it would of necessity break up the
Government; but I understand the Cabinet have no difference on this
point, and in admitting "that in no instance has Lord Wellesley
exceeded his instructions." Whether he has fulfilled them
judiciously, is another question. Again, if Lord Manners is
recalled, the difficulty of fulfilling the engagement to Plunket,
of giving him the Seals, is almost insurmountable, for it would
then be a complete victory to the Catholic; and if any other man
were named, it would be a complete quarrel with Plunket; so that
altogether it is a fine mash; and in my opinion will only be got
over by leaving them both to reconcile their differences, and
giving Plunket a good opportunity, which he will not fail to avail
himself of, to make his statement of the whole of his proceedings
to Parliament. I have little doubt that this will set up Lord
Wellesley again. At present he is run down with the greatest
activity by every hanger-on and agent of the Protestant part of the
Government. I hear Peel behaves very well indeed, and is perfectly
moderate and well-judging upon the whole question.
We expect a desperate attack to-day, but I have no doubt we shall
have a good division. Notwithstanding, _entre nous_, it appears to
be an infernal job.
Ever most faithfully,
W. H. F.
THE RIGHT HON. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
East India Office, Feb. 19, 1823.
MY DEAR B----,
It gives me great pleasure to hear of your coming to town, but it
is fair to say that when I wrote on Monday, I attached an
importance to the article in the _Courier_ which I am since
convinced it was not entitled to, and that it is equally
disapproved by all the principal members of the Government.
Still this will not be known in Ireland, and its effect there will
be most mischievous. _I think_ the result will be the removal of
the Chancellor; but Peel, with whom I have had most conversation,
complains extremely of Wellesley's not having written to him a
line, or I believe to any other person, on the state of Ireland or
any of the late events. He says most truly, "The Lord-Lieutenant
has a clear right to dismiss any of his household with or without a
reason, but can we from that infer his feelings respecting the
Chancellor, or can the Government take any steps on mere newspaper
reports?" From Plunket's report I believe that the Lord-Lieutenant
and Chancellor are on as bad terms as possible, and that it is
notorious to all Dublin. The public good _demands_ that decisive
measures should be taken, but it is really hard upon the English
Ministers to expect them to originate them without a request or
intimation from the person in whose department they are, and who is
most directly responsible.
If anything is now done, he [Lord Wellesley] will, you well know,
make a merit of his not having complained against Lord Manners, and
declare that he never wished his removal.
Ever yours,
C. W. W.
The Duke of Buckingham thought it necessary to write to Lord Wellesley
in a friendly spirit, on his recent proceedings, to which the
Lord-Lieutenant made the following reply:--
THE LORD-LIEUTENANT OF IRELAND TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
Phoenix Park, Feb. 21, 1823.
MY DEAR DUKE,
I received with the utmost degree of gratitude and satisfaction
your Grace's most kind and generous letter, which my long (but as
you know) involuntary silence did not merit.
Your Grace's reasoning is most just, and all your observations
judicious and useful. In a few days I hope to be able (by a safe
hand) to send a more full and explicit answer to your letter. In
the meanwhile, I will shortly state that I hope the extension to
Ireland of the provisions of the Act 38th George III. will not be
delayed: that the removal of some officers of the household was
absolutely necessary for the maintenance even of my _private_
honour. V---- is an old offender, and had received menaces of
dismission several times for disrespect to the King, Lord
Cornwallis, Lord Whitworth, Lord Wellesley, &c.
A great military commander made such explanations at a private
audience granted to him at his request, that it would be impossible
to complain of his conduct. He is not very quick of comprehension,
and probably was not apprised of the intention to insult. A great
law officer was with me, and _now_ declares that _he_ never
arraigned the _legality_ of any of the late proceedings from
October to the close of the trials, but did not approve the policy
of those proceedings.
It is not just now the moment for investigating his conduct. The
first objects are a full discussion and judgment on the conduct of
my Government during the time which has elapsed from 1st January,
1822, to the present hour, and an extension of the 38th of the late
King to Ireland.
I am most happy to hear that our dear and inestimable friend Lord
Grenville recovers so rapidly.
Ever, my dear Duke,
Yours with true affection,
WELLESLEY.
CHAPTER XII.
[1823.]
NEW APPOINTMENTS. LORD WELLESLEY'S REPRESENTATIONS RESPECTING THE STATE
OF IRELAND. THE GOVERNMENT SUPPORT THE LORD-LIEUTENANT. MR. PLUNKET'S
EXPLANATIONS. ILLNESS OF THE KING. THE DUKE OF WELLINGTON'S SUGGESTION.
AN IRISH QUESTION. TRIUMPH OF MR. PLUNKET. PARLIAMENTARY DEBATES.
QUARREL BETWEEN MR. CHARLES W. WYNN AND MR. PEEL. THE DUKE OF
WELLINGTON'S OPINION OF MR. CANNING. HIS GRACE A PEACE-MAKER. BOASTFUL
SPEECH ATTRIBUTED TO MR. PITT.
CHAPTER XII.
The changes that had taken place in the Government this year comprised
the appointment of the Right Hon. Frederick John Robinson as Chancellor
and Under Treasurer of the Exchequer, the Right Hon. William Huskisson
as Treasurer of the Navy, and the Right Hon. Nicholas Vansittart as
Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, he was also raised to the Peerage
by the title of Baron Bexley. Mr. Henry Watkin Williams Wynn had also
been gazetted Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the
King of Wurtemberg. The debates in the two Houses of the Legislature
did not indicate any pressing necessity for more important alterations,
the principal subject being the reduction of the National Debt, the
Tithe System in Ireland, and the Irish Volunteer Corps; the last two
giving occasion for attacks on the proceedings of the Government in
Ireland. On these points the President of the Board of Control will be
found sufficiently communicative.
THE RIGHT HON. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
East India Office, March 4, 1823.
MY DEAR B----,
Lord W----'s answer has at length just arrived, and is rather an
extraordinary one. He professes himself still decidedly of opinion
that the extension of the Act against secret societies is
necessary, but indifferent as to the time of its being brought
forward. He dwells, however, much on the importance and utility of
Abercromby's motion, and urges a full Parliamentary inquiry into
the condition of Ireland, the nature of the Orange societies, and
of the impediments his Government has met with. In short, if
instead of a private it were a public one, I should think that he
was making a preparatory case of grievance prior to resignation, to
be hereafter moved for in Parliament.
Nothing was decided in the Cabinet yesterday, which in the hope of
receiving this despatch was adjourned till to-morrow; but I flatter
myself the result will be to announce that we are prepared to bring
forward the proposed measure, though I fear this notice will be
accompanied by explanations from P---- which will provoke a debate,
and make it necessary for each of us to state his separate views. I
regret the discussion on general grounds, but most on account of
Plunket.
Ever affectionately yours,
C. W. W.
I conclude, among so large a party as that at Strathfield-saye, you
will have had little opportunity of conversation with your host.
THE RIGHT HON. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
East India Office, March 5, 1823.
MY DEAR B----,
Just returned from Cabinet, and going to the House. The
determination, unanimous and quite satisfactory, to announce our
own intention of bringing forward, immediately after Easter, a Bill
to enforce the laws against secret societies, founded on the
Lord-Lieutenant's despatches of November and January last, and
fortified by what has since passed, and a general declaration of
support to the Irish Government.
Ever yours,
C. W. W.
The letter I mentioned yesterday recommended inquiry and public
discussion, for the purpose of placing in the broadest light the
condition of Ireland, the nature of secret societies, the whole
conduct of the Government, and of those who have thwarted and
opposed it!! The two brothers strongly condemn the conduct of the
third.[110]
[110] The Duke of Wellington, Lord Maryborough, and the Marquis
Wellesley.
THE RIGHT HON. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
March 6, 1823.
MY DEAR B----,
My letter of yesterday will have prepared you for the debate, of
which you will read the account in the papers. Undoubtedly the best
course would have been to have given the notice of our intended
Bill in the first instance, and so have precluded the debate, but
P----[111] would not then have had the opportunity of making his
explanation, to which he attached much importance.
Part of his speech was good, but he showed too much anxiety to
justify himself and prove his own consistency, and a sort of
soreness which conveyed, I find, pretty generally, the idea that he
was acting on compulsion, which the Purple (Orange is not an
epithet strong enough) speech of his brother-in-law and
Under-Secretary strongly confirmed.
Canning expressed well and decidedly the concurrence and union of
the Governments of England and Ireland. Altogether we have got
through the business _so far_, more smoothly than I had
anticipated. I remained silent, as you advised. When I spoke of
unanimity yesterday, I should have excepted W. W. P----,[112] who
was too apprehensive of the consequences of the measure in the
north, to be swayed by paternal regard. Plunket continues to look
wretchedly ill, and from his own account of constant headaches,
&c., I cannot help feeling uneasy about him.
We have not for some time had any discussion on foreign politics,
but I quite concur in the view which my uncles, the Duke, and you
all take of it, except that I could not _swallow_ any permanent
occupation of Spain by France without great difficulty.
Ever yours,
C. W. W.
[111] Mr. Plunket.
[112] William Wellesley Pole, created in 1821 Baron Maryborough.
THE RIGHT HON. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
East India Office, March 7, 1823.
MY DEAR B----,
It is true that there be many things which may arise between this
and the end of the Session, but at present the one point upon which
all the House of Commons seems to agree is, that we are the _best_
and WISEST Ministers since the days of Lord Burleigh, and we only
stand in need of fans to hide our blushes when our modesty is so
severely put to the proof by the compliments of the opposite side.
Seriously, the effect of the two last nights' debates, if properly
taken advantage of by Wellesley, ought to place his Government for
some time upon velvet, particularly when accompanied by the humble
Palinodia of the Chancellor to the beef-steaks, which, I must
confess, in despite of all regard for an old friend, seems somewhat
contemptible. W---- has again the cards in his own hand if he knows
how to play them, but the next _revoke_ will be fatal to him
if it soon occurs.
Ever affectionately yours,
C. W. W.
THE RIGHT HON. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
East India Office, March 12, 1823.
I have little now to tell you, my dear B----, but that on Monday a
private letter was written to W---- by Peel, with the concurrence
of the Cabinet, containing strong assurances of support, but
stating at the same time an opinion that the evidence did not
warrant the committal for an attempt to murder, or the language of
the addresses or answers, and terminating with a recommendation of
endeavours to secure the co-operation of persons of influence and
consequence, whatever their persuasions or opinions might be.
Altogether it had too much the tone of a lecture, but was so
strongly supported by the brethren, that as there was no particular
part I could say that I disapproved, after some modifications which
I suggested, I acquiesced in it. The accounts which you give me of
the D----'s language certainly seem to tally with his conduct, but
yet I cannot conceive what possible arrangement he can look to to
remove him; to recall him would really be a signal of civil war;
and I do not see to what place he could be removed, but to the
Cabinet or to Paris. For the latter, he would be particularly
unfit, and it would not be easy to make room for him in the former
but by removing Westmoreland, which I conclude the Lowthers, &c.,
would resent in a manner which would be inconvenient.
Ever affectionately yours,
C. W. W.
Although the current of politics seemed to be getting smoother, much
uneasiness existed at Court in consequence of the King's state of
health, which is thus described:--
THE RIGHT HON. W. H. FREMANTLE TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
Brighton, April 4, 1823.
MY DEAR DUKE,
I came here for a few days during the Easter, fortunately after the
Pavilion party had broken up, or probably I should not have found a
room at the hotel. I merely write to give you the gossip of the
King; the papers would make you believe he is quite well, but
_tout au contraire_, he has appeared not more than twice or
three times, and for the last three days has been in his bed. He
held his Council yesterday in bed, and during this last visit of
the Duke of York, he has never been out of his bed or bedroom. You
may rely upon it he is most extremely unwell, and I take it to be a
complete break up; he is low to a degree, and his expressions
yesterday, while the Council were sitting in his bedroom, were most
melancholy. The Council consisted of Lord Bathurst, Colchester,
Conyngham, Becket, and Vice-Chancellor, who was here by accident. I
suppose if they had wanted another they would have sent for me.
There is no party at the Pavilion, and everything looks glum and
melancholy.
Ever, &c.,
W. H. F.
THE DUKE OF WELLINGTON TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
London, April 10, 1823.
MY DEAR DUKE,
I imagine that Lord Liverpool's statement of Monday will scarcely
be allowed to pass off without reply. Indeed it will afford a fine
opportunity for dealing in general assertion and declamation. But
if it should, I imagine that the Opposition will be the side to fix
upon the time and nature of any ulterior proceeding. We don't
propose to make any further proposition. Indeed, I doubt the
expediency and propriety of doing what we are about to do without
previous motion.
I don't recollect Mr. Henry Murray. But that is not surprising,
considering that there are so many in the same situation who apply
to me.
I hear that the King is now better. Could you not write to Sir W.
Knighton, and recommend to his attention your course of regimen,
&c.? He is not now the King's medical adviser; but he is not a
person to mount his horse upon such a letter being written to him;
and I am certain that such a letter from you will be received as an
affectionate attention, even though it should not produce any other
effect.
Believe me, ever yours most sincerely,
WELLINGTON.
The smoothness of the political current did not long continue; a
passage in one of Mr. Charles Wynn's numerous communications thus
describes its disturbance:--
THE RIGHT HON. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
April 10, 1823.
It is a time when it is necessary to press for all the exertion to
which Lord L---- can be spirited up to resist the motion of
Brownlow on Tuesday next, which will receive a most formidable
support from the Opposition, the Irish Orange members, and the
irritated English Protestant country gentlemen.
Macnaghten has already tendered his resignation (but now says he
will wait to hear Pl----'s explanation), which, connected as he is
with Lord Hertford, is somewhat ominous. O'Neill is expected to do
the same.
Opposition, notwithstanding a considerable schism among themselves,
are, I hear, elated with the expectation of carrying the question.
Lord Grey and the Mountain are most eager. Mackintosh, on the
contrary, promises to attend and speak. Calcraft, Michael Angelo
[Taylor], Grenfell, Ricardo, Newport, Rice, and some others, will
support Plunket. Abercrombie is, I hear, undecided. But what is
material is that it should be considered that all who vote with
Brownlow are declaring direct hostility against the Government, and
that a censure upon the Irish Administration is a censure upon the
English, which supports and continues it.
I think we shall certainly have a good deal of desultory debate on
Monday, when the papers are produced, after Canning's detailed
explanation and statement; but as Lord Althorpe's motion for the
repeal of the Foreign Enlistment Bill stands for Wednesday, that
will open a better vent for the comments upon the papers when they
have been read. I feel little doubt, however, that the Opposition
will originate some question in both Houses upon them, especially
when they are accompanied with the news of passing the Bidassoa.
The Duke of Norfolk is, I hear, very indignant at the intention of
Opposition to vote against Plunket, and threatens to break with
them.
Ever affectionately yours,
C. W. W.
Mr. Fremantle wrote the next day as usual, _de omnibus rebus_.
THE RIGHT HON. W. H. FREMANTLE TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
East India Office. April 11, 1823.
MY DEAR DUKE,
I find we are in a great fright about Plunket's motion on the 16th.
The Opposition are fortunately split upon it, but our _country_
support is very slack upon it, and if Plunket don't make a better
case than he did before, we shall be in a scrape--in fact, it will
come to the question of whether the Irish Government is to stand or
fall, or whether the Catholic or Protestant is to have exclusive
powers.
You may be assured the K---- is breaking up. He may rally for a
short time, but he has no stamina to resist attacks of the gout
constantly prevailing in his habit. I have this from an authority I
cannot doubt. He was in his bed the whole time I was at Brighton,
from Wednesday to Monday, and I believe has not been out since. I
am assured here that the markets are rising, and along the coast
where I pursued my trip--I mean at Hastings, E. Bourne, &c.--the
markets were improving greatly, and the corn rising. If you are not
in town on Monday, I will let you know what passes in Canning's
explanation.
The Duc d'Angoulême is thought to have started well, as far as his
orders go, but the impression in town is still that France cannot
succeed. I have not seen or heard what Fitz Roy Somerset says upon
it, but he gives the most lamentable account of the state of the
Constitutional Spaniards' preparation. Never was anything so
disorganized, so wanting altogether in preparation, concord, or
means.
Ever most truly yours,
W. H. F.
P.S.--I cannot get you Canning's papers before Monday, for there is
so much erasure, and change, and discussion in them, that you may
depend upon it they will not be ready till the moment of their
presentation.
To these extracts may be added the following communications:--
THE RIGHT HON. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
East India Office, April 14, 1823.
MY DEAR B----,
We continue to be most nervous about the result of to-morrow. There
is a disinclination to attend among the friends of Government which
is alarming. The resignations of Barry and Macnaghten, the latter
in particular, who is supposed to be as fond of money as any man,
are strong indications of the violence of Orange feeling.
P---- has with great difficulty kept his _beau frère_, Dawson,
from pursuing the same course. At the same time, he and Lord G.
Beresford have done all the mischief they could by their
conversation and language.
Lord Grey has been particularly active to stimulate the Opposition
to violent hostility and censure, but it was supposed yesterday,
that in order to avoid the hazard of a permanent and acrimonious
split, they would all unite in favour of inquiry as a _mezzo
termino_. Should this be the case, it is almost certain we shall
find ourselves in a decided minority; still, the infinite evil
attendant upon an inquiry, the irritation which it would create in
Ireland, are considerations so weighty that we all think it better
to be beaten on such a question than to concede it.
We are trying in secret to stimulate Wilberforce, Wortley, Acland,
&c., to take the line of rising immediately after Plunket has
concluded his defence, deprecating discussion as likely to
exasperate and prolong the inflammation of both parties, and then
proposing an adjournment. This I think is a course which the
country gentlemen in general would be disposed to fall into, and
which would be adopted by several of those who are equally disposed
to avoid offending their Orange constituents and the Government.
It is in itself far from desirable to meet a censure by anything
but a direct negative, but I think that such an expedient is, on
the whole, preferable to the chance of defeat either on censure or
inquiry.
The papers were not ready yesterday. We had some of the proofs at
the Cabinet yesterday, but they were not then arranged or in any
forwardness. I think it so likely that they may not be sent to the
House of Commons till too late for the post, that I have desired
Fremantle to go to Planta and beg that a copy may be sent down to
you from the Foreign Office. I cannot conceive that any regular
debate can take place to-night; some observations may be made, but
it is obvious that they must wait till they have read the papers
and compared them with Canning's speech, before they can really
proceed to any discussion of the conduct of Government.
Ever most affectionately yours,
C. W. W.
THE RIGHT HON. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
East India Office, Wednesday.
Nothing, my dear B----, could be more satisfactory than the result
of last night. The triumph of Plunket was complete. He addressed a
House evidently unfavourably disposed to him, and for the first
hour we could scarcely raise a decent cheer to encourage him. It
then became evident that he was making progress, and he proceeded
till the applause fairly rung from every part of the House, and his
adversaries, who had every reason to expect a majority, found it
impossible even to venture on a division. On his account I wish
more confidence had been placed in the effect of his speech, and
that it had been determined to meet the motion with a direct
negative, but the extreme reluctance of the majority of the friends
of Government to pledge themselves beforehand to any course more
decided than the orders of the day, would have made it too
hazardous. In one respect the line adopted is fortunate, as it
enables us the better to resist Burdett's motion for inquiry on
Tuesday.
Canning's speech on Monday would have been a very good one for an
independent member who spoke his own sentiments only, but ill
suited the character of a Minister for Foreign Affairs. Such a
speech in the Chamber of Deputies from Chateaubriand with regard to
England, would at some periods disable an English Administration
from maintaining neutrality. I conclude that the discussion of the
papers in the House of Lords, of which Lord Grey gave notice, will
bring you to town.
Ever affectionately yours,
C. W. W.
THE RIGHT HON. W. H. FREMANTLE TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
East India Office, April 16, 1823.
MY DEAR DUKE,
I find you do not come till Thursday or Friday, I therefore send
you a few lines to say how triumphantly the business went off
yesterday. Brownlow made a very eloquent and able speech, but
Plunket's explanation was perfectly satisfactory and convincing to
the House, and the general feeling was decidedly in favour of
crushing all further discussion upon it. The friends of Government
had been summoned in the morning by Canning, and then a very calm
and friendly communication took place, in which the violent
Orangeists, I mean Sir George Hill, Dawson, &c. &c., all concurred
in the propriety of preventing, if possible, any decision being
pronounced upon the question, which could only go to the increase
of the irritation and violence now existing, and could be of no
advantage, but on the contrary the greatest disadvantage, to
Ireland; and accordingly the motion of Courtenay's was suggested
and unanimously approved; I must, however, do Peel the justice to
say, that he distinctly stated that if the result of the debate was
to be an opinion on Plunket's conduct, he should not hesitate one
moment in giving his heartfelt and sincere opinion in favour of the
proceeding he had adopted.
In the House, Plunket laboured, I think, a good deal in bringing
his precedents to bear on the subject, and showed infinite
dexterity in all this part of his argument; but when he came to the
whole of the proceedings of the Grand Jury and the High Sheriff, he
carried the House along with him, and ended his speech with the
unanimous feeling of the House in his favour; indeed, I am not sure
but that we might have carried a decided negative; however,
altogether it is better as it is, more particularly as Plunket is
equally satisfied.
The King comes to town to-day, and I understand has made up his
mind to hold a drawing-room, and sit during the time; I doubt even
his ability to do this, if he has not greatly mended since I left
Brighton. We shall lose the Catholic question to-morrow, at least
this is my opinion; the state of Ireland, and of parties in that
country, has made a great alteration in opinions of those who were
not very stout upon it before.
The papers which have been presented to Parliament regarding the
negotiations at Verona, and Paris, and Madrid, are considered so
far satisfactory as to meet the feelings of the country in
maintaining a neutrality--that is, in avoiding to commit England to
any share in hostilities; but I should say that they have given an
impression that we were duped by the French Government up to the
moment of the King's Speech, and even afterwards, and that the tone
maintained by England throughout the whole of the proceedings was
not sufficiently high and commanding. There is also throughout the
whole of the negotiations, a continued exertion on the part of
England to induce the Spaniards to give way by some modification of
their constitution, without a corresponding attempt to induce
France to remove her army. The Opposition think that the papers
altogether afford them a very good case; no notice is yet given in
the House of Commons upon the subject, but probably there will
to-day or to-morrow.
Adieu, my dear Duke,
Ever most truly yours,
W. H. F.
P.S.--I fear poor General Grenville cannot last many days, he is
considerably worse.
General Grenville died a short time after the date of this letter. He
was the younger brother of Lord Glastonbury, and therefore the second
son of Mr. James Grenville.
The state of our foreign relations began to create some uneasiness in
the public mind; indeed, a grave complication was arising, that
demanded the exercise of the profoundest statesmanship to treat in a
manner worthy the reputation of this country.
THE RIGHT HON. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
East India Office, April 17, 1823.
MY DEAR B----,
My letter of yesterday will show you that we do not disagree in
principle as to the speech of Monday night. I cannot conceive a
course more derogatory to the dignity or contrary to the interest
of two great nations, than for the Ministers of Foreign Affairs to
animadvert on the conduct of each other's Government, as those of
England and France have done.
Still, I am very far from viewing it in the light which it has on
the first impression appeared to you, nor can I participate in your
apprehensions of its leading to the withdrawal of the Minister of
the Court of France, or that it will be considered tantamount to a
declaration of war.
Lord Grenville concurs in disapprobation of the speeches, but not
to the degree which you seem to feel, and expresses his opinion
that "the papers are, on the whole, satisfactory, and the last
instructions _good_."
You have not stated what your objections to them are, and therefore
it is impossible for me to address myself to meet them.
Ever most affectionately yours,
C. W. W.
I fear that we have not a chance of success to-night.
THE RIGHT HON. W. H. FREMANTLE TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
Stanhope Street, April 18, 1823.
MY DEAR DUKE,
You will see by the papers the turbulent discussion we had last
night. I was not in the House till afterwards, and therefore can
only give you what I heard of the impression made, which was
altogether favourable to Canning. His want of temper was condemned
in the first instance, but at the same time it is thought that it
will be most beneficial in stopping those strains of invective and
abuse which are daily increasing, and likely still more to increase
if not put down. The fact is, that the Opposition have been buoying
themselves up with the hope and expectation of connexion and
friendship with Canning--they now see this to be visionary, and are
determined to try and drive a dissention in the Cabinet by
violence; and in this they are encouraged by the language held, and
general conduct of the Chancellor.
Wynn made an indiscreet speech, as far as it regarded Peel, but I
hope nothing will arise from it--indeed, there is no reason to fear
there may, as the explanation was perfectly satisfactory. As to our
Catholic question, it is gone to the d----l, and what is to be the
result of this I have not a guess.
With regard to the negotiations, I perfectly agree with you that
nothing can display greater weakness than the papers do; but the
feeling in the country is so strong in favour of neutrality and of
the Spaniards, and also the feeling of Parliament, that you may
rely on it the Government will come out of the discussion
triumphantly. I do not entertain the smallest idea that France will
carry her resentment so far against Canning's and Lord Liverpool's
speeches as to recall her Minister, or to think of quarrelling with
us. I can understand your feeling with regard to their declarations
in favour of the revolutionary Spanish Government; but however you
may feel, depend upon it no Minister, no Government, and no man is
powerful enough in this country, either in political or personal
character, to stand up to fight the battle of the Ultras. I should
say that the King and the Duke of York would do so if they could
find the means, but these are impossible, and the public odium
which would follow such an attempt would be fatal to any man or set
of men.
There will certainly be a Levee on the 21st, and I suppose a
Drawing-room. I take it for granted some notice will be given
to-day in our House of a motion on the papers. As I shall see you
so soon, I will add no more.
Yours truly,
W. H. F.
The relations between France and Spain continued to attract very great
attention, both in and out of Parliament, and not only were suggestive
questions asked of the Government as to this country being bound by
treaty to support the Bourbons in France, but the Earl of Liverpool in
the House of Lords, and Mr. Canning in the House of Commons, while
producing papers illustrating the late negotiations at Vienna, Paris,
and Madrid, gave an exposition of affairs that strongly reflected on
the conduct of the French Ministers. A still more important debate on
the same subject came on on the 24th of April, in which Lord Grenville
and the Duke of Buckingham spoke in favour of Ministers.
The question of the Catholic claims came on for discussion in the House
of Commons on the 17th of April, but Mr. Plunket went through the usual
arguments in favour of the Catholic claims with less than the ordinary
amount of success, and the last of these motions of adjournment was
carried by 333 to 111. In a subsequent debate, a misunderstanding
between Mr. Peel and Mr. Charles Williams Wynn, as to the system on
which each considered Ireland was to be governed, threatened serious
consequences, according to the following representations:--
THE RIGHT HON. W. H. FREMANTLE TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
East India Office, Ten o'clock.
I have been here from ten, and am going to the Aylesbury
Commission, or should have called on you. I met the Duke of
Wellington yesterday in the Park, who had been sent to by Lord
Liverpool in the morning, to discuss the question regarding Wynn
and Peel. He threw the whole blame on Lord Liverpool for not having
originally shown the papers to Peel, but said that it could not
lead to ultimate quarrels--that Lord Liverpool must interfere, and
that he, the Duke, was to see Peel _this morning_. It appears to
me, from the Duke's language, that the discussion and the
settlement of the difference must now proceed from Lord Liverpool,
as it is the complaint of Peel against him for not being apprised
of the terms on which we came into the Government. The Duke
appeared to entertain no doubt of settling it amicably, but my
object, pressed upon him, was to take care it should be done
speedily, and that no public appearance of difference should be
manifested in the House of Commons. Probably you have seen the Duke
of Wellington before you receive this. A good speech from you in
the House of Lords to-night would be more likely to strengthen us
and set us right than anything else.
W. H. F.
The Duke of Wellington had never seen the correspondence till
yesterday, when shown to him by Lord Liverpool.
THE RIGHT HON. W. H. FREMANTLE TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
Stanhope Street, May 31, 1823.
MY DEAR DUKE,
I met the Duke of Wellington this morning, and had a great deal of
conversation with him of a most confidential nature. He began it by
asking if you had left town, saying he had received your letter,
and had taken immediate steps for bringing matters right between
C---- and W----.[113] That "I knew perfectly well how ticklish a
gentleman the former was, and how difficult to manage, and with how
little ground he was in the habit of taking exception; that in this
case he knew he could have no ground, but on the contrary he
(C----) ought and must know, that he owed W---- every attention and
kindness for the manly and decided manner you had acted on the
proposal of taking him into office after the death of Lord
L----."[114] I found evidently that the Duke of W---- disliked C----,
for he could not resist the pleasure of attacking and condemning
him in many points of his conduct since he has held the Seals, and
entered at large into it in a manner that I cannot well detail in a
letter, going through his quarrel with the Chancellor, and what had
since occurred in an attempt which the Duke had made to reconcile
them, and in which he thought C---- had behaved with great want of
judgment and temper; again, in his conduct about Spain, and on the
questions regarding Ireland; but with all this (admitting of
course), his value to the Government, and the necessity of keeping
him in good humour if possible. It was most satisfactory to hear
him say, that the whole of Wynn's conduct in the Cabinet since he
had belonged to it had been uniformly conciliatory and temperate,
and such as had universally given satisfaction, and that he could
not understand why C---- had taken the exception.
I see evidently from all this that the K---- still continues to
feel indisposed to C----, for I am quite sure the language the Duke
holds is the same held by his Royal Master; and there is another
view which is not less satisfactory, namely, that he (C----) is not
sufficiently strong with the Cabinet to carry everything his own
way. All I should recommend to W----, and which I shall speak to
him about, is to follow the Duke of W----'s advice in going on, not
pretending to see the coolness, and leave C---- to amuse himself
with his own ill-humour.
I was delighted to hear from Wynn of his Majesty's gracious
language about you, and at the manner in which he was received, and
that you have judged quite wisely in writing to express your
feelings upon it; at the same time I would recommend you not to
press it further at present, but to see how matters go on, and
whether anything occurs previous to the prorogation. I still think
the Chancellor will go when this takes place, but not before, but I
doubt of the manner in which the law arrangements are to be made.
The Government are determined to get the Irish Tithes Bills through
if they can, and Canning told me he thought nothing could be so
dangerous or desperate as to leave them still hanging over.
You shall hear from me whenever I hear anything further.
Ever most faithfully yours,
W. H. F.
[113] Canning and Wynn.
[114] Lord Londonderry.
The Duke of Wellington, who undertook the office of peace-maker between
Mr. Canning and Mr. Wynn, refers in the course of the following
communication to the well-known verse--
"I do not like thee, Dr. Fell,
The reason why, I cannot tell,
But this, in truth, I know full well,
I do not like thee, Dr. Fell."
THE DUKE OF WELLINGTON TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
London, May 30, 1823.
MY DEAR D----,
I received your letter of the 28th, and took steps immediately to
effect your object. Although not so important as the affair of the
same description I settled before, it is not so easy, as the
disposition and manners of the men are very different, and it will
take more time. But I am at work upon it, and have communicated
with Lord Liverpool, who agrees with me; and I recommend that
Charles Wynn should act as usual, and take no notice either of the
continuance of the contrary state of things, or of any change which
we may produce. I know there is no reason for the conduct
complained of, excepting it be the same that was given for the
dislike of Dr. Fell.
I will let you know anything that may pass upon this subject; and I
beg you to
Believe me,
Ever yours most sincerely,
WELLINGTON.
The state of our foreign relations elicited from Lord Grenville the
following characteristic communication, referring to a boastful speech
often attributed to Mr. Pitt.
LORD GRENVILLE TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
Dropmore, Tuesday.
I send the petition by the coach. I believe I mentioned to you my
wish that nothing should be said upon it, except that you present
it in my absence on account of illness.
As I do not at all partake in the _virtuous_ enthusiasm for the
cause of Jacobinism in Spain, I allow myself to hope that things
there are going on well. I am entirely of opinion that the war is a
most unadvised step on the part of France, and that nothing could
be more impolitic, except our having the folly to mix ourselves in
the squabble either way by word or deed.
Some wiseacre in the House of Commons has said that Lord Chatham
declared that not a gun should be fired in Europe _without his
leave_. Lord C---- came into office when this country was
involved in a war in which she had so much the worst of it, that
all men despaired of the issue. He went out of office before the
peace was made, and his merit was that he had by his successes in
the war secured the means of making an advantageous peace.
Secondly, in which part of his administration did any power of
Europe take out a licence for shooting from him? Yet this is the
sort of nonsense that passes current. Adieu.
CHAPTER XIII.
[1823.]
IMPORTANT DEBATES. EXPENSES OF THE CORONATION. STATE OF THE PENINSULA.
MR. PLUNKET'S DISAPPOINTMENT. CONDITION OF IRELAND. DESPATCH FROM THE
LORD-LIEUTENANT. THE KING OF SPAIN AND THE CORTES. MR. CANNING IN THE
HOUSE OF COMMONS. LORD NUGENT'S BILL FOR RESTORING THE FRANCHISE.
FESTIVITIES AT CARLTON HOUSE. THE MARQUIS OF HASTINGS. THE FRENCH IN
SPAIN. LORD ELDON. CANNING. PEEL AND ROBINSON. THE PRESS IN INDIA. THE
KING AT "THE COTTAGE". IRVING AND THE HEAVENLY PAVILION. POLICY OF
AUSTRIA. THE KING IN COUNCIL. SCHISMS IN THE FRENCH CABINET.
CHAPTER XIII.
Lord John Russell brought forward in the House of Commons his motion
for a reform of Parliament, on the 24th of April, which, after an
animated discussion, was negatived by a majority of 280 to 169; but a
more important debate was that which arose out of a motion made by Mr.
J. Macdonald, for an address to the Crown censuring the conduct of
Ministers in the late negotiations with foreign powers. It continued
for three days--28th, 29th, and 30th of the same month--and gave
occasion for the delivery of several effective speeches, particularly
those of Sir James Mackintosh and Mr. Brougham against the Government,
and of Mr. Peel and Mr. Canning in its defence. In the end, however,
the policy of Ministers was endorsed by Parliament, the division being
in their favour by a majority of 372 to 20. A few days later, the
attention of the House was taken up by a charge preferred by Mr.
Plunket against Mr. Thorpe, the High Sheriff of Dublin, for having
caused the bill of indictment against the rioters at the Dublin Theatre
to be ignored. Debate followed debate on this subject, till the House
adjourned about the middle of May. But the subject was resumed on the
23rd and on subsequent days, when a fierce attack was made by
Opposition members on the conduct of Orangemen and on the system they
supported. On the 26th, the motion was rejected in a small House by a
majority of 131 to 77, when Mr. Plunket voted in opposition to
Ministers.
We now resume the correspondence. The first paragraph refers to the
state of affairs in the Peninsula, a complication regarded in England
with increasing anxiety; but the writer, as will be seen, soon passes
to a subject that excited at the time a good deal of interest among the
economists--this was the expenses of the Coronation, some of which, it
is plain, were open to objection. Subsequently, Irish politics--that
had been rendered more interesting since the appointments of the
Marquis Wellesley and Mr. Plunket to two important offices in the
Government of Ireland--began to assume larger dimensions. From these
causes Mr. Canning's position had become anything but a bed of roses.
THE RIGHT HON. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
East India Office, June 11, 1823.
MY DEAR B----,
All the accounts from Spain speak of the enormous expense to the
French, and that the most effectual means resorted to to resist the
invaders consist in the patriotic spirit with which their friends
draw upon them. They are also distributing money very largely to
the Portuguese insurgents.
The spirit of reaction and the cry for the Absolute King, with the
Inquisition, mean time greatly embarrass them. They have increased
the columns detached to the south to 20,000 men. Scarcely anything
is known of what is passing at Seville, and much apprehension is
entertained for the King's life.
Hume has given notice of a motion for a committee to examine into
the Coronation expenses, which is most embarrassing. It must, I
suppose, be resisted; but true it is that the crown, made up of
hired jewels, was kept till within the last three weeks, so that
there will be twenty-two months' hire to be paid, which might have
been saved, amounting to 11,000_l._ The charge of 24,000_l._ for
robes is also terrible!
THE RIGHT HON. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
Whitehall, June 14, 1823.
MY DEAR B----,
The Duke of Devonshire's motion on the state of Ireland certainly
comes on on Thursday, but what is to be its precise nature is not
yet known, probably even to himself. Plunket went to Ireland on
Thursday, much out of spirits, anticipating all evil from the
irritation of the two factions, and I fear from the want of energy
and vigour in him who ought to control them. You will see the
violent proceedings of the Catholic meeting, and their talk about
_physical strength_, &c. I am glad to find that Blake, the Catholic
barrister, is appointed by Lord Wellesley, Deputy Remembrancer of
the Exchequer, as I think he will be of use in Ireland, and will
strengthen Plunket's influence.
I do not wonder that in this weather you are averse to quit the
country, but I think you are quite right in coming for such an
occasion as the present, upon which an explanation of your views
may be extremely useful.
Ever affectionately yours,
C. W. W.
If you can, pray come on Wednesday. Brougham is on that day to move
in the House of Commons on presenting the R.C. Petition, and in
case I should wish to speak, I should particularly like to have
talked the subject over with you previously, in order that we may
chime in as far as may be.
THE RIGHT HON. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
East India Office, June 17, 1823.
MY DEAR B----,
You must not wonder that Plunket did not stop to visit you in his
way. He has now been four months absent from Ireland, suffering all
the while from vexation and indifferent health, which have produced
the effect of making him low and hypochondriac about himself. He
was convinced nothing but the native breeze of the potatoes could
revive him, and he was besides not a little uneasy as to the
consequences of this absence upon his professional business, and
very anxious again to see his family. Nothing else could, I will
not say justify, but excuse his turning his back upon the Tithe
Bill while in the Committee, which I must say it was his duty to
have stayed if possible to have fought through; but he is
thoroughly dejected, and often talks of the probability of his
being obliged to retire.
Lord Hastings, I apprehend, returns only to see whether he can get
any better appointment than the mission to Naples, which, as he
intended to go to Vienna, not a little disappoints him. I am going
to Cabinet, and if I hear any news, will add it.
Ever affectionately yours,
C. W. W.
Accounts from Paris mention that an agent has been dispatched from
Madrid to Seville with arguments _to persuade_ the Cortes to join
the Royal cause.
THE RIGHT HON. W. H. FREMANTLE TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
Board of Control, June 25, 1823.
MY DEAR DUKE,
We are getting on, though very slowly. It is thought the session
will close in three weeks, which I think most probable, as
everybody is going out of town, and they will not be able to make
houses. Ireland still hangs upon us, and every day makes it more
and more alarming. They can get no communication whatever from Lord
Wellesley. He will not write, and this adds to the perplexity of
the Government. I have not the least doubt whatever but that in a
very short time you will see a decided rebellion. It can hardly be
called less than a general insurrection now. Plunket is gone back
very sore and very desponding.
The King is quite re-established, and I hear in very cheerful
spirits. He has put off the match between Lady Elizabeth Conyngham
and Lord Aboyne. He does not go to the sea, as I understand, till
the end of July, and has not yet decided what day he comes to town.
Canning does nothing in the House, and I think suffers Peel to take
completely the lead. The Spaniards must ultimately give way, and
the greatest ridicule is thrown on this subscription and ball now
going forward. It is exclusively with the Opposition, and will
fail. It is curious now to observe how those who had not courage at
the time to support your opinions against the revolutionary
Government of Spain, are now coming forward and applauding your
language and opinions. What Canning is doing about it I know not,
but he is very busy with the diplomacy there. He is disposed to
appoint Hervey to some other station, in order to get rid of the
anomaly of a Secretary of Embassy to a Minister (not with the rank
of Ambassador), but he has great difficulty, having neither pension
fund nor vacancy at an ambassador's court; therefore, what he will
do remains to be seen. He cannot remove him without provision, and
Hervey is ready to return, if required. Lord Salisbury is succeeded
by Lord Verulam in the Lieutenancy of Hertford. I don't know who
comes in for Hertford. I cannot tell you how things are going on
with Wynn, &c., not having had the opportunity lately of
observing--but I should hope better. I think Canning loses ground
greatly. He is anything but a leader of the House of Commons.
The Lords have decided on appointing a Chairman to hear _Scotch
appeals only_, with a salary--this Chairman to be some eminent
Scotch judge. The question for the Commons to decide will be the
_salary_, which the Lord Chancellor will not pay, but which I
think the Commons will be disposed to fasten upon him.
I have not heard from Freeling.[115] I take it for granted he will
not stir a step with regard to the mail coach, without first
apprizing me, or making some communication to the country.
Ever, my dear Duke,
Most faithfully yours,
W. H. F.
The Lords' Report on this Appeal Committee has been called for by
Kennedy. I _believe_ Canning, when he heard of it, called a
Cabinet to remonstrate, and whether he was outvoted, remains to be
seen. I think they will not venture to move upon it this session.
I hear Lord Bath gets the blue riband. This will be a severe blow
to Lord Harrowby.
[115] Mr. Francis Freeling, in 1828 created a Baronet--Secretary
to the Post Office.
THE RIGHT HON. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
East India Office, June 26, 1823.
MY DEAR B----,
We have at last a despatch to-day, assuring us that he[116] considers
the alarm as groundless, and to the extent to which it at present
prevails, perfectly absurd. He admits the general expectation of
rising, but has not been able to ascertain any facts to justify it.
He denies the increase of the guards of Dublin to any material
degree, and expressly disclaims any wish for further legislative
powers, or, as things now appear, for any additional military
force. He laments the mutual exasperation between the two parties,
and _complains_ that the leaders of each will not unite in a
system of conciliation.
More arrant fudge could scarcely be found if Dr. Burdock's copy of
verses had been recorded by Miss Amelia Wilhelmina Skeggs in "The
Vicar of Wakefield."
I hope, however, he is right in his want of apprehension of danger,
and may not be waked to it by such an affair as that in
Thomas-street, of 1803. He speaks of the concurrence of Lord
Combermere and of the Solicitor-General, which does not quite tally
with what I have heard of their sentiments; but this is of little
importance, heaven knows, either way.
Your scandal is good indeed--I should have thought too much so to
be true.
Respecting the fate of the two Bills in the Lords, I apprehend the
first half of George's (granting the elective franchise) will pass,
the other miscarry. I can hardly think it possible that the Tithe
Bill should, notwithstanding Liverpool's eagerness upon the
subject.
Out of eighty-four days which we had sat, up to Monday last,
forty-nine have been occupied in Irish business! We now _begin_ to
be heartily tired, and _therefore_ may, I hope, be expected to
travel _au galop_.
Ever affectionately yours,
C. W. W.
[116] The Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland.
THE RIGHT HON. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
East India Office, June 30, 1823.
MY DEAR B----,
A'Court has, as you will have already learnt, very properly
declined the invitation of the Regency to Cadiz. He is directed to
proceed to Gibraltar, unless he shall find that the King, after
being, as intended, restored to nominal liberty and sanity at
Cadiz, shall press his going there as affording a certain degree of
protection to his life.
The removal to Cadiz I take to have been a mere act of desperation.
Many members of the Cortes have slipped away, and it is a fact that
the Regency could not get any individual to hold office _ad
interim_ under them, or even a clerk to countersign their letter to
A'Court. They may have in Cadiz, it is said, possibly from 10,000
to 12,000 men.
Harrowby's disappointment seems to sit easy upon him.
I enclose a letter just received from P----.[117] I do not know what
foundation he has of the report of dudgeon in the Home Office. It
is perfectly true that his objection to reversal of attainders was
supported by no one. Both he and his man complain much of being
left to carry through the Tithe Bill unassisted by Plunket, and I
think not without reason.
It certainly is odd that a measure for getting rid of tithes should
fall into the hands of the members for the Universities of Oxford
and Dublin, and of a candidate for that of Cambridge.
It is quite determined to carry it through in the present session.
Ever affectionately yours,
C. W. W.
[117] Not preserved.
LORD GRENVILLE TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
Camelford House, July 3, 1823.
I most heartily join with you in taking joy at what I consider as
_the triumph of the cause of freedom_ in the Peninsula;--having
read enough to know, and having seen enough to observe, that of all
possible tyrannies--and I cordially hate them all--the most
contemptible, corrupt, and cruel is the tyranny of absolute
democracy, most especially when resting, as in Spain and Portugal,
on that new instrument of freedom, a mutinous and self-governed
army.
Your friend Sir Robert[118] makes a pretty figure in this puppet-show!
[118] Sir Robert Wilson.
THE RIGHT HON. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
East India Office, July 3, 1823.
MY DEAR B----,
The last judicial appointment which I made was about a twelvemonth
ago, of Sir Edward West, to be Recorder of Bombay. As soon as the
Bill for establishing a new judicature there shall receive the
Royal assent, he will be nominated Chief Justice.
The elder brother was also recommended to me, among other grounds,
on the sacrifice which he had made in voting for Lord Grenville in
1809, being then a Fellow of University College, which had been
remembered to his disadvantage by the Chancellor on different
occasions. I laid both their names, among others, before the Chief
Baron, who is my ordinary legal adviser on these occasions. The
result of his inquiries was very favourable to Edward West, but
your friend Martin West, though described to be of excellent
character, all the cardinal virtues, and _meilleur enfant du
monde_, was allowed by his friends to be unfortunately indolent,
which, for the climate of India, is the greatest fault that can be
attributed to a public functionary.
You have not returned to me Plunket's letter; pray send it
forthwith, as I transmitted to you the very day I received it, and
have not yet answered it. The passage you allude to refers to Peel.
The question was the reversal of Scotch, not Irish attainders, but
he so little pressed his objection, and was so little supported,
that I do not think it likely to have been the ground of such
serious complaint.
Nugent's Bill for restoring the elective franchise will, I believe,
pass the House of Lords; the other will, I conclude, be dropped in
the Commons. I still hope we may adjourn to-morrow sevennight, but
we must depend for that on the forbearance or fatigue of
Opposition, since, if they choose to go on with the system of
raising discussions every day, they may prevent us.
Canning has sent out his cards for a Cabinet dinner on the 23rd, so
I suppose he does not contemplate the prorogation till about that
time. Lord Grenville is in town, looking much better than when I
last saw him. He has had no offer for Camelford House, and seems to
be making up his mind to retain it and live there, notwithstanding
the faults of its situation.
Ever most affectionately yours,
C. W. W.
THE RIGHT HON. W. H. FREMANTLE TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
Board of Control, July 9, 1823.
MY DEAR DUKE,
We are now nearly closing the session, and certainly with more
success altogether than one could have expected; but one thing has
been manifested--namely, that we should have done just as well
without Canning as a leader, as with him. He has taken upon himself
no authority, either by putting down or assisting questions
doubtful or difficult. Robinson and Peel have both risen much
beyond him in estimation as general speakers and men of business.
The accounts from Ireland are better, and at last they have got
communications from Lord Wellesley. I think the House of Commons
have not done well in whitewashing O'Grady, which I think they have
done. The King came to town yesterday, and gives a great dinner
to-morrow. They say he also gives a ball on Friday. I understand he
remains about a fortnight in town, and then proceeds to the Yacht.
Ever most faithfully yours,
W. H. FREMANTLE.
P.S.--Lord Hastings is expected in town to-morrow or next day.
The next letter refers to a measure alluded to in a previous
communication, brought forward by Lord Nugent, for restoring the
elective franchise to places in which it had been forfeited. Mr. Wynn
expected that it would pass the House of Lords, but he found himself
mistaken.
THE RIGHT HON. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
House of Commons, July 10, 1823.
MY DEAR B----,
The defeat of Nugent's Bill, though supported by the speeches of
Liverpool, Westmoreland, Harrowby, and Melville, together with the
votes of Bathurst and Bexley, by the Chancellor, Duke of York, and
Shaftesbury, has produced much sensation. Brougham is now speaking
upon the Scotch Appeal Commission Bill, and has been describing the
Chancellor as Prime Minister, and constantly denominating Lord
Liverpool "My noble coadjutor," "the noble Earl with whom I have
the honour to act," &c. &c., with much humour. Sidmouth slunk away
without voting. It is most vexatious that the Bill should have been
lost, as with common exertion to enter proxies, it might have been
carried. You will see the Chancellor denied the possibility of any
man who refused the oath of supremacy being a loyal subject! The
D---- of Y----, I regret to say, most conspicuously active.
My wife and I are _at last_ going to a dress party to-night at
Carlton House.
Thank heaven, to-morrow the House of Commons adjourns, and we
conclude with my E.I. Mutiny Bill, which Bobus Smith is to oppose
violently.
Ever affectionately yours,
C. W. W.
Lord Grenville sets out on Sunday on a tour to the Lakes.
THE RIGHT HON. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
East India Office, July 18, 1823.
MY DEAR B----,
As I am to dine the Lion of the East, Commander of the Faithful,
&c. &c., the most exalted Caliph Hastings, on this day sevennight,
you will extremely oblige me by contributing towards the gorging of
his royal jaws.
I have asked sundry of my _confrères_ to meet him, but I do not
think he appears graciously inclined towards us.
We had a very grand party at Carlton House on Thursday last, and a
gay ball for the children last Tuesday; so I suppose we are either
in favour, or, which is more likely, that the people in attendance
have found out the blunders and omissions which they made last
year. I hear the absence of all Grenvilles, either in person or
proxy, from the division on the Elective Franchise Bill, is much
commented upon, and considered as a retaliation for the desertion
of Plunket in the House of Commons.
Much apprehension is entertained of the Cortes being driven into
desperation by the violence of the Madrid Regency, and bringing the
beloved Ferdinand to trial, for which proofs certainly are not
wanting.
The French profess the greatest disapprobation of the persecuting
spirit of the Regency, but seem to take no steps to control it; and
it seems to be encouraged by the other members of the Holy
Alliance.
Ever most affectionately yours,
C. WILLIAMS WYNN.
The Prorogation will be on Saturday, notwithstanding a blunder
about the Commission, by which we lose to-day in the House of
Commons.
Westmoreland is so extremely pleased with his own speech on
Nugent's Bill, and so angry with the Chancellor for opposing it,
that he only wants a little flattery to make him a good Papist.
Sundry of my colleagues are also angry with said noble and learned
Lord, for throwing out the Slave Trade Consolidation Bill, which
had been approved and settled by Lord Bathurst, and for leaving out
the disputed parts of the Silk Bill.
THE RIGHT HON. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
East India Office, July 21, 1823.
MY DEAR B----,
I agree with you that my stairs are somewhat narrow for the whole
full-blown dignity of the Caliph to ascend. If he would engage to
remain in England till the autumn, I would receive him in a better
house, and would provide a grander assortment of company to meet
him; but, unfortunately, I have found all my colleagues engaged,
and must make my table up with directors, military men, and such
like _second chop_.
The Chancellor's[119] language is exactly the same as he held in
1808, and has continued to hold at the close of every Session
since. He certainly has been obliged to swallow some pills _contre
coeur_, but has his own way infinitely too far. I am not surprised
that he is somewhat angry at the silence with which Brougham's
attack upon him was received by the Treasury Bench in the House of
Commons. Peel continues very glum and sulky.
As to Spain, if one can judge from our accounts, the French are
more embarrassed than ever. They are obliged to find money for
everything, for not a single dollar can the Spaniards muster, and
they find that they have less weight, notwithstanding, with the
Regency than the Russian Minister, who encourages them in all their
violent measures. The Regency have actually refused to treat with
Cadiz, though there are many there who are much disposed to it. The
force which occupies it is almost entirely militia, and, therefore,
cannot be expected to hold out long when there shall be a naval
force to co-operate.
Duc d'Angoulême is completely sick, and the present plan is, that
if they can get the King at liberty, he is to convene a general
Cortes, and the French are to leave them and him to make a
constitution, withdrawing all their troops ... except 25,000, who
are to form an echellon of communication between Bayonne and
Madrid. This seems to me _most infernal nonsense_, too absurd to be
ever entertained by the French Cabinet, though they think it may
pass upon us, and therefore hold this language to Stuart.
Ever affectionately yours,
C. W. W.
You have, of course, long heard of Lord Fitzwilliam's nuptials. I
wonder how they have kept out of the newspaper.
The appropriate remark is that "it is a very sensible marriage;" to
which it is to be replied, "because the senses have nothing to do
with it."
[119] Lord Eldon.
On the 16th of July, during a debate in the House of Commons on the
subject of Scotch Appeals, Mr. Brougham afforded great amusement to
that assembly by drawing a vivid but somewhat sarcastic picture of the
state of the Government. "As to Lord Liverpool being Prime Minister,"
observed the learned gentleman, "he is no more Prime Minister than I
am. I reckon Lord Liverpool a sort of member of Opposition; and after
what has recently passed, if I were required I should designate him as
'a noble lord in another place with whom I have the honour to act.'
Lord Liverpool may have collateral influence, but Lord Eldon has all
the direct influence of the Prime Minister. He is Prime Minister to all
intents and purposes, and he stands alone in the full exercise of all
the influence of that high situation."[120]
[120] Hansard.
In this strain the orator proceeded, claiming Lord Liverpool as a
coadjutor because both opposed the measures of the Lord Chancellor.
Lord Eldon did not at all relish the joke, perhaps because it was not
at the expense of the Grenvilles, and soon afterwards again expressed
his intention to resign. This had been repeated so often that it
elicited the following squib:--
"The Chancellor vows he'll depart, as they say
(So Derry sometimes, if his crew disobey),
But when his resigning a minister mentions,
We think how hell's paved with mankind's good intentions;
For still being in, though so oft going out,
We feel much inclined, like his lordship--to doubt."
Parliament was prorogued on the 19th of July, apparently equally to the
relief of the Government and the Opposition. A great variety of
subjects had been discussed, including the pretended claims of Olivia
Serres, self-styled Princess of Cumberland, but little practical good
had been effected, and the Ministers were not gaining the confidence of
the country or strengthening their own position. The King, too, was
losing the popularity he had gained since the Queen's death, by his
endeavours to remove himself as much as possible from the public gaze.
The Duke of Buckingham's correspondents kept him fully informed on
these and all other topics of interest.
THE RIGHT HON. W. H. FREMANTLE TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
Englefield Green, July 27, 1823.
MY DEAR DUKE,
I perfectly agree with you in thinking that Canning only waits the
opportunity of tripping us up, and this is only to be resisted by a
steady line of conduct on our parts, pursuing and maintaining the
system as it is now carrying on towards Ireland, until we see the
opportunity, by the accordance of other members of the Government,
to meet him with the certainty of success. The complete ascendancy
which both Robinson and Peel have acquired over him in the House of
Commons, but more particularly the former, must weaken his means of
playing us a trick, which I am satisfied he is fully disposed to do
whenever he can find the opportunity.
I don't agree with you at all about Lord Hastings; be assured there
is not the most distant idea of sending him to Ireland. I am quite
sure Canning distrusts and hates him too much to employ him if it
be possible to keep him out, and I do not understand his reception
at head quarters has been such as to satisfy him, or give him the
hopes of employment. He is very low and disappointed, and is
immediately going out of town. He has been profusely civil and
attentive to Wynn, but is not come in the highest odour either with
the Government or Court of Directors. His conduct about the Press
in India has been flagrant, and since his departure Adams has sent
home the editor of the Calcutta paper, who has been bullying them
for the last five years, and whom Lord Hastings has never had the
courage to resist, but, on the contrary, has frequently defended
him against his own colleagues in council. This will make a very
considerable and difficult discussion in Parliament next year, and
I much fear that our Cabinet at home will not have courage to fight
the battle manfully; I have no hesitation in thinking with Adams
that the fate of India depends on the power of checking the press
in that country.
The King has had a party with him for the last two days at the
Cottage here, and by all accounts is well in health, but most
averse to going to sea; whether they will persuade him or not
remains to be proved. Lady C---- is very anxious he should, in
order to get some holidays, and I believe Knighton likewise presses
it. In the meantime he is injuring himself greatly in public
opinion by his seclusion; he professes to be so ill he cannot go to
his Parliament or stir out in public in London, and then comes
here, and sees forty or fifty people, and is driving all day in the
park. The real fact is, they cannot manage him; his mind becomes
daily more capricious, and his indisposition to public display or
communication of any kind, increasing upon him to an extreme
degree. The people at Windsor are outrageous; for he has shut up
the terrace and all the public walks, and is doing everything to
render himself unpopular with them.
Lionel Harvey is going on a secret mission to Mexico. What is to be
derived from it I have little guess; but there is every reason to
believe that France has sent somebody there, and there is no doubt
that America will endeavour, or has already got, the start of
Europe upon it. Canning is very anxious not to lose the moment; and
I suppose that this must be the prelude of our admitting the
independence of South America; however, the mission is secret, but
he is commissioned, and has the rank of Minister Plenipotentiary.
It is a long and desolate prospect, but the scene will be new. He
is not quite reconciled to it, but having no better prospect, I
think he has done wise in accepting it; they give him two
secretaries. I would not wish you to mention this appointment. I
find Canning is by no means of opinion that France has or will
succeed in her efforts in Spain; at least, this was the tone of his
language to Lionel, who saw him yesterday. I hear from Wynn that
the grand attack on Cadiz was expected to take place between the
25th and 30th July.
Ever, my dear Duke,
Most faithfully yours,
W. H. FREMANTLE.
Mr. Thomas Grenville was one of the most liberal collectors of rare
books at a time when bibliomania was much more in fashion than it is
now. The following is a characteristic specimen of his powers of
observation when directed to his favourite pursuit:--
THE RIGHT HON. THOMAS GRENVILLE TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
Cleveland Square, July 30, 1823.
MY DEAR DUKE,
I have just been collating two copies of the "Sacra Exequialia in
Funere Jacobi II.--a Carolo de Aquino. Fol. Romæ 1702." Whether you
have this book or not, you certainly have in your Granger the
famous print (belonging to this book) of a head of the _Pretender_,
by _Edelinck_, _ætatis suæ_ 12. In one of my copies (the
presentation copy to the King of France or one of the French Royal
Family) below the head, upon a _tablet_, is engraved "Cognoscunt
mei me," and in the corner of the tablet "ætatis suæ 12;" and on
each side of the tablet is a circular _medallion_, one of which is
_a library_ with "Litteris Insignis" round it. The other
_medallion_ is a _man firing at a wild boar_, with "Et Armis" round
it. In the _centre of the large circle_ which surrounds the head,
and just above the tablet, is a _large medallion_, with the sun
behind a cloud, and round it "Et latet et lucet." In the other
copy, the same print (with Edelinck's name and "ætatis suæ 12," in
the corner of the tablet, like the other), has these variations.
The _large medallion_ above the tablet has the "Arms of England
with a crown."
The _tablet_ has no inscription, but is left blank, except that it
has in the corner "Ætatis suæ 12."
The _two small medallions_ have, one of them, the Prince's plume,
with _Ich dien_; the other, the Order of the Garter, with _Honi
soit qui mal y pense_.
These differences are remarkable, and as I have found no account of
them, and understand the print is rare and dear, I send to you for
information about them.
In my "royal copy, with the French royal arms," the impression of
the head seems much finer than the other, which has the English
emblems in the medallions. Perhaps they were subsequently inserted;
but why, then, was "Cognoscunt mei me," taken out and the tablet
left blank? Was it intended perhaps to insert his royal titles, and
if so, why were they omitted, when the English arms were
substituted for the allegorical medallions? I know, when you are
among your prints, these inquiries, however minute, are interesting
to you.
I know no news except the Spanish and Portuguese finale to their
revolutions, which, inasmuch as they were both military and not
civil revolutions, I could not wish success to, though I feel as
adverse to the French dictation and invasion as any Spaniard could
do. Love to your dear wife.
Ever most affectionately yours,
T. G.
Miss Poyntz has just refused Lord Apsley; who the deuce will she
marry?
Mr. Canning had by this time made good his position at Court, by coming
to an understanding with the most influential channel of Court favour.
The Scottish preacher, Irving, the Spurgeon of his day, indicated her
presence among his fashionable audience by a very delicate piece of
flattery. "All the world here," writes the indignant Lord Chancellor,
"is running on Sundays to the Caledonian Chapel in Hatton Garden, where
they bear a Presbyterian orator from Scotland preaching, as some ladies
term it, _charming_ matter, though downright nonsense. To the shame of
the King's Ministers be it said, that many of them have gone to this
schism-shop with itching ears. Lauderdale told me that when Lady ----
is there, the preacher never speaks of an heavenly mansion, but an
heavenly _Pavilion_. For other ears mansion is sufficient."[121]
[121] Twiss's "Life of Lord Eldon," vol. ii. p. 86.
"The appointment of Lord Albert Conyngham in the Foreign Office," we
are assured by the same writer, "has, by female influence, put Canning
beyond the reach of anything to affect him, and will naturally enable
him to turn those out whom he does not wish to remain in. The King is
in such thraldom that one has nobody to fall back upon."[122]
[122] Ibid., p. 87.
The autumn did not bring any very important changes, as may be gathered
from the text of Mr. Williams Wynn's next letter. Towards the
conclusion the writer refers to communications from Count Nugent to the
Duke of Buckingham, and to a reply which the Duke had proposed sending,
evidently referring to Austrian policy, and written with the view of
being laid before the Emperor.
THE RIGHT HON. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
Llangodwin, Aug. 20, 1823.
MY DEAR B----,
I certainly cannot conceive from what source the article in the
_Courier_ so tallying with my language can proceed, unless it
should be from Phillimore or Courtenay; for there are no other
persons besides you and the Duke of Wellington and Lord Liverpool,
with whom I have had any communication on the subject; and the two
latter are much too well inclined to Lord Hastings, or to anybody
whom they think the King feels any interest for, to have expressed
those sentiments to any one who might transfer them to the
_Courier_.
I have had no politics since I have been here, and not one word
even of news except a line from Robinson in answer to an inquiry
respecting the last Cabinet, which he did not himself attend, but,
as he tells me, was called at the instance of the D---- of W----,
on the subject of the former one, held the day before I left town,
on the Portuguese application for military assistance. However, no
alteration was made in the determination.
I fear that I cannot supply you with much intelligence as to
Austrian policy. The general language which she holds, tallies very
much with Nugent's letter--great desire to draw her ties closer
with this country--implied rather than positive approbation of our
course, but great unwillingness in any respect to commit herself, I
will not say in opposition, but even to any different views from
those of Russia.
I am also quite unable to tell you whether Nugent be Prince or
still only Count; I rather think the former.
It is now above a month since I have seen any Austrian despatches,
and I doubt whether at the time they were written she could be
aware of the probable course of events in Spain, and the different
objects of French and Russian influence in that country.
I should not myself imagine that she can be favourably disposed to
the extension of Russian influence in the Mediterranean, and
therefore would be more likely to join in the views of France; but
I have not the means of forming any opinion beyond mere
speculation.
Pray tell me whether you hear anything respecting the
Buck-hounds,[123] and, which is more material, what Neville gets by
Lord Cornwallis's death.
Will it not be advisable that you should communicate Nugent's
letter and your answer to it to be written to Liverpool?
I certainly agree with Burke in the propriety of the old practice
of communicating to the King's Government any intercourse which you
may hold with a foreign sovereign, whether direct or indirect,
which in any way refers to public subjects; and as there are
obvious and numerous reasons for not making this to Canning, who
would naturally be the proper channel, I think Liverpool would be
the fittest. If you do not like to do this personally, I should, of
course, be happy to do it for you.
Ever affectionately yours,
C. W. W.
[123] Lord Maryborough succeeded the Marquis Cornwallis.
THE RIGHT HON. W. H. FREMANTLE TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
Englefield Green, Aug. 21, 1823.
MY DEAR DUKE,
I am just come from Windsor, where I was summoned to attend a
Council. Nothing occurred worth telling you excepting that Lord
Maryborough, I learnt from himself, had got the Stag-hounds vacant
by Lord Cornwallis's death. This was given in the most gracious
manner by the King in a letter written with his own hand. I think
_Wellesley Pole_ has been pretty well paid altogether. The Mint,
the Cabinet, a Peerage, and now the Stag-hounds. Lord Liverpool,
Canning, Peel, Lord Maryborough, Charles Long, and myself, formed
the Council. His Majesty looked really remarkably well, and walked
up and down the large state stairs without a stick, and about the
apartments after the Council extremely well, much better than I had
the least idea he could have done. You may judge how he shuts
himself up when I tell you that this was the first time I had seen
him since I have been here--now upwards of a month, indeed, six
weeks. I should say from what I observed that the Cabinet were in
high spirits, but nothing passed in private conversation to give me
information.
Canning was on his way to Liverpool, and Peel made it in his way
from Dorsetshire to town, and he was to return in a few days.
The state of Ireland improves greatly, and I suppose till the long
nights commence, we shall not have the full state of alarm renewed.
The Duke of Wellington is gone on his tour, and all business will
be at a stand for the next six weeks.
Ever, my dear Duke,
Most faithfully yours,
W. H. FREMANTLE.
THE RIGHT HON. W. H. FREMANTLE TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
Englefield Green, Aug. 22, 1823.
MY DEAR DUKE,
Since my note of yesterday I find Lord Maryborough resigns the Mint
and Cabinet, and takes the Stag-hounds as a retirement. I believe
Wallace succeeds to the Mint, though some say Lord Granville; the
former _I_ say, and either Lord Granville or Huskisson come into
the Cabinet; I should suppose the latter. They are angry with
A'Court for having gone to Gibraltar; he was afraid of the yellow
fever. The consequence is that we have at present no British
Minister with the King of Spain, and the difficulties arising from
this in case of change or negotiation (which latter must be daily
expected as actually proceeding) so obvious. They talk of Fitzroy
Somerset going again, and Canning does not return from his
excursion under three weeks.
Ever truly yours,
W. H. F.
The Grenville section of the Government had many reasons for wishing to
have the Duke of Buckingham a member of the Cabinet, and it will be
seen that Mr. Williams Wynn once more strove to induce the Duke to quit
his dignified retirement for the purpose of taking a share in
Ministerial responsibilities.
THE RIGHT HON. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
Llangodwin, Aug. 28, 1823.
MY DEAR B----,
The recommendation which was contained in my last, of sending a
copy of your letter to Lord Liverpool, arose from my concurring in
the old principle that it is unfit for any British subject to hold
communication with any foreign sovereign, particularly on any
political question, without the knowledge and permission of the
King's Government. You will see this adverted to, I think, in
Burke's letter to the Duke of Portland. Assuming this to be
correct, I do not think that there is any material difference
whether your correspondence is directly with the Emperor of
Austria, or with Count Nugent to be laid before him; and I should
certainly have given you the same advice in the year 1816, when you
were acting in hostility to Government, as strongly as I do now.
With respect to the Cabinet, the frequent complaints which you have
heard from me of the single and unconnected situation in which I
find myself, these would show you how anxiously I must wish that
you could effect your entry there, independent of every motive of
personal regard, gratitude, and attachment.
I doubt, however, whether consistently with your own dignity, you
could avail yourself of any vacancy but those of the Presidency of
the Council, Privy Seal, Admiralty, or Secretary of State. The Mint
or Chancellorship of the Duchy would, in the public eye, be
entirely below your rank and situation to accept.
I think, therefore, that you should confine your application to the
first-named offices, or (objectionable in principle as I always
think it) to Cabinet without office. You may, I think, assume the
probability of Sidmouth's retirement as a ground for pressing the
latter; but at all events it will be desirable to state very
clearly and distinctly the prospects which were held out to you by
Lord Londonderry. At the present moment you may be assured that
there will be much disinclination to admit your claim.
The Protestant party is eager, the Catholic lukewarm and hollow.
C----[124] knows not where to look for support, but is afraid that
by joining himself with us, who seem his natural allies, he would
increase the indisposition of the K---- and D---- of Y----, which
he would make any sacrifice to deprecate. Besides this, he has no
inclination to any who assume higher pretensions than those of
being his followers; and after what took place a twelvemonth ago,
he, like all other persons who have been in the wrong in a dispute
and advanced unreasonable pretensions, will be personally
disinclined to those who were in the right and resisted them, and
this will of course be increased by the difference in your former
politics. The only person to whom you can look is the D---- of
W----. If he thinks you are likely to assist and strengthen him, I
have no doubt he could open the door to you; but I freely
acknowledge that I do not understand his views and objects. They
begin, centre, and end, no doubt, in himself, and on that account
he would like to cement an alliance with you; but then how will he
manage it with the Protestants? I take it, both from what I
recollect of the language of the Horse Guards during the whole of
the Peninsular War, and from other circumstances, that there is no
real cordiality between him and the D---- of Y----. The latter has,
I believe, always been jealous of him. He looks, I apprehend, to
Peel and the Chancellor, and to them only as the instruments of his
bigotry to resist the Catholic claims.
Robinson, I believe, confines himself to his own business, and
Liverpool is indifferent to everything but present repose, and by
any temporizing measure to delay the evil hour of rupture and
collision. Still, when it comes to the point, you will find him on
almost every subject make some excuse for siding with the
Protestant party.
Ever affectionately yours,
C. W. W.
[124] Canning.
THE RIGHT HON. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
Wynnstay, Sept. 9, 1823.
MY DEAR B----,
When you mentioned that you had communicated your letter to Nugent
to me in my _ministerial_ capacity, I certainly concluded that it
conveyed a clear authority to have extended it to Lord L---- or
C---- at my own discretion, but fortunately I had not exercised
that power, and certainly shall not.
I am not surprised that Mr. C---- should coax you, even if you had
turned your head aside from his daughter, and passed on the other
side like the Levite; for he is under a charge of illegally making
a loan to the Rajah of Vizianagum, and of having derived therefrom
exorbitant interest. Of the merits of the charge I can say little,
but common report is by no means friendly to him.
The proposed grant to Lord Hastings has been lost in consequence of
an equality of votes, eight to eight, five present but refusing to
vote, and three absent--two of the latter hostile. Objection was
taken to praise of his integrity or disinterestedness by one of
those who refused to vote, stating at the same time he would have
supported it if moved on the ground of his poverty.
Canning has shown me the last despatches, by which it appears that
there is much schism in the French Cabinet, Villele supporting the
Duc d'Angoulême, Chateaubriand the Allied Powers and the Spanish
Regency. Magnanimity has instructed Pozzo de Borgo to consider all
communications from the latter as if they emanated directly from
himself. Metternich takes also strongly the same line, recommending
an amnesty, excepting all those who were active in forcing the
acceptance of the constitution on Ferdinand. I do not at present
apprehend any dispute relative to the blockade, as the French are
very scrupulous in keeping the law on their side, and have not yet
done anything more than they were clearly entitled to.
Ever affectionately yours,
C. W. W.
THE RIGHT HON. CHARLES W. WYNN TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM.
Wynnstay, Sept. 10, 1823.
MY DEAR B----,
Canning told me that he had insisted that Huskisson should at all
events be taken into the Cabinet at the end of the last Session,
whether any vacancy occurred or not, and that the persuasion of
Lord Maryborough to make room for him was a subsequent
consideration.
Lord M---- is much out of humour at his change of office; which he
may well be, as the Mint is 3000_l._ clear, and the Buck-hounds
under 2000_l._; indeed, they are said not to exceed 1300_l._
My own belief is that the only real and efficient Cabinet upon
_all_ matters consists of Lords Liverpool and Bathurst, Duke of
Wellington, and Canning, and that the others are only more or less
consulted upon different businesses by these four. Huskisson will,
I think, be equally in the confidence of Liverpool and Canning.
Ever most affectionately yours,
C. WILLIAMS WYNN.
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