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Title: Sixth annual report of the Bureau of ethnology. (1888 N 06 / 1884-1885)
Author: John Wesley Powell
Release Date: March 8, 2016 [eBook #51390]
[Most recently updated: October 29, 2021]
Language: English
Produced by: Richard Tonsing, PM for Bureau of American Ethnology and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 6TH ANN. REPORT--BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY ***
LIBRARY CATALOGUE SLIPS.
Series Title.
=Smithsonian institution.= _Bureau of ethnology._
Sixth annual report | of the | Bureau of ethnology | to the
| secretary of the Smithsonian institution | 1884-'85 | by
| J. W. Powell | director | [Vignette] |
Washington | government printing office | 1888
8°. lviii, 675 pp. incl. 15 pl. & 4 pp. of music. 8 pl. 2
maps.
Author title.
=Powell= (John Wesley).
Sixth annual report | of the | Bureau of ethnology | to the
| secretary of the Smithsonian institution | 1884-'85 | by
| J. W. Powell | director | [Vignette] |
Washington | government printing office | 1888
8°. lviii, 675 pp. incl. 15 pl. & 4 pp. of music. 8 pl. 2
maps.
[SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. _Bureau of ethnology._]
Title for subject entry.
Sixth annual report | of the | Bureau of ethnology | to the
| secretary of the Smithsonian institution | 1884-'85 | by
| J. W. Powell | director | [Vignette] |
Washington | government printing office | 1888
8°. lviii, 675 pp. incl. 15 pl. & 4 pp. of music. 8 pl. 2
maps.
[SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. _Bureau of ethnology._]
SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE
BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY
TO THE
SECRETARY OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
1884-'85
BY
J.W. POWELL
DIRECTOR
[Illustration]
WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1888
CONTENTS.
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR.
Page.
Letter of transmittal XXI
Introduction XXIII
Publication XXIV
Field work XXVI
Mound explorations XXVI
Work of Prof. Cyrus Thomas XXVI
Explorations in the Southwest XXVIII
Work of Mr. James Stevenson XXVIII
Work of Mr. Victor Mindeleff XXIX
Linguistic field work XXX
Work of Mrs. Erminnie A. Smith XXX
Work of Mr. H. W. Henshaw XXXI
Work of Mr. A. S. Gatschet XXXIII
Work of Rev. J. Owen Dorsey XXXVI
Work of Mr. Jeremiah Curtin XXXVII
General field work XXXVIII
Work of Dr. Washington Matthews XXXVIII
Work of Dr. H. C. Yarrow XL
Work of Dr. W. J. Hoffman XLI
Office work XLIII
Work of Mr. H. W. Henshaw XLV
Work of Mrs. Erminnie A. Smith XLV
Work of Col. Garrick Mallery XLV
Work of Dr. W. J. Hoffman XLV
Work of Mr. James C. Pilling XLV
Work of Mr. Frank H. Cushing XLVI
Work of Prof. Cyrus Thomas XLVII
Work of Mr. Victor Mindeleff XLVII
Work of Rev. J. Owen Dorsey XLVIII
Work of Mr. Albert S. Gatschet XLVIII
Work of Mr. W. H. Holmes XLVIII
Work of Dr. H. C. Yarrow L
Work of Mr. Charles C. Royce L
Accompanying papers LI
Ancient art of the province of Chiriqui, Colombia, by LI
William H. Holmes
A study of the textile art in its relation to the LIV
development of form and ornament, by William H. Holmes
Aids to the study of the Maya Codices, by Cyrus Thomas LV
Osage traditions, by Rev. J. Owen Dorsey LVI
The Central Eskimo, by Dr. Franz Boas LVI
Financial statement LVIII
ACCOMPANYING PAPERS.
ANCIENT ART OF THE PROVINCE OF CHIRIQUI, BY WILLIAM H. HOLMES.
Page.
Introduction 13
Geography 13
Literature 14
People 15
The cemeteries 16
The graves 17
Human remains 20
Placing of relics 21
Objects of art 21
Stone 21
Pictured rocks 21
Columns 22
Images 23
Mealing stones 25
Stools 27
Celts etc. 29
Spearheads 34
Arrowpoints 34
Ornaments 34
Metal 35
Gold and copper 35
Bronze 49
Clay: Pottery 53
Preliminary 53
How found 55
Material 55
Manufacture 56
Color 57
Use 57
Forms of vessels 58
Decoration 62
Unpainted ware 66
Terra cotta group 67
Black incised group 80
Painted ware 84
Scarified group 87
Handled group 90
Tripod group 97
Maroon group 107
Red line group 109
White line group 111
Lost color group 113
Alligator group 130
Polychrome group 140
Unclassified 147
Miscellaneous objects 149
Spindle whorls 149
Needlecases 150
Figurines 151
Stools 154
Musical instruments 156
Rattles 156
Drums 157
Wind instruments 160
Life forms in vase painting 171
Résumé 186
A STUDY OF THE TEXTILE ART IN ITS RELATION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF FORM
AND ORNAMENT, BY WILLIAM H. HOLMES.
Introduction 195
Form in textile art 196
Relations of form to ornament 201
Color in textile art 201
Textile ornament 202
Development of a geometric system within the art 202
Introduction 202
Relief phenomena 203
Ordinary features 203
Reticulated work 210
Superconstructive features 211
Color phenomena 215
Ordinary features 215
Non-essential constructive features 226
Superconstructive features 228
Adventitious features 231
Geometricity imposed upon adopted elements of design 232
Extension of textile ornament to other forms of art 244
AIDS TO THE STUDY OF THE MAYA CODICES, BY CYRUS THOMAS.
Introduction 259
CHAP. I. The numerals in the Dresden Codex 261
II. Conclusions 339
III. The writing 345
Signification of the characters 347
Symbols of animals etc 348
Symbols of deities 358
Discussion as to phonetic features of the characters 365
OSAGE TRADITIONS, BY REV. J. OWEN DORSEY.
Introduction 377
Traditions of the elders 381
Unŭ^n u¢áʞe. Tsíɔu wactáʞe itáde (Tradition of the Tsíɔu 381
wactáʞe gens)
Translation 388
Unŭ^n u¢áʞe. Qü¢ápasa^n itáde (Tradition of the Bald Eagle 390
subgens)
Translation 394
Concluding remarks 396
THE CENTRAL ESKIMO, BY DR. FRANZ BOAS.
Introduction 409
Authorities quoted 410
Orthography 413
Geography of northeastern America 413
Distribution of the tribes 419
General observations 419
Baffin Land 421
The Sikosuilarmiut 421
The Akuliarmiut 421
The Qaumauangmiut 421
The Nugumiut 422
The Oqomiut 424
The Padlimiut and the Akudnirmiut 440
The Aggomiut 442
The Iglulirmiut 444
The Pilingmiut 444
The Sagdlirmiut 444
Western shore of Hudson Bay 444
The Aivillirmiut 445
The Kinipetu or Agutit 450
The Sagdlirmiut of Southampton Island 451
The Sinimiut 451
Boothia Felix and Back River 452
The Netchillirmiut 452
The Ugjulirmiut 458
The Ukusiksalirmiut 458
Smith Sound 459
The natives of Ellesmere Land 459
The North Greenlanders 460
Influence of geographical conditions upon the distribution of 460
the settlements
Trade and intercourse between the tribes 462
List of the Central Eskimo tribes 470
Hunting and fishing 471
Seal, walrus, and whale hunting 471
Deer, musk ox, and bear hunting 501
Hunting of small game 510
Fishing 513
Manufactures 516
Making leather and preparing skins 516
Sundry implements 523
Transportation by boats and sledges 527
The boat 527
The sledge and dogs 529
Habitations and dress 539
The house 539
Clothing, dressing of the hair, and tattooing 554
Social and religious life 561
Domestic occupations and amusements 561
Visiting 574
Social customs in summer 576
Social order and laws 578
Religious ideas and the angakunirn (priesthood) 583
Sedna and the fulmar 583
The tornait and the angakut 591
The flight to the moon 598
Kadlu the thunderer 600
Feasts, religious and secular 600
Customs and regulations concerning birth, sickness, and 609
death
Tales and traditions 615
Ititaujang 615
The emigration of the Sagdlirmiut 618
Kalopaling 20
The Uissuit 621
Kiviung 621
The origin of the narwhal 625
The visitor 627
The fugitive women 628
Qaudjaqdjuq 628
I. Story of the three brothers 628
II. Qaudjaqdjuq 630
Igimarasugdjuqdjuaq the cannibal 633
The Tornit 634
The woman and the spirit of the singing house 636
The constellation Udleqdjun 636
The origin of the Adlet and of the Qadluait 637
The great flood 637
Inugpaqdjuqdjualung 638
The bear story 638
Sundry tales 639
Tables relating to animals 641
The owl and the raven 641
Comparison between Baffin Land traditions and those of 641
other tribes
Science and the arts 643
Geography and navigation 643
Poetry and music 648
Merry-making among the Tornit 649
The lemming's song 650
Arlum pissinga (the killer's song) 650
I. Summer song 653
II. The returning hunter 653
III. Song of the Tornit 653
IV. Song of the Inuit traveling to Nettilling 653
V. Oxaitoq's song 654
VI. Utitiaq's song 654
VII. Song 654
VIII. Song 654
IX. Song of the Tornit 654
X. The fox and the woman 655
XI. The raven's song 655
XII. Song of a Padlimio 655
XIII. Ititaujang's song 655
XIV. Playing at ball 656
XV. Playing at ball 657
XVI.-XIX. Extracts 657, 658
Glossary 659
Appendix 667
INDEX.
Index 671
ILLUSTRATIONS.
Page.
PLATE I. Map of Chiriqui 13
II. Map showing in detail the geographical divisions [1]
of territory occupied by the Eskimo tribes of
northeast America
1. Oqo and Akudnirn.
2. Frobisher Bay.
3. Eclipse Sound and Admiralty Inlet.
4. Repulse Sound and Lyon Inlet.
5. Boothia Isthmus and King William Land.
III. Map of the territory occupied by the Eskimo tribes [1]
of North America, showing the boundaries
IV. Cumberland Peninsula, drawn by Aranin, a 643
Saumingmio
V. Eskimo drawings 648
VI. Eskimo drawings 650
VII. Eskimo drawings 651
VIII. Eskimo carvings 652
IX. Eskimo carvings 653
X. Modern Eskimo implements 654
FIG. 1. Section of oval grave 17
2. Section of a quadrangular grave 18
3. Grave with pillars 18
4. Compound cist 19
5. Southwest face of the pictured stone 22
6. A goddess of the ancient Chiriquians 23
7. A god of the ancient Chiriquians 24
8. Fragmentary human figure in gray basaltic rock 25
9. Mealing stone with large tablet ornamented with 26
animal heads
10. Puma shaped metate 27
11. Stool shaped object 28
12. Stool with columnar base 28
13. Stool with perforated base 29
14. Large partially polished celt 30
15. Celt of hexagonal section 31
16. Small wide bladed celt 31
17. Celt with heavy shaft 31
18. Celt or ax with constriction near the top 31
19. Flaked and partially polished celt 32
20. Well polished celt 32
21. Narrow pointed celt 32
22. Narrow pointed celt 32
23. Cylindrical celt with narrow point 33
24. Leaf shaped objects suggesting spearpoints 34
25. Arrowpoints 34
26. Human figure formed of copper-gold alloy 41
27. Grotesque human figure in gold 42
28. Rudely shaped human figure in gold 42
29. Grotesque human figure in nearly pure copper 43
30. Grotesque human figure in nearly pure gold 43
31. Rudely executed image of a bird in gold 44
32. Image of a bird in gold 45
33. Puma shaped figure in gold 45
34. Puma shaped figure in base metal 45
35. Quadruped with grotesque face in base metal 46
36. Figure of a fish in gold 46
37. Large figure of a frog in base metal plated with 47
gold
38. Small figure of a frog in base metal plated with 47
gold
39. Figure of an alligator in gold 48
40. Animal figure in base metal plated with gold 48
41. Bronze bells plated or washed with gold 50
42. Bronze bell with human features 50
43. Triple bell or rattle found on the Rio Grande 51
44. Ancient Mexican bell 51
45. Fundamental forms of vases—convex outlines 58
46. Fundamental forms of vases—angular outlines 59
47. Vases of complex outlines—exceptional forms 59
48. Vases of compound forms 59
49. Square lipped vessel 59
50. Variations in the forms of necks and rims 60
51. Arrangement of handles 60
52. Types of annular bases or feet 61
53. Forms of legs 61
54. Grotesque figure forming the handle of a small 63
vase
55. Grotesque figure forming the handle of a small 63
vase
56. Grotesque figure forming the handle of a small 63
vase
57. Monstrous figure with serpent shaped extremities 63
58. Monstrous figure with serpent shaped extremities 63
59. Grotesque figure 64
60. Grotesque figure 64
61. Grotesque figure 64
62. Figure of a monkey 64
63. Figure of a monkey 64
64. Figure of a monkey 64
65. Animal forms exhibiting long proboscis 65
66. Vase illustrating ornamental use of animal figures 65
67. Vase illustrating ornamental use of animal figures 65
68. Vase illustrating ornamental use of animal figures 66
69. Vase illustrating ornamental use of animal figures 66
70. Series of bowls and cups of unpainted ware 67
71. Vase of graceful form 68
72. Vase of graceful form 68
73. Vase of fine form ornamented with grotesque heads 68
74. Vase of fine form ornamented with grotesque heads 69
75. Vase with ornament of applied nodes and fillets 69
76. Vase with mantle covered with incised figures 70
77. Vase with frieze of grotesque heads 70
78. Vases with flaring rims and varied ornament 71
79. Vases with complex outlines and varied ornament 71
80. Large vase with two mouths and neatly decorated 72
necks
81. Large vase with high handles 72
82. Top view of high handled vase 73
83. Handled vase 73
84. Handled vase 73
85. Handled vase 73
86. Small cup with single handle, ornamented with 74
grotesque figure
87. Small cup with single handle, ornamented with 74
grotesque figure
88. Vase of eccentric form 74
89. Vessel illustrating forms of legs 75
90. Vessel illustrating forms of legs 75
91. Vessel with large legs decorated with stellar 75
punctures
92. Vases of varied form with plain and animal shaped 75
legs
93. Large vase of striking shape 76
94. Cup with legs imitating animal forms 76
95. Cup with legs imitating a grotesque animal form 77
96. Cup with legs imitating the armadillo 77
97. Cup with legs imitating the armadillo 77
98. Cup with frog shaped legs 77
99. Cup with legs imitating an animal and its young 77
100. Cups supported by grotesque heads 77
101. Large cup supported by two grotesque figures 78
102. Cup with two animal heads attached to the sides 78
103. Cup with two animal heads attached to the sides 78
104. Vase imitating an animal form 79
105. Vase imitating an animal form 79
106. Vase imitating an animal form 79
107. Fish shaped vessel 79
108. Top view of a fish shaped vessel 80
109. Cup with grotesque head attached to the rim 80
110. Black cup with incised reptilian figures 81
111. Black cup with incised reptilian figures 81
112. Black vase with conventional incised pattern 81
113. Small cup with conventional incised pattern 82
114. Small tripod cup with upright walls 82
115. Vase with flaring rim and legs imitating animal 82
heads
116. Vase modeled to represent the head of an animal 83
117. Pattern upon the back of the vase 83
118. Tripod bowl of red scarified ware 87
119. Tripod bowl of red scarified ware 87
120. Oblong basin with scarified design 88
121. Large scarified bowl with handles imitating animal 88
heads
122. Jar with flat bottom and vertical bands of incised 89
ornament
123. Vase with stand and vertical incised bands 89
124. Vase with handles, legs, and vertical ribs 89
125. Tripod with owl-like heads at insertion of legs 90
126. Tripod with legs rudely suggesting animal forms 90
127. Heavy red vase with four mouths 90
128. Vase with horizontally placed handles and rude 91
designs in red
129. Unpolished vase with heavy handles and coated with 92
soot
130. Round bodied vase with unique handles and incised 92
ornament
131. Vase with grotesque figures attached to the 93
handles
132. Vase with upright handles and winged lip 93
133. Top view of vase with winged lip 94
134. Vase with grotesque animal shaped handles 94
135. Vase with handles representing strange animals 95
136. Vase with handles representing grotesque figures 95
137. Vase with handles representing animal heads 96
138. Vase with arched handles embellished with life 96
forms in high relief
139. Vase with arched handles embellished with life 97
forms in high relief
140. Tripod vase with shallow basin and eccentric 99
handles
141. Tripod vase with shallow basin and eccentric 99
handles
142. Tripod vase with shallow basin and eccentric 99
handles
143. Tripod vase of graceful shape and neat finish 100
144. Heavy tripod vase with widely spreading feet 100
145. Neatly modeled vase embellished with life forms 101
and devices in red
146. High tripod vase with incised designs and rude 101
figures in red
147. Handsome tripod vase with scroll ornament 102
148. Vase with lizard shaped legs 102
149. Vase with scroll ornament 103
150. Large vase with flaring rim and wide spreading 103
legs
151. Fragment of a tripod vase embellished with figure 104
of an alligator
152. Vase supported by grotesque human figures 105
153. Round bodied vase embellished with figures of 106
monsters
154. Cup with incurved rim and life form ornamentation 107
155. Cup with widely expanded rim and constricted neck 107
156. Small tripod cup with animal features in high 108
relief
157. Handsome vase supported by three grotesque figures 108
158. Vase decorated with figures of frogs and devices 110
in red
159. Vase of unique shape and life form ornamentation 110
160. Two-handled vase with life form and linear 110
decoration
161. Small tripod vase with animal figures in white 111
162. Shapely vase with designs in white paint 112
163. Small red bottle with horizontal bands of ornament 115
164. Small red bottle with encircling geometric devices 115
165. Bottle with zone occupied by geometric devices 116
166. Bottle with broad zone containing geometric 116
figures
167. Bottle with decoration of meandered lines 117
168. Bottle with arched panels and geometric devices 117
169. Bottle with arched panels and elaborate devices 118
170. Vase with rosette-like panels 118
170_a_. Ornament from preceding vase 118
171. Vase with rosette-like panels 119
172. Vase with rosette-like panels 119
173. Theoretical origin of the arched panels 120
174. Theoretical origin of the arched panels 120
175. Theoretical origin of the arched panels 120
176. Vase decorated with conventional figures of 120
alligators
177. Portion of decorated zone illustrating treatment 121
of life forms
178. Portion of decorated zone illustrating treatment 121
of life forms
179. Vase decorated with highly conventional life forms 121
179_a_. Design from preceding vase 122
180. Vase decorated with highly conventional life forms 122
181. Vase decorated with highly conventional life forms 123
182. Decorated panel with devices resembling vegetal 124
growths
183. Vase of unusual shape 124
184. Vase of unusual shape 124
185. Vase of unusual shape 124
186. Double vessel with high arched handle 125
187. Double vessel with arched handle 125
188. Vase embellished with life forms in color and in 126
relief
189. Vase modeled to represent a peccary 127
190. Under surface of peccary vase 127
191. Small vessel with human figures in high relief 127
192. Tripod cup with figures of the alligator 128
193. Large shallow tripod vase with geometric 129
decoration
194. Large bottle shaped vase with high tripod and 130
alligator design
195. Large bottle with narrow zone containing figures 132
of the alligator
196. Vase with decorated zone containing four arched 133
panels
197. Vase with four round nodes upon which are painted 133
animal devices
198. Vases of varied form and decoration 134
199. Alligator vase with conventional markings 135
200. Alligator vase with figures of the alligator 135
painted on the sides
201. Vase with serpent ornamentation 136
202. Vase representing a puma with alligator figures 137
painted on sides
203. Shallow vase with reptilian features in relief and 137
in color
204. Vase with funnel shaped mouth 138
205. Top view of vase in Fig. 204 139
206. End view of vase in Fig. 204 139
207. Large vase with decorations in red and black 140
208. Devices of the decorated zone of vase in Fig. 207, 141
viewed from above
209. Handsome vase with four handles and decorations in 142
black, red, and purple
210. Painted design of vase in Fig. 209, viewed from 143
above
211. Vase of unusual shape, with decoration in black, 144
red, and purple
212. Ornament occupying the interior surface of the 144
basin of vase in Fig. 211
213. Large vase of fine shape and simple decorations 145
214. Vase with extraordinary decorative designs 146
215. Painted design of vase in Fig. 214, viewed from 147
above
216. Vase of unique form and decoration 148
217. Painted design of vase in Fig. 216 148
218. Spindle whorl with annular nodes 149
219. Spindle whorl decorated with animal figures 149
220. Spindle whorl with perforations and incised 149
ornament
221. Needlecase 150
222. Needlecase 150
223. Needlecase with painted geometric ornament 151
224. Needlecase with incised geometric ornament 151
225. Needlecase with incised geometric ornament 151
226. Statuette 152
227. Statuette 152
228. Statuette 152
229. Statuette 152
230. Stool of plain terra cotta 154
231. Stool of plain clay, with grotesque figures 155
232. Stool of plain terra cotta 155
233. Rattle 157
234. Section of rattle 157
235. Rattle with grotesque figures 157
236. Drum of gray unpainted clay 158
237. Drum with painted ornament 159
238. Painted design of drum in Fig. 237 159
239. Double whistle 161
240. Section of double whistle 161
241. Tubular instrument with two finger holes 162
242. Section of whistle 162
243. Small animal shaped whistle 162
244. Small animal shaped whistle 162
245. Top shaped whistle 163
246. Section, top, and bottom views of whistle 164
247. Drum shaped whistle 165
248. Vase shaped whistle 165
249. Crab shaped whistle 166
250. Alligator shaped whistle 166
251. Cat shaped whistle 167
252. Whistle with four ocelot-like heads 168
253. Bird shaped whistle 169
254. Bird shaped whistle 169
255. Bird shaped whistle 170
256. Whistle in grotesque life form 170
257. Conventional figure of the alligator 173
258. Conventional figure of the alligator 173
259. Conventional figure of the alligator 174
260. Conventional figure of the alligator 174
261. Conventional figure of the alligator 174
262. Two-headed form of the alligator 175
263. Figure of the alligator much simplified 175
264. The alligator much modified by ceramic influences 176
265. Conventional figure derived from the alligator 176
266. Conventional figure derived from the alligator 176
267. Conventional figure derived from the alligator 176
268. Conventional figure derived from the alligator 177
269. Conventional figure derived from the alligator 177
270. Conventional figure derived from the alligator 177
271. Conventional figure derived from the alligator 178
272. Conventional figure derived from the alligator 178
273. Conventional figure derived from the alligator 178
274. Conventional figures derived from the alligator 179
275. Conventional figure derived from the alligator 179
276. Conventional figure derived from the alligator 180
277. Conventional figures derived from the alligator 180
278. Conventional figures derived from the alligator 181
279. Conventional figures derived from the alligator 182
280. Conventional figures derived from the alligator 182
281. Conventional figures derived from the alligator 182
282. Conventional figures derived from the alligator 182
283. Conventional figures derived from the alligator 183
284. Vase with decorated zone containing remarkable 185
devices
285. Series of devices 185
286. Mat or tray with esthetic attributes of form 197
287. Tray having decided esthetic attributes of form 198
288. Pyriform water vessel 198
289. Basket with esthetic characters of form 199
290. Basket of eccentric form 200
291. Character of surface in the simplest form of 204
weaving
292. Surface produced by impacting 204
293. Surface produced by use of wide fillets 204
294. Basket with ribbed surface 205
295. Bottle showing obliquely ribbed surface 205
296. Tray showing radial ribs 205
297. Combination giving herring bone effect 206
298. Combination giving triangular figures 206
299. Peruvian work basket 206
300. Basket of Seminole workmanship 207
301. Surface effect produced in open twined combination 207
302. Surface effect produced in open twined combination 207
303. Surface effect produced by impacting in twined 208
combination
304. Surface effect produced by impacting the web 208
strands in twined combination
305. Surface effect produced by crossing the web series 208
in open twined work
306. Tray with open mesh, twined combination 208
307. Conical basket, twined combination 209
308. Example of primitive reticulated weaving 210
309. Simple form of reticulation 211
310. Reticulated pattern in cotton cloth 211
311. Peruvian embroidery 212
312. Basket with pendent ornaments 213
313. Basket with pendent ornaments 213
314. Tasseled Peruvian mantle 214
315. Pattern produced by interlacing strands of 216
different colors
316. Pattern produced by interlacing strands of 216
different colors
317. Pattern produced by interlacing strands of 216
different colors
318. Pattern produced by interlacing strands of 217
different colors
319. Base of coiled basket 218
320. Coiled basket with geometric ornament 218
321. Coiled basket with geometric ornament 219
322. Coiled basket with geometric ornament 220
323. Coiled basket with geometric ornament 220
324. Coiled basket with geometric ornament 221
325. Coiled basket with geometric ornament 223
326. Coiled tray with geometric ornament 224
327. Coiled tray with geometric ornament 225
328. Tray with geometric ornament 225
329. Tray with geometric ornament 226
330. Ornament produced by wrapping the strands 227
331. Ornament produced by fixing strands to the surface 227
of the fabric
332. Basket with feather ornamentation 227
333. Basket with feather ornamentation 227
334. Piece of cloth showing use of supplementary warp 228
and woof
335. Piece of cloth showing use of supplementary warp 228
and woof
336. Example of grass embroidery 230
337. Example of feather embroidery 231
338. Figures from the Penn wampum belt 233
339. Figures from a California Indian basket 234
340. California Indian basket 234
341. Figures from a Peruvian basket 235
342. Figure from a piece of Peruvian gobelins 236
343. Figures from a Peruvian vase 237
344. Figure from a circular basket 238
345. Figure of a bird from a Zuñi shield 239
346. Figure of a bird woven in a tray 240
347. Figure of a bird woven in a basket 241
348. Figures embroidered on a cotton net by the ancient 242
Peruvians
349. Figures of birds embroidered by the ancient 243
Peruvians
350. Conventional design painted upon cotton cloth 243
351. Herring bone and checker patterns produced in 246
weaving
352. Herring bone and checker patterns engraved in clay 246
353. Earthen vase with textile ornament 247
354. Example of textile ornament painted upon pottery 248
355. Textile pattern transferred to pottery through 248
costume
356. Ceremonial adz with carved ornament of textile 250
character
357. Figures upon a tapa stamp 251
358. Design in stucco exhibiting textile characters 251
359. Line of day and numeral symbols from Plates 36c 272
and 37c, Dresden Codex
360. Line of day and numeral characters from Plates 276
33-39, Dresden Codex
361. Unusual symbol for Akbal from Plate 8 of the 284
Dresden Codex
362. Copy of Plate 50, Dresden Codex 297
363. Copy of Plate 51, Dresden Codex 306
364. Copy of Plate 52, Dresden Codex 307
365. Copy of Plate 53, Dresden Codex 308
366. Copy of Plate 54, Dresden Codex 309
367. Copy of Plate 55, Dresden Codex 310
368. Copy of Plate 56, Dresden Codex 311
369. Copy of Plate 57, Dresden Codex 312
370. Copy of Plate 58, Dresden Codex 313
371. Specimens of ornamental loops from page 72, 337
Dresden Codex
372. Numeral character from the lower division of Plate 343
XV, Manuscript Troano
373. Turtle from the Cortesian Codex, Plate 17 348
374. Jar from the Cortesian Codex, Plate 27 349
375. Worm and plant from Manuscript Troano, Plate XXIX 351
376. Figure of a woman from the Dresden Codex 351
377. Copy of middle and lower divisions of Plate XIX, 352
Manuscript Troano
378. Copy of lower division of Plate 65, Dresden Codex 353
379. The moo or ara from Plate 16, Dresden Codex 355
380. The god Ekchuah, after the Troano and Cortesian 358
Codices
381. The long nosed god (Kukulcan) or god with the 359
snake-like tongue
382. Copy of head from the Borgian Codex 360
(Quetzalcoatl?)
383. The supposed god of death from the Dresden Codex 361
384. The supposed god of death from the Troano Codex 361
385. The god with the banded face from the Troano Codex 362
386. The god with the old man's face 363
387. The god with face crossed by lines 364
388. Wooden idol in vessel with basket cover 371
389. Symbolic chart of the Osage 378
390. Harpoon from Alaska 472
391. Modern or sealing harpoon 472
392. Old style naulang or harpoon head 473
393. Modern naulang or harpoon head 473
394. Qilertuang or leather strap and clasps for holding 474
coiled up harpoon lines
395. Siatko or harpoon head of the Iglulirmiut 475
396. Siatko found at Exeter Sound 475
397. Eskimo in the act of striking a seal 476
398. Tutareang or buckle 477
399. Eskimo awaiting return of seal to blowhole 478
400. Tuputang or ivory plugs for closing wounds 479
401. Wooden case for plugs 480
402. Another form of plug 480
403. Qanging, for fastening thong to jaw of seal 480
404. Qanging in form of a seal 480
405. Qanging in form of a button 481
406. Qanging serving for both toggle and handle 481
407. Qidjarung or whirl for harpoon line 481
408. Simple form of whirl 481
409. Old pattern of hook for drawing out captured seal 483
410. Seal hook of bear's claw 483
411. Modern form of seal hook 483
412. Eskimo approaching seal 484
413. Frame of kayak or hunting boat 486
414. Kayak with covering of skin 487
415. Model of a Repulse Bay kayak 487
416. Sirmijaung or scraper for kayak 488
417. Large kayak harpoon for seal and walrus 488
418. Tikagung or support for the hand 488
419. Qatirn or ivory head of harpoon 489
420. Manner of attaching the two principal parts of the 489
harpoon
421. Tokang or harpoon head in sheath 489
422. Tokang or harpoon head taken from a whale in 490
Cumberland Sound
423. Ancient tokang or harpoon head 491
424. Teliqbing, which is fastened to harpoon line 492
425. Qatilik or spear 492
426. Avautang or sealskin float 492
427. Different styles of poviutang or pipe for 493
inflating the float
428. Agdliaq or spear for small seals 494
429. Agdliaq points 494
430. Spearheads 495
431. Large spear head 495
432. Anguvigang or lance 496
433. Nuirn or bird spear 496
434. Nuqsang or throwing board 496
435. Sealing at the edge of the ice 498
436. Model of sakurpāng or whaling harpoon 500
437. Niutang with floats 500
438. Wooden bow from Iglulik 502
439. Wooden bow from Cumberland Sound 502
440. Bows of reindeer antlers 503
441. Bow of antlers with central part cut off straight 503
442. Arrows with bone heads 504
443. Arrows with metal heads 504
444. Arrow head 505
445. Showing attachment of arrowhead vertically and 505
parallel to shank
446. Various forms of arrowhead 506
447. Socket of spear handle from Alaska 506
448. Slate arrowhead 506
449. Flint arrowheads from old graves 507
450. Various styles of quiver 507
451. Quiver handles 508
452. Whalebone nooses for catching waterfowl 511
453. Kakivang or salmon spear 512
454. Ivory fish used as bait in spearing salmon 513
455. Quqartaun for stringing salmon 514
456. Salmon hook 515
457. Salmon hook 515
458. Bait used in fishing with hooks 516
459. Butcher's knife with bone handle 516
460. Pana or knife for dissecting game 517
461. Form of ulo now in use 518
462. Old ulo handle from Cape Broughton, Davis Strait 518
463. Fragment of an ulo blade made of slate 518
464. Ulo handle from recent grave 518
465. Modern tesirqun or scraper 519
466. Old style tesirqun or scraper 519
467. Seligoung or scraper used for softening skins 520
468. Old stone scrapers found in graves 521
469. Stretcher for lines 522
470. Ivory needle 523
471. Ivory needlecase from Cumberland Sound 523
472. Common pattern of needlecase 523
473. Tikiq or thimble 524
474. Instrument for straightening bone 525
475. Drill for working in ivory and bone 525
476. Driftwood used in kindling fire 526
477. Eskimo graver's tool 526
478. Framework of Eskimo boat 527
479. Kiglo or post 527
480. Umiaq or skin boat 528
481. Umiaq or skin boat 528
482. Qamuting or sledge 529
483. Sledge shoe 530
484. Form of clasp for fastening traces to sledge 531
485. Artistic form of clasp for fastening traces to 531
sledge
486. Uqsirn for fastening traces to pitu 532
487. Ano or dog harness 532
488. Sadniriaq or clasp 532
489. Tube for drinking 535
490. Various styles of snow knife 539
491. Ground plan of snow house of Davis Strait tribes 540
492. Snow house of Davis Strait, sections 541
493. Section and interior of snow house 543
494. Ukusik or soapstone kettle 545
495. Plan of double snow house 546
496. Plan of Iglulik house 547
497. Plan of Hudson Bay house 547
498. Plan and sections of qarmang or stone house 548
499. Plan of large qarmang or stone house 549
500. Plan of stone house in Anarnitung, Cumberland 549
Sound
501. Plan of groups of stone houses in Pangnirtung 530
502. Plan of qarmang or house made of whale ribs 550
503. Storehouse in Ukiadliving 551
504. Plan and sections of tupiq or tent of Cumberland 551
Sound
505. Plan and section of tupiq or tent of Pond Bay 553
506. Plan and section of double winter tent, Cumberland 553
Sound
507. Qaturang or boot ornament 554
508. Woman's jacket 555
509. Ivory beads for women's jackets 555
510. Girdle buckles 556
511. Infant's clothing 557
512. Child's clothing 557
513. Ivory combs 559
514. Buckles 560
515. Manner of tattooing face and wearing hair 561
516. Manner of tattooing legs and hands 561
517. Forks 563
518. Ladle of musk ox horn 563
519. Skull used in the game ajegaung 565
520. Ivory carving representing head of fox, used in 565
the game ajegaung
521. Ivory carvings representing polar bear, used in 566
the game ajegaung
522. Figures used in playing tingmiujang, a game 567
similar to dice
523. Game of nuglutang 568
524. The sāketān or roulette 569
525. Ajarorpoq or cat's cradle 569
526. Ball 570
527. Dolls in dress of the Oqomiut 571
528. Dolls in dress of the Akunirmiut 571
529. Modern snow goggles of wood 576
530. Old form of snow goggles of ivory 576
531. Diagram showing interior of qaggi or singing house 600
among eastern tribes
532. Plan of Hudson Bay qaggi or singing house 601
533. Kilaut or drum 602
534. Plans of remains of supposed qaggi or singing 603
houses
535. Qailertétang or masked figure 606
536. Model of lamp from a grave in Cumberland Sound 613
537. Qaudjaqdjuq is maltreated by his enemies 631
538. The man in the moon comes down to help Qaudjaqdjuq 631
539. The man in the moon whipping Qaudjaqdjuq 632
540. Qaudjaqdjuq has become Qaudjuqdjuaq 632
541. Qaudjuqdjuaq killing his enemies 633
542. Tumiujang or lamp of the Tornit 634
543. Cumberland Sound and Frobisher Bay, drawn by Itu, 644
a Nugumio
544. Cumberland Sound and Frobisher Bay, drawn by 645
Sunapignang, an Oqomio
545. Cumberland Sound, drawn by Itu, a Nugumio 646
546. Peninsula of Qivitung, drawn by Angutuqdjuaq, a 647
Padlimio
Footnote 1:
In pocket at end of volume.
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY,
_Washington, D. C., October 23, 1885_.
SIR: I have the honor to submit my Sixth Annual Report as Director of
the Bureau of Ethnology.
The first part consists of an explanation of the plan and operations of
the Bureau; the second part consists of a series of papers on
anthropologic subjects, mainly prepared by my assistants to illustrate
the methods and results of the work of the Bureau.
I desire to express my thanks for your earnest support and your wise
counsel relating to the work under my charge.
I am, with respect, your obedient servant,
[Illustration: Signature]
Prof. SPENCER F. BAIRD,
_Secretary Smithsonian Institution_.
SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE
BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY.
BY J. W. POWELL, DIRECTOR.
INTRODUCTION.
The prosecution of research among the North American Indians, as
directed by act of Congress, was continued during the fiscal year
1884-'85.
No change has been made in the general plan upon which the work has been
prosecuted as set forth in former reports. Certain lines of
investigation have been decided upon, which are confided to persons
trained in their pursuit, and the results of these labors are presented
from time to time in the publications of the Bureau provided for by law.
A brief statement of the work upon which each of the special students
was actively engaged during the fiscal year is furnished below; this,
however, does not embrace all the studies undertaken or services
rendered by them, since particular lines of research have been suspended
in this, as in former years, in order to prosecute temporarily work
regarded as of paramount importance. From this cause delays have been
occasioned in the completion of several treatises and monograph's,
already partly in type, which otherwise would have been published.
Invitation is renewed for the assistance of explorers, writers, and
students who are not and may not desire to be officially connected with
the Bureau. Their contributions, whether in the shape of suggestions or
of extended communications, will be gratefully acknowledged, and, if
published either in the series of reports or in monographs or bulletins,
as the liberality of Congress may in future allow, will always receive
proper credit.
The items now reported upon are presented in three principal divisions.
The first relates to the publication made; the second, to the work
prosecuted in the field; and the third, to the office work, which
largely consists of the preparation for publication of the results of
field work, with the corrections and additions obtained from the
literature of the subjects and by correspondence.
PUBLICATION.
The only publication actually issued during the year was entitled
Proof-Sheets of a Bibliography of the Languages of the North American
Indians, by James Constantine Pilling. The volume, a quarto of 1,175
pages, consists of an author catalogue of books, manuscripts, magazine
and newspaper articles, publications of learned societies, and other
documents relating in any way to the Indian languages of North America.
Only one hundred copies were printed, which were distributed to
collaborators.
This work was commenced by Mr. Pilling in 1879 and has been prosecuted
with diligence and skill, notwithstanding the engrossing nature of his
other duties. It began as an author card catalogue, designed merely for
office use. In time it became apparent that such a systematic catalogue
of the literature of Indian languages, if printed and distributed, would
be of important service to all the numerous workers on the general
subject, besides those directly connected with the Bureau, to whom alone
it was accessible in manuscript form. By this course the accumulated
results of several years' labor would be immediately available for the
use of students generally, and the distribution of proof-sheets would in
turn increase interest in the work, elicit comment and criticism, and
secure additional contributions, through all of which the final volume
contemplated would become more satisfactory and complete, both in form
and substance. The thorough conscientiousness and punctilious care shown
in the present catalogue, and especially the comprehensive bibliographic
spirit in which the work has been conceived, prove the peculiar fitness
of the author for the undertaking. He has set before him and has kept
steadily in view the following aims:
First, to discover every document in existence relating to the subject,
either printed or in manuscript.
Secondly, to record a description of every document found, so accurate
and full that each book or article mentioned is clearly identified and
all its contents relating to Indian languages set forth, with citation
of the chapters and pages within the work where the linguistic material
may be found.
Thirdly, to name, when possible, one or more libraries where each work
catalogued may be found.
Fourthly, to arrange and combine the whole so that the student using it
may in the shortest time learn whether any work contains the special
matter which he desires to consult, and, if so, precisely where he may
find it. In the case of rare books or papers special attention has been
paid to obtain full information, and in the case of some of the rarest
books fac-similes of the title pages are given. The value of a work so
broadly conceived and so carefully executed is very great. The
literature of this subject has become so voluminous, so disconnected, so
scattered in time and place, that progress in the classification of
Indian languages and the determination of their affinities has been
greatly retarded, awaiting the orderly arrangement of accumulated
information. This requisite, with the important addition of the
correction of current errors, is met by the catalogue. It has been found
indispensable to the Bureau and has already been gratefully acknowledged
as invaluable by all students of American tribes to whom copies have
been distributed.
Since the printing and distribution of the proof-sheets, and markedly as
a result thereof, the card catalogue has continued to grow; and,
although not complete and, from the nature of the subject, not expected
to become absolutely exhaustive, the recent additions to it indicate how
thoroughly the work was originally done. It may be possible, therefore,
before long to substitute for the Proof-Sheets the Bibliography itself
in standard form.
FIELD WORK.
Under this heading are comprised—
First, the systematic operations of the division of mound exploration
carried on east of the Rocky Mountains.
Secondly, researches in and collections from the ancient ruins of the
Southwest and comparative study of the present inhabitants of that
region and the objects found among them.
Thirdly, linguistic work or expeditions among the several Indian tribes
at their homes, with the main purpose of acquiring knowledge of their
spoken languages.
Fourthly, general studies, or those embracing various branches of
inquiry, conducted among the existing Indian tribes.
MOUND EXPLORATIONS.
WORK OF PROF. CYRUS THOMAS.
The work of exploring the mounds and other ancient monuments of that
portion of the United States east of the Rocky Mountains, commenced in
1882, was carried on during the fiscal year, under the charge of Prof.
Cyrus Thomas.
The regular assistants during the first half of the year were Messrs.
P.W. Norris, James D. Middleton, and John P. Rogan. For the latter half
they were Messrs. Middleton, Rogan, and John W. Emmert, the last named
having been engaged to fill the vacancy occasioned by the death of Mr.
Norris.
Mr. Norris was engaged during the fall of 1884 in exploring the
extensive group of works in the vicinity of Charleston, Kanawha Valley,
W. Va. He continued at work there until December, when he was compelled
by cold weather and illness to desist. To the great regret of all his
associates in the work, his illness terminated in death on the 14th of
January, 1885. By his death the division has lost a faithful and
enthusiastic worker.
During the summer and fall of 1884 and until the approach of extremely
cold weather, Mr. Middleton was engaged in exploring the works of Knox
County, Ohio. Throughout the winter and following spring his field of
operations was eastern Arkansas. In the latter field he was assisted by
Mr. L. H. Thing, who was employed for three months as temporary
assistant.
During the summer and until the beginning of winter, Mr. Rogan was
engaged (in conjunction with Rev. J. P. Maclean, who was employed as a
temporary assistant) in exploring the ancient monuments of Butler County
and the adjacent regions of southern Ohio. On the approach of the cold
season he went south, his field of operations for the remainder of the
year being northern Georgia and the southern counties of East Tennessee.
Mr. Emmert, who had been employed on January 1, 1885, to make some
special explorations in East Tennessee, was made permanent assistant
immediately after the death of Mr. Norris. His work in that section
proving successful he continued it until the close of the fiscal year.
Mr. Gerard Fowke was engaged during November in examining the ancient
quarries of Flint Ridge, Ohio, and in making a collection to illustrate
the various stages in the aboriginal manufacture of flint implements.
His collection is, perhaps, the most complete in this particular line of
any so far made in this country. In the winter he was employed about two
months in special investigations of some ancient works in Pontotoc and
Union Counties, Miss., a locality supposed to have been visited by De
Soto during his unfortunate expedition. In some of the mounds of this
section, which was formerly the home of the Chikasa, he found some
articles of European manufacture, among them a small silver plate
bearing the royal arms of Castile and Leon in an old heraldic form.
Although the number of specimens obtained does not exceed that of the
collection of the preceding year, the general result shows a decided
advance in the accuracy of the work done. The measurements and plats
have been made with more care and exactness, the descriptions are more
complete, and the details more fully set forth. As an illustration one
case is presented. A large mound was opened which was found to contain
over ninety skeletons, irregularly placed and at different depths. At
the outset a plat of the mound was made; each skeleton was located on it
as discovered, and notes were taken of the depth, position, articles
found with it, etc. Thus the exact position of each skeleton in the
mound is recorded, as well as that of any article accompanying it. The
collections made are more varied in character than those of any previous
year, including several new types of pottery, some unusually fine stone
implements, and from several mounds articles showing contact with
Europeans. The pottery obtained by Messrs. Middleton and Thing in
Arkansas is of more than ordinary interest, containing a number of
specimens of the rarer forms, also several colored specimens.
The same care has been taken as heretofore in labeling and numbering the
specimens, so that each can be traced by the record to the exact place
where it was found. The illustrations showing the construction,
character, and form of the various works explored exceed in number,
accuracy, and importance those of any previous year.
EXPLORATIONS IN THE SOUTHWEST.
WORK OF MR. JAMES STEVENSON.
Mr. James Stevenson was placed in charge of a party, with instructions
to proceed to Arizona and New Mexico to make researches and collections
among the Pueblo Indians and the ancient ruins in that region.
Mr. Stevenson's party was divided into three sections. The section in
charge of Mr. F. T. Bickford visited the remarkable series of ruins in
Chaco cañon, in northwestern New Mexico; Cañon de Chelly and its branch
cañons; the cliff dwellings in Walnut cañon, in Arizona, and a group of
interesting cave dwellings, different in structure from any heretofore
found, near Flagstaff, in the same Territory. All these were carefully
examined. Full and extensive notes, as well as sketches and photographic
illustrations, were made of these ruins.
Another section, in charge of Mr. C. A. Garlick, was stationed at the
pueblo of Acoma, in New Mexico. The work at this village resulted in a
collection of about thirty-five hundred specimens, consisting of pottery
and a variety of utensils of other material, such as stone, bone, wood,
and woven fabrics, illustrating the arts of the people of Acoma. The
collections from this pueblo, though not embracing a great variety of
objects, will illustrate nearly all the phases of the arts and
industrial pursuits of these Indians.
Another section of Mr. Stevenson's party, under his own supervision and
with the important assistance of Mrs. Stevenson, was employed in making
collections and studies at Zuñi. The collection from there is much
larger than any heretofore obtained and includes many objects relating
to the outdoor ceremonies of the Zuñi. Specimens of these were secured
from their sacred springs, caves, and shrines. All details relating to
their ceremonials were attentively studied, and a series of water color
sketches was made of altars used and of masks worn on these important
occasions. A large number of fetiches was also obtained, representing
many of the animals held in religious esteem by the Zuñi. A series of
photographs was made of the sacred springs, wells, monuments, picture
writings, and shrines of the Zuñi located at different points over an
area of about seventy-five miles from Zuñi, and a collection was secured
of representative specimens of their fetiches, plume sticks, and other
objects connected with their mythology and religious practices. The
collection made during the year was unusually large and important. It
comprises about eighty-five hundred specimens from the Indian tribes of
the Southwest embraced in the research; these consist of woven fabrics
and pottery, bone, and stone implements, both ancient and modern, and
represent nearly all phases of the life, art, and industries of these
tribes. These collections have been deposited in the U. S. National
Museum for arrangement, classification, and description.
WORK OF MR. VICTOR MINDELEFF.
A party in charge of Mr. Victor Mindeleff left Washington on August 5 to
survey the ruined pueblos of the Chaco, in New Mexico. Five of the ruins
were accurately measured and platted to scale, and a full series of
sketches, plans, and photographs was secured. Mr. Mindeleff returned
from the field on the 1st of October. He then made a trip to the great
Etowah mound, near Cartersville, Ga., under the direction of Prof. Cyrus
Thomas, in order to secure an accurate survey and scale drawing, as a
basis for the construction of a model.
At the close of this work Mr. Mindeleff returned to Washington, on
October 7, and was engaged in office work until the middle of the
following June, when he took the field in advance of his party for
further studies among the ruins and pueblos of the Cibola and Tusayan
groups. He was also instructed to secure similar material at other
available points for comparison.
LINGUISTIC FIELD WORK.
WORK OF MRS. ERMINNIE A. SMITH.
From the 1st of July to the 15th of August, 1884, Mrs. Smith, assisted
by Mr. J. N. B. Hewitt, of Tuscarora descent, was engaged among the
Onondaga living near Syracuse, N. Y., in translating and annotating two
Onondaga manuscripts; afterward, until the latter part of October, with
the same assistance, she was at work on the Grand River reservation in
Canada, where she filled out the vocabulary in the Introduction to the
Study of Indian Languages from the dialect of the Cayuga. She also
obtained from the Mohawk a translation, with annotations, of a
manuscript in their dialect.
The three manuscripts mentioned are now in the possession of the Bureau
of Ethnology. Their origin and history are not distinctly known, as they
are all probably copies of originals which seem to have been lost or
destroyed. It was intended in these manuscripts to reproduce, by the
alphabet and the script used by English writers, the sound of the
dialects employed.
These records have their chief interest in the preservation of many
archaic words, or those of ceremony, law, and custom, which in these
dialects, as is the general rule, remain unchanged, although the
colloquial language may be modified. The subject matter of all these
records is genuinely and exclusively Iroquoian.
The Mohawk manuscript was copied about the year 1830 by Chief John
"Smoke" Johnson from an earlier original or perhaps copy. The
orthography of this copy is quite regular and is that of the early
English missionaries, being similar in many respects to the well known
Pickering alphabet.
One of the Onondaga manuscripts was found in the possession of Mr.
Daniel La Fort and the other in that of Mrs. John A. Jones, both of the
Onondaga reserve, New York. These two copies differ from each other in
orthography and substance, the Jones manuscript being probably a full
detail of a part of the other.
The orthography of the La Fort manuscript is very irregular and
difficult to read, but that of the Jones manuscript is regular and
legible. The Mohawk manuscript contains a detailed account of the rites
and ceremonies, speeches and songs, of the condoling and inducting
council of the Iroquoian League in the form in which that council was
conducted by the elder brothers or members of the Onondaga, Mohawk, and
Seneca divisions, which have been generally called tribes, but are more
correctly confederacies, their villages being the tribal unit. The La
Fort Onondaga manuscript comprises a similar ritual of the same council
as carried out by the younger brothers, viz., the Cayuga, Oneida, and
Tuscarora members or confederacies of the league. The Jones Onondaga
manuscript is the charge of the principal shaman to the newly elected or
inducted chief or chiefs.
During the remainder of the year material was collected and work
continued on the Tuscarora-English part of the Tuscarora dictionary.
WORK OF MR. H. W. HENSHAW.
Mr. H. W. Henshaw visited southern California for the purpose of
pursuing linguistic studies in the group of languages spoken by the
Santa Barbara Indians. Although these Indians became known at a very
early day, being mentioned with particularity in the relation of
Cabrillo's voyage along the California coast in 1542, but little has
been ascertained in respect to their language and its relations to the
speech of neighboring tribes.
Few vocabularies were collected by the early Spanish missionaries and
those gathered were very imperfect, so that no conclusions can be based
upon them with confidence.
As a result of the policy pursued by the various missionaries among
these docile tribes, aboriginal habits were soon exchanged for others
imposed by the priests. Tribal organizations were broken up and the
Indians were removed from their homes and located about the missions. In
addition the Spanish language was early introduced and so far as
possible made to replace the aboriginal tongue. As a consequence Spanish
became familiar to a large number of the proselytes, and all the
surviving Santa Barbara Indians speak Spanish fluently, or rather the
Mexican dialect of Spanish. Indeed, the impression prevails generally in
California that none of the Indians can speak their own tongue. As a
matter of fact, however, in their own families and when away from the
white men they discard Spanish entirely.
The attempt to preserve the language was begun none too soon, as of the
large population attributed to this part of the California coast Mr.
Henshaw was able to discover only about fifty survivors, and these were
widely scattered over several counties. A number of the dialects of the
linguistic family are now extinct, and only a month before Mr. Henshaw's
arrival at San Buenaventura an old woman died who, it is believed, was
the last person to speak the dialect belonging to the Island of Santa
Cruz. In Santa Barbara and Ventura counties six dialects of the family
were found, which are believed to be all that are now extant.
In the case of the dialect of Santa Rosa island, but one Indian remained
to speak it. Two more dialects are spoken by two or three individuals
only. The existing dialects, named according to the missions around
which they were spoken, are as follows: San Buenaventura, Santa Barbara,
Santa Rosa Island, Purissima, Santa Inez, and San Luis Obispo. With the
exception of the last named the several dialects are very closely
related, and, although each possesses a greater or less number of words
not contained in the others, their vocabularies show many words which
are common to all.
The dialect formerly spoken at San Luis Obispo differs much from any of
the others, and a critical comparison is necessary to reveal a
sufficient number of words possessing identical roots to render their
common parentage obvious.
Extensive vocabularies of the dialects of San Antonio and San Miguel
were obtained, there being about a dozen Indians who speak these
languages around the old San Antonio mission. These languages have been
supposed to be of the Santa Barbara family (as it has hitherto been
termed, now called Chumashan family), but the material obtained by Mr.
Henshaw disproves this, and, for the present at least, they are
considered to form a distinct family.
Mr. Henshaw visited Los Angeles and San Diego counties for the purpose
of determining the exact northern and southern limits of the Shoshonian
family, which extends quite to the coast in California.
At San Diego and San Luis Rey he obtained vocabularies representing four
dialects of the Yuman family.
WORK OF MR. A. S. GATSCHET.
In August, 1884, Mr. Gatschet proceeded to visit the Tonkawē and Lipan
tribes in Texas.
He reached Fort Griffin on the 29th of August. The Tonkawē tribe was
encamped about a mile and a half south of Fort Griffin, Shackleford
county, and consisted of 78 individuals, while the Lipan camp, one mile
north-northwest, consisted of 19 persons only. All these Indians were on
the point of removing to the Oakland reserve, Indian Territory.
The Tonkawē constitute an aggregate of several tribal remnants formerly
living independently of one another in southern Texas and on the Rio
Grande. Mr. Gatschet devoted five weeks to the study of their language
and one week to that of the Lipan, which is a dialect of Apache
(Athapascan). The Tonkawē is a sonorous and energetic form of speech.
The radix of many of the adjectives becomes reduplicated to form a kind
of plural, and the same thing is observed in some of the verbs, where
iteration or frequency has to be indicated. Case suffixes are observed
in the substantive, which can easily be traced to postpositions as their
original forms. Very few of the natives were sufficiently conversant
with English or Spanish to serve as interpreters, so that it was
difficult to secure trustworthy results. A white man who had lived over
six years among them was of material help, and several mythologic and
other texts were obtained with tolerable correctness through his aid.
On October 9 Mr. Gatschet left Fort Griffin and reached Fort Sill, in
the Indian Territory, on the 15th. Many Kaiowē and Comanche Indians
encamped during the warmer months of the year around this fort, which is
situated at the southeast base of the Wichita mountains. He engaged the
best help he could find for studying the Kaiowē language, for which
there is no Government interpreter. The Comanche is the predominating
language on the whole Kaiowē, Comanche, and Apache reservation, although
the Comanche exceed the Kaiowē but little in number. The Comanche is
more easily acquired, at least to the extent required in conversation,
and all the traders and shopkeepers on the reservation have a smattering
of it.
Better interpreters for Kaiowē were obtained at Anadarko, the seat of
the agency, where Mr. Gatschet remained from October 31 to December 12.
A few Kaiowē were found who had passed some months or years among
Americans or at the Indian schools at Carlisle, Chilocco, and elsewhere,
and could express themselves intelligibly in English. A few white
Mexicans were found among the Comanche, who were captured by them in
infancy, acquired the Comanche language, and have ever since lived among
these Indians. Of the Kaiowē, Mr. Gatschet acquired over two thousand
terms, phrases, and sentences, several historic texts of value, and of
the Comanche, eight hundred or a thousand words. The circumstances
necessitated careful and numerous revisions of everything obtained, by
which much of the time was absorbed.
The Na-ishi Apache, about four hundred in number and formerly roaming
with the Kaiowē, furnished also a large amount of terms, exceeding
fifteen hundred.
There are a few verbal similarities between the Kaiowē and the Shoshoni
languages, but apparently not enough to indicate anything more than long
association of these peoples. The Kaiowē has a dual in the intransitive
verb and in some nouns. There are more than a dozen different modes of
forming the plural of nouns. The subject pronoun is incorporated with
the verb as a prefix, and every tense has a different subject pronoun,
as in Otomi and other languages of southern Mexico.
Vocabularies were also obtained of Delaware, Ottawa, Yuchi, Caddo,
Wichita, and of the hitherto unstudied Caddo dialects of Anadarko and
Yatassi.
In spite of persevering search it was not possible to find any of the
Bidai or the Tonica in Texas, although it is probable that some of them
survived in that State as late as 1850.
Mr. Gatschet then passed a whole month among the Atakapa at Lake
Charles, the county seat of Calcasieu parish, Louisiana. Of the two
dialects traceable, only the western one seems to exist now, being still
spoken by a few women living at the town. The language is sonorous, but
strongly nasal.
Returning to the Indian Territory, after a fruitless search for the
Tonica and Adai, he stopped at Eufaula, Creek Nation, to meet a Na'htchi
Indian named Lasley, about sixty years old, who had represented his
tribe in the councils of the Creek Nation. This man explained his
Na'htchi terms and phrases by Creek equivalents, and these had to be
translated into English to obtain full light concerning the Na'htchi
terms. One legendary text was also obtained. The language is rather
consonantal and has a multiplicity of verbal forms.
Among the Yuchi tribe on Middle Arkansas river, southwestern bank, and
over 40 miles from Muscogee Station, Indian Territory, he remained but a
week, too short a time to obtain full information respecting this
interesting language. There are five or six hundred Yuchi still living
on this tract. Two texts and a few popular songs, with one thousand
terms of the language, were obtained.
The last stop was made among the Modoc at Quapaw Agency, at the agency
buildings. About ninety are left of those brought there for having taken
part in the Modoc war of 1872-'73. Five mythic tales were gathered from
the natives within the short time of three weeks, one of them being of
considerable length and of importance. It is called "The birth of
Aishish." The birth of this astral deity resembles in most particulars
that of Bacchus from the thigh of Jupiter after his mother, Semele, had
been burned to death. The terms, phrases, and sentences gathered,
besides the myth mentioned, amount to over fifteen hundred items, which
will prove useful for completing the work on the Klamath Indians of
Oregon now in preparation.
Of the Shawnee language several hundred words were gathered from the
Indians of that tribe settled around the agency.
Mr. Gatschet returned to Washington in April, 1885.
WORK OF REV. J. OWEN DORSEY.
Rev. J. Owen Dorsey visited the Siletz Agency, Oregon, in August, 1884,
to gain linguistic and other information respecting the tribes in that
region. When he returned, in November, he brought back as the result of
his work the following vocabularies:—Athapascan family: Applegate Creek,
Galice Creek, Chastā Costa, Miko-no-tunne, Chetco, Smith River, Cal.,
and Upper Coquille.—Yakonan family: Yaquina, Alsea, Siuslaw, and Lower
Umpqua.—Kusan family: Mulluk or Lower Coquille.—Takilman family: Takilma
or Upper Rogue River.—Shahaptian family: Klikitat.—Sastean family:
Shasti—total, nineteen vocabularies, ranging from fifty to three
thousand entries, exclusive of phrases and grammatical notes.
He also obtained materials for an account of the social organization
into villages of some of these Indians, the basis for which appears to
have been the clan or gens. Rough maps, showing the localities of the
villages, were made. Mr. Dorsey also obtained from several tribes the
corresponding Indian names of about sixty vegetal products, specimens of
which were brought to Washington for identification.
WORK OF MR. JEREMIAH CURTIN.
Mr. Curtin spent the first two weeks of July at the Quapaw agency,
Indian Territory, in making a collection of Modoc myths, which he had
begun in the preceding winter, being part of a general collection of
Indian myths begun in 1883. The number of Modoc myths obtained was
nearly one hundred.
After finishing work at the Quapaw Agency, he returned to Washington,
and shortly afterward was directed to proceed to northern California and
obtain vocabularies of the Nosa and Kombo languages, and thence to
Oregon to obtain vocabularies of the Wasco, Tyigh, and Tenina languages.
Work was begun on the Nosa language (Yanan family) at Redding, Cal., on
October 11. The difficulties were very great, especially at first, owing
to the fact that the Nosa are few in number, live far from one another,
and have a very imperfect knowledge of English.
The Nosa were a prominent and rather numerous people until 1864, when
all of them who could be found were massacred by white settlers, who
organized two companies for the purpose of exterminating the tribe.
Owing to a chance by which a few escaped and to the exertions of Mr.
Benjamin Oliver, who secreted several in his cellar, about fifteen full
blood Nosa survived.
Work on Nosa was continued in and around Redding until the end of
November, when Round Mountain was visited to complete the Nosa
vocabulary and obtain that of the Atsugei (Palaikan family), a very
interesting language. Work at Round Mountain was finished on January 8
and Redding was revisited on January 9, preparatory to departing for
Oregon.
Owing to the excessive severity of the winter and the snow blockades,
which lasted six weeks, communication with Warm Spring was closed, and
it was impossible to enter the reservation till January 27, when
Sinnashee, a school and center of the Warm Spring Indian population, was
reached.
At this place the Tyigh vocabulary (Shahaptian family) was collected.
The Wasco (Chinookan family) was obtained at the agency headquarters
near the Deschutes river. Tenina, being identical with the Tyigh
language, was omitted. From April 18, at which date work at the Warm
Spring agency was finished, until June 30, the time was devoted to
collecting myths in the Klamath reservation and at Yreka.
During the whole period of work all the myths that could be found among
the people whose languages were being investigated were reduced to
writing. In this manner a large body of Nosa, Atsugei, Tyigh, and Wasco
myths was collected. In the cases of Klamath and Shasti, myths were the
objects directly in view.
The vocabularies were obtained with satisfactory completeness and the
verbal systems worked out in detail.
The Nosa is remarkable for a regularity of structure which yields to
analysis and has a certain monotonous harmony of sound.
The Atsugei has a sonorous roll, a strong letter _r_, and a certain
number of words in common with the Shasti, itself one of the _r_
languages.
GENERAL FIELD WORK.
WORK OF DR. WASHINGTON MATTHEWS.
Dr. Washington Matthews, assistant surgeon U. S. Army, continued his
investigations among the Navajo Indians in New Mexico and Arizona. He
had been stationed in the Navajo country as post surgeon of Fort
Wingate, N. Mex., from 1880 to 1884, during which time he devoted
himself to studying the language, customs, and ceremonies of this tribe
as much as his official duties would permit. Some of the great
shamanistic ceremonies of the Navajo, occupying nine days for their
performance, he had often seen in part; but he had never had an
opportunity of witnessing one throughout its entire duration, as he had
not sufficient time at his disposal.
Before leaving New Mexico, however, he secured the friendship and
confidence of some of the leading medicine men and obtained their
promise to admit him to their most secret rites during their entire
performance whenever he should be able to avail himself of the
privilege. He was also promised complete instruction in the mythology
and symbolism of these rites.
In the autumn of 1884 he was given an opportunity, under the auspices of
the Bureau of Ethnology, to return to the Navajo country and devote
himself for a considerable time entirely to anthropologic studies among
the people.
He first visited the Navajo who dwell in the neighborhood of the San
Mateo mountains, the Tsotsildinè, or people of the Great Peak, a local
division or subtribe living much farther to the east and having longer
and more intimate associations with Mexicans and Americans than the main
body of the people. While at this place, he ascended the peak of San
Mateo, or Mount Taylor, a mountain held sacred by the Navajo, to observe
the various places on the mountain mentioned in the Navajo myths.
Leaving San Mateo he proceeded to Fort Wingate, and learning that one of
the most important of the Navajo rites was about to be celebrated at a
place called Niqotlizi (Hard Earth), north of Fort Wingate on the Navajo
reservation, he repaired thither without delay. The ceremony which he
went to witness was that of dsilyídje-qaçàl, or mountain chant. It is
also called Ilnasjingo-qaçàl, or chant in the dark circle of branches,
from the great corral of evergreens in which the public rites of the
last night are performed. It is known to the white men who live among
these Indians as the hoshkawn dance, from one of the public dances of
the last night, in which the Indian jugglers pretend to grow and develop
the hackàn, or _Yucca baccata_. This last night's performance is varied
and interesting and all persons, including whites and Indians of other
tribes, are permitted to witness it; but previously, for several days,
mystic rites are celebrated in the medicine lodge, to the most of which
only the initiated are admitted. Dr. Matthews remained ten days in the
Indian camp at Niqotlizi, during which time the shamans admitted him
into their medicine lodge and allowed him to observe their rites and
practices.
His most interesting discovery on this occasion was that of their system
of mythic dry paintings, by which they represent various legends or
traditions with dry pigments on the sanded floor of the medicine lodge.
A full account of the ceremonies and of the myth on which they are based
was prepared by Dr. Matthews and appeared in the Fifth Annual Report of
this Bureau.
When the ceremony at Niqotlizi was over he proceeded to a locality in
Arizona called by the whites The Haystacks, from the peculiar appearance
of the rock formations there. At The Haystacks another great ceremony,
probably the second in importance of the Navajo rites, was to take
place. Here he again encamped with the Indians and remained until the
work of the shamans was done.
The ceremonial observances witnessed on this occasion are, collectively,
called by the Navajo Klèdji-qaçàl, or chant of the night. They are
called by the whites the Yàybichy dance, from the name of the principal
masked character, Yèbitcai or Gebitcai, the granduncle of the gods. Like
the hoshkawn dance, it has several days of secret rites with elaborate
symbolic sand pictures and one night of public dances, less varied and
interesting than those of the hoshkawn. Dr. Matthews was permitted to
witness the whole performance and to take as many notes and sketches as
were necessary.
From The Haystacks Dr. Matthews went to the Indian agency at Fort
Defiance, Arizona, where he secured the services of one of the oldest
and most learned (in their own peculiar lore) of the Navajo priests, and
from him he obtained full explanations of all these rites and of the
symbolism of the pictures and masked characters, with a complete recital
of the long and elaborate myths on which the ceremonies depend, and the
texts and translations of the very numerous songs which form the ritual
of the ceremonies.
WORK OF DR. H. C. YARROW.
Dr. H. C. Yarrow, acting assistant surgeon U. S. Army, with the
assistance of military details and supplies, in addition to the
instruction and facilities provided by this Bureau, started, August 8,
1884, on an expedition into the Territory of Utah, with reference mainly
to the exploration of burial mounds and the study of mortuary customs.
Near Choke Cherry Spring a burial cave was discovered, containing the
skeletons of three persons, which were secured. Other skeletons, with
contents of graves, were obtained near Willow creek; also, an
interesting specimen of tree burial.
At Deep creek an explanation of the curious form of water burial was
gained from a chief of the Gosiats, to the effect that the bodies of the
turbulent and disorderly men of the tribe were thus disposed of to
prevent the spirits of these objectionable persons from joining the rest
of the tribe after death. Their bodies were sunk in springs and marshy
places and kept down by sticks and stones, so that their spirits could
never get out.
In the neighborhood of Fillmore a mound was excavated which afforded an
admirable example of the beforementioned conversion of a dwelling into a
sepulcher. The probability is that the deceased died in his house, which
was made of adobe bricks, and that it was at once abandoned and the body
left therein, the roof being first removed. The corpse was placed on the
floor and covered with a paste of moist clay, on which were placed the
mortuary gifts of weapons, utensils, and food. Cottonwood branches were
then piled above and set on fire, thus baking the clay crust and
charring the several objects. The whole structure had been covered, so
that on first examination the hard surface of burnt clay, 18 inches
below the loose earth, appeared to be the floor of a former dwelling.
In the whole of the expedition, which continued into the last days of
September, much difficulty was experienced from the suspicion and
consequent hostility of the Indians of the localities visited.
WORK OF DR. W. J. HOFFMAN.
Dr. W. J. Hoffman proceeded early in August to Victoria, B. C., where
numerous sketches of Haida totem posts and carvings were obtained, in
connection with the myths which they illustrated. At this locality
attention was paid to the burial customs and osteologic remains of the
nearly extinct tribe of Songish Indians.
At Port Townsend sketches were obtained of Thlinkit ivory and wood
carvings, clearly indicating the adoption by that tribe of Haida art
designs. Here, too, many Indians of British-American tribes were met on
their way south to work in the Puyallup hop fields, notable among which
was a large number of Haida, whose persons were examined for the purpose
of copying the numerous and varied tattoo designs with which they were
profusely decorated. Interpretations of many of these characters were
obtained from the persons bearing them, as well as from the chief artist
of the tribe, together with concise descriptions of the methods and
customs in connection with tattooing and the materials used. Drawings
were made of a collection of Eskimo pictographs and ivory carvings at
the museum of the Alaska Commercial Company and the California Academy
of Sciences, San Francisco, Cal.
At Santa Barbara, Cal., Dr. Hoffman discovered some painted pictographs
and examined a number which have not yet been published. In several
private collections at this place were found interesting relics of the
Indians formerly inhabiting Santa Cruz island, the most important of
which was a steatite cup containing earthy coloring matter and pricking
instruments of bone, which had evidently been used in tattooing. Painted
pictographs were also visited in the Azuza cañon, twenty-five miles
northeast of Los Angeles.
At Tule Indian Agency, in the deep valleys on the western slope of the
Sierra Nevada, sketches of pictographs were made in continuation of work
accomplished there two years before. Vocabularies were also obtained
from the Waitchumni Indians here located, as well as from the few
remaining Santa Barbara Indians at Cathedral Oaks, Santa Barbara county,
Cal. By far the greatest amount of pictographic material was collected
in Owen's valley, California, where series of petroglyphs are scattered
over an arid, sandy desert, the extremes of which are more than twenty
miles apart.
OFFICE WORK.
The work upon a synonymy of the Indian tribes of North America, which
has been mentioned to some extent in former reports, has been continued
with increased energy.
Every tribe of Indians of any size and importance has been treated of by
historians under a variety of names. The sources of these different
appellations are manifold. In very many instances the names of tribes or
other bodies of Indians communicated by themselves have been imperfectly
understood and erroneously recorded; misspelled names and typographical
errors have been perpetuated.
Traders, priests, and colonists have called the same tribes by different
names and the historian has often added to the confusion by handing down
these synonyms as the names of other and different tribes. Not a few
tribes well known under established names have received new names upon a
change of residence, especially when they have removed to a great
distance or have coalesced or allied with other tribes. Added to these
and to other sources of confusion are the loose and dissimilar
applications of the terms clan, band, tribe, confederacy, and league,
the same term having been used with various meanings by different
authors.
As a consequence the student of Indian languages and customs finds
himself in a tangle, as regards tribal names, which it is beyond the
power of the individual worker, unaided, to unravel. The scope of the
work in question includes the attempt to trace the several names back to
their sources and to ascertain their original and proper application, to
define their meaning when possible, and to relegate each tribe under its
proper title to the linguistic family to which it belongs. In the
completion of this work the whole force of the Bureau assists.
The need of a volume giving the results mentioned has long been felt,
and it is believed that it will prove to be one of the most important
contributions to the accurate study of Indian history ever made. The
classification of the languages of the North American Indians is closely
connected with the synonymy of tribal names, each work assisting the
other. During recent years the number of students who have directed
their attention more or less exclusively to the study of Indian
languages has been constantly augmented, and as a result of their labors
the number of vocabularies has been correspondingly increased; hence the
demand for a more comprehensive and satisfactory classification than now
exists.
Prior to Gallatin's time little or nothing had been done in the
direction of a systematic classification of Indian languages. In 1836
Gallatin issued his treatise in which he classified all the languages
which he was able to study by a direct comparison of vocabularies. His
classification was an immense advance over anything previously done and
has proved a boon for scholars, having served, indeed, practically as
the basis for most of the work in the same line performed since his
time. No fixed rules of nomenclature, however, have ever been adopted by
linguistic writers, and authors have named and renamed linguistic groups
without regard to the names imposed upon the same or similar groups by
earlier writers. As a result great confusion has followed not only
respecting the status of the various linguistic families, but also
respecting the identity of the languages which have served as a basis
for the several groups proposed. The remedy for this state of affairs is
the adoption, with strict adherence thereto, of a code of nomenclatural
rules similar in scope to those prevailing among zoölogists.
There would appear to be no good reason why the rule of priority of
name, for instance, should not be followed in linguistic as well as in
zoölogic classification, or why the same beneficial result of fixity of
nomenclature should not be expected to result from the adoption of this
rule in the one case as in the other. Students who may attempt to
unravel the many perplexing nomenclatural problems arising from
unnecessary change of names will certainly agree that such a rule is no
less desirable in linguistics than in zoölogy.
Accordingly, the rule of priority of name, within certain limitations,
together with some other rules, has been adopted by the Bureau. These
limitations and rules, together with a discussion of the subject, which
would still be premature, may be presented by the Director in his next
annual report.
Mr. H. W. HENSHAW, when not in the field, was specially engaged in the
organization and details of the office work upon tribal synonymy and
linguistic classification above described. A careful examination of all
the literature pertaining to these correlated subjects was necessary and
also the preparation of tentative tables of synonymy. He has prepared
such tables and made in connection with them a brief historical résumé
of the literature. Much longer time and the work of the whole official
force will, however, be needed for the completion for publication of the
results of this vast and complicated undertaking.
Mrs. ERMINNIE A. SMITH was occupied, while not engaged in the field as
reported above, in the revision for publication of her Tuscarora
dictionary, the material for which had been collected during several
years.
Col. GARRICK MALLERY continued the collection and classification of
material on the two correlated subjects of sign language and
pictographs. His two preliminary papers on those subjects have appeared
in former annual reports. It is intended, while increasing the data
obtained from the Indian tribes of North America, bearing upon these
subjects, to supplement and illustrate the mass of information collected
from those tribes by comparison with everything of a similar character
to be found in other parts of the world and to publish the results of
the collection and study in the form of monographs.
Dr. W. J. Hoffman, when not in the field, continued to assist in the
work mentioned.
Mr. JAMES C. PILLING'S preparation of the Bibliography of North American
Languages continued during the year. In October and November he visited
several libraries in Boston and Providence, for the purpose of clearing
up a number of doubtful points. During the year pages 839-1135 were
received from the printer, which completed the volume. In the spring a
limited number of copies were struck off by the Public Printer, and
these have been sent to various libraries, public institutions, and to
individuals interested in the subject, for the purpose of obtaining
additions and corrections, with the intention, if these should prove to
be numerous, of resetting the matter.
Mr. FRANK H. CUSHING was stationed at Washington at the commencement of
the fiscal year and was engaged in the classification of his field
material in preparation for its publication. During the fall he
completed a short paper on Zuñi culture growth as evidenced by studies
of Pueblo ceramics, which was published in the Fourth Annual Report of
the Bureau. In this paper he maintains, with a large amount of
linguistic evidence, that the Zuñi culture is mainly autochthonous, and
that its growth, especially the growth of architectural, agricultural,
ceramic, and other arts and industries pertaining to it, has been
largely accomplished within the desert areas of America which still form
the habitat of the Pueblo Indians, and probably, also, within a period
more limited than has usually been supposed essential to such
development.
He prepared also a paper on the "Ancient province of Cibola and the
seven lost cities," in which he not only identifies the seven cities of
Cibola above referred to with seven ruins near the present Zuñi village,
but also furnishes interesting examples of the permanence of Indian
tradition and of its value, when properly used, as a factor, in
ethnographic and historic research.
Among the later and perhaps more important results of his studies during
the year are investigations of the myths and folk tales abundantly
recorded by him during previous years among the Zuñi.
By the extended comparison which he is able to make between these folk
tales and myths, now first brought together as a whole, and by the
application to their study of the linguistic method employed by him in
the preparation of the two papers already mentioned, he is able to trace
the growth of mere ideas or of primitive conceptions of natural or
biotic phenomena and of physical or animal function into the personæ and
incidents which go to make up myths, as well as to trace the influence
of these growths on the worship of the Zuñi.
Early in 1885 Mr. Cushing furnished the Director with a schedule of his
manuscript, notes, and sketches, and from an examination of this it was
deemed advisable that he should continue putting his linguistic material
into permanent shape, in order that it might be used as a check on
ensuing studies of the sociology and mythology of the Zuñi, as well as
for its suggestive value towards the explanation of obscure passages in
those departments of study. This work had progressed but little,
however, when a severe illness necessitated its temporary abandonment.
Prof. CYRUS THOMAS, in addition to his administrative duties in charge
of the division of mound exploration, was engaged in preparing for
publication the results of the operations of that division. The constant
arrangement, comparison, and study of the material objects and facts
ascertained required his close application. He also commenced the paper
presented by him in this volume.
Mr. VICTOR MINDELEFF, in the first part of the fiscal year, completed
models of the seven villages of the ancient Province of Tusayan,
together with a relief model illustrating the topographical character of
the province. The model of Walpi, of this series, was carried out in
such a manner as to show on a large scale the character of the rocky
mesa on which the town is built. Several types of cliff ruins were also
modeled for this series, among them the White House ruin of Cañon de
Chelly and the mummy cave of Cañon de la Muerte. After August 1 this
work was carried on under the supervision of Mr. Cosmos Mindeleff, who
also prepared a model of the great Etowah mound from the data of Mr. V.
Mindeleff's survey; he also furnished several other examples of mounds,
with sections, under the direction of Prof. Cyrus Thomas. This work was
carried on without interruption until December 7, when Mr. Cosmos
Mindeleff was ordered to New Orleans, to take charge of the combined
exhibits of the U. S. Geological Survey and the Bureau of Ethnology, and
was instructed to look after the proper installation of the same in the
Government building. He returned to Washington about February 1. During
the ensuing four months the small force in the modeling room was engaged
in making models of the ancient pueblos of the Chaco, from the plans
secured during the preceding summer, as referred to in the report of
field work. This work continued until early June, when Mr. C. Mindeleff
was again ordered to New Orleans to take charge of the packing and
shipment of the exhibits of the Geological Survey and Bureau of
Ethnology for their return to Washington and for the installation of a
portion of the material at the Louisville Exposition. During the
interval from February 1 to June 15 Mr. Victor Mindeleff was engaged in
the preparation of a report on the architecture of the ancient provinces
of Cibola and Tusayan, together with the plans and diagrams necessary
for its illustration. This study was based on the large amount of data
that had been secured during former field seasons for modeling purposes.
Rev. J. OWEN DORSEY, when not in the field, made nearly 10,000 entries
for the Ȼegiha-English dictionary, and prepared Ponka and Omaha native
texts, with free and interlinear translations, in addition to those
found in part 1 of vol. 6, Contributions to North American Ethnology.
After December 1, 1884, he collated the following vocabularies obtained
by him in Oregon, viz: Takelma, Shasti, Applegate Creek, Chastā Costa,
Galice Creek, Mulluk, Siuslaw, Lower Umpqua, Yaquina, Klikitat, and one
on Smith River, California. He also prepared a list of the villages
obtained from the tribes at the Siletz Agency, Oregon.
Mr. ALBERT S. GATSCHET was engaged at the beginning of the fiscal year
in revising and perfecting his grammar of the Klamath language of
southern Oregon. The phonology was completed and stereotyped, extending
from page 200 to 245. He was engaged in correcting proofs of the
subsequent section on morphology when he proceeded to the Southwest, as
elsewhere reported, to investigate several languages spoken there, the
affinities of which had not before been ascertained.
Mr. W. H. HOLMES, as in previous years, has supervised the illustrations
of the Bureau publications. He also continued his archæologic studies,
chiefly in the department of ceramics, the character of which is shown
by his papers in this volume. He was in charge of the preparation of
exhibits for the expositions at New Orleans, Louisville, and Cincinnati;
but, owing to the pressure of other duties, much of this work was
intrusted to Mr. Cosmos Mindeleff, who was assisted materially by Mr.
Victor Mindeleff. The most important feature of the exhibits consisted
of models of plaster and papier mâché of the pueblo towns and cliff
houses of New Mexico and Arizona.
Aside from the models, exhibits of ethnologic and archæologic materials
were made. A large and important collection of objects of pueblo art was
obtained by Mr. James Stevenson, but much of it failed to reach
Washington in time for exhibition purposes, and a series of similar
objects, already classified and labeled, was selected from the National
Museum and forwarded to New Orleans. A valuable collection of the
ancient fictile products of Tusayan belonging to Mr. Thomas Keam was
also utilized in perfecting the exhibits of Pueblo art.
Archæologic materials from other sections of the country were placed on
exhibition, notably a superb collection of prehistoric relics from the
province of Chiriqui, Panama, which was purchased for the purpose.
The collections of ethnologic and archæologic material made during the
year are of unusual importance and magnitude. This is chiefly due to the
facilities afforded by the New Orleans Exposition fund, a liberal
portion of which was devoted to the collection and purchase of objects
of permanent value to the Government and to science. The collections
made by Mr. Stevenson in Zuñi and Acoma comprise upward of four thousand
pieces, chiefly objects of clay, but including other classes of
products. The collection of prehistoric relics obtained by Mr. J. A.
McNiel from the tombs of Chiriqui is one of the most important and
complete series of ancient American products to be found in any country,
and must prove of great value to students.
Mr. Victor Mindeleff secured a small series of relics from the ancient
ruins of northern New Mexico and Arizona, and Dr. H. C. Yarrow added
some objects of archæologic and ethnologic interest from central Utah.
Mrs. Erminnie A. Smith procured a number of articles of shell,
illustrating the modern manufacture of wampum in New Jersey; a small
collection of fragmentary pottery from the eastern shore of Maryland was
presented by Mr. Joseph D. McGuire, of Ellicott City; and Mr. Holmes
secured a series of articles, including arrowheads, shell implements,
and pottery, from the island of Nantucket. Mound explorations, conducted
by Dr. Cyrus Thomas, yielded a valuable series of objects of stone and
clay. An unusually interesting series of the earthen vessels of the
ancient pueblo races was secured by Mr. E. W. Nelson in eastern central
Arizona. The greater part of the abovementioned material has already
been catalogued and turned over to the U. S. National Museum.
Dr. H. C. YARROW, acting assistant surgeon, U. S. Army, besides his
field explorations described, continued to collect information relative
to the mortuary customs of North American Indians. Of the material
gathered, a considerable portion has been forwarded by various persons
throughout the country in answer to the circular sent out early in the
last year, but much has also been derived from the published works on
anthropologic subjects, including scientific journals and reports.
Numerous authorities have been consulted and much time has been devoted
to the consideration of the many theories advanced to account for
certain peculiar rites and customs.
Mr. CHARLES C. ROYCE continued during the year the preparation of a
historical atlas of Indian cessions. The boundaries of the various
cessions of land by the different Indian tribes were traced out and
located upon the maps of the States and Territories left uncompleted at
the date of the last annual report. All that remains to be done in
completing the atlas for publication is to transcribe, with considerable
elaboration, the historical and descriptive notes pertaining to the
various cessions, and to make, from the rough working sheets, legible
copies of the maps showing the boundaries of the cessions within the
States of California, Oregon, Nevada, and Texas and the Territories of
Washington, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Utah, New Mexico, Arizona, and
Dakota. Most of these States and Territories will each require two maps,
showing respectively the primary and secondary cessions. The work will
be finished as rapidly as possible.
ACCOMPANYING PAPERS.
The present volume contains papers the subject matter of which may be
classified under the grand divisions of Technology, Philosophy,
Sociology, and Ethnography.
They are all prepared by experts of recognized authority in their
several lines of research and are illustrated to the degree required by
the text for full understanding, the number of figures presented being
548, besides ten full page plates. Special mention of each of these
papers follows in their order as printed.
ANCIENT ART OF THE PROVINCE OF CHIRIQUI, COLOMBIA, BY
WILLIAM H. HOLMES.
The archæology of Chiriqui should be studied, not only for comparison
with that of the territory comprised in the present political divisions
of North America, but because geographically the province should be
considered as a part of the North American continent. Until recently
this isthmian region was little known, the explorations for railroads
and canals having furnished the first valuable accounts of its modern
inhabitants and the relics left by former occupants.
The National Museum now contains a large and precious collection of
archæologic material from the province, chiefly obtained by Mr. J. A.
McNiel during years of enthusiastic labor. The information derived and
the lessons to be learned from this collection, together with all
particulars relating thereto gathered from other sources, are now
presented in this paper by Mr. W. H. Holmes. His work in the
classification of the immense number of objects and in the elucidation
of their functions, material, construction, forms, and decorations has
been careful and comprehensive. His manifest success has been owing to
his artistic insight and skill as well as to his archæologic training.
His ability in both fields can be appreciated by an examination of the
287 illustrations in his paper, considered not only as to their number,
but as to their instructive arrangement in his text.
The objects of ancient art found in Chiriqui are, as elsewhere in North
America, derived almost entirely from graves. The cemeteries, apart from
their contents and the mode of sepulture, constitute in themselves
topics of interest which are discussed and illustrated in the paper.
Another curious feature is that the objects buried generally appear to
have been manufactured for mortuary purposes and not for use by the
living. A general review of the contents of the graves shows that the
ancient inhabitants were skillful in the manipulation of stone, gold,
copper, and clay, and tombs of undoubtedly great antiquity yield
evidence of long continued culture.
It also appears that, while the art of the old peoples of the isthmus
can in some respects be connected with that of adjacent regions in North
America, in others it is remarkable for individuality. Ornaments of
stone were seldom used by them and those of gold and copper were common.
The articles of gold which the graves have yielded in large quantities
to explorers during the last quarter of a century, and for which only
they have until recently been searched, have generally been considered
to be mere ornaments, but they probably had a fetichistic origin.
It is remarkable that no weapon, tool, or utensil of metal has been
noticed. The objects were generally formed by casting in molds, which
was done with considerable skill, and gilding, or at least plating, was
practiced. The art of alloying also appears to have been understood.
The use of metals does not appear early in the order of technology, and
an advanced degree of culture is generally attained before the casting
of any metal is attempted. Without allowing too much weight to any
argument based upon the surprising skill of these people in plating and
alloying, the evidence of technical skill in general, together with the
conceptions embodied in their art, proves conclusively that it was the
product of a long period of experiment and progress.
The pottery of Chiriqui is to be noted for the perfection of its
technique, its high specialization of form, and its conventional use of
a wide range of decorative motives. Its forms present many striking
analogies to the wheel made ware of the Mediterranean, regarded as
classic.
The mythologic stage of the builders of these graves is shown by the
fact that in their ceramic art there is no attempt to render the human
face or figure with accuracy. The personages of their religious
philosophy were zoömorphic and some of their forms may be discerned by a
skillful analyst in or on all the ornaments and vessels. On each of the
latter all decorative devices and delineations have some reference to
the mythic creature associated with the vessel and its functions.
Mr. Holmes has made an important discovery in the evolution of
decoration in Chiriqui from which are deduced instructive
generalizations of wide application. All the decorations originate
(doubtless under the influence of the stage reached in mythologic
philosophy) in life forms of animals, none being vegetal. Coming from
mythologic concepts they are significant and ideographic, and coming
from nature they are primarily imitative and non-geometric. Nevertheless
the agencies of modification inherent in the practice of art through its
mechanical conditions are such that the animal forms early employed have
changed into conventional decorative devices, among which are the
meander, scroll, fret, chevron, and guilloche.
That this was the course of evolution of the classic forms of ornaments
is not asserted; indeed, it is not necessary to form such a hypothesis,
as by the interacting principles, well classified by Mr. Holmes, the
course by which the same result was accomplished may have been wholly
diverse. It is, however, shown that this was in all probability the
particular and independent course in one region of America, being in
that respect in distinct contrast to other art regions, such as that of
the Pueblos, where the rise of geometric figures through technologic
channels is equally obvious. It follows that in seeking to divide
peoples by the criteria of their decorative arts the examination must
embrace what is far more fundamental than a mere comparison of their
finished products: these may be and are markedly similar without any
evidence of transmission, and when in fact by deeper study the
ascertained separate courses of development preclude such transmission.
A STUDY OF THE TEXTILE ART IN ITS RELATION TO THE
DEVELOPMENT OF FORM AND ORNAMENT, BY W. H. HOLMES.
For several years Mr. Holmes has been engaged in the study of the
ancient and existing art of the North American Indians, and has
published in the annual reports of this Bureau a number of elaborate
essays upon the art of specified peoples and regions.
In the present paper he submits the comprehensive results of his studies
in one great branch, the textile art, and treats chiefly of its esthetic
relations as distinct from those of construction and function, so far as
they can be separately discussed.
He has been fortunate in the character of the material studied. In
America there is yet found a great body of primitive, indigenous, and
independent art, almost uncontaminated by the complex phenomena,
processes, and conditions which elsewhere obscure its origin and
development. To a knowledge of American art acquired by long study Mr.
Holmes adds a mental equipment exceptionally qualifying him for its
philosophic discussion. His conclusions therefore, presented with ample
evidence and explained by illustrations, are to be received as those of
a recognized authority, although they may disturb some sentimental and
metaphysical fancies concerning abstract beauty in form, color, and
design.
It is not contended that the earliest concepts of beauty originated with
textile art. On the contrary, it is probable that the first esthetic
attempts were in the line of personal decoration, such as paints on the
skin and pendants and feathers disposed about the person. But as the
textile art appears early and widely in culture it is believed that the
association of esthetic concepts with it very generally preceded their
association with other arts. Having thus the start in the field, its
nature was full of suggestions of embellishment, while it was fixed in
its method of expression. The technique therefore shaped and directed
the esthetic concept and became the parent of much geometric ornament.
Mr. Holmes gives an instructive analysis of the forces and influences
inherent in the textile art, the first lessons of which are order,
uniformity, and symmetry; he shows how the necessities of technique
determine ideas of the beautiful in linear geometric forms and how taste
in selecting certain ornaments as the most beautiful is simply choosing
that product which in the evolution of art gave it character and power.
The influence of textile ornament upon other forms of art, such as
architecture and sculpture, is discussed, as also the manner in which
extrinsic decorative elements are remodeled in accordance with the rules
of textile combination. The paper, however, does not undertake to cover
the whole field of the development of form and ornament, being confined
to the relation of the textile art thereto, and similar studies in all
other grand divisions of art must be made before the relative importance
of all their forces and tendencies can be estimated. But the laws of
evolution in all art closely correspond, and the present paper is
eminently instructive to all students of the esthetic.
AIDS TO THE STUDY OF THE MAYA CODICES, BY CYRUS THOMAS.
That Prof. Cyrus Thomas has long been engaged in the examination of the
few Maya records in existence is known from his former works, "A study
of the Manuscript Troano" and "Notes on certain Maya and Mexican
manuscripts," both published by the Bureau of Ethnology.
The object of the present paper is to give information of some original
discoveries and to present some explanations not brought forward by
Professor Thomas in his former papers.
The records of Maya and Mexico yet challenge students with unsolved
problems similar to those which in the writings of Egypt and Assyria
have perplexed so many generations. The translation of the paleographic
literature of this continent may be expected to throw light on the past
of America, in some degree reproducing the brilliant result which has
attended the translation of the hieroglyphs of the eastern hemisphere.
Long and laborious comparisons, together with the trial of successive
hypotheses, will be necessary to the decipherment of our aboriginal
manuscripts, and but few competent persons are actively engaged in the
work. It becomes, therefore, the duty of any one whose discoveries tend
to clear up even minor points of the great problem to furnish them to
his fellow laborers, and thereby limit the remaining field of
investigation. In this paper Professor Thomas supplements his former
work.
OSAGE TRADITIONS, BY REV. J. OWEN DORSEY.
This paper contains an account of a secret society of seven degrees,
still existing among the Osage, in which the traditions of the people
have been preserved. The author, by his skill and personal influence,
has obtained and now furnishes two of these traditions in the original
language, with an interlinear and a free translation of each and with
explanatory remarks.
The traditions are both cosmologic and sociologic, and are admirable
examples of Indian philosophy. The existence of secret associations,
periodically celebrating religious mysteries, and of shamanistic orders,
which, by ceremonies, pictographs, and chants, have preserved in more or
less purity the traditions of their ancestors, has been vaguely known
for some years, but until lately no accurate or indeed intelligent
account of them has been secured.
The exertions of several of the officers of this Bureau have been
successful in obtaining full details and clear explanations both of the
traditions and the ceremonials of several of the Indian tribes, notably
those of the Zuñi and the Navajo, published in former annual reports.
The present paper by Mr. Dorsey takes an important place in this new
collection of materials for the study of Indian philosophy, from which
valuable results have been already acquired.
THE CENTRAL ESKIMO, BY DR. FRANZ BOAS.
For the express purpose of personal exploration and examination, the
author of this important paper spent a considerable time in the region
of which he treats. His course of travel was to Cumberland sound and
Davis strait. The grand division of the Eskimauan linguistic family,
inhabiting nearly the whole range of the Arctic-American coast, which
has been classed as Central Eskimo, occupies the northeastern part of
the continent and the eastern islands of the Arctic-American
archipelago. It inhabits, at Smith sound, the most northern countries in
which man has been known to dwell. Its southern and western boundaries
are about Fort Churchill, the middle part of Back river, and the coast
west of Adelaide peninsula.
Dr. Boas gives an admirable account of the topography of the region and
of the distribution, tribal divisions, and numbers of the inhabitants.
His work is replete with valuable statements in minute detail and with
acute suggestions regarding their habits and customs. Their peculiar and
ingenious weapons, implements, and utensils are fully described and
illustrated. His account of their religious practices and beliefs,
supplemented by translations of their myths and legends, is equally
entertaining and instructive.
In connection with his observations made through original research, Dr.
Boas presents the result of a close study and analysis of the work of
former explorers in this field, by which his contribution to the study
of this interesting hyperborean people will command additional
attention.
FINANCIAL STATEMENT.
_Table showing amounts appropriated and expended for North American
ethnology for the
fiscal year ending June 30, 1885._
──────────────────────────────────────────┬─────────────┬─────────────
Expenses. │ Amounts │ Amount
│ expended. │appropriated.
──────────────────────────────────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────
A. Services │ $30,433.55│
B. Traveling expenses │ 3,716.14│
C. Transportation of property │ 354.12│
D. Field subsistence │ 198.42│
E. Field supplies and expenses │ 535.45│
F. Field material │ 197.71│
G. Instruments │ 49.25│
H. Modeling material │ 40.11│
I. Photographic material │ 306.71│
K. Books and maps │ 355.85│
L. Stationery and drawing material │ 15.70│
M. Illustrations for reports │ 668.64│
N. Articles for distribution to Indians │ 23.69│
O. Office furniture │ 59.67│
P. Office supplies and repairs │ 36.61│
Q. Manuscripts │ 395.00│
R. Correspondence │ 15.43│
S. Specimens │ 71.00│
T. Collection of material for │ 1,326.61│
classification of the Indians in│ │
the United States │ │
Balance on hand to meet outstanding │ 1,200.34│
liabilities │ │
──────────────────────────────────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────
│ 40,000.00│ $40,000.00
──────────────────────────────────────────┴─────────────┴─────────────
ACCOMPANYING PAPERS.
INDEX.
A.
Page.
Acoma, collections of J. Stevenson from XLIX
Adelung, J. C., cited 262
Adlet and Qadlunait, origin of the 637
Adlet or Erqigdlit 640
Aggomiut Eskimo tribe, situation and subdivisions of 442-444
Aglio, Augustina, fac simile of Dresden Codex by 263-266
Agutit Eskimo tribe, situation of 450, 451
Aivillirmiut Eskimo tribe, situation of 445-450
Akudnirmiut Eskimo tribe, situation of 440-442
Akuliarmiut Eskimo tribe, situation of 421
Alaskan Indians, illustration of ornamentation by 199
Alligator, utilization of, in Chiriquian art 130-140, 166,
173-176, 178,
80, 183
American Museum of Natural History, acknowledgments to 409
[American Museum of Natural History], figured specimens 472, 517
from
Ancient art of the province of Chiriqui, paper by W. H. 13-187
Holmes on
Ancon, Peru, examples of ornamentation from graves at 212, 230, 231,
236, 243, 248
Anderson and Stewart, cited 458, 459
Apache, illustrations of ornamentation by 198, 213, 223
Ardnainiq, fabulous tribe in Eskimo tradition 640
Arrowpoints and spearheads of Chiriqui 34
B.
Back, cited 485
Baffin Land, description of 415, 416
[Baffin Land], distribution of tribes in 421-444
[Baffin Land], traditions of, with comparisons 641-643
Balboa, ornaments captured by 35
Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie etc., 409, 616
Verhandlungen der, cited
Bessels, Emil, cited 412, 460, 486
Bibliography of the Languages of the North American XXIV-XXVI
Indians
Bickford, F. T., field work of XXVIII
Bill Nix (W. P. Matthews), Osage traditions dictated by 377
Black incised group of Chiriquian pottery 80
Boas, F., remarks on paper respecting Central Eskimo by LVI, LVII
[Boas, F.], paper on Central Eskimo by 399-669
Bollaert, W., cited 41, 45
Boothia Felix and Back River, tribes of 452-459
Böttiger, C. A., mention of Dresden Codex by 262
[Böttiger, C. A.], controversy with Abert concerning 267
Dresden Codex
Brasseur, copy of the Manuscript Troano by 284, 286, 343
[Brasseur], cited 350
British Guiana Indians, illustrations of ornamentation 217
by
C.
Calendar system, tabular view of 270-274
Castillo del Oro, name given by Columbus to Chiriqui 35
Ȼegiha-English dictionary XLVIII
Celts, collection of, from Chiriqui 29-34
Central Eskimo, remarks on paper of F. Boas on LVI, LVII
[Central Eskimo], paper on, by F. Boas 399-669
Charency, H. de, cited 282
Chimu, Peru, ornamentation of "hall of arabesques" at 251, 252
Chiriqui, collections from tombs at XLIX
[Chiriqui], ancient art of the province of, by W. H. 13-187
Holmes
Cibola, identification of ancient cities of XLVI
Clallam Indians, illustrations of ornamentation by 207
Codex Cortesianus, similarity of, to Manuscript Troano 286
and Dresden Codex
Collinson, cited 503
Color in textile art 201, 202
Color phenomena in textile ornament 215-232
Comanche Indians, linguistic work of A. S. Gatschet XXXIV
among
Costa Rica, origin of name of 35
Cranz, D., cited 412, 586, 590
Cumberland Sound, description of settlements of 428-440
Curtin, J., linguistic field work of XXXVII,
XXXVIII
Cushing, F. H., office work of XLVI
D.
Dakota, organization of the 396
Darien, capture of, by Balboa 35
Davis Strait Indian tribes, snow houses of 541-544
Dease and Simpson, cited 458
De Zeltner, A. See Zeltner, A. de. Diller, J. S., 21, _note_
acknowledgment to
Dogs and sledges of Eskimo 529-538
Dorsey, J. O., linguistic field work of XXXVI
[Dorsey, J. O.], office work of XLVIII
[Dorsey, J. O.], remarks on paper respecting Osage LV, LVI
traditions by
[Dorsey, J. O.], paper by, on Osage tradition 373-397
Dresden Codex, numerals in 261-338
Drums of ancient Chiriqui 157, 160
E.
Ebert, F. A., description of Dresden Codex by 263
[Ebert, F. A.], controversy with Böttiger concerning 267
Dresden Codex
Eenoolooapik, cited 410, 425, 464
Egede, H., cited 412
El Dorado, origin of 35
Ellesmere Land, natives of 459, 460
Emigration of the Sagdlirmiut 616-620
Emmert, J. W., field work of XXVI, XXVII
Erdmann, F., cited 412, 597
Eskimo, the Central, by F. Boas 399-669
F.
Falkenstein, K. C., preservation of Dresden Codex by 268
Field work XXVI-XLII
Figurines of Chiriquian art 151-153
Fillmore, exhumation of sepulcher at XLI
Financial statement LVIII
Fishing, Eskimo methods, of 513-516
Fleischer, H. L., mention of Dresden Codex by 263
Flight to the moon 598, 599
Form in textile art and its relation to ornament, with 196-201
illustrations from Indian work
Förstemann, E., citation from Die Mayahandschrift of 261-269
[Förstemann, E.], cited 272, 278, 280,
281, 283, 290,
292, 293, 300,
301, 302, 303,
304, 305, 320,
322, 329, 330,
339, 340
Fowke, G., field work of XXVI
Frobisher, M., cited 410, 469, 558
Frobisher Bay, use of, by Eskimo 423
G.
Gallatin, A., mention of classification of Indian XLIV
languages by
Garlic, C. A., field work of XXIX
Gatschet, A. S., linguistic field work of XXXIII-XXXVI
[Gatschet, A. S.], office work of XLVIII
Geography, Eskimo knowledge of 643-647
Geometric design, relations of, to textile ornament 202-244
Gilder, W. H., cited 411, 456, 457,
458, 459, 466,
498, 522
Glossary of Eskimo terms 663-669
Gordon, A. R., cited 412, 463
Gosiats, water burial among XLI
Götze, J. C., preservation of Dresden Codex by 261
[Götze, J. C.], biographical sketch of 261, 262
H.
Haida Indians, art among XLI, XLII
Hall, C. F., acknowledgments to 409
[Hall, C. F.], cited 411, 422, 432,
442, 443, 444,
445, 446, 447,
448, 449, 450,
452, 456, 457,
459, 462, 463,
464, 486, 499,
503, 509, 547,
578, 583, 589,
594, 595, 596,
601, 602, 606,
607, 608, 611,
614, 615, 639
Hallock, W., on Chiriquian methods of casting 38
Handled group of Chiriquian pottery 90-97
Harpoons of Eskimo, mode of constructing 489-494
Henshaw, H. W., linguistic field work of XXXI-XXXIII
[Henshaw, H. W.], office work of XLV
Herrera, cited 35
Hewett, J. N. B., field work of XXX, XXXI
Hoffman, W. J., field work of XLI, XLII
[Hoffman, W. J.], office work of XLV
Holmes, W. H., office work of XLVIII, XLIX
[Holmes, W. H.], abstract of paper on ancient art of the LI-LIV
province of Chiriqui by
[Holmes, W. H.], abstract of paper on textile art in its LIV, LV
relation to the development of form and ornament by
[Holmes, W. H.], paper by, on ancient art of the 13-187
province of Chiriqui
[Holmes, W. H.], paper by, on textile art in its 189-252
relation to the development of form and ornament
Huacals, exploration of, in Chiriqui 16, 17
Hudson Bay, tribes of western shore of 444-452
Hudson Bay district, geographic description of 414-418
Hudson Bay Indians, snow houses of 547
Humboldt, A. von, notice of Dresden Codex by 262, 263
Hunting, Eskimo methods of 471-513
I.
Igdlumiut Eskimo tribe, situation of 463
Igdlungajung, fabulous tribe in Eskimo tradition 640
Igimarasugdjuqdjuaq the cannibal 633, 634
Iglulik Eskimo tribe, snow houses of 546, 547
Iglulirmiut Eskimo tribe, situation of 444
Ijirang, fabulous people in Eskimo tradition 640
Indian tribes, synonymy of XLIII-XLV
Inuarudligang, fabulous tribe in Eskimo tradition 640
Inugpaqdjuqdjualung 638
Inuit race, divisions of 420
Iowa, secret society among 396
Ititaujang; 615-618
Itivimiut Eskimo tribe, situation of 463
J.
Jones, Mrs. J. A., Onondaga manuscript of XXXI
K.
Kadlu the thunderer 600
Kaiowē language, researches of A. S. Gatschet respecting XXXIV, XXXV
Kalopaling 620, 621
Kangivamiut Eskimo tribe, situation of 463
Kansa, secret society among 396
Kayak, construction of 486-489
Keam, T., Tusayan products collected by XLIX
Kingnaitmiut Eskimo tribe, situation of 424
Kingsborough, Lord, Dresden Codex copied by order of 262
[Kingsborough, Lord], Mexican Antiquities of, cited 266
Kinipetu or Agutit Eskimo tribe, situation of 450, 451
Kiviung 621
Klamath Indians, illustrations of ornamentation by 208, 209, 227
Klamath language, work by A. S. Gatschet on grammar of XLVIII
Kleinschmidt, Eskimo orthography of 413
Klutschak, H. W., cited 411, 448, 449,
451, 457, 458,
459, 466, 502,
509, 510, 516,
552, 553, 570,
582, 595, 596,
614, 615
Kouksoarmiut Eskimo tribe, situation of 463
Kumlien, L., acknowledgments to 409
[Kumlien, L.], cited 412, 471, 474,
475, 482, 483,
524, 549, 550,
567, 589, 596,
606, 607, 610
Kunz, G. F., on use of insects as models in casting 38
metals
[Kunz, G. F.], on Chiriquian methods of plating 39
L.
La Fort, D., Onondaga manuscript of XXXI
Landa, cited 348
Landa's alphabet, insufficiency of 259, 347
Lepsius, cited 418
Lipan Indians, linguistic work of A. S. Gatschet among XXXIII
"Lost color" of Chiriquian art, nature of 86
Lost color group of Chiriquian pottery 113-130
Lyon, G. F., cited 410, 451, 463,
487, 497, 511,
579, 585, 586,
587, 588, 589,
590, 592, 593,
610, 612, 613,
614, 615
M.
M'Donald, A., cited 410
McGuire, J. D., collections of L
Maclean, J. P., field work of XXVII
M'Clintock, Captain, cited 411, 455, 456,
458
McCloud River Indians, illustrations of ornamentation by 221
McNiel, J. A., collection of relics from tombs of XLIX
Chiriqui by
[McNiel, J. A.], archæologic work of, in Chiriqui 14, 15, 20
[McNiel, J. A.], cited 17, 22, 23,
27, 31, 40,
41, 43, 46,
107
Mallery, G., office work of XLV
Manufactures, Eskimo 516-526
Manuscript Troano, copy of, by Brasseur 285, 286, 343
[Manuscript Troano], study of, by C. Thomas, cited 339, 343, 344,
345, 350, 365,
366, 367, 370
Maroon group of Chiriquian pottery 107-109
Mason, O. T., acknowledgments to 409
Matthews, W., field work of XXXVIII-XL
Matthews, W. P. (Bill Nix), Osage traditions dictated by 377
Maya and Mexican manuscripts, C. Thomas on, cited 280
Maya Codices, aids to the study of, by C. Thomas 253-371
Mealing stones of Chiriqui 25-27
Merritt, J. K., cited 14, 16, 49
[Merritt, J. K.], exploration of Bugaba cemetery by 17, 18, 20
Metates of Chiriqui, nature and use of 25-27
Mexican Antiquities, by Lord Kingsborough, cited 266, 267
Middleton, J. D., field work of XXVI-XXVIII
Mindeleff, C., office work of XLVII, XLVIII
Mindeleff, V., field work of XXIX, XXX
[Mindeleff, V.], office work of XLVII, XLVIII
[Mindeleff, V.], collections of XLIX
Mintzer, W., acknowledgments to 409
Modoc Indians, linguistic work among XXXVI, XXXVII
Moki, illustrations of ornamentation by 197, 205, 224,
225, 226, 238,
240
Moravian missionaries, cited 463
Mound explorations, field work on XXVI-XXVIII
Mountain chant of Navajo Indians XXXIX, XL
Museum für Völkerkunde, Berlin, acknowledgments to 409
[Museum für Völkerkunde, Berlin], figured specimens from 472, 473, 474,
477, 479, 480,
481, 483, 486,
487, 488, 496,
508, 513, 514,
515, 518, 519,
520, 523, 531,
532, 554, 555,
556, 557, 565,
566, 567, 568,
569, 570, 571,
576, 613, 634,
644
Music and poetry of the Eskimo 648-658
N.
Nadaillac, Marquis, cited 14, 38
[Nadaillac, Marquis], on Chiriquian methods of casting 38
Na-ishi Apache Indians, linguistic work among XXXV
Narwhal, origin of the 625-627
National Museum, acknowledgments to 409
[National Museum], figured specimens from 474, 479, 480,
481, 487, 488,
489, 490, 492,
493, 494, 495,
496, 502, 503,
504, 505, 506,
507, 512, 513,
515, 516, 518,
521, 522, 523,
524, 525, 526,
530, 531, 532,
535, 539, 555,
556, 559, 560,
563, 565, 566,
576
Navajo Indians, field work of W. Matthews among XXXVIII-XL
Navigation, Eskimo proficiency in 643
Needlecases (?) of Chiriqui 150
Nelson, E. W., collection of earthen vessels from L
eastern central Arizona by
Netchillirmiut Eskimo tribe, situation of 452-458
New Granada, burial customs in 19, 20
Niqotlizi, ceremonies at XXXIX, XL
Norris, P. W., field work and death of XXVI
Northeastern America, geography of 414-418
North Greenlanders 460
Northwest Coast Indians, illustrations of ornamentation 213, 218, 227,
by 230
Nourse, cited 452
Nugumiut Eskimo tribe, situation of 424
O.
Omaha, reticence of, as to secret societies 396
Onondaga, work of J. N. B. Hewitt among XXX, XXX
Oqomiut Eskimo tribe, situation and subdivisions of 424-440
Origin of the Adlet and the Qadlunait 637
Origin of the narwhal 625-627
Osage Indians, traditions among LVI
Osage traditions, paper on, by J.O. Dorsey 373-397
Otis, F. M., paper on Panama ornaments by, mentioned 46
Owen's Valley, California, pictographic material from XLII
P.
Padlimiut Eskimo tribe, situation of 440-442
Parry, W. E., cited 410, 443, 444,
447, 451, 458,
464, 474, 475,
478, 487, 492,
494, 502, 509,
510, 517, 523,
533, 544, 545,
547, 552, 556,
557, 558, 559,
572, 574, 603,
614
Penn wampum belt 233
Penny, cited 425
Peruvians, ancient, illustrations of ornamentation by 211, 212, 214,
228, 230, 231,
235, 236, 237,
242, 243, 248
Petermanns Mitteilungen, cited 409, _note_
Petitot, É., cited 412, 516
Piedra pintal, description of, by Seemann 21, 22
Pilingmiut Eskimo tribe, situation of 444
Pilling, J. C., Bibliography of the Languages of the XXIV-XXVI
North American Indians by
[Pilling, J. C.], office work of XLV, XLVI
Pima Indians, illustrations of ornamentation by 220
Pinart, A. L., cited 14, 15, 20, 22
Piute Indians, illustrations of ornamentation by 198, 205
Poetry and music of the Eskimo 648-658
Polychrome group of Chiriquian pottery 140-147
Polynesian ornamentation, illustrations of 249, 250
Ponka, secret society among 396
Pottery of Chiriqui 53-186
Powell, J.W., report of operations of Bureau of XXIII-LVIII
Ethnology by
Pueblo Indians, researches among XXVIII, XXIX
Q.
Qailertétang, fabulous people in Eskimo tradition 640
Qaudjaqdjuq 628-633
Qaumauangmiut Eskimo tribe, situation of 421, 422
Qinguamiut Eskimo tribe, situation of 424
Quapaw Indians, linguistic work among XXXVII
R.
Rae, John, cited 411, 445, 446,
448, 450, 451,
452, 455, 459,
478, 485, 510,
597
Rattles of ancient Chiriqui 156, 157
Red line group of Chiriquian pottery 109-111
Religious ideas of the Eskimo 583-609
Riggs, R. B., analyses by 49
Rink, H., cited 411, 420, 580,
586, 587, 590,
591, 598, 599
[Rink, H.], acknowledgments to 412
Rogan, J. P., field work of XXVI, XXVII
Rosny, L. de, cited 267, 347, 355,
357
Ross, J., cited 410, 451, 453,
454, 455, 456,
458, 469, 471,
478, 485, 508,
552, 553, 579
Royce, C. C., office work of L, LI
S.
Sagdlirmiut Eskimo tribe, situation of 444
Sagdlirmiut of Southampton Island 451
San Mateo Mountains, Indians near XXXIX
Santa Barbara, Cal., pictographs at XLII
Santa Barbara Indians, linguistic work of H. W. Henshaw XXXI-XXXIII
among
Saumingmiut Eskimo tribe, situation of 424
Scarified group of Chiriquian pottery 87-90
Schellhas, P., cited 345, 359, 360,
361, 362, 364
Schultz-Sellack, K., cited 278
Schwatka, F., cited 445, 457, 458,
459, 464, 465,
470
Science and the arts among the Eskimo 643-658
Seal hunting, Eskimo method of 471-501
Sedna and the fulmar 583-587
Sedna feast 594
Seemann, description of piedra pintal by 21, 22
Seminole Indians, illustrations of ornamentation by 207
Sikosuilarmiut Eskimo tribe, situation of 421, 463
Siletz Agency, linguistic work of J. O. Dorsey at XXXVI
Silvestre, É., Paléographie universelle of, cited 267
Simpson, J., cited 411, 597
Simpson, T., cited 410, 458
Singing house of Eskimo 600-602
Sinimiut Eskimo tribe, situation of 451
Sledges and boats, description of Eskimo 527-538
Smith, Mrs. E. A., field work of XXX, XXXI
[Smith, Mrs. E. A.], office work of XLV
[Smith, Mrs. E. A.], collections of XLIX, L
Smith Sound, Eskimo tribes of 459, 460
Snow houses, of Davis Strait Eskimo 541-544
[Snow houses], of Iglulik Eskimo tribe 544
[Snow houses], of Hudson Bay Indians 547
Social life and customs of Eskimo 574-578
Songish Indians, burial customs and remains of XLII
Spicer, J. O., acknowledgments to 409
[Spicer, J. O.], cited 489, 511, 587,
588, 611
Spindle whorls of Chiriqui 149, 150
Stearns, J. B., specimens in archæological collections 24, 41, 43,
of 45, 48, 49
Stevenson, J., field work of XXVIII, XXIX
[Stevenson, J.], collection of objects of Pueblo art by XLIX
Stevenson, Mrs. J., researches among the Zuñi by XXIX
Stools of ancient Chiriqui 154-156
Sturgis, A., acknowledgments to 409
[Sturgis, A.], cited 491
T.
Talirpingmiut Eskimo tribe, situation of 424
Tents of Eskimo, mode of construction of 551-553
Terra cotta group of Chiriquian pottery 67
Textile art in its relation to the development of form 189-252
and ornament, paper by W. H. Holmes on
Thing, L. H., field work of XXVII, XXVIII
Thlinkit ivory and wood carvings XLII
Thomas, C., field work of XXVI-XXVIII,
XXX
[Thomas, C.], office work of XLVII
[Thomas, C.], collection from mounds by L
[Thomas, C.], abstract of paper on aids to the study of LV-LVI
the Maya codices by
[Thomas, C.], paper on aids to the study of the Maya 253-371
codices by
Tonkawē Indians, linguistic work of A. S. Gatschet among XXXIII, XXXIV
Tornait and angakut 591-598
Tornit, the 634-636, 640
Trade and intercourse between Eskimo tribes 462-470
Tripod group of Chiriquian pottery 97-107
Troano Manuscript, copy of, by Brasseur 285, 286, 343
Tule River Indians, illustrations of ornamentation by 219
Tununirmiut Eskimo tribe, situation of 442-444
Tununirusirmiut Eskimo tribe, situation of 442-444
Turner, L. M., cited 420, 462, 520,
565, 567, 608,
_note_
Tusayan, model of the seven villages of XLVII
[Tusayan], collection of fictile products of XLIX
Tusayan ornament, illustrations of 247, 248
U.
Udleqdjun 636, 637
Ugjulirmiut Eskimo tribe, situation of 458
Uissuit 621
[Uissuit], fabulous people in Eskimo tradition 640
Ukusiksalirmiut Eskimo tribe, situation of 458
Ungavimiut Eskimo tribe, situation of 463
V.
Vater, J. S., cited 262
W.
Walpi, model of XLVII
Warmow, cited 425, 583
Whistles of ancient Chiriqui 164-171
White, B. B., description of cemetery in New Granada by 19
White line group of Chiriquian pottery 111-113
Wiener, cited 242
Wind instruments of ancient Chiriqui 160-171
Winnebago, sacred songs of the Iowa in 396
Y.
Yarrow, H. C., collections of XLIX
[Yarrow, H. C.], field work of XL-XLI
[Yarrow, H. C.], office work of L
Yokut Indians, illustrations of ornamentation by 233, 234
Yuchi Indians, linguistic work among XXV
Z.
Zeltner, A. de, observations on graves in Chiriqui by 14, 18, 19,
41, 42
[Zeltner, A. de], cited 20, 22, 27,
43, 45, 140
[Zeltner, A. de], description of Chiriquian vases by 145-147
Zuñi, studies of Mrs. J. Stevenson among XXIX
[Zuñi], culture growth of XLVI, XLVII
[Zuñi], collection made at XLIX
[Zuñi], illustrations of ornamentation by 239
TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES
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