The Project Gutenberg EBook of The American Housewife, by Anonymous
This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or
re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
Title: The American Housewife
Containing the Most Valuable and Original Receipts in all
the Various Branches of Cookery; and Written in a Minute
and Methodical Manner
Author: Anonymous
Release Date: March 30, 2009 [EBook #28452]
Language: English
*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE AMERICAN HOUSEWIFE ***
Produced by Julia Miller and the Online Distributed
Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was
produced from images generously made available by The
Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
Transcriber's Note
Obvious typographical errors have been corrected. A list of corrections
is found at the end of the text. Inconsistencies in spelling and
hyphenation have been maintained. A list of inconsistently spelled
and hyphenated words is found at the end of the text.
[Illustration: MARKETING
BEEF.
_Hind Quarter._
1. Sirloin.
2. Rump.
3. Edgebone.
4. Buttock.
5. Mouse Buttock.
6. Veiny Piece.
7. Thick Flank.
8. Thin Flank.
9. Leg.
10. Fore Rib; Five Ribs.
_Fore Quarter._
11. Middle Rib; Four Ribs.
12. Chuck; Three Ribs.
13. Shoulder or Leg of Mutton Piece.
14. Brisket.
15. Clod.
16. Neck or Sticking Piece.
17. Shin.
18. Cheek.
VENISON.
1. Haunch.
2. Neck.
3. Shoulder.
4. Breast.]
THE
AMERICAN HOUSEWIFE:
CONTAINING THE MOST
VALUABLE AND ORIGINAL RECEIPTS
IN ALL THE VARIOUS BRANCHES
OF
COOKERY;
AND
WRITTEN IN A MINUTE AND METHODICAL MANNER.
TOGETHER WITH
A COLLECTION OF MISCELLANEOUS RECEIPTS,
AND DIRECTIONS RELATIVE TO HOUSEWIFERY.
BY AN EXPERIENCED LADY.
ALSO THE
WHOLE ART OF CARVING,
ILLUSTRATED BY
SIXTEEN ENGRAVINGS.
THIRD EDITION.
NEW YORK:
PUBLISHED BY DAYTON, AND SAXTON
(SUCCESSORS TO GOULD, NEWMAN, AND SAXTON,)
CORNER OF FULTON AND NASSAU STS.
1841.
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1841, by
DAYTON & SAXTON,
in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for
the Southern District of New-York.
[Illustration: PLATE.
MUTTON.
1. Leg.
2. Loin, Best End.
3. Loin, Chump End.
4. Neck, Best End.
5. Neck, Scrag End.
6. Shoulder.
7. Breast.
A Chime is two Loins.
A Saddle is two Necks.
VEAL.
1. Loin, Best End.
2. Loin, Chump End.
3. Fillet.
4. Hind Knuckle.
5. Fore Knuckle.
6. Neck, Best End.
7. Neck, Scrag End.
8. Blade Bone.
9. Breast, Best End.
10. Breast, Brisket End.
PORK.
1. The Spare Rib.
2. Hand.
3. Spring.
4. Fore Loin.
5. Hind Loin.
6. Leg.]
PREFACE.
The writer does not deem any apology necessary for adding another to the
long list of gastronomic works, provided she has accomplished the
desirable object of producing a Cook Book which shall commend itself to
all persons of true taste--that is to say, those whose taste has not
been vitiated by a mode of cooking contrary to her own. Although not a
Ude or a Kitchener, she does profess to have sufficient knowledge of the
culinary art, as practised by _good American cooks_, to instruct those
not versed in this truly interesting science.
The inefficiency of most works of this kind are well known to all
experienced housekeepers, they being generally a mere compilation of
receipts, by those who _have no practical knowledge_ of the subject, and
are consequently unable to judge of their correctness, or to give the
necessary directions for _putting_ the ingredients together in the right
manner. A conviction that a _good practical Cook Book_ was much needed,
induced the writer to exert herself to supply the deficiency. She does
not pretend to infallibility, but having taken a great deal of pains to
have each receipt as correct and nice as possible, she trusts that they
will generally give satisfaction.
The mode of cooking is such as is generally practised by good American
housekeepers, and the receipts embrace all the various branches of the
culinary science, from preparing the most simple vegetables or broths,
to making the most delicate cake, creams, sweetmeats, &c. The writer has
endeavored to combine both economy and that which will be agreeable to
the palate, but she has never suffered the former to supersede the
latter. This book is intended for all classes of society, embracing
receipts both for rich and plain cooking, and written in such a plain
manner, that the most unskilled need not err. Placed in the hands of any
servant of common capacity, who can read, it will set aside the
necessity of those frequent applications for directions, with which the
patience of housekeepers is often tried. The experienced cook may smile
at the minuteness of the directions; but, if she has witnessed as much
good food spoiled by improper cooking as the writer of these receipts,
she will not think she has been too explicit.
In regard to the seasoning of food, it has been found impossible to give
any exact rules, as so much depends upon the quality of the seasoning
and food. The cook should be careful not to have the natural flavor of
the food overpowered by the seasoning; and where a variety of spices are
used, no one of them should predominate.
Independent of the receipts for cookery, we have annexed a collection of
miscellaneous receipts relative to housekeeping, which, together with
the copious illustrations and directions for carving, we trust will
render it of superior usefulness.
In conclusion, the writer would give her sincere thanks to those of her
friends who have kindly furnished her with their choice and valuable
receipts: and to those into whose hands the book may fall she would ask
a fair trial of them before passing judgment.
CONTENTS.
NO. PAGE
MEAT.
1 Observations respecting Meat, 9
2 Roast Beef, 10
3 Beefsteak, 10
4 Alamode Beef, 11
5 Beef Liver, 11
6 To Corn Beef, 11
7 Mutton, 12
8 Veal, 13
9 Veal Cutlets, 13
10 Calf's Head, 14
11 Force Meat Balls, 14
12 Calf's Feet, 14
13 Calf's Liver and Heart, 15
14 Collops, 15
15 Plaw, 15
16 Fillet of Veal, 15
17 Lamb, 16
18 Shoulder of Lamb, Grilled, 16
19 Lamb's Fry, 17
20 Turkey, 17
21 Goose, 18
22 Chickens, 18
23 Fricassee, 18
24 Pigeons, 19
25 Ducks, 19
26 Baked or Roast Pig, 19
27 Sweet Bread, Liver, and Heart, 20
28 Pressed Head, 20
29 Souse, 20
30 Tripe, 21
31 Sausages, 21
32 To Cure and Cook Hams, 21
33 To Salt and Smoke Tongues, 22
34 Curries, 22
MEAT PIES.
35 Chicken Pie, 22
36 Beef and Mutton Pie, 23
37 Chicken and Veal Pot Pie, 23
38 To Frizzle Beef, 24
39 Warmed-over Meats, 24
40 A Ragout of Cold Veal, 25
GRAVIES AND SAUCES.
41 Drawn Butter, 25
42 Burnt Butter, 25
43 Roast Meat Gravy, 25
44 Sauce for Fish, Salad, and Cold Meat, 26
45 Wine Sauce for Mutton and Venison, 26
46 Rice Sauce, 26
47 Oyster Sauce, 26
48 Celery Sauce, 27
49 Brown Sauce for Poultry, 27
50 Savory Jelly Sauce for Cold Meat, 27
51 Liver Sauce for Fish, 27
52 Lobster Sauce, 27
53 Chicken Salad, 28
54 Turtle, or Calf's Head Sauce, 28
55 Apple and Cranberry Sauce, 28
56 Pudding Sauce, 28
57 Tomato Soy, 29
58 Tomato Catsup, 29
59 Mushroom Catsup, 29
60 Walnut Catsup, 30
61 Curry Powder, 30
62 Essence of Celery, 30
SOUPS.
63 Soup Herb Spirit, 30
64 Plain Veal Soup, 30
65 Mock Turtle, or Calf's Head Soup, 31
66 Beef and Black Soup, 31
67 Chicken and Turkey Soup, 31
68 Oyster Soup, 32
69 Pea Soup, 32
70 Portable Soup, 32
VARIOUS METHODS OF COOKING EGGS.
71 To Boil Eggs, 33
72 Omelet, 33
73 Poached Eggs, 33
FISH.
74 Directions for Broiling, Boiling, and Frying Fish, 34
75 Chowders, 35
76 Baked Fish, 35
77 Codfish, 35
78 Cod Sounds and Tongues, 36
79 Halibut, 36
80 Bass, 36
81 Black Fish, 36
82 To Cook Shad, or Salt them for winter use, 36
83 Sturgeons, 37
84 Fish Cakes, 37
85 Fish Balls, 37
86 Lobsters and Crabs, 37
87 Scollops, 38
88 Eels, 38
89 Trout, 38
90 Clams, 38
91 To Stew Oysters, 39
92 To Fry Oysters, 39
93 Oyster Pancakes, 39
94 Oyster Pies, 39
95 Scolloped Oysters, 40
VEGETABLES.
96 Potatoes, 40
97 Potato Snow Balls, 40
98 Turnips, 41
99 Beets, 41
100 Parsnips and Carrots, 41
101 Onions, 41
102 Artichokes, 41
103 Squashes, 42
104 Cabbage and Cauliflowers, 42
105 Asparagus, 42
106 Peas, 43
107 Sweet Corn, 43
108 To Bake and Boil Beans, 43
109 Greens, 44
110 Salads, 44
111 To Prepare Cucumbers for Eating, 44
112 To Stew Mushrooms, 44
113 To Cook Egg Plant, 45
114 Celeriac, 45
115 Salsify, or Vegetable Oyster, 45
116 Tomatoes, 45
117 Gumbo, 46
118 Southern Method of Boiling Rice, 46
PICKLES.
119 General Directions for Pickling, 46
120 Peppers, 47
121 Mangoes, 47
122 Butternuts, 48
123 Peaches and Apricots, 48
124 Cabbage and Cauliflowers, 48
125 East India Pickle, 49
126 French Beans and Radish Pods, 49
127 Nasturtions, 49
128 Samphire, 49
129 Onions, 50
130 Artichokes, 50
131 Cucumbers, 50
132 Gherkins, 51
133 To Pickle Oysters, 51
134 Mushrooms, 51
BREAD.
135 Wheat Bread, 51
136 Sponge Bread, 52
137 Rye Bread, 53
138 Brown Bread, 53
139 Indian Bread, 53
140 Potato Bread, 53
141 Rice Bread, 53
142 French Rolls, 54
143 Yeast, 54
144 Yeast Cakes, 55
BISCUIT.
145 Butter Biscuit, 55
146 Buttermilk Biscuit, 56
147 Hard Biscuit, 56
148 Saleratus Biscuit, or Short Cakes, 56
149 Potato Biscuit, 56
150 Sponge Biscuit, 57
151 Crackers, 57
HOT CAKES.
152 Cream Cakes, 57
153 Crumpets, 57
154 Rice Cakes, 57
155 Rice Ruffs, 58
156 Buckwheat Cakes, 58
157 Economy Cakes, 58
158 Green Corn Cake, 59
159 Ground Corn Cake, 59
160 Indian Slap Jacks, 59
161 Journey Cakes, 59
162 Hoe Cake, 60
163 Muffins, 60
164 Raised Flour Waffles, 60
165 Quick Waffles, 60
166 Rice Waffles, 61
167 Rice Wafers, 61
SWEET CAKES.
168 Directions for making Cake nice, 61
169 Frosting for Cake, 62
170 Sponge Gingerbread, 62
171 Hard Gingerbread, 63
172 Soft Gingerbread, 63
173 Sugar Gingerbread, 63
174 Ginger Snaps, 63
175 Spice Cakes, 64
176 Cider Cake, 64
177 Bannoch, or Sweet Meal Cakes, 64
178 Rich Cookies, 64
179 Tea Cakes, or Plain Cookies, 64
180 New Year's Cookies, 65
181 Shrewsbury Cake, 65
182 Tunbridge Cake, 65
183 Jumbles, 65
184 Composition Cake, 65
185 Rusk, 66
186 Whigs, 66
187 Nut Cakes, 66
188 Crollers, 67
189 Molasses Dough Cake, 67
190 Sugar Dough Cake, 67
191 Measure Cake, 68
192 French Cake, 68
193 Washington Cake, 68
194 Cup Cake, 68
195 Plain Cream Cake, 69
196 Rich Cream Cake, 69
197 Cymbals, 69
198 Rich Loaf Cake, 69
199 Plain Loaf Cake, 70
200 Shelah, or Quick Loaf Cake, 70
201 Rice Cake, 70
202 Diet Cake, 71
203 Lemon Cake, 71
204 Scotch Cake, 71
205 Pound Cake, 71
206 Confectioner's Pound Cake, 71
207 Queen's Cake, 72
208 Delicate Cake, 72
209 Jelly Cake, 72
210 Strawberry Cake, 73
211 Superior Sponge Cake, 73
212 Good Sponge Cake, 73
213 Almond Cake, 73
214 Fruit Cake, 74
215 Black Cake, 74
216 Maccaroons, 75
217 Cocoanut Cakes, 75
218 Tory Wafers, 75
219 Sugar Drops, 75
220 Savoy Cakes, 76
221 Almond Cheese Cakes, 76
TRIFLES.
222 Flummery, 76
223 Floating Island, 76
224 Whip Syllabub, 77
225 Ornamental Froth, for Blanc Mange or Creams, 77
226 Ice Currants, 77
227 Apple Snow, 77
228 Comfits, 77
BLANC MANGES.
229 Isinglass Blanc Mange, 78
230 Calf's Feet Blanc Mange, 78
231 Rice Flour Blanc Mange, 78
232 Unground Rice Blanc Mange, 78
CREAMS.
233 Snow Cream, 79
234 Orange Cream, 79
235 Lemon Cream, 79
236 Iced Creams, 79
PASTRY AND PIES.
237 Pastry, 80
238 Puff Paste, or Confectioner's Pastry, 81
239 Apple Pies, 81
240 Mince Pie, 82
241 Rice Pie, 83
242 Peach Pie, 83
243 Tart Pies, 83
244 Rhubarb Pies, 84
245 Tomato Pie, 84
246 Lemon Pie, 84
247 Cherry and Blackberry Pies, 84
248 Grape Pies, 85
249 Currant and Gooseberry Pies, 85
250 Prune Pie, 85
251 Pumpkin Pie, 85
252 Carrot Pie, 86
253 Potato Pie, 86
254 Sweet Marlborough Pie, 87
255 Marlborough Tarts, 87
256 Cocoanut Pie, 87
257 Small Puffs, 88
CUSTARDS.
258 Plain Custard Pie, 88
259 Rich Baked Custards, 88
260 Boiled Custards, 88
261 Mottled Custard, 89
262 Cream Custard, 89
263 Almond Custard, 89
264 Apple Custard, 90
PUDDINGS.
265 Directions for making Puddings, 90
266 Hasty Pudding, 90
267 Corn Pudding, 91
268 Cracker Pudding, 91
269 Boiled Indian Pudding, 91
270 Baked Indian Pudding, 91
271 Minute Pudding, 92
272 Boiled Bread Pudding, 92
273 A Plain Baked Bread Pudding, 92
274 Rich Bread Pudding, 93
275 Flour Pudding, 93
276 Boiled Rice Pudding, 93
277 Baked Rice Pudding, without Eggs, 94
278 Baked Rice Pudding, with Eggs, 94
279 Ground Rice Pudding, 94
280 Rice Snow Balls, 94
281 Cream Pudding, 95
282 Custard Pudding, 95
283 Rennet Pudding, 95
284 Fruit Pudding, 95
285 Quaking Pudding, 96
286 Lemon Pudding, 96
287 Almond Pudding, 96
288 Tapioca Pudding, 97
289 Sago Pudding, 97
290 Orange Pudding, 97
291 Bird's Nest, or Transparent Pudding, 98
292 English Plum Pudding, 98
FRITTERS AND DUMPLINGS.
293 Plain Fritters, 98
294 Apple Fritters, 98
295 Cream Fritters, 99
296 Oxford Dumplings, 99
297 Apple Dumplings, 99
SYRUPS.
298 Lemon Syrup, 99
299 Orange Syrup, 100
300 Blackberry Syrup, 100
301 Elderberry Syrup, 100
302 Molasses Syrup, for Sweetmeats, 100
303 To Clarify Syrup for Sweetmeats, 101
SWEETMEATS.
304 Directions for Preserving, 101
305 To preserve Quinces, 102
306 Quince Marmalade, 103
307 To preserve Pears, 103
308 Pear Marmalade, 103
309 To preserve Peaches, 103
310 Peach Jam, 104
311 To preserve Peaches in Brandy, 104
312 Raspberries, 104
313 Cherries, 105
314 Currants, 105
315 Prunes, 105
316 Cranberries, 106
317 To preserve Crab or Siberian Apples, 106
318 Barberries, 106
319 Tomatoes, 107
320 To preserve Common Apples, 107
321 Cymbelines, or Mock Citron, 107
322 Watermelon Rinds, 108
323 Muskmelons, 108
324 Pine Apples, 109
325 Pumpkins, 109
326 Gages, 110
327 To preserve Strawberries, 110
328 Blackberry and Raspberry Jam, 110
JELLIES.
329 Strawberry, Raspberry, and Blackberry Jellies, 110
330 Cranberry, Grape, and Currant Jellies, 111
331 Quince Jelly, 111
332 Apple Jelly, 111
333 Lemon Jelly, 112
334 Calf's Feet Jelly, 112
335 Hartshorn Jelly, 113
COMMON DRINKS.
336 Coffee, 113
337 Tea, 114
338 Chocolate, 114
339 Hop Beer, 114
340 Beer of Essential Oils, 115
341 Spring Beer, 115
342 Ginger Beer, 116
343 Instantaneous Beer, 116
344 Mixed Wine, 116
345 Currant Wine, 116
346 Grape Wine, 117
347 To mull Wine, 117
348 Quince Cordial, 117
349 Peach Cordial, 117
350 Smallage Cordial, 118
351 Currant Shrub, 118
352 Raspberry Shrub, 118
353 Lemon Shrub, 118
354 Sherbet, 119
355 Noyeau, 119
356 Mead, 119
ESSENCES.
357 Essence of Lemon, 119
358 Essence of Ginger, 120
359 Spice Brandy, 120
360 Rosewater, 120
PERFUMERY.
361 To extract the Essential Oil of Flowers, 121
362 Perfumery Bags, 121
363 Cologne Water, 121
364 Lavender Water, 121
365 Aromatic Vinegar, 121
COOKERY FOR THE SICK.
366 Barley Water, 122
367 Rice Gruel, 122
368 Water Gruel, 122
369 Caudle, 122
370 Arrow Root Custards, 123
371 Wine Whey, 123
372 Stomachic Tincture, 123
373 Thoroughwort Bitters, 123
374 Cough Tea, 124
375 Beef Tea, 124
376 Moss Jelly, 124
377 Sago Jelly, 124
378 Tapioca Jelly, 125
MISCELLANEOUS RECEIPTS RELATIVE TO HOUSEWIFERY.
379 To renew Old Bread and Cake, 125
380 To keep Insects from Cheese, 125
381 To pot Cheese, 125
382 To pot Butter for winter, 125
383 To extract Salt from Butter, 126
384 To extract Rancidity from Butter, 126
385 To preserve Cream for a long time, 126
386 Substitute for Cream, 126
387 To keep Eggs several months, 126
388 To melt Fat for Shortening, 126
389 To keep Vegetables through the winter, 126
390 To preserve Herbs a year, 126
391 To keep various kinds of Fruit through the winter, 126
392 To keep Pickles and Sweetmeats, 127
393 Cautions relative to the use of Brass and Copper Cooking
Utensils, 127
394 Durable Ink, 127
395 Black Ball, 127
396 Liquid Blacking, 127
397 Cement for the mouths of Bottles, 127
398 Cement for China, Glass, and Earthenware, 127
399 Japanese Cement, 128
400 Alabaster Cement, 128
401 To clean Alabaster, 128
402 Cement for Ironware, 128
403 To loosen Glass Stopples, when wedged tight in bottles, 128
404 Lip Salve, 128
405 Cold Cream, 128
406 To prevent the formation of a crust on Tea-Kettles, 128
407 To remove Stains from Broad cloth, 128
408 To extract Paint from Goods, 128
409 To remove Stains on Scarlet Woollen Goods, 128
410 To extract Grease from Silks, Woollens, and Floors, 128
411 To extract Stains from White Cotton and Colored Silks, 129
412 Directions for Washing Calicoes, 129
413 Directions for Cleaning Silk Goods, 129
414 Directions for Washing Woollen Goods, 129
415 Directions for Washing White Cotton Clothes, 130
416 Starch, 130
417 To clean Nice Shawls, 130
418 Directions for Carpets, 130
419 To clean Light Kid Gloves, 130
420 To restore Rusty Crape, 131
421 To clean Mahogany and Marble Furniture, 131
422 To clean Stoves and Stone Hearths, 131
423 To extract Ink from Floors, 131
424 To remove Paint and Putty from Window Glass, 131
425 To clean Feather Beds and Mattresses, 131
426 To clean Vials and Pie Plates, 131
427 To temper Earthenware, 131
428 To temper new Ovens and Ironware, 132
429 To polish Brass, Britannia, and Silver Utensils, 132
430 To remove or keep Cutlery from contracting rust, 132
431 Preservatives against the ravages of Moths, 132
432 To destroy various kinds of household Vermin, 132
COMMON DYES.
433 To dye Black, 132
434 Green and Blue Dye, 133
435 Yellow Dyes, 133
436 Red Dyes, 133
437 Slate-Colored Dye, 133
SOAPS.
438 Soap from Scraps, 134
439 Cold Soap, 134
440 Hard Soap, 134
441 Windsor and Castile Soap, 134
442 Bayberry, or Myrtle Soap, 134
THE ART OF CARVING.
1 Sirloin of Beef, 135
2 Aitch, or Edgebone of Beef, 136
3 Shoulder of Mutton, 136
4 Knuckle of Veal, 137
5 Roasted Breast of Veal, 137
6 A Spare Rib, 138
7 Saddle of Mutton, 138
8 Pig, 138
9 Half a Calf's Head, boiled, 139
10 Leg of Mutton, 139
11 Ham, 140
12 Fore Quarter of Lamb, 140
13 Haunch of Venison, 141
14 Round of Beef, 141
15 Brisket of Beef, 141
16 Leg of Pork, 141
17 Haunch of Mutton, 141
18 Goose, 142
19 A Fowl, 142
20 Partridge, 143
21 Pigeons, 143
22 Turkey, 143
23 Cod's Head, 144
PRACTICAL COOKERY.
1. _Observations respecting Meat._
Meat to be in perfection should be kept a number of days when the
weather will admit of it. Beef and mutton should be kept at least a week
in cold weather, and poultry three or four days. If the weather is hot,
it will keep but a short time. It should be kept in a cool, airy place,
away from the flies, and if there is any danger of its spoiling, a
little salt should be rubbed over it. When meat is frozen, it should be
put into lukewarm water, and not taken out till the frost is extracted.
If there is any frost in it when put to the fire, it will not cook well.
The best way to boil it is to put it in cold water, and boil it gently,
with just water enough to cover it, as it hardens by furious boiling.
The part that is to be up on the table, should be down in the pot, as
the scum that rises is apt to make the meat look dark--the scum should
be taken off as soon as it rises. The liquor in which all kinds of fresh
meat is boiled, makes a good soup, when thickened and seasoned. Boiling
is the cheapest way of cooking meat, provided you make a soup of the
liquor; if not, it is the dearest, as most of the gelatine is extracted
by the process of boiling, which is the most nourishing part, and if not
used for soup, is completely lost. In roasting meat, only the juices and
fat are extracted, but not lost, as the juices make good gravy, and the
fat is good for various culinary purposes. When it is put down to roast,
there should be a little water in the dripping pan. For broiling, the
bars of the gridiron should be perfectly clean, and greased with lard or
butter, otherwise the meat will retain the impression of the bars. The
bars of the gridiron should be concave, and terminate in a trough, to
catch the juices, or they will drop in the fire and smoke the meat. A
good fire of hot coals is necessary to have the meat broil as quick as
possible without burning. The gridiron should be put on the fire, and
well heated before the meat is laid on it. The dish should be very hot
on which broiled meat is put, and it should not be seasoned till taken
up. If you wish to fry meat, cut a small piece of pork into slices, and
fry them a light brown, then take them up and put in your meat, which
should be perfectly dry. When the meat is sufficiently fried, take it
up, remove the frying pan from the fire to cool; when so, turn in a
little cold water for the gravy, put it on the fire--when it boils, stir
in a little mixed flour and water, let it boil, then turn it over the
meat. If not rich enough, add butter and catsup if you like.
2. _Roast Beef._
The tender loin and first and second cuts off the rack are the best
roasting pieces--the third and fourth cuts are good. When the meat is
put to the fire, a little salt should be sprinkled on it, and the bony
side turned towards the fire first. When the bones get well heated
through, turn the meat, and keep a brisk fire--baste it frequently while
roasting. There should be a little water put into the dripping pan when
the meat is put down to roast. If it is a thick piece, allow fifteen
minutes to each pound to roast it in--if thin, less time will be
required.
3. _Beef Steak._
The tender loin is the best piece for broiling--a steak from the round
or shoulder clod is good and comes cheaper. If the beef is not very
tender, it should be laid on a board and pounded, before broiling or
frying it. Wash it in cold water, then lay it on a gridiron, place it on
a hot bed of coals, and broil it as quick as possible without burning
it. If broiled slow, it will not be good. It takes from fifteen to
twenty minutes to broil a steak. For seven or eight pounds of beef, cut
up about a quarter of a pound of butter. Heat the platter very hot that
the steak is to be put on, lay the butter on it, take up the steak, salt
and pepper it on both sides. Beef steak to be good, should be eaten as
soon as cooked. A few slices of salt pork broiled with the steak makes a
rich gravy with a very little butter. There should always be a trough
to catch the juices of the meat when broiled. The same pieces that are
good broiled are good for frying. Fry a few slices of salt pork, brown,
then take them up and put in the beef. When brown on both sides, take it
up, take the pan off from the fire, to let the fat cool; when cool, turn
in half a tea cup of water, mix a couple of tea spoonsful of flour with
a little water, stir it into the fat, put the pan back on the fire, stir
it till it boils up, then turn it over the beef.
4. _Alamode Beef._
The round of beef is the best piece to alamode--the shoulder clod is
good, and comes lower; it is also good stewed, without any spices. For
five pounds of beef, soak about a pound of bread in cold water till
soft, then drain off the water, mash the bread fine, put in a piece of
butter, of the size of a hen's egg, half a tea spoonful of salt, the
same quantity of ground cloves, allspice, and pepper, half a nutmeg, a
couple of eggs, and a table spoonful of flour--mix the whole well
together; then cut gashes in the beef, and fill them with about half of
the dressing, put the meat in a bake-pan, with lukewarm water enough to
cover it; set it where it will stew gently for a couple of hours, cover
it with a heated bake pan lid. When it has stewed a couple of hours,
turn the reserved dressing on top of the meat, heat the bake pan lid hot
enough to brown the dressing, stew it an hour and a half longer. After
the meat is taken up, if the gravy is not thick enough, mix a tea
spoonful or two of flour with a little water, and stir it into the
gravy; put in a little butter, a wine glass of wine, and turn it over
the meat.
5. _Beef Liver._
Liver is very good fried, but the best way to cook it, is to broil it
ten minutes, with four or five slices of salt pork. Then take it, cut it
into small strips together with the pork, put it in a stew pan, with a
little water, butter, and pepper. Stew it four or five minutes.
6. _To Corn Beef._
To every gallon of cold water, put a quart of rock salt, an ounce of
salt-petre, quarter of a pound of brown sugar--(some people use
molasses, but it is not as good)--no boiling is necessary. Put the beef
in the brine. As long as any salt remains at the bottom of the cask it
is strong enough. Whenever any scum rises, the brine should be scalded,
skimmed, and more sugar, salt and salt-petre added. When a piece of beef
is put in the brine, rub a little salt over it. If the weather is hot,
cut a gash to the bone of the meat, and fill it with salt. Put a heavy
weight on the beef in order to keep it under the brine. In very hot
weather, it is difficult to corn beef in cold brine before it spoils. On
this account it is good to corn it in the pot when boiled. It is done in
the following manner; to six or eight pounds of beef, put a tea cup of
salt, sprinkle flour on the side that is to go up on the table, and put
it down in the pot, turn the water into the pot after the beef is put
in, boil it a couple of hours, then turn in more cold water, and boil it
an hour and a half longer.
7. _Mutton._
The saddle is the best part to roast--the shoulder and leg are good
roasted; but the best mode to cook the latter, is to boil it with a
piece of salt pork. A little rice boiled with it, improves the looks of
it. Mutton for roasting, should have a little butter rubbed on it, and a
little salt and pepper sprinkled on it--some people like cloves and
allspice. Put a small piece of butter in the dripping pan, and baste it
frequently. The bony side should be turned towards the fire first, and
roasted. For boiling or roasting mutton, allow a quarter of an hour to
each pound of meat. The leg is good cut in gashes, and filled with a
dressing, and baked. The dressing is made of soaked bread, a little
butter, salt, and pepper, and a couple of eggs. A pint of water with a
little butter should be put in the pan. The leg is also good, cut into
slices and broiled. It is good corned a few days, and then boiled. The
rack is good for broiling--it should be divided, each bone by itself,
broiled quick, and buttered, salted and peppered. The breast of mutton
is nice baked. The joints of the brisket should be separated, the sharp
ends of the ribs sawed off, the outside rubbed over with a little piece
of butter--salt it, and put it in a bake pan, with a pint of water. When
done, take it up, and thicken the gravy with a little flour and water,
and put in a small piece of butter. A table spoonful of catsup, cloves
and allspice, improve it, but are not essential. The neck of mutton
makes a good soup. Parsely or celery-heads are a pretty garnish for
mutton.
8. _Veal._
The loin of veal is the best piece for roasting. The breast and rack are
good roasted. The breast also is good made into a pot pie, and the rack
cut into small pieces and broiled. The leg is nice for frying, and when
several slices have been cut off for cutlets, the remainder is nice
boiled with a small piece of salt pork. Veal for roasting should be
salted, peppered, and a little butter rubbed on it, and basted
frequently. Put a little water in the dripping pan, and unless the meat
is quite fat, a little butter should be put in. The fillet is good
baked, the bone should be cut out, and the place filled with a dressing,
made of bread soaked soft in cold water, a little salt, pepper, a couple
of eggs, and a table spoonful of melted butter put in--then sew it up,
put it in your bake pan, with about a pint of water, cover the top of
the meat with some of the dressing. When baked sufficiently, take it up,
thicken the gravy with a little flour and water well mixed, put in a
small piece of butter, and a little wine and catsup, if you like the
gravy rich.
9. _Veal Cutlets._
Fry three or four slices of pork until brown--take them up, then put in
slices of veal, about an inch thick, cut from the leg. When brown on
both sides, take them up--stir half a pint of water into the gravy, then
mix two or three tea spoonsful of flour with a little water, and stir it
in--soak a couple of slices of toasted bread in the gravy, lay them on
the bottom of the platter, place the meat and pork over it, then turn on
the gravy. A very nice way to cook the cutlets, is to make a batter with
half a pint of milk, an egg beaten to a froth, and flour enough to
render it thick. When the veal is fried brown, dip it into the batter,
then put it back into the fat, and fry it until brown again. If you have
any batter left, it is nice dropped by the large spoonful into the fat,
and fried till brown, then laid over the veal. Thicken the gravy and
turn it over the whole. It takes about an hour to cook this dish. If the
meat is tough, it will be better to stew it half an hour before frying
it.
10. _Calf's Head._
Boil the head two hours, together with the lights and feet. Put in the
liver when it has boiled an hour and twenty minutes. Before the head is
done, tie the brains in a bag, and boil them with it; when the brains
are done, take them up, season them with salt, pepper, butter, and sweet
herbs, or spices if you like--use this as a dressing for the head. Some
people prefer part of the liver and feet for dressing--they are prepared
like the brains. The liquor that the calf's head is boiled in, makes a
good soup, seasoned in a plain way like any other veal soup, or seasoned
turtle fashion. The liquor should stand until the next day after the
head is boiled, in order to have the fat rise, and skimmed off. If you
wish to have your calf's head look brown, take it up when tender, rub a
little butter over it, sprinkle on salt, pepper, and allspice--sprinkle
flour over it, and put before the fire, with a Dutch oven over it, or in
a brick oven where it will brown quick. Warm up the brains with a little
water, butter, salt, and pepper. Add wine and spices if you like. Serve
it up as a dressing for the head. Calf's head is also good, baked. Halve
it, rub butter over it, put it in a pan, with about a quart of water;
then cover it with a dressing made of bread soaked soft, a little
butter, an egg, and season it with salt, pepper, and powdered mace.
Slice up the brains, and lay them in the pan with the head. Bake it in a
quick oven, and garnish it with slices of lemon, or force meat balls.
11. _Force Meat Balls._
Chop a pound or two of veal fine--mix it with one or two eggs, a little
butter, or raw pork chopped fine--season it with salt and pepper, or
curry powder. Do them up into balls about the size of half an egg, and
fry them brown.
12. _Calf's Feet._
Boil them with the head, until tender, then split and lay them round
the head, or dredge them with flour after they have been boiled tender,
and fry them brown. If you wish for gravy for them, when you have taken
them up, stir a little flour into the fat they were fried in; season it
with salt, pepper, and mace. Add a little butter and wine if you like,
then turn it over the feet.
13. _Calf's Liver and Heart._
Are good, broiled or fried. Some people like the liver stuffed and
baked.
14. _Collops._
Cut part of a leg of veal into pieces, three or four inches
broad--sprinkle flour on them, fry them in butter until brown, then turn
in water enough to cover the veal. When it boils, take off the scum, put
in two or three onions, a blade of mace, a little salt and pepper. When
stewed tender, take up the meat, thicken the gravy with flour and water,
mixed smoothly together, squeeze in the juice of half a lemon, then turn
it over the collops. Garnish them with a lemon cut in thin slices.
15. _Plaw._
Boil a piece of lean veal till tender. Take it up, cut it into strips
three or four inches long, put it back into the pot, with the liquor it
was boiled in, with a tea cup of rice to three pounds of veal. Put in a
piece of butter, of the size of a hen's egg; season it with salt,
pepper, and sweet herbs if you like; stew it gently till the rice is
tender, and the water nearly stewed away. A little curry powder in this,
converts it into a curry dish.
16. _A Fillet of Veal._
Cut off the shank of a leg of veal, and cut gashes in the remainder.
Make a dressing of bread, soaked soft in cold water, and mashed; season
it with salt, pepper, and sweet herbs; chop a little raw pork fine, put
it in the dressing, and if you have not pork, use a little butter
instead. Fill the gashes in the meat with part of the dressing, put it
in a bake pan, with just water enough to cover it; put the remainder of
the dressing on top of the meat, and cover it with a heated bake pan
lid. For six pounds of veal, allow two hours' steady baking. A leg of
veal is nice prepared in this manner, and roasted.
17. _Lamb._
The fore and hind quarters are good roasting pieces. Sprinkle salt and
pepper on the lamb, turn the bony side towards the fire first; if not
fat, rub a little butter on it, and put a little in the dripping pan;
baste it frequently. These pieces are good stuffed like a fillet of
veal, and roasted. The leg is also good, cooked in the same manner; but
it is better boiled with a pound of salt pork. Allow fifteen minutes
boiling to each pound of meat. The breast of lamb is good roasted,
broiled, or corned and boiled; it is also good made into a pot pie. The
fore quarter, with the ribs divided, is good broiled. The bones of this,
as well as all kinds of meat, when put down to broil, should first be
put towards the fire, and browned before the other side is broiled. A
little salt, pepper, and butter, should be put on it when you take it
up. Lamb is very apt to spoil in warm weather. If you wish to keep a leg
several days, put it in brine. It should not be put with pork, as fresh
meat is apt to injure it. Lamb's head, feet, and heart, are good, boiled
till tender, then cut off the flesh from the head, cut up the heart, and
split the feet in two; put the whole into a pan, with a pint of the
liquor they were boiled in, together with a little butter, pepper, salt,
and half a tea cup of tomato catsup; thicken the gravy with a little
flour; stew the whole for a few moments. Pepper-grass, or parsely, are a
pretty garnish for this dish.
18. _Shoulder of Lamb Grilled._
The shoulder of lamb is good roasted plain, but is better cooked in the
following manner. Score it in checkers, about an inch long, rub it over
with a little butter, and the yelk of an egg; then dip it into finely
pounded bread crumbs; sprinkle on salt, pepper, and sweet herbs; roast
it till of a light brown. This is good with plain gravy, but better with
a sauce, made in the following manner. Take a quarter of a pint of the
drippings from the meat, mix it with the same quantity of water, set it
on the fire; when it boils up, thicken it with a little flour and water
mixed, put in a table spoonful of tomato catsup, the juice and grated
rind of a lemon; season it with salt and pepper.
19. _Lamb's Fry._
The heart and sweet bread are nice fried plainly, or dipped into a
beaten egg and fine bread crumbs. They should be fried in lard.
20. _Turkey._
Take out the inwards, wash both the inside and outside of the turkey.
Prepare a dressing made of bread, soaked soft in cold water, (the water
should be drained from the bread, and the bread mashed fine.) Melt a
small piece of butter, and mix it with the dressing, or else put in salt
pork, chopped fine; season it with salt and pepper; add sweet herbs if
you like. An egg in the dressing, makes it cut smoother. Any kind of
cooked meat is nice minced fine, and mixed with the dressing. If the
inwards are used, they ought to be boiled very tender, as it is very
difficult to cook them through while the turkey is roasting. Fill the
crop and body of the turkey with the dressing, sew it up, tie up the
legs and wings, rub on a little salt and butter. Roast it from two to
three hours, according to its size; twenty-five minutes to every pound,
is a good rule. The turkey should be roasted slowly at first, and basted
frequently. A little water should be put into the dripping pan, when the
meat is put down to roast. For a gravy to the turkey, take the liquor
that the inwards are boiled in, put into it a little of the turkey
drippings, set it where it will boil, thicken it with a little flour and
water, previously mixed smooth. Season it with salt, pepper, and sweet
herbs if you like. Drawn butter is used for boiled turkey. A turkey for
boiling should be prepared in the same manner as one for roasting. If
you wish to have it look white, tie it up in a cloth, unless you boil
rice in the pot. If rice is used, put in two-thirds of a tea cup. A
pound or two of salt pork, boiled with the turkey, improves it. If you
wish to make a soup of the liquor in which the turkey is boiled, let it
remain until the next day, then skim off the fat. Heat and season it.
21. _Goose._
If a goose is tender under the wing, and you can break the skin easily
by running the head of a pin across the breast, there is no danger of
its being tough. A goose should be dressed in the same manner, and
roasted the same length of time as a turkey.
22. _Chickens._
Chickens for roasting or boiling should have a dressing prepared like
that for turkies. Half a tea cup of rice boiled with the chickens makes
them look white. They will be less liable to break if the water is cold
when they are put in. A little salt pork boiled with the chickens,
improves them. If you do not boil pork with them they will need salt.
Chickens for broiling should be split, the inwards taken out, and the
chicken washed inside and out. Put the bony side down on the gridiron,
and broil it very slowly until brown, then turn it, and brown it on the
other side. About forty minutes is required to broil a common sized
chicken. For roast chicken, boil the liver and gizzards by themselves,
and use the water for gravy to the chickens--cut the inwards in slices,
and put them in the gravy.
23. _Fricassee._
The chickens should be jointed, the inwards taken out, and the chickens
washed. Put them in a stew pan with the skin side down; on each layer
sprinkle salt and pepper; put in three or four slices of pork, just
cover them with water, and let them stew till tender. Then take them up,
mix a little flour and water together, and thicken the liquor they were
stewed in, add a piece of butter of the size of a hen's egg, then put
the chickens back in the stew pan, and let them stew four or five
minutes longer. When you have taken up the chickens, soak two or three
slices of toast in the gravy, then put them in your platter, lay the
chickens over the toast, and turn the gravy on them. If you wish to
brown the chickens, stew them without the pork, till tender, then fry
the pork brown, take it up, put in the chickens, and then fry until a
light brown.
24. _Pigeons._
Take out the inwards, and stuff the pigeons with a dressing prepared
like that for turkeys, lay them in a pot with the breast side down. Turn
in more than enough water to cover them. When stewed nearly tender, put
in a quarter of a pound of butter to every dozen of pigeons--mix two or
three tea spoonsful of flour, with a little water, and stir into the
gravy. If you wish to brown them, put on a heated bake pan lid, an hour
before they are done, or else take them up when tender, and fry them in
pork fat. They are very good split open and stewed, with a dressing made
and warmed up separately with a little of the gravy. Tender pigeons are
good stuffed and roasted. It takes about two hours to cook tender
pigeons, and three hours tough ones. Roast pigeons should be buttered
when put to the fire.
25. _Ducks._
Are good stewed like pigeons, or roasted. Two or three onions in the
dressing of wild ducks, takes out the fishy taste they are apt to have.
If ducks or any other fowls are slightly injured by being kept long, dip
them in weak saleratus water before cooking them.
26. _Baked or Roast Pig._
A pig for roasting or baking should be small and fat. Take out the
inwards, and cut off the first joint of the feet, and boil them till
tender, then chop them. Prepare a dressing of bread soaked soft, the
water squeezed out, and the bread mashed fine, season it with salt,
pepper, and sweet herbs, add a little butter, and fill the pig with the
dressing. Rub a little butter on the outside of the pig, to prevent its
blistering. Bake or roast it from two hours and a half, to three hours.
The pan that the pig is baked in should have a little water put in it.
When cooked, take out a little of the dressing and gravy from the pan,
mix it with the chopped inwards and feet, put in a little butter,
pepper, and salt, and use this for a sauce to the pig. Expose the pig
to the open air two or three minutes, before it is put on the table, to
make it crispy.
27. _Sweet Bread, Liver, and Heart._
A very good way to cook the sweet bread, is to fry three or four slices
of pork till brown, then take them up and put in the sweet bread, and
fry it over a moderate fire. When you have taken up the sweet bread, mix
a couple of tea-spoonsful of flour with a little water, and stir it into
the fat--let it boil, then turn it over the sweet bread. Another way is
to parboil them, and let them get cold, then cut them in pieces about an
inch thick, dip them in the yelk of an egg, and fine bread crumbs,
sprinkle salt, pepper, and sage on them, before dipping them in the egg,
fry them a light brown. Make a gravy after you have taken them up, by
stirring a little flour and water mixed smooth into the fat, add spices
and wine if you like. The liver and heart are good cooked in the same
manner, or broiled.
28. _Pressed Head._
Pig's head is good baked with beans, or corned and smoked. It is also
nice prepared with spices in the following manner. Boil the ears,
forehead, and rind, (the cheek is good, but it is better corned and
smoked,) till the meat will almost drop from the bones; take them up;
when cold cut the meat in strips about an inch long, warm it in a little
of the liquor in which the meat was boiled, season it with salt, pepper,
cloves, nutmeg, and cinnamon. Put it while hot in a strong bag, put a
heavy weight upon it, and let it remain till perfectly cold. When you
wish to eat it, cut it in thin slices.
29. _Souse._
Take pig's ears and feet, clean them thoroughly, then soak them in salt
and water, for several days. Boil them tender, and split them, they are
then good fried. If you wish to souse them when cold, turn boiling
vinegar on them, spiced with pepper-corns, and mace. Cloves improve the
taste, but it turns them a dark color. Add a little salt. They will keep
good pickled five or six weeks. Fry them in lard.
30. _Tripe._
After being scoured, should be soaked in salt and water seven or eight
days, changing the water every other day, then boil it till tender,
which will take eight or ten hours. It is then fit for broiling, frying,
or pickling. It is pickled in the same manner as souse.
31. _Sausages._
Chop fresh pork very fine, the lean and fat together, (there should be
rather more of the lean than the fat,) season it highly with salt,
pepper, sage, and other sweet herbs, if you like them--a little
salt-petre tends to preserve them. To tell whether they are seasoned
enough, do up a little into a cake, and fry it. If not seasoned enough,
add more seasoning, and fill your skins, which should be previously
cleaned thoroughly. A little flour mixed in with the meat, tends to
prevent the fat from running out when cooked. Sausage-meat is good, done
up in small cakes and fried. In summer, when fresh pork cannot be
procured, very good sausage-cakes may be made of raw beef, chopped fine
with salt pork, and seasoned with pepper and sage. When sausages are
fried, they should not be pricked, and they will cook nicer, to have a
little fat put in the frying-pan with them. They should be cooked
slowly. If you do not like them very fat, take them out of the pan when
nearly done, and finish cooking them on a gridiron. Bologna sausages are
made of equal weight each, of ham, veal, and pork, chopped very fine,
seasoned high, and boiled in casings, till tender, then dried.
32. _Ham._
A ham that weighs ten pounds, should be boiled four or five hours; if
very salt, the water should be changed. Before it is put on the table,
take off the rind. If you wish to ornament it, put whole cloves, or
pepper, in the form of diamonds, over it. The Virginia method of curing
hams, (which is considered very superior), is to dissolve two ounces of
salt-petre, two tea spoonsful of saleratus, in a salt pickle, as strong
as possible, for every sixteen pounds of ham, add molasses in the
proportion of a gallon to a hogshead of brine, then put in the hams, and
let them remain three or four weeks. Then take them out of the brine,
and smoke them with the hocks downwards, to preserve the juices. They
will smoke tolerably well, in the course of a month, but they will be
much better, to remain in the smoke-house two or three months. Hams
cured in this manner are very fine flavored, and will keep good a long
time.
33. _Tongues._
Cut off the roots of the tongues, they are not good smoked, but they
make nice pies. Take out the pipes and veins, boil them till tender,
mince them fine, season the meat with salt, cloves, mace, and cinnamon,
put in a little sugar and molasses, moisten the whole with brandy, put
it in a cool place, and it will keep good several months in cold
weather, and is good to make pies of at any time, with the addition of
apples chopped fine, and a little butter melted. For the remainder of
the tongues, make a brine in the following manner--to a gallon of cold
water, put a quart of rock salt, an ounce of salt-petre, quarter of a
pound of sugar, and a couple of table spoonsful of blown salt. Put in
the tongues, let them remain in it a week, and then smoke them eight or
ten days.
34. _Curries._
Chickens, pigeons, mutton chops, lobsters and veal, all make good
curries. If the curry dish is to be made of fowls, they should be
jointed. Boil the meat till tender, in just sufficient water to cover
it, and add a little salt. Just before the meat is boiled enough to take
up, fry three or four slices of pork till brown--take them up, and put
in the chickens. Let them brown, then add part of the liquor in which
they were boiled, one or two tea spoonsful of curry powder, and the
fried pork. Mix a tea spoonful of curry powder with a tea cup of boiled
rice, or a little flour and water mixed--turn it on to the curry, and
let it stew a few minutes.
35. _Chicken Pie._
Joint the chickens, which should be young and tender--boil them in just
sufficient water to cover them. When nearly tender, take them out of the
liquor, and lay them in a deep pudding dish, lined with pie crust. To
each layer of chicken, put three or four slices of pork--add a little of
the liquor in which they were boiled, and a couple of ounces of butter,
cut into small pieces--sprinkle a little flour over the whole, cover it
with nice pie crust, and ornament the top with some of your pastry. Bake
it in a quick oven one hour.
36. _Beef and Mutton Pie._
Take tender meat, pound it out thin, and broil it ten minutes--then cut
off the bony and gristly parts, season it highly with salt and pepper,
butter it, and cut it into small pieces. Line a pudding dish with
pastry, put in the meat, and to each layer add a tea spoonful of tomato
catsup, together with a table spoonful of water--sprinkle over flour,
and cover it with pie crust, and ornament as you please with pastry.
Cold roast, or boiled beef, and mutton, make a good pie, by cutting them
into bits, and seasoning them highly with salt and pepper. Put them into
a pie dish, turn a little melted butter over them, or gravy, and pour in
water till you can just see it at the top.
37. _Chicken and Veal Pot Pie._
If the pie is to be made of chickens, joint them--boil the meat until
about half done. Take the meat out of the liquor in which it was boiled,
and put it in a pot, with a layer of crust to each layer of meat, having
a layer of crust on the top. The meat should be seasoned with salt and
pepper--cover the whole with the boiled meat liquor. If you wish to have
the crust brown, keep the pot covered with a heated bake pan lid. Keep a
tea kettle of boiling water to turn in as the water boils away--cold
water makes the crust heavy. The crust for the pie is good like that
made for fruit pies, with less shortening, but raised pie crust is
generally preferred to any other. It is made in the following
manner--mix together three pints of flour, a tea cup of melted butter, a
tea spoonful of salt, then turn in half a tea cup of yeast--add cold
water to make it sufficiently stiff to roll out. Set it in a warm place
to rise, which will take seven or eight hours, unless brewer's yeast is
used. When risen, roll it out, and cut it into small cakes. Potatoe pie
crust is very nice. To make it, boil eight or nine small potatoes, peel
and mash them fine, mix with them a piece of butter, of the size of a
hen's egg, a tea spoonful of salt, a tumbler full of milk, and flour to
render it of the right consistency to roll out. When rolled out, cut
them into cakes, and put them with the meat. If you happen to have
unbaked wheat dough, very good crust may be made of it, by working into
it a little lukewarm melted butter. Let it remain, after you have rolled
and cut it into cakes, about ten or fifteen minutes, before putting it
with the meat.
38. _To Frizzle Beef._
Take beef that is fresh smoked and tender--shave it off thin, put it in
a stew pan, with water enough to cover it--let it stew ten or fifteen
minutes. Three or four minutes before it is taken up, mix a little flour
and water together, and stir in, to thicken the water; add a little
butter and pepper. This makes a good dish for breakfast--eggs are a nice
accompaniment to it.
39. _Warmed Over Meats._
Boiled or roasted veal makes a nice dish, chopped fine, and warmed up,
with just sufficient water to moisten it, and a little butter, salt, and
pepper, added. A little nutmeg, and the grated rind of a lemon, improve
it--none of the white part of the lemon should be used. When well heated
through, take it up on a platter, and garnish it with a couple of lemons
cut in slices. Fresh or corned beef is good minced fine, with boiled
potatoes, and warmed up with salt, pepper, and a little water--add
butter, just before you take it up. Some people use the gravy that they
have left the day before, for the meat, but it is not as good when
warmed over, and there is no need of its being wasted, as it can be
clarified, and used for other purposes. Boiled onions, or turnips, are
good mixed with mince meat, instead of potatoes. Veal, lamb, and mutton,
are good cut into small strips, and warmed with boiled potatoes cut in
slices, pepper, salt, a little water--add butter just before you take it
up. Roast beef and mutton, if not previously cooked too much, are nice
cut in slices, and just scorched on a gridiron. Meat, when warmed over,
should be on the fire just long enough to get well heated through--if on
the fire long, most of the juices of the meat will be extracted, and
render it very indigestible. Cold fowls are nice jointed, and warmed
with a little water, then taken up, and fried in butter till brown. A
little flour should be sprinkled on them before frying. Thicken the
water that the fowls were warmed in--add a little salt, pepper, and
butter, and turn it over the fowls.
40. _A Ragout of Cold Veal._
Cut boiled or roasted veal in nice slices--flour and fry them in butter,
till a light brown--then take them up, and turn a little hot water into
the butter they were fried in, mix a little flour and water together,
and stir it into the gravy--season it with salt, pepper, (nutmeg, or
catsup,) and lemon juice--put in the meat, and stew it till very
hot--stew two or three onions with it, if you like.
41. _Drawn Butter._
Mix two or three tea spoonsful of flour with a little cold water--stir
it till free from lumps, thin it, and stir it into half a pint of
boiling water--let it boil two or three minutes, then cut up about a
quarter of a pound of butter into small pieces, and put it with the
flour and water--set it where it will melt gradually. If carefully
mixed, it will be free from lumps--if not, strain it before it is put on
the table. If the butter is to be eaten on fish, cut up several soft
boiled eggs into it. A little curry powder sprinkled into it, will
convert it into curry sauce.
42. _Burnt Butter._
Put a couple of ounces of butter into a frying pan--set it on the
fire--when of a dark brown color, put in half a tea cup full of vinegar,
a little pepper and salt. This is nice for fish, salad, or eggs.
43. _Roast Meat Gravy._
Meat, when put down to roast, should have about a pint of water in the
dripping pan. A little while before the meat is done, stir up the
drippings, put it in a skillet, and set it where it will boil. Mix two
or three tea spoonsful of flour smoothly, with a little water, and stir
it in the gravy when it boils. Lamb and veal require a little butter in
the gravy. The gravy for pork and geese, should have a little of the
dressing, and sage, mixed with it. If you wish to have your gravies look
dark, scorch the flour that you thicken them with, which is easily done
by putting it in a pan, setting it on a few coals, and stirring it
constantly till it is a dark brown color, taking care that it does not
burn. Enough can be burnt at once to last a long time.
44. _Sauce for Cold Meat, Fish or Salad._
Boil a couple of eggs three minutes--then mix it with a mustard spoonful
of made mustard, a little salt, pepper, half a tea cup of salad oil, or
melted butter, and half a tea cup of vinegar. A table spoonful of catsup
improves it.
45. _Wine Sauce for Venison or Mutton._
Warm half a pint of the drippings, or liquor the meat was boiled in--mix
a couple of tea spoonsful of scorched flour with a little water, and
stir it in when the gravy boils. Season it with salt, pepper, and
cloves--stir a table spoonful of currant jelly in, and just before you
take it from the fire, half a tumbler of wine. Many people prefer melted
currant jelly to any other sauce for venison or mutton.
46. _Rice Sauce._
Boil one onion and half a tea cup of rice with a blade of mace, till
very soft, in just water enough to cover it--then stir in half a pint of
milk, a little salt, and strain it. This is a nice accompaniment to
game.
47. _Oyster Sauce._
Take the juice of the oysters, and to a pint put a couple of sticks of
mace, a little salt and pepper. Set it on the fire--when it boils, stir
in a couple of tea spoonsful of flour, mixed with milk. When it has
boiled several minutes, stir in half a pint of oysters, a piece of
butter, of the size of a hen's egg. Let them scald through, then take
them up.
48. _White Celery Sauce for Boiled Poultry._
Take five or six heads of celery--cut off the green tops, cut up the
remainder into small bits, and boil it till tender, in half a pint of
water--mix two or three tea spoonsful of flour smoothly with a little
milk--then add half a tea cup more of milk, stir it in, add a small lump
of butter, and a little salt. When it boils, take it up.
49. _Brown Sauce for Poultry._
Peel two or three onions, cut them in slices, flour and fry them brown,
in a little butter--then sprinkle in a little flour, pepper, salt, and
sage--add half a pint of the liquor the poultry was boiled in, and a
table spoonful of catsup. Let it boil up, then stir in half a wine glass
of wine if you like.
50. _Savory Jelly for Cold Meat._
Boil lean beef or veal till tender. If you have any beef or veal bones,
crack and boil them with the meat, (they should be boiled longer than
the meat,) together with a little salt pork, sweet herbs, and pepper and
salt. When boiled sufficiently, take it off, strain it, and let it
remain till the next day--then skim off the fat, take up the jelly, and
scrape off the dregs that adhere to the bottom of it--put in the whites
and shells of several eggs, several blades of mace, a little wine, and
lemon juice--set it on the fire, stir it well till it boils, then strain
it till clear through a jelly bag.
51. _Liver Sauce for Fish._
Boil the liver of the fish--then mash it fine, stir it into drawn
butter, put in a little cayenne, or black pepper, a couple of tea
spoonsful of lemon juice, and a table spoonful of catsup.
52. _Sauce for Lobsters._
Boil a couple of eggs three minutes--mix them with the spawn of the
lobster, and a tea spoonful of water. When rubbed smooth, stir in a tea
spoonful of mixed mustard, half a tea cup of salad oil, or the same
quantity of butter melted, a little salt, pepper, and five table
spoonsful of vinegar.
53. _Chicken Salad._
Boil a chicken that weighs not more than a pound and a half. When very
tender, take it up, cut it in small strips, and make the following
sauce, and turn over it--boil four eggs three minutes--then take them
out of the shells, mash and mix them with a couple of table spoonsful of
olive oil, or melted butter, two thirds of a tumbler of vinegar, a tea
spoonful of mixed mustard, a tea spoonful of salt, a little pepper, and
essence of celery, if you have it--if not, it can be dispensed with.
54. _Sauce for Turtle, or Calf's Head._
To half a pint of hot melted butter, or beef gravy, put the juice and
grated rind of half a lemon, a little sage, basil, or sweet marjoram, a
little cayenne, or black pepper, and salt. Add a wine glass of white
wine just before you take it up.
55. _Apple and Cranberry Sauce._
Pare and quarter the apples--if not tart, stew them in cider--if tart
enough, stew them in water. When stewed soft, put in a small piece of
butter, and sweeten it to the taste, with sugar. Another way, which is
very good, is to boil the apples, without paring them, with a few
quinces and molasses, in new cider, till reduced to half the quantity.
When cool, strain the sauce. This kind of sauce will keep good several
months. It makes very good plain pies, with the addition of a little
cinnamon or cloves. To make cranberry sauce, nothing more is necessary
than to stew the cranberries till soft; then stir in sugar and molasses
to sweeten it. Let the sugar scald in it a few minutes. Strain it if you
like--it is very good without straining.
56. _Pudding Sauce._
Stir to a cream a tea cup of butter, with two of brown sugar, then add a
wine glass of wine, or cider--flavor it with nutmeg, rose-water, or
essence of lemon. If you wish to have it liquid, heat two-thirds of a
pint of water boiling hot, mix two or three tea spoonsful of flour with
a little water, and stir it into the boiling water. As soon as its boils
up well, stir it into the butter and sugar.
57. _Tomato Soy._
Take ripe tomatos, and prick them with a fork--lay them in a deep dish,
and to each layer put a layer of salt. Let them remain in it four or
five days, then take them out of the salt, and put them in vinegar and
water for one night. Drain off the vinegar, and to each peck of tomatos
put half a pint of mustard seed, half an ounce of cloves, and the same
quantity of pepper. The tomatos should be put in a jar, with a layer of
sliced onions to each layer of the tomatos, and the spices sprinkled
over each layer. In ten days, they will be in good eating order.
58. _Tomato Catsup._
To a gallon of ripe tomatos, put four table spoonsful of salt, four of
ground black pepper, three table spoonsful of ground mustard, half a
table spoonful of allspice, half a spoonful of cloves, six red peppers,
ground fine--simmer the whole slowly, with a pint of vinegar, three or
four hours--then strain it through a sieve, bottle and cork it tight.
The catsup should be made in a tin utensil, and the later in the season
it is made, the less liable it will be to spoil.
59. _Mushroom Catsup._
Put a layer of fresh mushrooms in a deep dish, sprinkle a little salt
over them, then put in another layer of fresh mushrooms, and salt, and
so on till you get in all the mushrooms. Let them remain several
days--then mash them fine, and to each quart put a table spoonful of
vinegar, half a tea spoonful of black pepper, and a quarter of a tea
spoonful of cloves--turn it into a stone jar, set the jar in a pot of
boiling water, and let it boil two hours, then strain it without
squeezing the mushrooms. Boil the juice a quarter of an hour, skim it
well, let it stand a few hours to settle, then turn it off carefully
through a sieve, bottle and cork it tight. Keep it in a cool place.
60. _Walnut Catsup._
Procure the walnuts by the last of June--keep them in salt and water for
a week, then bruise them, and turn boiling vinegar on them. Let them
remain covered with vinegar for several days, stirring them up each
day--then boil them a quarter of an hour with a little more vinegar,
strain it through a thick cloth, so that none of the coarse particles of
the walnuts will go through--season the vinegar highly with cloves,
allspice, pepper and salt. Boil the whole a few minutes, then bottle and
cork it tight. Keep it in a cool place.
61. _Curry Powder._
Mix an ounce of ginger, one of mustard, one of pepper, three of
coriander seed, the same quantity of turmeric, a quarter of an ounce of
cayenne pepper, half an ounce of cardamums, and the same of cummin seed
and cinnamon. Pound the whole fine, sift, and keep it in a bottle corked
tight.
62. _Essence of Celery._
Steep an ounce of celery seed in half a pint of brandy, or vinegar. A
few drops of this will give a fine flavor to soups, and sauce for fowls.
63. _Soup Herb Spirit._
Those who like a variety of herbs in soup, will find it very convenient
to have the following mixture. Take when in their prime, thyme, sweet
marjoram, sweet basil, and summer savory. When thoroughly dried, pound
and sift them. Steep them in brandy for a fortnight, the spirit will
then be fit for use.
64. _Plain Veal Soup._
A leg of veal, after enough has been cut off for cutlets, makes a soup
nearly as good as calf's head. Boil it with a cup two thirds full of
rice, a pound and a half of pork--season it with salt, pepper, and sweet
herbs, if you like. A little celery boiled in it gives the soup a fine
flavor. Some people like onions, carrots, and parsely boiled in it. If
you wish for balls in the soup, chop veal and a little raw salt pork
fine, mix it with a few bread crumbs, and a couple of eggs. Season it
with salt and pepper--add a little curry powder if you like, do it up
into small balls, and boil them in the soup. The veal should be taken up
before the soup is seasoned. Just before the soup is taken up, put in a
couple of slices of toast, cut into small pieces. If you do not like
your soup fat, let the liquor remain till the day after you have boiled
the meat, and skim off the fat before heating the liquor. The shoulder
of veal makes a good soup.
65. _Mock Turtle, or Calf's Head Soup._
Boil the head until perfectly tender--then take it out, strain the
liquor, and set it away until the next day--then skim off the fat, cut
up the meat, together with the lights, and put it into the liquor, put
it on the fire, and season it with salt, pepper, cloves, and mace--add
onions and sweet herbs, if you like--stew it gently for half an hour.
Just before you take it up, add half a pint of white wine. For the
balls, chop lean veal fine, with a little salt pork, add the brains, and
season it with salt, pepper, cloves, mace, sweet herbs or curry powder,
make it up into balls about the size of half an egg, boil part in the
soup, and fry the remainder, and put them in a dish by themselves.
66. _Beef or Black Soup._
The shank of beef is the best part for soup--cold roast beef bones, and
beef steak, make very good soup. Boil the shank four or five hours in
water, enough to cover it. Half an hour before the soup is put on the
table, take up the meat, thicken the soup with scorched flour, mixed
with cold water, season it with salt, pepper, cloves, mace, a little
walnut, or tomato catsup improves it, put in sweet herbs or herb spirit
if you like. Some cooks boil onions in the soup, but as they are very
disagreeable to many persons, it is better to boil and serve them up in
a dish by themselves. Make force meat balls of part of the beef and
pork, season them with mace, cloves, pepper, and salt, and boil them in
the soup fifteen minutes.
67. _Chicken or Turkey Soup._
The liquor that a turkey or chicken is boiled in, makes a good soup. If
you do not like your soup fat, let the liquor remain till the day after
the poultry has been boiled in it, then skim off the fat, set it where
it will boil. If there was not any rice boiled with the meat, put in
half a tea cup full, when the liquor boils, or slice up a few potatoes
and put in--season it with salt and pepper, sweet herbs, and a little
celery boiled in it improves it. Toast bread or crackers, and put them
in the soup when you take it up.
68. _Oyster Soup._
Separate the oysters from the liquor, to each quart of the liquor, put a
pint of milk or water, set it on the fire with the oysters. Mix a
heaping table spoonful of flour with a little water, and stir it into
the liquor as soon as it boils. Season it with salt, pepper, and a
little walnut, or butternut vinegar, if you have it, if not, common
vinegar may be substituted. Put in a small lump of butter, and turn it
as soon as it boils up again on to buttered toast, cut into small
pieces.
69. _Pea Soup._
If you make your soup of dry peas, soak them over night, in a warm
place, using a quart of water to each quart of the peas. Early the next
morning boil them an hour. Boil with them a tea spoonful of saleratus,
eight or ten minutes, then take them out of the water they were soaking
in, put them into fresh water, with a pound of salt pork, and boil it
till the peas are soft, which will be in the course of three or four
hours. Green peas for soup require no soaking, and boiling only long
enough to have the pork get thoroughly cooked, which will be in the
course of an hour.
70. _Portable Soup._
Take beef or veal soup, and let it get perfectly cold, then skim off
every particle of the grease. Set it on the fire, and let it boil till
of a thick glutinous consistence. Care should be taken that it does not
burn. Season it highly with salt, pepper, cloves and mace--add a little
wine or brandy, and then turn it on to earthen platters. It should not
be more than a quarter of an inch in thickness. Let it remain until
cold, then cut it in pieces three inches square, set them in the sun to
dry, turning them frequently. When perfectly dry, put them in an earthen
or tin vessel, having a layer of white paper between each layer. These,
if the directions are strictly attended to, will keep good a long time.
Whenever you wish to make a soup of them, nothing more is necessary,
than to put a quart of water to one of the cakes, and heat it very hot.
71. _To Boil Eggs._
They should be put into boiling water, and if you wish to have them
soft, boil them only three minutes. If you wish to have them hard enough
to cut in slices, boil them five minutes. Another way which is very
nice, is to break the shells, and drop the eggs into a pan of scalding
hot water, let it stand till the white has set, then put the pan on a
moderate fire, when the water boils up, the eggs are cooked
sufficiently. Eggs look very prettily cooked in this way, the yelk being
just visible through the white. If you do not use the eggs for a
garnish, serve them up with burnt butter. See receipt for making, No.
42.
72. _Omelet._
Beat the eggs to a froth, and to a dozen of eggs put three ounces of
finely minced boiled ham, beef, or veal; if the latter meat is used, add
a little salt. Melt a quarter of a pound of butter, mix a little of it
with the eggs--it should be just lukewarm. Set the remainder of the
butter on the fire, in a frying or tin pan, when quite hot, turn in the
eggs beaten to a froth, stir them until they begin to set. When brown on
the under side, it is sufficiently cooked. The omelet should be cooked
on a moderate fire, and in a pan small enough, to have the omelet an
inch thick. When you take them up, lay a flat dish on them, then turn
the pan upside down.
73. _Poached Eggs._
Break the eggs into a pan, beat them to a froth, then put them into a
buttered tin pan, set the pan on a few coals, put in a small lump of
butter, a little salt, let them cook very slowly, stirring them
constantly till they become quite thick, then turn them on to buttered
toast.
74. _Directions for Broiling, Boiling and Frying Fish._
Fish for boiling or broiling are the best the day after they are caught.
They should be cleaned when first caught, washed in cold water, and half
a tea cup of salt sprinkled on the inside of them. If they are to be
broiled, sprinkle pepper on the inside of them--keep them in a cool
place. When fish is broiled, the bars of the gridiron should be rubbed
over with a little butter, and the inside of the fish put towards the
fire, and not turned till the fish is nearly cooked through--then butter
the skin side, and turn it over--fish should be broiled slowly. When
fresh fish is to be boiled, it should either be laid on a fish strainer,
or sewed up in a cloth--if not, it is very difficult to take it out of
the pot without breaking. Put the fish into cold water, with the back
bone down. To eight or ten pounds of fish, put half of a small tea cup
of salt. Boil the fish until you can draw out one of the fins
easily--most kinds of fish will boil sufficiently in the course of
twenty or thirty minutes, some kinds will boil in less time. Some cooks
do not put their fish into the water till it boils, but it is not a good
plan, as the outside gets cooked too much, and breaks to pieces before
the inside is sufficiently done. Fish for frying, after being cleaned
and washed, should be put into a cloth to have it absorb the moisture.
They should be dried perfectly, and a little flour rubbed over them. No
salt should be put on them, if you wish to have them brown well. For
five or six pounds of fish, fry three or four slices of salt pork--when
brown, take them up, and if they do not make fat sufficient to fry the
fish in, add a little lard. When the fish are fried enough, take them
up, and for good plain gravy, mix two or three tea spoonsful of flour
with a little water, and stir it into the fat the fish was fried in--put
in a little butter, pepper, and salt, if you wish to have the gravy
rich--add spices, catsup and wine--turn the gravy over the fish. Boiled
fish should be served up with drawn butter, or liver sauce, (see
directions for making each, Nos. 41 and 51.) Fish, when put on the
platter, should not be laid over each other if it can be avoided, as the
steam from the under ones makes those on the top so moist, that they
will break to pieces when served out.
Great care and punctuality is necessary in cooking fish. If not done
sufficiently, or if done too much, they are not good. They should be
eaten as soon as cooked. For a garnish to the fish, use parsely, a
lemon, or eggs boiled hard, and cut in slices.
75. _Chowder._
Fry three or four slices of pork till brown--cut each of your fish into
five or six slices, flour, and put a layer of them in your pork fat,
sprinkle on pepper and a little salt--add cloves, mace, and sliced
onions if you like--lay on several bits of your fried pork, and crackers
previously soaked soft in cold water. This process repeat till you get
in all the fish, then turn on water enough to just cover them--put on a
heated bake pan lid. When the fish have stewed about twenty minutes,
take them up, and mix a couple of tea spoonsful of flour with a little
water, and stir it into the gravy, also, a little butter and pepper.
Half a pint of white wine, spices, and catsup, will improve it. Bass and
cod make the best chowder--black fish and clams make tolerably good
ones. The hard part of the clams should be cut off, and thrown away.
76. _Stuffed and Baked Fish._
Soak bread in cold water till soft--drain off the water, mash the bread
fine, mix it with a table spoonful of melted butter, a little pepper and
salt--a couple of raw eggs makes the dressing cut smoother--add spices
if you like. Fill the fish, with the dressing, sew it up, put a tea cup
of water in your bake pan, and a small piece of butter--lay in the fish,
bake it from forty to fifty minutes. Fresh cod, bass, and shad, are
suitable fish for baking.
77. _Codfish._
Fresh cod is good boiled, fried, or made into a chowder. It is too dry a
fish to broil. Salt cod should be soaked in lukewarm water till the skin
will come off easily--then take up the fish, scrape off the skin, and
put it in fresh water, and set it on a very moderate fire, where it will
keep warm without boiling, as it hardens by boiling. It takes between
three and four hours to cook it soft--serve it up with drawn butter.
Cold salt codfish is nice minced fine, and mixed with mashed potatoes,
and warmed up, with just water enough to moisten it, and considerable
butter. It makes a nice dish for breakfast, prepared in the following
manner. Pull the fish into small pieces, soak it an hour in warm water,
then drain off the water, put a little milk and butter to it, stew it a
few minutes, and serve it up with soft boiled eggs.
78. _Cod Sounds and Tongues._
Soak them four or five hours in lukewarm water--then take them out of
the water, scrape off the skin, cut them once in two, and stew them in a
little milk. Just before they are taken up, stir in butter, and a little
flour.
79. _Halibut._
Is nice cut in slices, salted and peppered, and broiled or fried. The
fins and thick part is good boiled.
80. _Striped and Sea Bass._
Bass are good fried, boiled, broiled, or made into a chowder.
81. _Black Fish._
Are the best boiled or fried--they will do to broil, but are not so good
as cooked in any other way.
82. _Shad._
Fresh shad are good baked or boiled, but better broiled. For broiling,
they should have a good deal of salt and pepper sprinkled on the inside
of them, and remain several hours before broiling. The spawn and liver
are good boiled or fried. Salt shad and mackerel, for broiling, should
be soaked ten or twelve hours in cold water. Salt shad, for boiling,
need not be soaked only long enough to get off the scales, without you
like them quite fresh--if so, turn boiling water on them, and let them
soak in it an hour--then put them into fresh boiling water, and boil
them twenty minutes. To pickle shad, mix one pound of sugar, a peck of
rock salt, two quarts of blown salt, and a quarter of a pound of
salt-petre. Allow this quantity to every twenty-five shad. Put a layer
of the mixture at the bottom of the keg, then a layer of cleaned shad,
with the skin side down. Sprinkle on another layer of salt, sugar, and
salt-petre, and so on till you get in all the shad. Lay a heavy weight
on the shad, to keep it under the brine. If the juice of the shad does
not run out so as to form brine sufficient to cover them, in the course
of a week, make a little brine, and turn on to them.
83. _Sturgeons._
Sturgeons are good boiled or baked, but better fried. Before baking it,
boil it about fifteen minutes, to extract the strong oily taste, and
when baked, to eight or ten pounds of it put a quart of water into the
pan, and bake it till tender. (See directions for baking fish, No. 76.)
The part next to the tail is the best for baking or frying. Sturgeons
are very nice, cooked in the following manner. Cut it in slices nearly
an inch thick--fry a few slices of pork--when brown, take them up, and
put in the sturgeon. When a good brown color, take them up, and stir in
a little flour and water, mixed smoothly together. Season the gravy with
salt, pepper, and catsup--stir in a little butter, and wine if you like,
then put back the sturgeon, and let it stew a few minutes in the gravy.
While the sturgeon is cooking, make force meat balls of part of the
sturgeon and salt pork--fry and use them as a garnish for the fish.
84. _Fish Cakes._
Cold boiled fresh fish, or salt codfish, is nice minced fine, with
potatoes, moistened with a little water, and a little butter put in,
done up into cakes of the size of common biscuit, and fried brown in
pork fat or butter.
85. _Fish Force Meat Balls._
Take a little uncooked fish, chop it fine, together with a little raw
salt pork, mix it with one or two raw eggs, a few bread crumbs, and
season the whole with pepper and spices. Add a little catsup if you
like--do them up into small balls, and fry them till brown.
86. _Lobsters and Crabs._
Put them into boiling water, and boil them from half to three quarters
of an hour, according to their size. Boil half a tea cup of salt with
every four pounds of the fish. When cold, crack the shell, and take out
the meat, taking care to extract the blue veins, and what is called the
lady in the lobster, as they are very unhealthy. If the fish are not
eaten cold, warm them up with a little water, vinegar, salt, pepper, and
butter. The following way of dressing lobsters looks very prettily. Pick
out the spawn and red chord, mash them fine, rub them through a sieve,
put in a little butter and salt. Cut the lobsters into squares, and warm
it, together with the spawn, over a moderate fire. When hot, take it up,
and garnish it with parsely. The chord and spawn are a handsome garnish
for any kind of fish.
87. _Scollops._
Are nice boiled, and then fried, or boiled and pickled, in the same
manner as oysters. Take them out of the shells--when boiled, pick out
the hearts, and throw the rest away, as the heart is the only part that
is healthy to eat. Dip the hearts in flour, and fry them in lard till
brown. The hearts are good stewed, with a little water, butter, salt,
and pepper.
88. _Eels._
Eels, if very large, are best split open, cut into short pieces, and
seasoned with salt and pepper, and broiled several hours after they have
been salted. They are good cut into small strips, and laid in a deep
dish, with bits of salt pork, seasoned with salt and pepper, and covered
with pounded rusked bread, then baked half an hour. Small eels are the
best fried.
89. _Trout._
Trout are good boiled, broiled, or fried--they are also good stewed a
few minutes, with bits of salt pork, butter, and a little water. Trout,
as well as all other kinds of fresh water fish, are apt to have an
earthy taste--to remove it, soak them in salt and water a few minutes,
after they are cleaned.
90. _Clams._
Wash and put them in a pot, with just water enough to prevent the shells
burning at the bottom of the pot. Heat them till the shells open--take
the clams out of them, and warm them with a little of the clam liquor, a
little salt, butter, and pepper. Toast a slice or two of bread, soak it
in the clam liquor, lay it in a deep dish, and turn the clams on to it.
For clam pancakes, mix flour and milk together to form a thick
batter--some cooks use the clam liquor, but it does not make the
pancakes as light as the milk. To each pint of the milk, put a couple of
eggs, and a few clams--they are good taken out of the shells without
stewing, and chopped fine, or stewed, and put into the cakes whole. Very
large long clams are good taken out of the shells without stewing, and
broiled.
91. _Stewed Oysters._
Strain the oyster liquor, rinse the bits of shells off the oysters, then
turn the liquor back on to the oysters, and put them in a stew pan--set
them where they will boil up, then turn them on to buttered toast--salt,
pepper, and butter them to your taste. Some cooks add a little walnut
catsup, or vinegar. The oysters should not be cooked till just before
they are to be eaten.
92. _To Fry Oysters._
Take those that are large, dip them in beaten eggs, and then in flour,
or fine bread crumbs--fry them in lard, till of a light brown. They are
a nice garnish for fish. They will keep good for several months if fried
when first caught, salted and peppered, then put into a bottle, and
corked tight. Whenever they are to be eaten, warm them in a little
water.
93. _Oyster Pancakes._
Mix equal quantities of milk and oyster juice together. To a pint of the
liquor when mixed, put a pint of wheat flour, a few oysters, a couple of
eggs, and a little salt. Drop it by the large spoonful into hot lard.
94. _Oyster Pie._
Line a deep pie plate with pie crust--fill it with dry pieces of bread,
cover it over with puff paste--bake it till a light brown, either in a
quick oven or bake pan. Have the oysters just stewed by the time the
crust is done--take off the upper crust, remove the pieces of bread,
put in the oysters, season them with salt, pepper, and butter. A little
walnut catsup improves the pie, but is not essential--cover it with the
crust.
95. _Scolloped Oysters._
Pound rusked bread or crackers fine--butter scollop shells or tins,
sprinkle on the bread crumbs, then put in a layer of oysters, a small
lump of butter, pepper, salt, and a little of the oyster juice--then put
on another layer of crumbs and oysters, and so on till the shells are
filled, having a layer of crumbs at the top. Bake them till a light
brown.
96. _Potatoes._
The best way to cook Irish potatoes, is to pare and put them in a pot,
with just boiling water enough to prevent their burning, and a little
salt. Cover them tight, and let them stew till you can stick a fork
through them easily. If any water remains in the pot, turn it off, put
the pot where it will keep moderately warm, and let the potatoes steam a
few moments longer. The easiest way to cook them, is to put them in
boiling water, with the skins on, and boiled constantly till done. They
will not be mealy if they lie soaking in the water without boiling. They
are more mealy to peel them as soon as tender, and then put back in the
pot without any water, and set in a warm place where they will steam,
with the lid of the pot off. Old and poor potatoes are best boiled till
soft, then peeled and mashed fine, with a little salt, butter, and very
little milk put in--then put into a dish, smoothed over with a knife, a
little flour sprinkled over it, and put where it will brown. Cold
mashed, or whole boiled potatoes, are nice cut in slices, and fried with
just butter or lard enough to prevent their burning. When brown on both
sides, take them up, salt and butter them. Most potatoes will boil in
the course of half an hour--new ones will boil in less time. Sweet
potatoes are better baked than boiled.
97. _Potato Snow Balls._
Take the white mealy kind of potatoes--pare them, and put them into just
boiling water enough to cover them--add a little salt. When boiled
tender, drain off the water, and let them steam till they break to
pieces--take them up, put two or three at a time compactly together in a
strong cloth, and press them tight, in the form of a ball--then lay them
in your potatoe dish carefully, so as not to fall apart.
98. _Turnips._
White turnips require about as much boiling as potatoes. When tender,
take them up, peel and mash them--season them with a little salt and
butter. Yellow turnips require about two hours boiling--if very large,
split them in two. The tops of white turnips make a good salad.
99. _Beets._
Beets should not be cut or scraped before they are boiled, or the juice
will run out, and make them insipid. In summer, they will boil in an
hour--in winter, it takes three hours to boil them tender. The tops in
summer are good boiled for greens. Boiled beets cut in slices, and put
in cold spiced vinegar for several days, are very nice.
100. _Parsnips and Carrots._
Wash them, and split them in two--lay them in a stew pan, with the flat
side down, turn on boiling water enough to cover them--boil them till
tender, then take them up, and take off the skin, and butter them. Many
cooks boil them whole, but it is not a good plan, as the outside gets
done too much, before the inside is cooked sufficiently. Cold boiled
parsnips are good cut in slices, and fried brown.
101. _Onions._
Peel and put them in boiling milk, (water will do, but it is not as
good.) When boiled tender, take them up, salt them, and turn a little
melted butter over them.
102. _Artichokes._
Scrape and put them in boiling water, with a table spoonful of salt to a
couple of dozen. When boiled tender, (which will be in about two hours,)
take them up, salt and butter each one.
103. _Squashes._
Summer squashes, if very young, may be boiled whole--if not, they should
be pared, quartered, and the seeds taken out. When boiled very tender,
take them up, put them in a strong cloth, and press out all the
water--mash them, salt and butter them to your taste. The neck part of
the winter squash is the best. Cut it in narrow strips, take off the
rind, and boil the squash in salt and water till tender--then drain off
the water, and let the pumpkin steam over a moderate fire for ten or
twelve minutes. It is good not mashed--if mashed, add a little butter.
104. _Cabbage and Cauliflowers._
Trim off the loose leaves of the cabbage, cut the stalky in quarters, to
the heart of the cabbage--boil it an hour. If not boiled with corned
beef, put a little salt in the water in which they are boiled. White
cauliflowers are the best. Take off the outside leaves, cut the stalk
close to the leaves, let them lie in salt and cold water for half an
hour before boiling them--boil them fifteen or twenty minutes, according
to their size. Milk and water is the best to boil them in, but clear
water does very well. Put a little salt in the pot in which they are
boiled.
105. _Asparagus._
Cut the white part of the stalks off, and throw it away--cut the lower
part of the stalks in thin slices if tough, and boil them eight or ten
minutes before the upper part is put in. Lay the remainder compactly
together, tie it carefully in small bundles, and boil it from fifteen to
twenty minutes, according to its age. Boil a little salt with them, and
a quarter of a tea spoonful of saleratus, to two or three quarts of
water, to preserve their fresh green color. Just before your asparagus
is done, toast a slice of bread, moisten it with a little of the
asparagus liquor, lay it in your asparagus dish, and butter it--then
take up the asparagus carefully with a skimmer, and lay it on the toast,
take off the string, salt it, and turn a little melted butter over the
whole.
106. _Peas._
Peas should be put into boiling water, with salt and saleratus, in the
proportion of a quarter of a tea spoonful of saleratus to half a peck of
peas. Boil them from fifteen to thirty minutes, according to their age
and kind. When boiled tender, take them out of the water with a skimmer,
salt and butter them to the taste. Peas to be good should be fresh
gathered, and not shelled till just before they are cooked.
107. _Sweet Corn._
Corn is much sweeter to be boiled on the cob. If made into sucatosh, cut
it from the cobs, and boil it with Lima beans, and a few slices of salt
pork. It requires boiling from fifteen to thirty minutes, according to
its age.
108. _To cook various kinds of Beans._
French beans should have the strings taken off--if old, the edges should
be cut off, and the beans cut through the middle. Boil them with a
little salt, from twenty-five to forty minutes, according to their age.
A little saleratus boiled with them preserves their green color, and
makes them more healthy. Salt and butter them when taken up. Lima beans
can be kept the year round, by being perfectly dried when fresh gathered
in the pods, or being put without drying into a keg, with a layer of
salt to each layer of beans, having a layer of salt at the bottom of the
keg. Cover them tight, and keep them in a cool place. Whenever you wish
to cook them, soak them over night, in cold water--shell and boil them,
with a little saleratus. White beans for baking, should be picked over
carefully to get out the colored and bad ones. Wash and soak them over
night in a pot, set where they will keep lukewarm. There should be about
three quarts of water to three pints of the beans. The next morning set
them where they will boil, with a tea spoonful of saleratus. When they
have boiled four or five minutes, take them up with a skimmer. Put them
in a baking pot. Gash a pound of pork, and put it down in the pot, so as
to have the beans cover all but the upper surface--turn in cold water
till you can just see it at the top. They will bake in a hot oven, in
the course of three hours--but they are better to remain in it five or
six hours. Beans are good prepared in the same manner as for baking, and
stewed several hours without baking.
109. _Greens._
White mustard, spinach, water cresses, dandelions, and the leaves and
roots of very small beets, are the best greens. Boil them with a little
salt and saleratus in the water. If not fresh and plump, soak them in
salt and water half an hour before cooking them. When they are boiled
enough, they will sink to the bottom of the pot.
110. _Salads._
To be in perfection, salads should be fresh gathered, and kept in cold
water for an hour before they are put on the table. The water should be
drained from them, and if you have not any salad oil, melt a little
butter and put it in a separate dish--if turned over the salad, it will
not be crispy.
111. _Cucumbers._
To be healthy they should not be picked longer than a day before they
are to be eaten. They should be kept in cold water, and fifteen or
twenty minutes before they are to be eaten, pare and slice them into
fresh cold water, to take out the slimy matter. Just before they are put
on the table, drain off the water. Put them in a deep dish; sprinkle on
a good deal of salt and pepper--cover them with vinegar. Cucumbers are
thought by many people to be very unhealthy, but if properly prepared,
they will not be found to be any more unwholesome than most other summer
vegetables.
112. _To stew Mushrooms._
Cut off the lower part of the stem, as it is apt to have an earthy
taste. Peel and put them in a saucepan, with just water enough at the
bottom, to prevent their burning to the pan. Put in a little salt, and
shake them occasionally while stewing, to prevent their burning. When
they have stewed quite tender, put in a little butter and pepper--add
spices and wine if you like. They should stew very slowly till tender,
and not be seasoned till just before they are taken up. Serve them up on
buttered toast.
113. _Egg Plant._
Boil them a few moments to extract the bitter taste--then cut them in
thick slices; sprinkle a little salt between each slice. Let them lie
half an hour--then fry them till brown in lard.
114. _Celeriac._
This is an excellent vegetable, but is little known. The stalks of it
can hardly be distinguished from celery, and it is much easier
cultivated. The roots are nice boiled tender, cut in thin slices, and
put in soup or meat pies; or cooked in the following manner, and eaten
with meat. Scrape and cut them in slices. Boil them till very
tender--then drain off the water. Sprinkle a little salt over them--turn
in milk enough to cover them. When they have stewed about four or five
minutes, turn them into a dish, and add a little butter.
115. _Salsify or Vegetable Oyster._
The best way to cook it is to parboil it, (after scraping off the
outside,) then cut it in slices, dip it into a beaten egg, and fine
bread crumbs, and fry it in lard. It is very good boiled, then stewed a
few minutes in milk, with a little butter and salt. Another way which is
very good, is to make a batter of wheat flour, milk and eggs; cut the
Salsify in thin slices, (after having been boiled tender,) put them into
the batter with a little salt; drop this mixture into hot fat, by the
large spoonful. When a light brown, they are cooked sufficiently.
116. _Tomatoes._
If very ripe will skin easily; if not, pour scalding water on them, and
let them remain in it four or five minutes. Peel and put them in a stew
pan, with a table spoonful of water, if not very juicy; if so, no water
will be required. Put in a little salt, and stew them for half an hour;
then turn them into a deep dish with buttered toast. Another way of
cooking them, which is considered very nice by epicures, is to put them
in a deep dish, with fine bread crumbs, crackers pounded fine, a layer
of each alternately; put small bits of butter, a little salt, and pepper
on each layer--some cooks add a little nutmeg and sugar. Have a layer of
bread crumbs on the top. Bake it three quarters of an hour.
117. _Gumbo._
Take an equal quantity of young tender ocra chopped fine, and ripe
tomatoes skinned, an onion cut into slices, a small lump of butter, a
little salt and pepper. Put the whole in a stew pan, with a table
spoonful of water, and stew it till tender.
118. _Southern manner of Boiling Rice._
Pick over the rice, rinse it in cold water a number of times, to get it
perfectly clean; drain off the water, then put it in a pot of boiling
water, with a little salt. Allow as much as a quart of water to a
tea-cup of rice, as it absorbs the water very much while boiling. Boil
it seventeen minutes; then turn the water off very close; set the pot
over a few coals, and let it steam fifteen minutes with the lid of the
pot off. The beauty of rice boiled in this way, is, that each kernel
stands out by itself, while it is quite tender. Great care is necessary
to be used in the time of boiling and steaming it, as a few moments
variation in the time, makes a great deal of difference in the looks of
it. The water should boil hard when the rice is put in, and not suffered
to stop boiling, till turned off to have the rice steamed. The water
that the rice is boiled in, makes good starch for muslin, if boiled a
few minutes by itself.
119. _Directions for Pickling._
Vinegar for pickling should be good, but not of the sharpest kind. Brass
utensils should be used for pickling. They should be thoroughly cleaned
before using, and no vinegar should be allowed to cool in them, as the
rust formed by so doing is very poisonous. Boil alum and salt in the
vinegar, in the proportion of half a tea cup of salt, and a table
spoonful of alum, to three gallons of vinegar. Stone and wooden vessels
are the only kinds of utensils that are good to keep pickles in. Vessels
that have had any grease in will not do for pickles, as no washing will
kill the grease that the pot has absorbed. All kinds of pickles should
be stirred up occasionally. If there is any soft ones among them, they
should be taken out, the vinegar scalded, and turned back while hot--if
very weak, throw it away, and use fresh vinegar. Whenever any scum
rises, the vinegar needs scalding. If you do not wish to have all your
pickles spiced, it is a good plan to keep a stone pot of spiced vinegar
by itself, and put in a few of your pickles a short time before they are
to be eaten.
120. _To Pickle Peppers._
Procure those that are fresh and green. If you do not like them very
fiery, cut a small slit in them, and take the seeds out carefully with a
small knife, so as not to mangle the pepper. Soak them in salt and
water, eight or nine days, changing the water each day. Keep them in a
warm place. If you like them stuffed, chop white cabbage fine, season it
highly with cloves, cinnamon, mace, and fill the peppers with it--add
nasturtions if you like--sew them up carefully, and put them in cold
spiced vinegar. Tomatoes when very small and green are good pickled with
the peppers.
121. _Mangoes._
Procure muskmelons as late in the season as possible--if pickled early,
they are not apt to keep well. Cut a small piece from the side that lies
upon the ground while growing, take out the seeds, and if the citron or
nutmeg melons are used for mangoes, the rough part should be scraped
off. The long common muskmelons make the best mangoes. Soak the melons
in salt and water, three or four days; then take them out of the water;
sprinkle on the inside of the melons, powdered cloves, pepper, nutmeg;
fill them with small strips of horseradish, cinnamon, and small string
beans. Flag root, nasturtions, and radish tops, are also nice to fill
them with. Fill the crevices with American mustard seed. Put back the
pieces of melon that were cut off, and bind the melon up tight with
white cotton cloth, sew it on. Lay the melons in a stone jar, with the
part that the covers are on, up. Put into vinegar for the mangoes, alum,
salt and peppercorns, in the same proportion as for cucumbers--heat it
scalding hot, then turn it on to the melons. Barberries or radish tops
pickled in bunches, are a pretty garnish for mangoes. The barberries
preserve their natural color best by being first dried. Whenever you
wish to use them, turn boiling vinegar on them, and let them lie in it
several hours to swell out.
122. _To Pickle Butternuts and Walnuts._
The nuts for pickling should be gathered as early as July, unless the
season is very backward. When a pin will go through them easily, they
are young enough to pickle. Soak them in salt and water a week--then
drain it off. Rub them with a cloth, to get off the roughness. To a
gallon of vinegar put a tea-cup of salt, a table-spoonful of powdered
cloves and mace, mixed together, half an ounce of allspice, and
peppercorns. Boil the vinegar and spices, and turn it while hot on to
the nuts. In the course of a week, scald the vinegar, and turn it back
on them while hot. They will be fit to eat in the course of a fortnight.
123. _Peaches and Apricots._
Take those of a full growth, but perfectly green, put them in salt and
water, strong enough to bear up an egg. When they have been in a week,
take them out, and wipe them carefully with a soft cloth. Lay them in a
pickle jar. Put to a gallon of vinegar half an ounce of cloves, the same
quantity of peppercorns, sliced ginger and mustard seed--add salt, and
boil the vinegar--then turn it on to the peaches scalding hot. Turn the
vinegar from them several times. Heat it scalding hot, and turn it back
while hot.
124. _To Pickle Cabbages and Cauliflowers._
Purple cabbages are the best for pickling. Pull off the loose leaves,
quarter the cabbages, put them in a keg, and sprinkle a great deal of
salt, on each one--let them remain five or six days. To a gallon of
vinegar put an ounce of mace, one of peppercorns and cinnamon, (cloves
and allspice improve the taste of the cabbages, but they turn it a dark
color.) Heat the vinegar scalding hot, put in a little alum, and turn it
while hot on to the cabbages--the salt should remain that was sprinkled
on the cabbages. Turn the vinegar from the cabbages six or seven
times--heat it scalding hot, and turn it back while hot, to make them
tender. Cauliflowers are pickled in the same manner. Cauliflowers cut
into bunches, and pickled with beet roots sliced, look very prettily.
125. _East India Pickle._
Chop cabbage fine, leaving out the stalks, together with three or four
onions, a root of horseradish, and a couple of green peppers to each
cabbage. Soak the whole in salt and water three or four days. Spice some
vinegar very strong with mace, cloves, allspice and cinnamon. Heat it
scalding hot--add alum and salt, and turn it on to the cabbage, onions
and pepper, which should previously have all the brine drained from
them. This pickle will be fit to eat in the course of three or four
weeks.
126. _French Beans and Radish Pods._
Gather them while quite small and tender. Keep them in salt and water,
till you get through collecting them--changing the water as often as
once in four or five days. Then scald them with hot salt and water, let
them lie in it till cool, then turn on hot vinegar spiced with
peppercorns, mace and allspice. The radish top, if pickled in small
bunches, are a pretty garnish for other pickles.
127. _Nasturtion._
Take them when small and green--put them in salt and water--change the
water once in three days. When you have done collecting the nasturtions,
turn off the brine, and pour on scalding hot vinegar.
128. _Samphire._
Procure samphire that is fresh and green--let it lay in salt for three
days--then take it out, and for a peck of samphire spice a gallon of
vinegar with a couple of dozen of peppercorns--add half a tea-cup of
salt--heat the vinegar scalding hot, and turn it on to the samphire
while hot--cover it close. In the course of ten days, turn the vinegar
from the samphire, heat it scalding hot, and turn it back.
129. _Onions._
Peel and boil them in milk and water ten minutes. To a gallon of vinegar
put half an ounce of cinnamon and mace, a quarter of an ounce of cloves,
a small tea-cup of salt, and half an ounce of alum. Heat the vinegar,
together with the spices, scalding hot, and turn it on to the onions,
which should previously have the water and milk drained from them. Cover
them tight till cold.
130. _Artichokes._
Soak the artichokes in salt and water, for several days, then drain and
rub them till you get all the skin off. Turn boiling vinegar on them,
with salt, alum, and peppercorns in it, in the same proportion as for
cucumbers. Let them remain a week, then turn off the vinegar, scald it,
and turn it back while hot on to the artichokes. Continue to turn
boiling vinegar on to the artichokes till thoroughly pickled.
131. _Cucumbers._
Gather those that are small and green, and of a quick growth. Turn
boiling water on them as soon as picked. Let them remain in it four or
five hours, then put them in cold vinegar, with alum and salt, in the
proportion of a table spoonful of the former and a tea cup of the
latter, to every gallon of vinegar. When you have done collecting the
cucumbers for pickling, turn the vinegar from the cucumbers, scald and
skim it till clear, then put in the pickles, let them scald without
boiling, for a few minutes; then turn them while hot into the vessel you
intend to keep them in. A few peppers, or peppercorns, improve the taste
of the cucumbers. Cucumbers to be brittle need scalding several times.
If the vinegar is weak, it should be thrown away, and fresh put to the
cucumbers, with more alum and salt. Another method of pickling
cucumbers, which is good, is to put them in salt and water, as you pick
them--changing the salt and water once in three or four days. When you
have done collecting your cucumbers for pickling, take them out of the
salt and water, turn on scalding hot vinegar, with alum, salt and
peppercorns in it.
132. _Gherkins._
Put them in strong brine--keep them in a warm place. When they turn
yellow, drain off the brine, and turn hot vinegar on them. Let them
remain in it till they turn green, keeping them in a warm place. Then
turn off the vinegar--add fresh scalding hot vinegar, spiced with mace,
allspice, and peppercorns--add alum and salt, in the same proportion as
for cucumbers.
133. _To Pickle Oysters._
Take the oysters from the liquor, strain and boil it. Rinse the oysters,
if there are any bits of the shells attached to them. Put them into the
liquor while boiling. Boil them one minute, then take them out of it,
and to the liquor put a few peppercorns, cloves, and a blade or two of
mace--add a little salt, and the same quantity of vinegar as oyster
juice. Let the whole boil fifteen minutes, then turn it on to the
oysters. If you wish to keep the oysters for a number of weeks, bottle
and cork them tight as soon as cold.
134. _To Pickle Mushrooms._
Peel and stew them, with just water enough to prevent their sticking at
the bottom of the pan. Shake them occasionally, to prevent their
burning. When tender, take them up, and put them in scalding hot
vinegar, spiced with mace, cloves, and peppercorns--add a little salt.
Bottle and cork them tight, if you wish to keep them long.
135. _Wheat Bread._
For six common sized loaves of bread, take three pints of boiling water,
and mix it with five or six quarts of flour. When thoroughly mixed, add
three pints of cold water. Stir it till the whole of the dough is of the
same temperature. When lukewarm, stir in half a pint of family yeast,
(if brewers' yeast is used, a less quantity will answer,) a
table-spoonful of salt, knead in flour till stiff enough to mould up,
and free from lumps. The more the bread is kneaded, the better it will
be. Cover it over with a thick cloth, and if the weather is cold, set
it near a fire. To ascertain when it has risen, cut it through the
middle with a knife--if full of small holes like a sponge, it is
sufficiently light for baking. It should be baked as soon as light. If
your bread should get sour before you are ready to bake it, dissolve two
or more tea-spoonsful of saleratus (according to the acidity of it) in a
tea-cup of milk or water, strain it on to the dough, work it in
well--then cut off enough for a loaf of bread--mould it up well, slash
it on both sides, to prevent its cracking when baked--put it in a
buttered tin-pan. The bread should stand ten or twelve minutes in the
pans before baking it. If you like your bread baked a good deal, let it
stand in the oven an hour and a half. When the wheat is grown, it makes
better bread to wet the flour entirely with boiling water. It should
remain till cool before working in the yeast. Some cooks have an idea
that it kills the life of the flour to scald it, but it is a mistaken
idea--it is sweeter for it, and will keep good much longer. Bread made
in this way is nearly as good as that which is wet with milk. Care must
be taken not to put the yeast in when the dough is hot, as it will scald
it, and prevents its rising. Most ovens require heating an hour and a
half for bread. A brisk fire should be kept up, and the doors of the
room should be kept shut, if the weather is cold. Pine and ash, mixed
together, or birch-wood, is the best for heating an oven. To ascertain
if your oven is of the right temperature, when cleaned, throw in a
little flour; if it browns in the course of a minute, it is sufficiently
hot; if it turns black directly, wait several minutes, before putting in
the things that are to be baked. If the oven does not bake well, set in
a furnace of live coals.
136. _Sponge Bread._
For four loaves of bread, take three quarts of wheat flour, and the same
quantity of boiling water--mix them well together. Let it remain till
lukewarm, then add a tea-cup full of family, or half a tea-cup of
distillery yeast. Set it in a warm place to rise. When light, knead in
flour till stiff enough to mould up, then let it stand till risen again,
before moulding it up.
137. _Rye Bread._
Wet up rye flour with lukewarm milk, (water will do to wet it with, but
it will not make the bread so good.) Put in the same proportion of yeast
as for wheat bread. For four or five loaves of bread, put in a couple of
tea-spoonsful of salt. A couple of table-spoonsful of melted butter
makes the crust more tender. It should not be kneaded as stiff as wheat
bread, or it will be hard when baked. When light, take it out into pans,
without moulding it up--let it remain in them about twenty minutes,
before baking.
138. _Brown Bread._
Brown bread is made by scalding Indian meal, and stirring into it, when
lukewarm, about the same quantity of rye flour as Indian meal--add yeast
and salt in the same proportion as for other kinds of bread. Bake it
between two and three hours.
139. _Indian Bread._
Mix Indian meal with cold water, stir it into boiling water, let it boil
half an hour--stir in a little salt, take it from the fire, let it
remain till lukewarm, then stir in yeast and Indian meal, to render it
of the consistency of unbaked rye dough. When light, take it out into
buttered pans, let it remain a few minutes, then bake it two hours and a
half.
140. _Potato Bread._
Boil the potatoes very soft, then peel and mash them fine. Put in salt,
and very little butter--then rub them with the flour--wet the flour with
lukewarm water--then work in the yeast, and flour till stiff to mould
up. It will rise quicker than common wheat bread, and should be baked as
soon as risen, as it turns sour very soon. The potatoes that the bread
is made of should be mealy, and mixed with the flour in the proportion
of one-third of potatoes to two-thirds of flour.
141. _Rice Bread._
Boil a pint of rice till soft--then mix it with a couple of quarts of
rice or wheat flour. When cool, add half a tea-cup of yeast, a little
salt, and milk to render it of the consistency of rye bread. When light,
bake it in small buttered pans.
142. _French Rolls._
Turn a quart of lukewarm milk on to a quart of flour. Melt a couple of
ounces of butter, and put to the milk and flour, together with a couple
of eggs, and a tea-spoonful of salt. When cool, stir in half a tea-cup
of yeast, and flour to make it stiff enough to mould up. Put it in a
warm place. When light, do it up into small rolls--lay the rolls on flat
buttered tins--let them remain twenty minutes before baking.
143. _Yeast._
Boil a small handful of hops in a couple of quarts of water. When the
strength is obtained from them, strain the liquor--put it back on the
fire--take a little of the liquor, and mix smoothly with three heaping
table-spoonsful of wheat flour--stir it into the liquor when it boils.
Let it boil five or six minutes--take it from the fire. When lukewarm,
stir in a tea-cup of yeast--keep it in a warm place till risen. When of
a frothy appearance, it is sufficiently light. Add a table-spoonful of
salt, turn it into a jar, and cover it tight. Some people keep yeast in
bottles, but they are apt to burst--some use jugs, but they cannot be
cleaned so easily as jars. Whenever your yeast gets sour, the jar should
be thoroughly cleaned before fresh is put in--if not cleaned, it will
spoil the fresh yeast. Yeast made in this manner will keep good a
fortnight in warm weather; in cold weather longer. If your yeast appears
to be a little changed, add a little saleratus to it before you mix it
with your bread. If it does not foam well, when put in, it is too stale
to use. Milk yeast makes sweeter bread than any other kind of yeast, but
it will not keep good long. It is very nice to make biscuit of. Take
half the quantity of milk you need for your biscuit--set it in a warm
place, with a little flour, and a tea-spoonful of salt. When light, mix
it with the rest of the milk, and use it directly for the biscuit. It
takes a pint of this yeast for five or six loaves of bread. Another
method of making yeast, which is very good, is to take about half a
pound of your bread dough, when risen, and roll it out thin, and dry it.
When you wish to make bread, put a quart of lukewarm milk to it, set it
near the fire to rise--when light, scald the flour, and let it be till
lukewarm--then add the yeast and salt. This will raise the bread in the
course of an hour. The dough will need a little fresh hop liquor put to
it, in the course of three or four times baking. Potato yeast makes very
nice bread, but the yeast does not keep good as long as when made
without them. It is made in the following manner: boil a couple of good,
sized potatoes soft--peel and rub them through a sieve--put to it a
couple of table-spoonsful of wheat flour, and a quart of hot hop
tea--when lukewarm, stir in half a tea-cup of yeast--when light, put in
a couple of tea-spoonsful of salt, put it in your yeast-jar, and cover
it up tight.
144. _Yeast Cakes._
Stir into a pint of good lively yeast a table-spoonful of salt, and rye
or wheat flour to make a thick batter. When risen, stir in Indian meal
till of the right consistency to roll out. When risen again, roll them
out very thin, cut them into cakes with a tumbler, and dry them in the
shade in clear windy weather. Care must be taken to keep them from the
sun, or they will ferment. When perfectly dry, tie them up in a bag, and
keep them in a cool dry place. To raise four or five loaves of bread,
take one of these cakes, and put to it a little lukewarm milk or water.
When dissolved, stir in a couple of table-spoonsful of flour, set it
near the fire--When light, use it for your dough. Yeast cakes will keep
good five or six months. They are very convenient to use in summer, as
common yeast is so apt to ferment.
145. _Butter Biscuit._
Melt a tea-cup of butter--mix it with two-thirds of a pint of milk, (if
you have not any milk, water may be substituted, but the biscuit will
not be as nice.) Put in a tea-spoonful of salt, half a tea-cup of yeast,
(milk yeast is the best, see directions for making it)--stir in flour
till it is stiff enough to mould up. A couple of eggs improve the
biscuit, but are not essential. Set the dough in a warm place when
risen, mould the dough with the hand into small cakes, lay them on flat
tins that have been buttered. Let them remain half an hour before they
are baked.
146. _Butter-milk Biscuit._
Dissolve a couple of tea-spoonsful of saleratus in a tea-cup of sour
milk--mix it with a pint of butter-milk, and a couple of tea-spoonsful
of salt. Stir in flour until stiff enough to mould up. Mould it up into
small cakes, and bake them immediately.
147. _Hard Biscuit._
Weigh out four pounds of flour, and rub three pounds and a half of it
with four ounces of butter, four beaten eggs, and a couple of
tea-spoonsful of salt. Moisten it with milk, pound it out thin with a
rolling-pin, sprinkle a little of the reserved flour over it
lightly--roll it up and pound it out again, sprinkle on more of the
flour--this operation continue to repeat till you get in all the
reserved flour--then roll it out thin, cut it into cakes with a tumbler,
lay them on flat buttered tins, cover them with a damp cloth, to prevent
their drying. Bake them in a quick oven.
148. _Saleratus Biscuit._
Put a couple of tea-spoonsful of saleratus in a pint of sour milk. If
you have not any sour milk, put a table-spoonful of vinegar to a pint of
sweet milk, set it in a warm place--as soon as it curdles, mix it with
the saleratus--put in a couple of table-spoonfuls of melted butter, and
flour to make them sufficiently stiff to roll out. Mould them up into
small biscuit, and bake them immediately.
149. _Potato Biscuit._
Boil mealy potatoes very soft, peel and mash them. To four good-sized
potatoes, put a piece of butter, of the size of a hen's egg, a
tea-spoonful of salt. When the butter has melted, put in half a pint of
cold milk. If the milk cools the potatoes, put in a quarter of a pint of
yeast, and flour to make them of the right consistency to mould up. Set
them in a warm place--when risen, mould them up with the hand--let them
remain ten or fifteen minutes before baking them.
150. _Sponge Biscuit._
Stir into a pint of lukewarm milk half a tea-cup of melted butter, a
tea-spoonful of salt, half a tea-cup of family, or a table-spoonful of
brewers' yeast, (the latter is the best;) add flour till it is a very
stiff batter. When light, drop this mixture by the large spoonful on to
flat, buttered tins, several inches apart. Let them remain a few minutes
before baking. Bake them in a quick oven till they are a light brown.
151. _Crackers._
Rub six ounces of butter with two pounds of flour--dissolve a couple of
tea-spoonsful of saleratus in a wine glass of milk, and strain it on to
the flour--add a tea-spoonful of salt, and milk enough to enable you to
roll it out. Beat it with a rolling-pin for half an hour, pounding it
out thin--cut it into cakes with a tumbler--bake them about fifteen
minutes, then take them from the oven. When the rest of your things are
baked sufficiently, take them out, set in the crackers, and let them
remain till baked hard and crispy.
152. _Cream Cakes._
Mix half a pint of thick cream with the same quantity of milk, four
eggs, and flour to render them just stiff enough to drop on buttered
tins. They should be dropped by the large spoonful several inches apart,
and baked in a quick oven.
153. _Crumpets._
Take three tea-cups of raised dough, and work into it, with the hand,
half a tea-cup of melted butter, three eggs, and milk to render it a
thick batter. Turn it into a buttered bake pan--let it remain fifteen
minutes, then put on a bake pan, heated so as to scorch flour. It will
bake in half an hour.
154. _Rice Cakes._
Mix a pint of rice boiled soft with a pint of milk, a tea-spoonful of
salt, and three eggs, beaten to a froth. Stir in rice or wheat flour
till of the right consistency to fry. If you like them baked, add two
more eggs, and enough more flour to make them stiff enough to roll out,
and cut them into cakes.
155. _Rice Ruffs._
To a pint of rice flour put boiling water or milk sufficient to make a
thick batter. Beat four eggs, (when it is cool,) and put in, together
with a tea-spoonful of salt. Drop this mixture by the large spoonful
into hot fat.
156. _Buckwheat Cakes._
Mix a quart of buckwheat flour with a pint of lukewarm milk, (water will
do, but is not as good,) and a tea-cup of yeast--set it in a warm place
to rise. When light, (which will be in the course of eight or ten hours
if family yeast is used, if brewers' yeast is used, they will rise much
quicker,) add a tea-spoonful of salt--if sour, the same quantity of
saleratus, dissolved in a little milk, and strained. If they are too
thick, thin them with cold milk or water. Fry them in just fat enough to
prevent their sticking to the frying pan.
157. _Economy Cakes._
Rusked bread, or that which is old and sour, can be made into nice
cakes. The bread should be cut into small pieces, and soaked in cold
water till very soft. Then drain off the water, mash the bread fine--to
three pints of the bread pulp put a couple of beaten eggs, three or four
table-spoonsful of flour, and a little salt--dissolve a tea-spoonful of
saleratus to a tea-cup of milk, strain it, then stir it into the
bread--add more milk till it is of the right consistency to fry. The
batter should be rather thicker than that of buckwheat cakes, and cooked
in the same manner. Another way of making them, which is very good, is
to mix half a pint of wheat flour with enough cold milk or water to
render it a thick batter, and a couple of table-spoonsful of yeast. When
light, mix the batter with the bread, (which should be previously soaked
soft, and mashed fine,) add salt, and a tea-spoonful of saleratus,
dissolved in a little milk. Fry them in just fat enough to prevent their
sticking to the frying pan.
158. _Green Corn Cake._
Mix a pint of grated green corn with three table-spoonsful of milk, a
tea-cup of flour, half a tea-cup of melted butter, one egg, a
tea-spoonful of salt, and half a tea-spoonful of pepper. Drop this
mixture into hot butter by the spoonful, let the cakes fry eight or ten
minutes. These cakes are nice served up with meat for dinner.
159. _Indian Corn Cake._
Stir into a quart of sour or butter-milk a couple of tea-spoonsful of
saleratus, a little salt, and sifted Indian meal to render it a thick
batter--a little cream improves the cake--bake it in deep cake pans
about an hour. When sour milk cannot be procured, boil sweet milk, and
turn it on to the Indian meal--when cool, put in three beaten eggs to a
quart of the meal--add salt to the taste.
160. _Indian Slap Jacks._
Scald a quart of Indian meal--when lukewarm, turn, stir in half a pint
of flour, half a tea-cup of yeast, and a little salt. When light, fry
them in just fat enough to prevent their sticking to the frying pan.
Another method of making them, which is very nice, is to turn boiling
milk or water on to the Indian meal, in the proportion of a quart of the
former to a pint of the latter--stir in three table-spoonsful of flour,
three eggs well beaten, and a couple of tea-spoonsful of salt.
161. _Journey or Johnny Cakes._
Scald a quart of sifted Indian meal with sufficient water to make it a
very thick batter. Stir in two or three tea-spoonsful of salt--mould it
with the hand into small cakes. In order to mould them up, it will be
necessary to rub a good deal of flour on the hands, to prevent their
sticking. Fry them in nearly fat enough to cover them. When brown on the
under side, they should be turned. It takes about twenty minutes to cook
them. When cooked, split and butter them. Another way of making them,
which is nice, is to scald the Indian meal, and put in saleratus,
dissolved in milk and salt, in the proportion of a tea-spoonful of each
to a quart of meal. Add two or three table-spoonsful of wheat flour,
and drop the batter by the large spoonful into a frying pan. The batter
should be of a very thick consistency, and there should be just fat
enough in the frying pan to prevent the cakes sticking to it.
162. _Hoe Cakes._
Scald a quart of Indian meal with just water enough to make a thick
batter. Stir in a couple of tea-spoonsful of salt, and two
table-spoonful of butter. Turn it into a buttered bake pan, and bake it
half an hour.
163. _Muffins._
Mix a quart of wheat flour smoothly with a pint and a half of lukewarm
milk, half a tea-cup of yeast, a couple of beaten eggs, a heaping
tea-spoonsful of salt, and a couple of table-spoonsful of lukewarm
melted butter. Set the batter in a warm place to rise. When light,
butter your muffin cups, turn in the mixture, and bake the muffins till
a light brown.
164. _Raised Flour Waffles._
Stir into a quart of flour sufficient lukewarm milk to make a thick
batter. The milk should be stirred in gradually, so as to have it free
from lumps. Put in a table-spoonful of melted butter, a couple of beaten
eggs, a tea-spoonsful of salt, and half a tea-cup of yeast. When risen,
fill your waffle-irons with the batter, bake them on a hot bed of coals.
When they have been on the fire between two and three minutes, turn the
waffle-irons over--when brown on both sides, they are sufficiently
baked. The waffle-irons should be well greased with lard, and very hot,
before each one is put in. The waffles should be buttered as soon as
cooked. Serve them up with powdered white sugar and cinnamon.
165. _Quick Waffles._
Mix flour and cold milk together, to make a thick batter. To a quart of
the flour put six beaten eggs, a table-spoonful of melted butter, and a
tea-spoonful of salt. Some cooks add a quarter of a pound of sugar, and
half a nutmeg. Bake them immediately.
166. _Rice Waffles._
Take a tea-cup and a half of boiled rice--warm it with a pint of milk,
mix it smooth, then take it from the fire, stir in a pint of cold milk,
and a tea-spoonful of salt. Beat four eggs, and stir them in, together
with sufficient flour to make a thick batter.
167. _Rice Wafers._
Melt a quarter of a pound of butter, and mix it with a pound of rice
flour, a tea-spoonful of salt, and a wine glass of wine. Beat four eggs,
and stir in, together with just cold milk enough to enable you to roll
them out easily. They should be rolled out as thin as possible, cut with
a wine glass into cakes, and baked in a moderate oven, on buttered flat
tins.
168. _Rules to be observed in making nice Cake._
Cake, to be good, must be made of nice materials. The butter, eggs, and
flour, should not be stale, and the sugar should be of a light color,
and dry. Brown sugar answers very well for most kinds of cake, if rolled
free from lumps, and stirred to a cream with the butter. The flour
should be sifted, and if damp, dried perfectly, otherwise it will make
the cake heavy. The eggs should be beaten to a froth; and the cake will
be more delicate if the yelks and whites are beaten separately.
Saleratus and soda should be perfectly dissolved, and strained before
they are stirred into the cake. Raisins for cake should have the seeds
taken out. Zante currants should be rinsed in several waters to cleanse
them, rubbed in a dry cloth to get out the sticks, and then spread on
platters, and dried perfectly, before they are put into the cake.
Almonds should be blanched, which is done by turning boiling water on
them, and letting them remain in it till the skins will rub off easily.
When blanched, dry them, then pound them fine, with rosewater, to
prevent their oiling. When the weather is cold, the materials for cake
should be moderately warmed, before mixing them together. All kinds of
cake that are made without yeast are better for being stirred, till just
before they are baked. The butter and sugar should be stirred together
till white, then the eggs, flour, and spice, added. Saleratus and cream
should not be put in till just before the cake is baked--add the fruit
last. Butter the cake pans well. The cake will be less liable to burn if
the pans are lined with white buttered paper. The cake should not be
moved while baking if it can be avoided, as moving it is apt to make it
heavy. The quicker most kinds of cake are baked, the lighter and better
they will be; but the oven should not be of such a furious heat as to
burn them. It is impossible to give any exact rules as to the time to be
allowed for baking various kinds of cake, as so much depends on the heat
of the oven. It should be narrowly watched while in the oven, and if it
browns too fast, it should be covered with a thick paper. To ascertain
when rich cake is sufficiently baked, stick a clean broom splinter
through the thickest part of the loaf--if none of the cake adheres to
the splinter, it is sufficiently baked. When cake that is baked on flat
tins moves easily on them, it is sufficiently baked.
169. _Frosting for Cake._
Allow for the white of one egg nine heaping tea-spoonsful of double
refined sugar, and one of nice Poland starch. The sugar and starch
should be pounded, and sifted through a very fine sieve. Beat the whites
of eggs to a stiff froth, so that you can turn the plate upside down,
without the eggs falling from it--then stir in the sugar gradually, with
a wooden spoon--stir it ten or fifteen minutes without any
cessation--then add a tea-spoonful of lemon juice, (vinegar will answer,
but is not as nice)--put in sufficient rosewater to flavor it. If you
wish to color it pink, stir in a few grains of cochineal powder, or rose
pink--if you wish to have it of a blue tinge, add a little of what is
called the powder blue. Lay the frosting on the cake with a knife, soon
after it is taken from the oven--smooth it over, and let it remain in a
cool place till hard. To frost a common sized loaf of cake, allow the
white of one egg, and half of another.
170. _Sponge Gingerbread._
Melt a piece of butter of the size of a hen's egg--mix it with a pint of
nice molasses, a table-spoonful of ginger, and a quart of flour.
Dissolve a heaping table-spoonful of saleratus in half a pint of milk,
strain and mix it with the rest of the ingredients, add sufficient flour
to enable you to roll it out easily, roll it out about half an inch
thick, and bake it on flat tins in a quick oven. Gingerbread made in
this manner will be light and spongy if baked quick, and made of nice
molasses, but it will not keep good so long as hard gingerbread.
171. _Hard Molasses Gingerbread._
To a pint of molasses put half a tea-cup of melted butter, a
table-spoonful of ginger, and a quart of flour. Dissolve a tea-spoonful
of saleratus in half a pint of water, and stir it in, together with
flour sufficient to enable you to roll it out. Bake it in a moderately
warm oven.
172. _Soft Molasses Gingerbread._
Melt a tea-cup of butter--mix it with a pint of molasses, a
table-spoonful of ginger, a pint of flour, and a couple of beaten eggs.
Fresh lemon peel, cut into small strips, improves it. Dissolve a couple
of tea-spoonsful of saleratus in half a pint of milk, and stir it into
the cake. Add flour to render it of the consistency of unbaked pound
cake. Bake it in deep pans about half an hour.
173. _Sugar Gingerbread._
Mix a pound of sugar with six ounces of butter. Beat four eggs, and stir
them into the butter and sugar, together with three tea-spoonsful of
ginger. Stir in gradually a pound and a half of flour--dissolve a
tea-spoonful of saleratus in a wine glass of milk, and stir it in, and
bake the gingerbread immediately.
174. _Ginger Snaps._
Melt a quarter of a pound of butter, the same quantity of lard--mix them
with a quarter of a pound of brown sugar, a pint of molasses, a couple
of table-spoonsful of ginger, and a quart of flour. Dissolve a couple of
tea-spoonsful of saleratus in a wine glass of milk, and strain it into
the cake--add sufficient flour to enable you to roll it out very thin,
cut it into small cakes, and bake them in a slow oven.
175. _Spice Cakes._
Melt a tea-cup of butter, mix it with a tea-cup of sugar, and half a
tea-cup of molasses. Stir in a tea-spoonful of cinnamon, the same
quantity of ginger, a grated nutmeg, and a tea-spoonful each of caraway
and coriander seed--put in a tea-spoonful of saleratus, dissolved in
half a tea-cup of water, stir in flour till stiff enough to roll out
thin, cut it into cakes, and bake them in a slow oven.
176. _Cider Cake._
Stir together a tea-cup of butter, three of sugar--beat four eggs, and
put into the cake, together with two tea-cups of flour, and a grated
nutmeg. Dissolve a tea-spoonful of saleratus in half a tea-cup of milk,
strain it, and mix it with the above ingredients--stir in a tea-cup of
cider, and four more cups of flour.
177. _Bannock or Indian Meal Cakes._
Stir to a cream a pound and a quarter of brown sugar, a pound of
butter--beat six eggs, and mix them with the sugar and butter--add a
tea-spoonful of cinnamon or ginger--stir in a pound and three quarters
of white Indian meal, and a quarter of a pound of wheat flour, (the meal
should be sifted.) Bake it in small cups, and let it remain in them till
cold.
178. _Rich Cookies._
Rub together, till white, a tea-cup of butter, two of sugar--then stir
in a couple of beaten eggs, a little flour, grate in a nutmeg--dissolve
a tea-spoonful of saleratus in a tea-cup of milk or water, strain it on
to the cake, then add flour till stiff enough to roll out easily. If you
cannot roll out the cake without its sticking to the board and
rolling-pin, (which should be previously floured,) work in more flour,
stamp and cut it into cakes--bake them in a moderately warm oven.
179. _Plain Tea Cakes._
Mix thoroughly a tea-cup and a half of sugar, half a tea-cup of butter,
stir in a little flour, and half a nutmeg. Dissolve a tea-spoonful of
saleratus in a tea-cup of milk, strain and mix it with the cake--add
flour till stiff enough to roll out--roll it out half an inch thick, cut
it into cakes, bake them on flat buttered tins, in a quick oven. If
baked slow, they will not be good.
180. _New Year's Cookies._
Weigh out a pound of sugar, three-quarters of a pound of butter--stir
them to a cream, then add three beaten eggs, a grated nutmeg, two
table-spoonsful of caraway seed, and a pint of flour. Dissolve a
tea-spoonful of saleratus in a tea-cup of milk, strain and mix it with
half a tea-cup of cider, and stir it into the cookies--then add flour to
make them sufficiently stiff to roll out. Bake them as soon as cut into
cakes, in a quick oven, till a light brown.
181. _Shrewsbury Cake._
Stir together three-quarters of a pound of sugar, half a pound of
butter. When white, add five beaten eggs, a tea-spoonful of rosewater,
or a nutmeg, and a pound of flour. Drop it with a large spoon on to flat
tins that have been buttered--sift sugar over them.
182. _Tunbridge Cake._
Six ounces of butter, the same quantity of sugar, three-quarters of a
pound of flour, a couple of eggs, and a tea-spoonful of rosewater. Stir
to a cream the butter and sugar, then add the eggs, flour, and spice.
Roll it out thin, and cut it into small cakes.
183. _Jumbles._
Stir together, till of a light color, a pound of sugar, and half the
weight of butter--then add eight eggs, beaten to a froth, essence of
lemon, or rosewater, to the taste, and flour to make them sufficiently
stiff to roll out. Roll them out in powdered sugar, about half an inch
thick, cut it into strips about half an inch wide, and four inches long,
join the ends together, so as to form rings--lay them on flat tins that
have been buttered--bake them in a quick oven.
184. _Composition Cake._
Five tea-cups of flour, three of sugar, two of butter, five eggs, a
tea-spoonful of saleratus, a tea-cup of milk, a wine glass of wine, or
brandy, one nutmeg, a pound of raisins. Stir the sugar and butter to a
cream, then add the eggs, beaten to a froth, and part of the flour and
the spice--dissolve the saleratus in the milk, strain and mix it with
the brandy, stir it into the cake, with the rest of the flour--add the
raisins just before the cake is put into the pans.
185. _Rusk._
Melt half a pound of butter, and mix it with two-thirds of a pint of
milk--flour to make a thick batter. Add three table-spoonsful of yeast,
and set the batter in a warm place to rise. When light, beat two eggs,
with half a pound of rolled sugar--work it into the batter with the
hand, add a tea-spoonful of salt, a tea-spoonful of cinnamon, and flour
to make them sufficiently stiff to mould up. Mould them up into cakes of
the size you would make biscuit, lay them on flat tins, previously
buttered, let them remain till of a spongy lightness, before baking.
They will bake, in a quick oven, in the course of fifteen minutes.
186. _Whigs._
Mix half a pound of sugar with six ounces of butter, a couple of beaten
eggs, a tea-spoonful of cinnamon. Stir in two pounds of flour, a tea-cup
of yeast, and milk sufficient to make a thick batter. When light, bake
them in small cups.
187. _Nut Cakes._
Heat a pint of milk just lukewarm--stir into it a tea-cup of lard, (the
lard should be melted.) Stir in flour, till it is a thick batter, then
add a small tea-cup of yeast. Set it in a warm place--when light, work
in two tea-cups and a half of rolled sugar, four eggs beaten to a froth,
two tea-spoonsful of cinnamon, and one of salt. Knead in flour to make
it sufficiently stiff to roll out--keep it in a warm place, till risen
again. When it appears of a spongy lightness, roll it out about half an
inch thick, cut it into cakes with a wine glass, let them remain fifteen
or twenty minutes before boiling them--boil them in a pot, with about a
couple of pounds of lard. The fat should be hot enough to boil up as
they are put in, and a brisk fire kept under the pot. It should be
shaken constantly while they are boiling. Only a few should be boiled at
once--if crowded, they will not fry well. If you wish to have them look
nice, dip them into powdered white sugar as soon as fried. The same
lard, with a little more added, will answer to fry several batches of
cakes in, if not burnt.
188. _Crollers._
Dissolve a tea-spoonful of saleratus in four table-spoonsful of milk, or
leave out one spoonful of milk, and substitute one of wine. Strain it on
to half a pint of flour, four table-spoonsful of melted butter, or lard,
and a tea-spoonful of salt. Beat four eggs, with six heaping
table-spoonsful of rolled sugar--work them into the rest of the
ingredients, together with a grated nutmeg--add flour to make them stiff
enough to roll out easily. They should be rolled out about half an inch
thick, cut with a jagging iron or knife into strips about half an inch
wide, and twisted, so as to form small cakes. Heat a pound of lard in a
deep pot or kettle, (some cooks use a frying pan to fry crollers in, but
they are more apt to burn when fried in a pan.) The fat should boil up,
as the cakes are laid in, and they should be constantly watched while
frying. When brown on the under side, turn them--when brown on both
sides, they are sufficiently cooked.
189. _Molasses Dough Cake._
Melt half a tea-cup of butter, mix it with a tea-cup of molasses, the
juice and chopped rind of a fresh lemon, a tea-spoonful of
cinnamon--work the whole with the hand into three tea-cups of raised
dough, together with a couple of beaten eggs. Work it with the hand for
ten or twelve minutes, then put it into buttered pans. Let it remain ten
or fifteen minutes before baking it.
190. _Sugar Dough Cake._
Dissolve a tea-spoonful of saleratus in a wine glass of wine, or
milk--strain it on to three tea-cups of raised dough. Work into the
dough a tea-cup of lukewarm melted butter, two tea-cups of rolled sugar,
three eggs well beaten, and a couple of tea-spoonsful of cinnamon. Work
the whole well together for a quarter of an hour, then put it into cake
pans. Let it stand in a warm place fifteen or twenty minutes, before
baking it.
191. _Measure Cake._
Stir to a cream a tea-cup of butter, two of sugar, then stir in four
eggs beaten to a froth, a grated nutmeg, and a pint of flour. Stir it
until just before it is baked. It is good either baked in cups or pans.
192. _French Cake._
One pound of sugar, three quarters of a pound of butter, a pound and a
half of flour, twelve eggs, a gill each of wine, brandy, and of milk.
Mix the sugar and butter together--when white, add the eggs, beaten to a
froth, (the whites and yelks should be separated)--then stir in the
flour, the milk and wine, and one-fourth of a grated nutmeg. Just before
it is baked, add three-quarters of a pound of seeded raisins, a quarter
of a pound of citron, and a quarter of a pound of almonds, blanched and
pounded fine. To blanch almonds, see directions in No. 168.
193. _Washington Cake._
Stir together, till quite white, a pound of sugar, three-quarters of a
pound of butter, then add four beaten eggs. Stir in gradually a pound
and a half of flour. Dissolve a tea-spoonful of saleratus in a tea-cup
of milk, strain and mix it with a glass of wine, then stir it into the
cake, together with a tea-spoonful of rosewater, and half a nutmeg. Just
before it is baked, add a pound of seeded raisins.
194. _Cup Cake._
Mix three tea-cups of sugar with one and a half of butter. When white,
beat three eggs, and stir them into the butter and sugar, together with
three tea-cups of sifted flour, and rosewater or essence of lemon to the
taste. Dissolve a tea-spoonful of saleratus in a tea-cup of milk, strain
it into the cake, then add three more tea-cups of sifted flour. Bake the
cake immediately, either in cups or pans.
195. _Plain Cream Cake._
Dissolve a tea-spoonful of saleratus in a wine glass of milk, strain it
on to a little sifted flour, beat three eggs with a tea-cup of rolled
sugar, mix them with the above ingredients, together with half a grated
nutmeg. Add a tea-cup of thick cream, and sifted flour to render it of
the consistency of unbaked pound cake. Bake it as soon as the cream and
flour are well mixed in, as stirring the cream much decomposes it.
196. _Rich Cream Cake._
Stir together, till very white, half a pound of butter, three-quarters
of a pound of sugar. Beat the whites and yelks of seven eggs separately
to a froth, stir them into the cake--put in a wine glass of brandy, a
grated nutmeg, and a pound and a half of sifted flour. Just before it is
baked, add half a pint of thick cream, and a pound of seeded raisins.
197. _Cymbals._
Half a pound of sugar, a quarter of a pound of butter, a couple of eggs,
half a nutmeg, a tea-spoonful of saleratus, half a tea-cup of milk. Stir
the butter and sugar together, then add the eggs and a little flour,
stir in the milk and saleratus, which should be previously strained,
then add enough flour to make it stiff enough to roll out--roll it out
half an inch thick, in pounded white sugar, cut it with a tumbler into
cakes, and bake them on flat buttered tins.
198. _Rich Loaf Cake._
Stir gradually into a pint of lukewarm milk a pound of sifted wheat
flour, add a small tea-cup of yeast, and set it where it will rise
quick. When of a spongy lightness, weigh out a pound of butter, a pound
and a quarter of nice sugar--stir them to a cream, then work them with
the hand into the sponge. Beat four eggs to a froth, the whites and
yelks separately--mix the eggs with the cake, together with a wine glass
of wine, one of brandy, a quarter of an ounce of mace, or one nutmeg.
Cinnamon is good spice for loaf cake, but it turns it a dark color. Add
another pound of flour, and work it with the hand for fifteen or twenty
minutes. (The longer it is worked, the more delicate will be the cake.)
Let it remain till risen again--when perfectly light, beat it a few
minutes with the hand, then add a couple of pounds of seeded raisins, a
quarter of a pound of citron, or almonds blanched, and pounded fine.
Butter three common sized cake pans, and put the cake into them--let
them remain half an hour in a warm place, before setting them in the
oven. Bake the cake in a quick, but not a furious oven, from an hour and
fifteen to thirty minutes, according to the heat of the oven. If it
browns too fast, cover it, while baking, with thick paper.
199. _Plain Loaf Cake._
Mix together a pint of lukewarm milk, two quarts of sifted flour, a
small tea-cup of yeast. Set the batter where it will rise quick. When
perfectly light, work in with the hand four beaten eggs, a tea-spoonful
of salt, two of cinnamon, a wine glass of brandy or wine. Stir a pound
of sugar with three-quarters of a pound of butter--when white, work it
into the cake, add another quart of sifted flour, and beat the whole
well with the hand ten or fifteen minutes, then set it where it will
rise again. When of a spongy lightness, put it into buttered cake pans,
and let them stand fifteen or twenty minutes before baking. Add if you
like a pound and a half of raisins, just before putting the cake into
the pans.
200. _Shelah, or Quick Loaf Cake._
Melt half a pound of butter--when cool, work it into a pound and a half
of raised dough. Beat four eggs with three-quarters of a pound of rolled
sugar, mix it with the dough, together with a wine glass of wine, or
brandy, a tea-spoonful of cinnamon, and a grated nutmeg. Dissolve a
tea-spoonful of saleratus in a small tea-cup of milk, strain it on to
the dough, work the whole well together for a quarter of an hour, then
add a pound of seeded raisins, and put it into cake pans. Let them
remain twenty minutes before setting them in the oven.
201. _Rice Cake._
Mix ten ounces of ground rice, three of wheat flour, eight ounces of
powdered white sugar. Sift the whole by degrees into the beaten yelks
of eight eggs. Add the whites of the eggs, beaten to a stiff froth, and
half a grated nutmeg. Bake the cake in deep pans as soon as the
ingredients are well mixed in. The cake will bake sufficiently in the
course of twenty minutes, if the oven is hot.
202. _Diet Bread._
Sift a pound of flour, mix it with a pound of rolled sugar. Beat eight
eggs to a froth, and stir the flour and sugar in very gradually. Season
it to the taste with essence of lemon or rosewater. Bake it from fifteen
to twenty minutes.
203. _Lemon Cake._
Stir together, till very white, a pound of sugar, half a pound of
butter--then add eight eggs, beaten to a froth, (the whites and yelks
should be beaten separately,) the grated rind of two lemons, and the
juice of half a lemon. Stir in gradually a pound of sifted flour. Line a
couple of cake pans with white buttered paper, turn the cake into them,
and bake it in a quick oven.
204. _Scotch Cake._
Stir to a cream a pound of sugar, and three-quarters of a pound of
butter--put in the juice and grated rind of a lemon, a wine glass of
brandy. Separate the whites and yelks of nine eggs, beat them to a
froth, and stir them into the cake--then add a pound of sifted flour,
and just before it is put in the cake pans, a pound of seeded raisins.
205. _Pound Cake._
Mix a pound of sugar with three-quarters of a pound of butter. When
worked white, stir in the yelks of eight eggs, beaten to a froth, then
the whites. Add a pound of sifted flour, and mace or nutmeg to the
taste. If you wish to have your cake particularly nice, stir in, just
before you put it into the pans, a quarter of a pound of citron, or
almonds blanched, and powdered fine in rosewater.
206. _Confectioner's Pound Cake._
Stir together a pound and a quarter of sugar, three quarters of a pound
of butter. When of a light color, stir in twelve beaten eggs, a pound
and a half of sifted flour, and mace or nutmeg to the taste.
207. _Queen's Cake._
Rub together, till very white, a pound of sugar, three quarters of a
pound of butter. Mix a wine glass of wine, one of brandy, one of milk,
and if you wish to have the cake look dark, put in a tea-spoonful of
saleratus. Stir them into the butter and sugar, together with a pound of
flour, a tea-spoonful of rosewater, or essence of lemon, a quarter of an
ounce of mace. Beat the whites and yelks separately of six eggs--if no
saleratus is used, two more eggs will be necessary. When beaten to a
froth, mix them with the cake. Stir the whole well together, then add,
just before baking it, half a pound of seeded raisins, the same weight
of Zante currants, a quarter of a pound of citron, or almonds blanched,
and pounded fine in rosewater. The fruit should be stirred in gradually,
a handful of each alternately. Line a couple of three pint tin pans with
buttered white paper, put in the cake, and bake it directly. If it
browns too fast, cover it with paper. It takes from an hour and a
quarter to an hour and a half to bake it, according to the heat of the
oven.
208. _Delicate Cake._
Stir to a cream a pound of powdered white sugar, seven ounces of
butter--then add the whites of sixteen eggs, beaten to a stiff froth,
half a nutmeg, or a tea-spoonful of rosewater. Stir in gradually a pound
of sifted flour, and bake the cake immediately. The yelks of the eggs
can be used for custards.
209. _Jelly Cake._
Rub together, till white, half a pound of sugar, six ounces of butter.
Beat eight eggs to a froth, and stir into the butter and sugar, together
with a pound of sifted flour. Add the juice and grated rind of a fresh
lemon, and turn this mixture on to scolloped tin plates, that have been
well buttered. The cake should not be more than a quarter of an inch
thick on each of the plates. Bake them directly, in a quick oven, till
a light brown. Pile them on a plate with a layer of jelly or marmalade
between each of the cakes, and a layer on the top.
210. _Strawberry Cake._
Mix a quart of flour with a tea-spoonful of salt, four beaten eggs, and
a tea-cup of thick cream, or melted butter. Add sufficient milk to
enable you to roll it out--roll it out thin, line a shallow cake pan
with part of it, then put in a thick layer of nice ripe strawberries,
strew on sufficient white sugar to sweeten the strawberries, cover them
with a thin layer of the crust, then add another layer of strawberries
and sugar--cover the whole with another layer of crust, and bake it in a
quick oven about twenty-five minutes.
211. _Superior Sponge Cake._
Take the weight of ten eggs in powdered loaf sugar, beat it to a froth
with the yelks of twelve eggs, put in the grated rind of a fresh lemon,
leaving out the white part--add half the juice. Beat the whites of
twelve eggs to a stiff froth, and mix them with the sugar and butter.
Stir the whole without any cessation for fifteen minutes, then stir in
gradually the weight of six eggs in sifted flour. As soon as the flour
is well mixed in, turn the cake into pans lined with buttered
paper--bake it immediately in a quick, but not a furiously hot oven. It
will bake in the course of twenty minutes. If it bakes too fast, cover
it with thick paper.
212. _Good Sponge Cake._
Beat together the yelks of ten eggs, with a pound of powdered white
sugar--beat to a stiff froth the whites of the eggs, and stir them into
the yelks and sugar. Beat the whole ten or fifteen minutes, then stir in
gradually three-quarters of a pound of sifted flour. Flavor it with a
nutmeg, or the grated rind of a lemon. Bake it as soon as the flour and
spices are well mixed in.
213. _Almond Cake._
Beat the yelks of twelve eggs to a froth, with a pound of powdered white
sugar. Beat the whites of nine eggs to a stiff froth, and stir them into
the yelks and sugar. When the whole has been stirred together for ten
minutes, add gradually a pound of sifted flour, and half a pound of
almonds, blanched and pounded fine, then stir in three table-spoonsful
of thick cream. As soon as the ingredients are well mixed in, turn the
cake into buttered pans, and bake it immediately. Frost the cake with
the reserved whites of the eggs as soon as it is baked.
214. _Fruit Cake._
One pound of flour, one of sugar, three-quarters of a pound of butter,
two pounds of seeded raisins, two of currants, one of citron, a quarter
of a pound of almonds, half an ounce of mace, a tea-spoonful of
rosewater, a wine glass of brandy, one of wine, and ten eggs. Stir the
sugar and butter to a cream, then add the whites and yelks of the eggs,
beaten separately to a froth--stir in the flour gradually, then the
wine, brandy, and spice. Add the fruit just before it is put into the
pans. It takes over two hours to bake it if the loaves are thick--if the
loaves are thin, it will bake in less time. This kind of cake is the
best after it has been made three or four weeks, and it will keep good
five or six months.
215. _Black Cake._
One pound of flour, one of sugar, fourteen ounces of butter, ten eggs,
three pounds of seeded raisins, three pounds of Zante currants, and one
pound of citron, a wine glass of wine, one of brandy, and one of milk, a
tea-spoonful of saleratus, a table-spoonful of molasses, a
table-spoonful of cinnamon, a tea-spoonful of cloves, a quarter of an
ounce of mace, or one nutmeg. The sugar should be the brown kind, and
stirred a few minutes with the butter, then the eggs beaten to a froth,
and stirred in. Brown the flour in a pan, over a few coals--stir it
constantly to prevent its burning. It should be done before you commence
making the cake, so as to have it get cold. Stir it into the butter and
sugar gradually, then add the molasses and spice. Dissolve the saleratus
in the milk, then strain it, and mix it with the brandy and wine, to
curdle them--stir the whole into the cake. Just before you put it into
the cake pans, stir in the fruit gradually, a handful of each
alternately. When well mixed in, put it into cake pans, and bake it
immediately. If baked in thick loaves, it takes from two hours and a
half to three hours to bake it sufficiently. The oven should not be of a
furious heat. Black cake cuts the best when three or four weeks old.
216. _Maccaroons._
Soak half a pound of sweet almonds in boiling hot water, till the skins
will rub off easily--wipe them dry. When you have rubbed off the skins,
pound them fine with rosewater. Beat the whites of three eggs to a stiff
froth, then stir in gradually half a pound of powdered white sugar, then
add the almonds. When the almonds are well mixed in, drop the mixture in
small parcels on buttered baking plates, several inches apart, sift
sugar over them, and bake them in a slow oven.
217. _Cocoanut Cakes._
Take equal weights of grated cocoanut and powdered white sugar, (the
brown part of the cocoanut should be cut off before grating it)--add the
whites of eggs beaten to a stiff froth, in the proportion of half a
dozen to a pound each of cocoanut and sugar. There should be just eggs
enough to wet up the whole stiff. Drop the mixture on to buttered
plates, in parcels of the size of a cent, several inches apart. Bake
them immediately in a moderately warm oven.
218. _Tory Wafers._
Melt a tea-cup of butter, half a one of lard, and mix them with a quart
of flour, a couple of beaten eggs, a tea-spoonful of salt, a wine glass
of wine. Add milk till of the right consistency to roll out--roll it out
about the third of an inch in thickness, cut it into cakes with a wine
glass, lay them on buttered baking plates, and bake them a few minutes.
Frost them as soon as baked, and sprinkle comfits or sugar sand on the
top.
219. _Sugar Drops._
Stir to a cream three ounces of butter, six of powdered white
sugar--then add three beaten eggs, half a pound of sifted flour, half of
a nutmeg. Drop this mixture by the large spoonful on to buttered
plates, several inches apart, sprinkle small sugar plums on the top, and
bake them directly.
220. _Savoy Cakes._
Beat eight eggs to a froth--the whites and yelks should be beaten
separately, then mixed together, and a pound of powdered white sugar
stirred in gradually. Beat the whole well together, for eight or ten
minutes, then add the grated rind of a fresh lemon, and half the juice,
a pound of sifted flour, a couple of table-spoonsful of coriander seed.
Drop this mixture by the large spoonful on to buttered baking plates,
several inches apart, sift white sugar over them, and bake them
immediately in a quick, but not a furiously hot oven.
221. _Almond Cheese Cakes._
Boil a pint of new milk--beat three eggs, and stir into the milk while
boiling. When it boils up, take it from the fire, put in half a wine
glass of wine, separate the curd from the whey, and put to the curd
three eggs, six ounces of powdered white sugar, previously beaten
together. Add a tea-spoonful of rosewater, half a pound of sweet almonds
that have been blanched and pounded fine, a quarter of a pound of melted
butter. Mix the whole well together, then pour it into small pans that
are lined with pastry. Ornament the top with Zante currants, and almonds
cut in thin slips--bake them directly.
222. _Flummery._
Lay sponge or Savoy cakes in a deep dish--pour on white wine sufficient
to make them quite moist. Make a rich boiled custard, using only the
yelks of the eggs--turn it over the cakes when cool--beat the whites of
the eggs to a froth, and turn them over the whole.
223. _Floating Island._
Mix a pint and a half of sweet thick cream with a gill of wine, the
juice of half a lemon, and a tea-spoonful of essence of lemon, or
rosewater. Sweeten the whole with powdered loaf sugar--turn it into a
deep dish. Beat the whites of four eggs to a froth, and stir in half a
pound of any dark-colored preserved small fruit you may happen to have.
Beat the whole to a strong froth, then turn it into the centre of the
cream.
224. _Whip Syllabub._
Take good sweet cream--to each pint put six ounces of double refined,
powdered white sugar, half a tumbler of white wine, the juice and grated
rind of a lemon. Beat the whole well together--put jelly in glasses, and
cover them with the froth as fast as it rises.
225. _Ornamental Froth for Blanc Mange or Creams._
Beat the whites of four eggs to a froth, then stir in half a pound of
preserved raspberries, cranberries, or strawberries--beat the whole well
together, then turn it over the top of your creams or blanc mange.
226. _Ice Currants._
Take large bunches of ripe currants, wash and drain them dry, then dip
them into the whites of eggs, previously beaten to a stiff froth. Lay
them on a sieve, at such a distance from each other as not to
touch--sift double refined sugar over them thick, and set them in a warm
place to dry.
227. _Apple Snow._
Put a dozen good tart apples into cold water, set them over a slow fire.
When soft, drain off the water, pull the skins from the apples, take out
the cores, and lay the apples in a deep dish. Beat the whites of twelve
eggs to a strong froth--put half a pound of powdered white sugar on the
apples, beat them to a strong froth, then add the beaten eggs. Beat the
whole to a stiff snow, then turn it into a dessert dish, and ornament it
with myrtle or box.
228. _Comfits._
Mix a pound of white sugar with just sufficient water to make a thick
syrup. When the sugar has dissolved, drop in a pound of coriander seed,
then drain off the syrup, and put the seeds in a sieve, with two or
three ounces of flour--shake them well in it, then set them where they
will dry. When dry, put them in the syrup again, repeat the above
process till they are of the size you wish.
229. _Isinglass Blanc Mange._
Pull an ounce of mild white isinglass into small pieces--rinse them, and
put to them a quart of milk if the weather is hot, and three pints if it
is cold weather. Set it on a few coals, stir it constantly till the
isinglass dissolves, then sweeten it to the taste with double refined
loaf sugar, put in a small stick of cinnamon, a vanilla bean, or blade
of mace. Set it where it will boil five or six minutes, stirring it
constantly. Strain it, and fill the moulds with it--let it remain in
them till cold. The same bean will do to use several times.
230. _Calf's Feet Blanc Mange._
Boil four feet in five quarts of water, without any salt. When the
liquor is reduced to one quart, strain and mix it with one quart of
milk, several sticks of cinnamon, or a vanilla bean. Boil the whole ten
minutes, sweeten it to the taste with white sugar, strain it, and fill
your moulds with it.
231. _Rice Flour Blanc Mange._
Mix four table-spoonsful of ground rice, smoothly, with half a pint of
cold milk, then stir it into a quart of boiling milk. Put in the grated
rind of a lemon, and half the juice, a blade of mace--sweeten to the
taste with white sugar. Boil the whole seven or eight minutes, stirring
it frequently. Take it from the fire--when cool, put in the beaten
whites of three eggs, put it back on the fire, stir it constantly till
nearly boiling hot, then turn it into moulds, or deep cups, and let it
remain till cold. This is nice food for invalids.
232. _Rice Blanc Mange._
Boil a tea-cup of rice in a pint of water, with a blade of mace, and a
tea-spoonful of salt. When it swells out and becomes dry, add sufficient
milk to prevent its burning. Let it boil till quite soft, stirring it
constantly to keep it from burning--sweeten it with white sugar. Dip
your moulds in cold water, then turn in the rice, without drying the
moulds. Let the rice remain in the moulds till it becomes quite cold.
Turn it into dessert dishes, ornament it with marmalade cut in slices,
and box and serve it up with cream or preserved strawberries. It should
be made the day before it is to be eaten, in order to have it become
firm.
233. _Snow Cream._
Beat the whites of four eggs to a stiff froth--then stir in two
table-spoonsful of powdered white sugar, a table-spoonful of sweet wine,
a tea-spoonful of rosewater. Beat the whole together, then add a pint of
thick cream. This is a nice accompaniment to a dessert of sweetmeats.
234. _Orange Cream._
Beat the yelks of eight eggs, and the whites of two, to a froth, then
stir in half a pound of powdered white sugar--add half a pint of wine,
and the juice of six fresh oranges, and the juice of one lemon. Flavor
it with orange-flower water--strain it, and set it on a few coals--stir
it till it thickens, then add a piece of butter, of the size of a
nutmeg. When the butter has melted, take it from the fire, continue to
stir it till cool, then fill your glasses with it. Beat up the whites of
the eggs to a froth, and lay the froth on top of the glasses of cream.
235. _Lemon Cream._
Pare four fresh lemons very thin, so as to get none of the white part.
Soak the rinds twelve hours in half a pint of cold water, then add the
juice of the lemons, and half a pint more of cold water. Beat to a froth
the whites of eight eggs, and the yelks of three--strain the lemon-juice
and water, mix it with the eggs--set the whole on a few coals, sweeten
it with double refined sugar, stir it till it grows thick, then take it
from the fire, stir it till cold--serve it up in glasses.
236. _Ice Creams._
Sweeten thick rich cream with powdered white sugar--it should be made
very sweet, as the process of freezing extracts a great deal of the
saccharine matter. Essence of lemon, the juice of strawberries or
pine-apples, are nice to flavor the cream with--the juice should be
sweetened before being mixed with the cream. Where cream cannot be
procured, a custard, made in the following manner, may be substituted:
To a quart of milk put the beaten yelks of four eggs, the rind of a
lemon, or a vanilla bean--set it on a few coals, make it extremely
sweet, with white sugar--stir it constantly till scalding hot--care must
be taken that it does not boil. Take it from the fire, take out the
bean, or lemon peel--when perfectly cold, put it in an ice cream
form--if one cannot be procured, a milk kettle, with a tight cover, may
be substituted. Set the form into the centre of a tub that is large
enough to leave a space of five inches from the form to the outside of
the tub. Fill the space round the form with alternate layers of finely
cracked ice and rock salt, having a layer of ice last, and the whole
should be just as high as the form. Care should be taken to keep the
salt from the cream. The tub should be covered with a woollen cloth
while the cream is freezing, and the form should be constantly shaken.
If you wish to shape the cream, turn it into moulds as soon as it
freezes, set them in the tub, let them remain till just before they are
to be eaten, then dip them in warm water, and take them out instantly,
and turn them into dessert dishes.
237. _Pastry._
For a good common pie-crust allow half a pound of shortening to a pound
of flour. If liked quite short, allow three-quarters of a pound of
shortening to a pound of the flour. Pie crust looks the nicest made
entirely of lard, but it does not taste so good as it does to have some
butter used in making it. In winter, beef shortening, mixed with butter,
makes good plain pie crust. Rub half of the shortening with two-thirds
of the flour--to each pound of flour put a tea-spoonful of salt. When
the shortening is thoroughly mixed with the flour, add just sufficient
cold water to render it moist enough to roll out easily. Divide the
crust into two equal portions--lay one of them one side for the upper
crust, take the other, roll it out quite thin, flouring your
rolling-board and pin, so that the crust will not stick to them, and
line your pie plates, which should be previously buttered--fill your
plates with your fruit, then roll out the upper crust as thin as
possible, spread on the reserved shortening, sprinkle over the flour,
roll it up, and cut it into as many pieces as you have pies to cover.
Roll each one out about half an inch thick, and cover the pies--trim the
edges off neatly with a knife, and press the crust down, round the edge
of the plate, with a jagging iron, so that the juices of the fruit may
not run out while baking. Pastry, to be nice, should be baked in a quick
oven. In cold weather it is necessary to warm the shortening before
using it for pie crust, but it must not be melted, or the crust will not
be flaky.
238. _Puff Paste, or Confectioner's Pastry._
Weigh out a pound and a quarter of sifted flour, and a pound of butter.
Rub about one-third of the butter with two-thirds of the flour, a
tea-spoonful of salt. When the butter is thoroughly mixed with the
flour, add one beaten egg, and cold water to moisten it sufficiently to
roll out. Sprinkle part of the reserved flour on a board, cut the butter
into small pieces, and roll them out as thin as possible. In order to do
so, it will be necessary to rub a great deal of the flour on the
moulding-board and rolling-pin. Lay the butter, as fast as rolled out,
on to a floured plate, each piece by itself--roll out the pastry as thin
as it can be rolled, cover it with the rolled butter, sprinkle on part
of the reserved flour, and roll the crust up. Continue to roll out the
crust, and put on the reserved butter and flour, till the whole is used.
Roll it out lightly, about half an inch thick, for the upper crust, or
rim to your pies--plain pie crust should be used for the under crust to
the pies. Puff pastry, to be nice, should be baked in a quick oven till
of a light brown color. If it browns before the fruit in the pie is
sufficiently baked, cover it with thick paper.
239. _Apple Pie._
When apples are very small and green, they are nice stewed whole, with
the skins on, and strained when soft, and sweetened. Pare, quarter, and
take out the cores of the apples, when of a large size. If they are not
ripe, stew them with just water enough to prevent their burning. When
soft, sweeten and season them to the taste. When apples are ripe, they
make better pies not to be stewed before baking. Fill your pie plates,
cover them with a thick crust, and bake them from half to three-quarters
of an hour. When baked sufficiently, cut the upper crust through the
centre, remove it carefully with a broad knife, put a piece of butter,
of the size of a walnut, into a pie, sweeten it to your taste, and if
the apples are not tart enough, squeeze in the juice of part of a
lemon--flavor the pie with either nutmeg, rosewater, or grated lemon
peel. Apples cut into quarters, without paring, and stewed soft in new
cider and molasses, make good plain pies. The apples should be strained
after stewing, and seasoned with cinnamon or nutmeg. If made quite
sweet, it will keep good several months. Dried apples should have
boiling water turned on to cover them, and stewed till very soft. If
they are not tart enough, turn in sour cider, when they are partly
stewed. A little orange peel stewed with the apples, gives them a fine
flavor. Season them, when soft, with sugar and nutmeg, and strain them
if you like.
240. _Mince Pie._
The best kind of meat for mince pies is neat's tongue and feet--the
shank of beef makes very good pies. Boil the meat till perfectly
tender--then take it up, clear it from the bones and gristle, chop it
fine enough to strain through a sieve, mix it with an equal weight of
tart apples, chopped very fine. If the meat is not fat, put in a little
suet, or melted butter. Moisten the whole with cider--sweeten it to the
taste with sugar, and very little molasses--add mace, cinnamon, cloves,
and salt, to the taste. If you wish to make your pies rich, put in wine
or brandy to the taste, and raisins, citron, and Zante currants. The
grated rind and juice of lemons improve the pie. Make the pies on
shallow plates, with apertures in the upper crust, and bake them from
half to three-quarters of an hour, according to the heat of the oven.
Meat prepared for pies in the following manner, will keep good several
months, if kept in a cool dry place: To a pound of finely chopped meat,
a quarter of a pound of suet, put half an ounce of mace, one ounce of
cinnamon, a quarter of an ounce of cloves, two tea-spoonsful of salt.
Add if you like the following fruits: half a pound of seeded raisins,
half a pound of Zante currants, a quarter of a pound of citron. Put in
half a pint of French brandy or wine, three table-spoonsful of molasses,
and sugar sufficient to make it quite sweet. Put the whole in a stone
pot--cover it with a paper wet in brandy. When you wish to use any of it
for pies, put to what meat you use an equal weight of apples, pared and
chopped fine. If not seasoned high enough, add more spice and sugar. If
the apples are not tart, put in lemon-juice or sour cider.
241. _Rice Pie._
To a quart of boiling water, put a small tea-cup of rice. Boil it till
very soft, then take it from the fire, and add a quart of cold milk. Put
in a tea-spoonful of salt, a grated nutmeg, five eggs beaten to a
froth--add sugar to the taste, and strain it through a sieve. Bake it in
deep pie plates, with an under crust and rim of pastry--add if you like
a few raisins.
242. _Peach Pie._
Take mellow, juicy peaches--wash and put them in a deep pie plate, lined
with pie crust. Sprinkle a thick layer of sugar on each layer of
peaches, put in about a table-spoonful of water, and sprinkle a little
flour over the top--cover it with a thick crust, and bake the pie from
fifty to sixty minutes. Pies made in this manner are much better than
with the stones taken out, as the prussic acid of the stone gives the
pie a fine flavor. If the peaches are not mellow, they will require
stewing before being made into a pie. Dried peaches should be stewed
soft, and sweetened, before they are made into a pie--they do not
require any spice.
243. _Tart Pie._
Sour apples, cranberries, and peaches, all make nice tarts. Stew, and
strain them when soft. Peach tarts require a little lemon-juice, without
they are sour. Grate in lemon peel, add brown sugar to the taste. Put in
each pie one beaten egg, to make it cut smooth. Bake the pies on shallow
plates, with an under crust and rim of pastry--ornament the pie with
very small strips of pastry. When the crust is done, remove the pies
from the oven.
244. _Rhubarb Pies._
Take the tender stalks of the rhubarb, strip off the skin, and cut the
stalks into thin slices. Line deep plates with pie crust, then put in
the rhubarb, with a thick layer of sugar to each layer of rhubarb--a
little grated lemon peel improves the pie. Cover the pies with a thick
crust--press it down tight round the edge of the plate, and prick the
crust with a fork, so that the crust will not burst while baking, and
let out the juices of the pie. Rhubarb pies should be baked about an
hour, in a slow oven--it will not do to bake them quick. Some cooks stew
the rhubarb before making it into pies, but it is not so good as when
used without stewing.
245. _Tomato Pie._
Take green tomatoes, turn boiling water on them, and let them remain in
it a few minutes--then strip off the skin, cut the tomatoes in slices,
and put them in deep pie plates. Sprinkle sugar over each layer, and a
little ginger. Grated lemon peel, and the juice of a lemon, improve the
pie. Cover the pies with a thick crust, and bake them slowly for about
an hour.
246. _Lemon Pie._
For one pie, take a couple of good sized fresh lemons, squeeze out the
juice, and mix it with half a pint of molasses, or sufficient sugar to
make the juice sweet. Chop the peel fine, line a deep pie plate with
your pastry, then sprinkle on a layer of your chopped lemon peel, turn
in part of the mixed sugar or molasses, and juice, then cover the whole
with pie crust, rolled very thin--put in another layer of peel,
sweetened juice, and crust, and so on, till all the lemon is used. Cover
the whole with a thick crust, and bake the pie about half an hour.
247. _Cherry and Blackberry Pie._
Cherries and blackberries for pies should be ripe. Bake them in deep pie
plates, sweeten them with sugar, and put in cloves or cinnamon to the
taste. Bake them about half an hour.
248. _Grape Pie._
Grapes make the best pies when very tender and green. If not very small,
they should be stewed and strained, to get out the seeds, before they
are made into pies--sweeten them to the taste when stewed. They do not
require any spice. If made into a pie without stewing, put to each layer
of grapes a thick layer of sugar, and a table-spoonful of water.
249. _Currant and Gooseberry Pie._
Currants and gooseberries are the best for pies when of a full growth,
just before they begin to turn red--they are tolerably good when ripe.
Currants mixed with ripe raspberries or mulberries, make very nice pies.
Green currants and gooseberries for pies are not apt to be sweet enough
without the sugar is scalded in before they are baked, as the juice of
the currants is apt to run out while they are baking, and leave the
fruit dry. Stew them on a moderate fire, with a tea-cup of water to a
couple of quarts of currants--as soon as they begin to break, add the
sugar, and let it scald in a few minutes. When baked without stewing,
put to each layer of fruit a thick layer of sugar. There should be as
much as a quarter of a pound of sugar to a pint of currants, to make
them sufficiently sweet. Green currant pies are good sweetened with
molasses and sugar mixed.
250. _Prune Pie._
Prunes that are too dry to eat without stewing, can be made into good
pies. Turn enough boiling water on the prunes to cover them, set them on
a few coals, and let them remain till swelled out plump. If there is not
water sufficient to make a nice syrup for the pies, add more, and season
them with cinnamon or cloves. The juice and grated peel of a lemon gives
them a fine flavor. Add sugar to the taste, and bake them in deep pie
plates.
251. _Pumpkin Pie._
Halve the pumpkin, take out the seeds--rinse the pumpkin, and cut it
into small strips--stew them, over a moderate fire, in just sufficient
water to prevent their burning, to the bottom of the pot. When stewed
soft, turn off the water, and let the pumpkin steam, over a slow fire,
for fifteen or twenty minutes, taking care that it does not burn. Take
it from the fire, and strain it, when cool, through a sieve. If you wish
to have the pies very rich, put to a quart of the stewed pumpkin two
quarts of milk, and twelve eggs. If you like them plain, put to a quart
of the pumpkin one quart of milk, and three eggs. The thicker the pie is
of the pumpkin, the less will be the number of eggs required for them.
One egg, with a table-spoonful of flour, will answer for a quart of the
pumpkin, if very little milk is used. Sweeten the pumpkin with sugar,
and very little molasses--the sugar and eggs should be beaten together.
Ginger, the grated rind of a lemon, or nutmeg, is good spice for the
pies. Pumpkin pies require a very hot oven. The rim of the pies is apt
to get burnt before the inside is baked sufficiently. On this account,
it is a good plan to heat the pumpkin scalding hot when prepared for
pies, before turning it into the pie plates. The pies should be baked as
soon as the plates are filled, or the under crust to the pies will be
clammy. The more the number of eggs in the pies, the less time will be
required to bake them. If you have pumpkins that have begun to decay, or
those that are frozen, they can be kept several months, in cold weather,
by cutting the good part up, stewing it till soft, then stirring it, and
adding sugar and molasses, to make it very sweet. Make it strong of
ginger, then scald the seasoning in well. Keep it in a stone jar, in a
cool place--whenever you wish to use any of it for pies, take out the
quantity you wish, and put milk and eggs to it.
252. _Carrot Pie._
Scrape the skin off from the carrots, boil them soft, and strain them
through a sieve. To a pint of the strained pulp put three pints of milk,
six beaten eggs, two table-spoonsful of melted butter, the juice of half
a lemon, and the grated rind of a whole one. Sweeten it to your taste,
and bake it in deep pie plates without an upper crust.
253. _Potato Pie._
Boil Carolina or mealy Irish potatoes, till very soft--when peeled,
mash and strain them. To a quarter of a pound of potatoes, put a quart
of milk, three table-spoonsful of melted butter, four beaten eggs, a
wine glass of wine--add sugar and nutmeg to the taste.
254. _Sweet Marlborough Pie._
Procure sweet mellow apples, pare and grate them. To a pint of the
grated pulp put a pint of milk, a couple of eggs, two table-spoonsful of
melted butter, the grated peel of a lemon, and half a wine glass of
brandy. Sweeten it to the taste with nice brown sugar. The eggs should
be beaten to a froth, then the sugar stirred into them, and mixed with
the rest of the ingredients. A little stewed pumpkin, mixed with the
apples, improves the pie. Bake the pie in deep plates, without an upper
crust.
255. _Marlborough Tarts._
Take tart juicy apples--quarter them, and stew them till soft enough to
rub through a sieve. To twelve table-spoonsful of the strained apple,
put twelve of sugar, the same quantity of wine, six table-spoonsful of
melted butter, four beaten eggs, the juice and grated rind of a lemon,
half a nutmeg, and half a pint of milk. Turn this, when the ingredients
are well mixed together, into deep pie plates that are lined with
pastry, and a rim of puff paste round the edge. Bake the tarts about
half an hour.
256. _Cocoanut Pie._
Cut off the brown part of the cocoanut--grate the white part, and mix it
with milk, and set it on the fire, and let it boil slowly eight or ten
minutes. To a pound of the grated cocoanut allow a quart of milk, eight
eggs, four table-spoonsful of sifted white sugar, a glass of wine, a
small cracker, pounded fine, two table-spoonsful of melted butter, and
half a nutmeg. The eggs and sugar should be beaten together to a froth,
then the wine stirred in. Put them into the milk and cocoanut, which
should be first allowed to get quite cool--add the cracker and
nutmeg--turn the whole into deep pie plates, with a lining and rim of
puff paste. Bake them as soon as turned into the plates.
257. _Small Puffs._
To make a dozen puffs, take a pound and a quarter of flour, a pound of
butter, and one egg. Put them together according to the directions for
puff pastry, No. 238. Divide it when made into three equal
portions--roll one of them out half an inch thick, cut it into cakes
with a tumbler--roll out the rest of the pastry, cut it into strips with
a jagging iron, and lay the strips round those that are cut with a
tumbler, so as to form a rim. Lay the puffs on buttered flat tins--bake
them in a quick oven till a light brown, then fill them with any small
preserved fruit you may happen to have.
258. _A Plain Custard Pie._
Boil a quart of milk with half a dozen peach leaves, or the rind of a
lemon. When they have flavored the milk, strain it, and set it where it
will boil. Mix a table-spoonful of flour, smoothly, with a couple of
table-spoonsful of milk, and stir it into the boiling milk. Let it boil
a minute, stirring it constantly--take it from the fire, and when cool,
put in three beaten eggs--sweeten it to the taste, turn it into deep pie
plates, and bake the pies directly in a quick oven.
259. _A Rich Baked Custard._
Beat seven eggs with three table-spoonsful of rolled sugar. When beaten
to a froth, mix them with a quart of milk--flavor it with nutmeg. Turn
it into cups, or else into deep pie plates, that have a lining and rim
of pastry--bake them directly, in a quick oven. To ascertain when the
custards are sufficiently baked, stick a clean broom splinter into
them--if none of the custard adheres to the splinter, it is sufficiently
baked.
260. _Boiled Custards._
Put your milk on the fire, and let it boil up--then remove it from the
fire, and let it cool. Beat for each quart of the milk, if liked rich,
the yelks and half the whites of six eggs, with three table-spoonsful of
rolled sugar--stir them into the milk when it is cool. If you wish to
have your custards very plain, four eggs to a quart of the milk is
sufficient. Season the custard with nutmeg or rosewater, and set it on
a few coals, and stir it constantly until it thickens, and becomes
scalding hot. Take it from the fire before it gets to boiling, and stir
it a few minutes, then turn it into the cups. Beat the reserved whites
of the eggs to a froth, and turn them on the top of the custards just
before they are to be eaten.
261. _Mottled Custards._
Stir into a quart of milk, while boiling, the beaten yelks of six eggs.
Beat the whites of the eggs with three table-spoonsful of powdered white
sugar, if the custards are liked very sweet--if not, a less quantity
will answer. Stir in the whites of the eggs a minute after the yelks
have set, so as to be thick. Season the custard with essence of lemon or
rosewater--stir it till it becomes thick and lumpy, then turn it into
cups.
262. _Cream Custards._
Sweeten a pint of cream with powdered white sugar--set it on a few
coals. When hot, stir in white wine until it curdles--add rosewater or
essence of lemon to the taste, and turn it into cups. Another way of
making them, which is very nice, is to mix a pint of cream with one of
milk, five beaten eggs, a table-spoonful of flour, and three of sugar.
Add nutmeg to the taste, and bake the custards in cups or pie plates, in
a quick oven.
263. _Almond Custards._
Blanch and pound fine, with a table-spoonful of rosewater, four ounces
of almonds. Boil them four or five minutes in a quart of milk, with
sufficient white sugar to sweeten the milk. Take it from the fire, and
when lukewarm, stir in the beaten yelks of eight, and the whites of four
eggs. Set the whole on the fire, and stir it constantly until it
thickens--then take it up, stir it till partly cooled, and turn it into
cups. If you wish to have the custards cool quick, set the cups into a
pan of cold water--as fast as it gets warm, change it. Just before the
custards are to be eaten, beat the reserved whites of the eggs to a
froth, and cover the top of the custards with them.
264. _Apple Custards._
Take half a dozen tart mellow apples--pare and quarter them, and take
out the cores. Put them in a pan, with half a tea-cup of water--set them
on a few coals. When they begin to grow soft, turn them into a pudding
dish, sprinkle sugar on them. Beat eight eggs with rolled brown
sugar--mix them with three pints of milk, grate in half a nutmeg, and
turn the whole over the apples. Bake the custard between twenty and
thirty minutes.
265. _Directions for making Puddings._
A bag that is used for boiling puddings, should be made of thick cotton
cloth. Before the pudding is turned in, the bag should be dipped into
water, wrung out, and the inside of it floured. When the pudding is
turned in, tie the bag tight, leaving plenty of room for the pudding to
swell out in. Indian and flour puddings require a great deal of room.
Put them in a pot of boiling water, with an old plate at the bottom of
the pot, to keep the pudding bag from sticking to it. When the pudding
has been in a few minutes, turn the bag over, or the pudding will
settle, and be heavy. There should be water enough in the pot to cover
the pudding, and it should not be allowed to stop boiling a minute--if
so, the pudding will not be nice. A tea-kettle of boiling water should
be kept on the fire, to turn in as the water boils away. When the
pudding is done, dip the bag into cold water for a minute--the pudding
will then come out easily. When puddings are baked, the fruit should not
be put in till the pudding has begun to thicken, otherwise they will
sink to the bottom of the pudding.
266. _Hasty Pudding._
Wet sifted Indian meal with cold water, to make a thick batter. Stir it
into a pot of boiling water gradually. Boil it an hour, then stir in
sifted Indian meal, by the handful, till it becomes quite thick, and so
that the pudding stick may be made to stand up in it. It should be
stirred in very gradually, so that the pudding may not be lumpy. Add
salt to the taste. Let it boil slowly, and stir it frequently, to keep
it from burning on the inside of the pot. If you do not wish to fry the
pudding, it will boil sufficiently in the course of an hour and a half.
If it is to be fried, it will be necessary to boil it an hour longer;
and a little flour stirred in, just before it is taken up, will make it
fry better. It must get perfectly cold before it is fried. When you wish
to fry it, cut it in slices half an inch thick, flour them, and fry them
brown in a little lard.
267. _Corn Puddings._
Grate sweet green corn--to three tea-cups of it, when grated, put two
quarts of milk, eight eggs, a couple of tea-spoonsful of salt, half a
tea-cup of melted butter, and a grated nutmeg. Bake the pudding an
hour--serve it up with sauce.
268. _Cracker Pudding._
Mix ten ounces of finely pounded crackers with a wine glass of wine, a
little salt, and half a nutmeg, three or four table-spoonsful of sugar,
two of melted butter. Beat eight eggs to a froth--mix them with three
pints of milk, and turn them on to the rest of the ingredients. Let it
remain till the crackers begin to soften, then bake it.
269. _Boiled Indian Pudding._
Stir enough sifted Indian meal into a quart of boiling milk or water, to
make a very stiff batter--then stir in a couple of table-spoonsful of
flour, three of sugar or molasses, half a spoonful of ginger, or a
couple of tea-spoonsful of cinnamon, and a couple of tea-spoonsful of
salt. Two or three eggs improve the pudding, but are not essential--some
people like a little chopped suet in them. The pudding will boil, so as
to be very good, in the course of three hours, but it is better for
being boiled five or six hours. Some cooks boil them eight or nine
hours--when boiled so long, it is necessary to boil them several hours
the day before they are to be eaten.
270. _Baked Indian Pudding._
Boil a quart of milk, and turn it on to a pint of sifted Indian meal.
Stir it in well, so as to scald the meal--then mix three table-spoonsful
of wheat flour with a pint of milk. The milk should be stirred
gradually into the flour, so as to have it mix free from lumps. Turn it
on to the Indian meal--mix the whole well together. When the whole is
just lukewarm, beat three eggs with three table-spoonsful of sugar--stir
them into the pudding, together with two tea-spoonsful of salt, two of
cinnamon, or a grated nutmeg, and a couple of table-spoonsful of melted
butter, or suet chopped fine. Add, if you wish to have the pudding very
rich, half a pound of raisins--they should not be put in till the
pudding has baked five or six minutes. If raisins are put in, an
additional half pint of milk will be required, as they absorb a great
deal of milk. A very good Indian pudding may be made without eggs, if
half a pint more of meal is used, and no flour. It takes three hours to
bake an Indian pudding without eggs--if it has eggs in, it will bake in
much less time.
271. _Minute Pudding._
Put a pint and a half of milk on the fire. Mix five large
table-spoonsful of either wheat or rye flour, smoothly, with half a pint
of milk, a tea-spoonful of salt, and half of a grated nutmeg. When the
milk boils, stir in the mixed flour and milk. Let the whole boil for one
minute, stirring it constantly--take it from the fire, let it get
lukewarm, then add three beaten eggs. Set it back on the fire, and stir
it constantly until it thickens. Take it from the fire as soon as it
boils.
272. _Boiled Bread Pudding._
Take about three-quarters of a pound of bread, cut it into small pieces,
and soak them soft in cold water--then drain off the water, mash the
bread fine, and mix with it two table-spoonsful of flour, three eggs, a
tea-spoonful of salt, a table-spoonful of melted butter, and cold milk
sufficient to make it a thick batter. Mix the whole well together, then
turn it into a floured pudding bag--tie it up, so as to leave room for
the pudding to swell--boil it an hour and a half, without any
intermission. Serve up the pudding with rich sauce.
273. _A Plain Baked Bread Pudding._
Pound rusked bread fine--to five heaping table-spoonsful of it, put a
quart of milk, three beaten eggs, three table-spoonsful of rolled sugar,
a tea-spoonful of salt, half a nutmeg, and three table-spoonsful of
melted butter. Bake it about an hour--it does not need any sauce.
274. _Rich Bread Pudding._
Cut a pound loaf of bakers' bread into thin slices--spread butter on
them as for eating--lay them in a pudding dish--sprinkle between each
layer of bread seeded raisins, and citron, cut in small strips. Beat
eight eggs with four table-spoonsful of rolled sugar--mix them with
three pints of milk, half of a grated nutmeg. Turn the whole on to the
bread, and let it remain until the bread has absorbed full half of the
milk--then bake it about three-quarters of an hour.
275. _Flour Pudding._
Into a pint and a half of sifted flour stir gradually, so that it may
not be lumpy, a quart of milk. Beat seven eggs, and put in, together
with a couple of table-spoonsful of melted butter, and a couple of
tea-spoonsful of salt. Grate in half of a nutmeg--add, if you want the
pudding very rich, half a pound of raisins. They should not be put into
a baked pudding till it has been cooking long enough to thicken, so that
the raisins will not sink to the bottom of it. A pudding made in this
manner is good either baked or boiled. It takes two hours to boil, and
an hour and a quarter to bake it. When boiled, the bag should not be
more than two-thirds full, as flour puddings swell very much. It should
be put into boiling water, and kept boiling constantly. If the water
boils away, so as to leave any part of the bag uncovered, more boiling
water should be added. When the pudding has boiled eight or nine
minutes, the bag should be turned over, otherwise the pudding will be
heavy. Flour puddings should be eaten as soon as cooked, as they fall
directly. Serve them up with rich sauce.
276. _Boiled Rice Pudding._
Put two tea-cups of rice into a quart of boiling water--add a couple of
tea-spoonsful of salt, and let the rice boil till soft. Then take it
from the fire, stir in a quart of cold milk, and half a pound of
raisins; or omit the raisins, and substitute any other fruit that you
may like. Beat a couple of eggs, and put in, together with half of a
grated nutmeg. Set the whole on the fire, and let it boil till the fruit
is soft. Serve it up with butter and sugar.
277. _A Baked Rice Pudding, without eggs._
Pick over and wash two small tea-cups of rice, and put it into two
quarts of milk. Melt a small tea-cup of butter, and put in, together
with two of sugar, a grated nutmeg, and a couple of tea-spoonsful of
salt, and bake the pudding about two hours. This pudding does not need
any sauce, and is good either hot or cold. If you wish to have the
pudding very rich, add, when it has been baking five or six minutes,
half a pound of raisins.
278. _Rice Pudding, with eggs._
Boil a quarter of a pound of unground rice in a quart of milk till soft,
then stir in a quarter of a pound of butter--take it from the fire, put
in a pint of cold milk, a couple of tea-spoonsful of salt, and a grated
nutmeg. When it is lukewarm, beat four eggs with a quarter of a pound of
sugar, and stir it into the pudding--add half a pound of raisins, and
turn the whole into a buttered pudding dish, and bake it three-quarters
of an hour.
279. _Ground Rice Pudding._
Mix a pint and a half of ground rice, smooth, with a quart of milk--stir
in a glass of wine, a quarter of a pound of melted butter, a
tea-spoonful of salt, and spice to the taste. Beat eight eggs, and stir
them in--turn the whole into a buttered pudding dish, and when it has
baked a few minutes, add half a pound of raisins, or Zante currants.
280. _Rice Snow Balls._
Pare small, tart apples, and take out the cores with a small knife--fill
the cavity with a stick of cinnamon or mace. Put each one in a small
floured bag, and fill the bags about half full of unground rice. Tie up
the bags so as to leave a great deal of room for the rice to swell. Put
them in a pot of water, with a table-spoonful of salt to a couple of
quarts of water. The bags of rice should be boiled in a large
proportion of water, as the rice absorbs it very much. Boil them about
an hour and twenty minutes, then turn them out of the bags carefully
into a dessert dish, and garnish them with marmalade cut in slices.
Serve them up with butter and sugar.
281. _Cream Pudding._
Beat six eggs to a froth--then mix with them three table-spoonsful of
powdered white sugar, the grated rind of a lemon. Mix a pint of milk
with a pint of flour, two tea-spoonsful of salt--then add the eggs and
sugar. Just before it is baked, stir in a pint of thick cream. Bake it
either in buttered cups or a pudding dish.
282. _Custard Pudding._
Stir a quart of milk very gradually into half a pint of flour--mix it
free from lumps, and put to it seven eggs, beaten with three
table-spoonsful of sugar, a tea-spoonful of salt, and half of a grated
nutmeg. Bake it three-quarters of an hour.
283. _Rennet Pudding._
Put cleaned calf's rennet into white wine, in the proportion of a piece
three inches square to a pint of wine. It will be fit for use in the
course of seven or eight hours. Whenever you wish to make a pudding, put
three table-spoonsful of the wine to a quart of sweet milk, and four
table-spoonsful of powdered white sugar--flavor it with rosewater or
essence of lemon. Stir it twenty minutes, then dish it out, and grate
nutmeg over it. It should be eaten in the course of an hour after it is
made, as it soon curdles.
284. _Fruit Pudding._
Make good common pie crust--roll it out half an inch thick, and strew
over it any one of the following kinds of fruit: Cherries, currants,
gooseberries, strawberries, raspberries, blackberries, or cranberries. A
thick layer of marmalade spread on, is also very nice. Sprinkle over the
fruit a little cinnamon or cloves, and sugar. If the pudding is made of
gooseberries, currants, or cranberries, a great deal of sugar will be
necessary. Roll the crust up carefully, join the ends so that the fruit
will not drop out, and lay the pudding in a thick white towel, that has
been previously dipped into water, and floured. Baste up the towel, and
lay it carefully in a pot of boiling water, with a plate at the bottom
of it. Boil it an hour, and serve it up with rich liquid sauce. For a
baked fruit pudding, make a batter of wheat flour, or Indian meal, with
milk and eggs. Mix the ingredients in the proportion of a pint of flour
and six eggs to a quart of milk. Put to each quart of milk a pint of
fruit, and sugar to the taste.
285. _A Quaking Pudding._
Slice up three-quarters of a pound of bakers' bread. Beat eight eggs to
a froth, stir in several large spoonsful of sugar, and mix it with a
quart of milk, a grated nutmeg. Turn it on to the sliced bread--let the
whole remain till the bread has soaked up most of the milk, then stir in
a couple of table-spoonsful of flour, a tea-spoonful of salt, and turn
it into a pudding bag, and boil it an hour. Serve it up with rich sauce.
286. _Lemon Pudding._
Grate the rind of two fresh lemons, being careful not to grate any off
the white part. Squeeze the juice out of the lemons, and strain it, to
separate it from the seeds. Mix it with six large spoonsful of fine
white sugar. Take a quart of milk, and mix it with the rind of the
lemons, a couple of table-spoonsful of pounded crackers, and a
table-spoonful of melted butter. Beat six eggs to a froth, and stir them
into the milk. Stir in the lemon-juice and sugar last, and then turn the
whole into a pudding dish that has a lining and rim of puff paste. Bake
it from twenty-five to thirty minutes. It should not be eaten till it is
cold.
287. _Almond Pudding._
Turn boiling water on three-quarters of a pound of sweet almonds. Let
them remain in it till the skins will slip off easily--rub the skins off
with a dry cloth. When they are perfectly dry, pound them fine, with a
table-spoonful of rosewater. Beat six eggs to a froth, then mix them
with four table-spoonsful of powdered sugar--put them into a quart of
milk, with three table-spoonsful of pounded crackers, a quarter of a
pound of melted butter, four ounces of citron, and the pounded almonds.
Line a pudding dish with pastry, put round it a rim of puff paste, turn
in the pudding, and bake it about half an hour. The pudding should be
eaten cold.
288. _Tapioca Pudding._
To a quart of warm milk put eight table-spoonsful of tapioca. Let it
soak till it softens, then stir it up, and put to it a couple of
table-spoonsful of melted butter, four beaten eggs, and cinnamon or mace
to the taste. Mix four table-spoonsful of white powdered sugar with a
wine glass of wine, and stir it into the rest of the ingredients. Turn
the whole into a pudding dish that has a lining of pastry, and bake it
immediately.
289. _Sago Pudding._
Rinse half a pound of sago in hot water, till it is thoroughly
cleansed--then drain off the water, and boil the sago in a quart of
milk, with a stick of cinnamon or mace. Stir it constantly, or it will
burn. When soft, take it from the fire, take out the stick of cinnamon,
and put in a quarter of a pound of butter. Mix a wine glass of wine with
four large spoonsful of fine white sugar, and stir it into the
sago--add, when cold, five beaten eggs, and bake the pudding in a deep
dish, with a lining and rim of pastry. Strew over the pudding a quarter
of a pound of Zante currants, and bake it directly, in a quick oven. It
is the best when cold.
290. _Orange Pudding._
Stir to a cream six ounces of white powdered sugar, with four of
butter--then add a wine glass of wine, the juice and chopped peel of a
couple of large fresh oranges. Beat eight eggs to a froth, the whites
and yelks separately--mix them with a quart of milk, a couple of ounces
citron, cut in small strips, and a couple of ounces of pounded crackers.
Mix all the ingredients well together--line a pudding dish with pastry,
put a rim of puff paste round the edge of the dish, and then turn in
the pudding, and bake it in a quick oven about half an hour.
291. _Bird's Nest, or Transparent Pudding._
Pare and halve tart mellow apples, scoop out the cores. Put a little
flour and water in the hollow of each apple, so as to form a thick
paste--then stick three or four Zante currants in each one. Butter and
line a pudding dish with pastry, put on a rim of puff paste, and lay in
the apples, with the hollow side up. Have just enough apples to cover
the bottom of the dish, and stick citron, cut in very long narrow
strips, round the apples. Stir to a cream half a pound each of butter
and fine white sugar--beat the yelks and whites separately, of eight
eggs, to a froth, and mix them with the butter and sugar. Flavor it with
nutmeg, and set it on a few coals--stir it constantly till quite
hot--take it from the fire, stir it till nearly cold, then turn it over
the apples, and bake it directly.
292. _English Plum Pudding._
Soak three-quarters of a pound of crackers in two quarts of milk--they
should be broken in small pieces. When they have soaked soft, put in a
quarter of a pound of melted butter, the same weight of rolled sugar,
half a pint of wheat flour, a wine glass of wine, and a grated nutmeg.
Beat ten eggs to a froth, and stir them into the milk. Add half a pound
of seeded raisins, the same weight of Zante currants, and a quarter of a
pound of citron, cut in small strips. Bake or boil it a couple of hours.
293. _Plain Fritters._
Stir a quart of milk gradually into a quart of flour--put in a
tea-spoonful of salt, and seven beaten eggs. Drop them by the large
spoonful into hot lard, and fry them till a very light brown color. They
are the lightest fried in a great deal of fat, but less greasy if fried
in just fat enough to keep them from sticking to the frying pan. Serve
them up with liquid pudding sauce.
294. _Apple Fritters._
Take four or five tart, mellow apples, pare and cut them in slices, and
soak them in sweetened lemon-juice. Make a batter of a quart of milk, a
quart of flour, eight eggs--grate in the rind of two lemons, and the
juice and apples. Drop the batter by the spoonful into hot lard, taking
care to have a slice of apple in each fritter.
295. _Cream Fritters._
Mix a pint and a half of wheat flour with a pint of milk--beat six eggs
to a froth, and stir them into the flour--grate in half a nutmeg, then
add a pint of cream, a couple of tea-spoonsful of salt. Stir the whole
just long enough to have the cream get well mixed in, then fry the
mixture in small cakes.
296. _Oxford Dumplings._
Take eight ounces of biscuit that is pounded fine, and soak it in just
sufficient milk to cover it. When soft, stir in three beaten eggs, a
table-spoonful of flour, and a quarter of a pound of Zante currants.
Grate in half a nutmeg, and do up the mixture into balls of the size of
an egg--fry them till a light brown.
297. _Apple Dumplings._
Pare tart, mellow apples--take out the cores with a small knife, and
fill the holes with sugar. Make good pie crust--roll it out about
two-thirds of an inch thick, cut it into pieces just large enough to
enclose one apple. Lay the apples on them, and close the crust tight
over them--tie them up in small pieces of thick cloth, that has been
well floured--put the dumplings in a pot of boiling water, and boil them
an hour without any intermission--if allowed to stop boiling, they will
be heavy. Serve them up with pudding sauce, or butter and sugar.
298. _Lemon Syrup._
Pare thin the rind of fresh lemons, squeeze out the juice, and to a pint
of it, when strained, put a pound and three-quarters of sugar, and the
rind of the lemons. Dissolve the sugar by a gentle heat, skim it clear,
then let it simmer gently eight or ten minutes--strain it through a
flannel bag. When cool, bottle, cork, and seal it tight, and keep it in
a cool place.
299. _Orange Syrup._
Squeeze out the juice of fresh oranges, and strain it. To a pint of the
juice, put a pound and a half of sugar--set it on a moderate fire--when
the sugar has dissolved, put in the peel of the oranges, and set the
syrup where it will boil slowly for six or eight minutes--then strain
it, till clear, through a flannel bag. The bag should not be squeezed
while the syrup is passing through it, or it will not be clear. Bottle,
cork, and seal it tight. This syrup is very nice to flavor puddings and
pies.
300. _Blackberry Syrup._
Procure nice, high vine blackberries, that are perfectly ripe--the low
vine blackberries will not answer for syrup, as they do not possess the
medicinal properties of the high vine blackberries. Set them on a
moderate fire, and let them simmer till they break to pieces, then
strain them through a flannel cloth--to each pint of juice put a pound
of white sugar, half an ounce of cinnamon, powdered fine, a quarter of
an ounce of finely powdered mace, and a couple of tea-spoonsful of
powdered cloves. Boil the whole together fifteen minutes--strain it, and
when cool, add to each pint of syrup a wine glass of French brandy.
Bottle, cork, and seal it--keep it in a cool place. This, mixed with
cold water, in the proportion of a wine glass of syrup to two-thirds of
a tumbler of water, is an excellent remedy for the dysentery, and
similar complaints. It is also a very pleasant summer beverage.
301. _Elderberry Syrup._
Wash and strain the berries, which should be perfectly ripe. To a pint
of juice, put a pint of molasses. Boil it twenty minutes, stirring it
constantly, then take it from the fire--when cold, add to each quart
four table-spoonsful of French brandy--bottle and cork it tight. This is
an excellent remedy for a tight cough.
302. _Molasses Syrup, for preserving._
Mix eight pounds of light sugar-house or New-Orleans molasses, eight
pounds of water, one pound of powdered charcoal. Boil the whole together
twenty minutes, then strain it through a flannel bag. When lukewarm, put
in the beaten whites of a couple of eggs, and put it on the fire. As
soon as it boils, take it from the fire, and skim it till clear--then
put it on the fire, and let it boil till it becomes a thick
syrup--strain it for use. This syrup does very well to preserve fruit in
for common use.
303. _To clarify Syrup for Sweetmeats._
Put your sugar into the preserving kettle, turn in the quantity of cold
water that you think will be sufficient to cover the fruit that is to be
preserved in it. Beat the whites of eggs to a froth, allowing one white
of an egg to three pounds of sugar--mix the whites of the eggs with the
sugar and water, set it on a slow fire, and let the sugar dissolve, then
stir the whole up well together, and set it where it will boil. As soon
as it boils up well, take it from the fire, let it remain for a minute,
then take off the scum--set it back on the fire, and let it boil a
minute, then take it off, and skim it again. This operation repeat till
the syrup is clear--put in the fruit when the syrup is cold. The fruit
should not be crowded while preserving, and if there is not syrup enough
to cover the fruit, take it out of the syrup, and put in more water, and
boil it with the syrup before putting back the fruit.
304. _Directions for making Sweetmeats._
A pound of sugar to a pound of fruit, is sufficient to preserve most
kinds of fruit. Some kinds of fruit require more, and some will do with
less, than an equal weight of sugar. White sugar makes the most delicate
sweetmeats--nice brown sugar answers very well for most kinds of fruit.
The West India sugar-house syrup is better than sugar to preserve fruit,
on account of its never fermenting. When brown sugar is used, clarify
it, as in direction for clarifying syrup, No. 303, then put in the
fruit. Nice white sugar does not need clarifying. All kinds of
fire-proof ware will do to preserve in, excepting iron ware. The fruit
should not be crowded while preserving, and should boil gently. The
fruit should be turned out of the preserving kettles as soon as done,
and set away in a cool place, otherwise they will not be nice. Keep the
sweetmeats in stone or china jars, that have never been used for other
purposes. Glass jars are the best for delicate sweetmeats, such as
strawberries or cherries. Preserves should be covered tight, and kept in
a cool place. A paper wet in brandy, and laid over the sweetmeats, has a
tendency to keep them from fermenting. They should be looked to
frequently, to see that they do not ferment. Whenever they do, the syrup
should be turned from them, scalded, and turned back on them while hot.
305. _To Preserve Quinces._
Quinces, if very ripe, are best preserved in the following manner: Pare
and cut them in slices, an inch thick--take out the cores carefully, so
as to have the slices in the form of a ring. Allow a pound of nice white
sugar for each pound of the fruit--dissolve it in cold water, having a
quart of the latter to a pound of sugar, then put in the sliced quinces,
and let them soak in it ten or twelve hours. Put them in a preserving
kettle, and put it on a moderate fire--cover them over, and let the
quinces boil gently--there should be more than enough syrup to cover the
quinces. When a broom splinter will go through them easily, take them
from the fire, and turn them out. In the course of a week, turn the
syrup from them, and boil it down, so that there will be just enough to
cover the fruit. Quinces preserved in this manner retain their natural
flavor better than when preserved in any other manner, but they must be
very ripe to preserve in this way, otherwise they will not be tender.
When not very ripe, pare and cut them either in rings or quarters, take
out the cores, and boil the quinces in fair water, till they begin to
grow tender--take them up, and strain the water in which they are
boiled--put in either brown or white sugar--add a little cold water.
When lukewarm, put in the whites of eggs, and clarify it--let it cool,
then put in the quinces, and boil them slowly for half an hour. Keep
them covered over while boiling, if you wish to have them of a light
color. Turn them out into pots as soon as preserved, and set them away
in a cool place. Look at them in the course of a week, to see if they
have fermented--if so, turn the syrup from them, boil it, and turn it
back while hot. The parings and cores of the quinces can be used for
marmalade, with a few whole ones. Some people preserve the quinces with
the cores in, but the syrup will not look clear. The following is a
cheap method of preserving quinces, and answers very well for common
use: Pare, halve, and take out the cores of the quinces, and boil the
parings in new cider till soft. Strain the cider, and for five pounds of
quinces put in a pound of brown sugar, a quart of molasses, the beaten
white of an egg--clarify it, then put in the quinces. There should be
rather more than enough cider to cover the quinces, as it wastes a good
deal while the quinces are boiling. The peel of an orange, cut in small
pieces, and boiled with them, gives the quinces a fine flavor.
306. _Quince Marmalade._
Wash and quarter the quinces, without paring them--put them on the fire,
with just water enough to stew them in. When soft, rub them through a
sieve, and put to each pound of the strained quinces a pound of brown
sugar. Set it on a few coals, and let it stew slowly, stirring it
constantly. When it has stewed an hour, take a little of it out, let it
get cold--if it then cuts smooth, it is sufficiently stewed.
307. _Pears._
Make a syrup, allowing three-quarters of a pound of sugar to each pound
of the pears. If brown sugar is used for the syrup, clarify it, then put
in the pears, and boil them till soft. A few slips of ginger, or
powdered ginger, tied up in bags, and boiled with the pears, gives them
a fine flavor. Choke and vergouleuse are the best pears for preserving.
308. _Pear Marmalade._
Boil the pears with the skins on. When soft, rub them through a sieve,
and put to each pound of pulp three-quarters of a pound of brown sugar.
Stew it over a slow fire till it becomes a thick jelly. It should be
stirred constantly.
309. _Peaches._
Take juicy peaches--pare them, allow for each pound of them, a pound of
nice white sugar. Put just cold water enough to the sugar to saturate
it. When dissolved, stir it up well, and put in the peaches, without
crowding them, and boil them slowly about twenty minutes. A few peach
meats, blanched and preserved with the peaches, are nice, and are quite
ornamental to the peaches. These, as well as all other kinds of
sweetmeats, should be turned out of the preserving kettle as soon as
taken from the fire, and set away in a cool place. If allowed to remain
near the fire, the syrup will not look clear. Cover them up tight--let
them remain three or four days, then turn the syrup from them, scald it,
and turn it back, while hot, on to the peaches.
310. _Peach Jam._
Inferior peaches, and those that are not fully ripe, are best preserved
in the following manner: Pare and halve them, and take out the
stones--lay the peaches in a deep dish, and to each layer of peaches put
a layer of brown sugar. Three-quarters of a pound of sugar to a pound of
the peaches, is sufficient. Let the peaches remain until the next
day--then put them on a moderate fire, without any water, and let them
stew slowly about twenty minutes. Peaches preserved in this way, are
very nice for puffs.
311. _To Preserve Peaches in Brandy._
Procure peaches that are mellow, but not dead ripe--draw a pin round the
seam of the peaches, so as to pierce the skin--cover them with French
brandy, and let them remain a week--then make a syrup, allowing
three-quarters of a pound of brown sugar to a pound of the peaches.
Clarify the syrup, then boil the peaches in it. When tender, take them
out of the syrup, let it remain till cool, then mix it with the brandy,
and turn the whole on to the peaches.
312. _To Preserve Raspberries._
Strain equal quantities of ripe currants and raspberries, to make a
syrup to preserve the raspberries in. Dissolve white sugar in the syrup,
by a gentle heat, using a pound of sugar to each pound of syrup and
raspberries. When the sugar has dissolved, set the syrup where it will
boil about ten minutes, then put in the raspberries, and let them boil
five minutes. In the course of four or five days, turn the syrup from
the raspberries--boil it away, so that there will be just enough of it
to cover the berries--turn it on them while hot. Keep them in
wide-mouthed bottles, corked and sealed up tight. Preserved raspberries
are very nice to flavor ice creams and blanc mange.
313. _Cherries._
Procure cherries that are not quite dead ripe--allow for each pound of
cherries a pound of white sugar. Make a rich syrup of the sugar--when it
boils, put in the cherries, with the stems on--let them boil till
transparent. Keep them in glass jars, or wide-mouthed bottles--cork and
seal them tight. If you wish to preserve them without the stones, take
those that are very ripe, take out the stones carefully, save the juice.
Make a syrup of the juice, white sugar, and very little water, then put
in the cherries, and boil them to a thick consistency.
314. _Currants._
Take the currants when ripe and in their prime--let them remain on the
stalks, picking off the bad ones. Make a syrup of sugar, and very little
water, allowing a pound of sugar to each pound of currants. Clarify it,
then put in the currants, and let them boil a few minutes. In the course
of a few days turn the syrup from them, scald it, and turn it back,
while hot, on to the currants. Preserved currants, mixed with water, is
an excellent drink in fevers. Dried currants are also good for the same
purpose, if made into a tea.
315. _To Preserve Prunes._
Pour boiling water on the prunes, and set them where they will keep hot,
with a lemon, cut in small pieces. When swelled out to nearly the
original size, put to each pound of the prunes half a pound of brown
sugar, a stick of cinnamon, or a tea-spoonful of powdered cloves, and if
there is not sufficient water remaining to cover the prunes, add more,
and stew them in the syrup a quarter of an hour. Add, when taken from
the fire, a wine glass of wine to every three pounds of the prunes.
316. _Cranberries._
For each peck of cranberries allow two pounds and a half of brown sugar,
and half a pint of molasses. Make a syrup of the molasses, sugar, and a
little water. When it boils, put in the cranberries, and let them boil
till transparent. To make cranberry marmalade, boil the cranberries in
just water enough to prevent their burning. Strain them when soft, and
add to each pound a pound and a half of brown sugar. Stew it over a slow
fire, stirring it constantly, till it becomes very thick jelly.
317. _Crab Apples._
Make a syrup, allowing the same weight of sugar as apples. Let it get
cool, then put in the apples, a few at once, so that they will not
crowd, and break to pieces. Boil them till they begin to break, then
take them out of the preserving kettle carefully. Boil the syrup in the
course of three or four days, and turn it while hot on to the apples.
This continue to do at intervals of two or three days, till the apples
appear to be thoroughly preserved. If you wish to make a marmalade of
the apples, boil them in just water enough to keep them from
burning--strain them when soft, and put to them an equal weight of brown
sugar--stew them over a slow fire, stirring them constantly. When of a
thick consistency, take a little of it out, and set it where it will get
cold. If it then cuts smooth and clear, take the whole from the fire,
and turn it into deep dishes.
318. _Barberries._
Take them when fully ripe, let them remain on the stems. Make a rich
syrup, allowing the same weight of sugar as barberries. When clarified,
set it where it will get lukewarm, then put in the barberries. Boil them
till the syrup appears to have entered them. Barberries preserved with
molasses, and a little orange peel and sugar, are very good for common
use. Allow for each pound of barberries a quarter of a pound of sugar,
half a pint of molasses, and the rind of half an orange. Make them into
a syrup with a little water--boil it a quarter of an hour before putting
in the barberries. Preserved barberries, mixed with cold water, make a
very refreshing drink in fevers.
319. _Tomatoes._
Take them when quite small and green--put them in cold clarified syrup,
with an orange, cut in slices, to every two pounds of the tomatoes.
Simmer them gently, on a slow fire, two or three hours. There should be
equal weights of sugar and tomatoes, and more than sufficient water to
cover the tomatoes, used for the syrup. Another method of preserving
them, which is very nice, is to allow a couple of fresh lemons to three
pounds of the tomatoes--pare thin the rind of the lemons, so as to get
none of the white part, squeeze out the juice, mix them with cold water
sufficient to cover the tomatoes, and put in a few peach leaves, and
powdered ginger, tied up in bags. Boil the whole together gently, for
three-quarters of an hour--then take up the tomatoes, strain the liquor,
and put to it a pound and a half of white sugar, for each pound of
tomatoes. Put in the tomatoes, and boil them gently, till the syrup
appears to have entered them. In the course of a week turn the syrup
from them, heat it scalding hot, and turn it on to the tomatoes.
Tomatoes preserved in this manner appear like West Indian sweetmeats.
320. _To Preserve Apples._
Apples for preserving should be tart and mellow--pare them, and take out
the cores with a small knife. Allow for each pound three-quarters of a
pound of sugar, a tea-spoonful of powdered ginger, tied in a bag, and
sufficient water to cover the apples. Make the syrup, then take it from
the fire, and put in the apples, when it is just lukewarm. Boil them
till transparent, take them up--when partly cooled, put in a little
essence of lemon. Turn the syrup from them in the course of a week, boil
it, and turn it back on the apples while hot.
321. _Cymbelines, or Mock Citron._
Cut into small pieces, and scrape the rind of cymbelines--put them into
strong salt and water--let them remain in it three days, then in fair
water a day, changing the water several times--soak them in alum water
an hour--tie up oyster shells in a cloth, and boil them with the
cymbelines. When the cymbelines are tender, take them up, and put them
back into the alum water. Make the syrup for them, allowing a pound and
a half of sugar to one of the cymbelines. When clarified, let it get
cold--then rinse the cymbelines, and boil them three-quarters of an
hour. When partly cooled, put in a little essence of lemon to flavor
them. These are good eaten like any other sweetmeats, or used instead of
citron for cake.
322. _Watermelon Rinds._
Take the rind of a nice ripe watermelon--cut it into small strips, and
boil them, till they begin to grow tender, in water, with saleratus and
peach leaves in it, in the proportion of a tea-spoonful of saleratus and
a dozen peach leaves to a couple of quarts of water. Take the rinds out
of the water, and soak them in alum water an hour. Make a syrup,
allowing the same weight of sugar as rinds. When clarified and cooled,
rinse the rinds, and put them in the syrup, together with powdered
ginger, tied up in a small bag. Boil them till they are quite soft--when
partly cooled, add a little essence of lemon. Turn the syrup from them
in the course of two or three days, take out the bags of ginger, and
boil the syrup till there is just sufficient of it to cover the rinds,
and turn it on them while hot.
323. _Muskmelons._
Procure muskmelons that are perfectly green, and of a quick growth, and
as late in the season as possible. If preserved while the weather is
very hot, they are apt to ferment. Scrape off the skin of the rind,
being careful not to scrape any of the green part. Cut them through the
middle, and take out the seeds--then cut them in rings, an inch in
thickness. Soak them in salt and water a day, then in fair water three
or four hours, changing the water several times. Soak them in alum water
an hour--rinse and put them in fair water, with a handful of peach
leaves to four or five pounds of the melon, and a table-spoonful of
ginger, tied up in small pieces of cloth. The peach leaves turn the
melon a fine green color. Boil the melons till they begin to grow
tender, then put them in alum water, together with the ginger. Make a
syrup of white sugar, and put in the melons and ginger, (which should be
previously rinsed.) Boil them in the syrup as long as you can, without
their breaking to pieces. In the course of a week turn the syrup from
them, scald it, and turn it on to the melons. Add sufficient essence of
lemon to flavor it, just before turning it on to the melons. Keep them
covered tight, in a cool place, with a paper wet in brandy on them.
324. _Pine Apples._
Take those that are ripe, and perfectly fresh--pare off the rind, and
cut the apples in slices an inch thick. Powder the same weight of white
sugar as you have pine apples--lay the pine apples in a deep dish, and
sprinkle part of the powdered sugar between each layer of apples.
Reserve about half of the sugar. Let the apples remain till the
succeeding day--then turn the syrup from them, and mix it with the
reserved sugar, and half a pint of water, for three or four pounds of
pine apple. Boil the syrup, take it from the fire, and when cool, put in
the apples, simmer them gently till tender, let them remain in a deep
dish for several days--they should be covered up tight, and kept in a
cool place. Whenever there is any appearance of fermentation, turn the
syrup from them, scald it, and turn it back hot on to the pine apples.
Keep them in glass or china jars, covered tight, and in a cool place.
325. _Pumpkin Chips._
Take what quantity you choose of a good sweet pumpkin, (the butter
pumpkin makes the nicest sweetmeats.) Halve the pumpkin, take out the
seeds, and cut it into chips of the size of a dollar. For each pound of
the pumpkin to be preserved, allow a pound of fine white sugar, and a
gill of lemon-juice. Put the chips in a deep dish, and sprinkle on each
layer a layer of the sugar. Turn the lemon-juice over the whole. Let it
remain a day--then boil the whole together, with half a pint of water to
three pounds of the pumpkin, a table-spoonful of powdered ginger, tied
up in bags, and the peel of the lemons, cut into small pieces. When the
pumpkin becomes tender, turn the whole into a preserve pot. In the
course of a week, turn the syrup from the pumpkin, boil it to a rich
syrup, and turn it back hot.
326. _Gages._
Allow equal weights of sugar and gages. Make a syrup of white sugar, and
just water enough to cover the plums. Boil the plums slowly in the syrup
ten minutes--turn them into a dish, and let them remain four or five
days, then boil them again, till the syrup appears to have entered the
plums. Put them in a china jar, and in the course of a week turn the
syrup from them, scald it, and turn it over them hot.
327. _Strawberries._
Procure Chili or field strawberries, and hull them. Take equal
quantities of berries, and powdered white sugar--put a layer of each in
a preserving pan, having a layer of strawberries at the bottom. Let them
remain an hour, then put in a gill of cold water, to prevent their
burning to the bottom of the pan. Set them on a very moderate fire--when
the juice runs freely, increase the fire, until they boil briskly. Let
them boil half an hour, then turn them into a dish--when lukewarm, put
them in wide-mouthed bottles, or small glass jars, cork and seal them
tight, and keep them in dry sand.
328. _Raspberry and Blackberry Jam._
For each pound of berries, allow a pound of sugar. Put a layer of each
alternately in a preserving dish. Let them remain half an hour--then
boil them slowly, stirring them frequently, to keep them from burning.
When they have boiled half an hour, take a little up in a cup, and set
it in a dish of cold water--if it appears of the consistency of thick
jelly, take the whole from the fire--if not, boil it till it becomes so.
329. _Strawberry, Raspberry, and Blackberry Jelly._
Jellies of these fruits are all made in the following manner: Take the
berries when ripe, and in their prime, mash them, and let them drain
through a flannel bag, without squeezing it. To each pint of juice, put
a pound of white sugar, and the beaten white of an egg to three pounds
of the sugar. Set it on the fire--when it boils up well, take it from
the fire, and skim it clear. Set it back on the fire--if any more scum
rises, take it from the fire, and skim it off. Boil it till it becomes a
jelly, which is ascertained by taking a little of it up into a tumbler
of cold water. If it falls to the bottom in a solid mass, it is
sufficiently boiled.
330. _Cranberry, Grape, and Currant Jelly._
They are all made in the same manner. Take the fruit in its prime, wash
and drain it till nearly dry, then put it in an earthen jar, or pot, and
set the pot in a kettle of hot water. Set the kettle where the water
will boil, taking care that none of it gets into the jar. When the fruit
breaks, turn it into a flannel bag, and let it drain slowly through,
into a deep dish, without squeezing. When the juice has all passed
through the bag, put to each pint of it a pound and a half of white
sugar. Put to each quart of the syrup the beaten white of an egg. Set
the syrup where it will boil gently--as fast as any scum rises, take the
syrup from the fire, and skim it clear. When the jelly has boiled
fifteen or twenty minutes, try a little of it in a tumbler of cold
water--if it sinks to the bottom of the tumbler in a solid lump, it is
sufficiently boiled. Jellies are improved by being put in the sun for
several days--care must be taken that the dew does not fall on them.
331. _Quince Jelly._
Halve the quinces, and take out the cores. Boil the quinces till very
soft, in clear water, mash them, and let them drain through a flannel
bag, without squeezing them. Put to the quince liquor, when drained
through the bag, white sugar, in the proportion of a pound to a pint of
the liquor. Add the whites of eggs, and clarify it. When clear, boil it
on a moderate fire, till it becomes a thick jelly. Fill glasses with the
jelly, and cover them tight. The quince pulp that remains in the
jelly-bag can be made into marmalade.
332. _Apple Jelly._
Halve tart apples, and take out the cores. Boil them till very soft, in
a large proportion of water--then let it pass through a jelly-bag,
without squeezing them. Weigh the liquor, and to each pint of it put a
pound of white sugar--then boil it slowly till it becomes a thick jelly,
which is ascertained in the same manner as currant jelly. If you wish to
have it of a red tinge, put in, when taken from the fire, a little
cranberry or beet-juice. If you wish to have it a straw color, put in a
little tincture of saffron. If green, use the expressed juice of spinach
leaves. Let it pass through the jelly-bag again--when cool, turn it into
glasses.
333. _Lemon Jelly._
Put on a slow fire an ounce of white isinglass, pulled into small
pieces, and rinsed, a pint of water, with the rind of six lemons. Stir
it constantly till dissolved, then add a pint of lemon-juice, and
sweeten it to the taste with nice white sugar. Boil the whole four or
five minutes, then color it with tincture of saffron, and let it pass
through a flannel bag, without squeezing it. Fill your jelly glasses
with it when partly cooled.
334. _Calf's Feet Jelly._
Take four feet, (that have been perfectly cleaned,) and boil them, in
four quarts of water, till very soft, and the water is reduced to one
quart. Take it from the fire, and let it remain till perfectly cold,
then take off all the fat, and scrape off the dregs that adhere to the
jelly. Put the jelly in a preserving kettle, set it on a slow fire--when
it melts, take it from the fire, and mix with it half a pint of white
wine, the juice and grated rind of a couple of fresh lemons, and a stick
of cinnamon or mace. Wash and wipe dry six eggs--take the whites of
them, and beat them to a froth--stir them into the jelly when it is
cool--bruise the shells, and mix them with the jelly, then set it on a
few coals. Sweeten it, when hot, to the taste--white sugar is the best,
but brown answers very well. Let the whole boil slowly fifteen minutes,
without stirring it--suspend a flannel bag on a nail, and let the jelly
drain through it, into a deep dish or pitcher. If it is not clear the
first time, let it pass through the bag till it becomes so. The bag
should not be squeezed, otherwise the jelly will not look clear. When
transparent, turn it into glasses, and set the glasses, if the weather
is hot, into cold water, and keep them in a cool place. This kind of
jelly will keep but a few days, in warm weather. A knuckle of veal, and
sheep's feet, make a nice jelly, prepared in the same manner as calf's
feet.
335. _Hartshorn Jelly._
Boil four ounces of hartshorn shavings in a couple of quarts of water,
till it becomes a thick jelly--then strain and put to it the juice and
rind of a couple of lemons, a wine glass of white wine, and a stick of
cinnamon. Wash four fresh eggs, wipe them dry, separate the whites from
the yelks, beat the whites to a froth, bruise the shells, and mix them
with the hartshorn--set the whole on a moderate fire--sweeten it to the
taste when hot. Boil it till it becomes quite thick, then let it drain
through a jelly-bag till clear.
336. _Coffee._
Old Java and Mocha coffee are the best kinds. Coffee should be put in an
iron pot, and dried over a moderate fire for several hours, before it is
roasted. It should be put at such a distance from the fire, as to be in
no danger of burning. When it has dried three or four hours, set the pot
on a hot bed of coals, and stir it constantly, until sufficiently
roasted, which is ascertained by biting one of the lightest colored
kernels--if it is brittle, the whole is done. Turn it out of the pot
immediately, into a box--cover it tight, to keep in the steam. A
coffee-roaster is better than a pot to roast coffee in, as it preserves
the fine aromatic flavor of the coffee, which in a great measure escapes
with the steam of the coffee, when roasted in an open pot. To make good
common coffee, allow a table-spoonful of it, when ground, to each pint
of water. Turn on the water boiling hot, and boil the coffee in a tin
pot, from twenty to twenty-five minutes--if boiled longer, it will not
taste fresh and lively. Let it stand, after being taken from the fire,
four or five minutes to settle, then turn it off carefully from the
grounds, into a coffee-pot or urn. When the coffee is put on the fire to
boil, a piece of fish-skin or isinglass, of the size of a nine-pence,
should be put in, or else the white and shell of half an egg, to a
couple of quarts of coffee. Many persons dislike to clear coffee with
fish-skin, thinking that it imparts an unpleasant taste to coffee, but
it will not, if properly prepared. The skin should be taken from mild
codfish, that has not been soaked, as the skin loses its clearing
properties by soaking. Rinse it in cold water, and dry it perfectly.
When dried, cut it into pieces of the size of a nine-pence. If torn off,
as it is wanted for use, too much is apt to be put in at once, and give
the coffee a bad taste. A piece of the size of a twelve and a half cent
piece, is sufficient to settle a couple of quarts of water. French
coffee is made in a German filter, the water is turned on boiling hot,
and one-third more coffee is necessary than when boiled in the common
way. Where cream cannot be procured for coffee, the coffee will be much
richer to boil it with a less proportion of water than the above rule,
and weaken it with boiling hot milk, when served out in cups.
337. _Tea._
Scald the tea-pot, and if the tea is a strong kind, a tea-spoonful for a
pint of water is sufficient--if it is a weak kind, more will be
required. Pour on just enough boiling water to cover the tea, and let it
steep. Green tea should not steep more than five or six minutes before
drinking--if steeped longer, it will not be lively. Black tea requires
steeping ten or twelve minutes to extract the strength.
338. _Chocolate._
Scrape the chocolate off fine, mix it smooth with water--if liked very
rich, make the chocolate entirely of milk--if not, use half water. Boil
water and milk together, then stir in the chocolate, previously mixed
with water--stir it till it boils, then sweeten it to your taste, and
take it up. If liked rich, grate in a little nutmeg. A table-spoonful of
chocolate to a pint of water or milk, is about the right proportion.
339. _Hop Beer._
Put to six ounces of hops five quarts of water, and boil them three
hours--then strain off the liquor, and put to the hops four quarts more
of water, a tea-cup full of ginger, and boil the hops three hours
longer. Strain and mix it with the rest of the liquor, and stir in a
couple of quarts of molasses. Take about half a pound of bread, and
brown it very slowly--when very brown and dry, put it in the liquor, to
enrich the beer. Rusked bread is the best for this purpose, but a loaf
of bread cut in slices, and toasted till brittle, will do very well.
When rusked bread is used, pound it fine, and brown it in a pot, as you
would coffee, stirring it constantly. When the hop liquor cools, so as
to be just lukewarm, add a pint of new yeast, that has no salt in it.
Keep the beer covered in a temperate situation, till it has ceased
fermenting, which is ascertained by the subsiding of the froth--turn it
off carefully into a beer keg, or bottles. The beer should not be corked
very tight, or it will burst the bottles. It should be kept in a cool
place.
340. _Beer of Essential Oils._
Mix a couple of quarts of boiling water with a pint and a half of
molasses. Stir in five quarts of cold water, then add ten drops of the
oil of sassafras, ten of spruce, fifteen of winter-green, and a
tea-spoonful of essence of ginger. When just lukewarm, put in half a
pint of fresh lively yeast. When fermented, bottle and cork it, and keep
it in a cool place. It will be fit to drink in the course of two or
three days.
341. _Spring Beer._
Take a small bunch of all, or part of the following: Sweet fern,
sarsaparilla, winter-green, sassafras, prince's pine, and spice wood.
Boil them with two or three ounces of hops to three or four gallons of
water, and two or three raw potatoes, pared and cut in slices. The
strength of the roots and hops is obtained more thoroughly by boiling
them in two waters--for, when the liquor is strongly saturated with the
hops, it will rather bind up the roots than extract their juices. The
roots should be boiled five or six hours--the liquor should then be
strained, and a quart of molasses put to three gallons of the beer. If
you wish to have the beer very rich, brown half a pound of bread, and
put it into the liquor. If the liquor is too thick, dilute it with cold
water. When just lukewarm, put in a pint of fresh lively yeast, that has
no salt in it. The salt has a tendency to keep it from fermenting. Keep
it in a temperate situation, covered over, but not so tight as to
exclude the air entirely, or it will not work. When fermented, keep it
in a tight keg, or bottle and cork it up.
342. _Ginger Beer._
Boil gently, in a gallon of water, three table-spoonsful of cream of
tartar, three of ginger, and a lemon cut in slices. When it has boiled
half an hour, take it from the fire, strain and sweeten it to your
taste--white sugar is the best, but brown sugar or molasses answers very
well. Put to it, when lukewarm, half a pint of fresh yeast. Turn it off
carefully, when fermented, bottle it, and keep it in a cool place. It
will be fit to drink in the course of seven or eight days.
343. _Instantaneous Beer._
Put to a pint and a half of water four tea-spoonsful of ginger, a
table-spoonful of lemon-juice--sweeten it to the taste with syrup or
white sugar, and turn it into a junk bottle. Have ready a cork to fit
the bottle, a string of wire to tie it down, and a mallet to drive in
the cork. Then put into the bottle a heaping tea-spoonful of the
super-carbonate of soda, cork it immediately, tie it down, then shake
the whole up well, cut the string, and the cork will fly out. Turn it
out, and drink immediately.
344. _Mixed Wine._
Take equal parts of ripe currants, grapes, raspberries, and English
cherries. Bruise them, then mix cold water with them, in the proportion
of four pounds of fruit to a gallon of water. Let the whole remain half
a day. Stir the whole up well, then strain it--to each gallon of it put
three pounds of sugar. Keep it in a temperate situation, where it will
ferment slowly, three or four days--stir it up frequently. When
fermented, add a ninth part of brandy to it, and stop it up tight--when
it becomes clear, bottle it. In the course of a year it will be fit to
drink.
345. _Currant Wine._
Strain the currants, which should be perfectly ripe. To each quart of
juice put a couple of quarts of water, and three pounds of sugar--stir
the whole well together, and let it stand twenty-four hours, without
stirring--then skim and set it in a cool place, where it will ferment
slowly. Let it remain three or four days--if, at the end of that time,
it has ceased fermenting, add one quart of French brandy to every
fifteen gallons of the liquor, and close up the barrel tight. When it
becomes clear, it is fit to bottle. This will be good in the course of
six months, but it is much improved by being kept several years.
346. _Grape Wine._
Bruise the grapes, which should be perfectly ripe. To each gallon of
grapes put a gallon of water, and let the whole remain a week, without
being stirred. At the end of that time, draw off the liquor carefully,
and put to each gallon three pounds of lump sugar. Let it ferment in a
temperate situation--when fermented, stop it up tight. In the course of
six months it will be fit to bottle.
347. _To mull Wine._
To a pint of water put a tea-spoonful of powdered cloves and cinnamon.
Set it where it will boil--then separate the whites and yelks of three
eggs, and beat the yelks with a large spoonful of powdered white sugar.
As soon as the water boils, turn it on to the yelks and sugar--add a
pint of wine, and turn the beaten whites of the eggs over the whole.
348. _Quince Cordial._
Take ripe nice quinces, wipe off the fur, and grate them. Express the
juices of the quince pulp through a strong cloth, and to each quart of
it put two-thirds of a quart of French brandy, a pound and a half of
white sugar, a hundred bitter almonds, or peach meats, a dozen cloves.
Put it in a stone pot, cover it tight, and keep it a week in a warm
place, then skim and bottle it, and let it remain a year before using
it.
349. _Peach Cordial._
Take ripe juicy peaches--wash and wipe them, to get off the down--gash
them to the stone. Put to each peck of peaches a gallon of French
brandy, and cover them up tight. Let the whole remain a couple of
months, then drain the brandy free from the peaches--add sufficient cold
water to render it of the strength of good white wine, and to every
three gallons of it put four pounds of sugar. Stir it up well--let it
remain a couple of days, stirring it up well each day, then turn it into
a wine cask, and close it tight.
350. _Smallage Cordial._
Take young sprouts of smallage--wash and drain them till perfectly dry.
Cut them in small pieces, put them in a bottle, with seeded raisins,
having an alternate layer of each. When the bottle is two-thirds full of
the smallage, turn in French brandy, till the bottle is full. Let it
remain three or four days, to have the smallage absorb the brandy--then
put in as much more brandy as the bottle will hold. It will be fit for
use in the course of eight or ten days. This is an excellent family
medicine.
351. _Currant Shrub._
To a pint of strained currant juice, put a pound of sugar. Boil the
sugar and juice gently together, eight or ten minutes, then set it where
it will cool. Add, when lukewarm, a wine glass of French brandy to every
pint of syrup--bottle and cork it tight--keep it in a cool place.
352. _Raspberry Shrub._
To three quarts of fresh, ripe raspberries, put one of good vinegar. Let
it remain a day--then strain it, and put to each pint a pound of white
sugar. Boil the whole together for half an hour, skim it clear. When
cool, add a wine glass of French brandy to each pint of the shrub. A
couple of table-spoonsful of this, mixed with a tumbler two-thirds full
of water, is a wholesome and refreshing drink in fevers.
353. _Lemon Shrub._
Procure nice fresh lemons--pare the rind off thin, then squeeze out the
juice of the lemons, and strain it. To a pint of the juice put a pound
of white sugar, broken into small pieces. Measure out for each pint of
the syrup three table-spoonsful of French brandy, and soak the rind of
the lemons in it. Let the whole remain a day, stirring up the
lemon-juice and sugar frequently. The next day turn off the syrup, and
mix it with the brandy and lemon rinds--put the whole in clean bottles,
cork and seal them tight, and keep them in dry sand, in a cool place.
354. _Sherbet._
Boil in three pints of water six or eight green stalks of rhubarb, a
quarter of a pound of figs or raisins. When the whole has boiled between
twenty-five and thirty minutes, strain it, and mix it with a
tea-spoonful of rosewater, and lemon or orange syrup to the taste. Let
it get cold before drinking it.
355. _Noyeau._
To three pints of French brandy, put four ounces of bitter almonds, or
peach meats, and a couple of ounces of sweet almonds--they should be
bruised before they are mixed with the brandy. Add half an ounce each of
powdered cinnamon and mace, a quarter of an ounce of cloves. Let the
whole remain a fortnight, shaking it up well each day, then drain off
the brandy into another bottle, and put to the almonds a quart of water.
Let it stand three days, then turn back the brandy, and put in a pound
and a half of white sugar. Let the whole remain a week, stirring it up
frequently, then strain the liquor off, free from the dregs, into
bottles for use.
356. _Mead._
Put to a pound of honey three pints of warm water--stir it up well, and
let it remain till the honey is held in complete solution--then turn it
into a cask, leaving the bung out. Let it ferment in a temperate
situation--bottle it as soon as fermented, cork it up very tight.
357. _Essence of Lemon._
Turn gradually on to a drachm of the best oil of lemons a couple of
ounces of strong rectified spirit. The best method of obtaining the
essence of the lemon peel, is to rub all the yellow part of the peel
off, with lumps of white sugar, and scrape off the surface of the sugar
into a preserving pot, as fast as it becomes saturated with the oil of
the lemon. The sugar should be pressed down tight, and covered very
close. A little of this sugar gives a fine flavor to puddings, cakes,
and pies. This mode of preserving the essence of the lemon is superior
to the one in which spirit is used, as the fine aromatic flavor of the
peel is procured without any alloy.
358. _Essence of Ginger._
Take three ounces of fresh ginger--grate and put it into a quart of
French brandy, together with the rind of a fresh lemon--none of the
white part of the peel should be put in. Shake the whole up well every
day, for eight or ten days--at the end of that time, it will be fit for
use. A little of this, mixed with water, or put on a lump of sugar,
answers all the purposes of ginger tea, and is much more palatable. It
is also nice to flavor many kinds of sweetmeats.
359. _Spice Brandy._
Put into a jar French brandy, and rose or peach leaves, in the
proportion of a quart of the former to half a pint of the latter. Let
them steep together, till the strength is obtained from the leaves--then
turn off the brandy, squeeze the leaves dry, throw them away, and put
fresh leaves to the brandy. Continue to go through the above process
until the brandy is strongly impregnated with the leaves--then turn the
brandy off clear, and bottle it--keep it corked tight. Lemon or orange
peel, and peach meats, steeped in a bottle of brandy, give it a fine
flavor. It takes the rind of three or four lemons, or a quarter of a
pound of peach meats, to flavor a pint of brandy. When all the brandy is
used, put in more, with a few fresh rinds. Spice brandy is very nice to
season cakes, puddings, and mince pies.
360. _Rosewater._
Gather fragrant, full-blown roses, on a dry day--pick off the leaves,
and to each peck of them put a quart of water. Put the whole in a cold
still, and set the still on a moderate fire--the slower they are
distilled, the better will be the rosewater. Bottle the water as soon as
distilled.
361. _To extract the Essential Oil of Flowers._
Procure a quantity of fresh, fragrant leaves--both the stalk and the
flower leaves will answer. Cord very thin layers of cotton, and dip them
into fine Florence oil--put alternate layers of the cotton and leaves in
a glass jar, or large tumbler. Sprinkle a very small quantity of fine
salt on each layer of the flowers, cover the jar up tight, and place it
in a south window, exposed to the heat of the sun. In the course of a
fortnight a fragrant oil may be squeezed out of the cotton. Rose leaves,
mignonette, and sweet-scented clover, make fine perfumes, managed in
this way.
362. _Perfume Bags._
Rose and sweet-scented clover leaves, dried in the shade, then mixed
with powdered cloves, cinnamon, mace, and pressed in small bags, are
very nice to keep in chests of linen, or drawers of clothes, to perfume
them.
363. _Cologne Water._
Turn a quart of alcohol gradually on to the following oils: a couple of
drachms of the oil of rosemary, two of the oil of lemon, or
orange-flower water, one drachm of lavender, ten drops of oil of
cinnamon, ten of cloves, and a tea-spoonful of rosewater. Keep the whole
stopped tight in a bottle--shake it up well. It will do to use as soon
as made, but it is much improved by age.
364. _Lavender Water._
Turn a pint of alcohol slowly on to an ounce and a half of the oil of
lavender, two drachms of ambergris. Keep the lavender water in a
tight-corked bottle--it should be shook up well when first put in.
365. _Aromatic Vinegar._
Mix with a table-spoonful of vinegar enough powdered chalk to destroy
the acidity. Let it settle--then turn off the vinegar from the chalk
carefully, and dry it perfectly. Whenever you wish to purify an infected
room, put in a few drops of sulphuric acid--the fumes arising from it
will purify a room where there has been any infectious disorder. Care
is necessary in using it, not to inhale the fumes, or to get any of the
acid on your garments, as it will corrode whatever it touches.
366. _Barley Water._
Boil a couple of ounces of barley, in two quarts of water, till
soft--pearl barley is the best, but the common barley answers very well.
When soft, strain and mix it with a little currant jelly, to give it a
pleasant, acid taste. If the jelly is not liked, turn it, when boiled
soft, on to a couple of ounces of figs or raisins, and boil it again,
till reduced to one quart, then strain it for use.
367. _Rice Gruel._
Put a large spoonful of unground rice into six gills of boiling water,
with a stick of cinnamon or mace. Strain it when boiled soft, and add
half a pint of new milk--put in a tea-spoonful of salt, and boil it a
few minutes longer. If you wish to make the gruel of rice flour, mix a
table-spoonful of it, smoothly, with three of cold water, and stir it
into a quart of boiling water. Let it boil, five or six minutes,
stirring it constantly. Season it with salt, a little butter, and add,
if you like, nutmeg and white sugar to your taste.
368. _Water Gruel._
Mix a couple of table-spoonsful of Indian meal with one of wheat flour,
and sufficient cold water to make a thick batter. If the gruel is liked
thick, stir it into a pint of boiling water--if liked thin, more water
will be necessary. Season the gruel with salt, and let it boil six or
eight minutes, stirring it frequently--then take it from the fire, put
in a piece of butter, of the size of a walnut, and pepper to the taste.
Turn it on toasted bread, cut in small pieces.
369. _Caudle._
Make rice or water gruel, as above--then strain it, and add half a wine
glass of ale, wine, or brandy. Sweeten it with loaf sugar, and grate in
a little nutmeg.
370. _Arrow Root Custards._
Boil a pint of milk, and stir into it, while boiling, a table-spoonful
of arrow root, mixed smooth, with a little cold milk. Stir it in well,
and let the whole boil three or four minutes--take it from the fire to
cool--when so, stir in a couple of beaten eggs, sweeten it to the taste,
and grate in a small piece of nutmeg. Set the whole where it will boil,
stirring it constantly. As soon as it boils up, take it from the fire,
and turn it into custard cups. The arrow root, prepared in the same
manner as for the custards, omitting the sugar, spice, and eggs, is
excellent food for invalids, and can be eaten when the custards are too
rich for the stomach.
371. _Wine Whey._
Stir into a pint of boiling milk a couple of glasses of wine. Let it
boil a minute, then take it from the fire, and let it remain till the
curd has settled--then turn off the whey, and sweeten it with white
sugar.
372. _Stomachic Tincture._
Bruise a couple of ounces of Peruvian bark, one of bitter dried orange
peel. Steep them in a pint of proof spirit a fortnight, shaking up the
bottle that contains it once or twice every day. Let it remain untouched
for a couple of days, then decant the bitter into another bottle. A
tea-spoonful of this, in a wine glass of water, is a fine tonic.
373. _Thoroughwort Bitters._
Make a strong tea of the thoroughwort--strain it, and when cool, put to
a couple of quarts of it half a pint of French brandy, the peel of two
or three fresh oranges, cut into small bits, and half a dozen bunches of
fennel, or smallage seed. The seed and orange peel should be crowded
into a bottle, then the tea and brandy turned in. The bottle should be
corked tight. The bitters will keep good almost any length of time, and
is an excellent remedy for bilious complaints, and can often be taken
when the thoroughwort tea will not sit on the stomach. A wine glass of
these bitters to a tumbler of water is about the right proportion. It
should have a little sugar added to it before drinking it.
374. _Cough Tea._
Make a strong tea of everlasting--strain, and put to a quart of it two
ounces of figs or raisins, two of liquorice, cut in bits. Boil them in
the tea for twenty minutes, then take the tea from the fire, and add to
it the juice of a lemon. This is an excellent remedy for a tight
cough--it should be drank freely, being perfectly innocent. It is the
most effectual when hot.
375. _Beef Tea._
Broil a pound of fresh lean beef ten minutes--then cut it into small
bits, turn a pint of boiling water on it, and let it steep in a warm
place half an hour--then strain it, and season the tea with salt and
pepper to the taste. This is a quick way of making the tea, but it is
not so good, when the stomach will bear but a little liquid on it, as
the following method: Cut the beef into small bits, which should be
perfectly free from fat--fill a junk bottle with them, cork it up tight,
and immerse it in a kettle of lukewarm water, and boil it four or five
hours. This way is superior to the first, on account of obtaining the
juices of the meat, unalloyed with water, a table-spoonful of it being
as nourishing as a tea-cup full of the other.
376. _Moss Jelly._
Steep Carragua, or Irish moss, in cold water a few minutes, to extract
the bitter taste--then drain off the water, and to half an ounce of moss
put a quart of fresh water, and a stick of cinnamon. Boil it till it
becomes a thick jelly, then strain it, and season it to the taste with
white wine and white sugar. This is very nourishing, and recommended
highly for consumptive complaints.
377. _Sago Jelly._
Rinse four ounces of sago thoroughly, then soak it in cold water half an
hour--turn off the water, and put to it a pint and a half of fresh cold
water. Let it soak in it half an hour, then set it where it will boil
slowly, stirring it constantly--boil with it a stick of cinnamon. When
of a thick consistency, add a glass of wine, and white sugar to the
taste. Let it boil five minutes, then turn it into cups.
378. _Tapioca Jelly._
Take four table-spoonsful of tapioca--rinse it thoroughly, then soak it
five hours, in cold water enough to cover it. Set a pint of cold water
on the fire--when it boils, mash and stir up the tapioca that is in
water, and mix it with the boiling water. Let the whole simmer gently,
with a stick of cinnamon or mace. When thick and clear, mix a couple of
table-spoonsful of white sugar, with half a table-spoonful of
lemon-juice, and half a glass of white wine--stir it into the jelly--if
not sweet enough, add more sugar, and turn the jelly into cups.
MISCELLANEOUS RECEIPTS RELATIVE TO HOUSEWIFERY.
379. _To renew Old Bread and Cake._
Fill a bread steamer about half full of water, and lay the dry bread on
it, and set it on the fire, where it will steam the bread from half to
three-quarters of an hour; then wrap the bread in a towel, and let it
remain till dry. In this way, bread that is old and dry may be made
moist and good. Where a steamer cannot be procured, soak the bread in
cold water till it has absorbed sufficient water to be moist
inside--then put it in a bake pan, without any cover, and heat it very
hot. If broken pieces of bread are put in the oven, five or six hours
after baking, and rusked, they will keep good a long time. Sour heavy
bread, treated in this manner, will make very decent cakes and puddings,
provided there is enough saleratus used in making them to correct the
acidity of the bread. Rich cake, that has wine or brandy in it, will
remain good in cold weather several months, if it is kept in a cool, dry
place. The day in which it is to be eaten, put it in a cake pan, and set
it in a bake pan that has half a pint of water in it--set on the
bake-pan cover, and let the cake bake till it is heated very hot. Let it
get cold before cutting it.
380. _To preserve Cheese from Insects._
Cover the cheese, while whole, with a paste made of wheat flour; then
wrap a cloth round it, and cover it with the paste. Keep the cheese in a
cool, dry place. Cheese that has skippers in it, if kept till cold
weather, will be freed from them.
381. _To pot Cheese._
Cheese that has begun to mould, can be kept from becoming any more so,
by being treated in the following manner: Cut off the mouldy part, and
if the cheese is dry, grate it--if not, pound it fine in a mortar,
together with the crust. To each pound of it, when fine, put a
table-spoonful of brandy--mix it in well with the cheese, then press it
down tight, in a clean stone pot, and lay a paper wet in brandy on the
top of it. Cover the pot up tight, and keep it in a cool, dry place.
This is also a good way to treat dry pieces of cheese. Potted cheese is
best when a year old. It will keep several years, without any danger of
its breeding insects.
382. _To pot Butter for winter use._
Mix a large spoonful of salt, a table-spoonful of powdered white-sugar,
and one of saltpetre. Work this quantity into six pounds of fresh-made
butter. Put the butter into a stone pot, that is thoroughly cleansed.
When you have finished putting down your butter, cover it with a layer
of salt, and let it remain covered until cold weather.
383. _To make Salt Butter Fresh._
When butter has too much salt in it, put to each pound of it a quart of
fresh milk, and churn it an hour; then treat it like fresh butter,
working in the usual quantity of salt. A little white sugar worked in,
improves it. This is said to be equal to fresh butter. Salt may be taken
out of a small quantity of fresh butter, by working it over, in clear
fresh water, changing the water a number of times.
384. _To extract Rancidity from Butter._
Take a small quantity, that is wanted for immediate use. For a pound of
the butter, dissolve a couple of tea-spoonsful of saleratus in a quart
of boiling water, put in the butter, mix it well with the saleratus
water, and let it remain till cold, then take it off carefully, and work
a tea-spoonful of salt into it. Butter treated in this manner answers
very well to use in cooking.
385. _To preserve Cream for Sea Voyages._
Take rich, fresh cream, and mix it with half of its weight of white
powdered sugar. When well mixed in, put it in bottles, and cork them
tight. When used for tea or coffee, it will make them sufficiently sweet
without any additional sugar.
386. _Substitute for Cream in Coffee._
Beat the white of an egg to a froth--put to it a small lump of butter,
and turn the coffee to it gradually, so that it may not curdle. It is
difficult to distinguish the taste from fresh cream.
387. _To keep Eggs several months._
It is a good plan to buy eggs for family use when cheap, and preserve
them in the following manner: Mix half a pint of unslaked lime with the
same quantity of salt, a couple of gallons of water. The water should be
turned on boiling hot. When cold, put in the eggs, which should be
perfectly fresh, and care should be taken not to crack any of them--if
cracked, they will spoil directly. The eggs should be entirely covered
with the lime-water, and kept in a stone pot, and the pot set in a cool
place. If the above directions are strictly attended to, the eggs will
keep good five months. The lime-water should not be so strong as to eat
the shell, and all the eggs should be perfectly fresh when put in, as
one bad one will spoil the whole.
388. _To melt Fat for Shortening._
The fat of all kinds of meat, excepting that of ham and mutton, makes
good shortening. Roast meat drippings, and the liquor in which meat is
boiled, should stand until cold, to have the fat congeal, so that it can
be taken off easily. When taken up, scrape off the sediment which
adheres to the under side of the fat, cut the fat into small pieces,
together with any scraps of fat from broiled meat that you may happen to
have. Melt the fat slowly, then strain it, and let it remain till cold.
When formed into a hard cake, take it up--if any sediment adheres to the
under side, scrape it off. Melt the fat again--when partly cooled,
sprinkle in salt, in the proportion of a tea-spoonful to a pound of the
shortening. The dregs of the fat are good for soap grease. This
shortening answers all the various purposes of lard very well, excepting
in the hottest weather. The fat of cooked meat should not be suffered to
remain more than a week in winter, and three days in summer, without
being melted. Ham fat, if boiled in fresh water, and then clarified,
answers very well to fry in. Mutton fat, if melted into hard cakes, will
fetch a good price at the tallow-chandler's. The leaves, and thin pieces
of pork, should be used for lard. Cut them in small bits, and melt them
slowly; then strain them through a cullender, with a thick cloth laid in
it. As soon as the fat cools and thickens, sprinkle in salt, in the
proportion of a tea-cup full to twenty weight of the lard. Stir it in
well, then set the pot that contains it in a cool place. Some people
have an idea that the pork scraps must be on the fire until they become
brown, in order to have the lard kept sweet the year round, but it is
not necessary, if salt is mixed with it.
389. _To keep Vegetables through the Winter._
Succulent vegetables are preserved best in a cool, shady place, that is
damp. Turnips, Irish potatoes, and similar vegetables, should be
protected from the air and frost by being buried up in sand, and in very
severe cold weather covered over with a linen cloth. It is said that the
dust of charcoal, sprinkled over potatoes, will keep them from
sprouting. I have also heard it said, that Carolina potatoes may be kept
a number of months, if treated in the following manner: Take those that
are large, and perfectly free from decay--pack them in boxes of dry
sand, and set the boxes in a place exposed to the influence of smoke,
and inaccessible to frost.
390. _To preserve Herbs._
All kinds of herbs should be gathered on a dry day, just before, or
while in blossom. Tie them in bundles, and suspend them in a dry, airy
place, with the blossoms downwards. When perfectly dry, wrap the
medicinal ones in paper and keep them from the air. Pick off the leaves
of those which are to be used in cooking, pound and sift them fine, and
keep the powder in bottles, corked up tight.
391. _To preserve various kinds of Fruit through the Winter._
Apples can be kept till June, by taking only those that are hard and
sound, wiping them dry, then packing them in tight barrels, with a layer
of bran to each layer of apples. Envelope the barrel in a linen cloth,
to protect it from frost, and keep it in a cool place, but not so cold
as to freeze the apples. It is said that mortar, laid over the top of a
barrel of apples, is a good thing to preserve them, as it draws the air
from them, which is the principal cause of their decaying. Care should
be taken not to have it come in contact with the apples. To preserve
oranges and lemons several months, take those that are perfectly fresh,
and wrap each one in soft paper; put them in glass jars, or a very tight
box, with white sand, that has been previously dried in an oven a few
hours, after it has been baked in. The sand should be strewed thick over
each one of the oranges, as they are laid in the jar, and the whole
covered with a thick layer of it. Close the jar up tight, and keep it in
a cool dry place, but not so cool as to freeze the fruit. To preserve
grapes, gather them on a dry day, when they are not quite dead ripe, and
pick those that are not fair off from the stems. Lay the bunches of
grapes in a glass jar, and sprinkle around each of them a thick layer of
dry bran, so that they will not touch each other. Have a thick layer of
bran on the top, and cork and seal the jar very tight, so that the air
may be entirely excluded. Whenever they are to be eaten, restore them to
their freshness by cutting off a small piece from the end of the stalks,
and immerse the stalks of each bunch in sweet wine for a few minutes.
The stalks will imbibe the wine, and make the grapes fresh and juicy.
Various kinds of fruit, taken when green, such as grapes, gooseberries,
currants, and plums, can be kept through the winter, by being treated in
the following manner: Fill junk bottles with them, and set them in an
oven six or seven hours, after having baked in it. Let them remain till
they begin to shrink, then take the fruit from one bottle to fill the
others quite full. Cork and seal up the bottles. Whenever you wish to
make pies of them, put the quantity you wish to use into a tin pan, turn
on boiling water sufficient to cover them, and stew them in it till
soft, then sweeten, and make them into pies. Ripe blackberries and
whortleberries, to be kept long, should be dried perfectly in the sun,
then tied up in bags that are thick enough to exclude the air. When used
for pies, treat them in the same manner as the green fruit. Ripe
currants, dried on the stalks, then picked off, and put in bags, will
keep nice for pies during the winter. They also make a fine tea for
persons that have a fever, particularly the hectic fever--it is also an
excellent thing to counteract the effects of opium.
392. _To keep Pickles and Sweetmeats._
Pickles should be kept in unglazed earthen jars, or wooden kegs.
Sweetmeats keep best in glass jars; unglazed stone pots answer very well
for common fruit. A paper wet in brandy, or proof spirit, and laid on
the preserved fruit, tends to keep it from fermenting. Both pickles and
sweetmeats should be watched, to see that they do not ferment,
particularly when the weather is warm. Whenever they ferment, turn off
the vinegar or syrup, scald and turn it back while hot. When pickles
grow soft, it is owing to the vinegar being too weak. To strengthen it,
heat it scalding hot, turn it back on the pickles, and when lukewarm,
put in a little alum, and a brown paper, wet in molasses. If it does not
grow sharp in the course of three weeks it is past recovery, and should
be thrown away, and fresh vinegar turned on, scalding hot, to the
pickles.
393. _Cautions relative to the use of Brass and Copper Cooking
Utensils._
Cleanliness has been aptly styled the cardinal virtue of cooks. Food is
more healthy, as well as palatable, cooked in a cleanly manner. Many
lives have been lost in consequence of carelessness in using brass,
copper, and glazed earthen cooking utensils. The two first should be
thoroughly cleansed with salt and hot vinegar before cooking in them,
and no oily or acid substance, after being cooked, should be allowed to
cool or remain in any of them.
394. _Durable Ink for Marking Linen._
Dissolve a couple of drachms of lunar caustic, and half an ounce of gum
arabic, in a gill of rain water. Dip whatever is to be marked in strong
pearl-ash water. When perfectly dry, iron it very smooth; the pearl-ash
water turns it a dark color, but washing will efface it. After marking
the linen, put it near a fire, or in the sun, to dry. Red ink, for
marking linen, is made by mixing and reducing to a fine powder half an
ounce of vermilion, a drachm of the salt of steel, and linseed oil to
render it of the consistency of black durable ink.
395. _Black Ball._
Melt together, moderately, ten ounces of Bayberry tallow, five ounces of
bees' wax, one ounce of mutton tallow. When melted, add lamp or ivory
black to give it a good black color. Stir the whole well together, and
add, when taken from the fire, half a glass of rum.
396. _Liquid Blacking._
Mix a quarter of a pound of ivory black, six gills of vinegar, a
table-spoonful of sweet oil, two large spoonsful of molasses. Stir the
whole well together, and it will then be fit for use.
397. _Cement for the Mouths of Corked Bottles._
Melt together a quarter of a pound of sealing-wax, the same quantity of
rosin, a couple of ounces of bees' wax. When it froths, stir it with a
tallow candle. As soon as it melts, dip the mouths of the corked bottles
into it. This is an excellent thing to exclude the air from such things
as are injured by being exposed to it.
398. _Cement for broken China, Glass, and Earthenware._
Rub the edge of the china or glass with the beaten white of an egg. Tie
very finely powdered quick lime in a muslin bag, and sift it thick over
the edges of the dishes that have been previously rubbed with the egg.
Match and bind the pieces together, and let it remain bound several
weeks. This is good cement for every kind of crockery but thick heavy
glass and coarse earthenware; the former cannot be cemented with any
thing; for the latter, white paint will answer. Paint and match the
broken edges, bind them tight together, and let them remain until the
paint becomes dry and hard. Milk is a good cement for crockery--the
pieces should be matched, and bound together tight, then put in cold
milk, and the milk set where it will boil for half an hour; then take it
from the fire, and let the crockery remain till the milk is cold. Let
the crockery remain bound for several weeks. The Chinese method of
mending broken china, is to grind flint glass, on a painter's stone,
till it is reduced to an impalpable powder: then beat it with the white
of an egg, to a froth, and lay it on the edge of the broken pieces,
match and bind them together firmly, and let them remain several weeks.
It is said that no art will then be able to break it in the same place.
399. _Japanese Cement, or Rice Glue._
Mix rice flour with cold water, to a smooth paste, and boil it gently.
It answers all the purposes of wheat flour paste, while it is far
superior in point of transparency and smoothness. This composition, made
with so small a proportion of water as to have it of the consistence of
plastic clay, may be used to form models, busts, basso-relievos, and
similar articles. When made of it, they are susceptible of a very high
polish. Poland starch is a nice cement for pasting layers of paper
together, or any fancy articles.
400. _Cement for Alabaster._
Take of white bees' wax one pound, of rosin a pound, and three quarters
of alabaster. Melt the wax and rosin, then strew the alabaster over it
lightly, (which should be previously reduced to a fine powder.) Stir the
whole well together, then knead the mass in water, in order to
incorporate the alabaster thoroughly with the rosin and wax. The
alabaster, when mended, should be perfectly dry, and heated. The cement,
when applied, should also be heated. Join the broken pieces, bind them,
and let them remain a week. This composition, when properly managed,
forms an extremely strong cement.
401. _To clean Alabaster, or any other kinds of Marble._
Pound pumice stone to a fine powder, and mix it with verjuice. Let it
remain several hours, then dip in a perfectly clean sponge, and rub the
marble with it till clean. Rinse it off with clear fresh water, and rub
it dry with a clean linen cloth.
402. _Cement for Iron-ware._
Beat the whites of eggs to a froth, then stir into them enough quicklime
to make a consistent paste, then add iron file dust, to make a thick
paste. The quicklime should be reduced to a fine powder before mixing it
with the eggs. Fill the cracks in iron-ware with this cement, and let
them remain several weeks before using them.
403. _To loosen the Stopples of Decanters and Smelling Bottles that are
wedged in tight._
Dip the end of a feather in oil, and rub it round the stopple, close to
the mouth of the bottle; then put the bottle about a couple of feet from
the fire, having the mouth towards it. The heat will cause the oil to
run down between the stopple and mouth of the bottle. When warm, strike
the bottle gently on both sides, with any light wooden instrument that
you may happen to have. If the stopple cannot be taken out with the hand
at the end of this process, repeat it, and you will finally succeed by
persevering in it, however firmly it may be wedged in.
404. _Lip Salve._
Dissolve a small lump of white sugar in a table-spoonful of rosewater,
(common water will do, but is not as good.) Mix it with a couple of
large spoonsful of sweet oil, a piece of spermaceti, of the size of half
a butternut. Simmer the whole well together eight or ten minutes, then
turn it into a small box.
405. _Cold Cream._
Take of the oil of almonds two ounces, of spermaceti half an ounce, and
white wax half an ounce. Put them in a close vessel, and set the vessel
in a skillet of boiling water. When melted, beat the ingredients with
rosewater until cold. Keep it in a tight box, or wide-mouthed bottle,
corked up close.
406. _To prevent the formation of a Crust on Tea-Kettles._
Keep an oyster-shell in your tea-kettle, and it will prevent the
formation of a crust on the inside of it, by attracting the stony
particles to itself.
407. _To remove Stains from Broadcloth._
Take an ounce of pipe clay that has been ground fine, and mix it with
twelve drops of alcohol, and the same quantity of spirits of turpentine.
Whenever you wish to remove any stains from cloth, moisten a little of
this mixture with alcohol, and rub it on the spots. Let it remain till
dry, then rub it off with a woollen cloth, and the spots will disappear.
408. _To extract Paint from Cotton, Silk, and Woollen Goods._
Saturate the spot with spirits of turpentine, and let it remain several
hours, then rub it between the hands. It will crumble away, without
injuring either the color or texture of the article.
409. _To remove Black Stains on Scarlet Woollen Goods._
Mix tartaric with water, to give it a pleasant acid taste, then saturate
the black spots with it, taking care not to have it touch the clean part
of the garment. Rinse the spots immediately, in fair water. Weak
pearl-ash water is good to remove stains that are produced by acids.
410. _To extract Grease from Silks, Paper, Woollen Goods, and Floors._
To remove grease spots from goods and paper, grate on them, very thick,
French chalk, (common chalk will answer, but is not as good as the
French chalk.) Cover the spots with brown paper, and set on a moderately
warm iron, and let it remain till cold. Care must be taken not to have
the iron so hot as to scorch or change the color of the cloth. If the
grease does not appear to be out on removing the iron, grate on more
chalk, heat the iron again, and put it on. Repeat the process till the
grease is entirely out. Strong pearl-ash water, mixed with sand, and
rubbed on grease spots in floors, is one of the most effective things
that can be used to extract the grease.
411. _To extract Stains from White Cotton Goods and Colored Silks._
Salts of ammonia, mixed with lime, will take out the stains of wine from
silk. Spirits of turpentine, alcohol, and clear ammonia, are all good to
remove stains on colored silks. Spots of common or durable ink can be
removed by saturating them with lemon-juice, and rubbing on salt, then
putting them where the sun will shine on them hot, for several hours. As
fast as it dries, put on more lemon-juice and salt. When lemon juice
cannot be obtained, citric acid is a good substitute. Iron mould may be
removed in the same way. Mildew and most other stains can be removed by
rubbing on soft soap and salt, and placing it where the sun will shine
on it hot. Where soap and salt will not remove stains, lemon-juice and
salt will generally answer. The above things will only remove stains in
warm, clear weather, when the sun is hot. Sulphuric acid, diluted with
water, is very effectual in removing fruit stains. Care should be taken
not to have it so strong as to eat a hole in the garment, and as soon as
the stain is out, it should be rinsed in pearl-ash water, and then in
fair water. Colored cotton goods, that have common ink spilt on them,
should be soaked in lukewarm sour milk.
412. _Directions for Washing Calicoes._
Calico clothes, before they are put in water, should have the grease
spots rubbed out, as they cannot be seen when the whole of the garment
is wet. They should never be washed in very hot soap suds; that which is
mildly warm will cleanse them quite as well, and will not extract the
colors so much. Soft soap should never be used for calicoes, excepting
for the various shades of yellow, which look the best washed with soft
soap, and not rinsed in fair water. Other colors should be rinsed in
fair water, and dried in the shade. When calicoes incline to fade, the
colors can be set by washing them in lukewarm water, with beef's gall,
in the proportion of a tea-cup full to four or five gallons of water.
Rinse them in fair water--no soap is necessary, without the clothes are
very dirty. If so, wash them in lukewarm suds, after they have been
first rubbed out in beef's gall water. The beef's gall can be kept
several months, by squeezing it out of the skin in which it is enclosed,
adding salt to it, and bottled and corked tight. The water that potatoes
has been boiled in is an excellent thing to wash black calicoes in. When
there are many black garments to wash in a family, it is a good plan to
save, during the week, all the water in which potatoes are boiled. The
following method is said to set the colors of calicoes so that they will
not fade by subsequent washing: Infuse three gills of salt in four
quarts of boiling water; put in the calicoes, (which should be perfectly
clean; if not so, the dirt will be set.) Let the calicoes remain in till
the water is cold. I have never seen this tried, but I think it not
improbable that it may be an excellent way to set the colors, as rinsing
calicoes in cold salt and water serves to set the colors, particularly
of black, blue, and green colors. A little vinegar in the rinsing water
of pink, red, and green calicoes, is good to brighten the colors, and
keep them from mixing. All kinds of calicoes but black, look better for
starching, but black calicoes will not look clear if starched. On this
account potato water is an excellent thing to wash them, if boiled down
to a thick consistence, as it stiffens them without showing.
413. _Directions for Cleaning Silk Goods._
When silk cushions, or silk coverings to furniture, become dingy, rub
dry bran on it gently, with a woollen cloth, till clean. Remove grease
spots and stains as in direction No. 410. Silk garments should have the
spots extracted before being-washed--use hard soap for all colors but
yellow, for which soft soap is the best. Put the soap into hot water,
beat it till it is perfectly dissolved, then add sufficient cold water
to make it just lukewarm. Put in the silks, and rub them in it till
clean; take them out without wringing, and rinse them in fair lukewarm
water. Rinse it in another water, and for bright yellows, crimsons, and
maroons, add sulphuric acid enough to the water to give it an acid
taste, before rinsing the garment in it. To restore the colors of the
different shades of pink, put in the second rinsing water a little
vinegar or lemon-juice. For scarlet, use a solution of tin; for blues,
purples, and their shades, use pearl-ash; and for olive-greens, dissolve
verdigris in the rinsing water--fawn and browns should be rinsed in pure
water. Dip the silks up and down in the rinsing water: take them out of
it without wringing, and dry them in the shade. Fold them up while damp:
let them remain to have the dampness strike through all parts of them
alike, then put them in a mangler--if you have not one, iron them on the
wrong side, with an iron only just hot enough to smooth them. A little
isinglass or gum arabic, dissolved in the rinsing water of gauze shawls
and ribbons, is good to stiffen them. The water in which pared potatoes
have been boiled, is an excellent thing to wash black silks in--it
stiffens, and makes them glossy and black. Beef's gall and lukewarm
water is also a nice thing to restore rusty silk, and soap-suds answers
very well. They look better not to be rinsed in clear water, but they
should be washed in two different waters.
414. _Directions for Washing Woollens._
If you do not wish to have white flannels shrink when washed, make a
good suds of hard soap, and wash the flannels in it, without rubbing any
soap on them; rub them out in another suds, then wring them out of it,
and put them in a clean tub, and turn on sufficient boiling water to
cover them, and let them remain till the water is cold. A little indigo
in the boiling water makes the flannels look nicer. If you wish to have
your white flannels shrink, so as to have them thick, wash them in soft
soap-suds, and rinse them in cold water. Colored woollens that incline
to fade, should be washed with beef's gall and warm water before they
are put into soap-suds. Colored pantaloons look very well washed with
beef's gall and fair warm water, and pressed on the wrong side while
damp.
415. _Directions for Washing White Cotton Clothes._
Table-cloths, or any white clothes that have coffee or fruit stains on
them, before being put into soap-suds, should have boiling water turned
on them, and remain in it till the water is cold--the spots should be
then rubbed out in it. If they are put into soap-suds with the stains
in, they will be set by it, so that no subsequent washing will remove
them. Table-cloths will be less likely to get stained up, if they are
always rinsed in thin starch water, as it tends to keep coffee and fruit
from sinking into the texture of the cloth. White clothes that are very
dirty, will come clean easily if put into strong, cool suds and hung on
the fire the night previous to the day in which they are to be washed.
If they get to boiling, it will not do them any harm, provided the suds
is cool when they are put in; if it is hot at first, it will set the
dirt in. The following method of washing clothes is a saving of a great
deal of labor: Soak the clothes in lukewarm soap-suds; if they are quite
dirty, soak them over night. To every three pails of water put a pint of
soft soap, and a table-spoonful of the salts of soda. Heat it till
mildly warm, then put in the clothes without any rubbing, and boil them
an hour. Drain the suds out of them as much as possible, as it is bad
for the hands; then add water till cool enough for the hands. The dirt
will be loose, so that they will require but a little rubbing. Rinse
them thoroughly in clear water, then in indigo water. The soda can be
procured cheap, by purchasing it in large quantities--soda is an
excellent thing to soften hard water. The soda suds will not do to wash
calicoes in. It is a good plan to save your suds, after washing, to
water your garden, if you have one, or to harden cellars and yards, when
sandy.
416. _Starch._
To make good flour starch, mix flour gradually with cold water, so that
it may be free from lumps. Stir in cold water till it will pour easily;
then stir it into a pot of boiling water, and let it boil five or six
minutes, stirring it frequently. A tallow or spermaceti candle, stirred
round in the starch several times, will make it smoother--strain it
through a thick cloth. Starch made in this manner will answer for both
cotton and linen very well. Some people do not boil their starch, but
merely turn boiling water on the mixed flour and water, but it does not
make clothes look nice. Poland starch is made in the same manner as
wheat starch. When rice is boiled in a pot without being tied up in a
bag, the water in which it is boiled is as good as Poland starch for
clear-starching muslins, if boiled to a thick consistency after it is
turned off from the boiled rice, and then strained. Muslins, to look
clear, should be starched, and clapped dry, while the starch is hot,
then folded in a very damp cloth, and suffered to remain in it till they
become quite damp, before ironing them. If muslins are sprinkled, they
are apt to look spotted. Garments that are not worn, when laid by,
should not be starched, as it rots them when not exposed to the air.
417. _To clean Woollen and Silk Shawls._
Pare and grate raw, mealy potatoes, and put to each pint of the potato
pulp a couple of quarts of cold water. Let it stand five hours, then
strain the water through a sieve, and rub as much of the potato pulp
through as possible--let the strained water stand to settle again--when
very clear, turn the water off from the dregs carefully. Put a clean
white cotton sheet on a perfectly clean table, lay on the shawl which
you wish to clean, and pin it down tight. Dip a sponge, that has never
been used, into the potato water, and rub the shawl with it till clean;
then rinse the shawl in clear water, with a tea-cup of salt to a pailful
of the water. Spread it on a clean, level place, where it will dry
quick--if hung up to dry, the colors are apt to run, and make the shawl
streaked. Fold it up while damp, and let it remain half an hour, then
put it in a mangler--if you have not one, wrap it in a clean white
cloth, and put it under a weight, and let it remain till dry. If there
are any grease spots on the shawl, they should be extracted before the
shawl is washed.
418. _Directions for Carpets._
Carpets should be taken up and shook thoroughly, if in constant use, as
often as three or four times in a year, as the dirt that collects
underneath them wears them out very fast. Straw kept under carpets, will
make them wear much longer, as the dirt will sift through, and keep it
from grinding out. Carpets should be taken up as often as once a year,
even if not much used, as there is danger of moths getting into them. If
there is any appearance of moths in carpets when they are taken up,
sprinkle tobacco or black pepper on the floor before the carpets are put
down, and let it remain after they are laid down. When the dust is well
shaken out of carpets, if there are any grease spots on them, grate on
potter's clay very thick, cover them with a brown paper, and set on a
warm iron. It will be necessary to repeat this process several times, to
get out all the grease. If the carpets are so much soiled as to require
cleaning all over, after the dirt has been shaken out, spread them on a
clean floor, and rub on them, with a new broom, pared and grated raw
potatoes. Let the carpets remain till perfectly dry, before walking on
them.
419. _To clean Light Kid Gloves._
Magnesia, moist bread, and India rubber, are all of them good to clean
light kid gloves. They should be rubbed on the gloves thoroughly. If so
much soiled that they cannot be cleaned, sew up the tops of the gloves,
and rub them over with a sponge dipped in a decoction of saffron and
water. The gloves will be yellow or brown, according to the strength of
the decoction.
420. _To restore rusty Italian Crape._
Heat skim milk and water--dissolve in half a pint of it a piece of glue
an inch square, then take it from the fire. Rinse the crape out in
vinegar to clean it; then, to stiffen it, put it in the mixed glue and
milk. Wring it out, and clap it till dry, then smooth it out with a hot
iron--a paper should be laid over it when it is ironed. Gin is an
excellent thing to restore rusty crape--dip it in, and let it get
saturated with it; then clap it till dry, and smooth it out with a
moderately hot iron. Italian crape can be dyed to look as nice as that
which is new.
421. _To clean Mahogany and Marble Furniture._
No soap should ever be used for them--they should be washed in fair
water, and rubbed with a clean, soft cloth, till dry. A little sweet
oil, rubbed on occasionally, gives them a fine polish. The furniture
should be rubbed over with a cloth dipped in oil, then rubbed over with
a clean cloth till it appears dry and polished. White spots on varnished
furniture may be removed by rubbing them with a warm flannel, dipped in
spirits of turpentine. Ink spots may be removed by rubbing them with a
woollen cloth, dipped in oil of vitriol and water mixed, being careful
not to touch any part of the furniture that is not spotted. As soon as
the ink is extracted, rinse the spot with pearl-ash water, and then with
fair water. It is said that blotting paper alone will extract the ink,
if rolled up tight, and rubbed hard on the spots. If it answers the
purpose, it is altogether best to use it, as there is always danger
attending the use of oil of vitriol, it being so powerful as to corrode
whatever it may get dropped on, without its effects are destroyed by the
use of an alkali.
422. _To clean Stoves and Stone Hearths._
Varnished stoves should have several coats of varnish put on in summer,
in order to have it get hard, before being used. They should be washed
in warm water, without soap--a little oil rubbed on them occasionally,
makes them look nice, and tends to keep the varnish from wearing off.
Black lead and British Lustre are both of them good to black stoves
which have never been varnished--if they have been, it will not answer.
They should be mixed with cold water, to form a paste, then rubbed on
the stoves, and remain till quite dry--they should then be rubbed with a
dry, stiff, and flat brush, till clean and polished. If you wish to
preserve the color of free-stone hearths, wash them in water, without
any soap; then rub on them, while damp, free-stone, that has been
reduced to a powder--let it remain till dry, then rub it off. If the
hearths are stained, rub them hard with a piece of free-stone. If you
wish to have your hearth look dark, rub it over with hot soft soap,
alone, or diluted with water. For brick hearths, use redding, mixed with
thin hot starch and milk.
423. _To extract Ink from Floors._
Ink spots on floors can be removed by scouring them with sand wet in oil
of vitriol, and water, mixed. Rinse them, when the ink is extracted,
with strong pearl-ash water.
424. _To remove Paint and Putty from Window Glass._
Put sufficient pearl-ash into hot water, to make it very strong of it;
then saturate the paint which is daubed on the glass with it. Let it
remain till nearly dry, then rub it off hard, with a woollen cloth.
Pearl-ash water is also good to remove putty before it is dried on the
glass. If it dries on, whiting is good to remove it.
425. _To cleanse Feather Beds and Mattresses._
When feather beds become soiled or heavy, they may be made clean and
light by being treated in the following manner: Rub them over with a
stiff brush, dipped in hot soap-suds. When clean, lay them on a shed, or
any other clean place, where the rain will fall on them. When thoroughly
soaked, let them dry in a hot sun for six or seven successive days,
shaking them up well, and turning them over each day. They should be
covered over with a thick cloth during the night; if exposed to the
night air, they will become damp, and mildew. This way of washing the
bed ticking and feathers, makes them very fresh and light, and is much
easier than the old-fashioned way of emptying the beds, and washing the
feathers separately, while it answers quite as well. Care must be taken
to dry the bed perfectly, before sleeping on it. Hair mattresses that
have become hard and dirty, can be made nearly as good as new by ripping
them, washing the ticking, and picking the hair free from bunches, and
keeping it in a dry, airy place, several days. Whenever the ticking gets
dry, fill it lightly with the hair, and tack it together.
426. _To cleanse Vials and Pie Plates._
Bottles and vials that have had medicine in them, may be cleansed by
putting ashes in each one, and immersing them in a pot of cold water,
then heating the water gradually, until it boils. When they have boiled
in it an hour, take it from the fire, and let them remain in it till
cold; then wash them in soap-suds, and rinse them in fair water till
clear. Pie plates that have been used much for baking, are apt to impart
an unpleasant taste to the pies, which is owing to the lard and butter
of the crust soaking into them, and becoming rancid. It may be removed
by putting them in a brass kettle, with ashes and cool water, and
boiling them in it an hour.
427. _To temper Earthen-ware._
Earthen-ware that is used to bake in, will be less liable to crack from
the heat if put, before they are used, into a vessel, with sufficient
cold water to cover them, then heated in it gradually, till the water
boils. When the vessel is taken from the fire, the ware should remain in
until cold.
428. _To temper New Ovens and Iron-ware._
New ovens, before they are baked in, should have a fire kept up in them
half a day. As soon as the wood is removed, put up the lid of the oven.
It should not be used for baking until it has been heated the second
time. If not treated in this manner, it will never retain the heat well.
New flat irons should be heated half a day before they are used, in
order to retain heat well. Iron cooking utensils, when new, will be less
liable to crack if heated gradually five or six hours, and then cooled
slowly, before being used to cook in. Cold water should never be turned
into hot iron utensils, as it will crack them by cooling the surface too
suddenly.
429. _To polish Brass, Britannia, and Silver Utensils._
Rotten stone, mixed with a little spirit, is the best thing to clean
brass with: rotten stone and oil does very well. They should be polished
with dry rotten stone, and a dry cloth. Hot vinegar and milk makes brass
look nice--it should be rinsed off, wiped dry, and rubbed over with
chalk, to kill the acid, and give the brass a polish. Brass looks very
nice cleaned in this manner, and will keep clean a long time, provided
all the acid is killed--if not, they will turn very soon. When brass
utensils are not in use, they should be thoroughly cleaned with rotten
stone and oil, and wrapped up tight to exclude the air. Whiting or chalk
is good to polish silver. If the silver is spotted, wet the chalk,
(which should be powdered,) rub it on the silver, and let it remain
until dry; then rub it off with a clean dry cloth. When chalk will not
remove spots, hot ashes will. Britannia-ware should be rubbed with a
flannel rag dipped in sweet or linseed oil, if spotted, then washed in
soap-suds, and wiped dry. To give it a polish, rub it over with dry
powdered chalk or whiting, using a clean dry rag.
430. _To remove or keep Rust from Cutlery._
Bristol brick is good to remove rust, and give a polish to steel
utensils. It should be powdered fine, and rubbed on dry, with a woollen
cloth. Knives should be rubbed on a board, with a thick leather covered
over it, and fastened down tight. The brick should be dry, and powdered
fine, and the knives should not be wet after cleaning, but merely wiped,
with a dry clean cloth. To make the handles smooth, wipe them with a
cloth that is a little damp, being careful not to touch the blades, as
it will tarnish them. Knives look very nice cleaned in this manner, and
the edge will keep sharp. Ivory-handled knives should never have the
handles put into hot water, as it will turn them yellow. If, through
misuse, they turn yellow, rub them with sand paper. When Bristol brick
will not remove rust from steel, rub the spots with sand paper or emery,
or else rub on sweet oil, and let it remain a day; then rub it off with
powdered quicklime. To keep steel utensils (that are not in constant
use) from contracting rust, clean them thoroughly with Bristol brick,
wipe them on a perfectly dry cloth, and rub them over with sweet oil,
and cover them with brown paper, so as to exclude the air. Knives and
forks should be wrapped up in brown paper, each one by itself.
431. _Preservatives against the ravages of Moths._
Moths are very apt to eat woollen and fur garments early in the summer.
To keep them from the garments, take them late in the spring, when not
worn, and put them in a chest, with considerable camphor gum. Cedar
chips, or tobacco leaves, are also good for this purpose. When moths get
into garments, the best thing to destroy them is to hang the garments in
a closet, and make a strong smoke of tobacco leaves under them. In order
to do it, have a pan of live coals in the closet, and sprinkle on the
tobacco leaves.
432. _To destroy Cockroaches, Ants, and other household Vermin._
Hellebore, rubbed over with molasses, and put round the places that
cockroaches frequent, is a very effectual poison for them. Arsenic,
spread on bread and butter, and placed round rat or mouse holes, will
soon put a stop to their ravages. Quicksilver and the white of an egg,
beat together, and laid with a feather round the crevices of the
bedsteads and the sacking, is very effectual in destroying bugs in them.
To kill flies, when so numerous as to be troublesome, keep cobalt, wet
with spirit, in a large shallow plate. The spirit will attract the
flies, and the cobalt will kill them very soon. Black pepper is said to
be good to destroy them--it should be mixed, so as to be very strong,
with a little cream and sugar. Great care is necessary in using the
above poisons, where there are any children, as they are so apt to eat
any thing that comes in their way, and these poisons will prove as fatal
to them as to vermin, (excepting the pepper.) The flour of sulphur is
said to be good to drive ants away, if sprinkled round the places that
they frequent. Sage is also good. Weak brine will kill worms in gravel
walks, if kept moist with it a week in the spring, and three or four
days in the fall.
COMMON SIMPLE DYES.
433. _To Dye Black._
Allow a pound of logwood to each pound of goods that are to be dyed.
Soak it over night in soft water, then boil it an hour, and strain the
water in which it is boiled. For each pound of logwood, dissolve an
ounce of blue vitriol in lukewarm water sufficient to wet the goods. Dip
the goods in--when saturated with it, turn the whole into the logwood
dye. If the goods are cotton, set the vessel on the fire, and let the
goods boil ten or fifteen minutes, stirring them constantly to prevent
their spotting. Silk and woollen goods should not be boiled in the
dye-stuff, but it should be kept at a scalding heat for twenty minutes.
Drain the goods without wringing, and hang them in a dry, shady place,
where they will have the air. When dry, set the color by, put them into
scalding hot water, that has salt in it, in the proportion of a tea-cup
full to three gallons of the water. Let the goods remain in it till
cold; then hang them where they will dry; (they should not be wrung.)
Boiling hot suds is the best thing to set the color of black silk--let
it remain in it till cold. Soaking black-dyed goods in sour milk, is
also good to set the color.
434. _Green and Blue Dye, for Silks and Woollens._
For green dye, take a pound of oil of vitriol, and turn it upon half an
ounce of Spanish indigo, that has been reduced to a fine powder. Stir
them well together, then add a lump of pearl ash, of the size of a
pea--as soon as the fermentation ceases, bottle it--the dye will be fit
for use the next day. Chemic blue is made in the same manner, only using
half the quantity of vitriol. For woollen goods, the East indigo will
answer as well as the Spanish, and comes much lower. This dye will not
answer for cotton goods, as the vitriol rots the threads. Wash the
articles that are to be dyed till perfectly clean, and free from color.
If you cannot extract the color by rubbing it in hot suds, boil it
out--rinse it in soft water, till entirely free from soap, as the soap
will ruin the dye. To dye a pale color, put to each quart of soft warm
water that is to be used for the dye, ten drops of the above
composition--if you wish a deep color, more will be necessary. Put in
the articles without crowding, and let them remain in it till of a good
color--the dye-stuff should be kept warm--take the articles out without
wringing, drain as much of the dye out of them as possible, then hang
them to dry in a shady, airy place. They should be dyed when the weather
is dry--if not dried quick, they will not look nice. When perfectly dry,
wash them in lukewarm suds, to keep the vitriol from injuring the
texture of the cloth. If you wish for a lively bright green, mix a
little of the above composition with yellow dye.
435. _Yellow Dyes._
To dye a buff color, boil equal parts of arnotto and common potash, in
soft clear water. When dissolved, take it from the fire; when cool, put
in the goods, which should previously be washed free from spots, and
color; set them on a moderate fire, where they will keep hot, till the
goods are of the shade you wish. To dye salmon and orange color, tie
arnotto in a bag, and soak it in warm soft soap suds, till it becomes
soft, so that you can squeeze enough of it through the bag to make the
suds a deep yellow--put in the articles, which should be clean, and free
from color; boil them till of the shade you wish. There should be enough
of the dye to cover the goods--stir them while boiling, to keep them
from spotting. This dye will make a salmon or orange color, according to
the strength of it, and the time the goods remain in. Drain them out of
the dye, and dry them quick, in the shade--when dry, wash them in soft
soap suds. Goods dyed in this manner should never be rinsed in clear
water. Peach leaves, fustic, and saffron, all make a good straw or lemon
color, according to the strength of the dye. They should be steeped in
soft fair water, in an earthen or tin vessel, and then strained, and the
dye set with alum, and a little gum arabic dissolved in the dye, if you
wish to stiffen the article. When the dye-stuff is strained, steep the
articles in it.
436. _Red Dyes._
Madder makes a good durable red, but not a brilliant color. To make a
dye of it, allow for half a pound of it three ounces of alum, and one of
cream of tartar, and six gallons of water. This proportion of
ingredients will make sufficient dye for six or seven pounds of goods.
Heat half of the water scalding hot, in a clean brass kettle, then put
in the alum and cream of tartar, and let it dissolve. When the water
boils, stir the alum and tartar up in it, put in the goods, and let them
boil a couple of hours; then rinse them in fair water--empty the kettle,
and put in three gallons of water, and the madder; rub it fine in the
water, then put in the goods, and set them where they will keep scalding
hot for an hour, without boiling--stir them constantly. When they have
been scalding an hour, increase the fire till they boil. Let them boil
five minutes; then drain them out of the dye, and rinse them, without
wringing, in fair water, and hang them in the shade, where they will
dry. To dye a fine crimson, take for each pound of goods two and a half
ounces of alum, an ounce and a half of white tartar--put them in a brass
kettle, with sufficient fair water to cover your goods; set it where it
will boil briskly for several minutes; then put in the goods, which
should be washed clean, and rinsed in fair water. When the goods have
boiled half an hour, take them out, without wringing, and hang it where
it will cool all over alike, without drying; empty out the alum and
tartar water, put fresh water in the kettle, and for each pound of goods
to be dyed, put in an ounce of cochineal, powdered fine. Set the kettle
on the fire, and let the water boil fifteen or twenty minutes; then put
in sufficient cold water to make it lukewarm, put in the goods, and boil
them an hour and a quarter--take them out without wringing, and dry them
in a shady place. The blossoms of the Balm of Gilead, steeped with fair
water in a vessel, then strained, will dye silk a pretty red color. The
silk should be washed clean, and free from color, then rinsed in fair
water, and boiled in the strained dye, with a small piece of alum. To
dye a fine delicate pink, use a carmine saucer--the directions for
dyeing come with the saucers. It is too expensive a dye for bulky goods,
but for faded fancy shawls and ribbons, it is quite worth the while to
use it, as it gives a beautiful shade of pink.
437. _Slate-Colored Dye._
To make a good dark slate color, boil sugar-loaf paper with vinegar, in
an iron utensil--put in alum to set the color. Tea grounds, set with
copperas, makes a good slate color. To produce a light slate color, boil
white maple bark in clear water, with a little alum--the bark should be
boiled in a brass utensil. The dye for slate color should be strained
before the goods are put into it. They should be boiled in it, and then
hung where they will drain and dry.
438. _Soap from Scraps._
Dissolve eighteen pounds of potash in three pailsful of water; then add
to it twenty-five pounds of grease, and boil it over a slow fire for a
couple of hours. Turn it into a barrel, and fill it up with water.
439. _Cold Soap._
Heat twenty-six pounds of strained grease. When melted, mix it with four
pailsful of lye, made of twenty pounds of white potash. Let the whole
stand in the sun, stirring it frequently. In the course of a week, fill
the barrel with weak lye. This method of making soap is much easier than
to make a lye of your ashes, while it is as cheap, if you sell your
ashes to the soap-boiler.
440. _Hard Soap._
Dissolve twenty weight of white potash in three pailsful of water. Heat
twenty pounds of strained grease, then mix it with the dissolved potash,
and boil them together till the whole becomes a thick jelly, which is
ascertained by taking a little of it out to get cold. Take it from the
fire, stir in cold water till it grows thin, then put to each pailful of
soap a pint of blown salt--stir it in well. The succeeding day, separate
it from the lye, and heat it over a slow fire. Let it boil a quarter of
an hour, then take it from the fire. If you wish to have it a yellow
color, put in a little palm oil, and turn it out into wooden vessels.
When cold, separate it again from the lye, and cut, it in bars--let them
remain in the sun several days to dry.
441. _Windsor and Castile Soap._
To make the celebrated Windsor soap, nothing more is necessary than to
slice the best white soap as thin as possible, and melt it over a slow
fire. Take it from the fire when melted, and when it is just lukewarm,
add enough of the oil of caraway to scent it. If any other fragrant oil
is liked better, if may be substituted. Turn it into moulds, and let it
remain in a dry situation for five or six days. To make Castile soap,
boil common soft soap in lamp oil three hours and a half.
442. _Bayberry, or Myrtle Soap._
Dissolve two pounds and a quarter of white potash in five quarts of
water, then mix it with ten pounds of myrtle wax, or bayberry tallow.
Boil the whole over a slow fire, till it turns to soap, then add a
tea-cup of cold water--let it boil ten minutes longer--at the end of
that time turn it into tin moulds, or pans, and let them remain a week
or ten days to dry, then turn them out of the moulds. If you wish to
have the soap scented, stir into it any essential oil that has an
agreeable smell, just before you turn it into the moulds. This kind of
soap is excellent for shaving, and chapped hands--it is also good for
eruptions on the face. It will be fit for use in the course of three or
four weeks after it is made, but it is better for being kept ten or
twelve months.
THE WHOLE ART OF CARVING.
PRELIMINARY REMARKS.
The carving knife should be light, of middling size, and of a fine edge.
_Strength_ is less required than _skill_ in the manner of using it; and
to facilitate this, the butcher should be directed to divide the
_joints_ of the bones of all carcass joints of mutton, lamb, and veal,
(such as neck, breast, and loin,) which then may easily be cut into thin
slices, attached to the bones. If the whole of the meat belonging to
each bone should be too thick, a small slice may be taken off between
every two bones.
The more fleshy joints (as fillets of veal, leg or saddle of mutton, and
beef,) are to be helped in thin slices, neatly cut, and smooth. Observe
to let the knife pass down to the bone in the mutton and beef joints.
The dish should not be too far off the carver, as it gives an awkward
appearance, and makes the task more difficult. Attention is to be paid
to help every one to a part of such articles as are considered best.
In helping fish, take care not to break the flakes, which in cod and
very fresh salmon are large, and contribute much to the beauty of its
appearance. A fish knife not being sharp, divides it best. Help a part
of the roe, milt, or liver, to each person. The heads of carp, part of
those of cod and salmon, sounds of cod, and fins of turbot, are likewise
esteemed niceties, and are to be attended to accordingly.
In cutting up any wild fowl, duck, goose, or turkey, for a large party,
if you cut the slices down from pinion to pinion, without making wings,
there will be more handsome pieces.
1. _Sirloin of Beef._
This may be begun at either end, or by cutting in the middle. It is
usual to inquire whether the outside or inside is preferred. For the
outside, the slice should be cut down to the bones, and the same with
every following helping. Slice the inside likewise, and give with each
piece some of the soft fat. The inside, done in the following manner, is
excellent: Have ready some shalot vinegar, boiling hot; mince the meat
large, and a good deal of the fat; sprinkle it with salt, and pour the
vinegar and the gravy on it. Help with a spoon as quick as possible, on
hot plates.
2. _Aitch or Edgebone of Beef._
[Illustration]
Cut off a slice, an inch thick, all the length from _a_ to _b_, and then
help. The soft fat, which resembles marrow, lies at the back of the
bone, below _d_--the firm fat must be cut in horizontal slices at the
edge of the meat, _c_. The skewer used in keeping the meat together
while boiling, is shown at _a_, which should be drawn out before served
up; or, if necessary to leave it in, place instead one of silver.
3. _Shoulder of Mutton._
[Illustration]
This is a very good joint, and by many preferred to the leg; for, if
properly roasted, it abounds in gravy, and produces many nice bits. The
figure annexed represents it as laid in the dish, with its back
uppermost. It should first be cut in the hollow part, in the direction
_a_, _b_, and the knife passed deep to the bone. The best part of the
fat lies on the outer edge, and it is to be cut out in thin slices, in
the direction _f_. If many are at the table, and the hollow part cut in
the line _a_, _b_, is eaten, some very good and delicate slices may be
cut out on each side the ridge of the blade bone, in the direction _c_,
_d_. The line between these two dotted lines is that in the direction of
which the edge or ridge of the blade bone lies, and cannot be cut
across. It is necessary to wind writing paper around the shank, as in
the leg, provided you wish to handle it. The lower side of the shoulder
has two cuts abounding in gravy. The part in the direction _i_, _k_, is
lean; the other, _g_, _h_, is very fat.
[Illustration]
4. _Knuckle of Veal._
[Illustration]
A knuckle of veal cuts in neat slices only in one direction, viz.: from
_a_ to _b_. The line _d_, _c_, divides two bones, which it is necessary
to separate in order to get at the best marrowy fat portion--also cut
asunder the knuckle bones.
5. _Roasted Breast of Veal._
[Illustration]
Cut to the left on the first line _d_, _c_; then cross from _c_ to the
most distant _a_. The lines _a_, _d_, _a_, _d_, &c., represent the
directions in which the brisket, or gristly part should be divided; _d_,
_c_, show the course of the ribs, and _e_ is the sweetbread.
6. _A Spare Rib._
[Illustration]
Cut out first a slice from the fleshy portion, following the line _a_,
_b_. This will give a due proportion of fat and lean. After this part is
taken away, the bone lying in the direction _d_, _b_, _c_, should be
separated, breaking it off at the joint, _c_.
7. _Saddle of Mutton._
[Illustration]
Cut long thin slices from the tail to the end, viz.: from _a_ to _b_,
beginning close to the back bone. If a large joint, the slice may be
divided. Cut some fat from the sides.
8. _Pig._
[Illustration]
The cook usually divides the body before it is sent to the table, and
garnishes the dish with the jaws and ears. The first thing is to
separate the shoulder from the carcass on one side, and then the leg,
according to the direction given by the dotted line _a_, _b_, _c_. The
ribs are then to be divided into about two helpings, and an ear or jaw
presented with them, and plenty of sauce. The joints may either be
divided into two each, or pieces may be cut from them. The ribs are
reckoned the finest part, but some people prefer the neck, and between
the shoulders.
9. _Half a Calf's Head, boiled._
[Illustration]
Be careful and get a young one, as they look much handsomer served up,
and besides are more tender. First cut in the direction _c_, _b_. The
throat bread is considered the choicest part; it lies in the fleshy
portion, near the termination of the jaw-bone, and the line _c_, _d_,
shows the direction to cut into it. On the under part of the lower jaw
there is some very nice meat; and about the ear, _g_, some fat rather
gristly, but highly esteemed. The part near the neck is very inferior.
Sometimes the bone in the line _f_, _e_, is cut off, but this is a
coarse part. The sweet tooth is quite a delicacy--it lies back of all
the rest, and, in a young calf, is easily extracted with the knife. Many
like the eye, which you must cut out with the point of your knife, and
divide in two. Under the head is the palate, which is reckoned a nicety.
10. _Leg of Mutton._
[Illustration]
A leg of wether mutton, (which is best flavored) may be known at the
market by a round lump of fat at the edge of the broadest part, a little
above the letter _a_. The best part is midway between the knuckle and
farther end. Begin to help there, by cutting thin slices to _b_. If the
outside is not fat enough, help some from the side at the broad end, in
slices from _e_ to _f_. This part is most juicy, but many prefer the
knuckle, which, in fine mutton, will be very tender, though dry. There
are very fine slices in the back of the leg--turn it up, and cut the
broad end, not in the direction you did the other side, but lengthwise.
To cut out the cramp bone, take hold of the shank (which should be
previously wound round with half a sheet of fool's-cap paper) with your
left hand, and cut down to the thigh bone at _g_, then pass the knife
under the cramp bone, in the direction _g_, _d_.
11. _Ham._
[Illustration]
Ham may be cut three ways; the common method is to begin in the middle,
by long slices from _b_ to _c_, from the centre, through the thick fat.
This brings to the prime at first, which is likewise accomplished by
cutting a small round hole on the top of the ham, as at _a_, and with a
sharp knife enlarging that, by cutting successive thin circles--this
preserves the gravy, and keeps the meat moist. The last, and most saving
way, is to begin at the hock end, (which many are most fond of,) and
proceed onward. Ham that is used for pies, &c., should be cut from the
under side.
12. _Fore Quarter of Lamb._
[Illustration]
Separate the shoulder from the breast and ribs, by passing the knife
under, in the direction of _a_, _b_, _c_, and _d_. Be careful to keep it
towards you horizontally, to prevent cutting the meat too much off the
bones. If grass lamb, the shoulder being large, put it into a another
dish. Squeeze the juice of half a Seville orange or lemon on the other
part, and sprinkle a little salt and pepper; then separate the gristly
part from the ribs, in the line _e_, _c_, and help either from that or
from the ribs, as may be chosen.
13. _Haunch of Venison._
[Illustration]
First cut it down to the bone, in the line _d_, _c_, _a_, then turn the
dish with the end _a_ towards you; put in the point of the knife at _c_,
and cut it down as deep as you can in the direction _c_, _b_. Thus cut,
you may take out as many slices as you please, on the right or left. As
the fat lies deeper on the left, between _b_ and _a_, to those who are
fond of fat, as most venison eaters are, the best flavored and fattest
slices will be found on the left of the line _c_, _b_, supposing the end
_a_ turned towards you. Slices of venison should not be cut too thick
nor too thin, and plenty of gravy given with them.
14. _Round of Beef._
This is cut in the same way as a fillet of veal. It should be kept even
all over. When helping the fat, be careful not to hack it, but cut it
smooth. A deep slice should be taken off before you begin to help, as
directed in the edge-bone.
15. _Brisket of Beef._
This must be cut lengthwise, quite down to the bone, after separating
the outside or first slice, which must be cut pretty thick.
16. _Leg of Pork._
This joint is sent to the table, whether boiled or roasted, as a leg of
mutton, roasted and cut up in the same manner. The close firm flesh
about the knuckle is by many reckoned best.
17. _Haunch of Mutton._
This is formed by the leg and part of the loin, cut so as to resemble a
haunch of venison, and is to be helped at table in the same manner.
18. _Goose._
[Illustration]
Turn the neck end of the goose towards you, and cut the whole breast in
slices on each side of the bird, but only remove them as you help each
person, unless the company is so large as to require the legs likewise.
Turn the goose on one side, and then take off the leg by putting the
fork into the small end of the leg bone, pressing it close to the body;
and, having passed the knife in the line _e_, _d_, turn the leg back,
and, if a young bird, it will easily separate.
To take off the wing, put your fork into the small end of the pinion,
and press it close to the body; then put in the knife at _c_, and divide
the joint, taking it down in the direction _c_, _d_. Nothing but
_practice_ will enable people to hit the joint exactly at the first
trial. When the leg and wing of one side are done, go on to the other;
cut off the apron in the line, _f_, _e_, _g_, then take off the
merry-thought in the line _o_, _i_. The neck bones are next to be
separated as in a fowl, and all other parts divided the same.
19. _A Fowl._
[Illustration]
A boiled fowl's legs are bent inwards, but before it is served, the
skewers are to be removed. Lay the fowl on your plate, and place the
joints as cut off on the dish. Take the wing off, in the direction of
_a_ to _b_, in the annexed engraving, only dividing the joint with your
knife; and then, with your fork, lift up the pinion, and draw the wings
towards the legs, and the muscles will separate in a more complete form
than if cut. Slip the knife between the leg and body, and cut to the
bone; then, with the fork, turn the leg back, and, if the bird is not
old, the joint will give way. When the four quarters are thus removed,
take off the merry-thought from _a_, and the neck bones, these last by
putting in the knife at _c_, and pressing it under the long broad part
of the bone, in the line _c_, _b_; then lift it up, and break it off
from the part that sticks to the breast. The next thing is to divide the
breast from the carcass, by cutting through the tender ribs, close to
the breast, quite down to the end of the fowl; lay the back up, put your
knife into the bone, half way from the neck to the rump, and on raising
the lower part, it will readily separate. Turn the neck towards you, and
very neatly take off the two sidesmen, and the whole will be done. As
each part is taken off it should be turned neatly on the dish, and care
should be taken that what is left should go properly from the table. The
breast and wings are looked upon as the best parts, but the legs are
most juicy in young fowls. After all, more advantage will be gained by
observing those who carve well, and a little practice, than by any
written directions whatever.
20. _Partridge._
This bird is cut up in the same way as a fowl. The best parts are the
wings, breast, and merry-thought; but the bird being small, the two
latter are not often divided. The wing is considered the best, and the
tip is reckoned the most delicate morsel of the whole.
21. _Pigeons._
Pigeons are considered very fine eating. It is usual to cut them in
half, either from top to bottom, or across. The lower part is generally
thought best.
22. _Turkey._
Fix your fork firmly in the lower part of the breast, so as to have full
command of the turkey. Slice down on each side of the centre of the
breast, two or three lines lengthwise with the body; then take off the
leg on one side, holding the knife in a sloping direction, the point
turned towards the end of the body. This done, cut off the wing on the
same side, in a line nearly parallel with the length of the turkey.
When you have thus separated the wings and legs, take off from the
breast bone the parts you before sliced down. Be very attentive, in
separating the wing, not to cut too near the neck, or you will find
yourself interrupted by the neck bone, from which the wing must be
taken.
23. _Cod's Head._
[Illustration]
Fish in general requires very little carving, the fleshy parts being
those principally esteemed. A cod's head and shoulders, when in season,
and properly boiled, is a very genteel and handsome dish. When cut, it
should be done with a fish trowel; the parts about the back-bone, or the
shoulders, are by far the firmest and best. Take off a piece quite down
to the bone, in the direction _a_, _b_, _c_, _d_, putting in the spoon
at _a_, _c_, and with each slice of the fish give a piece of the round,
which lies underneath the back-bone, and lines it, the meat of which is
thin, and a little darker colored than the body of the fish itself. This
may be got by passing a spoon under it, in the direction _d_, _f_. About
the head are many delicate parts, and a great deal of the jelly kind.
The jelly part lies about the jaw-bone, and the firm parts within the
head. Some are fond of the palate, and others the tongue, which likewise
may be got by putting a spoon into the mouth.
Transcriber's Note
The following typographical errors were corrected:
Page Error
5 PICKLES changed to PICKLES.
7 COMMON DRINKS changed to COMMON DRINKS.
8 washing Calicoes changed to Washing Calicoes
12 scum tha changed to scum that
19 them fry until a a light changed to then fry until a light
19 its blistering changed to its blistering.
27 boiled Poultry changed to Boiled Poultry
28 sweet marjorum changed to sweet marjoram
36 _Black Fish_ changed to _Black Fish._
37 baking fish, No. 74. changed to baking fish, No. 76.
46 118. _Directions_ changed to 119. _Directions_
59 _Green Corn Cake_ changed to _Green Corn Cake._
125 freed from them changed to freed from them.
126 _through the Winter_ changed to _through the Winter._
128 boil it gently changed to boil it gently.
130 in indigo water changed to in indigo water.
131 _Marble Furniture_ changed to _Marble Furniture._
134 into the moulds changed to into the moulds.
142 _A Fowl_ changed to _A Fowl._
The following words had inconsistent spelling and hyphenation:
Butter-milk / Buttermilk
Earthen-ware / Earthenware
edge-bone / edgebone
Iron-ware / Ironware
pearl-ash / pearl ash
pepper-corns / peppercorns
potato / potatoe
Potato / Potatoe
rose-water / rosewater
quick lime / quicklime
salt-petre / saltpetre
sweet bread / sweetbread
table-spoonful / table spoonful
table-spoonsful / table spoonsful
tea-cup / tea cup
tea-spoonful / tea spoonful
tea-spoonsful / tea spoonsful
three-quarters / three quarters
tomatoes / tomatos
turkies / turkeys
End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The American Housewife, by Anonymous
*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE AMERICAN HOUSEWIFE ***
***** This file should be named 28452.txt or 28452.zip *****
This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
http://www.gutenberg.org/2/8/4/5/28452/
Produced by Julia Miller and the Online Distributed
Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was
produced from images generously made available by The
Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
will be renamed.
Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules,
set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project
Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you
do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is
subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
redistribution.
*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
http://gutenberg.org/license).
Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic works
1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be
used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few
things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See
paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works. See paragraph 1.E below.
1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the
collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an
individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in
a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check
the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning
the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
States.
1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
copied or distributed:
This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or
re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
1.E.9.
1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked
to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg-tm License.
1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or
distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
that
- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is
owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments
must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License. You must require such a user to return or
destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
Project Gutenberg-tm works.
- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
of receipt of the work.
- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the
Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
1.F.
1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
your equipment.
1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
DAMAGE.
1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you
received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with
the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy
is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
opportunities to fix the problem.
1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any
provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists
because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
people in all walks of life.
Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
assistance they need, are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org.
Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation
The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
http://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at
809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
[email protected]. Email contact links and up to date contact
information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
page at http://pglaf.org
For additional contact information:
Dr. Gregory B. Newby
Chief Executive and Director
[email protected]
Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation
Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations
($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
status with the IRS.
The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations
where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To
SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
particular state visit http://pglaf.org
While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
approach us with offers to donate.
International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other
ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations.
To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate
Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works.
Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily
keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
http://www.gutenberg.org
This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
