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Title: Wild medicinal plants of the United States
Author: Alice Henkel
B. T. Galloway
Release date: July 16, 2026 [eBook #79110]
Language: English
Original publication: Washington: Government printing office, 1906
Other information and formats: www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/79110
Credits: Fay Dunn and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive)
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WILD MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES ***
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY--BULLETIN NO. 89.
B. T. GALLOWAY, _Chief of Bureau_.
WILD MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE
UNITED STATES.
BY
ALICE HENKEL,
ASSISTANT, DRUG-PLANT INVESTIGATIONS.
ISSUED JANUARY 16, 1906.
[Illustration: UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE]
WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1906.
BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.
B. T. GALLOWAY,
_Pathologist and Physiologist, and Chief of Bureau_.
VEGETABLE PATHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS.
ALBERT F. WOODS, _Pathologist and Physiologist in Charge,
Acting Chief of Bureau in Absence of Chief_.
BOTANICAL INVESTIGATIONS.
FREDERICK V. COVILLE, _Botanist in Charge_.
FARM MANAGEMENT.
W. J. SPILLMAN, _Agriculturist in Charge_.
POMOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS.
G. B. BRACKETT, _Pomologist in Charge_.
SEED AND PLANT INTRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION.
A. J. PIETERS, _Botanist in Charge_.
ARLINGTON EXPERIMENTAL FARM.
L. C. CORBETT, _Horticulturist in Charge_.
INVESTIGATIONS IN THE AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY OF TROPICAL AND
SUBTROPICAL PLANTS.
O. F. COOK, _Bionomist in Charge_.
DRUG AND POISONOUS PLANT INVESTIGATIONS, AND TEA CULTURE INVESTIGATIONS.
RODNEY H. TRUE, _Physiologist in Charge_.
DRY LAND AGRICULTURE AND WESTERN AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION.
CARL S. SCOFIELD, _Agriculturist in Charge_.
EXPERIMENTAL GARDENS AND GROUNDS.
E. M. BYRNES, _Superintendent_.
SEED LABORATORY.
EDGAR BROWN, _Botanist in Charge_.
J. E. ROCKWELL, _Editor_.
JAMES E. JONES, _Chief Clerk_.
DRUG-PLANT INVESTIGATIONS.
SCIENTIFIC STAFF.
RODNEY H. TRUE, _Physiologist in Charge_.
W. O. RICHTMANN, W. W. STOCKBERGER, _Experts_.
ALICE HENKEL, G. FRED KLUGH, _Assistants_.
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY,
OFFICE OF THE CHIEF,
_Washington, D. C., October 30, 1905_.
SIR: I have the honor to transmit herewith and to recommend for
publication as Bulletin No. 89 of the series of this Bureau the
accompanying manuscript entitled “Wild Medicinal Plants of the United
States.” This paper was prepared by Miss Alice Henkel, Assistant in
Drug-Plant Investigations, and has been submitted by the Physiologist
in Charge with a view to its publication.
Respectfully, B. T. GALLOWAY,
_Chief of Bureau_.
Hon. JAMES WILSON,
_Secretary of Agriculture_.
PREFACE.
In connection with the work of Drug-Plant Investigations many inquiries
are received from various parts of the country asking for a list of the
drug-producing plants of the regions concerned and for information as
to the parts of the plants used in medicine, etc. It being impossible
to comply with requests of this nature in any satisfactory way, Miss
Henkel was asked to compile a list of the drug plants of this country,
using as a basis the catalogues of dealers in crude drugs and the
standard works on systematic botany. It has seemed from an inspection
of these lists and of much current pharmaceutical literature that the
recent changes in botanical nomenclature have succeeded one another
too rapidly to permit the drug dealer and the pharmacist to keep pace
with them. This has resulted in considerable confusion in regard to
botanical names, and in some cases in the matter of the common names of
drug-producing plants. In such a list as that herewith presented the
opportunity for helping to clear up this situation has seemed worth
improving. The recent appearance of the new Pharmacopœia, in which the
botanical nomenclature has been revised, has seemed to emphasize the
desirability of making this attempt, since the names in the case of
official plants will be fairly definitely fixed among pharmacists for
the next ten years. In the accompanying list the pharmacopœial names
are given and a revision of the nomenclature of the unofficial drugs is
also presented. Mr. Frederick V. Coville, Botanist, has kindly revised
the botanical names used in this publication.
It is hoped that this compilation will tend to unify usage among those
who have to do with crude drugs and drug plants.
RODNEY H. TRUE,
_Physiologist in Charge_
OFFICE OF DRUG-PLANT INVESTIGATIONS,
_Washington, D. C., October 12, 1905_.
B. P. I.--187.
WILD MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES.
In the preparation of this bulletin only such wild medicinal plants as
have a commercial value were considered; that is, such as were usually
mentioned in the trade lists of drug dealers throughout the country.
Plants that were found listed by only one or two firms have been
omitted.
Both official and nonofficial drugs are included in this list. A number
of drug plants that were official in the United States Pharmacopœia
for 1890 have been dropped from the Eighth Decennial Revision (1900),
which became official on September 1, 1905, and a few new ones have
been added. In this bulletin the drugs that were official in the
Pharmacopœia for 1890 are so indicated, while those of the new edition
are marked simply “official.”
In the following list the information on each species is given under
the accepted botanical name. This name and that of the family to which
the plant belongs occupy the first line of the description. Botanical
synonyms, if any, are mentioned, and these are followed in the next
line by the most common names. A few words of information indicating
the most important features of habit and stature, as well as the
sort of situation in which found, together with the geographical
distribution in the United States, are then given in each case.
This information is too meager for the identification of the plants
concerned in all cases, but it was impossible within the space limits
of a publication such as this to include more descriptive matter. The
parts of the plants used and the official status of the product close
the description. Unless otherwise indicated, the products mentioned are
used in the dried state.
=Abies balsamea= (L.) Mill. =Pine family (Pinaceae)=.
Balsam-fir; Canada balsam tree.
Slender, evergreen, native tree, 50 to 60 feet high, occurring
in damp woods from Newfoundland to the high mountains of
southwestern Virginia, west to Minnesota, and northward.
_Parts used._--Balsam, known as Canada turpentine, Canada balsam,
or balsam of fir (official); also bark (nonofficial).
_Abies canadensis_ Michx. Same as _Tsuga canadensis_.
_Abies nigra_ Desf. Same as _Picea mariana_.
Abscess-root. See _Polemonium reptans_.
Absinth. See _Artemisia absinthium_.
Absinthium. See _Artemisia absinthium_.
Acacia, false. See _Robinia pseudacacia_.
=Acer rubrum= L. =Maple family (Aceraceae)=.
Red maple; swamp-maple.
Large, native tree, often 120 feet in height, growing in swamps and
low grounds from Canada to Florida and Texas.
_Part used._--Bark (nonofficial).
=Achillea millefolium= L. =Aster family (Asteraceae)=.
Yarrow; milfoil; thousandleaf.
Perennial weed, 10 to 20 inches high, common in fields and waste
places nearly throughout the United States, especially eastward;
naturalized from Europe and Asia.
_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).
=Acorus calamus= L. =Arum family (Araceae)=.
Calamus; sweet-flag.
Native, herbaceous perennial, about 2 feet high, found in wet and
muddy places and along streams from Nova Scotia to Minnesota,
southward to Florida and Texas.
_Part used._--Unpeeled, dried rhizome (official).
=Actaea alba= (L.) Mill. =Crowfoot family (Ranunculaceae)=.
White cohosh; white baneberry; necklace-weed; rattlesnake-herb.
Native, perennial herb, 1 to 2 feet high, found in rich woods from
Nova Scotia to Georgia and Missouri, and northward; most common
from Indiana and Kentucky to Pennsylvania and New York.
_Parts used._--Rhizome and rootlets (nonofficial).
_Actaea racemosa_ L. Same as _Cimicifuga racemosa_.
=Actaea rubra= (Ait.) Willd. =Crowfoot family (Ranunculaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Actaea spicata_ var. _rubra_ Ait.
Red cohosh; red baneberry; rattlesnake-herb.
Native, perennial herb, 1 to 2 feet high, found in woods from Nova
Scotia to the Middle States, west to the Rocky Mountains; most
abundant from New England to Ontario.
_Parts used._--Rhizome and rootlets (nonofficial).
_Actaea spicata_ var. _rubra_ Ait. Same as _Actaea rubra_.
Adam-and-Eve. See _Aplectrum spicatum_.
Adder’s-tongue, yellow. See _Erythronium americanum_.
=Adiantum pedatum= L. =Fern family (Polypodiaceae)=.
Maidenhair-fern.
Native fern, 9 to 15 inches high, growing in rich moist soil in
woods in Canada and almost all parts of the United States.
_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).
=Aesculus glabra= Willd. =Buckeye family (Aesculaceae)=.
Ohio buckeye; fetid buckeye; smooth buckeye.
Small, native tree, 20 to 40 feet in height, found in woods and
on river banks from Pennsylvania south to Alabama, westward to
Michigan and the Indian Territory.
_Parts used._--Bark and fruit (nonofficial).
=Aesculus hippocastanum= L. =Buckeye family (Aesculaceae)=.
Horse-chestnut.
Large tree, 60 feet or more in height. Escaped from cultivation,
southeastern New York and New Jersey. Native of Asia.
_Parts used._--Bark and fruit (nonofficial).
Afterbirth-weed. See _Stylosanthes biflora_.
_Agrimonia eupatoria_ (of American authors, not L.). Same as _Agrimonia
hirsuta_.
=Agrimonia hirsuta= (Muhl.) Bicknell. =Rose family (Rosaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Agrimonia eupatoria_ of most American authors, not
L.[a]
Agrimony; tall hairy agrimony.
Perennial herb, 3 to 4 feet high, found in woods and thickets from
New Brunswick to Minnesota and Nebraska, south to North Carolina;
also in California. Native.
_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).
Agrimony. See _Agrimonia hirsuta_.
Agrimony, tall hairy. See _Agrimonia hirsuta_.
=Agropyron repens= (L.) Beauv. =Grass family (Poaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Triticum repens_ Beauv.
Triticum; couch-grass; dog-grass; quack-grass.
A troublesome grass in cultivated land from Maine to Maryland, west
to Minnesota and Missouri; sparingly distributed in the South.
Introduced from Europe.
_Part used._--Rhizome, gathered in spring (official).
Ague-tree. See _Sassafras variifolium_.
Agueweed. See _Eupatorium perfoliatum_ and _Gentiana quinquefolia_.
Alder, black. See _Ilex verticillata_.
Alder, common. See _Alnus rugosa_.
Alder, red. See _Alnus rugosa_.
Alder, smooth. See _Alnus rugosa_.
Alder, tag-. See _Alnus rugosa_.
=Aletris farinosa= L. =Lily family (Liliaceae)=.
Star-grass; false (not true) unicorn-root;[b] colic-root.
Native, perennial herb, 2 to 3 feet high; in dry, sandy soil from
Maine to Minnesota, south to Florida and Tennessee.
_Part used._--Rhizome (nonofficial), gathered after the plant has
flowered.
Allspice, Carolina. See _Butneria florida_.
Allspice, Florida. See _Butneria florida_.
Allspice, wild. See _Benzoin benzoin_.
=Alnus rugosa= (Du Roi) K. Koch. =Birch family (Betulaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Alnus serrulata_ Willd.
Tag-alder; common alder; red alder; smooth alder.
Native shrub, or sometimes a small tree, occurring in swamps and
marshy borders of streams from the New England States west to
Minnesota and southward to Florida and Texas.
_Part used._--Bark (nonofficial).
_Alnus serrulata_ Willd. Same as _Alnus rugosa_.
=Alsine media= L. =Pink family (Silenaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Stellaria media_ Cyr.
Common chickweed.
Small, annual herb, probably introduced from Europe, and now common
in fields and around dwellings throughout the United States.
_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).
Althaea. See _Althaea officinalis_.
=Althaea officinalis= L. =Mallow family (Malvaceae)=.
Althaea; marshmallow; sweatweed; mortification-root.
Perennial herb, 2 to 4 feet high, naturalized from Europe; occurs
in salt marshes, coast of Massachusetts and New York, and in
Pennsylvania.
_Parts used._--Root from plants of second year’s growth, deprived
of the periderm (official); leaves and flowers (nonofficial) are
also used.
Alum-root. See _Geranium maculatum_ and _Heuchera americana_.
=Ambrosia artemisiaefolia= L. =Ragweed family (Ambrosiaceae)=.
Roman wormwood; ragweed; hogweed; stammerwort.
Coarse, native weed, annual, 1 to 3 feet high; in waste places,
eastern United States, west to British Columbia and Mexico.
_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).
_Ampelopsis quinquefolia_ Michx. Same as _Parthenocissus quinquefolia_.
Amy-root. See _Apocynum cannabinum_.
=Anagallis arvensis= L. =Primrose family (Primulaceae)=.
Red chickweed; red pimpernel; scarlet pimpernel;
shepherd’s-weatherglass.
Low, spreading, annual herb, naturalized from Europe, and growing
along roadsides and in fields almost throughout the United States.
_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).
=Anaphalis margaritacea= (L.) Benth. & Hook.
=Aster family (Asteraceae)=.
_Synonyms._--_Gnaphalium margaritaceum_ L.; _Antennaria
margaritacea_ Hook.
Everlasting; pearly everlasting; large-flowered everlasting;
cottonweed.
White-hairy or woolly perennial herb, native in dry soil from
Newfoundland to Alaska, south to North Carolina and California.
_Part used._--Leaves (nonofficial).
_Andromeda arborea_ L. Same as _Oxydendrum arboreum_.
_Anemone patens_ var. _nuttalliana_ A. Gray. Same as _Pulsatilla
hirsutissima_.
Angelica, American. See _Angelica atropurpurea_.
=Angelica atropurpurea= L. =Parsley family (Apiaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Archangelica atropurpurea_ Hoffm.
Purple-stemmed angelica; American angelica; masterwort.
Tall, stout, perennial herb, 4 to 6 feet high; native in swamps and
damp places from Labrador to Delaware and west to Minnesota.
_Parts used._--Root and seeds (nonofficial).
Angelica, purple-stemmed. See _Angelica atropurpurea_.
Anise-root. See _Washingtonia longistylis_.
_Antennaria margaritacea_ Hook. Same as _Anaphalis margaritacea_.
=Anthemis cotula= L. =Aster family (Asteraceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Maruta cotula_ DC.
Mayweed; dog-fennel; fetid camomile (or chamomile).
Strong-scented, annual herb, naturalized from Europe; occurs in dry
soil, fields, waste places, and along roadsides almost throughout
North America, with the exception of the extreme North.
_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).
_Aplectrum hyemale_ Nutt. Same as _Aplectrum spicatum_.
=Aplectrum spicatum= (Walt.) B. S. P. =Orchid family (Orchidaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Aplectrum hyemale_ Nutt.
Adam-and-Eve; putty-root.
Native herb, perennial, 1 to 2 feet high; in rich woods and swamps
from Canada to Georgia and California.
_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).
Apocynum. See _Apocynum cannabinum_.
=Apocynum androsaemifolium= L. =Dogbane family (Apocynaceae)=.
Bitterroot; spreading dogbane; honeybloom.
Perennial herb, 1 to 4 feet high, native in fields and thickets
from Canada south to Georgia and Arizona. The most common species
in Canada and the Northeastern States.
_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).
=Apocynum cannabinum= L. =Dogbane family (Apocynaceae)=.
Apocynum; Canadian hemp; black Indian hemp; amy-root.
Perennial herb, 2 to 3 feet high, native in moist ground and
borders of fields throughout the United States.
_Part used._--Rhizome of this or of closely allied species of
Apocynum (official).
Apple, custard-. See _Asimina triloba_.
Apple, May-. See _Podophyllum peltatum_.
Apple, thorn-. See _Datura stramonium_.
Apple-of-Peru. See _Datura stramonium_.
_Aquilegia canadensis_ L. See under _Aquilegia vulgaris_.
=Aquilegia vulgaris= L. =Crowfoot family (Ranunculaceae)=.
European columbine; garden-columbine.
Perennial herb, with showy flowers. Naturalized from Europe, and
well known in cultivation; escaped from gardens into woods and
fields; frequent in the Eastern and Middle States. The wild
columbine (_Aquilegia canadensis_ L.), occurring in rocky woods
throughout Canada and the eastern United States, is said to
possess properties similar to those of the European columbine.
_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).
=Aralia hispida= Vent. =Ginseng family (Araliaceae)=.
Dwarf elder; wild elder; bristly sarsaparilla.
Erect, leafy perennial, 1 to 3 feet high, native in sandy woods and
fields from Labrador south to North Carolina, west to Minnesota
and Indiana.
_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).
=Aralia nudicaulis= L. =Ginseng family (Araliaceae)=.
American sarsaparilla; wild sarsaparilla; false sarsaparilla;
Virginian sarsaparilla; small spikenard.
Herbaceous perennial, native, growing in moist woods from
Newfoundland west to Manitoba and south to North Carolina and
Missouri.
_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).
=Aralia racemosa= L. =Ginseng family (Araliaceae)=.
Indian-root; spikenard; American spikenard; spignet.
Herbaceous perennial, native, 3 to 6 feet high, growing in rich
woods and rocky places from Canada to Georgia, west to Minnesota
and Missouri.
_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).
Arbor-vitae. See _Thuja occidentalis_.
Arbutus, trailing. See _Epigaea repens_.
_Archangelica atropurpurea_ Hoffm. Same as _Angelica atropurpurea_.
=Arctium lappa= L. =Aster family (Asteraceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Lappa major_ Gaertn.
Lappa; burdock; cockle-button; beggars’-buttons; bardane.
Coarse, biennial weed, 4 to 9 feet high, introduced from the Old
World, and occurring along roadsides and in fields and waste
places in the Eastern and Central States.
_Parts used._--Root of this or of other species of Arctium
collected from plants of first year’s growth (official). The
fresh leaves and the seeds are also used (nonofficial).
=Arctostaphylos glauca= Lindl. =Heath family (Ericaceae)=.
Manzanita.
A shrub-like tree, 9 to 25 feet high, growing in California, in
dry, rocky districts on the western slopes of the Sierras.
_Part used._--Leaves (nonofficial).
=Arctostaphylos uva-ursi= (L.) Spreng. =Heath family (Ericaceae)=.
Uva-ursi; bearberry; upland-cranberry.
Low, evergreen perennial, with trailing stems, native in rocky
or dry, sandy soils from the Middle Atlantic States north to
Labrador, westward to California and Alaska.
_Part used._--Leaves (official).
=Arisaema triphyllum= (L.) Torr. =Arum family (Araceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Arum triphyllum_ L.
Indian turnip; wild turnip; wake-robin; Jack-in-the-pulpit.
Native, perennial herb, 10 inches to 3 feet high, found in moist
woods from Canada to Florida, west to Kansas and Minnesota.
_Part used._--Partially dried corm (nonofficial).
=Aristolochia reticulata= Nutt. =Birthwort family (Aristolochiaceae)=.
Serpentaria; Texas serpentaria; Texas snakeroot; Red River
snakeroot.
Perennial herb, about 1½ feet in height, native in the Southwestern
States, occurring on river banks from Arkansas to Louisiana.
_Parts used._--Rhizome and roots (official).
=Aristolochia serpentaria= L. =Birthwort family (Aristolochiaceae)=.
Serpentaria; Virginia serpentaria; Virginia snakeroot.
Native, perennial herb, 10 inches to 3 feet high, found in rich
woods from Connecticut to Michigan and southward.
_Parts used._--Rhizome and roots (official).
Arrowwood. See _Viburnum dentatum_.
Arrowwood, Indian. See _Euonymus atropurpureus_.
=Artemisia abrotanum= L. =Aster family (Asteraceae)=.
Southernwood.
Shrubby, perennial herb, about 2 to 4 feet in height, occurring
in waste places from Massachusetts to Nebraska. Adventive from
Europe.
_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).
=Artemisia absinthium= L. =Aster family (Asteraceae)=.
Absinthium; wormwood; absinth.
Shrubby, perennial herb, 2 to 3 feet high, naturalized from
Europe, and occurring in waste places and along roadsides from
Newfoundland to New York and westward.
_Parts used._--Leaves and tops (official in U. S. P. 1890).
=Artemisia vulgaris= L. =Aster family (Asteraceae)=.
Common mugwort.
Perennial herb, 1 to 3½ feet high, naturalized from Europe; found
in waste places, Nova Scotia to the Middle States and westward to
Michigan.
_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).
_Arum triphyllum_ L. Same as _Arisaema triphyllum_.
=Asarum canadense= L. =Birthwort family (Aristolochiaceae)=.
Canada snakeroot; wild ginger; Indian ginger.
Perennial herb, about 1 foot in height, native in rich woods from
Canada to North Carolina and Kansas.
_Parts used._--Rhizome and rootlets (nonofficial).
Asclepias. See _Asclepias tuberosa_.
_Asclepias cornuti_ Dec. Same as _Asclepias syriaca_.
=Asclepias incarnata= L. =Milkweed family (Asclepiadaceae)=.
White Indian hemp; swamp-milkweed; swamp-silkweed; rose-colored
silkweed.
Perennial herb, 2 to 4 feet high, native in swamps from Canada to
Tennessee and Kansas.
_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).
=Asclepias syriaca= L. =Milkweed family (Asclepiadaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Asclepias cornuti_ Dec.
Common milkweed; silkweed.
Perennial herb, 3 to 5 feet high, native in fields and waste places
from Canada to North Carolina and Kansas.
_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).
=Asclepias tuberosa= L. =Milkweed family (Asclepiadaceae)=.
Asclepias; pleurisy-root; butterfly-weed; Canada-root; whiteroot.
Native, perennial herb, 1 to 2 feet high, growing in dry fields
from Canada to Florida and Arizona; most abundant southward.
_Part used._--Root (official in U. S. P. 1890).
Ash, American mountain-. See _Sorbus americana_.
Ash, black. See _Fraxinus nigra_.
Ash, cane-. See _Fraxinus americana_.
Ash, hoop-. See _Fraxinus nigra_.
Ash, prickly. See _Fagara clava-herculis_ and _Xanthoxylum americanum_.
Ash, wafer-. See _Ptelea trifoliata_.
Ash, white. See _Fraxinus americana_.
=Asimina triloba= (L.) Dunal. =Custard-apple family (Anonaceae)=.
North American pawpaw; custard-apple.
Small, native tree, growing in rich soil along the banks of streams
from New York to Michigan and southward. Most common in the Ohio
Valley.
_Part used._--Seed (nonofficial).
Aspen, American. See _Populus tremuloides_.
Aspen, quaking. See _Populus tremuloides_.
Aspidium. See _Dryopteris filix-mas_ and _D. marginalis_.
_Aspidium filix-mas_ Sw. Same as _Dryopteris filix-mas_.
_Aspidium marginale_ Sw. Same as _Dryopteris marginalis_.
_Asplenium filix-foemina_ (L.) Bernh. Same as _Athyrium filix-foemina_.
=Aster puniceus= L. =Aster family (Asteraceae)=.
Red-stalked aster; cocash; meadow-scabish.
Perennial herb, with stout, reddish stem, 3 to 8 feet high, native;
in swamps and on banks of streams, Nova Scotia to Minnesota,
south to North Carolina, Ohio, and Michigan.
_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).
Aster, red-stalked. See _Aster puniceus_.
Asthma-weed, Queensland. See _Euphorbia pilulifera_.
=Athyrium filix-foemina= (L.) Roth. =Fern family (Polypodiaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Asplenium filix-foemina_ (L.) Bernh.
Backache-brake; female-fern; lady-fern.
Native fern, with leaves 1 to 3 feet long; in woods and thickets,
Canada to Alaska, southward to Florida and Arizona.
_Part used._--Rhizome (nonofficial).
Avens, purple. See _Geum rivale_.
Avens, water-. See _Geum rivale_.
Backache-brake. See _Athyrium filix-foemina_.
Backache-root. See _Lacinaria spicata_.
Balm. See _Melissa officinalis_.
Balm, bee-. See _Monarda didyma_.
Balm, field-. See _Glecoma hederacea_.
Balm, garden-. See _Melissa officinalis_.
Balm, horse-. See _Collinsonia canadensis_.
Balm, lemon-. See _Melissa officinalis_.
Balm, mountain-. See _Eriodictyon californicum_.
Balm, scarlet. See _Monarda didyma_.
Balm, sweet. See _Melissa officinalis_.
Balm-of-Gilead. See _Populus candicans_.
Balmony. See _Chelone glabra_.
Balsam, sweet. See _Gnaphalium obtusifolium_.
Balsam tree, Canada. See _Abies balsamea_.
Balsam, white. See _Gnaphalium obtusifolium_.
Balsam-fir. See _Abies balsamea_.
Bamboo-brier. See _Smilax pseudo-china_.
Baneberry, red. See _Actaea rubra_.
Baneberry, white. See _Actaea alba_.
=Baptisia tinctoria= (L.) R. Br. =Pea family (Fabaceae)=.
Wild indigo; yellow indigo; American indigo; indigo-weed;
horsefly-weed.
Native, perennial herb, 2 to 3 feet high, growing in dry, poor soil
from Maine to Minnesota, south to Florida and Louisiana.
_Parts used._--Root and leaves (nonofficial).
Barberry, holly-leaved. See _Berberis aquifolium_.
Bardane. See _Arctium lappa_.
Basswood. See _Tilia americana_.
Bay, rose-. See _Rhododendron maximum_.
Bay, sweet. See _Magnolia virginiana_.
Bay, white. See _Magnolia virginiana_.
Bayberry. See _Myrica cerifera_.
Bean, bog-. See _Menyanthes trifoliata_.
Bean, buck-. See _Menyanthes trifoliata_.
Bean, hog’s-. See _Hyoscyamus niger_.
Bearberry. See _Arctostaphylos uva-ursi_.
Bearberry-tree. See _Rhamnus purshiana_.
Bear’s-foot, yellow. See _Polymnia uvedalia_.
Bear’s-weed. See _Eriodictyon californicum_.
Beaver-poison. See _Cicuta maculata_.
Beaverroot. See _Nymphaea advena_.
Beaver-tree. See _Magnolia virginiana_.
Bedstraw. See _Galium aparine_.
Bee-balm. See _Monarda didyma_.
Beech, American. See _Fagus americana_.
Beechdrops. See _Leptamnium virginianum_.
Beechnut-tree. See _Fagus americana_.
Bee-plant. See _Scrophularia marilandica_.
Beggars’-buttons. See _Arctium lappa_.
Bellwort, perfoliate. See _Uvularia perfoliata_.
Benjamin-bush. See _Benzoin benzoin_.
Bennet. See _Pimpinella saxifraga_.
=Benzoin benzoin= (L.) Coulter. =Laurel family (Lauraceae)=.
_Synonyms._--_Laurus benzoin_ L.; _Lindera benzoin_ Meissn.;
_Benzoin odoriferum_ Nees.
Spicebush; feverbush; Benjamin-bush; wild allspice; spicewood.
Indigenous shrub, 5 to 12 feet high; in damp, shady woods, and
along streams, Massachusetts to Michigan, south to North Carolina
and Kansas.
_Parts used._--Bark and berries (nonofficial).
_Benzoin odoriferum_ Nees. Same as _Benzoin benzoin_.
Berberis. See _Berberis aquifolium_.
=Berberis aquifolium= Pursh. =Barberry family (Berberidaceae)=.
Berberis; Oregon grape; holly-leaved barberry; Rocky Mountain grape.
A shrub, native in woods from Colorado to the Pacific Ocean;
especially abundant in Oregon and northern California.
_Parts used._--Rhizome and roots of this and of other species of
Berberis (official).
Bergamot, wild. See _Monarda fistulosa_.
Bethroot, ill-scented. See _Trillium erectum_.
Betony, Paul’s-. See _Veronica officinalis_.
=Betula lenta= L. =Birch family (Betulaceae)=.
Sweet birch; black birch; cherry birch.
Large, indigenous forest tree; Newfoundland to Ontario, south to
Florida and Tennessee.
_Part used._--Bark (nonofficial). Oil of betula, obtained by
maceration and distillation from the bark, is official.
=Bikukulla canadensis= (Goldie) Millsp. =Poppy family (Papaveraceae)=.
_Synonyms._--_Corydalis formosa_ Pursh; _Corydalis canadensis_
Goldie; _Dicentra canadensis_ Walp.
Turkey-corn; squirrel-corn; turkey-pea; staggerweed.
Native, perennial plant, 6 to 12 inches high; in rich woods from
Nova Scotia south along the mountains to Kentucky, and westward
to Missouri and Minnesota.
_Part used._--Tubers (nonofficial).
Birch, black. See _Betula lenta_.
Birch, cherry. See _Betula lenta_.
Birch, sweet. See _Betula lenta_.
Bird’s-foot violet. See _Viola pedata_.
Birthroot. See _Trillium erectum_.
Bitterbloom. See _Sabbatia angularis_.
Bitter-buttons. See _Tanacetum vulgare_.
Bitterroot. See _Apocynum androsaemifolium_.
Bittersweet. See _Solanum dulcamara_.
Bittersweet, false. See _Celastrus scandens_.
Bitterweed. See _Erigeron canadensis_.
Blackberry, high-bush. See _Rubus nigrobaccus_.
Blackberry, knee-high. See _Rubus cuneifolius_.
Blackberry, low running. See _Rubus procumbens_.
Blackberry, low-bush. See _Rubus trivialis_.
Blackberry, sand-. See _Rubus cuneifolius_.
Blackcap. See _Rubus occidentalis_.
Blackroot. See _Veronica virginica_.
Blackroot, Indian. See _Pterocaulon undulatum_.
Blackwort. See _Symphytum officinale_.
Bladderpod. See _Lobelia inflata_.
Blazingstar. See _Chamaelirium luteum_.
Blazingstar, blue. See _Lacinaria scariosa_.
Blazingstar, scaly. See _Lacinaria squarrosa_.
Bloodroot. See _Sanguinaria canadensis_.
Bloodwort. See _Hieracium venosum_.
Bloodwort, striped. See _Hieracium venosum_.
Blowball. See _Taraxacum officinale_.
Blue-curls. See _Prunella vulgaris_.
Bog-bean. See _Menyanthes trifoliata_.
Bog-myrtle. See _Myrica gale_.
Boneset. See _Eupatorium perfoliatum_.
Boneset, deerwort-. See _Eupatorium ageratoides_.
Boneset, purple. See _Eupatorium purpureum_.
Bouncing-Bet. See _Saponaria officinalis_.
Bowman’s-root. See _Porteranthus trifoliatus_ and _Veronica virginica_.
Boxwood. See _Cornus florida_.
Brake, backache-. See _Athyrium filix-foemina_.
Brake, buckhorn-. See _Osmunda regalis_.
Brake, rock-. See _Polypodium vulgare_.
=Brassica nigra= (L.) Koch. =Mustard family (Brassicaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Sinapis nigra_ L.
Sinapis nigra; black mustard; brown mustard; red mustard.
Annual herb, introduced from Europe; found in fields and waste
places almost throughout the United States.
_Part used._--Seed (official); the volatile oil obtained from black
mustard seed is also official.
=Brauneria angustifolia= (DC.) Heller. =Aster family (Asteraceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Echinacea angustifolia_ DC.
Echinacea; pale-purple coneflower; Sampson-root; niggerhead (in
Kansas).
Native, perennial, herbaceous plant, 2 to 3 feet high, occurring
in rich prairie soil or sandy soil from Alabama to Texas and
northwestward; most abundant in Kansas and Nebraska.
_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).
Broom. See _Cytisus scoparius_.
Broom, green. See _Cytisus scoparius_.
Broom, Scotch. See _Cytisus scoparius_.
Brownwort. See _Prunella vulgaris_.
Bruisewort. See _Symphytum officinale_.
Buck-bean. See _Menyanthes trifoliata_.
Buckeye, fetid. See _Aesculus glabra_.
Buckeye, Ohio. See _Aesculus glabra_.
Buckeye, smooth. See _Aesculus glabra_.
Buckhorn-brake. See _Osmunda regalis_.
Buckthorn. See _Rhamnus cathartica_.
Bugle, sweet. See _Lycopus virginicus_.
Bugle, water-. See _Lycopus virginicus_.
Bugleweed. See _Lycopus virginicus_.
Bullbrier. See _Smilax pseudo-china_.
Bull-nettle. See _Solanum carolinense_.
Bulrush. See _Typha latifolia_.
Burdock. See _Arctium lappa_.
Burnet-saxifrage. See _Pimpinella saxifraga_.
Burningbush. See _Euonymus atropurpureus_.
=Bursa bursa-pastoris= (L.) Britton. =Mustard family (Brassicaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Capsella bursa-pastoris_ Medic.
Shepherd’s-purse; cocowort; toywort.
Annual plant, about 1 foot in height, found in fields and waste
places; widely distributed. Introduced from Europe.
_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).
Burseed, spiny. See _Xanthium spinosum_.
Burweed, thorny. See _Xanthium spinosum_.
=Butneria florida= (L.) Kearney.
=Strawberry-shrub family (Calycanthaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Calycanthus floridus_ L.
Hairy strawberry-shrub; sweet-scented shrub; Carolina allspice;
Florida allspice.
Native shrub, 4 to 8 feet high; in rich soil, Virginia to
Mississippi.
_Part used._--Bark (nonofficial).
Butterfly-weed. See _Asclepias tuberosa_.
Butternut. See _Juglans cinerea_.
Buttonbush. See _Cephalanthus occidentalis_.
Button-snakeroot. See _Eryngium yuccifolium_.
Button-snakeroot, dense. See _Lacinaria spicata_.
Button-snakeroot, large. See _Lacinaria scariosa_.
Button-tree. See _Cephalanthus occidentalis_.
Buttonwood-shrub. See _Cephalanthus occidentalis_.
Cabbage, skunk-. See _Spathyema foetida_.
Cabbage, swamp-. See _Spathyema foetida_.
Calamus. See _Acorus calamus_.
Calfkill. See _Kalmia angustifolia_.
Calico-bush. See _Kalmia latifolia_.
_Calycanthus floridus_ L. Same as _Butneria florida_.
Camomile, fetid. See _Anthemis cotula_.
Canada balsam tree. See _Abies balsamea_.
Canada-root. See _Asclepias tuberosa_.
Cancerroot. See _Leptamnium virginianum_.
Candleberry. See _Myrica cerifera_.
Cane-ash. See _Fraxinus americana_.
Cankerroot. See _Coptis trifolia_ and _Limonium carolinianum_.
Canker-weed. See _Nabalus serpentarius_.
Canker-weed, white. See _Nabalus albus_.
Cankerwort. See _Taraxacum officinale_.
Canoewood. See _Liriodendron tulipifera_.
_Capsella bursa-pastoris_ Medic. Same as _Bursa bursa-pastoris_.
Cardinal, red. See _Lobelia cardinalis_.
Cardinal-flower. See _Lobelia cardinalis_.
Cardinal-flower, blue. See _Lobelia siphilitica_.
=Carduus arvensis= (L.) Robs. =Aster family (Asteraceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Cirsium arvense_ Scop.
Canada thistle; creeping thistle; cursed thistle.
Perennial herb, 1 to 3 feet high; growing in cultivated fields,
pastures, and waste places from Newfoundland to Virginia, west to
Minnesota and Nebraska. A bad weed, introduced from Europe.
_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).
_Carduus benedictus_ Auct. Same as _Cnicus benedictus_.
Carpenter’s-square. See _Scrophularia marilandica_.
Carrion-flower. See _Smilax herbacea_.
Carrot, wild. See _Daucus carota_.
_Carya alba_ Nutt. Same as _Hicoria ovata_.
Cascara sagrada. See _Rhamnus purshiana_.
=Cassia marilandica= L. =Senna family (Caesalpiniaceae)=.
American senna; wild senna; locust-plant.
Native, perennial herb; in swamps and wet soil, New England to
Florida, west to Louisiana and Nebraska.
_Part used._--Leaves (nonofficial).
=Castalia odorata= (Dryand.) Woodv. & Wood.
=Water-lily family (Nymphaeaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Nymphaea odorata_ Dryand.
White pond-lily; water-lily; sweet-scented water-lily.
Indigenous, aquatic herb; perennial; in ponds, marshes, and
sluggish streams, from Canada to Florida and Louisiana.
_Part used._--Rhizome (nonofficial).
Castanea. See _Castanea dentata_.
=Castanea dentata= (Marsh.) Borkh. =Beech family (Fagaceae)=.
Castanea; chestnut; American chestnut.
A large, spreading tree, occurring in rich woods from Maine
to Michigan, south to Tennessee. Especially abundant in the
Allegheny region. Native.
_Part used._--Leaves (official in U. S. P. 1890).
Catchweed. See _Galium aparine_.
Catfoot. See _Glecoma hederacea_.
Catgut. See _Cracca virginiana_.
Catmint. See _Nepeta cataria_.
Catnip. See _Nepeta cataria_.
Cattail, broad-leaved. See _Typha latifolia_.
Cattail-flag. See _Typha latifolia_.
Caulophyllum. See _Caulophyllum thalictroides_.
=Caulophyllum thalictroides= (L.) Michx.
=Barberry family (Berberidaceae)=.
Caulophyllum; blue cohosh; squawroot; papoose-root.
Native, perennial herb, 1 to 3 feet high; found in rich, shady
woods from New Brunswick to South Carolina, westward to Nebraska;
abundant throughout the Allegheny Mountain region.
_Parts used._--Rhizome and roots (official in U. S. P. 1890).
=Ceanothus americanus= L. =Buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae)=.
Jersey tea; New Jersey tea; redroot.
A native shrub, growing in dry, open woods from Canada to Florida
and Texas.
_Parts used._--Root, root-bark, and leaves (nonofficial).
Cedar, red. See _Juniperus virginiana_.
Cedar, shrubby red. See _Juniperus sabina_.
Cedar, white. See _Thuja occidentalis_.
Cedar, yellow. See _Thuja occidentalis_.
Celandine. See _Chelidonium majus_.
Celandine, garden-. See _Chelidonium majus_.
Celandine, great. See _Chelidonium majus_.
Celandine, wild. See _Impatiens aurea_.
=Celastrus scandens= L. =Staff-tree family (Celastraceae)=.
False bittersweet; staff-tree; waxwork; fevertwig.
An indigenous, twining, woody vine; in rich, damp soil, woods, and
thickets, Ontario to Manitoba, south to North Carolina and New
Mexico.
_Part used._--Bark of plant and of root (nonofficial).
_Centaurea benedicta_ L. Same as _Cnicus benedictus_.
Centaury, American. See _Sabbatia angularis_.
Centaury, ground-. See _Polygala nuttallii_.
=Cephalanthus occidentalis= L. =Madder family (Rubiaceae)=.
Buttonbush; button-tree; buttonwood-shrub; globeflower.
Indigenous shrub, 6 to 12 feet high; in swamps and damp places,
Canada to Florida and California.
_Part used._--Bark (nonofficial).
=Cercis canadensis= L. =Senna family (Caesalpiniaceae)=.
Judas-tree; redbud.
Small, native tree, growing in rich soil from New Jersey to
Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas.
_Part used._--Bark of root (nonofficial).
=Chamaelirium luteum= (L.) A. Gray.
=Bunchflower family (Melanthiaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Helonias dioica_ Pursh.
True (not false) unicorn-root;[c] blazingstar; starwort; drooping
starwort.
Slender, perennial herb, about 2 feet high; native in moist meadows
and thickets from Massachusetts to Michigan, south to Florida and
Arkansas.
_Part used._--Rhizome (nonofficial).
=Chamaenerion angustifolium= (L.) Scop.
=Evening-primrose family (Onagraceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Epilobium angustifolium_ L.
Great willow-herb; wickup.
Native, perennial herb, 2 to 8 feet high, found in dry soil
from Canada to Alaska, south to North Carolina, Arizona, and
California. Very common from Pennsylvania northward.
_Parts used._--Leaves and root (nonofficial).
Chamomile, fetid. See _Anthemis cotula_.
Champion-oak. See _Quercus rubra_.
Checkerberry. See _Gaultheria procumbens_ and _Mitchella repens_.
Cheeseflower. See _Malva sylvestris_.
Cheeses. See _Malva rotundifolia_.
Chelidonium. See _Chelidonium majus_.
=Chelidonium majus= L. =Poppy family (Papaveraceae)=.
Chelidonium; celandine; garden-celandine; great celandine;
tetterwort.
Perennial herb, 1 to 2 feet high, growing along fences, roadsides,
and in waste places; common in the East. Naturalized from Europe.
_Part used._--Entire plant (official in U. S. P. 1890).
=Chelone glabra= L. =Figwort family (Scrophulariaceae)=.
Balmony; turtle-head; shellflower; snakehead; salt-rheum weed.
Native, perennial, herbaceous plant, 2 to 3 feet high; in swamps
and along streams, Newfoundland to Manitoba, south to Florida and
Kansas.
_Part used._--Herb, and especially the leaves (nonofficial).
Chenopodium. See _Chenopodium ambrosioides_ and _C. anthelminticum_.
=Chenopodium ambrosioides= L. =Goosefoot family (Chenopodiaceae)=.
Chenopodium; Mexican tea; American wormseed; Jerusalem tea; Spanish
tea.
Strong-scented herb, 2 to 3 feet high, annual; naturalized from
tropical America, and occurring in waste places, meadows, and
pastures from New England to Florida, west to California.
_Part used._--Fruit (official in U. S. P. 1890).
=Chenopodium anthelminticum= L. =Goosefoot family (Chenopodiaceae)=.
Chenopodium; wormseed; Jerusalem oak.
Annual, sometimes perennial, herb, usually taller than _C.
ambrosioides_, naturalized from Europe, and found in waste places
from southern New York to Wisconsin, south to Florida and Mexico.
_Parts used._--Fruit (official in U. S. P. 1890). The oil of
chenopodium, distilled from this plant, is official.
=Chenopodium botrys= L. =Goosefoot family (Chenopodiaceae)=.
Jerusalem oak.
Annual herb, about 2 feet high, introduced from Europe; found in
waste places from Nova Scotia to New York and Kentucky, westward
to Oregon.
_Parts used._--Herb and seeds (nonofficial).
Cherry birch. See _Betula lenta_.
Cherry, rum-. See _Prunus serotina_.
Cherry, wild. See _Prunus serotina_.
Chervil, sweet. See _Washingtonia longistylis_.
Chestnut. See _Castanea dentata_.
Chestnut, American. See _Castanea dentata_.
Chestnut, horse-. See _Aesculus hippocastanum_.
Chickentoe. See _Corallorhiza odontorhiza_.
Chickweed, common. See _Alsine media_.
Chickweed, red. See _Anagallis arvensis_.
Chicory. See _Cichorium intybus_.
Chimaphila. See _Chimaphila umbellata_.
=Chimaphila umbellata= (L.) Nutt. =Wintergreen family (Pyrolaceae)=.
Chimaphila; pipsissewa; prince’s-pine; bitter wintergreen;
rheumatism-weed.
Small, perennial herb, native in dry, shady woods, especially in
pine forests, from Nova Scotia to Georgia, west to California.
_Part used._--Leaves (official).
China-root, American. See _Smilax pseudo-china_.
China-root, false. See _Smilax pseudo-china_.
=Chionanthus virginica= L. =Olive family (Oleaceae)=.
Fringe-tree; old-man’s-beard.
A shrub or small tree, native in moist thickets from Delaware to
Florida and Texas.
_Part used._--Bark of root (nonofficial).
Chittem-bark. See _Rhamnus purshiana_.
=Chrysanthemum leucanthemum= L. =Aster family (Asteraceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Leucanthemum vulgare_ Lam.
Oxeye daisy; white daisy.
Perennial herb, 1 to 3 feet high, naturalized from Europe;
occurring in pastures, meadows, and waste places in nearly every
section of the country, but less abundantly in the South and
rarely in the West.
_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).
=Chrysanthemum parthenium= (L.) Pers. =Aster family (Asteraceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Pyrethrum parthenium_ Smith.
Common feverfew; featherfew; febrifuge-plant.
Perennial herb, naturalized from Europe. Mostly escaped from
cultivation; in waste places, New Brunswick to New Jersey, and
locally in the interior.
_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).
=Cichorium intybus= L. =Chicory family (Cichoriaceae)=.
Chicory; succory.
Perennial herb, 1 to 3 feet high, growing in fields, waste places,
and along roadsides from Nova Scotia to North Carolina, west to
Nebraska. Abundant eastward. Naturalized from Europe.
_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).
=Cicuta maculata= L. =Parsley family (Apiaceae)=.
Water-hemlock; musquash-root; beaver-poison.
Native perennial, 3 to 6 feet high, stout, erect; poisonous. Found
in swamps and low grounds from Canada south to Florida and New
Mexico.
_Part used._--Leaves (nonofficial).
Cimicifuga. See _Cimicifuga racemosa_.
=Cimicifuga racemosa= (L.) Nutt. =Crowfoot family (Ranunculaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Actaea racemosa_ L.
Cimicifuga; black snakeroot; black cohosh; squawroot; rattle-root.
Native, perennial herb, 3 to 8 feet high; in rich soil in shady
woods, Maine to Georgia, west to Wisconsin and Missouri. Most
abundant in the Ohio Valley.
_Parts used._--Rhizome and roots (official).
Cinquefoil. See _Potentilla canadensis_.
_Cirsium arvense_ Scop. Same as _Carduus arvensis_.
Cleavers. See _Galium aparine_.
Cleaverwort. See _Galium aparine_.
Clematis. See _Clematis virginiana_.
=Clematis virginiana= L. =Crowfoot family (Ranunculaceae)=.
Virgin’s-bower; clematis.
Shrubby, perennial vine; native; found along river banks in hedges
and thickets from Canada to Georgia and Kansas.
_Parts used._--Leaves and flowers (nonofficial).
Clotbur, spiny. See _Xanthium spinosum_.
Clotweed, thorny. See _Xanthium spinosum_.
Clover, bitter. See _Sabbatia angularis_.
Clover, meadow-. See _Trifolium pratense_.
Clover, purple. See _Trifolium pratense_.
Clover, red. See _Trifolium pratense_.
Clover, yellow sweet. See _Melilotus officinalis_.
Club-moss. See _Lycopodium clavatum_.
=Cnicus benedictus= L. =Aster family (Asteraceae)=.
_Synonyms._--_Carduus benedictus_ Auct.; _Centaurea benedicta_ L.
Blessed thistle; holy thistle; bitter thistle; spotted thistle; St.
Benedict’s-thistle.
Annual plant, 1 to 2 feet high; in waste places, Southern States,
and in California and Utah; introduced from Europe.
_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).
Cocash. See _Aster puniceus_.
Cocash-weed. See _Senecio aureus_.
Cockle-button. See _Arctium lappa_.
Cocowort. See _Bursa bursa-pastoris_.
Cohosh, black. See _Cimicifuga racemosa_.
Cohosh, blue. See _Caulophyllum thalictroides_.
Cohosh, red. See _Actaea rubra_.
Cohosh, white. See _Actaea alba_.
Colic-root. See _Aletris farinosa_, _Dioscorea villosa_, _Lacinaria
spicata_, and _L. squarrosa_.
=Collinsonia canadensis= L. =Mint family (Menthaceae)=.
Stoneroot; richweed; knobroot; horse-balm.
Native, perennial herb, about 2 feet high, occurring in rich, moist
woods from Maine to Wisconsin, south to Florida and Kansas.
_Parts used._--Root and leaves (nonofficial).
Colt’s-foot. See _Tussilago farfara_.
Colt’s-tail. See _Erigeron canadensis_.
Columbine, European. See _Aquilegia vulgaris_.
Columbine, garden-. See _Aquilegia vulgaris_.
Columbine, wild. See under _Aquilegia vulgaris_.
Columbo, American. See _Frasera carolinensis_.
Comfrey. See _Symphytum officinale_.
Compass-plant. See _Silphium laciniatum_.
_Comptonia asplenifolia_ Gaertn. Same as _Comptonia peregrina_.
=Comptonia peregrina= (L.) Coulter. =Bayberry family (Myricaceae)=.
_Synonyms._--_Comptonia asplenifolia_ Gaertn.; _Myrica
asplenifolia_ L.
Sweet fern; spleenwortbush; meadow-fern.
Shrubby plant, about 2½ feet high, native; in thin sandy or stony
woods and on hillsides, Canada to North Carolina, Indiana, and
Michigan.
_Parts used._--Leaves and tops (nonofficial).
Coneflower, pale-purple. See _Brauneria angustifolia_.
Coneflower, tall. See _Rudbeckia laciniata_.
Congo-root. See _Psoralea pedunculata_.
Conium. See _Conium maculatum_.
=Conium maculatum= L. =Parsley family (Apiaceae)=.
Conium; poison-hemlock; spotted parsley; spotted cowbane.
Biennial herb, 2 to 6 feet high, naturalized from Europe; common
in waste places, especially in the Eastern and Middle States.
Poisonous.
_Parts used._--Full-grown, but unripe, fruit, carefully dried and
preserved (official); leaves (nonofficial).
Consumptive’s-weed. See _Eriodictyon californicum_.
Convallaria. See _Convallaria majalis_.
_Convallaria biflora_ Walt. Same as _Polygonatum biflorum_.
=Convallaria majalis= L. =Lily-of-the-valley family (Convallariaceae)=.
Convallaria; lily-of-the-valley.
A low, perennial herb; indigenous; on the higher mountains from
Virginia to the Carolinas.
_Parts used._--Rhizome and roots (official); herb and flowers
(nonofficial).
_Convallaria racemosa_ L. Same as _Vagnera racemosa_.
_Convolvulus panduratus_ L. Same as _Ipomoea pandurata_.
Coolwort. See _Tiarella cordifolia_.
=Coptis trifolia= (L.) Salisb. =Crowfoot family (Ranunculaceae)=.
Goldthread; cankerroot; mouthroot; yellowroot.
Low, native, perennial herb, growing in damp mossy woods and bogs
from Canada and Alaska south to Maryland and Minnesota; most
common in the New England States, northern New York and Michigan,
and in Canada.
_Parts used._--Rhizome and rootlets (nonofficial).
=Corallorhiza odontorhiza= (Willd.) Nutt. =Orchid family (Orchidaceae)=.
Crawley-root; coralroot; dragon’s-claw; chickentoe.
Leafless plant, 6 to 15 inches high, found in rich woods from Maine
to Florida, west to Michigan and Missouri. Native.
_Part used._--Rhizome (nonofficial).
Coralroot. See _Corallorhiza odontorhiza_.
Corn, squirrel-. See _Bikukulla canadensis_.
Corn, turkey-. See _Bikukulla canadensis_.
Cornel, silky. See _Cornus amomum_.
Corn-snakeroot. See _Eryngium yuccifolium_ and _Lacinaria spicata_.
=Cornus amomum= Mill. =Dogwood family (Cornaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Cornus sericea_ L.
Red osier; swamp-dogwood; silky cornel; rose-willow.
Native shrub, 3 to 10 feet high; in low woods and along streams,
Canada to Florida, west to Texas and the Dakotas.
_Part used._--Bark (nonofficial).
=Cornus circinata= L’Her. =Dogwood family (Cornaceae)=.
Green osier; round-leaved dogwood.
Native shrub, 3 to 10 feet high; in shady places, Canada and the
northeastern United States.
_Part used._--Bark (nonofficial).
=Cornus florida= L. =Dogwood family (Cornaceae)=.
Flowering dogwood; boxwood.
Small, native tree or large shrub, growing in woods from Canada to
Florida, Texas and Missouri. Most abundant in the Middle States.
_Parts used._--Bark of tree and of root, the latter preferred
(nonofficial).
_Cornus sericea_ L. Same as _Cornus amomum_.
_Corydalis canadensis_ Goldie. Same as _Bikukulla canadensis_.
_Corydalis formosa_ Pursh. Same as _Bikukulla canadensis_.
Cotton-gum. See _Nyssa aquatica_.
Cottonweed. See _Anaphalis margaritacea_.
Couch-grass. See _Agropyron repens_.
Coughweed. See _Senecio aureus_.
Coughwort. See _Tussilago farfara_.
Cowbane, spotted. See _Conium maculatum_.
Cow-lily. See _Nymphaea advena_.
Cow-parsnip. See _Heracleum lanatum_.
=Cracca virginiana= L. =Pea family (Fabaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Tephrosia virginiana_ Pers.
Devil’s-shoestring; hoary pea; goat’s-rue; catgut.
Hoary, perennial herb, 1 to 2 feet high, native; occurring in
dry, sandy soil from New England to Florida, west to Texas and
Minnesota.
_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).
Cramp-bark. See _Viburnum opulus_.
Cranberry, high-bush. See _Viburnum opulus_.
Cranberry, upland-. See _Arctostaphylos uva-ursi_.
Crane’s-bill, spotted. See _Geranium maculatum_.
Crane’s-bill, wild. See _Geranium maculatum_.
=Crataegus oxyacantha= L. =Apple family (Malaceae)=.
Hawthorn; hedgethorn; whitethorn; maythorn.
Shrub or tree, introduced from Europe, and sparingly escaped from
cultivation.
_Part used._--Berries (nonofficial).
Crawley-root. See _Corallorhiza odontorhiza_.
Crosswort. See _Eupatorium perfoliatum_.
Cucumber-tree. See _Magnolia acuminata_ and _M. tripetala_.
Cudweed, low. See _Gnaphalium uliginosum_.
Cudweed, marsh-. See _Gnaphalium uliginosum_.
Culver’s-physic. See _Veronica virginica_.
Culver’s-root. See _Veronica virginica_.
_Cunila mariana_ L. Same as _Cunila origanoides_.
=Cunila origanoides= (L.) Britton. =Mint family (Menthaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Cunila mariana_ L.
American dittany; stonemint.
Indigenous, perennial plant, found on dry hills and in dry woods
from New York to Florida, west to Ohio.
_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).
Cup-plant. See _Silphium perfoliatum_.
Custard-apple. See _Asimina triloba_.
=Cynoglossum officinale= L. =Borage family (Boraginaceae)=.
Hound’s-tongue; gypsy-flower.
Biennial herb, about 3 feet high, naturalized from Europe, and
occurring in waste places from Canada to North Carolina, west to
Kansas and Minnesota.
_Parts used._--Leaves and root (nonofficial).
Cypripedium. See _Cypripedium hirsutum_ and _C. parviflorum_.
=Cypripedium hirsutum= Mill. =Orchid family (Orchidaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Cypripedium pubescens_ Willd.
Cypripedium; large yellow ladies-slipper; yellow moccasin-flower;
American valerian.
Herb, 1 to 2 feet high, native in woods and thickets from Nova
Scotia south to Alabama and west to Nebraska and Missouri.
_Parts used._--Rhizome and roots (official).
=Cypripedium parviflorum= Salisb. =Orchid family (Orchidaceae)=.
Cypripedium; small yellow ladies-slipper.
Herb, 1 to 2 feet high; native in woods and thickets from British
America to Georgia, Missouri, and Oregon.
_Parts used._--Rhizome and roots (official).
_Cypripedium pubescens_ Willd. Same as _Cypripedium hirsutum_.
=Cytisus scoparius= (L.) Link. =Pea family (Fabaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Sarothamnus scoparius_ Wimm.
Scoparius; broom; green broom; Scotch broom.
Stiff, wiry plant, 3 to 5 feet high; naturalized from Europe;
growing in dry, sandy soil from Massachusetts to Virginia and
becoming common in many places in the northwestern United States.
_Part used._--Tops (official).
Daisy, oxeye. See _Chrysanthemum leucanthemum_.
Daisy, white. See _Chrysanthemum leucanthemum_.
Daisy-fleabane. See _Erigeron philadelphicus_.
Damiana. See _Turnera microphylla_.
Dandelion. See _Taraxacum officinale_.
=Daphne mezereum= L. =Mezereon family (Daphnaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Mezereum officinarum_ C. A. Mey.
Mezereum; mezereon; spurge-laurel; paradise-plant; spurge-olive.
A very hardy shrub, introduced from Europe and escaped from
cultivation in Canada and New England.
_Part used._--Bark of this and of other European species of Daphne
(official).
=Datura stramonium= L. =Potato family (Solanaceae)=.
Stramonium; jimson-weed; Jamestown-weed; thorn-apple; apple-of-Peru.
Poisonous weed; annual, 2 to 5 feet high; introduced from the
Tropics, and occurring in fields and waste places throughout the
United States, with the exception of the North and West.
_Parts used._--Leaves (official); seeds (official in U. S. P. 1890).
=Daucus carota= L. =Parsley family (Apiaceae)=.
Wild carrot; Queen-Anne’s-lace.
Biennial herb, 2 to 3 feet high; naturalized from Europe; common
almost throughout the United States, growing in old fields and
along roadsides.
_Parts used._--Root, fruit, and leaves (nonofficial).
Deerberry. See _Gaultheria procumbens_ and _Mitchella repens_.
Deer-laurel. See _Rhododendron maximum_.
Deer’s-tongue. See _Trilisa odoratissima_.
Deerwood. See _Ostrya virginiana_.
Deerwort-boneset. See _Eupatorium ageratoides_.
=Delphinium consolida= L. =Crowfoot family (Ranunculaceae)=.
Field-larkspur; knight’s-spur; lark-heel.
An annual herb, about 2 feet high; naturalized from Europe, and
found in waste places from southern New Jersey and Pennsylvania
southward. The indigenous tall larkspur, _Delphinium urceolatum_
Jacq. (_D. exaltatum_ Ait.), is used for similar purposes. This
is found in woods from Pennsylvania to Minnesota, south to
Alabama and Nebraska.
_Parts used._--Herb and seeds (nonofficial).
_Delphinium exaltatum_ Ait. See under _Delphinium consolida_.
_Delphinium urceolatum_ Jacq. See under _Delphinium consolida_.
Devil’s-bit. See _Lacinaria scariosa_.
Devil’s-shoestring. See _Cracca virginiana_.
Dewberry. See _Rubus procumbens_.
Dewberry, one-flowered. See _Rubus villosus_.
Dewberry, southern. See _Rubus trivialis_.
_Dicentra canadensis_ Walp. Same as _Bikukulla canadensis_.
Digitalis. See _Digitalis purpurea_.
=Digitalis purpurea= L. =Figwort family (Scrophulariaceae)=.
Digitalis; foxglove; fairy-fingers; thimbles; lady’s-glove.
Very handsome biennial plant, 3 to 4 feet high; introduced from
Europe as a garden plant, and now escaped from cultivation in
parts of Oregon, Washington, and West Virginia.
_Parts used._--Leaves from plants of second year’s growth, gathered
at commencement of flowering (official).
=Dioscorea villosa= L. =Yam family (Dioscoreaceae)=.
Wild yam; colic-root; rheumatism-root.
Slender, herbaceous, native vine, growing in moist thickets from
Rhode Island to Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas; more
common in central and southern parts of the United States.
_Part used._--Rhizome (nonofficial).
=Diospyros virginiana= L. =Ebony family (Diospyraceae)=.
Persimmon.
Indigenous tree, 15 to 50 feet in height; in fields and woods,
Rhode Island to Kansas, Florida, and Texas.
_Parts used._--Bark and unripe fruit (nonofficial).
=Dirca palustris= L. =Mezereon family (Daphnaceae)=.
Leatherwood; moosewood; American mezereon; wickopy; rope-bark.
A native shrub, occurring in woods and thickets, New Brunswick
to Florida, west to Missouri and Minnesota; most common in the
Northern and Eastern States.
_Part used._--Bark (nonofficial).
Ditch-stonecrop. See _Penthorum sedoides_.
Dittany, American. See _Cunila origanoides_.
Dock, bitter. See _Rumex obtusifolius_.
Dock, blunt-leaved. See _Rumex obtusifolius_.
Dock, broad-leaved. See _Rumex obtusifolius_.
Dock, curled. See _Rumex crispus_.
Dock, narrow. See _Rumex crispus_.
Dock, sour. See _Rumex crispus_.
Dock, spatter-. See _Nymphaea advena_.
Dock, velvet. See _Verbascum thapsus_.
Dock, yellow. See _Rumex crispus_.
Dogbane, spreading. See _Apocynum androsaemifolium_.
Dogberry. See _Sorbus americana_.
Dog-fennel. See _Anthemis cotula_.
Dog-grass. See _Agropyron repens_.
Dog’s-tooth violet. See _Erythronium americanum_.
Dogwood, flowering. See _Cornus florida_.
Dogwood, round-leaved. See _Cornus circinata_.
Dogwood, swamp-. See _Cornus amomum_.
Dooryard-plantain. See _Plantago major_.
_Dracontium foetidum_ L. Same as _Spathyema foetida_.
Dragon’s-claw. See _Corallorhiza odontorhiza_.
Dropwort, western. See _Porteranthus trifoliatus_.
=Drosera rotundifolia= L. =Sundew family (Droseraceae)=.
Round-leaved sundew; youthwort.
Low, perennial herb, growing in bogs and muddy shores of rivers
from Canada to Florida and California.
_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).
=Dryopteris filix-mas= (L.) Schott. =Fern family (Polypodiaceae)=.
_Synonyms._--_Aspidium filix-mas_ Sw.; _Polypodium filix-mas_ L.
Aspidium; male-fern.
Fern, with leaves 1 to 3 feet long; in rocky woods from Canada to
northern Michigan, and in the Rocky Mountains to Arizona.
_Part used._--Rhizome (official).
=Dryopteris marginalis= (L.) A. Gray. =Fern family (Polypodiaceae)=.
_Synonyms._--_Aspidium marginale_ Sw.; _Polypodium marginale_ L.
Aspidium; evergreen wood-fern; marginal-fruited shield-fern.
Fern, with leaves 6 inches to 2½ feet long; in rocky woods from
Canada south to Alabama and Arkansas.
_Part used._--Rhizome (official).
Dulcamara. See _Solanum dulcamara_.
Dysentery-weed. See _Gnaphalium uliginosum_.
Earth-smoke. See _Fumaria officinalis_.
Echinacea. See _Brauneria angustifolia_.
_Echinacea angustifolia_ DC. Same as _Brauneria angustifolia_.
Elder. See _Sambucus canadensis_.
Elder, American. See _Sambucus canadensis_.
Elder, dwarf. See _Aralia hispida_.
Elder, sweet. See _Sambucus canadensis_.
Elder, wild. See _Aralia hispida_.
Elecampane. See _Inula helenium_.
Elk-tree. See _Oxydendrum arboreum_.
Elkwood. See _Magnolia tripetala_.
Elliott’s-sabbatia. See _Sabbatia elliottii_.
Elm. See _Ulmus fulva_.
Elm, Indian. See _Ulmus fulva_.
Elm, moose-. See _Ulmus fulva_.
Elm, red. See _Ulmus fulva_.
Elm, slippery. See _Ulmus fulva_.
Emetic-root. See _Euphorbia corollata_.
=Epigaea repens= L. =Heath family (Ericaceae)=.
Gravel-plant; trailing arbutus; mayflower.
Small, shrubby, native plant, spreading on the ground in sandy
soil, especially under evergreen trees, from Florida to Michigan
and northward.
_Part used._--Leaves (nonofficial).
_Epilobium angustifolium_ L. Same as _Chamaenerion angustifolium_.
=Epilobium palustre= L. =Evening-primrose family (Onagraceae)=.
Swamp willow-herb; wickup.
Slender, erect, native herb, 6 to 18 inches high, found in swamps
and marshes from Canada and the New England States west to
Colorado and Washington.
_Parts used._--Leaves and root (nonofficial).
_Epiphegus virginiana_ Bart. Same as _Leptamnium virginianum_.
=Equisetum hyemale= L. =Horsetail family (Equisetaceae)=.
Common scouring-rush; horsetail; shave-grass.
Rush-like perennial plant, growing in wet places along river banks
and borders of woods throughout nearly the whole of North America.
_Part used._--Plant (nonofficial).
=Erechtites hieracifolia= (L.) Raf. =Aster family (Asteraceae)=.
Fireweed; pilewort.
Native, annual herb, 1 to 8 feet high, in woods, fields, and waste
places, Canada to Florida, Louisiana, and Nebraska.
_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).
=Erigeron canadensis= L. =Aster family (Asteraceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Leptilon canadense_ (L.) Britton.[d]
Canada fleabane; horseweed; colt’s-tail; prideweed; bitterweed.
Native, annual weed, 3 inches to 10 feet in height; in fields and
meadows, along roadsides, and in waste places, almost throughout
North America.
_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial); the oil of erigeron, distilled
from the fresh, flowering herb, is official.
=Erigeron philadelphicus= L. =Aster family (Asteraceae)=.
Philadelphia fleabane; sweet scabious; daisy-fleabane.
Native, perennial herb, 1 to 3 feet high, in fields and woods
throughout North America, except extreme North.
_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).
Eriodictyon. See _Eriodictyon californicum_.
=Eriodictyon californicum= (H. & A.) Greene.
=Waterleaf family (Hydrophyllaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Eriodictyon glutinosum_ Benth.
Eriodictyon; yerba santa; mountain-balm; consumptive’s-weed;
bear’s-weed.
Shrubby plant, 2 to 4 feet high, native; grows in clumps in dry
situations and among rocks throughout California and northern
Mexico.
_Part used._--Leaves (official).
_Eriodictyon glutinosum_ Benth. Same as _Eriodictyon californicum_.
_Eryngium yuccaefolium_ Michx. Same as _Eryngium yuccifolium_.
=Eryngium yuccifolium= Michx. =Parsley family (Apiaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Eryngium yuccaefolium_ Michx.
Water-eryngo; button-snakeroot; rattlesnake-weed;
rattlesnake-master; corn-snakeroot.
Native, perennial herb, 1 to 5 feet high, growing in swamps and low
wet ground from the pine barrens of New Jersey west to Minnesota,
and south to Texas and Florida.
_Part used._--Rhizome (nonofficial).
Eryngo, water-. See _Eryngium yuccifolium_.
=Erythronium americanum= Ker. =Lily family (Liliaceae)=.
Yellow adder’s-tongue; dog’s-tooth violet; yellow snowdrop;
rattlesnake-violet; yellow snakeleaf.
Native, perennial herb, occurring in moist woods and thickets, Nova
Scotia to Minnesota, south to Arkansas and Florida.
_Parts used._--Leaves and root (nonofficial).
Euonymus. See _Euonymus atropurpureus_.
=Euonymus atropurpureus= Jacq. =Staff-tree family (Celastraceae)=.
Euonymus; wahoo; burningbush; spindle-tree; Indian arrowwood.
Native shrub or small tree, growing in woods and thickets from
Ontario and eastern United States west to Montana.
_Part used._--Bark of root (official).
Eupatorium. See _Eupatorium perfoliatum_.
=Eupatorium ageratoides= L. f. =Aster family (Asteraceae)=.
White snakeroot; white sanicle; Indian sanicle; deerwort-boneset;
poolwort; poolroot; richweed; squaw-weed.
Erect, perennial herb, 1 to 4 feet high, native; in rich woods from
Canada to Georgia, west to Nebraska and Louisiana.
_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).
=Eupatorium aromaticum= L. =Aster family (Asteraceae)=.
Smaller white snakeroot; poolwort; poolroot; wild hoarhound.
Native, perennial herb, 1 to 2 feet high; in dry soil from
Massachusetts to Florida, especially throughout the Middle States.
_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).
=Eupatorium perfoliatum= L. =Aster family (Asteraceae)=.
Eupatorium; boneset; thoroughwort; Indian sage; agueweed; crosswort.
Native, perennial herb, 1 to 5 feet high; in low, wet places from
Canada to Florida, west to Texas and Nebraska.
_Parts used._--Leaves and flowering tops (official).
=Eupatorium purpureum= L. =Aster family (Asteraceae)=.
Queen-of-the-meadow; gravelroot; Joe-Pye-weed; purple boneset;
kidneyroot.
Native, perennial herb, 3 to 10 feet high; in low grounds from
Canada to Florida and Texas.
_Parts used._--Root and herb (nonofficial).
=Euphorbia corollata= L. =Spurge family (Euphorbiaceae)=.
Flowering spurge; emetic-root; milk-ipecac; snakemilk; purging-root.
Native, perennial herb, about 3 feet in height, growing in dry
fields and woods from Ontario to Florida and Minnesota to Texas.
_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).
_Euphorbia hypericifolia_ A. Gray. Same as _Euphorbia nutans_.
=Euphorbia ipecacuanhae= L. =Spurge family (Euphorbiaceae)=.
Wild ipecac; ipecac-spurge; American ipecac; Carolina ipecac.
Native, perennial herb, 4 to 10 inches high; in dry, sandy soil,
mostly near the coast, from Connecticut to Florida.
_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).
=Euphorbia nutans= Lag. =Spurge family (Euphorbiaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Euphorbia hypericifolia_ A. Gray.
Large spotted spurge; black purslane; fluxweed; milk-purslane.
Native, annual plant, from ½ to 2 feet in height; in rich soils,
fields, and thickets throughout eastern North America, except
extreme north, and extending west to the Rocky Mountains.
_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).
=Euphorbia pilulifera= L. =Spurge family (Euphorbiaceae)=.
Pill-bearing spurge; snakeweed; Queensland asthma-weed.
Herbaceous annual, 10 to 15 inches high, occurring from the Gulf
States through Texas to New Mexico.
_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).
Evening-primrose. See _Oenothera biennis_.
Everlasting. See _Anaphalis margaritacea_.
Everlasting, large-flowered. See _Anaphalis margaritacea_.
Everlasting, pearly. See _Anaphalis margaritacea_.
Eve’s-cup. See _Sarracenia flava_.
=Fagara clava-herculis= (L.) Small. =Rue family (Rutaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Xanthoxylum clava-herculis_ L.
Xanthoxylum; southern prickly ash; toothache-tree; yellowthorn;
yellowwood; Hercules-club.
Small, indigenous, very prickly tree, sometimes 45 feet in height,
occurring along streams from southern Virginia to Florida, west
to Texas and Arkansas.
_Parts used._--Bark official under the name “Xanthoxylum”; berries
(nonofficial).
=Fagus americana= Sweet. =Beech family (Fagaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Fagus ferruginea_ Ait.
American beech; beechnut-tree.
Large, native forest tree, growing in rich soil from Nova Scotia to
Florida, west to Wisconsin and Texas.
_Parts used._--Bark and leaves (nonofficial).
_Fagus ferruginea_ Ait. Same as _Fagus americana_.
Fairy-fingers. See _Digitalis purpurea_.
Featherfew. See _Chrysanthemum parthenium_.
Febrifuge-plant. See _Chrysanthemum parthenium_.
Female-fern. See _Athyrium filix-foemina_ and _Polypodium vulgare_.
Fennel, dog-. See _Anthemis cotula_.
Fern, evergreen wood-. See _Dryopteris marginalis_.
Fern, female-. See _Athyrium filix-foemina_ and _Polypodium vulgare_.
Fern, lady-. See _Athyrium filix-foemina_.
Fern, maidenhair-. See _Adiantum pedatum_.
Fern, male-. See _Dryopteris filix-mas_.
Fern, marginal-fruited shield-. See _Dryopteris marginalis_.
Fern, meadow-. See _Comptonia peregrina_.
Fern, parsley-. See _Tanacetum vulgare_.
Fern, royal. See _Osmunda regalis_.
Fern, sweet. See _Comptonia peregrina_.
Fernroot. See _Polypodium vulgare_.
Feverbush. See _Benzoin benzoin_ and _Ilex verticillata_.
Feverfew, common. See _Chrysanthemum parthenium_.
Feverroot. See _Triosteum perfoliatum_.
Fevertwig. See _Celastrus scandens_.
Field-balm. See _Glecoma hederacea_.
Field-larkspur. See _Delphinium consolida_.
Field-sorrel. See _Rumex acetosella_.
Figwort, Maryland. See _Scrophularia marilandica_.
Fir, balsam-. See _Abies balsamea_.
Fireweed. See _Erechtites hieracifolia_.
Fit-plant. See _Monotropa uniflora_.
Fitroot. See _Monotropa uniflora_.
Fivefinger. See _Potentilla canadensis_.
Flag, blue. See _Iris versicolor_.
Flag, cattail-. See _Typha latifolia_.
Flag, sweet-. See _Acorus calamus_.
Flag, water-. See _Iris versicolor_.
Flag-lily. See _Iris versicolor_.
Flannel-leaf. See _Verbascum thapsus_.
Fleabane, Canada. See _Erigeron canadensis_.
Fleabane, daisy-. See _Erigeron philadelphicus_.
Fleabane, Philadelphia. See _Erigeron philadelphicus_.
Fluxweed. See _Euphorbia nutans_.
Flytrap. See _Sarracenia purpurea_.
Foamflower. See _Tiarella cordifolia_.
Foxglove. See _Digitalis purpurea_.
=Fragaria virginiana= Duchesne. =Rose family (Rosaceae)=.
Virginia strawberry; scarlet strawberry.
Native, perennial herb, occurring in dry soil from Canada to
Georgia, west to Indian Territory and Minnesota.
_Part used._--Leaves (nonofficial).
=Frankenia grandifolia= Cham. & Schlecht.
=Frankenia family (Frankeniaceae)=.
Yerba reuma.
Native, perennial herb, 8 to 13 inches high, common in salt marshes
and sandy localities near the coast in California.
_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).
=Frasera carolinensis= Walt. =Gentian family (Gentianaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Frasera walteri_ Michx.
American columbo; Indian lettuce; meadowpride; pyramid-flower.
Smooth, perennial herb, 3 to 8 feet high, found in dry soil from
New York to Wisconsin, south to Georgia and Kentucky.
_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).
_Frasera walteri_ Michx. Same as _Frasera carolinensis_.
_Fraxinus acuminata_ Lam. Same as _Fraxinus americana_.
_Fraxinus alba_ Marsh. Same as _Fraxinus americana_.
=Fraxinus americana= L. =Olive family (Oleaceae)=.
_Synonyms._--_Fraxinus alba_ Marsh; _Fraxinus acuminata_ Lam.
White ash; cane-ash.
Large, native forest tree, in rich woods from Nova Scotia to
Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas. Occurs chiefly in the
Northern States and Canada.
_Part used._--Bark (nonofficial).
=Fraxinus nigra= Marsh. =Olive family (Oleaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Fraxinus sambucifolia_ Lam.
Black ash; hoop-ash.
Native tree, 40 to 70 feet in height, occurring in swamps and wet
woods from Canada to Virginia and Arkansas.
_Part used._--Bark (nonofficial).
_Fraxinus sambucifolia_ Lam. Same as _Fraxinus nigra_.
Fringe-tree. See _Chionanthus virginica_.
Frost-plant. See _Helianthemum canadense_.
Frostweed. See _Helianthemum canadense_.
Frostwort. See _Helianthemum canadense_.
Fuller’s-herb. See _Saponaria officinalis_.
=Fumaria officinalis= L. =Poppy family (Papaveraceae)=.
Fumitory; hedge-fumitory; earth-smoke.
Annual plant, 10 to 15 inches high, adventive from Europe and found
in waste places about dwellings, in cultivated land, and on
ballast, Nova Scotia to the Gulf States.
_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).
Fumitory. See _Fumaria officinalis_.
Fumitory, hedge-. See _Fumaria officinalis_.
Gagroot. See _Lobelia inflata_.
Gale, sweet. See _Myrica gale_.
=Galium aparine= L. =Madder family (Rubiaceae)=.
Cleavers; goose-grass; cleaverwort; bedstraw; catchweed.
Annual plant, with weak, procumbent stem, 2 to 6 feet long, growing
in shady thickets and margins of woods, New Brunswick south to
Florida and Texas. Naturalized from Europe.
_Part used._--Herb of this and of other species of Galium
(nonofficial).
Gallweed. See _Gentiana quinquefolia_.
Garden-balm. See _Melissa officinalis_.
Garden-celandine. See _Chelidonium majus_.
Garden-columbine. See _Aquilegia vulgaris_.
Garden-valerian. See _Valeriana officinalis_.
Garget. See _Phytolacca decandra_.
=Gaultheria procumbens= L. =Heath family (Ericaceae)=.
Wintergreen; checkerberry; mountain-tea; teaberry; deerberry.
Small, native perennial, with evergreen leaves, found in sandy
soils in cool, damp woods, especially under evergreen trees, in
Canada and the northeastern United States.
_Part used._--Leaves (nonofficial); the oil of gaultheria,
distilled from the leaves, is official.
Gay-feather. See _Lacinaria scariosa_ and _L. spicata_.
Gelsemium. See _Gelsemium sempervirens_.
=Gelsemium sempervirens= (L.) Ait. f. =Logania family (Loganiaceae)=.
Gelsemium; yellow jasmine; Carolina jasmine; wild woodbine.
Twining, shrubby perennial, native, growing on low ground in woods
and thickets from eastern Virginia to Florida and Texas, mostly
near the coast.
_Parts used._--Rhizome and roots (official).
Gemfruit. See _Tiarella cordifolia_.
Gentian, American. See _Gentiana saponaria_.
Gentian, blue. See _Gentiana saponaria_.
Gentian, five-flowered. See _Gentiana quinquefolia_.
Gentian, horse-. See _Triosteum perfoliatum_.
Gentian, marsh-. See _Gentiana villosa_.
Gentian, snake-. See _Nabalus serpentarius_.
Gentian, soapwort-. See _Gentiana saponaria_.
Gentian, stiff. See _Gentiana quinquefolia_.
Gentian, straw-colored. See _Gentiana villosa_.
Gentian, striped. See _Gentiana villosa_.
Gentian, white. See _Triosteum perfoliatum_.
_Gentiana catesbaei_ Walt. Same as _Gentiana saponaria_.
_Gentiana ochroleuca_ Froel. Same as _Gentiana villosa_.
_Gentiana quinqueflora_ Lam. Same as _Gentiana quinquefolia_.
=Gentiana quinquefolia= L. =Gentian family (Gentianaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Gentiana quinqueflora_ Lam.
Stiff gentian; five-flowered gentian; agueweed; gallweed.
Native, annual plant, 1 to 2 feet in height, growing in pastures
and other open situations from Maine to Michigan, south to
Florida and Missouri.
_Parts used._--Root and herb (nonofficial).
=Gentiana saponaria= L. =Gentian family (Gentianaceae)=.
_Synonym_.--_Gentiana catesbaei_ Walt.
American gentian; blue gentian; soapwort-gentian.
Native, perennial herb, 1 to 2½ feet high; in wet soil, Ontario to
Minnesota, south to Louisiana and Florida.
_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).
=Gentiana villosa= L. =Gentian family (Gentianaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Gentiana ochroleuca_ Froel.
Striped gentian; straw-colored gentian; marsh-gentian;
Sampson’s-snakeroot.
Native, perennial herb, 6 to 18 inches high; in shaded places,
Middle and Southern States.
_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).
Geranium. See _Geranium maculatum_.
=Geranium maculatum= L. =Geranium family (Geraniaceae)=.
Geranium; wild crane’s-bill; spotted crane’s-bill; wild geranium;
spotted geranium; alum-root.
Native, perennial herb, 1 to 1½ feet high; found in low grounds and
open woods from Canada south to Georgia and Missouri.
_Part used._--Rhizome (official).
Geranium, spotted. See _Geranium maculatum_.
Geranium, wild. See _Geranium maculatum_.
=Geum rivale= L. =Rose family (Rosaceae)=.
Water-avens; purple avens.
Native, perennial herb, 1 to 2 feet high, occurring in swamps and
wet meadows from Canada to Pennsylvania and Colorado, especially
in the Northern and Middle States.
_Parts used._--Rhizome and rootlets (nonofficial).
Ghostflower. See _Monotropa uniflora_.
_Gillenia trifoliata_ Moench. Same as _Porteranthus trifoliatus_.
Gill-over-the-ground. See _Glecoma hederacea_.
Ginger, Indian. See _Asarum canadense_.
Ginger, wild. See _Asarum canadense_.
Gingerroot. See _Tussilago farfara_.
Ginseng. See _Panax quinquefolium_.
=Glecoma hederacea= L. =Mint family (Menthaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Nepeta glechoma_ Benth.
Ground-ivy; gill-over-the-ground; catfoot; field-balm.
Low, perennial herb, with creeping stem. Naturalized from Europe
and found in waste places, woods, and thickets from Newfoundland
to Minnesota, south to Georgia and Kansas.
_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).
Globeflower. See _Cephalanthus occidentalis_.
_Gnaphalium margaritaceum_ L. Same as _Anaphalis margaritacea_.
=Gnaphalium obtusifolium= L. =Aster family (Asteraceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Gnaphalium polycephalum_ Michx.
Sweet balsam; life-everlasting; sweet life-everlasting; white
balsam.
Native, herbaceous annual, 1 to 2 feet high; in dry, open places
and old fields from Nova Scotia and Manitoba south to Florida and
Texas.
_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).
_Gnaphalium polycephalum_ Michx. Same as _Gnaphalium obtusifolium_.
=Gnaphalium uliginosum= L. =Aster family (Asteraceae)=.
Mouse-ear; low cudweed; marsh-cudweed; wartwort; dysentery-weed.
Annual herb, 2 to 8 inches high, occurring in damp soil from
Newfoundland to Minnesota, south to Indiana and Virginia;
apparently naturalized from Europe.
_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).
_Gnaphalium undulatum_ Walt. Same as _Pterocaulon undulatum_.
Goat’s-rue. See _Cracca virginiana_.
Goldenrod, anise-scented. See _Solidago odora_.
Goldenrod, fragrant-leaved. See _Solidago odora_.
Goldenrod, sweet. See _Solidago odora_.
Goldenseal. See _Hydrastis canadensis_.
Goldthread. See _Coptis trifolia_.
_Goodyera pubescens_ R. Br. Same as _Peramium pubescens_.
_Goodyera repens_ R. Br. Same as _Peramium repens_.
Goose-grass. See _Galium aparine_.
Grape, Oregon. See _Berberis aquifolium_.
Grape, Rocky Mountain. See _Berberis aquifolium_.
Gravel-plant. See _Epigaea repens_.
Gravelroot. See _Eupatorium purpureum_.
Gravel-weed. See _Onosmodium virginianum_.
Greenbrier, long-stalked. See _Smilax pseudo-china_.
Grindelia. See _Grindelia robusta_ and _G. squarrosa_.
=Grindelia robusta= Nutt. =Aster family (Asteraceae)=.
Grindelia; gum-plant.
Perennial herb, about 1½ feet high, native in the States west of
the Rocky Mountains.
_Parts used._--Leaves and flowering tops (official).
Grindelia, scaly. See _Grindelia squarrosa_.
=Grindelia squarrosa= (Pursh) Dunal. =Aster family (Asteraceae)=.
Grindelia; scaly grindelia; broad-leaved gum-plant.
Perennial herb, 1 to 2 feet high, native; occurring on the plains
and prairies from the Saskatchewan to Minnesota, Texas, and
California.
_Parts used._--Leaves and flowering tops (official).
Gromwell, Virginia false. See _Onosmodium virginianum_.
Ground-centaury. See _Polygala nuttallii_.
Ground-ivy. See _Glecoma hederacea_.
Ground-raspberry. See _Hydrastis canadensis_.
Ground-squirrel pea. See _Jeffersonia diphylla_.
Gum, cotton-. See _Nyssa aquatica_.
Gum, red. See _Liquidambar styraciflua_.
Gum, star-leaved. See _Liquidambar styraciflua_.
Gum, sweet-. See _Liquidambar styraciflua_.
Gum, tupelo. See _Nyssa aquatica_.
Gum-plant. See _Grindelia robusta_.
Gum-plant, broad-leaved. See _Grindelia squarrosa_.
Gypsy-flower. See _Cynoglossum officinale_.
Gypsy-weed. See _Lycopus virginicus_.
Hackmatack. See _Larix laricina_.
Haircap-moss. See _Polytrichum juniperinum_.
Hamamelis. See _Hamamelis virginiana_.
=Hamamelis virginiana= L. =Witch-hazel family (Hamamelidaceae)=.
Hamamelis; witch-hazel; winterbloom; snapping hazel.
Indigenous shrub, found in low, damp woods from New Brunswick to
Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas.
_Parts used._--Leaves (collected in autumn), bark, and twigs
(official).
Hardhack. See _Spiraea tomentosa_.
Hart’s-thorn. See _Rhamnus cathartica_.
Haw, black. See _Viburnum prunifolium_.
Hawkweed, early. See _Hieracium venosum_.
Hawthorn. See _Crataegus oxyacantha_.
Hazel, snapping. See _Hamamelis virginiana_.
Heal-all. See _Prunella vulgaris_ and _Scrophularia marilandica_.
Healing-herb. See _Symphytum officinale_.
Heart-liverleaf. See _Hepatica acuta_.
Heartsease. See _Viola tricolor_.
Hedeoma. See _Hedeoma pulegioides_.
=Hedeoma pulegioides= (L.) Pers. =Mint family (Menthaceae)=.
Hedeoma; American pennyroyal; tickweed; squawmint.
Low, native, annual plant, 6 to 12 inches high, growing in barren
woods and dry fields, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to Nebraska
and Florida.
_Parts used._--Leaves and flowering tops, and the volatile oil
distilled from these, are official.
Hedge-fumitory. See _Fumaria officinalis_.
Hedgethorn. See _Crataegus oxyacantha_.
=Helenium autumnale= L. =Aster family (Asteraceae)=.
Sneezeweed; sneezewort; swamp-sunflower.
Native perennial, 2 to 3 feet high, growing in swamps, wet fields,
and meadows, Canada to Florida and Arizona.
_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).
=Helianthemum canadense= (L.) Michx. =Rock-rose family (Cistaceae)=.
Frostweed; frostwort; frost-plant; Canadian rock-rose.
Native, perennial herb, about one foot in height; in dry, sandy
soil, Maine to Wisconsin, south to North Carolina and Kentucky.
_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).
Hellebore, American. See _Veratrum viride_.
Hellebore, green. See _Veratrum viride_.
Hellebore, swamp-. See _Veratrum viride_.
Helmetpod. See _Jeffersonia diphylla_.
_Helonias dioica_ Pursh. Same as _Chamaelirium luteum_.
Hemlock. See _Tsuga canadensis_.
Hemlock, poison-. See _Conium maculatum_.
Hemlock, water-. See _Cicuta maculata_.
Hemlock-spruce. See _Tsuga canadensis_.
Hemp, black Indian. See _Apocynum cannabinum_.
Hemp, Canadian. See _Apocynum cannabinum_.
Hemp, white Indian. See _Asclepias incarnata_.
Henbane. See _Hyoscyamus niger_.
=Hepatica acuta= (Pursh) Britton. =Crowfoot family (Ranunculaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Hepatica acutiloba_ DC.
Heart-liverleaf; sharp-lobed liverleaf; liverwort.
Perennial herb, 4 to 9 inches high, found in woods from Quebec and
Ontario, south to Georgia (but rare near the coast), west to Iowa
and Minnesota.
_Part used._--Leaves (nonofficial).
_Hepatica acutiloba_ DC. Same as _Hepatica acuta_.
=Hepatica hepatica= (L.) Karst. =Crowfoot family (Ranunculaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Hepatica triloba_ Chaix.
Round-lobed liverleaf; kidney-liverleaf; liverwort.
Perennial herb, 4 to 6 inches high; in woods from Nova Scotia to
northern Florida, west to Iowa and Missouri; less common than the
heart-liverleaf.
_Part used._--Leaves (nonofficial).
_Hepatica triloba_ Chaix. Same as _Hepatica hepatica_.
=Heracleum lanatum= Michx. =Parsley family (Apiaceae)=.
Masterwort; cow-parsnip; youthwort.
Native, perennial herb, 3 to 5 feet high, growing in moist meadows
and cultivated ground from Canada south to North Carolina, Utah,
and California.
_Parts used._--Root, leaves, and seeds (nonofficial).
Hercules-club. See _Fagara clava-herculis_.
=Heuchera americana= L. =Saxifrage family (Saxifragaceae)=.
Alum-root; American sanicle.
Native, perennial herb, 2 to 4 feet in height; in shady, rocky
woodlands from Connecticut to Minnesota, south to Alabama and
Louisiana.
_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).
Hickory, shellbark-. See _Hicoria ovata_.
=Hicoria ovata= (Mill.) Britton. =Walnut family (Juglandaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Carya alba_ Nutt.
Shagbark, shellbark-hickory.
Large, native tree, sometimes 120 feet in height; in rich soil from
Quebec to southern Ontario and Minnesota, south to Florida and
Texas.
_Parts used._--Bark and leaves (nonofficial).
=Hieracium venosum= L. =Chicory family (Cichoriaceae)=.
Early hawkweed; rattlesnake-weed; bloodwort; striped bloodwort.
Perennial herb, 1 to 2 feet high, native; occurring in dry woods
and thickets from Maine to Georgia, west to Nebraska; more common
in the northern and eastern United States.
_Parts used._--Leaves and root (nonofficial).
Highbelia. See _Lobelia siphilitica_.
Hive-vine. See _Mitchella repens_.
Hoarhound. See _Marrubium vulgare_.
Hoarhound, water-. See _Lycopus virginicus_.
Hoarhound, wild. See _Eupatorium aromaticum_.
Hog-potato. See _Ipomoea pandurata_.
Hog’s-bean. See _Hyoscyamus niger_.
Hogweed. See _Ambrosia artemisiaefolia_.
Holly, American. See _Ilex opaca_.
Holly, white. See _Ilex opaca_.
Honeybloom. See _Apocynum androsaemifolium_.
Hoodwort. See _Scutellaria lateriflora_.
Hoop-ash. See _Fraxinus nigra_.
Hop-hornbeam. See _Ostrya virginiana_.
Hop-tree. See _Ptelea trifoliata_.
Hornbeam, hop-. See _Ostrya virginiana_.
Horse-balm. See _Collinsonia canadensis_.
Horse-chestnut. See _Aesculus hippocastanum_.
Horsefly-weed. See _Baptisia tinctoria_.
Horsefoot. See _Tussilago farfara_.
Horse-gentian. See _Triosteum perfoliatum_.
Horseheal. See _Inula helenium_.
Horsemint. See _Monarda fistulosa_ and _M. punctata_.
Horse-nettle. See _Solanum carolinense_.
Horsetail. See _Equisetum hyemale_.
Horseweed. See _Erigeron canadensis_.
Hound’s-tongue. See _Cynoglossum officinale_.
Hydrangea. See _Hydrangea arborescens_.
=Hydrangea arborescens= L. =Hydrangea family (Hydrangeaceae)=.
Hydrangea; wild hydrangea; seven-barks.
Indigenous shrub, 5 or 6 feet in height; on rocky river banks from
southern New York to Florida, west to Iowa and Missouri; very
abundant in the valley of the Delaware.
_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).
Hydrangea, wild. See _Hydrangea arborescens_.
Hydrastis. See _Hydrastis canadensis_.
=Hydrastis canadensis= L. =Crowfoot family (Ranunculaceae)=.
Hydrastis; goldenseal; yellowroot; ground-raspberry; orangeroot;
yellow puccoon.
Perennial herb, about 1 foot in height, native in rich soil in
shady woods, southern New York to Minnesota, south to Georgia and
Missouri, but principally in Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, and West
Virginia.
_Parts used._--Rhizome and roots (official).
Hyoscyamus. See _Hyoscyamus niger_.
=Hyoscyamus niger= L. =Potato family (Solanaceae)=.
Hyoscyamus; henbane; hog’s-bean; insane-root.
Biennial herb, 6 inches to 2 feet high, sparingly naturalized from
Europe, in waste places from Nova Scotia to Ontario, New York,
and Michigan.
_Parts used._--Leaves and flowering tops from plants of second
year’s growth (official); seeds are also used (nonofficial).
=Hypericum perforatum= L. =St. John’s-wort family (Hypericaceae)=.
John’s-wort; common St. John’s-wort.
Herbaceous perennial, 1 to 2 feet high, naturalized from Europe;
common in fields and waste places throughout almost the entire
United States, except the Southern States.
_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).
Hyssop. See _Hyssopus officinalis_.
Hyssop, wild. See _Verbena hastata_.
Hyssop-skullcap. See _Scutellaria integrifolia_.
=Hyssopus officinalis= L. =Mint family (Menthaceae)=.
Hyssop.
Perennial herb, 1 to 3 feet high, naturalized from Europe, and
found along roadsides and in waste places from Ontario and Maine
to North Carolina, and on the Pacific coast.
_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).
=Ilex opaca= Ait. =Holly family (Aquifoliaceae)=.
American holly; white holly.
Native tree, 20 to 40 feet in height, with evergreen leaves; in
moist woodlands, Maine to Florida, and west to Missouri and
Texas; most abundant in the Atlantic States.
_Parts used._--Leaves and bark (nonofficial).
=Ilex verticillata= (L.) A. Gray. =Holly family (Aquifoliaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Prinos verticillata_ L.
Black alder; feverbush; Virginia winterberry.
A native shrub, growing in moist woods and along banks of streams
from Nova Scotia to Florida, west to Wisconsin and Missouri.
_Parts used._--Bark and berries (nonofficial).
=Impatiens aurea= Muhl. =Jewelweed family (Impatientaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Impatiens pallida_ Nutt.
Jewelweed; pale touch-me-not; snapweed; wild celandine.
Native, annual plant, 2 to 4 feet high, found in rich soil in
moist, shady places from Quebec to Oregon, south to Georgia and
Kansas.
_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).
=Impatiens biflora= Walt. =Jewelweed family (Impatientaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Impatiens fulva_ Nutt.
Jewelweed; spotted touch-me-not; snapweed; silverleaf.
Native, annual plant, 2 to 5 feet high, growing in rich soil in
moist, shady places from Canada to Alaska and Oregon, south to
Florida and Missouri; more common than the pale touch-me-not.
_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).
_Impatiens fulva_ Nutt. Same as _Impatiens biflora_.
_Impatiens pallida_ Nutt. Same as _Impatiens aurea_.
Indian-cup. See _Silphium perfoliatum_.
Indian-paint. See _Sanguinaria canadensis_.
Indian-physic. See _Porteranthus trifoliatus_.
Indian-pipe. See _Monotropa uniflora_.
Indian-root. See _Aralia racemosa_.
Indigo, American. See _Baptisia tinctoria_.
Indigo, wild. See _Baptisia tinctoria_.
Indigo, yellow. See _Baptisia tinctoria_.
Indigo-weed. See _Baptisia tinctoria_.
Inkberry. See _Phytolacca decandra_.
Inkroot. See _Limonium carolinianum_.
Insane-root. See _Hyoscyamus niger_.
Inula. See _Inula helenium_.
=Inula helenium= L. =Aster family (Asteraceae)=.
Inula; elecampane; horseheal; scabwort.
Rough, perennial herb, 3 to 6 feet high, naturalized from Europe,
and found along roadsides and in fields and pastures from Nova
Scotia to North Carolina, westward to Missouri and Minnesota.
_Part used._--Root (official in U. S. P. 1890).
Ipecac, American. See _Euphorbia ipecacuanhae_.
Ipecac, Carolina. See _Euphorbia ipecacuanhae_.
Ipecac, false. See _Porteranthus trifoliatus_.
Ipecac, milk-. See _Euphorbia corollata_.
Ipecac, wild. See _Euphorbia ipecacuanhae_ and _Triosteum perfoliatum_.
Ipecac-spurge. See _Euphorbia ipecacuanhae_.
=Ipomoea pandurata= (L.) Meyer. =Morning-glory family (Convolvulaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Convolvulus panduratus_ L.
Manroot; man-of-the-earth; wild potato; hog-potato; wild jalap.
Native perennial, with trailing stems 2 to 12 feet long; in dry
fields or on hills from Connecticut to Michigan, south to Florida
and Texas.
_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).
Iris. See _Iris versicolor_.
=Iris versicolor= L. =Iris family (Iridaceae)=.
Iris; blue flag; flag-lily; liver-lily; water-flag; snake-lily.
Native, perennial plant, 2 to 3 feet high, found in wet, marshy
localities from Newfoundland to Manitoba, south to Florida and
Arkansas.
_Parts used._--Rhizome and roots (official in U. S. P. 1890).
Ironwood. See _Ostrya virginiana_.
Ivy, American. See _Parthenocissus quinquefolia_.
Ivy, ground-. See _Glecoma hederacea_.
Ivy, poison-. See _Rhus radicans_ and _R. toxicodendron_.
Jack-in-the-pulpit. See _Arisaema triphyllum_.
Jacob’s-ladder. See _Polemonium reptans_.
Jacob’s-ladder, American. See _Smilax herbacea_.
Jalap, wild. See _Ipomoea pandurata_.
James-tea. See _Ledum groenlandicum_.
Jamestown-weed. See _Datura stramonium_.
Jasmine, Carolina. See _Gelsemium sempervirens_.
Jasmine, yellow. See _Gelsemium sempervirens_.
=Jeffersonia diphylla= (L.) Pers. =Barberry family (Berberidaceae)=.
Twinleaf; rheumatism-root; helmetpod; yellowroot; ground-squirrel
pea.
Native, perennial plant, 8 to 14 inches in height, growing in woods
and near streams from New York to Virginia, westward to Wisconsin.
_Part used._--Rhizome (nonofficial).
Jewelweed. See _Impatiens aurea_ and _I. biflora_.
Jimson-weed. See _Datura stramonium_.
Job’s-tears, wild. See _Onosmodium virginianum_.
Joe-Pye-weed. See _Eupatorium purpureum_.
John’s-wort. See _Hypericum perforatum_.
Judas-tree. See _Cercis canadensis_.
Juglans. See _Juglans cinerea_.
=Juglans cinerea= L. =Walnut family (Juglandaceae)=.
Juglans; butternut; white walnut.
Indigenous tree, 20 to 50 feet in height, common in rich woods from
New Brunswick to North Dakota, south to Georgia, Mississippi, and
Arkansas.
_Part used._--Bark of root, collected in autumn (official in U. S.
P. 1890).
Juniper. See _Juniperus communis_.
=Juniperus communis= L. =Pine family (Pinaceae)=.
Juniper.
Evergreen shrub or low tree, common on dry, sterile hills from
Canada south to New Jersey, west to Nebraska, and in the Rocky
Mountains to New Mexico.
_Part used._--Fruit (nonofficial). The oil of juniper, distilled
from the fruit, is official.
=Juniperus sabina= L. =Pine family (Pinaceae)=.
Sabina; savin; shrubby red cedar.
A shrub, usually procumbent, seldom more than 4 feet in height,
occurring in rocky places in the northern United States.
_Part used._--Tops, and the oil of savin, distilled from the fresh
tops, are official.
=Juniperus virginiana= L. =Pine family (Pinaceae)=.
Red cedar; red savin.
A tree, sometimes 100 feet in height, common in dry soil from
Canada to Florida and Arizona.
_Part used._--Leaves and “cedar apples” (nonofficial).
=Kalmia angustifolia= L. =Heath family (Ericaceae)=.
Sheep-laurel; lambkill; calfkill; narrow-leaved laurel.
Native, evergreen shrub, about 3 feet high, growing in moist soil
from Canada south to Georgia.
_Part used._--Leaves (nonofficial).
=Kalmia latifolia= L. =Heath family (Ericaceae)=.
Mountain-laurel; calico-bush; broad-leaved laurel; sheep-laurel.
Native, evergreen shrub, 10 to 20 feet high, growing in sandy or
rocky soil from New Brunswick to Ohio, Florida, and Louisiana.
_Part used._--Leaves (nonofficial).
Kidney-liverleaf. See _Hepatica hepatica_.
Kidneyroot. See _Eupatorium purpureum_.
Knight’s-spur. See _Delphinium consolida_.
Knobroot. See _Collinsonia canadensis_.
Knotweed, biting. See _Polygonum hydropiper_.
=Koellia montana= (Michx.) Kuntze. =Mint family (Menthaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Pycnanthemum montanum_ Michx.
Thin-leaved mountain-mint.
Native perennial, 2 to 3 feet high, found in woods from southern
Virginia to Georgia and Alabama.
_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).
=Koellia pilosa= (Nutt.) Britton. =Mint family (Menthaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Pycnanthemum pilosum_ Nutt.
Hairy mountain-mint.
Native perennial, 1 to 2½ feet high, occurring in prairies and dry
woods from Ohio to Georgia, west to Missouri and Arkansas.
_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).
=Lacinaria scariosa= (L.) Hill. =Aster family (Asteraceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Liatris scariosa_ Willd.
Blue blazingstar; large button-snakeroot; rattlesnake-master;
gay-feather; devil’s-bit.
Native, perennial herb, 4 to 5 feet high, found in dry woods and
sandy fields from Maine to Florida, west to Texas and Nebraska.
_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).
=Lacinaria spicata= (L.) Kuntze. =Aster family (Asteraceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Liatris spicata_ Willd.
Dense button-snakeroot; colic-root; prairie-pine; gay-feather;
rattlesnake-master; corn-snakeroot; backache-root.
Native, perennial herb, 2 to 5 feet high, in moist places from
Massachusetts to Florida, west to Wisconsin and Arkansas.
_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).
=Lacinaria squarrosa= (L.) Hill. =Aster family (Asteraceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Liatris squarrosa_ Willd.
Scaly blazingstar; colic-root; rattlesnake-master (in the South).
Native, perennial herb, 2 to 3 feet high, in dry soil, Ontario to
Florida, west to Nebraska and Texas.
_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).
=Lactuca canadensis= L. =Chicory family (Cichoriaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Lactuca elongata_ Muhl.
Wild lettuce; tall lettuce; wild opium; trumpet-milkweed.
Annual or biennial plant, 3 to 10 feet in height, native in moist,
open places, British America south to Georgia and Louisiana.
_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).
_Lactuca elongata_ Muhl. Same as _Lactuca canadensis_.
Ladies-slipper, large yellow. See _Cypripedium hirsutum_.
Ladies-slipper, small yellow. See _Cypripedium parviflorum_.
Lady-fern. See _Athyrium filix-foemina_.
Lady’s-glove. See _Digitalis purpurea_.
Lambkill. See _Kalmia angustifolia_.
Lappa. See _Arctium lappa_.
_Lappa major_ Gaertn. Same as _Arctium lappa_.
Larch, American. See _Larix laricina_.
Larch, black. See _Larix laricina_.
_Larix americana_ Michx. Same as _Larix laricina_.
=Larix laricina= (Du Roi) Koch. =Pine family (Pinaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Larix americana_ Michx.
Tamarack; American larch; hackmatack; black larch.
A tall, slender tree, native in swampy woods and moist places from
Canada south to New Jersey, Indiana, and Minnesota.
_Part used._--Bark (nonofficial).
Lark-heel. See _Delphinium consolida_.
Larkspur, field-. See _Delphinium consolida_.
Larkspur, tall. See under _Delphinium consolida_.
Laurel, broad-leaved. See _Kalmia latifolia_.
Laurel, deer-. See _Rhododendron maximum_.
Laurel, great. See _Rhododendron maximum_.
Laurel, mountain-. See _Kalmia latifolia_.
Laurel, narrow-leaved. See _Kalmia angustifolia_.
Laurel, rose-. See _Rhododendron maximum_.
Laurel, sheep-. See _Kalmia angustifolia_ and _K. latifolia_.
Laurel, spurge-. See _Daphne mezereum_.
Laurel, swamp-. See _Magnolia virginiana_.
_Laurus benzoin_ L. Same as _Benzoin benzoin_.
Lavender, sea-. See _Limonium carolinianum_.
Leafcup, yellow. See _Polymnia uvedalia_.
Leatherwood. See _Dirca palustris_.
=Ledum groenlandicum= Oeder. =Heath family (Ericaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Ledum latifolium_ Ait.
Labrador tea; continental tea; James-tea.
Evergreen shrub, 1 to 4 feet high, native in cold bogs and damp
mountain woods, northern part of the United States and in Canada.
_Part used._--Leaves (nonofficial).
_Ledum latifolium_ Ait. Same as _Ledum groenlandicum_.
Lemon, wild. See _Podophyllum peltatum_.
Lemon-balm. See _Melissa officinalis_.
=Leonurus cardiaca= L. =Mint family (Menthaceae)=.
Motherwort; lion’s-tail; throwwort.
Perennial plant, 2 to 5 feet high, naturalized from Europe, and
occurring in fields and waste places from Nova Scotia to North
Carolina westward to Nebraska.
_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).
=Leptamnium virginianum= (L.) Raf. =Broomrape family (Orobanchaceae)=.
_Synonyms._--_Epiphegus virginiana_ Bart.; _Orobanche virginiana_ L.
Beechdrops; cancerroot.
Plant 6 inches to 2 feet in height, parasitic upon the roots of
beech trees from New Brunswick to Florida, west to Michigan and
Louisiana.
_Part used._--Whole plant (nonofficial).
Leptandra. See _Veronica virginica_.
_Leptandra virginica_ (L.) Nutt. Same as _Veronica virginica_.
_Leptilon canadense_ (L.) Britton. Same as _Erigeron canadensis_.
Lettuce, Indian. See _Frasera carolinensis_.
Lettuce, tall. See _Lactuca canadensis_.
Lettuce, white. See _Nabalus albus_ and _N. serpentarius_.
Lettuce, wild. See _Lactuca canadensis_.
_Leucanthemum vulgare_ Lam. Same as _Chrysanthemum leucanthemum_.
Leverwood. See _Ostrya virginiana_.
_Liatris odoratissima_ Michx. Same as _Trilisa odoratissima_.
_Liatris scariosa_ Willd. Same as _Lacinaria scariosa_.
_Liatris spicata_ Willd. Same as _Lacinaria spicata_.
_Liatris squarrosa_ Willd. Same as _Lacinaria squarrosa_.
Life-everlasting. See _Anaphalis margaritacea_ and _Gnaphalium
obtusifolium_.
Life-everlasting, sweet. See _Gnaphalium obtusifolium_.
Liferoot. See _Senecio aureus_.
=Ligustrum vulgare= L. =Olive family (Oleaceae)=.
Privet; primwort; prim.
A shrub, 5 or 6 feet high, introduced from Europe; escaped from
cultivation and grows wild in woods and along roadsides from
Ontario to Pennsylvania and North Carolina.
_Part used._--Leaves (nonofficial).
Lily, cow-. See _Nymphaea advena_.
Lily, flag-. See _Iris versicolor_.
Lily, large yellow pond-. See _Nymphaea advena_.
Lily, liver-. See _Iris versicolor_.
Lily, snake-. See _Iris versicolor_.
Lily, sweet-scented water-. See _Castalia odorata_.
Lily, water-. See _Castalia odorata_.
Lily, white pond-. See _Castalia odorata_.
Lily-of-the-valley. See _Convallaria majalis_.
Lime, Ogeechee. See _Nyssa ogeche_.
=Limonium carolinianum= (Walt.) Britton.
=Plumbago family (Plumbaginaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Statice caroliniana_ Walt.
Marsh-rosemary; inkroot; sea-lavender; cankerroot.
Native, perennial herb, 1 to 2 feet high, in salt meadows on the
Atlantic and Gulf coasts.
_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).
Linden, American. See _Tilia americana_.
_Lindera benzoin_ Meissn. Same as _Benzoin benzoin_.
Lion’s-foot. See _Nabalus albus_ and _N. serpentarius_.
Lion’s-tail. See _Leonurus cardiaca_.
=Liquidambar styraciflua= L. =Witch-hazel family (Hamamelidaceae)=.
Sweet-gum; star-leaved gum; red gum.
Large, native tree, 80 to 140 feet high, in moist woods from
Connecticut to Florida, Illinois, and Missouri. Most common near
the coast in the Middle and Southern States.
_Parts used._--Bark and resin (nonofficial).
=Liriodendron tulipifera= L. =Magnolia family (Magnoliaceae)=.
Tulip-tree; yellow poplar; whitewood; tulip-poplar; canoewood.
An indigenous tree, 60 to 190 feet in height, growing in rich woods
from New England to Florida, west to Michigan and Arkansas;
reaches greatest size in the Middle and Southern States.
_Part used._--Bark of trunk and of root (nonofficial).
_Lithospermum virginianum_ L. Same as _Onosmodium virginianum_.
Liverleaf, heart-. See _Hepatica acuta_.
Liverleaf, kidney-. See _Hepatica hepatica_.
Liverleaf, round-lobed. See _Hepatica hepatica_.
Liverleaf, sharp-lobed. See _Hepatica acuta_.
Liver-lily. See _Iris versicolor_.
Liverwort. See _Hepatica acuta_ and _H. hepatica_.
Lobelia. See _Lobelia inflata_.
Lobelia, blue. See _Lobelia siphilitica_.
=Lobelia cardinalis= L. =Bellflower family (Campanulaceae)=.
Cardinal-flower; red cardinal; red lobelia.
Native, perennial herb, 2 to 4 feet high, with showy scarlet
flowers; in moist soil from British America south to Florida and
Texas.
_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).
Lobelia, great. See _Lobelia siphilitica_.
=Lobelia inflata= L. =Bellflower family (Campanulaceae)=.
Lobelia; Indian tobacco; gagroot; vomitwort; bladderpod.
Native, annual, herbaceous plant, 1 to 3 feet high, poisonous; in
dry soil, fields, old pastures, and along roadsides from Canada
to Georgia, Nebraska, and Arkansas.
_Parts used._--Leaves and tops, collected after a portion of the
capsules have become inflated (official). The seeds are also used
(nonofficial).
Lobelia, red. See _Lobelia cardinalis_.
=Lobelia siphilitica= L. =Bellflower family (Campanulaceae)=.
Blue cardinal-flower; great lobelia; blue lobelia; highbelia.
Native, perennial herb, about 1 to 3 feet high, growing in moist
soil from Ontario to Georgia, west to Louisiana and the Dakotas.
_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).
Locust, black. See _Robinia pseudacacia_.
Locust, yellow. See _Robinia pseudacacia_.
Locust-plant. See _Cassia marilandica_.
Locust-tree. See _Robinia pseudacacia_.
Lycopodium. See _Lycopodium clavatum_.
=Lycopodium clavatum= L. =Club-moss family (Lycopodiaceae)=.
Lycopodium; club-moss; stag’s-horn.
Native perennial, with trailing stem, growing in dry situations in
woods from Canada to North Carolina, Michigan, and Washington.
_Part used._--Spores of this or of other species of Lycopodium
(official).
=Lycopus virginicus= L. =Mint family (Menthaceae)=.
Bugleweed; sweet bugle; water-bugle; gypsy-weed; water-hoarhound.
Indigenous, perennial herb, 10 to 20 inches in height; in wet,
shady places from Canada to Florida, Missouri, and Nebraska.
_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).
Madweed. See _Scutellaria lateriflora_.
=Magnolia acuminata= L. =Magnolia family (Magnoliaceae)=.
Cucumber-tree; mountain-magnolia; blue magnolia.
Native tree, 60 to 80 feet in height, occurring in the mountainous
regions from New York to Georgia. More abundant in the Southern
States.
_Part used._--Bark (nonofficial).
Magnolia, blue. See _Magnolia acuminata_.
_Magnolia glauca_ L. Same as _Magnolia virginiana_.
Magnolia, mountain-. See _Magnolia acuminata_.
Magnolia, sweet. See _Magnolia virginiana_.
=Magnolia tripetala= L. =Magnolia family (Magnoliaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Magnolia umbrella_ Lam.
Cucumber-tree; umbrella-tree; elkwood.
A small native tree, not more than 40 feet high, growing in rather
moist, rich soil; widely distributed in the Appalachian Mountain
region, but nowhere very common.
_Part used._--Bark (nonofficial).
_Magnolia umbrella_ Lam. Same as _Magnolia tripetala_.
=Magnolia virginiana= L. =Magnolia family (Magnoliaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Magnolia glauca_ L.
White bay; sweet bay; sweet magnolia; beaver-tree; swamp-sassafras;
swamp-laurel.
A native tree, averaging about 25 feet in height, growing in swamps
and morasses, Massachusetts to the Gulf of Mexico.
_Part used._--Bark (nonofficial).
Maidenhair-fern. See _Adiantum pedatum_.
Male-fern. See _Dryopteris filix-mas_.
Mallow, common. See _Malva sylvestris_.
Mallow, dwarf. See _Malva rotundifolia_.
Mallow, high. See _Malva sylvestris_.
Mallow, low. See _Malva rotundifolia_.
Mallow, running. See _Malva rotundifolia_.
=Malva rotundifolia= L. =Mallow family (Malvaceae)=.
Low mallow; running mallow; cheeses; dwarf mallow.
Annual or biennial procumbent plant, naturalized from Europe, and
widely distributed as a weed in waste places.
_Parts used._--Leaves and flowers (nonofficial).
=Malva sylvestris= L. =Mallow family (Malvaceae)=.
High mallow; common mallow; cheeseflower.
Biennial herb, adventive from Europe; sparingly distributed in
the United States and Canada, growing in waste places and along
roadsides.
_Part used._--Flowers (nonofficial).
Mandrake, American. See _Podophyllum peltatum_.
Mandrake, wild. See _Podophyllum peltatum_.
Man-of-the-earth. See _Ipomoea pandurata_.
Manroot. See _Ipomoea pandurata_.
Manzanita. See _Arctostaphylos glauca_.
Maple, red. See _Acer rubrum_.
Maple, swamp-. See _Acer rubrum_.
Maple, vine-. See _Menispermum canadense_.
Marrubium. See _Marrubium vulgare_.
=Marrubium vulgare= L. =Mint family (Menthaceae)=.
Marrubium; hoarhound.
Bushy, perennial herb, 1 to 3 feet high, naturalized from Europe,
and growing in dry, sandy soil, in fields and waste places, from
Maine southward to Texas and westward to California and Oregon.
_Parts used._--Leaves and flowering tops (official).
Marsh-cudweed. See _Gnaphalium uliginosum_.
Marsh-gentian. See _Gentiana villosa_.
Marshmallow. See _Althaea officinalis_.
Marsh-rosemary. See _Limonium carolinianum_.
Marsh-trefoil. See _Menyanthes trifoliata_.
_Maruta cotula_ DC. Same as _Anthemis cotula_.
Masterwort. See _Angelica atropurpurea_ and _Heracleum lanatum_.
May-apple. See _Podophyllum peltatum_.
Mayflower. See _Epigaea repens_.
May-pops. See _Passiflora incarnata_.
Maythorn. See _Crataegus oxyacantha_.
Mayweed. See _Anthemis cotula_.
Meadow-clover. See _Trifolium pratense_.
Meadow-fern. See _Comptonia peregrina_.
Meadowpride. See _Frasera carolinensis_.
Meadow-scabish. See _Aster puniceus_.
Meadowsweet, pink. See _Spiraea tomentosa_.
Mealy-tree. See _Viburnum dentatum_.
Melilot, yellow. See _Melilotus officinalis_.
=Melilotus officinalis= (L.) Lam. =Pea family (Fabaceae)=.
Yellow melilot; yellow sweet clover.
Annual or biennial herb, 1 to 3 feet high, introduced from Europe,
and occurring in waste places throughout the eastern United
States.
_Parts used._--Leaves and flowering tops (nonofficial).
Melissa. See _Melissa officinalis_.
=Melissa officinalis= L. =Mint family (Menthaceae)=.
Melissa; balm; lemon-balm; garden-balm; sweet balm.
Perennial herb, 10 to 20 inches high, naturalized from Europe, and
growing in waste places, fields, and woods from Maine to Georgia.
_Parts used._--Leaves and tops (official in U. S. P. 1890).
Menispermum. See _Menispermum canadense_.
=Menispermum canadense= L. =Moonseed family (Menispermaceae)=.
Menispermum; yellow parilla; Canada moonseed; Texas sarsaparilla;
vine-maple.
Native, perennial, woody climber, found in woods along streams from
Canada to Georgia and Arkansas.
_Parts used._--Rhizome and roots (official in U. S. P. 1890).
Mentha piperita. See _Mentha piperita_ L.
=Mentha piperita= L. =Mint family (Menthaceae)=.
Mentha piperita; peppermint.
Aromatic, perennial herb, 1 to 2 feet high, naturalized from
Europe, and occurring in damp places from Nova Scotia to
Minnesota, south to Florida and Tennessee. Cultivated principally
in Michigan and New York.
_Parts used._--Leaves and flowering tops, and the oil of peppermint
distilled from these, are official.
=Mentha spicata= L. =Mint family (Menthaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Mentha viridis_ L.
Mentha viridis; spearmint.
Aromatic, perennial herb, 1 to 2 feet high, naturalized from
Europe, and growing in moist fields and waste places from Nova
Scotia to Utah, south to Florida and Kansas. Also cultivated.
_Parts used._--Leaves and flowering tops, and the oil of spearmint
distilled from these, are official.
Mentha viridis. See _Mentha spicata_.
_Mentha viridis_ L. Same as _Mentha spicata_.
=Menyanthes trifoliata= L. =Buck-bean family (Menyanthaceae)=.
Buck-bean; bog-bean; marsh-trefoil; water-shamrock.
Indigenous, perennial plant, about 1 foot in height, found in
spongy, boggy soils and swamps from Canada and Alaska south to
Pennsylvania, Minnesota, and California.
_Parts used._--Rhizome and leaves (nonofficial).
Mezereon. See _Daphne mezereum_.
Mezereon, American. See _Dirca palustris_.
Mezereum. See _Daphne mezereum_.
_Mezereum officinarum_ C. A. Mey. Same as _Daphne mezereum_.
=Micromeria chamissonis= (Benth.) Greene. =Mint family (Menthaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Micromeria douglasii_ Benth.
Yerba buena.
A trailing, perennial herb, common in woods along the Pacific coast
of the United States.
_Part used._--Plant (nonofficial).
_Micromeria douglasii_ Benth. Same as _Micromeria chamissonis_.
Milfoil. See _Achillea millefolium_.
Milk-ipecac. See _Euphorbia corollata_.
Milk-purslane. See _Euphorbia nutans_.
Milkweed, common. See _Asclepias syriaca_.
Milkweed, swamp-. See _Asclepias incarnata_.
Milkweed, trumpet-. See _Lactuca canadensis_.
Milkwort, Nuttall’s-. See _Polygala nuttallii_.
Mint, hairy mountain-. See _Koellia pilosa_.
Mint, mountain-. See _Monarda didyma_.
Mint, thin-leaved mountain-. See _Koellia montana_.
Mistletoe. See _Phoradendron flavescens_.
Mistletoe, American. See _Phoradendron flavescens_.
=Mitchella repens= L. =Madder family (Rubiaceae)=.
Squaw-vine; checkerberry; partridgeberry; deerberry; hive-vine;
squawberry.
Small, creeping, evergreen herb, common in moist woods from Nova
Scotia to Minnesota, south to Florida and Arkansas.
_Part used._--Plant (nonofficial).
Miterwort, false. See _Tiarella cordifolia_.
Moccasin-flower, yellow. See _Cypripedium hirsutum_.
Mohawk-weed. See _Uvularia perfoliata_.
=Monarda didyma= L. =Mint family (Menthaceae)=.
Bee-balm; Oswego tea; mountain-mint; scarlet balm.
Native perennial, 2 to 3 feet high, growing in moist soil,
especially along streams, from New Brunswick to Michigan and
south to Georgia.
_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).
=Monarda fistulosa= L. =Mint family (Menthaceae)=.
Wild bergamot; horsemint.
Native perennial, 2 to 3 feet high, found on dry hills and in
thickets from Ontario south to Florida and Louisiana.
_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).
=Monarda punctata= L. =Mint family (Menthaceae)=.
Horsemint.
Native, perennial herb, 2 to 3 feet high, found in dry, sandy
fields from New York to Florida, west to Wisconsin and Texas.
_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).
=Monotropa uniflora= L. =Indian-pipe family (Monotropaceae)=.
Indian-pipe; fit-plant; fitroot; ghostflower; pipe-plant.
A curious plant, white in all its parts, growing in rich, moist
woods from Canada to Florida, westward to Washington and
California.
_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).
Moonseed, Canada. See _Menispermum canadense_.
Moose-elm. See _Ulmus fulva_.
Moosewood. See _Dirca palustris_.
Mortification-root. See _Althaea officinalis_.
Moss, club-. See _Lycopodium clavatum_.
Moss, haircap-. See _Polytrichum juniperinum_.
Motherwort. See _Leonurus cardiaca_.
Mountain-ash, American. See _Sorbus americana_.
Mountain-balm. See _Eriodictyon californicum_.
Mountain-laurel. See _Kalmia latifolia_.
Mountain-magnolia. See _Magnolia acuminata_.
Mountain-mint. See _Monarda didyma_.
Mountain-mint, hairy. See _Koellia pilosa_.
Mountain-mint, thin-leaved. See _Koellia montana_.
Mountain-sumac. See _Sorbus americana_.
Mountain-tea. See _Gaultheria procumbens_.
Mouse-ear. See _Gnaphalium uliginosum_.
Mouthroot. See _Coptis trifolia_.
Mugwort, common. See _Artemisia vulgaris_.
Mullein. See _Verbascum thapsus_.
Musquash-root. See _Cicuta maculata_.
Mustard, black. See _Brassica nigra_.
Mustard, brown. See _Brassica nigra_.
Mustard, red. See _Brassica nigra_.
Mustard, white. See _Sinapis alba_.
Mustard, yellow. See _Sinapis alba_.
_Myrica asplenifolia_ L. Same as _Comptonia peregrina_.
=Myrica cerifera= L. =Bayberry family (Myricaceae)=.
Bayberry; wax-myrtle; candleberry; waxberry.
Grows in sandy swamps or wet woods from Florida and Texas northward
to Maryland. In the South it is a small evergreen tree, becoming
in its northward range a tall, semi-deciduous shrub, or a dwarfed
and deciduous shrub.
_Parts used._--Bark of root, leaves, and berries (nonofficial).
=Myrica gale= L. =Bayberry family (Myricaceae)=.
Sweet gale; Dutch myrtle; bog-myrtle; golden osier.
Indigenous shrub, growing in swamps and along streams from Canada
and Alaska to Virginia and Washington.
_Parts used._--Leaves and buds (nonofficial).
Myrtle, bog-. See _Myrica gale_.
Myrtle, Dutch. See _Myrica gale_.
Myrtle, wax-. See _Myrica cerifera_.
=Nabalus albus= (L.) Hook. =Chicory family (Cichoriaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Prenanthes alba_ L.
Lion’s-foot; rattlesnake-root; white lettuce; white canker-weed.
Native, perennial herb, 2 to 4 feet high, common in rich, moist
woods from Canada to Georgia and Kentucky.
_Part used._--Plant (nonofficial).
=Nabalus serpentarius= (Pursh) Hook. =Chicory family (Cichoriaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Prenanthes serpentaria_ Pursh.
Lion’s-foot; canker-weed; white lettuce; rattlesnake-root;
snake-gentian.
Native, perennial herb, about 2 feet high, growing in dry, sandy
soil in fields and thickets from Ontario to Florida and Alabama.
_Part used._--Plant (nonofficial).
Nannybush. See _Viburnum lentago_.
Necklace-weed. See _Actaea alba_ and _Onosmodium virginianum_.
=Nepeta cataria= L. =Mint family (Menthaceae)=.
Catnip; catmint.
Common, perennial weed, 2 to 3 feet high, naturalized from Europe;
found in waste places and cultivated land from Canada to
Minnesota, south to Virginia and Arkansas.
_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).
_Nepeta glechoma_ Benth. Same as _Glecoma hederacea_.
Netleaf-plantain. See _Peramium pubescens_.
Netleaf-plantain, smaller. See _Peramium repens_.
Nettle, bull-. See _Solanum carolinense_.
Nettle, great. See _Urtica dioica_.
Nettle, horse-. See _Solanum carolinense_.
Nettle, stinging. See _Urtica dioica_.
Niggerhead. See _Brauneria angustifolia_.
Nightshade, woody. See _Solanum dulcamara_.
_Nuphar advena_ R. Br. Same as _Nymphaea advena_.
Nuttall’s-milkwort. See _Polygala nuttallii_.
=Nymphaea advena= Soland. =Water-lily family (Nymphaeaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Nuphar advena_ R. Br.
Large yellow pond-lily; cow-lily; spatter-dock; beaverroot.
An aquatic plant, found in ponds and slow streams from Canada to
Florida, and westward to the Rocky Mountains.
_Part used._--Rhizome (nonofficial).
_Nymphaea odorata_ Dryand. Same as _Castalia odorata_.
=Nyssa aquatica= L. =Dogwood family (Cornaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Nyssa uniflora_ Wang.
Large tupelo; cotton-gum; tupelo gum.
A large, native tree, occurring in swamps from southern Virginia to
Florida, west to Texas and Missouri.
_Part used._--Root wood (nonofficial).
_Nyssa capitata_ Walt. Same as _Nyssa ogeche_.
=Nyssa ogeche= Marsh. =Dogwood family (Cornaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Nyssa capitata_ Walt.
Sour tupelo; Ogeechee lime.
A small tree, growing in swamps near the seacoast from southern
South Carolina to Florida.
_Part used._--Root wood (nonofficial).
_Nyssa uniflora_ Wang. Same as _Nyssa aquatica_.
Oak, champion-. See _Quercus rubra_.
Oak, Jerusalem. See _Chenopodium anthelminticum_ and _C. botrys_.
Oak, poison-. See _Rhus radicans_ and _R. toxicodendron_.
Oak, red. See _Quercus rubra_.
Oak, Spanish. See _Quercus rubra_.
Oak, stone-. See _Quercus alba_.
Oak, white. See _Quercus alba_.
=Oenothera biennis= L. =Evening-primrose family (Onagraceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Onagra biennis_ (L.) Scop.
Evening-primrose; tree-primrose; night willow-herb.
Annual or biennial plant, 2 to 5 feet high, common in fields
and waste places from Labrador to Florida, west to the Rocky
Mountains. Native.
_Part used._--Plant (nonofficial).
Old-man’s-beard. See _Chionanthus virginica_.
Olive, spurge-. See _Daphne mezereum_.
_Onagra biennis_ (L.) Scop. Same as _Oenothera biennis_.
=Onosmodium virginianum= (L.) DC. =Borage family (Boraginaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Lithospermum virginianum_ L.
Virginia false gromwell; gravel-weed; necklace-weed; pearl-plant;
wild Job’s-tears.
Rough-hairy, native, perennial herb, 1 to 2 feet high; in dry,
hilly grounds from the New England States to Florida, Kansas, and
Texas.
_Parts used._--Root and seeds (nonofficial).
Opium, wild. See _Lactuca canadensis_.
Orangeroot. See _Hydrastis canadensis_.
_Orobanche virginiana_ L. Same as _Leptamnium virginianum_.
Osier, golden. See _Myrica gale_.
Osier, green. See _Cornus circinata_.
Osier, red. See _Cornus amomum_.
_Osmorrhiza longistylis_ DC. Same as _Washingtonia longistylis_.
=Osmunda regalis= L. =Royal fern family (Osmundaceae)=.
Royal fern; buckhorn-brake.
A tall, native fern, with fronds 3 to 4 feet high, occurring in
swamps and marshes from Canada to Florida and Mississippi.
_Part used._--Rhizome (nonofficial).
=Ostrya virginiana= (Mill.) Willd. =Birch family (Betulaceae)=.
Hop-hornbeam; ironwood; deerwood; leverwood.
Native tree, 25 to 30 feet in height, growing in rich woods, Canada
and eastern United States.
_Part used._--Bark (nonofficial).
=Oxalis acetosella= L. =Wood-sorrel family (Oxalidaceae)=.
White wood-sorrel; shamrock; sour trefoil.
Small, native, perennial herb, found in cold, damp woods, Canada
south to Michigan and North Carolina.
_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).
Oxeye daisy. See _Chrysanthemum leucanthemum_.
=Oxydendrum arboreum= (L.) DC. =Heath family (Ericaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Andromeda arborea_ L.
Sourwood; sorrel-tree; elk-tree.
Native tree, sometimes 40 to 50 feet in height, growing in rich
woods from Ohio to Maryland, south to Alabama and Florida.
_Parts used._--Leaves and bark (nonofficial).
Palmetto, saw-. See _Serenoa serrulata_.
=Panax quinquefolium= L. =Ginseng family (Araliaceae)=.
Ginseng.
Native, perennial herb, about 1 foot in height, found in rich,
shady woods from the Middle and Northern States south to Alabama
and Georgia.
_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).
Pansy. See _Viola tricolor_.
Papoose-root. See _Caulophyllum thalictroides_.
Paradise-plant. See _Daphne mezereum_.
Parilla, yellow. See _Menispermum canadense_.
Parsley, spotted. See _Conium maculatum_.
Parsley-fern. See _Tanacetum vulgare_.
Parsnip, cow-. See _Heracleum lanatum_.
=Parthenocissus quinquefolia= (L.) Planch. =Grape family (Vitaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Ampelopsis quinquefolia_ Michx.
American ivy; Virginia creeper.
A common, woody vine, native in woods and thickets from Canada to
Florida and Texas.
_Parts used._--Bark and young twigs (nonofficial).
Partridgeberry. See _Mitchella repens_.
Pasqueflower, American. See _Pulsatilla hirsutissima_.
=Passiflora incarnata= L. =Passion-flower family (Passifloraceae)=.
Passion-flower; passion-vine; may-pops.
Climbing, perennial plant, native in dry soil from Virginia to
Florida, westward to Missouri and Arkansas.
_Parts used._--Root and stem base (nonofficial).
Passion-flower. See _Passiflora incarnata_.
Passion-vine. See _Passiflora incarnata_.
Paul’s-betony. See _Veronica officinalis_.
Pawpaw, North American. See _Asimina triloba_.
Pea, ground-squirrel. See _Jeffersonia diphylla_.
Pea, hoary. See _Cracca virginiana_.
Pea, turkey-. See _Bikukulla canadensis_.
Pearl-plant. See _Onosmodium virginianum_.
Pencil-flower. See _Stylosanthes biflora_.
Pennyroyal, American. See _Hedeoma pulegioides_.
=Penthorum sedoides= L. =Virginia stonecrop family (Penthoraceae)=.
Virginia stonecrop; ditch-stonecrop.
Native, perennial herb, about 1 foot in height, growing in ditches
and swamps from New Brunswick to Minnesota, south to Florida and
Texas.
_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).
Pepper, water-. See _Polygonum hydropiper_.
Peppermint. See _Mentha piperita_.
Pepper-plant. See _Polygonum hydropiper_.
=Peramium pubescens= (Willd.) MacM. =Orchid family (Orchidaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Goodyera pubescens_ R. Br.
Downy rattlesnake-plantain; rattlesnake-weed; netleaf-plantain;
scrofula-weed.
Native, perennial herb, 8 to 12 inches in height, occurring in
rich woods from Newfoundland to Minnesota, south to Florida and
Tennessee. Most common southward.
_Part used._--Plant (nonofficial).
=Peramium repens= (L.) Salisb. =Orchid family (Orchidaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Goodyera repens_ R. Br.
White plantain; lesser rattlesnake-plantain; smaller
netleaf-plantain; squirrel-ear.
A smaller plant than _P. pubescens_, but very similar to it and
more common northward.
_Part used._--Plant (nonofficial).
Persimmon. See _Diospyros virginiana_.
=Phoradendron flavescens= (Pursh) Nutt.
=Mistletoe family (Loranthaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Viscum flavescens_ Pursh.
Mistletoe; American mistletoe.
Parasitic shrub, found on deciduous-leaved trees from New Jersey to
Missouri, south to Florida and Texas.
_Parts used._--Leaves and branches (nonofficial).
Phytolacca. See _Phytolacca decandra_.
_Phytolacca americana_ L. Same as _Phytolacca decandra_.
=Phytolacca decandra= L.[e] =Pokeweed family (Phytolaccaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Phytolacca americana_ L.[e]
Phytolacca; poke; pokeweed; garget; scoke; inkberry.
Native, perennial herb, with large and branching stem, 6 to 10 feet
high; in rich, moist soil, Maine to Minnesota, south to Florida
and Texas.
_Parts used._--Root collected in autumn (official); fruit (official
in U. S. P. 1890); leaves (nonofficial).
=Picea mariana= (Mill.) B. S. P. =Pine family (Pinaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Abies nigra_ Desf.
Black spruce; spruce-gum tree.
Indigenous, evergreen tree, 40 to 80 feet in height, growing on
elevated situations and in cold bogs from Canada south along the
mountains to North Carolina, and to Minnesota.
Parts used.--Branches, and the essence obtained from the same
(nonofficial).
Pilewort. See _Erechtites hieracifolia_ and _Scrophularia marilandica_.
Pilotweed. See _Silphium laciniatum_.
Pimpernel. See _Pimpinella saxifraga_.
Pimpernel, red. See _Anagallis arvensis_.
Pimpernel, scarlet. See _Anagallis arvensis_.
=Pimpinella saxifraga= L. =Parsley family (Apiaceae)=.
Burnet-saxifrage; bennet; pimpernel.
Erect, perennial herb, 1 to 2 feet high, adventive from Europe,
and found in waste places in eastern Pennsylvania, at several
localities in the valley of the Delaware, and in Ohio.
_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).
Pine, northern. See _Pinus strobus_.
Pine, prairie-. See _Lacinaria spicata_.
Pine, prince’s-. See _Chimaphila umbellata_.
Pine, Weymouth. See _Pinus strobus_.
Pine, white. See _Pinus strobus_.
Pink, rose-. See _Sabbatia angularis_.
Pinkroot. See _Spigelia marilandica_.
Pinkroot, Indian. See _Spigelia marilandica_.
Pinkroot, Maryland. See _Spigelia marilandica_.
=Pinus strobus= L. =Pine family (Pinaceae)=.
White pine; northern pine; Weymouth pine.
Large, indigenous forest tree, sometimes 175 feet in height,
growing in woods from Canada south to Georgia and Iowa.
_Part used._--Bark (nonofficial).
Pipe-plant. See _Monotropa uniflora_.
Pipsissewa. See _Chimaphila umbellata_.
Pitcher-plant. See _Sarracenia purpurea_.
=Plantago major= L. =Plantain family (Plantaginaceae)=.
Common plantain; dooryard-plantain; greater plantain.
Perennial herb, 1 to 3 feet high, naturalized from Europe; common
in fields and waste places and along roadsides nearly throughout
North America.
_Parts used._--Root and leaves (nonofficial).
Plantain, common. See _Plantago major_.
Plantain, dooryard-. See _Plantago major_.
Plantain, downy rattlesnake-. See _Peramium pubescens_.
Plantain, greater. See _Plantago major_.
Plantain, lesser rattlesnake-. See _Peramium repens_.
Plantain, netleaf-. See _Peramium pubescens_.
Plantain, smaller netleaf-. See _Peramium repens_.
Plantain, white. See _Peramium repens_.
Pleurisy-root. See _Asclepias tuberosa_.
Podophyllum. See _Podophyllum peltatum_.
=Podophyllum peltatum= L. =Barberry family (Berberidaceae)=.
Podophyllum; May-apple; wild mandrake; American mandrake; wild
lemon.
Native, perennial herb, 1 to 1½ feet high, found in low, rich woods
from Canada to Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas.
_Part used._--Rhizome (official).
Poison-hemlock. See _Conium maculatum_.
Poison-ivy. See _Rhus radicans_ and _R. toxicodendron_.
Poison-oak. See _Rhus radicans_ and _R. toxicodendron_.
Poison-vine. See _Rhus radicans_.
Poke. See _Phytolacca decandra_.
Pokeweed. See _Phytolacca decandra_.
Polar-plant. See _Silphium laciniatum_.
Polecat-weed. See _Spathyema foetida_.
=Polemonium reptans= L. =Phlox family (Polemoniaceae)=.
American Greek valerian; abscess-root; sweetroot; Jacob’s-ladder.
Native, perennial herb, 12 to 20 inches high, growing in woods and
damp ground from New York to Minnesota, south to Georgia and
Missouri.
_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).
=Polygala nuttallii= T. & G. =Milkwort family (Polygalaceae)=.
Nuttall’s-milkwort; ground-centaury.
Slender, erect, annual herb, 6 to 12 inches high, native in dry,
sandy soil from Massachusetts to North Carolina, west to Alabama
and Missouri.
_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).
=Polygala senega= L. =Milkwort family (Polygalaceae)=.
Senega; Seneca snakeroot.
Native, perennial herb, 8 to 12 inches high, found in rocky woods
and on hillsides from New Brunswick and western New England to
Minnesota, south to North Carolina and Missouri.
_Part used._--Root (official).
=Polygonatum biflorum= (Walt.) Ell.
=Lily-of-the-valley family (Convallariaceae)=.
_Synonyms._--_Convallaria biflora_ Walt.; _Salomonia biflora_
(Walt.) Britton.
Hairy Solomon’s-seal; smaller Solomon’s-seal.
Native, perennial herb, 8 inches to 3 feet high, found in woods and
thickets from Canada south to Florida and Michigan.
_Part used._--Rhizome (nonofficial).
=Polygonatum commutatum= (Roem. & Schult.) Dietr.
=Lily-of-the-valley family (Convallariaceae)=.
_Synonyms._--_Polygonatum giganteum_ Dietr.; _Salomonia commutata_
(Roem. & Schult.) Britton.
Giant Solomon’s-seal; great Solomon’s-seal; smooth Solomon’s-seal.
Native, perennial herb, 1 to 8 feet high, occurring in moist woods
and along streams from Canada to Georgia, west to Louisiana and
Utah.
_Part used._--Rhizome (nonofficial).
_Polygonatum giganteum_ Dietr. Same as _Polygonatum commutatum_.
=Polygonum hydropiper= L. =Buckwheat family (Polygonaceae)=.
Smartweed; water-pepper; biting knotweed; pepper-plant.
Smooth, annual plant, 8 inches to 2 feet high, naturalized from
Europe; common in moist waste places almost throughout North
America.
_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).
=Polygonum punctatum= Ell. =Buckwheat family (Polygonaceae)=.
Dotted smartweed; water-smartweed.
Native, annual or perennial herb, found in swamps and other wet
places throughout most of North America.
_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).
=Polymnia uvedalia= L. =Aster family (Asteraceae)=.
Yellow bear’s-foot; yellow leafcup; uvedalia.
Large, native, perennial plant, 3 to 6 feet high; in ravines and
edges of woods from New York to Michigan, south to Florida and
Texas.
_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).
_Polypodium filix-mas_ L. Same as _Dryopteris filix-mas_.
_Polypodium marginale_ L. Same as _Dryopteris marginalis_.
=Polypodium vulgare= L. =Fern family (Polypodiaceae)=.
Common polypody; fernroot; rock-brake; female-fern.
Native fern, 3 to 10 inches in height, with a perennial, creeping
rhizome; on shady, rocky banks, in woods and mountains almost
throughout North America.
_Parts used._--Rhizome and tops (nonofficial).
Polypody, common. See _Polypodium vulgare_.
=Polytrichum juniperinum= Hedw. =Haircap-moss family (Polytrichaceae)=.
Haircap-moss; robin’s-rye.
Native moss, 4 to 7 inches in height, growing along margins of dry
woods and exposed places, mostly on poor, sandy soil.
_Part used._--Whole plant (nonofficial).
Pond-lily, large yellow. See _Nymphaea advena_.
Pond-lily, white. See _Castalia odorata_.
Poolroot. See _Eupatorium ageratoides_, _E. aromaticum_, and _Sanicula
marilandica_.
Poolwort. See _Eupatorium ageratoides_ and _E. aromaticum_.
Poplar, silver. See _Populus alba_.
Poplar, silverleaf-. See _Populus alba_.
Poplar, trembling. See _Populus tremuloides_.
Poplar, tulip-. See _Liriodendron tulipifera_.
Poplar, white. See _Populus alba_ and _P. tremuloides_.
Poplar, yellow. See _Liriodendron tulipifera_.
=Populus alba= L. =Willow family (Salicaceae)=.
White poplar; silverleaf-poplar; silver poplar; white-bark.
A large tree, sometimes 120 feet in height, naturalized in the
United States; occurs along roadsides from New Brunswick to
Virginia.
_Part used._--Bark, collected in spring (nonofficial).
_Populus balsamifera candicans_ A. Gray. Same as _Populus candicans_.
=Populus candicans= Ait. =Willow family (Salicaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Populus balsamifera candicans_ A. Gray.
Balm-of-Gilead.
A large tree, about 80 feet in height, mostly escaped from
cultivation, New Brunswick to New Jersey, west to Minnesota.
_Parts used._--Leafbuds and bark (nonofficial).
=Populus tremuloides= Michx. =Willow family (Salicaceae)=.
Quaking aspen; American aspen; white poplar; trembling poplar;
quiverleaf.
A slender, indigenous tree, growing in dry or moist soil from lower
Canada south to Kentucky and in the Rocky Mountains to Lower
California.
_Part used._--Bark, collected in spring (nonofficial).
=Porteranthus trifoliatus= (L.) Britton. =Rose family (Rosaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Gillenia trifoliata_ Moench.
Indian-physic; Bowman’s-root; false ipecac; western dropwort.
Native, perennial herb, 2 to 3 feet high, found in moist, shady
places in rich woods from New York to Michigan, south to Georgia
and Missouri; more common in the Atlantic States than in the
Western States.
_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).
Potato, hog-. See _Ipomoea pandurata_.
Potato, wild. See _Ipomoea pandurata_.
=Potentilla canadensis= L. =Rose family (Rosaceae)=.
Fivefinger; cinquefoil.
A small, annual or biennial plant, with creeping stems, growing in
dry soil from Quebec to Georgia, west to Minnesota and the Indian
Territory.
_Part used._--Plant (nonofficial).
Prairie-pine. See _Lacinaria spicata_.
_Prenanthes alba_ L. Same as _Nabalus albus_.
_Prenanthes serpentaria_ Pursh. Same as _Nabalus serpentarius_.
Prickly ash, northern. See _Xanthoxylum americanum_.
Prickly ash, southern. See _Fagara clava-herculis_.
Prideweed. See _Erigeron canadensis_.
Prim. See _Ligustrum vulgare_.
Primrose, evening-. See _Oenothera biennis_.
Primrose, tree-. See _Oenothera biennis_.
Primwort. See _Ligustrum vulgare_.
Prince’s-pine. See _Chimaphila umbellata_.
_Prinos verticillatus_ L. Same as _Ilex verticillata_.
Privet. See _Ligustrum vulgare_.
=Prunella vulgaris= L. =Mint family (Menthaceae)=.
Self-heal; heal-all; brownwort; sicklewort; blue-curls.
Perennial plant, 2 inches to 2 feet high, naturalized from Europe,
and found in fields, woods, and waste places throughout nearly
the whole of North America.
_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).
=Prunus serotina= Ehrh. =Plum family (Amygdalaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Prunus virginiana_ Mill., not of Linnaeus.
Prunus virginiana; wild cherry; rum-cherry.
A large, indigenous tree, 50 to 80 feet high, growing in woods or
open places from Ontario to Florida, west to Texas and Dakota.
Most abundant in the Southwestern States.
_Part used._--Bark, which should be collected in autumn and
carefully dried and preserved (official).
Prunus virginiana. See _Prunus serotina_.
_Prunus virginiana_ Mill., not L. Same as _Prunus serotina_.
Psoralea. See _Psoralea pedunculata_.
_Psoralea melilotoides_ Michx. Same as _Psoralea pedunculata_.
=Psoralea pedunculata= (Mill.) Vail. =Pea family (Fabaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Psoralea melilotoides_ Michx.
Psoralea; Samson’s-snakeroot; Congo-root.
Slender, herbaceous perennial, 1 to 2½ feet high, native in dry
soil in open woods from Ohio and Kentucky southward.
_Parts used._--Root and leaves (nonofficial).
=Ptelea trifoliata= L. =Rue family (Rutaceae)=.
Wafer-ash; wingseed; hop-tree; shrubby trefoil.
Native shrub, 6 to 8 feet high; in shady woods from New York to
Florida, west to Minnesota and Texas; grows more abundantly west
of the Alleghenies.
_Parts used._--Bark of root, fruit, and leaves (nonofficial).
=Pterocaulon undulatum= (Walt.) Mohr. =Aster family (Asteraceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Gnaphalium undulatum_ Walt.
Indian blackroot.
Native, perennial herb, growing in sandy pine lands from North
Carolina to Florida and Mississippi.
_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).
Puccoon, red. See _Sanguinaria canadensis_.
Puccoon, yellow. See _Hydrastis canadensis_.
Pulsatilla, American. See _Pulsatilla hirsutissima_.
=Pulsatilla hirsutissima= (Pursh) Britton.
=Crowfoot family (Ranunculaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Anemone patens_ var. _nuttalliana_ A. Gray.
American pasqueflower; American pulsatilla.
Native, perennial herb, 6 to 16 inches high, found in the prairie
regions of Illinois, west to the Rocky Mountains and the
Northwest.
_Part used._--Flowering herb (nonofficial).
Purging-root. See _Euphorbia corollata_.
Purslane, black. See _Euphorbia nutans_.
Purslane, milk-. See _Euphorbia nutans_.
Pussy-willow. See _Salix nigra_.
Putty-root. See _Aplectrum spicatum_.
_Pycnanthemum montanum_ Michx. Same as _Koellia montana_.
_Pycnanthemum pilosum_ Nutt. Same as _Koellia pilosa_.
Pyramid-flower. See _Frasera carolinensis_.
_Pyrethrum parthenium_ Smith. Same as _Chrysanthemum parthenium_.
_Pyrus americana_ DC. Same as _Sorbus americana_.
Quack-grass. See _Agropyron repens_.
Queen-Anne’s-lace. See _Daucus carota_.
Queen-of-the-meadow. See _Eupatorium purpureum_.
Queen’s-delight. See _Stillingia sylvatica_.
Queensland asthma-weed. See _Euphorbia pilulifera_.
Queen’s-root. See _Stillingia sylvatica_.
Quercus. See _Quercus alba_.
=Quercus alba= L. =Beech family (Fagaceae)=.
Quercus; white oak; stone-oak.
Large, indigenous forest tree, 50 to 100 feet in height, in woods
from Maine to Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas. More
abundant in the Middle States.
_Part used._--Bark, “collected from trunks or branches 10 to 25
years of age, and deprived of the periderm” (official).
=Quercus rubra= L. =Beech family (Fagaceae)=.
Red oak; champion-oak; Spanish oak.
Large, wide-spreading, indigenous forest tree, about 70 feet in
height, from Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to Florida and
Texas. More common in the Northern States and in Canada.
_Part used._--Bark (nonofficial).
Quinine-flower. See _Sabbatia elliottii_.
Quinine-herb. See _Sabbatia elliottii_.
Quinine-plant. See _Sabbatia elliottii_.
Quiverleaf. See _Populus tremuloides_.
Ragged-cup. See _Silphium perfoliatum_.
Ragweed. See _Ambrosia artemisiaefolia_.
Ragwort, golden. See _Senecio aureus_.
Raspberry, black. See _Rubus occidentalis_.
Raspberry, ground-. See _Hydrastis canadensis_.
Raspberry, wild red. See _Rubus strigosus_.
Rattle-root. See _Cimicifuga racemosa_.
Rattlesnake-herb. See _Actaea alba_ and _A. rubra_.
Rattlesnake-master. See _Eryngium yuccifolium_, _Lacinaria scariosa_,
_L. spicata_, and _L. squarrosa_.
Rattlesnake-plantain, downy. See _Peramium pubescens_.
Rattlesnake-plantain, lesser. See _Peramium repens_.
Rattlesnake-root. See _Nabalus albus_ and _N. serpentarius_.
Rattlesnake-violet. See _Erythronium americanum_.
Rattlesnake-weed. See _Eryngium yuccifolium_, _Hieracium venosum_, and
_Peramium pubescens_.
Redbud. See _Cercis canadensis_.
Redroot. See _Ceanothus americanus_.
=Rhamnus cathartica= L. =Buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae)=.
Buckthorn; hart’s-thorn; waythorn.
A shrub 6 to 15 feet high, introduced from Europe; escaped from
hedges and growing in dry soil in the New England and Middle
States.
_Part used._--Berries (nonofficial).
Rhamnus purshiana. See _Rhamnus purshiana_ DC.
=Rhamnus purshiana= DC. =Buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae)=.
Rhamnus purshiana; cascara sagrada; chittem-bark; sacred-bark;
bearberry-tree.
Small, indigenous tree, 15 to 20 feet in height, found on the sides
and bottoms of canyons, Rocky Mountains west to the Pacific
Ocean, and extending north into British America.
_Part used._--Bark, collected at least one year before being used
(official).
Rheumatism-root. See _Dioscorea villosa_ and _Jeffersonia diphylla_.
Rheumatism-weed. See _Chimaphila umbellata_.
=Rhododendron maximum= L. =Heath family (Ericaceae)=.
Great laurel; rose-bay; deer-laurel; rose-laurel.
Tall, native, evergreen shrub or small tree, found in low woods and
along streams from Canada to Georgia.
_Part used._--Leaves (nonofficial).
=Rhus aromatica= Ait. =Sumac family (Anacardiaceae)=.
Fragrant sumac; sweet-scented sumac.
Indigenous shrub, 2 to 6 feet high, growing in woods and rocky
situations, Canada to Florida, especially along the mountains,
west to Minnesota and Arkansas.
_Part used._--Bark of root (nonofficial).
Rhus glabra. See _Rhus glabra_ L.
=Rhus glabra= L. =Sumac family (Anacardiaceae)=.
Rhus glabra; smooth sumac; scarlet sumac.
Indigenous, branching shrub, from 4 to 12 feet high; in dry soil,
thickets, and waste grounds nearly throughout the United States
and Canada.
_Parts used._--Fruit (official); bark and leaves (nonofficial).
=Rhus radicans= L.[f] =Sumac family (Anacardiaceae)=.
Rhus toxicodendron (pharmacopœial name, 1890); poison-ivy;
poison-oak; poison-vine.
Native, woody vine, clinging to trees and fence rows; Canada to
Florida, west to Nebraska and Arkansas. Very poisonous to the
touch.
_Part used._--Fresh leaves (official in U. S. P. 1890).
Rhus toxicodendron. See _Rhus radicans_.
=Rhus toxicodendron= L. =Sumac family (Anacardiaceae)=.
Poison-ivy; poison-oak.
Low, erect, and finely pubescent plant, more shrubby than _Rhus
radicans_, and found in dry soil in more southern localities from
Virginia to Georgia. Very poisonous to the touch.
_Part used._--Fresh leaves, collected with those of _Rhus radicans_.
Richweed. See _Collinsonia canadensis_ and _Eupatorium ageratoides_.
=Robinia pseudacacia= L. =Pea family (Fabaceae)=.
Locust-tree; black locust; yellow locust; false acacia.
A large, indigenous tree, sometimes 80 feet in height, growing in
woods from Pennsylvania south along the western slope of the
Allegheny Mountains to Georgia, west to the Indian Territory.
Most abundant in the Middle and Eastern States.
_Part used._--Bark of root (nonofficial).
Robin’s-rye. See _Polytrichum juniperinum_.
Rock-brake. See _Polypodium vulgare_.
Rock-rose, Canadian. See _Helianthemum canadense_.
Rope-bark. See _Dirca palustris_.
Rose, Canadian rock-. See _Helianthemum canadense_.
Rose-bay. See _Rhododendron maximum_.
Rose-laurel. See _Rhododendron maximum_.
Rosemary, marsh-. See _Limonium carolinianum_.
Rose-pink. See _Sabbatia angularis_.
Rose-willow. See _Cornus amomum_.
Rosinweed. See _Silphium laciniatum_.
Roundwood. See _Sorbus americana_.
Rubus. See _Rubus cuneifolius_, _R. nigrobaccus_, _R. procumbens_, _R.
trivialis_, and _R. villosus_.
_Rubus canadensis_ T. & G., not L. Same as _Rubus procumbens_.
=Rubus cuneifolius= Pursh. =Rose family (Rosaceae)=.
Rubus; sand-blackberry; knee-high blackberry.
Shrubby plant, 1 to 3 feet high; in sandy soil from Connecticut to
Florida, west to Missouri and Louisiana.
_Part used._--Bark of rhizome (official).
_Rubus idaeus_ var. _americanus_ Torr. Same as _Rubus occidentalis_.
=Rubus nigrobaccus= Bailey. =Rose family (Rosaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Rubus villosus_ A. Gray, not Ait.
Rubus; high-bush blackberry.
Slender shrub, 3 to 7 feet high, growing in dry fields and along
roadsides, New England States to Florida, and west to Arkansas.
_Part used._--Bark of rhizome (official).
=Rubus occidentalis= L. =Rose family (Rosaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Rubus idaeus_ var. _americanus_ Torr.
Black raspberry; thimbleberry; blackcap.
A straggling shrub, growing along the borders of woods and in rocky
thickets from Canada south to Georgia and Missouri.
_Parts used._--Fruit and leaves (nonofficial).
=Rubus procumbens= Muhl. =Rose family (Rosaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Rubus canadensis_ T. & G., not L.
Rubus; low running blackberry; dewberry.
Shrubby, trailing plant, found in dry soil from Newfoundland to
Lake Superior, south to Virginia and the Indian Territory.
_Part used._--Bark of root (official in U. S. P. 1890).
=Rubus strigosus= Michx. =Rose family (Rosaceae)=.
Wild red raspberry.
Shrubby plant, found in dry or rocky situations from Canada to
North Carolina and New Mexico.
_Parts used._--Fruit and leaves (nonofficial).
=Rubus trivialis= Michx. =Rose family (Rosaceae)=.
Rubus; southern dewberry; low-bush blackberry.
Shrubby, procumbent plant, found in sandy soils, Virginia to
Florida, west to Missouri and Texas.
_Part used._--Bark of root (official in U. S. P. 1890).
_Rubus villosus_ A. Gray, not Ait. Same as _Rubus nigrobaccus_.
=Rubus villosus= Ait. =Rose family (Rosaceae)=.
Rubus; one-flowered dewberry.
Trailing plant, with slender branches, growing in sandy or dry soil
near the coast from Maine to South Carolina.
_Part used._--Bark of rhizome (official).
=Rudbeckia laciniata= L. =Aster family (Asteraceae)=.
Thimbleweed; tall coneflower.
Much-branched, native perennial, 3 to 12 feet high; in moist
thickets, Canada and Montana, south to Florida and New Mexico.
_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).
Rum-cherry. See _Prunus serotina_.
Rumex. See _Rumex crispus_.
=Rumex acetosella= L. =Buckwheat family (Polygonaceae)=.
Sheep-sorrel; field-sorrel; sour-grass; common sorrel.
Annual or perennial herb, abundant in dry fields, pastures, and
waste ground throughout the United States.
_Part used._--Leaves (nonofficial).
=Rumex crispus= L. =Buckwheat family (Polygonaceae)=.
Rumex; yellow dock; curled dock; narrow dock; sour dock.
A weed introduced from Europe, and common in cultivated and waste
ground throughout the United States. Perennial plant, 2 to 4 feet
high.
_Part used._--Root of this and some other species of Rumex
(official in U. S. P. 1890).
=Rumex obtusifolius= L. =Buckwheat family (Polygonaceae)=.
Bitter dock; blunt-leaved dock; broad-leaved dock.
A perennial weed, 2 to 4 feet high, naturalized from Europe, and
found in waste places from New England to Florida, west to Texas
and Oregon.
_Part used._--Root, collected with that of _Rumex crispus_.
Sabal. See _Serenoa serrulata_.
=Sabbatia angularis= (L.) Pursh. =Gentian family (Gentianaceae)=.
American centaury; rose-pink; bitterbloom; bitter clover.
Native, biennial plant, 1 to 2 feet high, growing in damp, rich
soil, in meadows and among high grass, from New York to Michigan,
south to Florida and the Indian Territory.
_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).
=Sabbatia elliottii= Steud. =Gentian family (Gentianaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Sabbatia paniculata_ Ell.
Quinine-flower; quinine-plant; quinine-herb; Elliott’s-sabbatia.
An erect, native herb, about one foot in height, growing in pine
barrens from North Carolina to Florida.
_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).
Sabbatia, Elliott’s-. See _Sabbatia elliottii_.
_Sabbatia paniculata_ Ell. Same as _Sabbatia elliottii_.
Sabina. See _Juniperus sabina_.
Sacred-bark. See _Rhamnus purshiana_.
Sage, Indian. See _Eupatorium perfoliatum_.
Saint-Benedict’s thistle. See _Cnicus benedictus_.
Saint-John’s wort, common. See _Hypericum perforatum_.
=Salix alba= L. =Willow family (Salicaceae)=.
White willow; European willow.
A large tree, sometimes 90 feet in height, introduced from Europe;
occurs in moist soil along streams from Pennsylvania northward to
New Brunswick and Ontario, sparingly escaped from cultivation.
_Part used._--Bark (nonofficial).
=Salix nigra= Marsh. =Willow family (Salicaceae)=.
Black willow; pussy-willow; swamp-willow.
Tall, indigenous tree, growing on banks of rivers from Canada to
Florida and California.
_Parts used._--Bark, and fresh aments gathered early in May
(nonofficial).
_Salomonia biflora_ (Walt.) Britton. Same as _Polygonatum biflorum_.
_Salomonia commutata_ (Roem. & Schult.) Dietr. Same as _Polygonatum
commutatum_.
Salt-rheum weed. See _Chelone glabra_.
Sambucus. See _Sambucus canadensis_.
=Sambucus canadensis= L. =Honeysuckle family (Caprifoliaceae)=.
Sambucus; elder; American elder; sweet elder.
Indigenous shrub, 6 to 10 feet high, growing in low, damp ground
from Canada to Florida and Arizona.
_Parts used._--Flowers (official in U. S. P. 1890); bark and
berries (nonofficial).
Sampson-root. See _Brauneria angustifolia_.
Sampson’s-snakeroot. See _Gentiana villosa_.
Samson’s-snakeroot. See _Psoralea pedunculata_.
Sand-blackberry. See _Rubus cuneifolius_.
Sandbrier. See _Solanum carolinense_.
Sanguinaria. See _Sanguinaria canadensis_.
=Sanguinaria canadensis= L. =Poppy family (Papaveraceae)=.
Sanguinaria; bloodroot; red puccoon; Indian-paint; tetterwort.
Native, perennial herb, about 6 inches high, found in rich, open
woods from Nova Scotia to Nebraska, south to Florida and Arkansas.
_Part used._--Rhizome, “collected after the death of the foliage”
(official).
Sanicle, American. See _Heuchera americana_ and _Sanicula marilandica_.
Sanicle, black. See _Sanicula marilandica_.
Sanicle, Indian. See _Eupatorium ageratoides_.
Sanicle, white. See _Eupatorium ageratoides_.
=Sanicula marilandica= L. =Parsley family (Apiaceae)=.
Black sanicle; black snakeroot; American sanicle; poolroot.
Native, perennial herb, 1 to 3 feet high; in rich woods, Canada to
Georgia.
_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).
=Saponaria officinalis= L. =Pink family (Silenaceae)=.
Soapwort; soaproot; bouncing-Bet; fuller’s-herb.
Stout, perennial herb, 1 to 2 feet high, naturalized from Europe
and found along roadsides and waste places; common almost
everywhere.
_Parts used._--Root and herb (nonofficial).
_Sarothamnus scoparius_ Wimm. Same as _Cytisus scoparius_.
=Sarracenia flava= L. =Pitcher-plant family (Sarraceniaceae)=.
Trumpetleaf; trumpets; Eve’s-cup; watercup; yellow-flowered
watercup.
Curious, indigenous perennial, about 1 to 3 feet high, found in
low, wet pine barrens in the southeastern United States.
_Parts used._--Root and sometimes the leaves (nonofficial).
=Sarracenia purpurea= L. =Pitcher-plant family (Sarraceniaceae)=.
Pitcher-plant; flytrap; sidesaddle-flower; watercup; smallpox-plant.
Indigenous perennial, 1 to 2 feet high, growing in wet, boggy
places and marshes, from Canada to Minnesota and Florida.
_Parts used._--Root and sometimes the leaves (nonofficial).
Sarsaparilla, American. See _Aralia nudicaulis_.
Sarsaparilla, bristly. See _Aralia hispida_.
Sarsaparilla, false. See _Aralia nudicaulis_.
Sarsaparilla, Texas. See _Menispermum canadense_.
Sarsaparilla, Virginian. See _Aralia nudicaulis_.
Sarsaparilla, wild. See _Aralia nudicaulis_.
Sassafras. See _Sassafras variifolium_.
_Sassafras officinale_ Nees & Eberm. Same as _Sassafras variifolium_.
_Sassafras sassafras_ (L.) Karst. Same as _Sassafras variifolium_.
Sassafras, swamp-. See _Magnolia virginiana_.
=Sassafras variifolium= (Salisb.) O. Kuntze.[g]
=Laurel family (Lauraceae)=.
_Synonyms._--_Sassafras officinale_ Nees & Eberm.; _Sassafras
sassafras_ (L.) Karst.[g]
Sassafras; ague-tree.
Native tree, sometimes reaching a height of 125 feet; in rich
woods, Massachusetts to Ontario and Michigan, south to Florida
and Texas.
_Parts used._--Bark of root, collected in early spring or autumn
and deprived of the periderm (official); pith (official); and the
oil of sassafras distilled from the root, especially the root
bark (official).
=Satureia hortensis= L. =Mint family (Menthaceae)=.
Summer-savory.
Hairy, aromatic, annual herb, adventive from Europe and occurring
in waste places from Canada to Pennsylvania and Nevada.
_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).
Savin. See _Juniperus sabina_.
Savin, red. See _Juniperus virginiana_.
Savory, summer-. See _Satureia hortensis_.
Saw-palmetto. See _Serenoa serrulata_.
Saxifrage, burnet-. See _Pimpinella saxifraga_.
Scabious, sweet. See _Erigeron philadelphicus_.
Scabish, meadow-. See _Aster puniceus_.
Scabwort. See _Inula helenium_.
Scarletberry. See _Solanum dulcamara_.
Scoke. See _Phytolacca decandra_.
Scoparius. See _Cytisus scoparius_.
Scouring-rush, common. See _Equisetum hyemale_.
Scrofula-plant. See _Scrophularia marilandica_.
Scrofula-weed. See _Peramium pubescens_.
=Scrophularia marilandica= L. =Figwort family (Scrophulariaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Scrophularia nodosa_ var. _marilandica_ A. Gray.
Maryland figwort; scrofula-plant; carpenter’s-square; heal-all;
bee-plant; pilewort.
Smooth, native perennial, 3 to 5 feet high; moist, shady ground in
woods and thickets, New York to North Carolina and Kansas.
_Parts used._--Herb and root (nonofficial).
_Scrophularia nodosa_ var. _marilandica_ A. Gray. Same as _Scrophularia
marilandica_.
Scutellaria. See _Scutellaria lateriflora_.
_Scutellaria hyssopifolia_ L. Same as _Scutellaria integrifolia_.
=Scutellaria integrifolia= L. =Mint family (Menthaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Scutellaria hyssopifolia_ L.
Larger skullcap; hyssop-skullcap.
Native, perennial herb, 6 inches to 2 feet high, found in fields
and woods from Connecticut south to Florida and Texas.
_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).
=Scutellaria lateriflora= L. =Mint family (Menthaceae)=.
Scutellaria; skullcap; madweed; hoodwort.
Smooth, branching perennial, 1 to 2 feet high, native in damp
places along banks of streams from Canada south to Florida, New
Mexico, and Washington.
_Part used._--Plant (official).
Sea-lavender. See _Limonium carolinianum_.
Self-heal. See _Prunella vulgaris_.
=Senecio aureus= L. =Aster family (Asteraceae)=.
Liferoot; swamp squaw-weed; golden ragwort; cocash-weed; coughweed.
Indigenous, perennial herb, 1 to 2½ feet high, growing in swamps
and wet meadows, Newfoundland to Ontario, south to Florida,
Missouri, and Texas.
_Parts used._--Root and herb (nonofficial).
Senega. See _Polygala senega_.
Senna, American. See _Cassia marilandica_.
Senna, wild. See _Cassia marilandica_.
=Serenoa serrulata= (Roem. & Schult.) Hook. f.
=Palm family (Phoenicaceae)=.
Sabal; saw-palmetto.
A palm, 3 to 7 feet in height, found in sandy soil from North
Carolina and Arkansas to Florida and Texas.
_Part used._--Partially dried ripe fruit (official).
Serpentaria. See _Aristolochia reticulata_ and _A. serpentaria_.
Serpentaria, Texas. See _Aristolochia reticulata_.
Serpentaria, Virginia. See _Aristolochia serpentaria_.
Service-tree, American. See _Sorbus americana_.
Seven-barks. See _Hydrangea arborescens_.
Shagbark. See _Hicoria ovata_.
Shamrock. See _Oxalis acetosella_.
Shamrock, water-. See _Menyanthes trifoliata_.
Shave-grass. See _Equisetum hyemale_.
Sheepberry. See _Viburnum lentago_.
Sheep-laurel. See _Kalmia angustifolia_ and _K. latifolia_.
Sheep-sorrel. See _Rumex acetosella_.
Shellbark-hickory. See _Hicoria ovata_.
Shellflower. See _Chelone glabra_.
Shepherd’s-purse. See _Bursa bursa-pastoris_.
Shepherd’s-weatherglass. See _Anagallis arvensis_.
Shield-fern, marginal-fruited. See _Dryopteris marginalis_.
Shrub, sweet-scented. See _Butneria florida_.
Shrub yellowroot. See _Xanthorrhiza apiifolia_.
Sicklewort. See _Prunella vulgaris_.
Sidesaddle-flower. See _Sarracenia purpurea_.
Silkweed. See _Asclepias syriaca_.
Silkweed, rose-colored. See _Asclepias incarnata_.
Silkweed, swamp-. See _Asclepias incarnata_.
=Silphium laciniatum= L. =Aster family (Asteraceae)=.
Rosinweed; compass-plant; pilotweed; polar-plant.
Coarse, native perennial, 3 to 12 feet high, growing on prairies
from Ohio to Alabama, west to Texas and South Dakota.
_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).
=Silphium perfoliatum= L. =Aster family (Asteraceae)=.
Cup-plant; Indian-cup; ragged-cup.
Stout, perennial herb, 4 to 8 feet high, native in moist soil and
low ground from Ontario and the eastern United States west to
Louisiana and Nebraska.
_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).
Silverleaf. See _Impatiens biflora_, _Spiraea tomentosa_, and
_Stillingia sylvatica_.
Silverleaf-poplar. See _Populus alba_.
Simpler’s-joy. See _Verbena hastata_.
Sinapis alba. See _Sinapis alba_ L.
=Sinapis alba= L. =Mustard family (Brassicaceae)=.
Sinapis alba; white mustard; yellow mustard.
Annual herb, about 2 feet in height, naturalized from Europe, and
found in fields and waste places, but not so widely distributed
as the black mustard.
_Part used._--Seed (official).
Sinapis nigra. See _Brassica nigra_.
_Sinapis nigra_ L. Same as _Brassica nigra_.
Skullcap. See _Scutellaria lateriflora_.
Skullcap, hyssop-. See _Scutellaria integrifolia_.
Skullcap, larger. See _Scutellaria integrifolia_.
Skunk-cabbage. See _Spathyema foetida_.
Skunkweed. See _Spathyema foetida_.
Sloe. See _Viburnum prunifolium_.
Smallpox-plant. See _Sarracenia purpurea_.
Smartweed. See _Polygonum hydropiper_.
Smartweed, dotted. See _Polygonum punctatum_.
Smartweed, water-. See _Polygonum punctatum_.
_Smilacina racemosa_ Desf. Same as _Vagnera racemosa_.
=Smilax herbacea= L. =Smilax family (Smilacaceae)=.
Carrion-flower; American Jacob’s-ladder.
Native, herbaceous perennial, occurring in woods and thickets in
Canada and the eastern United States.
_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).
=Smilax pseudo-china= L. =Smilax family (Smilacaceae)=.
Bamboo-brier; long-stalked greenbrier; American China-root; false
China-root; bullbrier.
Perennial vine, native, growing in dry or sandy thickets, Maryland
to Florida, west to Texas and Nebraska.
_Part used._--Rhizome (nonofficial).
Snake-gentian. See _Nabalus serpentarius_.
Snakehead. See _Chelone glabra_.
Snakeleaf, yellow. See _Erythronium americanum_.
Snake-lily. See _Iris versicolor_.
Snakemilk. See _Euphorbia corollata_.
Snakeroot, black. See _Cimicifuga racemosa_ and _Sanicula marilandica_.
Snakeroot, button-. See _Eryngium yuccifolium_.
Snakeroot, Canada. See _Asarum canadense_.
Snakeroot, corn-. See _Eryngium yuccifolium_ and _Lacinaria spicata_.
Snakeroot, dense button-. See _Lacinaria spicata_.
Snakeroot, large button-. See _Lacinaria scariosa_.
Snakeroot, Red River. See _Aristolochia reticulata_.
Snakeroot, Sampson’s-. See _Gentiana villosa_.
Snakeroot, Samson’s-. See _Psoralea pedunculata_.
Snakeroot, Seneca. See _Polygala senega_.
Snakeroot, smaller white. See _Eupatorium aromaticum_.
Snakeroot, Texas. See _Aristolochia reticulata_.
Snakeroot, Virginia. See _Aristolochia serpentaria_.
Snakeroot, white. See _Eupatorium ageratoides_.
Snake-violet. See _Viola pedata_.
Snakeweed. See _Euphorbia pilulifera_.
Snapweed. See _Impatiens aurea_ and _I. biflora_.
Sneezeweed. See _Helenium autumnale_.
Sneezewort. See _Helenium autumnale_.
Snowdrop, yellow. See _Erythronium americanum_.
Soaproot. See _Saponaria officinalis_.
Soapwort. See _Saponaria officinalis_.
Soapwort-gentian. See _Gentiana saponaria_.
=Solanum carolinense= L. =Potato family (Solanaceae)=.
Horse-nettle; bull-nettle; sandbrier.
Rough-hairy, native, perennial herb, common in dry fields and on
sandy or gravelly banks from the eastern United States west to
Texas and Nebraska.
_Parts used._--Root, leaves, and berries (nonofficial).
=Solanum dulcamara= L. =Potato family (Solanaceae)=.
Dulcamara; bittersweet; woody nightshade; violet-bloom;
scarletberry.
Climbing, shrubby perennial, naturalized from Europe; found in low,
damp grounds and moist banks, New Brunswick to Minnesota, south
to New Jersey and Kansas.
_Part used._--Young branches (official in U. S. P. 1890).
=Solidago odora= Ait. =Aster family (Asteraceae)=.
Sweet goldenrod; fragrant-leaved goldenrod; anise-scented goldenrod.
Slender, perennial herb, 2 to 3 feet high, native; in dry soil from
Maine to Texas.
_Parts used._--Leaves and tops (nonofficial).
Solomon’s-seal, false. See _Vagnera racemosa_.
Solomon’s-seal, giant. See _Polygonatum commutatum_.
Solomon’s-seal, great. See _Polygonatum commutatum_.
Solomon’s-seal, hairy. See _Polygonatum biflorum_.
Solomon’s-seal, small. See _Vagnera racemosa_.
Solomon’s-seal, smaller. See _Polygonatum biflorum_.
Solomon’s-seal, smooth. See _Polygonatum commutatum_.
=Sorbus americana= Marsh. =Apple family (Malaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Pyrus americana_ DC.
American mountain-ash; roundwood; dogberry; mountain-sumac;
American service-tree.
Indigenous tree or tall shrub, growing in low woods or moist ground
from Newfoundland south along the mountains to North Carolina,
and to Michigan.
_Parts used._--Bark and berries (nonofficial).
Sorrel, common. See _Rumex acetosella_.
Sorrel, field-. See _Rumex acetosella_.
Sorrel, sheep-. See _Rumex acetosella_.
Sorrel, white wood-. See _Oxalis acetosella_.
Sorrel-tree. See _Oxydendrum arboreum_.
Sour-grass. See _Rumex acetosella_.
Sourwood. See _Oxydendrum arboreum_.
Southernwood. See _Artemisia abrotanum_.
=Spathyema foetida= (L.) Raf. =Arum family (Araceae)=.
_Synonyms._--_Dracontium foetidum_ L.; _Symplocarpus foetidus_ Nutt.
Skunk-cabbage; skunkweed; polecat-weed; swamp-cabbage.
Indigenous, perennial herb, about 1 to 2 feet high, found in swamps
and wet soil from Canada south to Florida, Iowa, and Minnesota.
Appears very early in spring.
_Parts used._--Rhizome and roots (nonofficial).
Spatter-dock. See _Nymphaea advena_.
Spearmint. See _Mentha spicata_.
Speedwell, common. See _Veronica officinalis_.
Speedwell, tall. See _Veronica virginica_.
Spicebush. See _Benzoin benzoin_.
Spicewood. See _Benzoin benzoin_.
Spigelia. See _Spigelia marilandica_.
=Spigelia marilandica= L. =Logania family (Loganiaceae)=.
Spigelia; pinkroot; Maryland pinkroot; Indian pinkroot; worm-grass.
Erect, native, perennial herb, 6 inches to 1½ feet high, found in
rich woods, New Jersey to Florida, west to Texas and Wisconsin.
Occurs principally in the Southern States.
_Parts used._--Rhizome and roots (official).
Spignet. See _Aralia racemosa_.
Spikenard. See _Aralia racemosa_.
Spikenard, American. See _Aralia racemosa_.
Spikenard, false. See _Vagnera racemosa_.
Spikenard, small. See _Aralia nudicaulis_.
Spikenard, wild. See _Vagnera racemosa_.
Spindle-tree. See _Euonymus atropurpureus_.
Spiraea. See _Spiraea tomentosa_.
=Spiraea tomentosa= L. =Rose family (Rosaceae)=.
Spiraea; hardhack; steeplebush; pink meadowsweet; silverleaf.
Native shrub, occurring in low grounds and moist meadows from Nova
Scotia south to Georgia, west to Kansas and Manitoba.
_Parts used._--Leaves and root (nonofficial).
Spleenwortbush. See _Comptonia peregrina_.
Spruce, black. See _Picea mariana_.
Spruce, hemlock-. See _Tsuga canadensis_.
Spruce, weeping. See _Tsuga canadensis_.
Spruce-gum tree. See _Picea mariana_.
Spurge, flowering. See _Euphorbia corollata_.
Spurge, ipecac-. See _Euphorbia ipecacuanhae_.
Spurge, large spotted. See _Euphorbia nutans_.
Spurge, pill-bearing. See _Euphorbia pilulifera_.
Spurge-laurel. See _Daphne mezereum_.
Spurge-olive. See _Daphne mezereum_.
Squawberry. See _Mitchella repens_.
Squawbush. See _Viburnum opulus_.
Squawflower. See _Trillium erectum_.
Squawmint. See _Hedeoma pulegioides_.
Squawroot. See _Caulophyllum thalictroides_ and _Cimicifuga racemosa_.
Squaw-vine. See _Mitchella repens_.
Squaw-weed. See _Eupatorium ageratoides_.
Squaw-weed, swamp. See _Senecio aureus_.
Squirrel-corn. See _Bikukulla canadensis_.
Squirrel-ear. See _Peramium repens_.
Staff-tree. See _Celastrus scandens_.
Stagbush. See _Viburnum prunifolium_.
Staggerweed. See _Bikukulla canadensis_.
Stag’s-horn. See _Lycopodium clavatum_.
Stammerwort. See _Ambrosia artemisiaefolia_.
Star-grass. See _Aletris farinosa_.
Starwort. See _Chamaelirium luteum_.
Starwort, drooping. See _Chamaelirium luteum_.
_Statice caroliniana_ Walt. Same as _Limonium carolinianum_.
Steeplebush. See _Spiraea tomentosa_.
_Stellaria media_ Cyr. Same as _Alsine media_.
Stillingia. See _Stillingia sylvatica_.
=Stillingia sylvatica= L. =Spurge family (Euphorbiaceae)=.
Stillingia; queen’s-root; queen’s-delight; silverleaf.
Native, herbaceous perennial, 1 to 3 feet in height, occurring in
dry, sandy soil, and pine barrens from Maryland to Florida, west
to Kansas and Texas.
_Part used._--Root (official).
Stonecrop, ditch-. See _Penthorum sedoides_.
Stonecrop, Virginia. See _Penthorum sedoides_.
Stonemint. See _Cunila origanoides_.
Stone-oak. See _Quercus alba_.
Stoneroot. See _Collinsonia canadensis_.
Stramonium. See _Datura stramonium_.
Strawberry, scarlet. See _Fragaria virginiana_.
Strawberry, Virginia. See _Fragaria virginiana_.
Strawberry-shrub, hairy. See _Butneria florida_.
=Stylosanthes biflora= (L.) B. S. P. =Pea family (Fabaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Stylosanthes elatior_ Sw.
Pencil-flower; afterbirth-weed.
Wiry, perennial herb, 6 inches to 2 feet in height, native;
occurring in dry soil from New York to Florida, west to the
Indian Territory.
_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).
_Stylosanthes elatior_ Sw. Same as _Stylosanthes biflora_.
Succory. See _Cichorium intybus_.
Sumac, fragrant. See _Rhus aromatica_.
Sumac, mountain-. See _Sorbus americana_.
Sumac, scarlet. See _Rhus glabra_.
Sumac, smooth. See _Rhus glabra_.
Sumac, sweet-scented. See _Rhus aromatica_.
Summer-savory. See _Satureia hortensis_.
Sundew, round-leaved. See _Drosera rotundifolia_.
Sunflower, swamp-. See _Helenium autumnale_.
Swamp squaw-weed. See _Senecio aureus_.
Swamp willow-herb. See _Epilobium palustre_.
Swamp-cabbage. See _Spathyema foetida_.
Swamp-dogwood. See _Cornus amomum_.
Swamp-hellebore. See _Veratrum viride_.
Swamp-laurel. See _Magnolia virginiana_.
Swamp-maple. See _Acer rubrum_.
Swamp-milkweed. See _Asclepias incarnata_.
Swamp-sassafras. See _Magnolia virginiana_.
Swamp-silkweed. See _Asclepias incarnata_.
Swamp-sunflower. See _Helenium autumnale_.
Swamp-willow. See _Salix nigra_.
Sweatweed. See _Althaea officinalis_.
Sweet-cicely. See _Washingtonia longistylis_.
Sweet-flag. See _Acorus calamus_.
Sweet-gum. See _Liquidambar styraciflua_.
Sweetroot. See _Polemonium reptans_.
=Symphytum officinale= L. =Borage family (Boraginaceae)=.
Comfrey; healing-herb; blackwort; bruisewort.
Erect, perennial herb, 2 to 3 feet high, naturalized from Europe;
found in waste places, Newfoundland to Minnesota, south to
Maryland.
_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).
_Symplocarpus foetidus_ Nutt. Same as _Spathyema foetida_.
Tag-alder. See _Alnus rugosa_.
Tamarack. See _Larix laricina_.
Tanacetum. See _Tanacetum vulgare_.
=Tanacetum vulgare= L. =Aster family (Asteraceae)=.
Tanacetum; tansy; double tansy; bitter-buttons; parsley-fern.
Strong-scented, perennial herb, 1½ to 3 feet high, introduced from
Europe; escaped from cultivation and found along roadsides from
Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to North Carolina and Missouri.
_Parts used._--Leaves and flowering tops (official in U. S. P.
1890).
Tanbark-tree. See _Tsuga canadensis_.
Tansy. See _Tanacetum vulgare_.
Tansy, double. See _Tanacetum vulgare_.
Taraxacum. See _Taraxacum officinale_.
=Taraxacum officinale= Weber.[h] =Chicory family (Cichoriaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Taraxacum taraxacum_ (L.) Karst.[h]
Taraxacum; dandelion; blowball; cankerwort.
Low, perennial weed, 5 to 10 inches high, naturalized from Europe;
very abundant in lawns, meadows, and waste places throughout the
United States, with the exception of the South.
_Part used._--Root, collected in autumn (official).
_Taraxacum taraxacum_ (L.) Karst. Same as _Taraxacum officinale_.
Tea, continental. See _Ledum groenlandicum_.
Tea, James-. See _Ledum groenlandicum_.
Tea, Jersey. See _Ceanothus americanus_.
Tea, Jerusalem. See _Chenopodium ambrosioides_.
Tea, Labrador. See _Ledum groenlandicum_.
Tea, Mexican. See _Chenopodium ambrosioides_.
Tea, mountain-. See _Gaultheria procumbens_.
Tea, New Jersey. See _Ceanothus americanus_.
Tea, Oswego. See _Monarda didyma_.
Tea, Spanish. See _Chenopodium ambrosioides_.
Teaberry. See _Gaultheria procumbens_.
_Tephrosia virginiana_ Pers. Same as _Cracca virginiana_.
Tetterwort. See _Chelidonium majus_ and _Sanguinaria canadensis_.
Thimbleberry. See _Rubus occidentalis_.
Thimbles. See _Digitalis purpurea_.
Thimbleweed. See _Rudbeckia laciniata_.
Thistle, bitter. See _Cnicus benedictus_.
Thistle, blessed. See _Cnicus benedictus_.
Thistle, Canada. See _Carduus arvensis_.
Thistle, creeping. See _Carduus arvensis_.
Thistle, cursed. See _Carduus arvensis_.
Thistle, holy. See _Cnicus benedictus_.
Thistle, St. Benedict’s-. See _Cnicus benedictus_.
Thistle, spotted. See _Cnicus benedictus_.
Thorn-apple. See _Datura stramonium_.
Thoroughwort. See _Eupatorium perfoliatum_.
Thousandleaf. See _Achillea millefolium_.
Throwwort. See _Leonurus cardiaca_.
=Thuja occidentalis= L. =Pine family (Pinaceae)=.
Arbor-vitae; white cedar; yellow cedar.
Indigenous, evergreen tree, 20 to 50 feet in height; in wet soil
and along banks of streams, Canada to North Carolina, Illinois,
and Minnesota. Especially abundant in Canada and the Northern
States.
_Parts used._--Branchlets and leaves (nonofficial).
=Tiarella cordifolia= L. =Saxifrage family (Saxifragaceae)=.
Coolwort; false miterwort; foamflower; gemfruit.
Slender, indigenous perennial, 6 to 12 inches high, found in rich,
moist woods, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south, especially along
the mountains, to Georgia and Indiana.
_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).
Tickweed. See _Hedeoma pulegioides_.
=Tilia americana= L. =Linden family (Tiliaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Tilia glabra_ Vent.
Basswood; American linden; whitewood.
Large, indigenous forest tree, 60 to 125 feet in height; in rich
woods, especially along the mountains, from Canada to Georgia,
west to Texas and Nebraska.
_Part used._--Inflorescence of this and of other species of Tilia
(nonofficial).
_Tilia glabra_ Vent. Same as _Tilia americana_.
Tinker’s-weed. See _Triosteum perfoliatum_.
Tobacco, Indian. See _Lobelia inflata_.
Toothache-tree. See _Fagara clava-herculis_ and _Xanthoxylum
americanum_.
Touch-me-not, pale. See _Impatiens aurea_.
Touch-me-not, spotted. See _Impatiens biflora_.
Toywort. See _Bursa bursa-pastoris_.
Tree-primrose. See _Oenothera biennis_.
Trefoil, marsh-. See _Menyanthes trifoliata_.
Trefoil, shrubby. See _Ptelea trifoliata_.
Trefoil, sour. See _Oxalis acetosella_.
=Trifolium pratense= L. =Pea family (Fabaceae)=.
Red clover; meadow-clover; purple clover.
Perennial herb, 6 inches to 2 feet high; common in fields and
meadows throughout the eastern United States; naturalized from
Europe, and widely cultivated.
_Part used._--Blossoms (nonofficial).
=Trilisa odoratissima= (Walt.) Cass. =Aster family (Asteraceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Liatris odoratissima_ Michx.
Vanilla-plant; deer’s-tongue; vanilla-leaf; Carolina vanilla.
Rather stout, native, perennial herb, 2 to 3 feet high, with
fragrant leaves; in pine barrens from Virginia south to Florida
and Louisiana.
_Part used._--Leaves (nonofficial).
=Trillium erectum= L. =Lily-of-the-valley family (Convallariaceae)=.
Wake-robin; ill-scented bethroot; birthroot; squawflower.
Stout, native perennial, 8 to 16 inches high, growing in rich soil
in damp, shady woods from Canada south to Tennessee and Missouri.
_Part used._--Rhizome of this and of several other species of
Trillium (nonofficial).
=Triosteum perfoliatum= L. =Honeysuckle family (Caprifoliaceae)=.
Feverroot; horse-gentian; tinker’s-weed; white gentian; wild ipecac.
Indigenous, perennial herb, 2 to 4 feet high; in rich soil in shady
locations, Quebec to Minnesota, south to Alabama and Kansas.
_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).
Triticum. See _Agropyron repens_.
_Triticum repens_ Beauv. Same as _Agropyron repens_.
Trumpetleaf. See _Sarracenia flava_.
Trumpet-milkweed. See _Lactuca canadensis_.
Trumpets. See _Sarracenia flava_.
=Tsuga canadensis= (L.) Carr. =Pine family (Pinaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Abies canadensis_ Michx.
Hemlock; hemlock-spruce; weeping spruce; tanbark-tree.
Indigenous tree, about 75 feet in height, in forests from Canada
south to Alabama and Wisconsin.
_Parts used._--Bark and prepared resinous exudate (nonofficial).
Tulip-poplar. See _Liriodendron tulipifera_.
Tulip-tree. See _Liriodendron tulipifera_.
Tupelo gum. See _Nyssa aquatica_.
Tupelo, large. See _Nyssa aquatica_.
Tupelo, sour. See _Nyssa ogeche_.
Turkey-corn. See _Bikukulla canadensis_.
Turkey-pea. See _Bikukulla canadensis_.
_Turnera aphrodisiaca_ Ward. Same as _Turnera microphylla_.
=Turnera microphylla= Desv. =Turnera family (Turneraceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Turnera aphrodisiaca_ Ward.
Damiana.
A small, shrubby plant, native of Lower California, Texas, and
northern Mexico, growing in dry soil.
_Part used._--Leaves (nonofficial).
Turnip, Indian. See _Arisaema triphyllum_.
Turnip, wild. See _Arisaema triphyllum_.
Turtle-head. See _Chelone glabra_.
=Tussilago farfara= L. =Aster family (Asteraceae)=.
Colt’s-foot; coughwort; horsefoot; gingerroot.
Perennial herb, 3 to 18 inches high, naturalized from Europe; in
moist places along roadsides and brooks, northeastern United
States and Minnesota to Canada.
_Parts used._--Leaves and root (nonofficial).
Twinleaf. See _Jeffersonia diphylla_.
=Typha latifolia= L. =Cattail family (Typhaceae)=.
Broad-leaved cattail; cattail-flag; bulrush.
Native marsh plant, perennial, 4 to 8 feet high; found in marshes,
ditches, muddy pools, and other wet places throughout North
America, except extreme northern part.
_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).
Ulmus. See _Ulmus fulva_.
=Ulmus fulva= Michx. =Elm family (Ulmaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Ulmus pubescens_ Walt.
Ulmus; elm; slippery elm; red elm; moose-elm; Indian elm.
Indigenous tree, 50 to 60 feet high, growing on hills, along
streams and in woods from Quebec to North Dakota, south to
Florida and Texas. More common in the western part of its range.
_Part used._--Bark deprived of its periderm (official).
_Ulmus pubescens_ Walt. Same as _Ulmus fulva_.
Umbrella-tree. See _Magnolia tripetala_.
Unicorn-root, false. See _Aletris farinosa_.
Unicorn-root, true. See _Chamaelirium luteum_.
Upland-cranberry. See _Arctostaphylos uva-ursi_.
=Urtica dioica= L. =Nettle family (Urticaceae)=.
Stinging nettle; great nettle.
Herbaceous, perennial plant, 2 to 4 feet high, with stinging hairs;
naturalized from Europe and found in waste places from Canada and
Minnesota south to South Carolina and Missouri.
_Parts used._--Flowers, leaves, and root (nonofficial).
Uva-ursi. See _Arctostaphylos uva-ursi_.
Uvedalia. See _Polymnia uvedalia_.
=Uvularia perfoliata= L. =Bunchflower family (Melanthiaceae)=.
Perfoliate bellwort; Mohawk-weed.
Native, perennial herb, 6 to 20 inches high; in moist woods and
thickets, Quebec to Florida and Mississippi.
_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).
=Vagnera racemosa= (L.) Morong.
=Lily-of-the-valley family (Convallariaceae)=.
_Synonyms._--_Convallaria racemosa_ L.; _Smilacina racemosa_ Desf.
False Solomon’s-seal; small Solomon’s-seal; wild spikenard; false
spikenard.
Indigenous, perennial herb, 1 to 3 feet high, found in moist woods
and thickets from Canada south to Georgia and Arizona.
_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).
Valerian. See _Valeriana officinalis_.
Valerian, American. See _Cypripedium hirsutum_.
Valerian, American Greek. See _Polemonium reptans_.
Valerian, garden-. See _Valeriana officinalis_.
Valeriana. See _Valeriana officinalis_.
=Valeriana officinalis= L. =Valerian family (Valerianaceae)=.
Valeriana; valerian; garden-valerian; vandal-root.
Perennial herb, 2 to 5 feet high, native of Europe; escaped from
gardens to roadsides in New York and New Jersey.
_Parts used._--Rhizome and roots (official).
Vandal-root. See _Valeriana officinalis_.
Vanilla, Carolina. See _Trilisa odoratissima_.
Vanilla-leaf. See _Trilisa odoratissima_.
Vanilla-plant. See _Trilisa odoratissima_.
Velvet-plant. See _Verbascum thapsus_.
Veratrum. See _Veratrum viride_.
=Veratrum viride= Ait. =Bunchflower family (Melanthiaceae)=.
Veratrum; American hellebore; swamp-hellebore; green hellebore.
Native, perennial herb, 2 to 7 feet high, growing in swamps, wet
woods, and meadows, Canada and Alaska, Minnesota south to Georgia.
_Parts used._--Rhizome and roots of this or _V. album_ (official).
=Verbascum thapsus= L. =Figwort family (Scrophulariaceae)=.
Mullein; velvet dock; velvet-plant; flannel-leaf.
Tall, erect, biennial weed, sometimes 7 feet in height; naturalized
from Europe and growing in fields, pastures, and waste places,
Nova Scotia to Minnesota, southward to Florida.
_Parts used._--Leaves and flowers (nonofficial).
=Verbena hastata= L. =Vervain family (Verbenaceae)=.
Vervain; simpler’s-joy; wild hyssop.
Erect, indigenous perennial, 3 to 4 feet high, found in fields,
meadows, and waste places, Canada to Nebraska, New Mexico, and
Florida.
_Parts used._--Root and herb (nonofficial).
=Veronica officinalis= L. =Figwort family (Scrophulariaceae)=.
Common speedwell; Paul’s-betony.
Perennial herb, 3 to 10 inches high; in dry fields and woods, Nova
Scotia to Michigan, south to North Carolina and Tennessee.
_Part used._--Herb (nonofficial).
Veronica, tall. See _Veronica virginica_.
=Veronica virginica= L.[i] =Figwort family (Scrophulariaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Leptandra virginica_ (L.) Nutt.[i]
Leptandra; Culver’s-root; Culver’s-physic; blackroot;
Bowman’s-root; tall speedwell; tall veronica.
Indigenous, perennial plant, 2 to 5 feet high, in moist, rich
ground in woods, meadows, and thickets from Canada to Alabama and
Nebraska.
_Parts used._--Rhizome and roots (official).
Vervain. See _Verbena hastata_.
=Viburnum dentatum= L. =Honeysuckle family (Caprifoliaceae)=.
Arrowwood; mealy-tree.
Smooth, indigenous shrub, about 15 feet in height, growing on low
ground and in damp woods and thickets from New Brunswick and
Ontario south along the mountains to Georgia, and westward to
Minnesota.
_Part used._--Bark (nonofficial).
=Viburnum lentago= L. =Honeysuckle family (Caprifoliaceae)=.
Nannybush; sheepberry; sweet viburnum.
An indigenous shrub, sometimes a small tree; in rich soil from
Canada to Georgia and Missouri.
_Part used._--Bark of the root of this species or of _V.
prunifolium_ official under the name “Viburnum prunifolium.”
Viburnum opulus. See _Viburnum opulus_ L.
=Viburnum opulus= L. =Honeysuckle family (Caprifoliaceae)=.
Viburnum opulus; cramp-bark; high-bush cranberry; squawbush.
Indigenous shrub, 4 to 10 feet in height, found in low, rich woods
and borders of fields from New Jersey, Michigan, and Oregon,
northward.
_Part used._--Bark (official).
Viburnum prunifolium. See _Viburnum lentago_ and _V. prunifolium_ L.
=Viburnum prunifolium= L. =Honeysuckle family (Caprifoliaceae)=.
Black haw; sloe; stagbush.
Indigenous shrub or small tree, growing in dry woods and thickets
and on rocky hillsides, Connecticut to Florida, west to Michigan
and Texas. Most abundant in the South.
_Part used._--Bark of the root of this species or of _V. lentago_
official under the name “Viburnum prunifolium.”
Viburnum, sweet. See _Viburnum lentago_.
Vine-maple. See _Menispermum canadense_.
=Viola odorata= L. =Violet family (Violaceae)=.
English violet; sweet violet; March violet.
Low herb, native of Europe; escaped from gardens, Nova Scotia to
New York and New Jersey, and on the Pacific coast.
_Part used._--Flowers (nonofficial).
=Viola pedata= L. =Violet family (Violaceae)=.
Bird’s-foot violet; wood-violet; snake-violet.
Native plant, perennial, 3 to 10 inches high, occurring in dry
fields and on hillsides from Maine to Minnesota, south to Florida
and Missouri.
_Parts used._--Herb and root (nonofficial).
=Viola tricolor= L. =Violet family (Violaceae)=.
Pansy; heartsease.
Small herb, 4 to 12 inches high, introduced from Europe; found in
waste places, sparingly escaped from gardens.
_Part used._--Flowering herb (nonofficial).
Violet, bird’s-foot. See _Viola pedata_.
Violet, dog’s-tooth. See _Erythronium americanum_.
Violet, English. See _Viola odorata_.
Violet, March. See _Viola odorata_.
Violet, rattlesnake-. See _Erythronium americanum_.
Violet, snake-. See _Viola pedata_.
Violet, sweet. See _Viola odorata_.
Violet, wood-. See _Viola pedata_.
Violet-bloom. See _Solanum dulcamara_.
Virginia creeper. See _Parthenocissus quinquefolia_.
Virgin’s-bower. See _Clematis virginiana_.
_Viscum flavescens_ Pursh. Same as _Phoradendron flavescens_.
Vomitwort. See _Lobelia inflata_.
Wafer-ash. See _Ptelea trifoliata_.
Wahoo. See _Euonymus atropurpureus_.
Wake-robin. See _Arisaema triphyllum_ and _Trillium erectum_.
Walnut, white. See _Juglans cinerea_.
Wartwort. See _Gnaphalium uliginosum_.
=Washingtonia longistylis= (Torr.) Britton. =Parsley family (Apiaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Osmorrhiza longistylis_ DC.
Sweet-cicely; anise-root; sweet chervil.
Erect, rather stout, perennial herb, 2 to 3 feet high, native; in
rich, moist woods and banks of streams from Canada to Alabama and
Texas.
_Part used._--Root (nonofficial).
Water-avens. See _Geum rivale_.
Water-bugle. See _Lycopus virginicus_.
Watercup. See _Sarracenia flava_ and _S. purpurea_.
Watercup, yellow-flowered. See _Sarracenia flava_.
Water-eryngo. See _Eryngium yuccifolium_.
Water-flag. See _Iris versicolor_.
Water-hemlock. See _Cicuta maculata_.
Water-hoarhound. See _Lycopus virginicus_.
Water-lily. See _Castalia odorata_.
Water-lily, sweet-scented. See _Castalia odorata_.
Water-pepper. See _Polygonum hydropiper_.
Water-shamrock. See _Menyanthes trifoliata_.
Water-smartweed. See _Polygonum punctatum_.
Waxberry. See _Myrica cerifera_.
Wax-myrtle. See _Myrica cerifera_.
Waxwork. See _Celastrus scandens_.
Waythorn. See _Rhamnus cathartica_.
White-bark. See _Populus alba_.
Whiteroot. See _Asclepias tuberosa_.
Whitethorn. See _Crataegus oxyacantha_.
Whitewood. See _Liriodendron tulipifera_ and _Tilia americana_.
Wickopy. See _Dirca palustris_.
Wickup. See _Chamaenerion angustifolium_ and _Epilobium palustre_.
Willow, black. See _Salix nigra_.
Willow, European. See _Salix alba_.
Willow, pussy-. See _Salix nigra_.
Willow, rose-. See _Cornus amomum_.
Willow, swamp-. See _Salix nigra_.
Willow, white. See _Salix alba_.
Willow-herb, great. See _Chamaenerion angustifolium_.
Willow-herb, night. See _Oenothera biennis_.
Willow-herb, swamp. See _Epilobium palustre_.
Wingseed. See _Ptelea trifoliata_.
Winterberry, Virginia. See _Ilex verticillata_.
Winterbloom. See _Hamamelis virginiana_.
Wintergreen. See _Gaultheria procumbens_.
Wintergreen, bitter. See _Chimaphila umbellata_.
Witch-hazel. See _Hamamelis virginiana_.
Woodbine, wild. See _Gelsemium sempervirens_.
Wood-fern, evergreen. See _Dryopteris marginalis_.
Wood-sorrel, white. See _Oxalis acetosella_.
Wood-violet. See _Viola pedata_.
Worm-grass. See _Spigelia marilandica_.
Wormseed. See _Chenopodium anthelminticum_.
Wormseed, American. See _Chenopodium ambrosioides_.
Wormwood. See _Artemisia absinthium_.
Wormwood, Roman. See _Ambrosia artemisiaefolia_.
=Xanthium spinosum= L. =Ragweed family (Ambrosiaceae)=.
Spiny clotbur; spiny burseed; thorny clotweed; thorny burweed.
An annual weed, 1 to 3 feet high, naturalized from Europe or Asia;
in waste ground, Ontario to Florida, westward to Missouri and
Texas.
_Part used._--Leaves (nonofficial).
=Xanthorrhiza apiifolia= L’Her. =Crowfoot family (Ranunculaceae)=.
Shrub yellowroot; southern yellowroot.
Low, shrubby, indigenous perennial, 1 to 2 feet high, growing in
woods and along river banks, southwestern New York to Florida,
chiefly in the mountains.
_Parts used._--Rhizome and roots (nonofficial).
Xanthoxylum. See _Fagara clava-herculis_ and _Xanthoxylum americanum_.
=Xanthoxylum americanum= Mill. =Rue family (Rutaceae)=.
_Synonym._--_Xanthoxylum fraxineum_ Willd.
Xanthoxylum; northern prickly ash; toothache-tree.
Indigenous shrub or small tree, maximum height about 25 feet;
common in woods and thickets and along river banks from Virginia,
Missouri, and Nebraska northward to Canada.
_Parts used._--Bark of this or of _Fagara clava-herculis_ official
under the name “Xanthoxylum.” Berries (nonofficial).
_Xanthoxylum clava-herculis_ L. Same as _Fagara clava-herculis_.
_Xanthoxylum fraxineum_ Willd. Same as _Xanthoxylum americanum_.
Yam, wild. See _Dioscorea villosa_.
Yarrow. See _Achillea millefolium_.
Yellowroot. See _Coptis trifolia_, _Hydrastis canadensis_, and
_Jeffersonia diphylla_.
Yellowroot, shrub. See _Xanthorrhiza apiifolia_.
Yellowroot, southern. See _Xanthorrhiza apiifolia_.
Yellowthorn. See _Fagara clava-herculis_.
Yellowwood. See _Fagara clava-herculis_.
Yerba buena. See _Micromeria chamissonis_.
Yerba reuma. See _Frankenia grandifolia_.
Yerba santa. See _Eriodictyon californicum_.
Youthwort. See _Drosera rotundifolia_ and _Heracleum lanatum_.
FOOTNOTES:
[a] According to Bicknell (Bul. Torr. Bot. Club, 23: 508–525, 1896),
the name _Agrimonia eupatoria_ L., long used in local floras and
text-books for the agrimony of the Eastern States, has been doing duty
for a group of related species, of which at least five are now clearly
recognized. Furthermore, Doctor Britton (Bul. Torr. Bot. Club, 18: 366,
1891) states that the true _Agrimonia eupatoria_ is not known at all
as an American plant. The native plant to which the name _Agrimonia
eupatoria_ has been most frequently applied by American authors is
_Agrimonia hirsuta_ (Muhl.) Bicknell.
[b] The name “true unicorn-root” has long been applied to _Aletris
farinosa_, but as “unicorn-root” was the common name first given to
_Chamaelirium luteum_ (_Helonias dioica_), this should more properly
be called the true unicorn-root and _Aletris farinosa_ the false
unicorn-root.
[c] The name “unicorn-root” was first applied to _Chamaelirium luteum_,
and the designation “true unicorn-root” would seem to belong more
properly to that species than to _Aletris farinosa_, to which the name
unicorn-root was given later, and which may thus be called “false
unicorn-root.”
[d] Some authors hold that this plant belongs to the genus _Leptilon_
and that its name should be _Leptilon canadense_ (L.) Britton. The
Pharmacopœia is here followed.
[e] _Phytolacca americana_ L. by right of priority should be accepted,
but _P. decandra_ L. is used in conformity with the Pharmacopœia.
[f] _Rhus radicans_ L. was formerly believed to be a variety of _Rhus
toxicodendron_ L., but the two are now regarded as distinct species,
and the leaves from both have been used under the pharmacopœial name
(U. S. P. 1890) Rhus toxicodendron.
[g] Although the combination _Sassafras sassafras_ (L.) Karst. should
be accepted by strict right of priority, the usage of the Pharmacopœia
is followed.
[h] Although the combination _Taraxacum taraxacum_ (L.) Karst. should
be accepted by right of priority, the usage of the Pharmacopœia is
followed.
[i] Some authors hold that this plant belongs to the genus Leptandra
and that its name should be _Leptandra virginica_ (L.) Nutt. The
Pharmacopœia is here followed.
Transcriber’s Notes
Words in italics are marked with _underscores_.
Words in bold are marked with =equals signs=.
Words in smallcaps are shown in UPPER CASE.
Footnotes have been moved to the end of the book.
Inconsistent hyphenation has been retained.
A few missing periods at the end of lines have been added silently.
In two instances the period following “(nonofficial)” has been moved
from inside to outside the brackets.
On page 17 in the entry “Burningbush. See Euonymus atropurpureus.”
“atropurpureus” has been changed from “atropurpurea”.
On page 68 in the entry “Sunflower, swamp-. See Helenium autumnale.”
“Helenium” has been changed from “Helena”.
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