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Title: Flora of the Sudan
Author: A. F. Broun
R. E. Massey
Contributor: J. Hutchinson
Release date: March 19, 2025 [eBook #75659]
Language: English
Original publication: London: Sudan Government Office, 1929
Credits: Galo Flordelis (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive)
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FLORA OF THE SUDAN ***
FLORA OF THE SUDAN
Flora of the Sudan
BY
A. F. BROUN,
_Formerly Director of Woods and Forests_,
AND
R. E. MASSEY,
_Government Botanist_.
_With a Conspectus of Groups of Plants and Artificial Key to Families_
BY
J. HUTCHINSON, F.L.S.,
ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS, KEW.
* * * * *
_Published with the consent of the Sudan Government._
* * * * *
Obtainable from
THE CONTROLLER, SUDAN GOVERNMENT OFFICE,
WELLINGTON HOUSE, BUCKINGHAM GATE,
LONDON, S.W.I.
PRICE P.T. 50 or 10/-
1929.
MADE IN ENGLAND
BY
THOMAS MURBY & CO., 1, FLEET LANE, LONDON, E.C.4.
CONTENTS
PAGE
PREFACE vii
ABBREVIATIONS x
GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS 1
CONSPECTUS OF PRINCIPAL GROUPS OF PLANTS AS ARRANGED
IN THIS FLORA 15
KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF DICOTYLEDONES 16
KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF MONOCOTYLEDONES 45
SYSTEMATIC ENUMERATION OF FAMILIES, GENERA AND SPECIES:—
Gymnospermæ 48
Angiospermæ:—
Dicotyledones 49
Monocotyledones 365
INDEXES TO NATIVE NAMES:—
Arabic Names 486
Hadendowa „ 490
Rashida „ 491
Nuba „ 491
Dinka „ 492
Jur „ 493
Golo „ 493
Bari „ 494
Hameg „ 494
Nuer „ 495
Shilluk „ 495
Burun „ 495
Bongo „ 495
Zande „ 495
Krej „ 496
Indogo „ 496
Tuku-Tuku „ 496
Kaliko „ 496
Makraka „ 496
INDEX TO GENERIC NAMES 496
INDEX TO FAMILY NAMES 501
PREFACE
In the Appendix of his Report on the Forests of the Sudan, published in
1901, Mr. C. E. Muriel, of the Imperial Indian Forest Service, gave a
list of the more common trees and shrubs and of a few other plants,
together with short descriptions and statements on their uses and
economic value, also their Arabic and, where possible, the Hameg names.
At the end of that year the Sudan Government gave me the appointment of
Director of Woods and Forests. At that time only few of the volumes of
the Flora of Tropical Africa had appeared and the earliest ones were
already antiquated. During the numerous journeys taken by me in various
parts of the Sudan, my wife and I were able to collect a large number of
plants, making at the same time notes of their names in various
languages of the Sudan, and their economic and other uses. I also
received considerable help, as regards Golo names, from the late Mr. S.
Skirmunt, then Deputy Inspector of Forests in the Bahr el Ghazal
Province. By 1906 I had gathered sufficient material both from my trips
and from the Kew Herbarium to draw up a rough “Catalogue of Sudan
Flowering Plants,” giving short descriptions, a number of vernacular
names and some economic and other uses, many of which were obtained from
Watt’s Dictionary of Economic Products.[1] As it was somewhat hastily
got up it was printed by the Sudan Government not for general
circulation, but for the use of Sudan officials only.
During the years which followed, up to my retirement in 1910, I was able
to add to the list a considerable number of names both scientific and
vernacular. I am indebted for the help I received, as regards Kordofan
plants, to Mr. H. B. MacMichael, of the Sudan Civil Service, and, as
regards the Red Sea littoral, to Mr. Cyril Crossland, at that time
Marine Biologist to the Sudan Government.
After my retirement Mr. R. E. Massey was appointed, in 1912, Sudan
Government Botanist, and I had the good fortune of securing his co-
operation in bringing out a more complete Catalogue of the Flowering
Plants of the Sudan. Mr. Massey, by his presence on the spot, and by his
technical knowledge, has been able to give to the present Catalogue a
greater completeness and finish than I should have been capable of
unaided; he was also able to get further assistance from other persons
in the Sudan. He particularly and gratefully acknowledges the help he
received from Mrs. Crowfoot, wife of Mr. J. W. Crowfoot, Director of
Education, in a variety of ways, such as collections of plants,
Hadendowa and other vernacular names, and drawings and paintings of
plants. A number of Dinka and Shilluk names were also given by Mr. H. C.
Jackson, of the Sudan Civil Service, and Nuer names by the late Major
Stigand. A collection of plants of the Burun country, with their
vernacular names, was received from Dr. Kamar, of the Egyptian Army, a
further collection by Mr. Sillitoe, superintendent of Gardens, Khartoum,
from the Lado District, and one from Admiral Lynes, C.B., C.M.G., in
Darfur, mostly in the region of the range of mountains, called Jebel
Marra, which attains an elevation of over 10,000 ft., and bears a flora
quite distinct from all other parts of the Sudan.
The Catalogue was at first compiled without any descriptive matter, but
Mr. R. Hewison, Director of Agriculture and Forests, Sudan Government,
speaking on behalf of that Government, which is defraying the costs of
printing this book, expressed an opinion that it would be more useful to
officials in the Sudan if short descriptions were added. In order,
therefore, to supply these as quickly as possible we depended very
largely on descriptions in the Flora of Tropical Africa, which we
shortened considerably. My wife and I worked this out as far as and
including the Cyperaceæ, and Mr. Massey undertook to do the grasses,
part only of which have as yet appeared in the Flora. He desires to
acknowledge the aid received from Mr. C. E. Hubbard in the preparation
of the key to the Grasses. Mr. J. Hutchinson kindly helped us with
plants in the Kew Herbarium which have not been described in the Flora.
But a further acknowledgment is due to Mr. Hutchinson. He has regrouped
the Natural Orders according to the system described in his recent book,
_The Families of Flowering Plants, I. Dicotyledons_,[2] and has also
furnished a key to the Classification, thus bringing this book into line
with all the African Regional Floras which are to be taken in hand. He
has also consented to look over the proofs. Our most cordial thanks are
due for his help.
My wife has been constantly associated with me in my share of the work
from the time when we collected material in the Sudan until now, and
deserves also to earn her share of whatever credit may be given for this
work.
Finally, I wish to record the debt of gratitude which we owe to Dr.
Hill, Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, to Mr. Cotton, the
Keeper of the Herbarium, to Dr. Stapf, the late Keeper, and to the Staff
of the Herbarium, most particularly Mr. C. H. Wright, Mr. Dunn, Miss
Hughes, and Mr. Skan for the numerous acts of kindness and help which
they have given us, making thus our work light and pleasant.
A. F. BROUN.
“OAKLANDS,”
AMPTHILL,
_Dec. 18th,_ 1925.
Note.—Owing to various causes, for which we are not responsible, the
printing of this book has been considerably delayed. Mrs. Crowfoot, to
whom reference has been made above, is now bringing out a companion
volume to this, containing drawings of various plants from the Northern
and Central Sudan.
My dear wife, who shared all my work, died on the 11th April, 1927.
A. F. BROUN.
AMPTHILL,
_March 20th,_ 1928.
ABBREVIATIONS.
ab. stands for about
acumin. „ „ acuminate
alt. „ „ alternate
anth. „ „ anther or anthers
artic. „ „ articulate
cal. „ „ calyx
capit. „ „ capitulum
caps. „ „ capsule
cm. „ „ centimetre
cor. „ „ corolla
diam. „ „ diameter
excl. „ „ excluding
filam. „ „ filament or filaments
fl. „ „ flower or flowers
fld. „ „ flowered
fol. „ „ foliolate
foll. „ „ follicle or follicles
fr. „ „ fruit or fruits
ft. „ „ foot or feet
hermaphr. „ „ hermaphrodite
heterog. „ „ heterogamous
homog. „ „ homogamous
hypog. „ „ hypogynous
in. „ „ inch or inches
incl. „ „ including
infl. „ „ inflorescence
interpet. „ „ interpetiolar
invol. „ „ involucre
l. „ „ leaf or leaves
lanc. „ „ lanceolate
lin. „ „ linear
obl. „ „ oblong
obov. „ „ obovate
opp. „ „ opposite
pan. „ „ panicle or panicles
ped. „ „ peduncle or peduncles
pedic. „ „ pedicel or pedicels
per. „ „ perianth
pet. „ „ petiole or petioles
rac. „ „ raceme or racemes
recept. „ „ receptacle
segm. „ „ segment or segments
st. or sta. „ „ stamen or stamens
stip. „ „ stipule or stipules
suborbic. „ „ suborbicular
undershr. „ „ undershrub
GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS
=abruptly pinnate=, when the leaflets are arranged in pairs along the
rhachis of a compound leaf without a terminal one.
=acaulescent=, without stem or apparently so.
=accrescent=, applied to a calyx or corolla, enlarging after flowering.
=achene=, a dry indehiscent, one-seeded fruit.
=acicular=, needle-like.
=aculeate=, prickly and pointed.
=acuminate=, narrowed at the apex into a long point.
=acute=, tapering to a sharp point.
=-adelphous=, suffix used to show the number of bundles of stamens there
are in a flower where these are joined by their filaments; see
=monadelphous=, =diadelphous=, =polyadelphous=.
=adhesion=, the union of dissimilar parts of a flower, _e.g._, calyx and
ovary.
=adnate=, attached through their whole length, usually the smaller to
the greater.
=adpressed=, see =appressed=.
=æstivation=, the arrangement of sepals and petals in bud.
=agglomerate=, crowded together in a bunch.
=alternate=, applied to leaves when only one issues from each node and
the next above or below is on another side of the stem.
=amplexicaul=, when a leaf, stipule or bract embraces the stem.
=ampulliform=, flask-shaped.
=andrœcium=, the male organs of a flower, considered as a whole.
=-androus=, suffix used to show the number of stamens, _e.g._,
pentandrous, with 5 stamens.
=annual=, a plant which lives only one year.
=anterior=, in front.
=anther=, the upper part of a stamen, bearing pollen.
=anticous=, foremost.
=apetalous=, flowers without petals.
=apex=, the tip.
=apiculate=, with a small hard point at the tip.
=appressed=, pressed close to something else.
=aril= or =arillus=, a fleshy covering of some seeds.
=aristate=, when the point of a leaf is fine like a hair.
=articulate=, jointed and separating freely.
=ascending=, sloping upwards.
=auricles=, appendages at the base of the leaf-blade.
=awn=, a thread-like extension of a seed or other organ (as in barley).
=axil=, the angle formed at the attachment of a leaf or a flower to the
stem.
=axillary=, arising from the axil.
=axile=, of ovules when attached to the central axis of the ovary.
=barren=, when a flower produces no seed or pollen.
=basifixed=, when an anther is attached by its base to the filament.
=berry=, a pulpy fruit containing one or several seeds.
=biennial=, a plant living for two years only.
=bifid=, 2-cleft.
=bipinnate=, when the divisions of a pinnate leaf are again pinnate
(_e.g._ =Acacia=).
=bipinnatifid=, when the segments of a pinnatifid leaf are also
pinnately lobed.
=bipinnatipartite=, when the segments of a pinnatipartite leaf are also
deeply and pinnately lobed.
=biternate=, when the parts of a ternate leaf are also ternately
divided.
=blade= (or =lamina=), the upper, usually broader part of a leaf.
=bract=, a small leaf, usually differing from foliage leaves in shape or
colour, at the base of a flower stalk; also the divisions of an
involucre.
=bracteoles=, the last minute bracts under each flower.
=bud=, a leaf or flower before it opens.
=bulb=, a modified, usually underground stem, more or less globose in
shape, clothed with succulent leaves or scales (_e.g._, the =Onion=).
=caducous=, falling off early.
=calyptrate=, with hood-like covering on flower or fruit.
=calyx=, the outer envelope of a flower, made up of sepals.
=campanulate=, bell-shaped.
=cancellate=, resembling a grill, or latticed.
=canescent=, hoary.
=capillary=, hair-like, very fine.
=capitate=, arranged in a head.
=capitulum= or =head=, when several sessile (or nearly so) flowers are
collected into a compact head-like cluster at the end of the axis.
=capsule=, a dry dehiscent seed-vessel composed of 2 or more carpels and
usually containing several seeds.
=carpel=, the leaf of one of the leaves forming the ovary.
=caudate=, produced at the apex into a long, tail-like appendage.
=cauline=, growing from the stem.
=cell=, a unit of plant growth, also a subdivision of the ovary, _e.g._,
5-celled ovary.
=ciliate=, fringed with long hairs.
=circinate=, rolled up like the top of a bishop’s crozier.
=cirrhate=, with curled or forked tendrils.
=cladode=, a flattened branch taking on the appearance and functions of
a leaf (_e.g._, =Asparagus=).
=clavate=, club-shaped, _i.e._, cylindrical, but getting broader at the
apex.
=claw=, the narrowed base of a petal.
=club-shaped=, see =clavate=.
=coccus=, 1-seeded carpel of a dehiscent fruit.
=column=, applied to stamens and style when confluent, as in
=Asclepiadaceæ= and =Orchidaceæ=.
=compound inflorescence=, when an inflorescence, such as a =raceme=,
=umbel=, etc., is subdivided into subsidiary inflorescences, and forms a
=panicle=, =compound umbel=, etc.
=compound leaf=, when a leaf is divided into segments right down to the
midrib, so that each segment forms an individual =leaflet= which can
drop off by itself at the fall of the leaves.
=connate=, when two or more like-parts of a flower are united.
=connective=, the portion of the anther which unites the two cells.
=connivent=, converging.
=cordate=, heart-shaped, _i.e._, of a leaf, with 2 rounded basal lobes
and ovate, unless otherwise mentioned.
=coriaceous=, thick and tough, like leather.
=corm=, a bulb-shaped solid underground stem, in which reserve material
is stored.
=corolla=, the inner envelope of a flower (not always present), made up
of petals.
=corona=, a crown-like excrescence between corolla and stamens.
=corymb=, a raceme, the lower pedicels of which are gradually lengthened
so as to bring all its flowers on the same level.
=costate=, ribbed.
=cotyledon=, one of the (or the) first seed-leaves.
=crenate=, with rounded teeth.
=crenulate=, with small rounded teeth.
=culm=, the stem of =Bamboos=.
=cuneate=, wedge-shaped.
=cuspidate=, tipped with a sharp point.
=cyme=, an inflorescence in which the flowers are produced centrifugally
on successive lateral axes.
=deciduous=, applied to plants whose leaves are all shed at a certain
season of the year.
=decompound=, several times subdivided or compound, applied to leaves or
inflorescence.
=decumbent=, spreading horizontally, then turning upwards.
=decurrent=, applied to leaves, the margins of which run down the stem
below the insertion of the petiole.
=decussate=, when leaves are in pairs successively at right angles to
each other on the stem.
=dehiscent=, splitting (of fruits to let out the seeds).
=dentate=, dog-toothed, _i.e._, with teeth of equal sides.
=denticulate=, finely dog-toothed.
=diadelphous=, of stamens when they are joined by their filaments into
two groups, _e.g._, some of the =Papilionaceæ=.
=diandrous=, with 2 stamens.
=dichotomous=, applied to a stem, branch or inflorescence which forks
again and again.
=dicotyledons=, with two seed-leaves.
=didymous=, divided into two lobes, in pairs.
=didynamous=, with two long and two short stamens.
=diffuse=, widely and loosely spreading.
=digitate=, applied to a compound leaf, the leaflets of which spread
like the fingers of a hand.
=diœcious=, of plants the stamens of which are in flowers on one
individual and the ovary and style on another.
=disc= or =disk=, the receptacle on which are set flowers in a
capitulum, as in =Compositæ=, or at the base of the ovary within the
flower.
=disc-florets=, the regular tubular florets of certain =Compositæ=,
which, if accompanied by ligulate florets, occupy the centre of the
disc, while the latter are on the rim and called ray-florets.
=distichous=, arranged in the same plane, _i.e._, at two right angles to
each other.
=divaricate=, widely spreading.
=drupe=, a fleshy indehiscent fruit containing a “stone” in which the
seed is enclosed.
=echinate=, covered with prickles, like a hedgehog.
=elliptical=, shaped like an ellipse, oval.
=emarginate=, notched, usually at the apex of a leaf or petal.
=ensiform=, sword-shaped.
=entire=, applied to the margin of a leaf which is not toothed or
notched.
=epicalyx=, applied to a row of bracts, sometimes joined together,
outside the calyx, _e.g._, some of the =Malvaceæ=.
=epigynous=, apparently seated upon the ovary.
=epipetalous=, applied to stamens seated on the petals.
=epiphyte=, a plant which grows on another without being parasitic,
_e.g._, some =Orchids=.
=evergreen=, applied chiefly to shrubs and trees which bear leaves all
the year round.
=exserted=, protruding, applied chiefly to stamens which show outside
the flower.
=exstipulate=, having no stipules.
=extra-axillary=, from outside the axil.
=falcate=, scythe- or sickle-shaped.
=fascicled= or =fasciculate=, in bundles or tufts.
=fastigiate=, with parallel erect clustered branches.
=fertile=, capable of bearing fruit, applied also to stamens bearing
pollen.
=-fid=, a suffix, meaning split, _e.g._, =bifid=, split in two,
=trifid=, split in three, etc.
=filament=, the stalk of a stamen.
=filiform=, thread-like.
=fimbriate=, with a fringed margin.
=flabellate= or =flabelliform=, fan-shaped.
=flexuose=, bent alternately to right and to left.
=floccose=, with tufts of wool.
=foliaceous=, having the appearance or texture of leaves.
=follicle=, a carpel opening at the inner suture only, _e.g._, some
=Asclepiadiaceæ= and =Apocynaceæ=.
=-foliolate=, used to denote the number of leaflets, _e.g._,
=trifoliolate=, with 3 leaflets, etc.
=free=, not united.
=fruticose=, shrubby.
=fugaceous=, falling off early.
=funicle=, the stalk attaching the seed to the placenta.
=fusiform=, spindle-shaped.
=gamopetalous=, when all the petals of a corolla are united.
=gamophyllous=, when the leaves of a perianth are joined together.
=gamosepalous=, when the sepals of a calyx are joined together.
=geminate=, in pairs.
=gibbous=, swollen or humped on one side.
=glabrate=, almost hairless.
=glabrous=, smooth, without hairs.
=gland=, an organ of secretion, represented by a small lump, which is
sometimes stalked and called a =stipitate= gland.
=glandular hairs= are hairs which are enlarged at the top and contain a
viscous secretion.
=glaucous=, with a bluish waxy bloom.
=glochidiate=, applied to hairs or bristles hooked at the top.
=glume= is one of the bracts enclosing the flowers of sedges and
grasses.
=glumule=, the bract which forms the exterior covering of each flower of
a spikelet in grasses.
=granular=, covered with numerous minute excrescences.
=gymnosperms=, plants whose ovules are naked, _i.e._, not enclosed in
carpels, _e.g._, =Gnetaceæ= and =Cycadaceæ=.
=gynæcium=, the female organs of a flower.
=gynobasic=, of a style when it arises at or near the base of the ovary,
_e.g._, =Labiatæ=.
=gynophore=, applied to the receptacle below the ovary when elongated
and stalk-like.
=-gynous=, suffix used to show the number of carpels in an ovary,
_e.g._, trigynous, with 3 carpels.
=habit=, the habitual shape of a plant as it stands.
=habitat=, the locality which a plant selects for growing in on account
of suitability of climate, soil, elevation, etc., etc.
=hastate=, halberd-shaped, applied to leaves the basal lobes of which
are pointed and turned outwards at right angles to the axis of the leaf.
=head=, see =capitulum=.
=herbaceous=, tender and green, not woody.
=hermaphrodite=, applied to flowers having both male and female organs.
=hilum=, a scar on a seed showing the place of its attachment to the
fruit.
=hirsute=, with long, rough hairs.
=hispid=, with stiff hairs or bristles.
=hoary=, with short white hairs or down.
=hyaline=, glass-like, transparent or translucent.
=hypocrateriform=, salver-shaped, applied to a corolla when it expands
in a flat manner.
=hypogynous=, applied to a flower, the sepals, petals and the stamens of
which arise beneath the pistil.
=imbricate=, overlapping like the tiles of a roof.
=imparipinnate=, pinnate with an uneven number of leaflets.
=indefinite=, without fixed number, usually meaning a large number (of
sepals, petals, stamens, etc.).
=indehiscent=, applied to fruits which do not split to allow the seed to
escape.
=inferior=, applied to an ovary means that it is enclosed in and
adherent to the calyx.
=inflorescence=, the manner in which flowers are arranged on a plant.
=infundibuliform=, funnel-shaped.
=internode=, the portion of a stem between the point of attachment of
two successive leaves, if alternate leaves, or pairs of leaves, if they
are opposite.
=interrupted=, when applied to an inflorescence means that portion of
the axis bears no flowers although there are some both above and below.
=involucel=, the involucre of a secondary umbel.
=involucre=, a whorl of bracts, sometimes united and sometimes in
several rows below an inflorescence or an individual flower.
=involute=, rolled from the back, _e.g._, towards the upper surface of a
leaf.
=irregular=, applied to a flower which cannot be divided into two equal
sections in whatever direction from above it is cut.
=-jugate=, in pairs, _e.g._, bijugate in 2 pairs, trijugate in 3 pairs,
multijugate in many pairs, etc.
=keel=, the (more or less) united two lower petals in =Papilionaceæ=;
also applied to straight longitudinal nerves on bracts, sepals or
petals.
=labiate=, lipped, referring to the shape of the corolla or perianth.
=laciniate=, cut about, ragged, applied to leaves, the lobes of which
are narrow and irregular.
=lamina=, the blade or broad part of a leaf.
=lanceolate=, lance-shaped, applied to leaves about three times longer
than broad, broadest below the middle and tapering to the apex.
=latex=, milky sap.
=leaflet=, a subdivision of a compound leaf, _q.v._
=legume=, the seed-vessel of =Leguminosæ=, 1-celled and 2-valved.
=lepidote=, covered with small scurfy scales.
=ligulate=, strap-shaped.
=ligule=, a kind of stipule embracing the stem of grasses where the
sheath gives way to the blade of the leaf.
=ligulifloræ=, a section of the =Compositæ=, the florets of which in a
head have all a strap-shaped corolla.
=limb=, the broader part of a leaf, but more commonly the broader part
of the corolla above the tube, where it expands.
=linear=, narrow and long with parallel margins.
=lip=, a long more or less pendent corolla lobe or petal as in
=Labiatæ=, =Orchidaceæ=, etc.
=lobes=, the divisions of a simple leaf or calyx or corolla or fruit.
=lobulate=, having minute lobes.
=-locular=, divided into compartments or cells, _e.g._, trilocular =
3-celled.
=lodicules=, hyaline or fleshy nerveless scales in grasses, representing
the perianth of the flower.
=lunate=, crescent-shaped.
=lyrate=, applied to a pinnatifid leaf with a broader rounded terminal
lobe and smaller, shorter ones below, _e.g._, some =Cruciferæ= and
=Compositæ=.
=marcescent=, withering on the plant without falling off, _e.g._, the
flower of =Dombeya=.
=membranous=, thin and not stiff.
=-merous=, used to show the numbers of parts in each floral envelope,
_e.g._, trimerous, having 3 sepals, 3 petals (if any), 3 stamens, and
(or) 3 carpels.
=monadelphous=, when all the stamens are joined by their filaments, thus
forming a sheath round the ovary, _e.g._, =Malvaceæ=, some =Leguminosæ=,
etc.
=monandrous=, with one stamen.
=moniliform=, or beaded, repeatedly constricted, _e.g._, the pod of
=Acacia arabica=.
=monocotyledon=, having only one seed-leaf, _e.g._, =Palms=, =Grasses=,
=Sedges=, =Lilies=, etc.
=monœcious=, a plant having separate male and female flowers on the same
individual, see =diœcious=.
=mucronate=, terminating abruptly in a short stiff point or =mucro=.
=multifid=, divided distinctly into many parts.
=multipartite=, divided deeply into many parts.
=multisect=, divided so deeply into many parts that the individual parts
are practically divided off.
=muricate=, covered with short, sharp protuberances.
=naked=, applied to a flower means that it has no calyx or corolla,
applied to a seed that it has no pericarp.
=-nate=, a suffix showing that 2 or more leaves, etc., are together,
_e.g._, binate, 2 together, ternate, in a whorl of 3, etc.
=nectary=, an organ secreting sugary fluid within the flower.
=node=, the point of attachment of a leaf to a stem.
=nodose=, applied to roots and stems swollen at intervals, knotted.
=nut=, a dry indehiscent fruit with a hard woody pericarp.
=ob-=, a prefix which used with terms denoting shape (excepting oblong)
means that the shape is inverted; _e.g._, =oblanceolate= or =obovate=
applied to a leaf mean that the broader part of the leaf is towards the
apex as if it had been inverted, =obcordate= inverted heart-shaped, with
the lobes at the apex.
=oblong=, elongated elliptic.
=obtuse=, blunt.
=ochrea=, a membranous sheath, _e.g._, some =Polygonaceæ=.
=opposite=, applied to leaves means that these are inserted in pairs,
one leaf on either side of the stem.
=orbicular=, round, circular.
=organ=, every part of a plant which has a distinct function to perform.
=ostiole=, small aperture as, _e.g._, into the receptacle in =Ficus=.
=oval=, of the same shape as the mathematical figure.
=ovary=, one or more carpels enclosing one or more ovules.
=ovate=, somewhat egg-shaped in outline, flat and scarcely twice as long
as broad, broadest below the middle.
=ovoid=, applied to bodies of three dimensions, _e.g._, ovaries and
seeds, which are egg-shaped.
=ovule=, the early condition of future seeds within the ovary.
=palate=, part of the lower lip which closes the mouth of a ringent
corolla; _e.g._, in =Snap-Dragon=.
=paleaceous=, chaff-like.
=paleæ=, inner bracts or scales in =Compositæ= or =Gramineæ=, see also
=valvules=.
=palmate=, applied to a simple leaf divided like a hand into several
lobes.
=palmatifid=, more deeply divided than the former.
=palmatipartite= or =palmatisect=, palmately divided to the root of the
main ribs.
=pandurate= or =panduriform=, fiddle-shaped.
=panicle=, when the axis of an inflorescence bears branches having two
or more flowers, when the term is used alone it usually means a compound
=raceme=, a =cymose= panicle has the branches in cymes, a =corymbose=
panicle has them in corymbs and so on.
=pappus=, an appendage consisting of a ring of hairs or scales round the
top of a fruit, _e.g._, some of the =Compositæ=.
=parasite=, a plant living on the sap of another plant.
=-partite=, deeply divided, see =pinnatipartite=, =palmatipartite=,
=pedatipartite= and =multipartite=.
=patent=, open, spreading at right angles to the axis.
=pectinate=, finely divided like the teeth of a comb.
=pedate=, applied to a compound leaf when the divisions are at first
ternate, but the outer branches are forked and the outer ones of each
fork again forked.
=pedatifid=, applied to a simple leaf divided in a similar way to a
pedate leaf.
=pedatipartite= or =pedatisect=, when the divisions are practically to
the main nerve.
=pedicel=, the stalk of a flower in a compound inflorescence.
=peduncle=, the stalk of a solitary flower, or of an inflorescence.
=peltate=, applied to a leaf which is more or less orbicular and the
petiole of which is inserted not at the lower margin but near the
centre.
=perennial=, when the life of a plant lasts more than 2 years, although
the upper portion may die down to the ground every year.
=perianth=, the only floral envelope in the =Apetalæ= and in
=Monocotyledons=.
=pericarp=, the wall of the ovary when in fruit.
=perigynous=, when the corolla and stamens are borne on the calyx and
free from the ovary.
=persistent=, which does not fall off.
=petal=, a leaf of the inner envelope of a flower, often brightly
coloured, absent from certain plants.
=petaloid=, having the appearance of a petal.
=petiole=, the leaf-stalk.
=petiolule=, the stalk of a leaflet.
=phanerogam=, a flowering plant.
=pilose=, sprinkled thinly with long soft hairs.
=pinnate=, applied to a compound leaf, the leaflets of which are
arranged, feather like, on either side of the rhachis; see =abruptly
pinnate=, =imparipinnate=, =bipinnate=.
=pinnatifid=, when a simple leaf is divided into a series of lobes on
either side of the midrib.
=pinna=, in bi- or tripinnate leaves each subdivision with the leaflets
it comprises is called a =pinna=.
=pinnatipartite= or =pinnatisect=, the lobes more deeply divided than in
a =pinnatifid= leaf and reaching almost to the midrib.
=pistil=, the innermost whorl of the flower consisting of one or more
carpels, and includes ovary, style and stigma.
=pitted=, covered with small depressed spots.
=placenta=, is the part of the interior of the ovary to which the ovules
are attached.
=placentation=, the method of attachment of the ovules, _viz._, =axile=
when attached to the axis, but if this axis does not reach the top the
placentation is =free central=, and =parietal= when attached to the
inner wall of the ovary.
=plicate=, folded longitudinally like a closed fan.
=plumose=, like a tuft of long feathers, _e.g._, the leaves of a palm.
=plumule=, the leaf-bearing part of the embryo.
=pod=, a one-celled, two-valved seed vessel.
=pollen=, the fertilizing dust contained within the anther.
=pollinia= or =pollen-masses=, club-shaped collections of pollen in
=Asclepiadaceæ= and =Orchidaceæ=.
=polyadelphous=, when the stamens are united into several bundles by
junction of filaments.
=polyandrous=, with many stamens.
=polycarpous= or =polycarpellary=, with many carpels.
=polygamous=, bearing male, female and hermaphrodite flowers at the same
time on the same plant, but if on distinct plants they are =polygamo-
diœcious=.
=polypetalous= or =dialypetalous=, when the petals are free.
=polysepalous= or =dialysepalous=, when the sepals are free.
=præmorse=, as though the end were bitten off.
=prickle=, a sharp excrescence from the epidermis of a plant and not
from the wood.
=procumbent=, of a plant which lies along the ground for the greater
part of its length.
=prostrate=, when a plant lies down throughout its length.
=puberulent=, minutely downy.
=pubescent=, downy.
=quadrate=, square.
=raceme=, an inflorescence in which stalked flowers are inserted along a
central axis.
=rachilla= and =rachis=, see =rhachilla= and =rhachis=.
=radical=, springing from the root.
=radicle=, the embryo root.
=ray florets=, the outer florets, in the capitulum of certain
=Compositæ=.
=rays= of an umbel, the pedicels bearing the flowers or secondary
umbels.
=receptacle=, the short, flat, convex or conical axis on which the
flowers of a head are seated, as in =Compositæ=; also the extremity of
the flower-stalk above the calyx (also called =torus=) on which the
corolla, stamens and pistil are inserted.
=reclinate=, bent downwards.
=recurved=, bent back.
=reduplicate=, folded back.
=reflexed=, bent back abruptly.
=regular=, applied to a flower means that all parts of the floral whorls
are equal among themselves.
=reniform=, kidney-shaped.
=reticulated=, net-like.
=retrorse=, turned backwards.
=retuse=, very blunt and slightly indented.
=revolute=, rolled back, in case of a leaf towards the underside.
=rhachilla=, a secondary axis in the flowers of =Sedges= and =Grasses=.
=rhachis=, the stalk of a compound leaf bearing the leaflets; also the
portion of the axis of an inflorescence from the lowest ramification
upwards.
=rhomboidal=, applied to leaves or leaflets means more or less 4-angled
but not square.
=rostellate=, with a small beak.
=rostrate=, beaked.
=rosulate=, rosette-shaped.
=rotate=, wheel-shaped; of a corolla when the petals or lobes are spread
out horizontally from the base.
=rufous=, foxy-red.
=rugose=, wrinkled.
=runcinate=, pinnatifid with the lobes pointing downwards.
=runner=, a prostrate branch, rooting at places.
=saccate=, bag-like.
=sagittate=, applied to a leaf the basal lobes or auricles point
downwards like the barbs of an arrow.
=samara=, a winged fruit.
=sarcocarp=, the fleshy layer in certain fruits.
=scabrous= or =scabrid=, rough to the touch.
=scales=, leaves much reduced in size, but having neither colour nor
functions of leaves; also circular disc-like hairs.
=scandent=, climbing.
=scape=, a naked peduncle springing apparently from the root.
=scarious=, thin and more or less translucent, not green.
=scorpioid= inflorescence, a cymose compound inflorescence, in which, by
the abortion of one of the branches in each of the successive subsidiary
cymes, always on the same side, the inflorescence becomes curled up
somewhat like a scorpion’s tail; _e.g._, =Boraginaceæ=.
=-sect=, cut completely to the base, _e.g._, =pinnatisect= when the
lobes of a simple leaf are cut down to the midrib.
=secund=, when all the leaves or flowers are turned to the same side of
the stem.
=sepal=, one of the leaves forming the calyx.
=serrate=, sawlike, applied to the teeth on the margin of a leaf, the
point of which is sharp and the sides unequal.
=serrulate=, finely serrate.
=sessile=, having no stalk.
=seta=, a bristle.
=setaceous= or =setose=, bristly.
=sheath=, the dilated petiole of a leaf when it encloses the stem for
some distance above the node, _e.g._, =Grasses=, some =Umbelliferæ=,
etc.
=shrub=, a woody plant over 3 ft. high, which naturally branches into
several stems from near the ground; a plant with a single stem, but too
small to be classed as a tree is known as an =arborescent shrub=.
=siliqua=, a linear pod divided into 2 cells by a thin membranous
partition, from which the valves generally separate at maturity. When
the pod is short and broad it is called a =silicule=. Both are
characteristic of the =Cruciferæ=.
=simple=, applied to a leaf means that it is not subdivided into
leaflets, and to an inflorescence when the main floral axis only bears
single flowers and not subsidiary inflorescences.
=sinuate=, or =wavy= when the margins of a leaf have a wavy outline,
like an oak-leaf.
=sinus=, the space between the teeth or lobes of a leaf.
=spadix=, a fleshy spike as in the =Araceæ=.
=spathe=, a sheath-like bract enclosing the flower of some
Monocotyledons, _e.g._, in =Araceæ=.
=spathulate=, ladle-shaped, _i.e._, broad in the short upper part and
contracted below.
=spike=, a simple inflorescence bearing sessile flowers along the axis.
=spikelet=, applied to the small clusters of flowers in =Sedges= and
=Grasses= enclosed within one or more glumes.
=spine=, a woody persistent thorn.
=spur=, a conical hollow projection in the tube or lower part of a
petal, _e.g._, in some =Scrophulariaceæ= and =Orchidaceæ=.
=squamæ=, see scales.
=squarrose=, applied to imbricated scales, bracts or leaves having
pointed tips and which are also spreading or recurved.
=stamen=, the male organ of the flower.
=staminode=, imperfect and barren stamen.
=standard=, the large upper petal in =Papilionaceæ=.
=stellate=, applied to a corolla the petals or lobes of which spread out
like the rays of a star; also to branched hairs radiating from a centre.
=sterile= or =barren=, applied to stamens without pollen and to flowers
without a pistil.
=stigma=, the upper part of the pistil on which the pollen settles
before fertilizing the ovules.
=stipe=, a term applied to a stalk on any part of the plant except
leaves and flowers.
=stipellæ= or =stipels=, subsidiary stipules of leaflets.
=stipitate=, stalked.
=stipule=, leaf-like appendages, often in pairs and winged at the base
of the petiole in certain plants; when taking the form of spines they
are known as stipular thorns, _e.g._, =Acacia arabica=, etc.
=stolon=, a horizontal runner.
=striate=, marked with longitudinal lines or furrows.
=strigose=, applied to shortish hair lying close along the surface in
one direction.
=strobilate=, closely overlapping as the scales in the cone of a fir.
=style=, the portion of the pistil which bears the stigma.
=subsessile=, almost sessile.
=subulate=, awl-shaped.
=succulent=, juicy, sappy.
=sulcate=, grooved, fluted, furrowed.
=superior ovary=, an ovary which is free, _i.e._, not adnate to the
calyx or perianth.
=suture=, the line along which similar organs cohere, _e.g._, carpellary
leaves.
=syncarpous=, applied to an ovary composed of several carpels cohering
to one another.
=tendril=, a thread-like process, usually an abortive petiole or
peduncle, having the faculty of grasping and twining round objects and
thus enabling the plant to climb.
=terete=, with a circular cross section, _e.g._, a cylinder.
=ternate=, in threes, whether three leaves in a verticil or 3 lobes or 3
leaflets of a leaf, but the last two are more commonly called tri-lobed
or tri-fid and tri-foliolate respectively.
=terrestrial=, growing in the earth in contradistinction to epiphytes
and tree-parasites.
=tesselated=, marked with small squares, _e.g._, nuts of some =Sedges=.
=thorn=, usually an abortive branch petiole or peduncle with a sharp,
pointed end.
=throat=, the upper part of a corolla tube.
=thyrsus=, a compound inflorescence in which cymes, usually opposite,
are arranged in a narrow pyramidal panicle.
=tomentose=, covered with light-coloured, short, soft and somewhat
felted hairs (=tomentum=).
=torulose=, cylindrical with small swellings and depressions.
=torus=, see =receptacle=.
=tree=, a plant capable of carrying a single stem, up to about 25 ft. at
least.
=trigonous=, obtusely 3-angled.
=triquetrous=, more sharply 3-angled, almost 3-winged.
=truncate=, ending abruptly, as if cut off square.
=tuber=, a short underground stem containing farinaceous matter, _e.g._,
potato.
=tubercled= or =tuberculate=, covered with roundish knobby projections.
=tumid=, inflated, swollen.
=turbinate=, top-shaped.
=umbel=, an inflorescence in which the flowers radiate from a common
point on stalks of about the same lengths.
=umbellule=, a subsidiary umbel in a compound umbel.
=umbonate=, with a boss as on a shield.
=uncinate=, hooked.
=undershrub=, a woody plant less than 3 ft. in height.
=undulate=, applied to margins of leaves which without being cut out
rise and fall like waves.
=unguiculate=, clawed, applied to a stalked petal.
=unisexual=, of one sex only, applied to flowers which have stamens and
no pistil or _vice versa_.
=urceolate=, urn-shaped.
=utricle=, the pericarp of a nut when it is thin and loose.
=valvate=, applied to the æstivation of a corolla means that in bud the
petals or lobes are arranged edge to edge without overlapping.
=valves=, these are (_a_) the segments into which a capsule splits on
becoming ripe; (_b_) the bracts between the glumes and the =paleæ= (or
=valvules=) in the flowers of =Grasses=.
=valvules= (or =paleæ=), 2-nerved, hyaline bracts situated between the
valves (see above) and the =lodicules=.
=ventricose=, swelling or inflated.
=verrucose=, covered by wart-like lumps.
=versatile=, applied to anthers which are attached by one point on their
backs to the tips of the filaments so as to swing loosely.
=verticil=, whorl.
=villous=, having long, soft hairs, shaggy.
=virgate=, twiggy.
=viscous= or =viscid=, giving out a sticky secretion.
=vittæ=, linear vesicles, filled with oil, in the pericarp of
=Umbelliferæ=.
=wavy=, see =undulate=, also applied to =sinuate=.
=whorl= or =verticil=, 3 or more leaves or flowers arranged round a stem
on the same level.
=wing=, (_a_) the prolongation of a fruit or seed into a membrane, (_b_)
a thin membrane along the angle of a stem, (_c_) protuberances on the
rhachilla of certain =Sedges=.
=woolly=, with long loose hairs like wool.
CONSPECTUS OF PRINCIPAL GROUPS OF PLANTS AS ARRANGED IN THIS FLORA
=GYMNOSPERMÆ= (p. 48). Ovules naked, not enclosed in an ovary, no calyx
or corolla.
Plants palm-like with fusiform or globose stem; leaves pinnate;
flowers in cones.
=Cycadaceæ= (p. 48).
Whip-like shrub or climber with more or less whorled branches; leaves
scale-like, connate at the base, flowers spicate.
=Gnetaceæ= (p. 48).
=ANGIOSPERMÆ=. Ovules enclosed in an ovary; calyx or corolla usually
present.
=Dicotyledones= (p. 49). Embryo with 2 seed-leaves (cotyledons).
Leaves typically net-veined. Vascular bundles of stem usually in a
ring. Flowers mostly with parts in 4’s or 5’s—for key to families of
this group see p. 16.
=Monocotyledones= (p. 365). Embryo with only 1 seed leaf. Leaves
typically parallel-nerved. Vascular bundles of the stem scattered.
Flowers mostly with parts in 3’s—for key to families of this group see
p. 45.
ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF DICOTYLEDONES REPRESENTED IN THIS
FLORA.
(Extracted and adapted from Hutchinson, _Families of Flowering
Plants_.)
KEY TO THE ARTIFICIAL GROUPS.[3]
Gynæcium composed of 2 or more separate or nearly quite separate
carpels with separate styles and stigmas (rarely the free carpels
immersed in the expanded torus (Nymphæaceæ).
“=APOCARPÆ=”
Petals present free from each other, sometimes considerably modified
or scarcely distinguishable from the sepals.
Group 1 (p. 17).
Petals present more or less united
Group 2 (p. 18).
Petals absent
Group 3 (p. 18).
Gynæcium composed of 1 carpel or 2 or more united carpels with free or
united styles, or if carpels free below, then the styles or stigmas
united.
“=SYNCARPÆ=”
Ovules attached to the wall or walls of the ovary.
“=Parietales=”
Ovary superior:
Petals present, free from each other
Group 4 (p. 19).
Petals present, more or less united
Group 5 (p. 22).
Petals absent
Group 6 (p. 24).
Ovary inferior:
Petals present, free from each other
Group 7 (p. 25).
Petals present, more or less united
Group 8(p. 25).
Petals absent
Group 9 (p. 26).
Ovules attached to the central axis, or to the base or apex of the
ovary cell.
“=Axiles=”
Ovary superior:
Petals present, free from each other
Group 10 (p. 26).
Petals present, more or less united
Group 11 (p. 33).
Petals absent
Group 12 (p. 37).
Ovary inferior:
Petals present, free from each other
Group 13 (p. 41).
Petals present, more or less united
Group 14 (p. 43).
Petals absent
Group 15(p. 44).
=GROUP 1. Two or more free carpels; petals present, free from each
other.=
a) Leaves opposite or verticillate:
b) Stamens numerous, 15 or more; leaves stipulate; fruits follicular
or indehiscent, sometimes arranged on a large fleshy torus; style
often lateral or basal.
=Rosaceæ=
bb) Stamens up to 15 in number:
c) Herbs, often succulent; leaves often connate at the base,
exstipulate; flowers mostly cymose; carpels the same number as the
petals; seeds often minute, with fleshy endosperm.
=Crassulaceæ=
cc) Trees, shrubs or woody climbers; carpels 1-3; petals often
clawed, thin; stipules mostly intrapetiolar, often connate at the
base; sepals often with 2 glands at the base; hairs on the leaves
usually medifixed.
=Malpighiaceæ=
aa) Leaves alternate or all radical:
b) Leaves stipulate:
c) Stamens free from one another or nearly so; fruits follicular or
indehiscent, often arranged on a large fleshy torus; sepals
imbricate; seeds without endosperm.
=Rosaceæ=
cc) Stamens free from one another or nearly so; fruits not on an
enlarged torus; trees with large leaves and stellate hairs; calyx
valvate; seeds with copious endosperm.
=Tiliaceæ=
ccc) Stamens more or less united into a column; calyx valvate; mostly
trees or shrubs; hairs often stellate or lepidote.
=Sterculiaceæ=
bb) Leaves without stipules:
c) Carpels completely sunk in the tissue of the large broad torus;
aquatic plants with floating leaves and bright showy flowers.
=Nymphæaceæ=
cc) Carpels not sunk in the tissue of the torus; not aquatic:
d) Stamens the same number and opposite to the petals; carpels
usually 3; leaves simple; fruit drupaceous; endosperm sometimes
ruminate.
=Menispermaceæ=
dd) Stamens alternate with the petals or monadelphous or more
numerous than the petals:
e) Stamens numerous (more than 12):
f) Flowers usually hermaphrodite, mostly fairly large and
solitary; anthers usually with a broad truncate connective; seeds
with abundant ruminate endosperm.
=Anonaceæ=
ff) Flowers dioecious, small; anthers with a narrow connective;
lateral nerves of the leaves not markedly prominent.
=Menispermaceæ=
fff) Flowers hermaphrodite, paniculate, small to medium-sized;
anthers small, with a narrow connective; lateral nerves of the
leaves prominent and parallel; seeds arillate; sepals persistent
and often accrescent.
=Dilleniaceæ=
ee) Stamens few (12 or fewer):
f) Leaves compound or very much divided:
g) Herbs; fruit an achene; seed with copious endosperm and small
embryo; flowers mostly yellow.
=Ranunculaceæ=
gg) Trees or shrubs; fruit a follicle; seeds without endosperm;
leaves pinnate.
=Connaraceæ=
ff) Leaves simple:
g) Flowers hermaphrodite; shrubs or trees; seeds arillate, aril
entire, more or less cupular; petals 5.
=Connaraceæ=
gg) Flowers unisexual; petals and stamens in threes or multiples
of three.
=Menispermaceæ=
=GROUP 2. Two or more free carpels; petals present, more or less
united.=
Herbs with fleshy opposite leaves; flowers racemose, cymose or
paniculate; corolla more or less tubular; calyx sometimes inflated and
membranous.
=Crassulaceæ=
Trees, shrubs or climbers with usually pinnate or unifoliolate
leaves; petals very shortly connate at the base; seeds often arillate;
calyx never inflated.
=Connaraceæ=
=GROUP 3. Two or more free carpels; petals absent.=
a) Trees, shrubs or hard-wooded climbers; leaves simple or rarely
compound:
b) Leaves stipulate; stamens free or slightly connate at the base;
anthers opening by slits; fruits drupaceous, included by the tubular
calyx.
=Rosaceæ=
bb) Leaves stipulate; stamens united into a column; anthers in a ring
around the top of the column or unequally arranged, opening by slits;
hairs often stellate.
=Sterculiaceæ=
aa) Herbs with radical or alternate leaves, or very soft wooded
climbers with often opposite leaves and rather broad medullary rays in
the wood:
b) Carpels usually numerous, rarely reduced to 1 and then stipulate,
often with long hairy tails; sepals induplicate valvate or rarely
imbricate, often petaloid; stamens free; leaves sometimes opposite and
much divided.
=Ranunculaceæ=
bb) Carpels definite in number, often 3 or 6; flowers unisexual;
stamens free or variously connate; climbers with simple leaves.
=Menispermaceæ=
=GROUP 4. One carpel or more than one united carpels; ovules on the
walls of the ovary; ovary superior; petals present, free from each
other.=
a) Leaves opposite:
b) Stamens more or less united into 3 or more separate bundles; leaves
often gland-dotted or with lines of resin; mostly herbaceous; styles
free to the base or very nearly so.
=Hypericaceæ=
bb) Stamens free or more or less united into not more than 2 separate
bundles (diadelphous), sometimes adnate to a gynophore; leaves not or
very rarely glandular:
c) Connective of the anthers produced above the cells; flowers often
somewhat zygomorphic (irregular), the lower petal often gibbous or
saccate at the base.
=Violaceæ=
cc) Connective of the anthers not produced beyond the cells; flowers
usually actinomorphic (regular) or papilionaceous:
d) Flowers actinomorphic (regular), sessile; leaves small and
ericoid, more or less connate at the base; stamens free.
=Frankeniaceæ=
dd) Flowers zygomorphic (irregular); stamens diadelphous; fruit a
legume.
=Papilionaceæ=
aa) Leaves alternate or all radical:
b) Stamens numerous (more than 12):
c) Filaments more or less connate into a tube or into separate
bundles:
d) Filaments connate in 1 or 2 and unequal bundles; leaves compound;
flowers mostly arranged in dense spikes or heads.
=Mimosaceæ=
dd) Filaments connate into more than 2 separate bundles opposite the
sepals; calyx valvate; fruits prickly.
=Tiliaceæ=
cc) Filaments free or at most partially adnate to a gynophore:
d) Ovary supported on a gynophore; petals often clawed; seeds
without endosperm.
=Capparidaceæ=
dd) Ovary sessile or very nearly so:
e) Anthers horse-shoe shaped; ovary placentas 2; ovules numerous;
stipules caducous, leaving a wide scar; leaves large, palminerved
at the base; pedicels often with 5 large glands below the sepals.
=Bixaceæ=
ee) Anthers straight or nearly so, opening by apical pores or short
pore-like slits:
f) Seeds hairy; ovary entire; leaves digitately nerved or lobed;
stems annual from a woody rhizome with yellow interior.
=Cochlospermaceæ=
ff) Seeds not hairy; ovary often deeply lobed, in fruit the
carpels becoming nearly free on the enlarged torus; leaves
pinnately nerved; stems not annual.
=Ochnaceæ=
eee) Anthers straight or nearly so, opening by longitudinal slits:
f) Flowers actinomorphic (regular):
g) Leaves stipulate, the stipules sometimes falling off early but
leaving a scar:
h) Corona present in the flowers.
=Passifloraceæ=
hh) Corona absent:
i) Stamens and petals hypogynous:
j) Leaves usually pinnate; wood often with resinous juice.
=Anacardiaceæ=
jj) Leaves simple; wood without resinous juice.
=Flacourtiaceæ=
ii) Stamens and petals perigynous.
=Rosaceæ=
gg) Leaves without stipules:
h) Trees or shrubs; leaves never lobed.
=Flacourtiaceæ=
hh) Herbs with milky juice; stems glaucous; leaves amplexicaul,
pinnately lobed or sinuate.
=Papaveraceæ=
ff) Flowers zygomorphic (irregular):
g) Ovary of 1 carpel; trees or shrubs.
h) Odd petal abaxial; corolla not as below.
=Cæsalpiniaceæ=
hh) Odd petal abaxial; corolla composed of standard, wings and
keel.
=Papilionaceæ=
gg) Ovary of more than 1 carpel; herbs; petals often divided.
=Resedaceæ=
bb) Stamens 12 or fewer:
c) Stamens 6, four long and two short (tetradynamous); petals 4,
clawed.
=Cruciferæ=
cc) Stamens not as above, very rarely 6 and then of equal length;
petals rarely 4:
d) Flowers markedly zygomorphic:
e) Fertile stamens sometimes only 2; ovary often on a short or long
gynophore.
f) Ovary of more than 1 carpel (_i.e._, more than 1 placenta).
=Capparidaceæ=
ff) Ovary of 1 carpel (_i.e._, only 1 placenta); leaves usually
pinnate.
=Cæsalpiniaceæ=
ee) Fertile stamens usually 10 or 8, more than 2:
f) Anthers often with a produced connective; herbs.
=Violaceæ=
ff) Anthers without a produced connective, sometimes with a gland
at the apex; habit various, but mostly trees, shrubs or climbers:
g) Odd petal abaxial; corolla composed of standard, wings and
keel (papilionaceous); ovary with a single placenta.
=Papilionaceæ=
gg) Odd petal abaxial; corolla not as above; ovary with a single
placenta.
=Cæsalpiniaceæ=
ggg) Odd petal abaxial; ovary with 3 placentas; 5 fertile and 5
barren stamens.
=Moringaceæ=
dd) Flowers actinomorphic (regular):
e) Flowers with a distinct corona, sometimes this membranous or
represented by a definite ring of hairs towards the base of the
calyx tube.
=Passifloraceæ=
ee) Flowers without a corona:
f) Stamens united, with the anthers in a ring around the apex of
the column; endosperm of the seeds often ruminate; mostly weak
climbers.
=Menispermaceæ=
ff) Stamens free or united only at the base or rarely only the
anthers connivent:
g) Leaves stipulate; anthers with the connective produced above
the cells and often connivent around the style.
=Violaceæ=
gg) Leaves stipulate; anther connective not produced:
h) Staminodes present, sometimes petaloid; stipules often
pectinate.
=Ochnaceæ=
hh) Staminodes absent:
i) Leaves with numerous very sticky glandular hairs, mostly
circinnately coiled in bud; seeds not carunculate.
=Droseraceæ=
ii) Leaves without sticky hairs, not circinnate in bud; seeds
often carunculate or arillate:
j) Styles free to the base.
=Turneraceæ=
jj) Styles simple or shortly divided.
=Passifloraceæ=
ggg) Leaves exstipulate:
h) Herbs; leaves entire or lobed; flowers yellow or orange;
seeds pitted, arillate.
=Turneraceæ=
hh) Trees, shrubs or climbers:
i) Leaves simple, but sometimes deeply divided:
j) Leaves biglandular at the base.
=Passifloraceæ=
jj) Leaves not glandular at the base:
k) Leaves digitately lobed.
=Caricaceæ=
kk) Leaves not digitately lobed; calyx-tube short; stamens
hypogynous.
=Pittosporaceæ=
kkk) Leaves not digitately lobed; calyx-tube rather long;
stamens perigynous.
=Turneraceæ=
kkkk) Leaves very small and more or less ericoid; flowers in
slender spikes or racemes:
=Tamaricaceæ=
ii) Leaves compound:
j) Flowers in heads or dense spikes; petals valvate; ovary of
1 carpel; ovules more than 1.
=Mimosaceæ=
jj) Flowers not in heads or dense spikes; ovary usually of
more than one carpel; ovule solitary.
=Anacardiaceæ=
jjj) Flowers racemose; ovary of 5 carpels with numerous
ovules.
=Caricaceæ=
=GROUP 5. One carpel or more than one united carpels; ovules on the
walls of the ovary; ovary superior; petals present, more or less
united.=
a) Stamens free from the corolla-tube:
b) Ovary composed of more than one carpel:
c) Stamens numerous, more than twice the number of the corolla lobes;
anthers opening by longitudinal slits with broadened truncate
connective; seeds with copious ruminate endosperm; shrubs, trees or
climbers with exstipulate simple leaves.
=Anonaceæ=
cc) Stamens 5-12; anthers not appendaged at the apex, usually opening
by longitudinal slits, rarely by pores; leaves alternate,
exstipulate; erect trees or shrubs:
d) Leaves fairly large; flowers more or less corymbose; stamens 5.
=Pittosporaceæ=
dd) Leaves very small and scale-like; flowers in slender spikes or
racemes; stamens 5-10.
=Tamaricaceæ=
bb) Ovary composed of a single carpel (usually a legume); stamens free
or more usually diadelphous or monadelphous, often 10, rarely
numerous:
c) Stamens connate into a sheath or free; flowers usually
hermaphrodite:
d) Flowers actinomorphic (regular); petals valvate; calyx
gamosepalous or valvate; leaves usually bipinnate, rarely simply
pinnate; flowers often collected into heads.
=Mimosaceæ=
dd) Flowers zygomorphic (irregular) or rarely actinomorphic; sepals
imbricate or rarely valvate; petals imbricate, the upper (adaxial)
one inside the others; leaves often pinnate or bipinnate.
=Cæsalpiniaceæ=
ddd) Flowers zygomorphic; petals imbricate, the upper (adaxial) one
(the standard) outside the others, the lateral two (the wings)
outside the abaxial pair (the keel) which are more or less united
along their lower edges; leaves simple, digitate or simply pinnate.
=Papilionaceæ=
cc) Stamens connate into a column with the anthers in a ring at the
top; flowers dioecious; fruit a drupe; slender climbers.
=Menispermaceæ=
aa) Stamens inserted on the corolla-tube, sometimes near the base:
b) Stamens double the number of the petals, usually diadelphous;
flower sometimes zygomorphic:
c) Flowers zygomorphic (irregular), often somewhat papilionaceous,
hermaphrodite; seeds often hairy; leaves small to medium-sized.
=Polygalaceæ=
cc) Flowers actinomorphic (regular), unisexual or polygamous; seeds
with a succulent coat; leaves large, palmately lobed.
=Caricaceæ=
bb) Stamens the same number as the corolla lobes; corolla
actinomorphic or nearly so:
c) Leaves opposite:
d) Carpels 2, more or less free; pollen granular, no corona in the
corolla; mostly shrubs, trees or climbers.
=Apocynaceæ=
dd) Carpels 2, free; styles separate up to the common thickened
apex; pollen agglutinated into masses; corolla with a corona; mostly
herbs or twiners.
=Asclepiadaceæ=
ddd) Carpels 2, connate into a 1 or 2 celled ovary; pollen not
agglutinated; one common style present:
e) Stamens 5; ovules numerous; herbs; corolla actinomorphic.
=Gentianaceæ=
ee) Stamens 4; ovules 1-2 in each cell; habit various; corolla
usually zygomorphic.
=Verbenaceæ=
cc) Leaves alternate or radical; marsh or aquatic herbs:
d) Corolla lobes imbricate or contorted; styles 2, free or partly
united.
=Hydrophyllaceæ=
dd) Corolla lobes induplicate valvate; style 1, with 1-2 stigmas.
=Gentianaceæ=
bbb) Stamens fewer than the corolla lobes, 4 or 2; corolla zygomorphic
or rarely subactinomorphic:
c) Leafless parasites (on roots) never green herbs; seeds minute,
very numerous, with endosperm.
=Orobanchaceæ=
cc) Leafy and not or rarely parasitic:
d) Ovules numerous on each placenta; mostly trees; seeds transverse,
winged.
=Bignoniaceæ=
dd) Ovules 1-2 on each placenta; stem and branches often 4-sided.
=Verbenaceæ=
=GROUP 6. One carpel or more than one united carpels; ovules on the
walls of the ovary; ovary superior; petals absent.=
a) Flowers arranged in a dense head surrounded by numerous imbricate
bracts; stamens 4, opposite the calyx (or perianth) lobes, the latter
valvate, one splitting away from the other three; leaves alternate,
without stipules.
=Proteaceæ=
aa) Flowers variously arranged but not in heads with an involucre of
bracts; remainder of above characters not associated:
b) Ovary composed of 1 carpel (_i.e._, with 1 placenta):
c) Stamens numerous, free or very slightly connate at the base; pod
stipitate.
=Papilionaceæ=(Cordyla)
cc) Stamens 10 or fewer:
d) Flowers hermaphrodite, not very small; leaves usually compound.
=Cæsalpiniaceæ=
dd) Flowers unisexual or polygamous, usually very small; leaves
usually simple:
e) Ovule pendulous; anthers erect in bud; flowers solitary or
cymose or fasciculate.
=Ulmaceæ=
ee) Ovule pendulous or erect; anthers erect or inflexed in bud;
flowers often on or within an enlarged and often fleshy receptacle
or in catkins or heads.
=Moraceæ=
bb) Ovary composed of more than 1 carpel; at least with 2 or more
placentas:
c) Ovary and fruit stipitate; seeds usually without endosperm and
often with a curved embryo; sepals usually valvate.
=Capparidaceæ=
cc) Ovary sessile:
d) Inflorescence a catkin; flowers dioecious; seeds pilose with a
basal tuft of hairs, without endosperm.
=Salicaceæ=
dd) Inflorescence not a catkin but sometimes a slender pendulous
spike or raceme; flowers usually hermaphrodite; seeds with
endosperm.
e) Flowers hypogynous; no staminodes between the stamens; filaments
free.
=Flacourtiaceæ=
ee) Flowers perigynous; staminodes often present and alternating
with the fertile stamens; filaments free or connate.
=Samydaceæ=
=GROUP 7. One carpel or more than one united carpels; ovules on the
walls of the ovary; ovary inferior; petals present, free from each
other.=
a) Flowers hermaphrodite; anthers straight or nearly so:
b) Anthers opening by pores; leaves mostly opposite with parallel main
nerves; stamens definite, often double the number of the petals.
=Melastomataceæ=
bb) Anthers not opening by pores:
c) Fleshy herbs or shrubs with reduced leaves and often epiphytic;
stamens numerous; seeds without endosperm.
=Cactaceæ=
cc) Tree or shrubs with well-developed green leaves; seeds with
endosperm; stamens sometimes opposite the petals.
=Samydaceæ=
aa) Flowers unisexual; stamens few, with twisted or conduplicate
anthers; usually slender twiners with tendrils; leaves often scabrid.
=Cucurbitaceæ=
=GROUP 8. One carpel or more than one united carpels; ovules on the
walls of the ovary; ovary inferior; petals present, more or less
united.=
Flowers unisexual; leaves alternate without longitudinally parallel
nerves; tendrils often present; stamens mostly 3; anthers often twisted
or conduplicate.
=Cucurbitaceæ=
Flowers hermaphrodite; leaves opposite or verticillate often with
longitudinally parallel nerves, without stipules; anthers mostly
opening by terminal pores.
=Melastomataceæ=
Flowers hermaphrodite, very rarely unisexual; leaves opposite or
alternate, often stipulate; anthers not opening by pores, sometimes
connivent at the apex; ovules numerous on the walls; petals united into
a long tube; stipules persistent, inter- or intra-petiolar.
=Rubiaceæ=(Gardenia)
=GROUP 9. One carpel or more than one united carpels; ovules on the
walls of the ovary; ovary inferior; petals absent; leaves exstipulate;
calyx unilateral or 3 lobed and often coloured.=
=Aristolochiaceæ=
=GROUP 10. One carpel or more than one united carpels; ovules attached
to the central axis or to the base or apex of the ovary cell; ovary
superior; petals present, free from each other.=
a) Perfect stamens the same number as the petals and opposite to them;
leaves alternate or rarely opposite or all radical:
b) Leaves not gland-dotted; petals and stamens more or less hypogynous
or subperigynous; disk usually conspicuous:
c) Calyx lobes or sepals imbricate, usually 2; stipules often
scarious or setose; ovary 1-celled, with basal placenta.
=Portulacaceæ=
cc) Calyx lobes valvate or open in bud:
d) Disk absent from the flowers:
e) Trees and shrubs; ovules usually 2 or more inserted on the inner
angle of the cells; hairs on the leaves often stellate.
=Sterculiaceæ=
ee) Herbs mostly with rosettes of leaves; flowers in corymbs; calyx
tube scarious, ribbed; ovule 1, pendulous on a basal funicle.
=Plumbaginaceæ=
dd) Disk present, perigynous; leaves mostly stipulate; ovary
2-4-celled; ovules erect; seeds mostly with copious endosperm and
large straight embryo.
=Rhamnaceæ=
ddd) Disk present; leaves exstipulate:
e) Ovules erect; ovary 1-3-celled; calyx conspicuous.
=Olacaceæ=
ee) Ovules pendulous; ovary 1-celled; calyx minute.
=Opiliaceæ=
bb) Leaves pellucid-punctate:
c) Leaves simple, without stipules; ovules numerous on a free central
placenta; no tendrils.
=Myrsinaceæ=
cc) Leaves mostly compound, usually stipulate; inflorescence leaf-
opposed; ovules 1-2 in each cell, inserted on the inner angle;
tendrils often present.
=Ampelidaceæ=
aa) Perfect stamens the same number as the petals and alternate with
them or more numerous, very rarely fewer:
b) Style basal; stipules mostly persistent; leaves simple; stamens
numerous; stomata of the leaves usually with special subsidiary cells.
=Rosaceæ=
bb) Style or styles terminal or subterminal, sometimes gynobasic:
c) Flowers markedly zygomorphic (irregular); lower sepal more or less
elongated into a spur; sepals usually 3; anthers connivent around the
ovary, opening lengthwise; seeds without endosperm.
=Balsaminaceæ=
cc) Flowers actinomorphic or very slightly zygomorphic:
d) Stamens united into more than one separate bundle (phalanges)
often opposite the petals; leaves usually opposite, often gland-
dotted or with resinous lines:
e) Leaves opposite, exstipulate:
f) Herbs or shrubs; styles free from the base or nearly so;
flowers hermaphrodite; calyx imbricate.
=Hypericaceæ=
ff) Trees or shrubs; styles mostly more or less united or stigma
one and sessile or sub-sessile; flowers mostly unisexual; calyx
imbricate.
=Guttiferæ=
ee) Leaves alternate, stipulate; trees, shrubs or herbs; calyx
valvate; hairs usually stellate:
f) Stamens with some of the filaments sterile; fruits not hooked.
=Sterculiaceæ=
ff) Stamens all fertile; fruits covered with hooks.
=Tiliaceæ=
dd) Stamens free (at least not united into several bundles) or
sometimes more or less united at the base or into one bundle
(monadelphous):
e) Leaves opposite or verticillate or rarely fasciculate, never all
radical:
f) Leaves compound, rarely unifoliolate and then with a distinctly
tumid petiole, sometimes sessile:
g) Leaves gland-dotted; disk usually present between the stamens
and ovary; ovary often deeply lobed; cells 2-ovuled; pendulous;
stipules rarely present.
=Rutaceæ=
gg) Leaves not gland-dotted, sometimes fleshy; ovules pendulous
from the central axis, 2 or more in each cell; disk often fleshy,
rarely absent; stipules persistent and often paired; shrubs or
herbs; leaves mostly 2-foliolate or pinnate; filaments often with
a scale or gland attached to the base.
=Zygophyllaceæ=
ff) Leaves simple but sometimes deeply and variously divided:
g) Stamens more than twice as many as the petals; calyx valvate:
h) Flowers hermaphrodite; anthers not inflexed in bud:
i) Petals and stamens hypogynous; hairs often stellate;
stipules in pairs.
=Tiliaceæ=
ii) Petals and stamens perigynous; hairs not stellate; stipules
interpetiolar.
=Rhizophoraceæ=
hh) Flowers hermaphrodite; anthers inflexed in bud; petals and
stamens perigynous.
=Lythraceæ=
hhh) Flowers unisexual; anthers inflexed in bud; hairs stellate
or lepidote.
=Euphorbiaceæ=
gg) Stamens not more than twice as many as the petals:
h) Trees, shrubs or woody climbers:
i) Leaves stipulate, sometimes stipules rudimentary or of
hairs:
j) Disk absent or inconspicuous or of separate glands; calyx
often glandular:
k) Calyx mostly with a pair of glands outside; trees, shrubs
or climbers; stamens mostly 10.
=Malpighiaceæ=
kk) Calyx not glandular; anther-cells back to back; trees or
shrubs; petals 4; stamens 4.
=Salvadoraceæ=
jj) Disk present, conspicuous; calyx not glandular:
k) Flowers hermaphrodite:
l) Stamens inserted on or below the margin of the disk;
filaments subulate:
m) Stamens 3-5; sepals imbricate.
=Celastraceæ=
mm) Stamens 8-10; sepals valvate.
=Rhizophoraceæ=
ll) Stamens usually 3, inserted on the disk; filaments
flattened or connivent, often adnate to the ovary; sepals
imbricate.
=Hippocrateaceæ=
kk) Flowers unisexual; ovules pendulous from the apex of the
cell; seeds often carunculate.
=Euphorbiaceæ=
ii) Leaves exstipulate or stipules gland-like:
j) Anthers opening at the apex by a pore, often appendaged at
the base; stamens as many or twice as many as the petals;
leaves often with 3-9 longitudinally parallel nerves.
=Melastomataceæ=
jj) Anthers opening by slits lengthwise; leaves usually with
pinnate nerves:
k) Ovules numerous in each cell; anthers inflexed in bud;
calyx more or less tubular, with valvate lobes, often with
accessory lobes.
=Lythraceæ=
kk) Ovules few in each cell:
=Malpighiaceæ=
l) Ovules pendulous from the apex of the cells; calyx fairly
long and tubular, more or less petaloid; petals usually very
small.
=Thymelæaceæ=
ll) Ovules erect or ascending from the base of the cells;
calyx imbricate:
m) Filaments subulate or filiform; stamens usually 5.
=Celastraceæ=
mm) Filaments flattened; stamens usually 3.
=Hippocrateaceæ=
hh) Herbs, sometimes slightly woody at the base:
i) Leaves stipulate; stipules paired; styles free from the
base; ovules numerous, axile.
=Elatinaceæ=
ii) Leaves exstipulate:
j) Leaves with 3 or more longitudinally parallel nerves;
anthers usually appendaged and opening by a terminal pore.
=Melastomataceæ=
jj) Leaves not as above; anthers opening by longitudinal
slits; stamens perigynous; anthers inflexed in bud.
=Lythraceæ=
ee) Leaves alternate or all radical:
f) Stamens more than twice the number of the sepals or petals:
g) Sepals valvate or open in bud:
h) Anthers 2-celled:
i) Stamens free or slightly united only at the base:
j) Calyx closed in bud:
k) Flowers hermaphrodite; leaves simple; wood not resinous.
=Tiliaceæ=
kk) Flowers unisexual; leaves entire or 3-lobed; petiole with
2 glands at the apex.
=Euphorbiaceæ=
kkk) Flowers usually polygamous; leaves mostly compound;
petiole not glandular at the apex; wood resinous.
=Anacardiaceæ=
jj) Calyx open in bud; leaves simple; stamens up to 20, free
or nearly so.
=Olacaceæ=
ii) Stamens more or less united into a tube or into bundles,
hypogynous; indumentum usually stellate.
=Sterculiaceæ=
hh) Anthers 1-celled, stamens more or less monadelphous; calyx
with or without an epicalyx:
i) Trees or rarely shrubs; leaves digitately compound; carpels
not or very rarely splitting away from the central axis in
fruit.
=Bombacaceæ=
ii) Mostly herbs; leaves simple; carpels often splitting away
from the central axis or becoming free in fruit.
=Malvaceæ=
gg) Sepals imbricate or rarely completely connate or calyptrate:
h) Petals and stamens perigynous; leaves stipulate:
i) Seeds with endosperm and a curved embryo; mostly herbs;
sepals 2.
=Portulacaceæ=
ii) Seeds without endosperm; sepals more than 2.
=Rosaceæ=
hh) Petals and stamens more or less hypogynous or flowers
unisexual; disk often present:
i) Trees, shrubs or woody climbers:
j) Leaves compound, pinnate or rarely unifoliolate and then
with a tumid petiole:
k) Ovule ascending:
l) Leaves gland-dotted; style or styles central.
=Rutaceæ=
ll) Leaves rarely gland-dotted; styles or stigmas often
separated:
m) Wood with resin ducts and leaves scented; style or
stigma often eccentric.
=Anacardiaceæ=
mm) Wood not resinous; leaves not or rarely scented; style
or stigma central.
=Sapindaceæ=
kk) Ovule or ovules pendulous; wood without resin ducts, bark
bitter; leaves usually not gland-dotted.
=Simarubaceæ=
jj) Leaves simple:
k) Flowers unisexual; disk present.
=Euphorbiaceæ=
kk) Flowers hermaphrodite:
l) Torus enlarged after flowering; ovary mostly deeply
lobed, the carpels becoming separated in fruit; anthers
often opening by pores.
=Ochnaceæ=
ll) Torus not enlarged; calyx enlarged and wing-like in
fruit:
m) Flowers mostly rather small and not showy; petals much
contorted; ovary 2- or more-celled; leaves with
comparatively few lateral nerves.
=Dipterocarpaceæ=
mm) Flowers showy; ovary 1-celled with a basal placenta;
leaves long, with very numerous parallel lateral nerves.
=Ochnaceæ=
ii) Herbs; sepals 2; leaves fleshy, exstipulate; ovary 1-celled
with numerous ovules; seeds strophiolate.
=Portulacaceæ=
ff) Stamens definite in number in relation to the sepals or
petals, often the same number or twice as many or fewer:
g) Leaves compound, rarely unifoliolate and then with a
distinctly tumid petiole:
h) Stamens united into a tube; leaves pinnate or rarely
unifoliolate, exstipulate; flowers actinomorphic; seeds often
winged.
=Meliaceæ=
hh) Stamens free or united only at the base:
i) Leaves stipulate:
j) Herbaceous or slightly woody; leaves digitately or
pinnately compound.
=Oxalidaceæ=
jj) Trees, shrubs or often climbers; leaves compound; stipules
lateral; seeds without endosperm.
=Sapindaceæ=
ii) Leaves exstipulate:
j) Leaves gland-dotted:
=Rutaceæ=
jj) Leaves not gland-dotted:
k) Ovules pendulous:
l) Leaflets 2; shrubs or trees with axillary or supra-
axillary spines.
=Simarubaceæ=
ll) Leaflets more than 2:
m) Ovary of more than 1 carpel, 2 or more celled.
=Burseraceæ=
mm) Ovary usually of 1 carpel.
=Anacardiaceæ=
kk) Ovules ascending or horizontal:
l) Ovules 2 in each cell, collateral; style simple; ovary of
1 carpel.
=Connaraceæ=
ll) Ovules 1 or more in each cell, erect or ascending; style
simple or divided; ovary of more than 1 carpel.
=Sapindaceæ=
gg) Leaves simple:
h) Anthers opening by apical pores; ovary deeply lobed, torus
enlarging in fruit and the carpels often becoming separate;
ovules 1-2 in each cell.
=Ochnaceæ=
hh) Anthers opening by slits lengthwise:
i) Shrubs or trees:
j) Leaves stipulate:
k) Flowers unisexual:
l) Petals entire:
m) Stipules conspicuous, persistent.
=Euphorbiaceæ=
mm) Stipules very inconspicuous, caducous.
=Celastraceæ=
ll) Petals bilobed; stamens 5; disk composed of hypogynous
glands opposite the petals.
=Chailletiaceæ=
kk) Flowers hermaphrodite:
l) Stipules axillary, convolute in bud, often very large;
ovary entire, 2-celled; petals entire; ovule inserted in the
middle of the placenta.
=Simarubaceæ=(Irvingia)
ll) Stipules not axillary:
m) Petals entire or emarginate; ovules erect; disk entire
or lobed.
=Celastraceæ=
mm) Petals often deeply lobed; ovules pendulous; disk of
separate glands opposite the petals.
=Chailletiaceæ=
jj) Leaves exstipulate:
k) Stamens united into a tube; sepals not glandular; ovary 2-
or more-celled.
=Meliaceæ=
kk) Stamens free or connate only at the base:
l) Stamens hypogynous or very slightly perigynous:
m) Ovary 1-celled:
n) Leaves fairly large; flowers in panicles, not supported
on the enlarged torus.
=Anacardiaceæ=
nn) Leaves very small and crowded; flowers in slender
spikes or racemes.
=Tamaricaceæ=
mm) Ovary 2- or more-celled; disk present; petals mostly
valvate; ovary 3-5-celled.
=Olacaceæ=
ll) Stamens distinctly perigynous; calyx tubular and often
petaloid; petals mostly very small and scale-like.
=Thymelæaceæ=
ii) Herbs:
j) Flowers hermaphrodite; disk usually absent:
k) Sepals valvate; bark fibrous; leaves often with thread-
like tails at the base.
=Tiliaceæ=
kk) Sepals imbricate; leaves not tailed at the base; ovary
long-beaked.
=Geraniaceæ=
kkk) Sepals imbricate; leaves not tailed; ovary not beaked.
l) Petals not contorted:
=Molluginaceæ=
ll) Petals contorted:
=Linaceæ=
jj) Flowers unisexual; disk present or obscure.
=Euphorbiaceæ=
=GROUP 11. One carpel or more than one united carpels; ovules attached
to the central axis or to the base or apex of the ovary cell; ovary
superior; petals present, more or less united.=
a) Stamens the same number as and opposite to the corolla lobes:
b) Ovules solitary in the whole ovary or in each cell of the ovary;
style often lobed:
c) Trees or shrubs, often with hard wood:
d) Petals imbricate; hairs often stellate or medifixed; staminodes
often present, sometimes petaloid.
=Sapotaceæ=
dd) Petals valvate; hairs usually simple; usually no staminodes:
e) Inflorescence not leaf-opposed; leaves simple, without tendrils.
=Olacaceæ=
ee) Inflorescence leaf-opposed; leaves often compound; mostly
climbers with tendrils.
=Ampelidaceæ=
cc) Herbs or climbers:
d) Corolla lobes valvate; tendrils often present; inflorescence
usually cymose-paniculate, leaf-opposed; leaves usually with the
stipules adnate to the petiole; petals united at the base.
=Ampelidaceæ=
dd) Corolla lobes imbricate; no tendrils; inflorescence more or less
corymbose; petals united high up.
=Plumbaginaceæ=
bb) Ovules 2 or more in each cell; style undivided; placentas basal:
c) Trees or shrubs often with gland-dotted simple leaves; leaves
exstipulate.
=Myrsinaceæ=
cc) Herbs or climbers usually with compound stipulate leaves and
leaf-opposed inflorescence.
=Ampelidaceæ=
ccc) Herbs with opposite simple leaves and solitary or axillary
scarlet, blue or rose flowers; leaves not gland-dotted, exstipulate.
=Primulaceæ=
aa) Stamens the same number as the corolla-lobes and alternate with
them, or more numerous or fewer:
b) Stamens more than twice as many as the corolla lobes; flowers
unisexual; corolla lobes about 5; leaves stipulate.
=Euphorbiaceæ=
bb) Stamens as many as or up to twice as many as the corolla lobes or
fewer:
c) Stamens as many as or more numerous than the corolla lobes:
d) Flowers zygomorphic (irregular):
e) Petals united only at the base; seeds often pilose; ovules
pendulous.
=Polygalaceæ=
ee) Petals united high up into a tube:
f) Ovules numerous in each cell; herbs; corolla lobes 5.
=Solanaceæ=
ff) Ovules solitary in each complete or incomplete cell; habit
various; corolla lobes 4.
=Verbenaceæ=
dd) Flowers actinomorphic (regular):
e) Leaves opposite or verticillate, mostly exstipulate:
f) Anthers opening by apical pores or pore-like slits:
g) Leaves in whorls; woody shrubs or undershrubs with usually
very small leaves; stamens hypogynous.
=Ericaceæ=
gg) Leaves paired; herbs; stamens epipetalous.
=Gentianaceæ=
ff) Anthers opening by longitudinal slits:
g) Style single with often a large more or less capitate stigma:
h) Corona present in the flowers; mostly herbs or weak twiners,
often with milky juice.
=Asclepiadaceæ=
hh) Corona absent:
i) Leaves exstipulate:
j) Trees, shrubs or climbers often with milky juice; corolla
lobes contorted-imbricate or rarely valvate.
=Apocynaceæ=
jj) Herbs; corolla lobes imbricate; disk present.
=Scrophulariaceæ=
jjj) Herbs with spicate flowers and radical leaves; corolla
lobes imbricate; no disk.
=Plantaginaceæ=
ii) Leaves stipulate or sheathing at the base.
=Loganiaceæ=
gg) Styles with more than 1 separate stigma:
h) Stamens double the number of the corolla lobes; flowers
dioecious; endosperm copious, hard.
=Ebenaceæ=
hh) Stamens the same number as the corolla lobes:
i) Rudimentary stipules often present; stamens and corolla
lobes 4.
=Salvadoraceæ=
ii) Stipules absent:
j) Style gynobasic:
=Boraginaceæ=
jj) Style terminal:
k) Trees or shrubs:
l) Ovules numerous in each cell or, if solitary, then
corolla lobes valvate.
=Loganiaceæ=
ll) Ovules 1-2 in each cell; corolla lobes imbricate.
=Verbenaceæ=
kk) Herbs or herbaceous climbers:
l) Ovary imperfectly celled by the intrusive placentas.
=Gentianaceæ=
ll) Ovary perfectly 2-celled with axile placentas; style
simple.
=Solanaceæ=
ee) Leaves alternate or all radical or reduced to scales:
f) Leafless parasites destitute of chlorophyll; ovary 2-celled;
ovules 2 in each cell.
=Convolvulaceæ=
ff) Not parasitic or rarely so and then leafy:
g) Leaves densely covered with viscid gland-tipped tentacles,
mostly all radical; more or less stemless herbs.
=Droseraceæ=
gg) Leaves without tentacles:
h) Leaves stipulate:
i) Flowers unisexual; petals not bifid.
=Euphorbiaceæ=
ii) Flowers hermaphrodite; petals bifid.
=Chailletiaceæ=
hh) Leaves without stipules:
i) Stamens hypogynous or perigynous, free from the corolla or
slightly adnate to its base:
j) Anthers opening by terminal pores, often with appendages;
woody plants.
=Ericaceæ=
jj) Anthers opening by longitudinal slits:
k) Stamens 4-6:
l) Leaves gland-dotted; petals connivent by their claws;
disk usually conspicuous.
=Rutaceæ=
ll) Leaves not gland-dotted.
m) Petals only slightly united at the base:
n) Leaves pinnate or 1-3-foliolate.
=Connaraceæ=
nn) Leaves simple:
o) Stamens opposite the petals.
=Olacaceæ=
oo) Stamens alternate with the petals.
=Pittosporaceæ=
mm) Petals united high up, sometimes free at the base:
n) Trees or shrubs.
=Burseraceæ=
nn) Herbs.
=Campanulaceæ=
kk) Stamens more than 6:
l) Corolla tube fairly long; no disk; leaves not very small.
=Ebenaceæ=
ll) Corolla tube very short; disk present; leaves very
small.
=Tamaricaceæ=
ii) Stamens inserted on or adnate to the corolla tube:
j) Style gynobasic:
k) Style 1; fruit composed of pyrenes or nutlets; corolla
imbricate or contorted.
=Boraginaceæ=
kk) Styles 2; fruit a capsule; corolla plicate.
=Convolvulaceæ=
jj) Style not gynobasic, terminal:
k) Corolla valvate or plaited in bud (in the latter case the
limb may be somewhat twisted but not truly imbricate):
l) Ovules 1-4 in each ovary cell; stamens inserted towards
the base of the corolla tube.
=Convolvulaceæ=
ll) Ovules numerous (rarely 3-6) in each ovary cell.
=Solanaceæ=
kk) Corolla imbricate:
l) Herbs with radical leaves and flowers in slender spikes.
=Plantaginaceæ=
ll) Herbs, trees or shrubs; flowers not in slender spikes:
m) Ovules 1 in each cell; trees and shrubs.
=Boraginaceæ=
mm) Ovules numerous in each cell; herbs or small shrubs.
=Solanaceæ=
cc) Stamens fewer than the corolla lobes; leaves mostly opposite:
d) Flowers actinomorphic:
e) Stamen 1; climbers or shrubs; seeds winged; one calyx lobe much
larger than the others and petaloid.
=Loganiaceæ=
ee) Stamens more than 1:
f) Stamens 6-8 opposite the inner lobes of the corolla; ovules
solitary in each cell; trees or shrubs.
=Sapotaceæ=
ff) Stamens alternate with the corolla lobes:
g) Peduncle of the inflorescence adnate to the petiole; corolla
lobes or some of them 2-cleft.
=Chailletiaceæ=
gg) Peduncle not adnate to the petiole; corolla lobes not cleft
or only slightly so:
h) Ovules few (1-4) in each cell of the ovary:
i) Disk none; stamens 2; shrubs, trees or climbers; leaves
simple or pinnate.
=Olacaceæ=
ii) Disk present; stamens usually 4; shrubs or trees; leaves
simple or digitate.
=Verbenaceæ=
hh) Ovules numerous:
i) Corolla lobes minute, valvate, alternating with entire or
2-lobed appendages.
=Solanaceæ=
ii) Corolla lobes imbricate, without appendages.
=Scrophulariaceæ=
dd) Flowers zygomorphic:
e) Aquatic herbs with bladder-like leaves; stamens 2; anthers
1-celled; sepals 2; ovules on a free basal placenta.
=Lentibulariaceæ=
ee) Characters not as above:
f) Ovary not deeply lobed; style not gynobasic:
g) Ovules numerous in the whole ovary or in each cell of the
ovary, or if 2 then superposed:
h) Leaves pinnately compound; ovules numerous; seeds often
winged, without endosperm; shrubs or trees.
=Bignoniaceæ=
hh) Leaves simple; mostly herbaceous:
i) Ovules numerous; ovary 2-celled; seeds usually minute.
=Scrophulariaceæ=
ii) Ovules 1 to many; ovary 2-4 celled; seeds not on hook-like
funicles.
=Pedaliaceæ=
iii) Ovules few; ovary 2-celled; leaves rarely all radical;
seeds on hook-like funicles.
=Acanthaceæ=
gg) Ovule solitary in each cell of the ovary or if 2 then
collateral; herbs, shrubs or trees.
=Verbenaceæ=
ff) Ovary deeply 4-lobed; style gynobasic; leaves opposite or
verticillate; flowers often in whorls; stems usually quadrangular.
=Labiatæ=
=GROUP 12. One carpel or more than one united carpels; ovules attached
to the central axis or to the base or apex of the ovary cell; ovary
superior; petals absent.=
a) Calyx absent from the hermaphrodite and often from the female
flowers:
b) Moss-like or hepaticiform aquatic herbs with minute flowers; ovules
2 or more in a 1-celled ovary.
=Podostemonaceæ=
bb) Above characters not associated:
c) Flowers surrounded by an involucre margined by fleshy glands; male
flowers several to numerous and each consisting of a single stamen,
with a single female flower often stalked in their midst.
=Euphorbiaceæ=
cc) Flowers not as above:
d) Leaves stipulate, stipules sometimes adnate to the petiole:
e) Herbs or shrubs; flowers in dense spikes; petioles not dilated
and not enclosing the young bud.
=Piperaceæ=
ee) Trees or shrubs; flowers on a common open receptacle, the fruit
becoming immersed in it.
=Moraceæ=
dd) Leaves without stipules; herbs sometimes slightly woody at the
base; ovary 1-celled.
=Urticaceæ=
aa) Calyx always present:
b) Moss-like or hepaticiform aquatic herbs with minute flowers; ovules
2 or more in a 1-celled ovary.
=Podostemonaceæ=
bb) Above characters not associated:
c) Leaves opposite or verticillate, never all radical:
d) Leaves stipulate:
e) Flowers hermaphrodite:
f) Herbs, sometimes slightly woody at the base; leaves mostly
pinnate.
=Zygophyllaceæ=
ff) Herbs with simple leaves.
=Illecebraceæ=
fff) Trees or shrubs with reduced flowers; leaves simple.
=Ulmaceæ=
ee) Flowers unisexual:
f) Ovary 2- or more-celled, often deeply lobed; seeds usually with
a distinct caruncle.
=Euphorbiaceæ=
ff) Ovary 1-celled; ovary usually not lobed:
g) Ovule erect:
h) Filaments inflexed; mostly herbaceous with fibrous stems;
juice not milky.
=Urticaceæ=
hh) Filaments not inflexed; mostly trees and shrubs, rarely
herbs; juice mostly milky, the flowers often minute and arranged
on or inside an enlarged receptacle.
=Moraceæ=
gg) Ovule pendulous:
h) Not aquatic:
i) Filaments not inflexed in bud:
j) Fruit a drupe; flowers monœcious or subdiœcious.
=Ulmaceæ=
jj) Fruit a small dry achene; flowers diœcious.
=Cannabinaceæ=
ii) Filaments erect or inflexed in bud.
=Moraceæ=
hh) Aquatic herb with verticillate divided leaves.
=Ceratophyllaceæ=
dd) Leaves exstipulate:
e) Flowers unisexual; ovary usually 2- or more celled; seeds
usually with a distinct caruncle.
=Euphorbiaceæ=
ee) Flowers hermaphrodite; ovary 1-celled:
f) Stamens involute in bud; calyx more or less herbaceous, often
long and tubular, mostly covered with sticky glands.
=Nyctaginaceæ=
ff) Stamens erect in bud:
g) Sepals free or nearly so, calyx more or less dry and scarious:
=Amarantaceæ=
gg) Sepals more or less united, herbaceous.
=Ficoidaceæ=
cc) Leaves alternate or radical or reduced to scales:
d) Leaves stipulate:
e) Stamens monadelphous, usually numerous; calyx valvate:
f) Flowers usually hermaphrodite; hairs usually stellate.
=Sterculiaceæ=
ff) Flowers always unisexual; hairs often simple.
=Euphorbiaceæ=
ee) Stamens free or shortly connate only at the base:
f) Stamens the same number as the sepals and alternate with them.
=Rhamnaceæ=
ff) Stamens the same number as the sepals and opposite to them, or
more numerous or fewer:
g) Stipules ochreate, _i.e._, sheathing and more or less
membranous around the stem; fruit a small nut.
=Polygonaceæ=
gg) Stipules not ochreate:
h) Flowers hermaphrodite; stipules sheathing, sometimes adnate
to the petiole:
i) Leaves digitately lobed; stems herbaceous creeping.
=Rosaceæ=
ii) Leaves not digitate; erect or diffuse herbs.
=Molluginaceæ=
hh) Flowers unisexual; stems not creeping:
i) Ovary 3-celled, composed of 3 carpels; fruit a capsule.
=Euphorbiaceæ=
ii) Ovary 1-celled, composed of 1 carpel, fruit not a capsule.
=Moraceæ=
dd) Leaves exstipulate:
e) Leaves ternately compound; herbs; ovary composed of 1 carpel,
long-stipitate in fruit; flowers paniculate or racemose, very
small.
=Ranunculaceæ=
ee) Leaves compound; trees and shrubs:
f) Cultivated trees with milky latex; fruit a capsule, with
pendulous seeds; flowers unisexual; leaves digitate.
=Euphorbiaceæ=
ff) Indigenous trees or shrub; latex not milky; leaves pinnate.
=Sapindaceæ=
eee) Leaves simple:
f) Stamens circinnately involute in bud; calyx tube often rather
long; ovary 1-celled; ovule 1, basal.
=Nyctaginaceæ=
ff) Stamens sometimes inflexed but not circinnate in bud:
g) Stamens more or less connate into a central column; ovule
erect; seeds with ruminate endosperm.
=Myristicaceæ=
gg) Stamens free or the filaments shortly connate only at the
base:
h) Stamens distinctly perigynous; sepals connate into a tube
below:
i) Twiners; flowers in axillary spikes, racemes or panicles;
ovule solitary, basal.
=Basellaceæ=
ii) Herbs; stamens numerous; flowers solitary or clustered in
the axils of the leaves.
=Ficoidaceæ=
iii) Trees or shrubs; calyx mostly long and petaloid; leaves
frequently small and evergreen; stamens definite; anthers
opening by slits.
=Thymelæaceæ=
hh) Stamens hypogynous or slightly perigynous if accompanied by
a disk:
i) Flowers arranged in an involucre (cyathium) margined by
glands; male flower reduced to a single stamen, the female to a
single stipitate ovary.
=Euphorbiaceæ=
ii) Flowers not as above; stamens more than 1:
j) Trees or shrubs:
k) Flowers unisexual; ovules solitary, pendulous; seed with
straight embryo.
=Euphorbiaceæ=
kk) Flowers unisexual or polygamous; ovules 2 in each cell,
collateral or the lower ascending; embryo spirally twisted.
=Sapindaceæ=
jj) Herbs:
k) Calyx scarious; flowers often in spikes or heads; ovule 1
in a 1-celled ovary.
=Amarantaceæ=
kk) Calyx herbaceous; flowers more or less paniculate; ovule
1 in a 1-celled ovary.
=Chenopodiaceæ=
=GROUP 13. One carpel or more than one united carpels; ovules attached
to the central axis or to the base or apex of the ovary cell; ovary
inferior; petals present, free from each other.=
a) Leaves opposite or verticillate; never all radical; rarely reduced
to scales:
b) Leaves stipulate:
c) Stamens opposite the petals and the same number.
=Rhamnaceæ=
cc) Stamens alternate with the petals or more numerous:
d) Ovary composed of 2-6 carpels; 2-6 celled; flowers rarely
congested; ovules pendulous; mostly maritime trees or shrubs.
=Rhizophoraceæ=
dd) Ovary various; flowers rarely in heads; ovules ascending or
attached to the central axis; trees, shrubs or herbs.
=Rosaceæ=
bb) Leaves exstipulate:
c) Trees, shrubs or climbers:
d) Stamens numerous; leaves gland-dotted; style simple with a small
capitate stigma or rarely 3-4 lobed.
=Myrtaceæ=
dd) Stamens as many to twice as many as the petals:
e) Stamens the same number and opposite the petals; mostly
parasitic shrubs or trees; calyx usually much reduced.
=Loranthaceæ=
ee) Stamens the same number and alternate with the petals or more
numerous:
f) Anthers opening by a terminal pore; filaments often jointed;
leaves often with 3-9 longitudinally parallel nerves.
=Melastomataceæ=
ff) Anthers opening by longitudinal slits; calyx mostly valvate;
ovules 2 or more; fruits mostly winged; endosperm absent; flowers
in heads, spikes, racemes or panicles.
=Combretaceæ=
cc) Herbs:
d) Anthers opening by a terminal pore; leaves mostly with
longitudinally parallel nerves; filaments often jointed.
=Melastomataceæ=
dd) Anthers opening by longitudinal slits:
e) Ovules numerous on placentas pendulous from the apex of the
1-celled ovary.
=Saxifragaceæ=
ee) Ovules 1-4, pendulous from the top of the ovary cells.
=Halorrhagaceæ=
aa) Leaves alternate or all radical:
b) Flowers unisexual:
c) Flowers mostly zygomorphic; stamens mostly indefinite in number;
no tendrils; stipules paired.
=Begoniaceæ=
cc) Flowers actinomorphic; stamens definite or rarely many, usually
3; anthers often curved or twisted; tendrils present or absent; no
stipules.
=Cucurbitaceæ=
bb) Flowers hermaphrodite:
c) Leaves stipulate:
d) Herbs; leaves usually compound or much dissected, sometimes
peltate; sepals very small; fruit composed of 2 indehiscent
mericarps.
=Umbelliferæ=
dd) Trees or shrubs:
e) Stamens the same number and opposite the petals; leaves entire
or toothed.
=Rhamnaceæ=
ee) Stamens alternate with the petals or more numerous or fewer;
flowers mostly in umbels; leaves compound, rarely simple; fruit a
berry or drupe.
=Araliaceæ=
cc) Leaves exstipulate:
d) Stamens as many as and opposite to the petals; often parasitic on
other trees and shrubs; corolla usually brightly coloured.
=Loranthaceæ=
dd) Stamens alternate with the petals or more numerous; not
parasitic:
e) Herbs:
f) Ovules more than 1 in each ovary cell; ovary mostly 4-celled.
=Onagraceæ=
ff) Ovules 4 in a 1-celled ovary; flowers monœcious or polygamous,
not umbellate.
=Halorrhagaceæ=
fff) Ovules solitary in each cell; usually pendulous; flowers
umbellate; carpels separating in fruit into 2 indehiscent
mericarps.
=Umbelliferæ=
ee) Shrubs or trees:
f) Petals entire or at most toothed; ovary 1-celled.
=Combretaceæ=
ff) Petals entire, 2-lobed or laciniate, often involute; ovary
4-celled.
=Rhizophoraceæ=
=GROUP 14. One carpel or more than one united carpel; ovules attached to
the central axis or to the base or apex of the ovary cell; ovary
inferior; petals present, more or less united.=
a) Leave opposite:
b) Leaves stipulate, entire, stipules mostly inter- or intrapetiolar;
anthers free from each other; corolla always actinomorphic.
=Rubiaceæ=
bb) Leaves exstipulate:
c) Anthers free from each other; ovules mostly pendulous:
d) Leaves not gland-dotted; stamens definite; shrubs, mostly
parasitic on trees; flowers usually not in heads and not surrounded
by bracts.
=Loranthaceæ=
dd) Leaves gland-dotted; stamens mostly numerous; trees or shrubs;
flowers cymose or fasciculate.
=Myrtaceæ=
cc) Anthers mostly connivent or in pairs around the style:
d) Ovule solitary erect; flowers mostly in heads surrounded by an
involucre of bracts.
=Compositæ=
dd) Ovules numerous; flowers usually not in heads and not surrounded
by bracts.
=Campanulaceæ=
aa) Leaves alternate or radical:
b) Anthers free from one another:
c) Stamens the same number and opposite the corolla lobes:
d) Herbaceous, leaves not gland-dotted.
=Primulaceæ=
dd) Trees and shrubs:
e) Not parasitic; leaves often gland-dotted; corolla short.
=Myrsinaceæ=
ee) Often parasitic; leaves not gland-dotted; corolla often long.
=Loranthaceæ=
cc) Stamens alternate with the corolla lobes or more numerous or
fewer:
d) Flowers hermaphrodite; stems not climbing; anthers straight.
=Campanulaceæ=
dd) Flowers unisexual; stems often climbing by tendrils; anthers
often sinuous or twisted.
=Cucurbitaceæ=
bb) Anthers united into a ring around the style or flowers unisexual:
c) Flowers not in heads surrounded by a common involucre.
=Lobeliaceæ=
cc) Flowers in heads surrounded by a common involucre.
=Compositæ=
=GROUP 15. One carpel or more than one united carpels; ovules attached
to the central axis or to the base or apex of the ovary cell; ovary
inferior; petals absent.=
a) Parasitic herbs destitute of chlorophyll, the leaves reduced to
scales; ovules nude or with a single integument:
b) Flowers densely crowded; fruits nut-like, 1-seeded; ovule solitary,
pendulous.
=Balanophoraceæ=
bb) Flowers solitary, large; ovules numerous.
=Hydnoraceæ=
aa) Not parasitic or if so then more or less woody and often with
normally developed leaves:
b) Leaves stipulate:
c) Flowers unisexual, stamens and ovules few, the latter solitary;
trees or shrubs.
=Moraceæ=
cc) Flowers hermaphrodite; stamens the same number and alternate with
the sepals.
=Rhamnaceæ=
bb) Leaves exstipulate:
c) Ovules pendulous from the apex of the ovary or from the apex of a
basal placenta:
d) Not parasitic; stamens inflexed in bud, often double the number
of the sepals; fruits often winged.
=Combretaceæ=
dd) Mostly parasitic; flowers small and leaves often reduced;
stamens erect in bud, the same number and opposite the sepals; fruit
not winged.
=Santalaceæ=
cc) Ovule 1, erect; mostly parasitic; flowers often brightly
coloured.
=Loranthaceæ=
ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF MONOCOTYLEDONES REPRESENTED IN THIS
FLORA.
a) Flowers very small, arranged on a spadix, more or less enclosed by a
green or coloured spathe; erect, creeping or climbing herbs; rootstock
often tuberous or thick and fleshy.
=Araceæ=
aa) Flowers not arranged as above:
b) Small or minute floating plants not differentiated into stem and
leaves and with much reduced flowers consisting of 1-2 stamens and a
sessile ovary either naked or enclosed in a membranous perianth,
anthers 1-2 celled; ovary 1-celled; ovule 1 or more on a basal
placenta.
=Lemnaceæ=
bb) Characters not as above; if aquatic plants then usually with well-
developed leaves:
c) Ovary apocarpous, of more than 1 carpel:
d) Submerged aquatic plants:
e) Perianth-segments 1-3, white or coloured.
=Aponogetonaceæ=
ee) Perianth-segments 4 and herbaceous, or absent.
=Potamogetonaceæ=
dd) Not aquatic or if so then not submerged:
e) Carpels indehiscent; ovules 1 to few, basal or on the inner
angle of the carpel; marsh or aquatic herbs.
=Alismataceæ=
ee) Carpels dehiscent; ovules numerous on reticulately branched
parietal placentas; scapigerous marsh herbs with milky juice;
stamens usually 9.
=Butomaceæ=
eee) Carpels or fruit indehiscent, trees or shrubs with simple
stems and usually large, often palmate leaves.
=Palmaceæ= (part)
cc) Ovary syncarpous or carpel solitary:
d) Ovary superior:
e) Flowers in the axils of membranous or more or less dry bracts
(glumes) arranged in spikelets mostly arranged in spikes, racemes,
panicles or heads; carpel solitary; perianth of small scales or
bristles or absent:
f) Stems usually triangular, solid and without nodes; leaf-sheaths
mostly closed all round the stem and usually without a ligule;
filament often attached to the base of the anther; ovule basal;
seed free from the pericarp.
=Cyperaceæ=
ff) Stems mostly cylindrical and hollow between the nodes; leaf-
sheaths nearly always split down one side and often terminating in
a distinct ligule; filament usually attached to the back of the
anther; ovule attached laterally; seed more or less adnate to the
pericarp.
=Gramineæ=
ee) Flowers usually with a distinct perianth or at any rate not in
spikelets, etc., as above; ovary usually composed of more than 1
carpel:
f) Flowers mostly hermaphrodite or if unisexual then not collected
into involucrate heads or dense spikes:
g) Ovules on parietal placentas; fertile stamens 3: all the
perianth-segments petaloid; aquatic herbs; stamens 3 or 1.
=Pontederiaceæ= (part)
gg) Ovules on axile or basal placentas; fertile stamens usually
6:
h) Perianth present:
i) Perianth-segments 2-seriate, the outer herbaceous, the inner
petaloid; leaf-bases sheathing.
=Commelinaceæ=
ii) Perianth-segments all more or less petaloid:
j) Aquatic floating herbs with long petioles sheathing at the
base; 3 upper stamens included, 3 lower ones more or less
exserted.
=Pontederiaceæ=
jj) Not aquatic or rarely subaquatic; stamens 6, more or less
equal;
=Liliaceæ=
hh) Perianth absent or very rudimentary; carpel 1; submerged
aquatics with branched filiform smooth or muricate stems,
flowers diœcious or monœcious, axillary, small.
=Naiadaceæ=
ff) Flowers unisexual, collected into involucrate heads or dense
spikes:
g) Flowers in dense involucrate heads; low herbs often stemless
with mostly densely crowded leaves.
=Eriocaulaceæ=
gg) Flowers in spadices; trees or shrubs, the stems bearing thick
aerial roots.
=Pandanaceæ=
ggg) Flowers in dense cylindric spikes; aquatic herbs with linear
alternate leaves and creeping rhizomes.
=Typhaceæ=
dd) Ovary inferior:
e) Stamens 3-6:
f) Ovules parietal:
g) Leaves not divided; stigma not umbrella-shaped, flowers
hermaphrodite or unisexual.
=Hydrocharitaceæ=
gg) Leaves divided; stigma umbrella-shaped; leaves large,
divided.
=Taccaceæ=
ff) Ovules axile, basal or apical:
g) Perianth-lobes or segments 3-6:
h) Stamens 6 or 3; flowers very small, diœcious; stems climbing.
=Dioscoreaceæ=
hh) Stamens 6; flowers conspicuous, hermaphrodite; stems not
climbing.
=Amaryllidaceæ=
hhh) Stamens 3; inserted opposite the outer perianth-segments;
not climbing.
=Iridaceæ=
gg) Perianth-segment 1; stamens 5, rarely 6; leaves with pinnate
nervation; tall plants.
=Musaceæ=
ee) Stamen 1:
f) Flowers actinomorphic or nearly so:
g) Anthers 2-celled; ovules numerous; perianth-segments united
below.
=Zingiberaceæ=
gg) Anthers 1-celled; ovules solitary in each cell; petiole
thickened towards the apex.
=Marantaceæ=
ff) Flowers very zygomorphic; ovules numerous; andrœcium united
with the gynæcium into a column; anther sessile or subsessile on
the column.
=Orchidaceæ=
=GYMNOSPERMÆ=
=CYCADACEÆ.=
1 =Encephalartos septentrionalis= _Schwfth._ MURIEPAI—Zande; KOTTO—Krej
& Indogo.
Palm-like undershrub; stem fusiform or globose; up to 2 ft. high. Leaves
up to 5 ft. long, pinnate, pinnules up to 50 pairs, ovate-lanceolate,
falcate, 4-5 in. long, with 3-8 teeth in basal half, densely tomentose
on young fronds.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Golo; Deim Zubeir; Niamniam-land: Mambeli, Gumango
Hill near the Rye, on the Ibba (Tonj) River, east of the upper Hoo;
Bongo; Lessi River).
A kind of beer is made from the central portion of the stem.
=GNETACEÆ.=
2 =Ephedra Alte= _C. A. Mey._
Diœcious shrub, climbing or erect; branches more or less whorled on
upper nodes. Leaves scale-like in whorls of 2-3, connate at base. Male
spikes axillary, solitary or in dense glomerules. Fem. spikes solitary
or fascicled.
Red Sea Prov. (21° N.L.).
=ANGIOSPERMÆ=
=DICOTYLEDONES=
=ANONACEÆ.=
3 =Uvaria bukobensis= _Eng._
Small tree. Leaves oblong-elliptic, obtusely acuminate, up to 6 in.
long, nearly glabrous. Flowers usually in pairs above the axils. Sepals
and petals warted and shortly tomentose.
Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).
=U. Schweinfurthii= _Eng._ & _Diels._
Leaves oblong cordate at the base, subacutely acuminate, 3-4 in. long,
with long weak hairs on the midrib. Flowers yellow, small. Petals ¾ in.
long. Fruiting carpels oblong with 3 or 4 transverse constrictions,
rusty-hairy.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Ibba River near Nganye: Niamniam-land).
=U. near U. Schweinfurthii= _Eng._ & _Diels._ (small leaves).
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, rounded at the base, acute, 2-2½ in. long, ¾-1
in. broad, covered below with soft stellate hairs. Flowers very small;
buds ovoid. Fruiting carpels oblong, with about 5 transverse
constrictions, rusty-tomentose.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Mittu-land: Kuddu).
=U. verrucosa= _Eng._ & _Diels._
Branchlets scurfy. Leaves oblong-elliptic, subcordate, 6 in. long, with
numerous lateral nerves, closely stellate-tomentellous below; flowers
not known. Fruiting carpels long stalked, warted.
Congo Border by the Kambele.
4 =Meiocarpidium lepidotum= _Eng._ & _Diels._ WINGA—Jur.
Small to middle-sized tree. Leaves oblong, long-acuminate, up to 8 in.
long, densely scaly below. Flowers covered with scales. Fruiting carpels
terete.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Tonj).
5 =Hexalobus monopetalus= _Eng._ & _Diels._ M’BANDA—Golo.
Tree; fruit said to be edible. Leaves oblong, up to 5 in. long. Flowers
cream-coloured, sessile; 1-3 together, axillary; carpels 4-6.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur-land: Jur Ghattas and Kutshuk Ali, Mittu-land:
Mvolo, near Biri River); Bahr El Jebel (Madi & Bari countries).
=H. grandiflorus= _Benth._ BEJUGOLO & PORO—Golo.
Middle-sized tree, with handsome pendant cream-coloured petals. Leaves
narrowly oval or oblanceolate, glabrous, carpels 10-12; ovary pilose.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo-land, Niamniam-land, Mittu-land & Dar
Fertit).
White wood used for carpentry.
6 =Popowia djurensis= _Eng._ & _Diels._
Scandent shrub. Leaves small, up to 2 in. long, obtuse, oblong. Flowers
in shortly stalked axillary clusters.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur-land, Bongo-land & near Biri River).
=P. Schweinfurthii= _Eng._ & _Diels._
Scandent shrub. Leaves up to 6 in. long, sub-acuminate. Flowers very
small, axillary, in pairs on slender pedicels.
Belgian Congo (Niamniam-land: by the Mbrwole River).
7 =Xylopia near oxypetala= _Eng._ & _Diels._
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, obtusely acuminate, 2-4 in. long, 1 in. broad,
finely pubescent below. Flowers axillary, subsessile. Fruits tomentose,
glabrous, whitish.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: by the Nabambisso River); Belgian
Congo (Niamniam-land: Mbrwole River).
=X. Vallotii= _Chipp._ CHUWEI (J. Eliri)—Nuba.
A middle-sized, straight tree. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, 2-2½ in. long,
1 in. broad, rounded at base. Fruiting carpels up to about 1 in. long.
Nuba Mountains Prov. (J. Eliri).
8 =Anona senegalensis= _Pers._ KATEING (J. Eliri)—Nuba; APINROT—Dinka;
AMBALU—Jur; BAFI, DU, NDU & NU—Golo; BOGORA—Zande.
Small tree; fruit up to size of a small orange, edible, nearly smooth.
Flowers solitary, pedunculate. Leaves oblong-elliptical to broadly
elliptical, pubescent above. Petals 6.
Upper Nile Prov.; Nuba Mountains Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Wau,
Niamniam & Jur-land).
The fruit is edible; the boiled leaves are used as a perfume by Golo
women. In Western Africa the whole plant is used in native medicine.
=A. reticulata= _Linn._ Bullock’s heart—Introduced.
Small tree. Leaves narrow oval-oblong. Flowers 2-4 together; petals 3.
Fruit cordate or ovoid, faintly marked.
Khartoum Prov. (Khartoum North: Shambat).
=A. squamosa= _Linn._ Custard Apple—GISHTA—Arab; Introduced.
Shrub or small tree. Fruit ab. 2-3 in. across, green, marked with
somewhat rhomboidal adnate scales; pulp white, seeds black. Petals 3.
Grown in gardens in many parts of the country.
=A. Cherimolla= _Mill._ Cherimoyer. Introduced.
Shrub. Leaves acute to nearly obtuse. Flowers solitary or in pairs;
petals 3. Fruit sub-ovoid-cordate with obtusely tubercled areoles.
Khartoum Prov. (Khartoum North: Shambat).
The best of the Anonas.
9 =Monodora sp. nov.=
A fine foliage tree 20 ft. Leaves oblong-elliptic, obtuse, cordate at
the base, 10-12 in. long, with numerous lateral nerves; flowers not
known, but probably handsome and mottled.
Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).
=RANUNCULACEÆ.=
10 =Clematis inciso-dentata= _Hochst._ SHADDEIP—Hadendowa.
Woody climber. Leaves variable, pinnately or ternately divided. Flowers
in terminal or axillary panicles. Sepals petaloid, white, hairy inside;
petals 0. Fruiting head of silky white achenes.
Red Sea Province (Erkowit); Nuba Mountains Prov. (Khor Abu Habl,
Dilling).
=C. glaucescens= _Fresen._
Weak woody climber. Leaves ternately divided, softly hairy below.
Flowers in short terminal and axillary panicles. Sepals very silky.
Fruiting heads with silky achenes shortly tailed.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo-land: Doguddu & Sabbi). Darfur Prov.
(Kulme).
=C. cf. C. glaucescens= _Fresen._
As above, but much longer tails to the achenes.
=C. simensis= _Fresen._
Woody climber. Leaves pinnatisect; leaflets 1-5, ovate to ovate-
lanceolate, crenate-serrate. Panicles many flowered. Flowers white, ¾
in. diam.; sepals short silky within. Carpels hairy; tails 1 in. or
more.
White Nile Prov.; Darfur Prov. (Kulme & Jebel Marra; up to 9,500 ft.).
=C. grata= _Wall._
Climber. Leaves pinnatisect; leaflets 3-7, ovate, rounded or cordate at
base, broadly crenate, silky or pubescent beneath. Flowers ¾ in. in
diam.; sepals nearly glabrous inside.
Red Sea Prov. (Erkowit).
11 =Clematopsis Oliveri= _Hutchinson._
Erect semi-woody plant. Upper leaves usually 3-fol., lower often 1-fol.;
leaflets obovate to linear-oblong. Flowers white, solitary; petals 0.
Achenes silky with long plumose tails.
Mongalla Prov. (Yei River); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land).
12 =Ranunculus pubescens= _Thunb._
Herb. Stems erect 1-2 ft. high. Lowest pinnæ usually petiolulate, lobes
3-fid or 3-partite; uppermost leaves sessile, 3-fid or rarely entire.
Petals 5, yellow.
Darfur Prov. (Jebel Marra, 6,000 to 9,000 ft. Kulme).
13 =Nigella sativa= _Linn._
Erect herb. Sepals petaloid, blue; carpels connected together in the
middle, diverging above into 5 points.
Darfur Prov. (Melit & Jebel Marra, 6,500 ft.).
=CERATOPHYLLACEÆ.=
14 =Ceratophyllum demersum= _Linn._
Sea-weed-like aquatic herb with verticils of 2-fid or dichotomously
divided and toothed leaves. Flowers axillary, monœcious, minute.
Fung Prov.; White Nile Prov. (several places); Sobat River; Bahr El
Jebel (Mouth); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (above the mouth of the Jur River,
etc.).
=C. spp.=
White Nile Prov.; Sobat River; Bahr El Ghazal Prov.; Bahr El Jebel.
=NYMPHÆACEÆ (Water lilies).=
15 =Nymphæa micrantha= _Guill._ & _Perr._
Aquatic herb with broadly ovate sagittate leaves and hairy bulbil at the
apex of the petiole. Flowers about 2½ in. long. Bahr El Ghazal Prov.
(Bongo-land: Kulongo).
=N. nubica= _Lehm._
Aquatic herb with large almost orbicular peltate leaves with undulate
margins. Flowers about 4 in. long.
Fung Prov.; White Nile Prov. (J. Arashkol).
=N. cærulea= _Savign._ SUTEIB—Arab; TWAL—Nuer.
Aquatic herb. Leaves ovate-orbicular, very deeply cordate at the base,
glabrous, about 5 in. long. Flowers 2½ in. long, bluish. Sepals
lanceolate, subacute, lined with red.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Mittu-land: between Reggo & Kiro).
=var. Schweinfurthiana= _Gilg_ & _Muschl._
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Meshra El Rek, near Nuer villages).
=var. Rehneltiana= _Gilg_ & _Muschl._
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur-land: Jur Ghattas & Aggadi, & Bongo-land; Balu
Stream near Sabbi, Shambé); Upper White Nile Prov. (Tonga); Darfur Prov.
(Zalingei); Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post).
=N. cf. N. cærulea= _Sav._
As preceding, but leaves more widely cordate and with undulate margins
and inconspicuous nerves.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas).
=N. Lotus= _Linn._ SUTEIB—Arab; RUNGAIME—Zande.
Leaves shortly peltate and deeply cordate at the base, coarsely toothed
and nervose below, shortly pubescent; flowers yellowish; stamens not
produced into an appendage beyond the anther cells.
White Nile Prov. (J. Arashkol); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo-land, Addai,
Mittu-land, Niamniam-land, Kero, Lake No).
The powdered root is used for piles, dysentery, and dyspepsia; the seeds
are used in skin diseases, leprosy, etc.
=MENISPERMACEÆ.=
16 =Tinospora Bakis= _Miers._ ERG EL HAGGAR (N. Kordn.)—Arab.
Woody climber with thick fleshy bark. Leaves cordate, entire, glabrous.
Racemes axillary or at end of lateral shoots. Flowers small diœcious,
solitary or fascicled in the axils of minute bracts.
Fung Prov. (Fazoghli); Kordofan Prov. (Wadi El Ain, J. Kōn, J. Tellele,
Daragaza).
17 =Desmonema mucronulatum= _Eng._
Climber. Leaves rhomboid sub-cordate.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: J. Baginze).
18 =Chasmanthera dependens= _Hochst._
Climber. Leaves rotundate ovate, more or less lobed; inflor. in pendent
racemes.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Dinka-land: Lau, Jur-land: Wau, & Kutshuk Ali).
19 =Cocculus Leæba= _DC._ ZEGAI or ZEGAIN (Kordn.)—Arab.
Woody climber with red berries. Leaves alternate, oblong, ½ to 1 in.
long. Flowers green, diœcious, small. Male flowers in axillary panicles;
sepals, petals and stamens 6 respectively. Female flower solitary or in
pairs on axillary peduncles; style 3-armed.
Red Sea Prov. (Port Sudan to Soturba); Berber Prov. (Atbara); Blue Nile
Prov. (Abu Haraz); Fung Prov. (Fazoghli); Nuba Mts. Prov.; Bahr El
Ghazal Prov.
Used in native medicine in various parts of the world for intermittent
fevers. It contains two alkaloids and is similar to the official Pareira
Brava in properties.
=C. Holopeira-torrida= _Miers._ GUMALI (Fung)—Arab; LELINGA—Bari.
Pubescent, woody climber. Leaves sometimes very variable, from hastate-
lanceolate to deltoid rotundate, or hastately 3-7 lobed. Male flowers
fascicled, sessile or nearly so. Female flowers fascicled or solitary,
subsessile.
Blue Nile Prov.; Fung Prov.; Mongalla Prov. (Bahr El Jebel: Bor Mission,
Malik).
In Dar-Fung the pounded stem is given with Durra to donkeys for cough.
20 =Cissampelos Pareira= _Linn._ DERE—Golo.
Climber with reniform-cordate leaves. Flowers diœcious. Male flowers in
axillary, usually branched racemes, tetramerous; petals connate into a
4-lobed cup; stamens monadelphous. Female flowers in long, usually
simple racemes, with numerous broad foliaceous bracts.
Fung, & Bahr El Ghazal Provinces.
The Golo women wear the plant round their necks to bring luck. In India
it is used as a mild tonic and diuretic.
=C. mucronata= _A. Rich._
Climber with broadly ovate leaves widely cordate at the base and a
little peltate, laxly pubescent below. Male flowers in rather short
cymes.
Fung Prov. (Fazoghli & Jongol’s Post).
=C. rigidifolia= _Eng._
Climber with very broadly ovate peltate leaves about 3 in. long, softly
tomentose below; male flowers in long slender racemes of umbels.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Ibba River, near Nganye, Nabambisso River in
Niamniam-land).
21 =Stephania abyssinica= _Rich._
Wiry climber with small broadly ovate leaves peltate and rounded at the
base, glaucous and strongly reticulate, glabrous; flowers small in
axillary cymes.
Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).
=ARISTOLOCHIACEÆ.=
22 =Aristolochia bracteata= _Retz._ ABU- and UM-GALAGEL (or ABJALAJEL),
ERG EL AKRAB (or AGRAB), UM GEREISAT—Arab; LEJIR (Meshra El
Zeraf)—Dinka; KĀWKAWL (J. Eliri)—Nuba.
Trailing, glaucous herb, glabrous except inside the perianth. Leaves
alt., ovate-subcordate, ¾ in.-2 in. long, crenulate-undulate. Flowers
solitary, axillary; bracts cordate, about ½ in. long; per. tube green,
yellow inside, with short reflexed hair, dilated and globose at base,
tubular above, about ½ in. long; limb maroon-coloured, unilateral,
ligulate, 1 in. long; st. 6; styles 6. Caps. subglobose, about ½ in.
diam.
Red Sea Prov. (Suakin, Sinkat, J. Waratab); Kassala Prov. (Goz Regeb);
Khartoum Prov.; White Nile Prov. (Wad Shallai, Salati, J. Arashkol);
Kordofan Prov. (Taiara to J. Eliri); Upper White Nile Prov. (Meshra El
Zeraf); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas); Bahr El Jebel.
The whole plant is very bitter and is said to have anthelmentic and
purgative properties. A portion made of pounded roots and water is used
to calm abdominal pains. The leaves and roots are also used as a cure
for boils and guinea-worm. It is believed to be an antidote to snake-
poison and scorpion bites; the Sudanese wear the plant as a charm to
avert scorpion stings, and also rub the charred roots on the site of the
sting.
=A. bongoensis= _Engl._
Glaucous twining herb. Leaves cordate, obtuse about 1½ in. long and
wide; basal nerves about 8; pet. 1 in. long. Infl. elongated; bracts
cordate-ovate, amplexicaul. Flowers not known. Caps. obovoid, about 2
in. long.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo: near Sabbi).
23 =Pararistolochia triactina= _Hutch._ & _J. M. Dalz._
_Aristolochia triactina_ Hook. f.
Woody climber; stem smooth, shining. Leaves deeply cordate, entire to 3-
or obscurely 5-lobed, ¾ in. long and wide; pet. 1-4 in. long. Flowers in
short axillary racemes; per.: lower part obliquely ovoid, 1½ in. long,
tube curved, 2 in. long, ½ in. diam., ciliate at throat, lobes 3, sub-
equal, patent, triangular-caudate, 2 in. long, anthers and stigmas 10.
Fruit about 1 ft. long and 1½ in. diam.
Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).
=HYDNORACEÆ.=
24 =Hydnora sp.= TARTŪS—Arab.
Parasitic, fungus-like plant with a fleshy, warted, subterranean
rhizome. Flowers large evil-smelling.
Kassala, Blue Nile & Fung Provinces.
Parasitic on roots of Acacia sp. The rhizomes contain a large percentage
of tannin and are used medicinally as an astringent in dysentery and
also for tanning skins.
=PIPERACEÆ.=
25 =Piper umbellatum= _Linn._
Erect shrub, 4-5 ft. high; branches jointed at the nodes. Leaves
reniform, 3-12 in. across, cuspidate, deeply cordate, basal nerves
11-13; pet. sheathing at base. Umbels of 2-7 spikes on short axillary
peduncles. Flowers minute 2-sexual; per. 0; stamens about 3; stigmas 3;
fr. trigonous; bracts suborbicular, ciliate.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: near Nakofo River).
=P. guineense= _Schum._ & _Thonn._
Stout woody creeper, climbing by means of densely hairy adventitious
rootlets. Leaves ovate, acuminate, cordate to cuneate, 4-5 in. long,
glabrous except under the nerves; petals up to ¾ in. Spikes solitary,
leaf-opposed, in fruit up to 4 in. long; bracts rotundate, peltate; per.
0; stigmas 3. Fr. globose, mucronate, about ⅙ in. diam.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Dar Fertit: Deim Guju, Niamniam-land: Rivers
Boddo, Atasilli & Kalensho).
=P. capense= _Linn. f._ ADURAKA—Zande.
Erect or climbing shrub; branches swollen at the nodes. Leaves ovate,
shortly acuminate, about 4 in. long, base cordate or rounded, pellucid-
dotted, 5-7 nerved, villous beneath on nerves; petals about 1 in. long.
Catkins at end of short lateral branches appearing to spring from middle
of petiole, about 2 in. long; peduncles about ¾ in. long; bracts
peltate; per. 0; stamens 2-3, anther-cells with wide connective stigmas
2, recurved. Fr. obtuse, compressed, sessile.
Mongalla Prov. (Yei River); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land).
26 =Peperomia knoblecheriana= _Schott._
Succulent glabrous annual, 1-2 ft. high. Leaves, except 2 lowest,
alternate, rotundate-ovate, ⅛ in. long, subcordate. Spikes solitary and
terminal, lax, ¼ in. long; flowers 8-12; per. 0; stamens 2. Berry
subglobose, minute, blackish.
Banks of the Bahr El Jebel (5°-7° Lat. N.).
=PAPAVERACEÆ.=
27 =Argemone mexicana= _Linn._
Herb; leaves prickly; flowers yellow. Capsule with 4-7 placentas,
dehiscing at apex into short valves.
Red Sea Prov.; Khartoum Prov.
Introduced.
The seeds are acrid and possess emetic and cathartic properties, they
are poisonous in large doses. They yield an oil which has been suggested
for use in soap-making and as an illuminant, and which has been classed
as a drying oil.
=FUMARIACEÆ.=
28 =Fumaria officinalis= _Linn._
Pale, weak annual, with white, rose or purple flowers. Leaves much
divided.
White Nile Prov. (probably introduced).
=TURNERACEÆ.=
29 =Wormskioldia lobata= _Urban._
Herb, 18 in.; stems not bristly. Flowers dilute yellow. Petals clawed.
Stamens 5, unequal. Capsule linear, almost moniliform. Seeds pitted.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas); Mongalla Prov. (Bahr El Jebel).
=W. pilosa= _Schwfth._—_W. heterophylla_ Sch. & Thonn.
Stout herb; stems with numerous purplish bristles. Leaves alternate, 4-5
in. long, lanceolate, toothed or pinnately lobed. Peduncles axillary,
about 5-flowered. Flowers yellow. Petals clawed. Stamens 5, unequal.
Capsule moniliform.
Darfur Prov. (Kulme); Kassala Prov. (Gallabat: Matamma); Bahr El Ghazal
Prov. (Jur Ghattas).
=CAPPARIDACEÆ.=
30 =Cleome chrysantha= _Dec._ SAFEIRA, ASIN (Dongola)—Arab.
Herb, up to 18 in. high. Leaves simple, oblong to rotundate-ovate.
Flowers in axils of upper leaves; stamens 10-14. Capsule oval-oblong,
about ¼ in. long.
Red Sea Prov. (21° N. Lat., from sea level to 4,000 ft.); Halfa Prov.;
Dongola Prov.; Berber Prov. (Berber Desert & Wadi Aros).
=C. scaposa= _DC._
Hispid herb; flowers small. Leaves simple ovate to orbicular or cordate.
Stamens 6. Capsule linear, up to 1½ in. long. Seeds minutely pitted.
Nubia (between Suakin & Berber at Wadi Omarig); Red Sea Prov. (sea coast
22° Lat. N., J. Waratab); Kassala Prov. (Gallabat: Matamma); Bahr El
Ghazal Prov. (Bongo-land); Khartoum Prov. (J. Royan).
=C. monophylla= _Linn._ LISAN EL TEIR (Meshra El Zeraf—Arab; AKIA
(Meshra El Zeraf)—Dinka.
Erect herb, up to 2 ft. high. Flowers deep violet; pod on short
gynophore, linear, cylindrical, straight. Leaves simple, lanceolate.
Stamens 6.
Kordofan Prov. (Abu Haraza and J. Kurbaj); Upper White Nile Prov.
(Meshra El Zeraf); Mongalla Prov. (Sheikh Tombé); Darfur Prov. (Kulme);
Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post).
=C. arabica= _Linn._
Erect scabrous herb; leaves 3-foliolate. Racemes leafy; stamens 5-6.
Capsule linear-oval, pendulous.
Nubia; Red Sea Prov.; throughout Libya and the Sudan.
=C. tenella= _Linn. f._
Glabrous herb, 1-2 ft. high; leaves 3-fol., leaflets filiform. Stamens
6.
Fung Prov. (Fazoghli); Kordofan Prov.
=C. brachycarpa= _Vahl._ ABULIKEITA (N. Kordn.)—Arab; BERBA’A (Port
Sudan), & BERBERAN—Hadendowa.
Low herb, 4-8 in. high; leaves 1-5 fol. Stamens 6 (one sometimes
imperfect). Capsule elliptical, about ¼ in. long.
Nubia; Red Sea Prov. (21° N. Lat.: at Ras Renai, near Saltpans);
Kordofan Prov. (at Helba & Hadfia).
=C. viscosa= _Linn._ RIHAN (Meshra El Zeraf), KOWAL (Blue Nile)—Arab.
Glandular pubescent herb, 1-2 ft. high; leaves 3-5 fol. Flowers yellow.
Pod without gynophore, linear, cylindrical.
Red Sea Prov.; Kassala Prov. (Gallabat); Fung Prov.; Kordofan Prov.;
White Nile Prov. (J. Arashkol); Upper White Nile Prov. (Meshra El
Zeraf); Darfur Prov. (Barkin)
The seeds are used for removing impurities from the eyes. (Similar to
No. 37 below.)
=C. polyanthera= _Schwfth._ & _Gilg._
A slender branched herb with digitate leaves and 3 linear leaflets.
Flowers pink or white in lax racemes on very slender pedicels. Fruits
linear, stipitate, 2 in. long.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo-land, Jur-land: Gir and between Agada &
Kutshuk Ali).
=C. niamniamensis= _Schwfth._ & _Gilg._
Similar to above but dwarfer. Flowers subsolitary and fruits only ½ in.
long.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Gumango Hills on gneiss).
=C. paradoxa= _R. Br._ NA’ANAA & MUFRAK EL ROWAIR (N. Kordn.)—Arab.
Erect shrubby plant, 2-3 ft. high; leaves 3-6 fol.; corolla bright
yellow or rose. Capsule linear, 4 in. long.
Red Sea Prov. (Sinkat & 21° N. Lat.); Kassala Prov. (J. Erimbat, Goz
Regeb); Between Suakin & Berber; Kordofan Prov.
=C. diandra= _Burch._
Glabrous or thin-glandular herb; leaves 3, 5 or 7 fol.; leaflets narrow.
Perfect stamens 2. Capsule narrow linear, 2-3 in. long.
Kordofan & Darfur Provinces.
=C. Hanburyana= _Penzig._
A rank herb; stems covered with gland-tipped hairs; leaflets 5,
glabrescent, gradually changing into bracts: flowers pink, racemose-
corymbose. Fruits 3½ in. long, glandular-puberulous.
Red Sea Prov. (21° N. Lat., sea level to 3-4,000 ft.).
=C. cf. C. Hanburyana= _Penzig._
Similar to above but much more pubescent.
Red Sea Prov. (21° N. Lat., sea level to 3-4,000 ft.).
31 =Gynandropsis gynandra= _(L.) Briq._ TAMALEIKA—Arab; AKAKI—Dinka;
KURE—Zande.
Erect herb; leaves 5-fol.; flowers white or purplish; stamens long,
inserted on the gynophore. Pod linear, slightly curved, 2-3 in. long.
Berber, Bahr el Ghazal, Khartoum, Kassala, Red Sea, Blue Nile, Fung,
White Nile, Kordofan, Darfur & Mongalla Provinces.
The seeds are anthelmintic, and together with the leaves, are used in
native medicine. The plant is also eaten as a vegetable.
32 =Dipterygium glaucum= _Dec._ SAFEIRA—Arab; WAKERIS-HAQ—Hadendowa;
ZEIBUG—Rashida.
Shrubby herb. Leaves small, oblong or ovate; capsule elliptical, with a
membranous wing, 1-seeded, strongly reticulate.
Nubia; Berber Prov.; Between Suakin & Berber; Kassala Prov.
A camel fodder plant.
33 =Cratæva Adansonii= _DC._ DABKAR & UM BUKHEISA—Arab; KLIEH (J. Eliri)
& BURURU (Kadugli)—Nuba; TIFTA—Bari; BIUT (Renk), KAI (Kaka), KAT, KAIT,
KIT or KOG (Mongalla)—Dinka; ABUDEH—Shilluk; AGAILI—Hameg; KÄICH—Nuer.
Small to large tree. Leaves 3-fol.; flowers white, scented, with long
purple stamens. Fruit a globose berry, about 2 in. in diameter, on
thickened gynophore.
Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post); Kordofan Prov. (Birket Kolli); Upper White
Nile Prov. (Kodok); Bahr El Arab; Generally distributed south of Lat.
14° N.
The fruit is edible; the bark and the leaves are used medicinally. The
tree occasionally attains a large size, e.g., Jonglay, Atem River. The
wood is moderately hard, even grained, but not very durable. The
medullary rays are thin and very numerous, the pores being uniform,
rather small, arranged in short lines and curves.
34 =Capparis spinosa= _Linn._ LASSAF—Arab.
Trailing shrub. Leaves coriaceous, rotundate; stipular spines recurved
or nearly straight. Flowers 1-3 in. across, axillary, solitary or in
loose lateral racemes, white. Frui. oval, oblong, on a strong gynophore.
Kordofan Prov.
The buds furnish the edible capers of commerce.
=C. galeata= _Fres._ LASAF—Arab.
Spinose trailing shrub. Leaves ovate to rotundate with curved mucro.
Flowers large axillary, solitary. Fruit clavate-pyriform 3-4 in. long on
a stalk up to 2 in. long.
Nubia: Red Sea Prov. (J. Hotarber, 22° N. Lat. & 21° N. Lat., and near
Sinkat, from sea level to 4,000 ft.).
=C. tomentosa= _Lam._ HEKKABIT, MURDU, SHAROBA, or GULUM—Arab; KUBDI
(Dilling)—Nuba; LULUMEH—Bari; BAN or ABBAN, BORID (Kaka &
Kenissa)—Dinka; BUT—Shilluk; UNGONO—Jur; MANGAMANGA—Golo.
Scandent prickly shrub with velvety elliptical leaves. Flowers white
with indefinite pink stamens, solitary and axillary or in terminal
racemes or corymbs.
Widely distributed south of Lat. 15° N. and in the Red Sea Prov.
The shrub is stated to be poisonous to camels.
=C. persicifolia= _A. Rich._
Scandent prickly shrub; prickles paired on each side of the petiole.
Leaves oblong-elliptic, about 2 in. long, obtuse, nearly glabrous;
pedicels 1 in. long. Fruit ellipsoid, 1 in. long, stipitate.
Red Sea Prov. (Erkowit); Kassala Prov. (Gallabat: near the Gash River);
Berber Prov. (Atbara, left bank); Blue Nile Prov.; Fung Prov.; Bahr El
Ghazal Prov. (Mittu-land: by the River Rohl, & Niamniam-land: by the
River Ibba).
=C. micrantha= _A. Rich._
Prickly, straggling shrub. Flowers small, white, sub-corymbose. Leaves
oblong-lanceolate.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Meshra El Rek, Shambé); Mongalla Prov. (at 4° 54″
N. Lat.).
=C. corymbosa= _Lam._
Prickly, scrambling shrub. Leaves ovate or elliptical. Flowers in
lateral or terminal corymbs or fascicles.
Fung Prov. (Saoleil, etc.); White Nile Prov. (El Dueim); Darfur Prov.;
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas); Nuba Mts. Prov. (Dilling).
=C. djurica= _Gilg_ & _Ben._
Shrub with densely pilose branches. Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, about
1¼ in. long and about ½ in. broad, emarginate. Flowers in rather dense
racemes. Sepals glabrous.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas).
=C. jodotricha= _Gilg_ & _Ben._
Climbing shrub; young branches tomentose; spines large, recurved. Leaves
ovate, 2 in. long, 1¼ in. broad, at first densely pilose, at length
glabrous. Flowers in fascicles, crowded. Sepals tomentose outside.
Upper White Nile Prov. (Kodok).
=C. Rothii= _Oliv._ MURDU (Baggara), & SH’AIBEIT (Fung)—Arab; MUARTA
(Dilling)—Nuba; RIADI—Bari; RIAT (Bor)—Dinka.
Thorny climber or small tree. Leaves elliptic-oblong, often emarginate.
Flowers white, in axillary fascicles, up to 6 flowers. Fruit globose,
somewhat pointed, about 1 in. across, turning red when ripe.
Upper White Nile Prov. (Kodok, Renk, Melut); Mongalla Prov.
=C. erythrocarpa= _Isert._
Thorny climber. Fruit scarlet, hexagonal, about size of a walnut. Leaves
elliptical, obtuse. Flowers axillary, solitary, 2 in. across.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Mittu-land: Kuddu, Bongo-land: Baiko).
=C. aphylla= _Roth._
=C. decidua= _Pax._ TUNDUB—Arab; SAROP—Hadendowa; KAMRE (J. Daier), &
SHIMEIL (Dilling)—Nuba; NANGOT—Shilluk.
Shrub or small tree, spiny and generally leafless. Flowers pink; fruit
size of a small cherry.
Widely distributed north of Lat. 13° N., also occurs in Bahr El Ghazal
Prov.
The fruit (Arabic, HUNBUG) is edible, the plant is considered useful for
boils, eruptions, swelling and affections of the joints.
35 =Boscia octandra= _Hochst._ MOKHEIT & UMKHEIT (Darfur)—Arab; FOG
(Renk)—Dinka; ATOKA—Golo; DEB (Ghabat El Arab)—Nuer; ARAY—Jur.
Shrub or small tree. Leaves more or less oval, thick and dark coloured;
flowers sub-umbellate or racemose, sweet scented. Fruit globose under ½
in. diameter. Stamens 8-20. Widely distributed south of Lat. 16° N.
The fruit, called KURSAN by Arabs, is edible; an emulsion of the leaves
is used as an eyewash.
=B. angustifolia= _A. Rich._ TIRLING (J. Daier)—Nuba.
Tree or shrub. Flowers greenish, fragrant. Leaves coriaceous, narrow,
lanceolate, oblong or obovate. Fruit globose, under ½ in. diameter.
Stamens 6-9.
Kordofan Prov.; Whole Sudan through Kordofan.
=B. firma= _Rad._
Woody shrub with crowded fasciculate, narrowly oblong elliptic leaves,
1½ in. long, ½ in. broad, very strongly reticulate below. Racemes very
short. Fruits sub-globose, very small.
Fung & Kordofan Provinces.
=B. salicifolia= _Oliv._ SAHAI (Kordn.), TILEITILLA (N. Kordn.),
KARAUERAU (Baggara), & SESIFAN (Fung)—Arab; KOLWAKAI (J. Eliri)—Nuba.
Shrub or a straight, graceful tree. Leaves elongate-linear or
lanceolate, 2-5 in. long. Flowers in axillary racemes; stamens 6-14.
Fruit ellipsoid-globose, ¾ in. long, shortly stipitate.
Fung, White Nile, Kordofan, Darfur & Bahr El Ghazal Provinces.
36 =Courbonia virgata= _A. Brongn._ KARKADAN (Mongalla), KURDAN
(Baggara)—Arab; DAYA—Bari; ABRO—Golo.
Glabrous, glaucous shrub or undershrub, with leafy, virgate branches;
flowers axillary, solitary; petals 0. Leaves glaucous, elliptical to
ovate. Fruit globose, about 1 in. diameter.
Red Sea Prov.; Berber Prov.; Blue Nile, Fung, White Nile, Kordofan &
Bahr El Ghazal Provinces.
The ashes of leaves and stem are used as a substitute for salt. Fruit
edible.
=C. decumbens= _A. Brongn._
Bush. Leaves glaucous, ovate, faintly 3-nerved, 1¼ in. long, mucronate.
Flowers axillary, solitary. Fruit sub-globose, 1¼ in. long, beaked.
Bahr El Jebel (Madi Plains).
37 =Cadaba glandulosa= _Forsk._ IRKIS (White Nile), KURMUT SOGHEIR—Arab.
Undershrub. Leaves small, round, closely packed on the branches. Racemes
terminal, few-flowered. Petals none; petaloid appendix ligulate. Stamens
5. Fruit oblong, ½ in. long, on a gynophore.
Red Sea Prov.; Khartoum Prov.; White Nile Prov. (Jebelein); Kordofan &
Darfur Provinces.
=C. rotundifolia= _Forsk._ KURMUT, or rarely ADDIMIR (Blue Nile)—Arab;
YAM—Hadendowa; KOG (Renk)—Dinka.
Shrub. Leaves orbicular. Flowers in terminal racemes. Sepals 2; petals,
2 green and a yellow tubular nectary; stamens 5; ovary 1-celled.
Red Sea Prov.; Berber Prov.; Blue Nile Prov.; Fung Prov. (Fazoghli);
Upper White Nile Prov.
The plant is said to be a powerful purgative.
=C. farinosa= _Forsk._ SURREIH or SURRAYA (Fung)—Arab; NIADA—Bari; BUT
(Renk), & ANEIT or NEIT (Mongalla Prov.)—Dinka.
Undershrub or scrambling climber. Fruit slightly torulose; seeds covered
by bright orange inner membrane of capsule. Leaves oval-oblong,
apiculate, mostly in fascicles. Flowers greenish; sepals 4; petals 4;
stamens 5; ovary 1-celled.
Red Sea, Kassala, Berber, Khartoum, Blue Nile, Fung, White Nile, Upper
White Nile & Darfur Provinces.
=C. longifolia= _DC._
Glabrous shrub, or extremities mealy. Leaves linear-oblong or
lanceolate. Flowers in terminal corymbs; petals 4; appendix linear-
lanceolate, as long as sepals; stamens 4.
Red Sea Coast; North of Kassala.
38 =Maerua jasminifolia= _Gilg_ & _Ben._ BUDU—Bari.
Shrub or small tree. Leaves 3-fol., fruit globose.
Mongalla Prov. (Sheikh Tombé).
=M. variifolia= _Gilg._ & _Ben._
Shrub; branchlets softly pubescent. Leaves elliptic, mucronate, 1½ in.
long, slightly pubescent. Flowers sub-corymbose; pedicels ¾ in. long;
petals small with crinkled margins. Fruits torulose, about 1 in. long.
Fung Prov. (Fazoghli); Mongalla Prov.
=M. crassifolia= _Forsk._ SAREH, SARHA or SURRAKH (Berber), KOWOGE
(Baggara)—Arab; KAMOP (Port Sudan)—Hadendowa; TUMBU (Kadugli)—Nuba.
Stiff tree or shrub with spinose branches. Leaves small, up to ¾ in.
long, obovate to linear-oval. Flowers axillary, 1-3 together; petals 0;
stamens indefinite. Fruit torulose.
Red Sea Prov. (from sea level to 4,000 ft.); Dongola Prov.; Berber
Prov.; Khartoum Prov.; Kordofan Prov. (Bara & Abu Gamaiz); Darfur Prov.
=M. aethiopica= _Oliv._ BAK BELE—Golo.
Erect, virgate shrub. Leaves oblong to elliptical. Flowers corymbose;
petals 4, rotundate; stamens indefinite. Fruit coriaceous, subglobose.
Fung Prov. (Fazoghli); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur-land, Kutshuk Ali, Jur
Ghattas & Jur Aweit, Bongo-land, Gir).
=M. angolensis= _DC._ MARI (Khasa, Red Sea Prov.), RAU ER AU (Kordofan
at Birket), SHAGAR EL ZERAF (Kordn.), & SHAGAR EL DUD (Fung)—Arab;
DOGHING (J. Daier)—Nuba; SHALEIB (Erkowit)—Hadendowa; AFIAT
(Renk)—Dinka; TIIT (Ghabat El Arab)—Nuer.
Small tree. Flowers white. Fruit moniliform. Leaves lanceolate to
obovate.
Red Sea Prov. (Erkowit & Has Has); Kassala Prov.; Fung Prov.; White Nile
Prov. (Jebelein & near Nyemati); Upper White Nile Prov. (Ghurab El Eish,
near Melut, Um Songur, etc.); Kordofan (El Birkat); Darfur (Jebel Marra,
Kallokitting 4,000 ft.).
Wood yellowish, heavy, hard and fine grained, but brittle; takes a good
polish.
=M. dolichobotrya= _Gilg_ & _Ben._
Woody shrub, 3 ft. high. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, about 2
in. long, ⅓ in. broad, glabrous. Flowers in elongated leafy racemes.
Petals shortly clawed, rather thick.
White Nile Prov.
=M. oblongifolia= _A. Rich._ ERG EL MEHABBA (White Nile), ASS’AIB
(Atbara), SURREIH (Fung), ABU TAMARA (C. Kordn.), ALAG & SIRH
(Khartoum)—Arab; KAFITO & NIETEH—Bari; BUN—Burun; ANEIT (Goz el
Siada)—Dinka.
Straggling shrub. Leaves linear-oblong, calyx pale green, 4 sepals;
petals 4, whitish green, stamens indefinite; gynophore white. Fruit
about 1 in. long, very torulose or moniliform.
Red Sea Prov.; Between Suakin & Berber (J. Langeb); Berber Prov.
(Atbara); Khartoum & White Nile Provinces; Most parts of the Sudan south
of Khartoum.
Fruit edible.
=MORINGACEÆ.=
39 =Moringa aptera= _Gaertn._ MAI—Arab.
Moderate to small-sized tree with whip-like branches and scanty, minute
leaves. Flowers pink. Fruit capsules ridged, about 1 ft. long; seeds not
winged.
Red Sea Prov. (rare).
=M. pterygosperma= _Gaertn._
Small tree with corky bark. Leaves usually tripinnate. Flowers strongly
scented; petals white with yellow dots at base. Pods up to 13 in. long,
slender, 9-ribbed. Seeds winged.
Introduced from India. Khartoum Prov.; Kordofan Prov. (Bareis); Darfur
Prov., etc.
The seeds yield the Ben Oil.
=CRUCIFERÆ.=
40 =Matthiola elliptica= _R. Br._
Herb with a white flower, like a small Stock. Leaves petiolate,
elliptic, hoary; pod siliquose, rather thick.
Red Sea Prov. (Khor Ashat, and 21° N. from sea level to 3-4,000 ft.);
White Nile Prov.
=M. sp.=
Hoary herb with subsessile, lanceolate toothed leaves, about 1 in. long;
hairs stellate. Pods subsessile, very hairy.
Red Sea Prov. (Khor Tamanib).
41 =Nasturtium indicum= _Linn._ FIKKI (Darfur)—Arab.
Glabrous branching herb. Leaves sessile, lyrate-pinnatifid, auricled.
Flowers yellow, small in lax racemes. Siliqua nearly ¾ in., cylindrical.
Dongola Prov. (Argo Island); Khartoum Prov.; Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post);
Kordofan Prov.
42 =Morettia Philæana= _DC._ TAGHAL (Atbara), SAGGAR—Arab.
Stiff, erect, hispid herb. Leaves linear-lanceolate to oblanceolate,
hoary or hispid. Petals slightly longer than the very hairy sepals.
Fruits strongly curved, ⅓ in. long.
Wadi Halfa; Berber Prov. (Atbara, Murat); Dongola Prov. (Omdi); Kordofan
Prov. (Maties).
Good camel fodder.
=M. canescens= _Boiss._
A stiff herb covered with whitish stellate hairs. Leaves elliptic,
subacute, petiolate. Fruits ribbed, slightly curved, ½ in. long,
stellate-pubescent.
Near Wadi Halfa.
43 =Anastatica Hierochuntica= _Linn._
Woody herb. Fruit short, with a round auricle on each side of the apex.
Red Sea Prov. (21° N. Lat., from sea level to 4,000 ft.).
The common Rose of Jericho of the Mediterranean.
44 =Farsetia ægyptiaca= _Turr._ DAHAIAN (Atbara), GHARBA—Arab.
Shrubby; flowers white; siliquas small, oval. Leaves linear, hoary.
Nubia; Between Goz Regeb & Kassala; Red Sea Prov. (near Karora).
=F. longisiliqua= _Dec._ DAKHEYAN (N. Kordn.), & DAHAIAN (C.
Kordn.)—Arab.
Hoary undershrub. Leaves narrow-linear. Flowers in spicate racemes,
rather distant. Siliqua linear, slightly curved, hoary, 1 in. long.
White Nile Prov. (J. Arashkol); Kordofan Prov. (J. Kurbaj); Darfur Prov.
(Kulme, & Sherif Kabbashi); Red Sea Prov. (near Karora).
=F. grandiflora= _Fourn._ UMHABEIBA (White Nile)—Arab.
Slender, erect, pale annual. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 1-3 in. long.
Siliqua linear 1-2 in. long.
White Nile & Upper White Nile Provinces (Hillet Abbas to Meshra El
Zeraf); Kordofan Prov.
=F. ramosissima= _Hochst._
Branching herb. Leaves linear-lanceolate. Flowers densely spicate.
Siliqua short.
Red Sea Prov. (21° N. Lat., up to 4,000 ft.); Khartoum Prov.; Kordofan
Prov. (Khursi); Darfur Prov. (Plains below J. Marra, 3,000 ft.).
45 =Sisymbrium erysimoides= _Desf._
Herb, 1-3 ft. high. Upper leaves lyrate pinnatisect. Siliquas divergent,
rigid, linear-subulate.
Red Sea Prov. (21° N. Lat., between sea level & 4,000 ft.).
46 =Diplotaxis erucoides= DC.
Herb, 1-2 ft. high. Lower leaves lyrate-pinnatifid or obovate-toothed.
Flowers white or purplish on ebracteate racemes. Siliqua 1 in. long,
ascending. Seeds biseriate.
Red Sea Prov. (Erkowit & Karora).
47 =Eruca sativa= _Lam._ GARGUIR (Egypt)—Arab.
Erect branching herb. Leaves lyrate to oblanceolate, more or less deeply
toothed. Flowers white or yellow on ebracteate racemes. Siliqua linear-
oblong, turgid erect, beaked. Seeds biseriate.
Nubia cultivated.
The seeds yield an oil similar to Colza. The leaves are used as a salad,
and are also fed to cattle.
48 =Schouwia arabica= _DC._ MAHAD, NAMNAM (Egypt)—Arab.
Tall shrubby herb with ovate amplexicaul leaves and purple flowers.
Siliqua elliptical, about ¾ in. long.
Kassala Prov. (Gash Valley).
49 =Lepidium sativum= _Linn._ Common Cress.
Glabrous annual. Leaves entire to pinnatisect. Flowers white. Siliqua
obovate to nearly rotundate, emarginate.
Khartoum & Kordofan Provinces.
The young plants are eaten. The seeds yield an oil; they are also used
in dysentery and diarrhœa.
50 =Senebiera nilotica= _DC._ RASHAD (Port Sudan), HARRA—Arab.
Riverside herb with small white flowers. Radical leaves linear-
lanceolate or oblanceolate pinnatisect. Silicules cordate-reniform.
North Sudan; Banks of the Nile; Red Sea. Prov.
51 =Enarthrocarpus lyratus= _DC._ RESHAD EL BAHR, SHILTEM, SHIRTEM, &
SHILTAM—Arab.
Herb; flowers yellow, streaked with purple. Radical leaves lyrate-
pinnatifid. Siliquas nodulose, obtusely acuminate.
Dongola Prov. (from Egypt).
=E. pterocarpus= _DC._
Herb, scabrid below. Leaves lyrate-pinnatifid. Siliquas erect, linear-
acuminate, with winged scabrid margins.
Nubia.
52 =Zilla myagroides= _Forsk._ =var. microcarpa= _Oliv._
Shrubby, spiny herb, the spines terminating the branches. Flowers white
or violet, solitary or racemose, silicules ovoid, beaked.
Red Sea Prov., & Nubia.
53 =Raphanus sativus= _Linn._ FIGL—Arab. Horse Radish.
Radical leaves lyrate. Flowers white, yellow or lilac. Siliqua 1-2 in.
long, terete, beaked.
Cultivated everywhere.
The seeds, which yield an oil, are used in native medicine for their
diuretic and laxative properties. The seed pods as well as the roots are
eaten.
=VIOLACEÆ.=
54 =Viola nubica= _Hutchinson_, n. sp.
Small annual, 4 in. high. Leaves long-petiolate, spathulate-lanceolate,
acute, 1¼ in. long, nearly ½ in. broad, very thin, subentire, glabrous;
stipules subulate-filiform, entire, 2-lin. long; sepals broadly
lanceolate, long-acuminate; petals ⅓ in. long; spur short and blunt.
Capsule ¼ in. long.
Red Sea Prov. (21° N., sea level to 3-4,000 ft.).
55 =Hybanthus enneaspermus= _Muell._—_Ionidium enneaspermum_ Vent.
Erect or decumbent, much-branched herb, up to 2 ft. high. Flowers blue,
purple or dull red, solitary, axillary.
Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post); White Nile Prov. (J. Arashkol); Kordofan
Prov.
56 =Rinorea ilicifolia= _O. Ktze._—_Alsodeia ilicifolia_ Welw.
Shrub or small tree. Leaves strongly spinulose-serrate, coriaceous
shining above, 6-9 in. long. Flowers yellow, in narrow terminal,
racemose panicles. Capsule 3-valved, coriaceous.
Mongalla Prov. (Yei River).
=R. oblongifolia= _Marq._
Large tree, buttressed at the foot. Flowers waxy-yellow, in terminal,
many-flowered corymbose or pyramidal panicles. Leaves oblanceolate or
obovate-oblong, 4-8 in. long. Petals contorted.
Niamniam-land (Mbrwole, near the Yuru River & by the Diagbe River).
=RESEDACEÆ.=
57 =Caylusea canescens= _St. Hil._ MUDDEYD & DENABA—Arab.
Diffuse or ascending herb, more or less pilose. Leaves linear-lanceolate
to lanceolate, undulate. Flowers small, in terminal bracteate racemes.
Nubia; Red Sea Prov. (Suakin, Khor Tamanib & J. Shellal, 22° N. Lat.).
=C. abyssinica= _Fisch._ & _Mey._
Erect herb, up to 3 ft. high, glabrous or thinly scabrid near the
extremities. Leaves entire or 3-partite, linear-lanceolate or linear.
Flowers small, numerous on terminal, spike-like racemes up to 1 ft. and
more long.
Red Sea Prov. (21° N. Lat., between sea level & 4,000 ft.).
58 =Reseda pruinosa= _Del._
Erect or ascending herb, 1 ft. or more high. Leaves entire or trifid,
narrow-lanceolate or oval. Flowers in terminal, bracteate racemes.
Nubia; Red Sea Prov. (21° N. Lat., between sea level & 3-4,000 ft.).
59 =Oligomeris glaucescens= _Camb._
Erect or decumbent herb, usually glabrous and glaucous. Leaves entire,
linear, fasciculate or scattered. Flowers small in loose, elongate
terminal spikes.
Red Sea, Dongola & Kordofan Provinces.
60 =Ochradenus baccatus= _Del._ GURDI—Arab.
Much branched shrub, with virgate branches, which are often spinescent
and at length leafless. Leaves narrow linear. Flowers small, spicate.
Berries white.
Nubia; Red Sea Prov.; Kassala Prov. (North); Darfur (Jebel Meidob and
Kulme).
=POLYGALACEÆ.=
61 =Polygala persicariæfolia= _DC._
Erect or decumbent annual. Leaves oval or lanceolate, acute. Flowers in
extra-axillary or terminal racemes. Wing sepals rotundate-ovate, 3-5
nerved; lateral petals semi-hastate or hooked at the base.
Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post).
Wing sepals elliptic and not rounded.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Addai: Bongo-land).
Leaves broader, wing sepals less orbicular than in the type.
Kassala Prov. (Gallabat).
=P. abyssinica= _Fres._
Annual or perennial, up to 2 ft. high. Leaves linear or oval, apiculate.
Flowers secund on terminal racemes. Wing sepals ovate to obovate,
3-nerved.
Darfur Prov. (Jebel Marra, 7,000 ft. and over, and plains 20-80 m. N.E.
of El Fasher).
=P. liniflora= _Bojer_ ex _Chod._
Branches elongated, erect, grass-like, glabrous. Leaves narrowly linear,
slightly decurrent. Racemes terminal, lax-flowered. Wing sepals
elliptic, clawed, with few nerves.
Darfur Prov. (Jebel Marra).
=P. erioptera= _DC._ HEBEIBU (Meshra El Zeraf)—Arab, ANYAIN or LAKSHUA’I
(Meshra El Zeraf)—Dinka.
Erect or diffuse annual. Leaves linear or oblong, obtuse. Flowers
fascicled or on racemes much shorter than leaves. Wing-sepals oval or
obliquely elliptic with 1 broad median nerve.
Red Sea Prov. (Soturba & between Suakin & Berber); Kassala Prov.
(Gallabat); Fung Prov. (J. Moya); White Nile Prov. (J. Arashkol); Upper
White Nile Prov. (Meshra El Zeraf); Kordofan Prov.; Mongalla Prov.
(Mongalla).
=var. canescens= _Chod._
Stems and leaves with grey, dense hairs.
Red Sea Prov. (Erkowit); Kordofan Prov.
=var. maxima= _Chod._
Stems and leaves at length glabrous.
Khartoum Prov. (near Khartoum).
=P. arenaria= _Willd_, forma depressa.
Erect or diffuse annual. Leaves linear to obovate-elliptical obtuse.
Flowers in dense strobiliform heads. Wing-sepals variable, oval to
ovate-rotundate, often oblique, nerves faint.
Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas).
=P. irregularis= _Boiss._
Low spreading, wiry plant. Leaves oblanceolate obtuse or retuse. Flowers
in loose terminal racemes. Wing-sepals broad-ovate with 3 main nerves.
Fung Prov.; Kordofan Prov. (Taiara, Abu Gerad).
=P. acicularis= _Oliv._
Glabrous shrub. Leaves narrow-linear to acicular. Flowers in erect
terminal racemes or racemes on rigid lateral branchlets. Wing-sepals
obovate-oblong, faintly nerved, deciduous.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas); Bahr El Jebel (Madi).
=P. senensis= _Klotzsch._
Wiry herb or undershrub. Leaves oblanceolate, obtuse. Flowers in very
short lateral racemes or axillary fascicles. Wing-sepals broadly ovate
with numerous looping nerves.
Red Sea Prov. (Sinkat).
62 =Securidaca longipedunculata= _Fresen._ SAGGAT—Arab.
Branched shrub, 8-10 ft. high. Leaves alternate, coriaceous, linear-
lanceolate to ovate oblong, 1-2 in. long. Flowers rose or purple or
violet or variegated with white, racemose. Fruit a 1-winged samara.
Fung Prov. (Famaka); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land).
=CRASSULACEÆ.=
63 =Tillæa pentandra= _Royle._
Small herb with opposite, fleshy cylindrical subulate leaves, connate at
base. Flowers small, white, solitary, or 2-3 together, axillary. Fruit
of 4-5 free carpels.
Red Sea Prov. (Erkowit); Darfur Prov. (J. Marra, 9,000 ft.).
64 =Bryophyllum calycinum= _Salisb._
Shrubby herb, 2-4 ft. high, with barren and purple-spotted flowering
stems. Leaves opposite, fleshy, crenate, either simple, ovate-orbicular
or unequally pinnate with ovate segments. Flowers up to 2 in. long,
pendulous, in paniculate cymes; calyx inflated, striped purple; cor.
reddish-purple; stamens 8, in 2 rows. Fruit of 4 follicles.
Bahr El Jebel (Madi).
65 =Kalanchoe crenata= _Haw._ HARFIFOIT—Hadendowa.
Tall perennial herb with opposite fleshy, crenate leaves and yellow
flowers.
Red Sea Prov. (Erkowit, foot of Has Has).
66 =Umbilicus botryoides= _Hochst._
Small herb with perennial root-stock. Lower leaves orbicular, loosely
crenate, peltate. Flowering stems usually about 6 in. long bearing a
simple or somewhat branched raceme of pale pendulous flowers.
Red Sea Prov. (Erkowit); Darfur Prov. (J. Marra: Abwo, 9,600 ft.).
67 =Sempervivum molle= _Vis._
Softly hairy, fleshy herb. Leaves alternate, fleshy, oval-rhomboid, red-
spotted beneath. Flowers cymose, white or yellow.
Nubia.
=SAXIFRAGACEÆ.=
68 =Vahlia viscosa= _Roxb._ SAFEIRA EL BAHR (Atbara), WADE (Halfa)—Arab;
TELGIN—Hadendowa; TEIMER—Rashida.
Prostrate, glandular, pilose herb, with ovate-oblong, opposite leaves
and yellow flowers. Calyx 5-lobed; corolla 5 petals; anthers 5; style
deeply bifid; ovary inferior.
River banks; Wadi Halfa; Berber Prov. (Atbara & Berber); Khartoum, Blue
Nile, Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post); White Nile, Kordofan & Mongalla
Provinces.
=V. oldenlandioides= _Roxb._
Glandular or pubescent herb with opposite linear leaves. Flowers small,
numerous; calyx tube adnate to ovary, segments 5, short, triangular;
petals 5, epigynous; ovary inferior; capsule sub-globose, small.
Kordofan Prov. (Abu Gerad); Darfur Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur
Ghattas); Mongalla Prov. (Mongalla).
NOTE.—These two species of _Vahlia_ are often mistaken for species of
_Oldenlandia_ in _Rubiaceæ_, but are at once distinguished by the free
petals and absence of stipules.
=DROSERACEÆ.=
69 =Drosera indica= _Linn._
Small herb. Leaves alternate, linear, the lower half glabrous, the upper
part heavily fringed with gland-tipped tentacles. Flowers white; styles
3.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: by the Gumango).
=PODOSTEMONACEÆ.=
70 =Tristicha hypnoides= _Spreng._
Small moss-like herb, attached to boulders in streams or rivers. Leaves
very minute. Flowers solitary, terminal, on peduncles, ¾ in. long in
fruit; per. segments 3; st. 1; styles 2-3; caps. ellipsoid.
South Kordofan Prov.; Nuba Mts. Prov. (J. Eliri); Bahr El Ghazal Prov.
(Wau & Biri River, Mittu-land: Woko River near Kero).
=ELATINACEÆ.=
71 =Bergia verticillata= _Willd._
Glabrous procumbent herb, about 1 ft. high, aquatic; stems succulent,
pink. Leaves nearly sessile, lanceolate, tapering at both ends, 1 to 1½
in. long, opposite, stipulate. Flowers crowded in axillary, sub-
verticillate fascicles; stamens 10.
Kordofan Prov.
=B. suffruticosa= _Fenzl._ MIRMID or MIREMIT (Khartoum), RIMITH—Arab;
OKRIT—Hadendowa; SITA—Rashida.
Deep rooted, heather-like undershrub, rooting again where branches touch
the ground. Bark deciduous in papery rust-coloured flakes.
Kassala Prov. (Gallabat); Dongola, Berber, Khartoum, White Nile &
Kordofan Provinces.
=B. ammanoides= _Roth._ RIMÏTH (N. Kordn.)—Arab.
Herb under 1 ft. high. Leaves oblanceolate, pilose. Flowers in dense
axillary, sub-verticillate fascicles; stamens 3.
Kordofan Prov.
=CARYOPHYLLACEÆ.=
72 =Silene Macrosolen= _Steud._
Somewhat viscid perennial, branching from the base. Flowers pinkish in
forking panicles. Calyx 5-toothed, narrow tubular, up to 1½ in. long,
teeth short; petals much exserted, 5. Carpophore much longer than
capsule; styles 3.
Darfur Prov. (J. Marra, 6,500-9,300 ft.).
73 =Cerastium vulgatum= _Linn._
Downy, somewhat viscid annual, branching at the base. Stem leaves
sessile, oblong to ovate. Flowers white in terminal cymes. Petals
shorter or hardly longer than sepals; styles 5; sepals free.
Darfur Prov. (J. Marra, 8,600 ft.).
74 =Arenaria Schimperi= _Hochst._
Procumbent diffuse perennial. Leaves subulate, ¼ to ½ in. long. Flowers
in loose forking cymes, white; sepals 5, free, 3-nerved; petals 5, equal
to sepals; styles 3; capsule 3-valved.
Darfur Prov. (J. Marra, above 9,000 ft.).
75 =Spergula arvensis= _Linn._
Slender herbs. Leaves linear, in opposite clusters, appearing whorled.
Flowers small, white, in terminal forked cymes; stamens 5 or 10; styles
5.
Red Sea Prov. (21° N. Lat., from sea level to 4,000 ft.).
76 =Polycarpon memphiticum= _Fenzl._
A diffuse, densely pubescent herb. Leaves petiolate, and spathulate-
oblanceolate, covered with stellate hairs. Stipules scarious. Flowers
small, crowded in leafy cymes, otherwise as in the next species.
Berber Prov. (Banks of the Nile between Khartoum and Shendi).
=P. Lœflingii= _Benth._ & _Hook. f._
A diffuse, prostrate or ascending, wiry, glabrous herb. Leaves sessile,
linear or linear-spathulate, glabrous. Flowers small, in dichotomous
cymes; sepals 5, with white, scarious edges; petals small, linear;
stamens 3-5; style 3-fid.
Khartoum Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur-land, Wau & Mittu-land: Mvolo,
& Bongo-land: Addai); Blue Nile Prov. (near Wad Medani).
77 =Polycarpæa corymbosa= _Lam._
Herb, 2-12 in. high, with a somewhat amarantaceous appearance. Leaves
linear, sessile. Flowers numerous, small, crowded in dense cymes,
forming large flat-topped heads; bracts scarious, silvery, bristle-
pointed.
Red Sea Prov. (Dongonab); Kassala Prov. (Gallabat); Fung Prov. (Jongol’s
Post); White Nile Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur-land: Jur Ghattas,
Niamniam-land); Bahr El Jebel (Madi).
Said to be a remedy for snake-bite.
=P. eriantha= _Hochst._
Diffuse, slender herb, with numerous flowers in lax cymes, spreading all
over the plant. Sepals loosely pubescent. Leaves linear, about ½ in.
long, with fine setose points.
Kordofan Prov. (El Obeid); Mongalla Prov., Bongo-land (Gir).
=P. spicata= _Arnott._
Small herb; leaves obovate or oblanceolate-spathulate, rosulate; flower-
heads densely fascicled; sepals 5, ovate-lanceolate, scarious; petals 5,
shorter than sepals; stamens 5.
Red Sea Prov.: Lat. 21° N.
=P. fragilis= _Del._
Small herb. Leaves linear-lanceolate, hoary, margins revolute. Flowers
in small, densely fascicled cymes; sepals ovate-elliptic, with
membranous margin, longer than petals.
Red Sea Prov.: from sea level to 4,000 ft., Lat. 21° N.
=P. linearifolia= _DC._
Erect or decumbent herb. Leaves narrow-linear or linear-subulate.
Flowers in terminal, rounded or lax, silvery, many flowered cymes.
Sepals scarious acute, ⅓ to ⅔ longer than petals.
Blue Nile Prov.: White Nile Prov. (South of Lat. 14° N.): Kordofan Prov.
(Hillet Nu & El Obeid); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur-land: Jur Aweit).
=P. stellata= _DC._
Erect or diffuse herb. Leaves linear, with axillary tufts. Flowers in
small capitate, divaricate cymes; sepals very acute, much longer than
the petals.
Red Sea Prov. (Erkowit).
=P. prostrata= _Dec._ HAR, HARA & REYKHA—Arab.
Prostrate herb. Leaves linear-spathulate. Flowers solitary from the
forks. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, with broad membranous margin, hardly
longer than petals.
Nubia; Northern Sudan.
78 =Sphærocoma Hookeri= _T. Anders._
Undershrub, 1-2 ft. high. Branchlets glabrous. Flower heads dense,
globose, spinescent. Leaves fleshy, terete, fascicled.
Nubia; Red Sea Prov. (J. Hotarba: Soturba Range, Lat. 22° N.).
=S. Aucheri= _Boiss._
Leaves shorter than those of last-named. Branchlets pubescent.
Red Sea Prov.; 21° N. Lat.
=MOLLUGINACEÆ.=
79 =Orygia decumbens= _Forsk._
Decumbent herb, up to 2 ft. high. Leaves obovate or rotundate, cuneate,
fleshy, ½-1 in. broad, alternate, glaucous. Sepals 5; petals 0; stamens
12 or more; styles 5; capsules 5-valved.
Red Sea Prov. (Suakin, between hills & Sinkat); Mongalla Prov.
(Mongalla); Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post).
80 =Mollugo Cerviana= _Seringe._
Annual; stems erect, slender; branches umbellate. Leaves verticillate-
linear, about ½ in. long. Flowers numerous on long filiform, axillary
and terminal peduncles. Seeds smooth.
Kordofan & Darfur Provinces, Uganda (Nile Province).
Used as medicine for fevers.
=M. Spergula= _Linn._
Diffused decumbent herb. Leaves fleshy, 3-9 in verticils, oval to
lanceolate, 1 in. long. Flowers fascicled; sepals 5; petals 0; stamens
5-10; capsule 3-valved.
Nubia; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: Hoo River); Mongalla Prov.
(Bor).
Used medicinally it is stomachic, aperient and antiseptic.
=M. nudicaulis= _Lam._
Annual. Leaves radical, crowded, spathulate, entire, glabrous, about 1½
in. long. Flower stems erect, 4-6 in. long, leafless, trichotomously
branched. Flowers white in lax trichotomous cymes.
Nubia; White Nile Prov. (Jebelein); Kordofan Prov.; Nuba Mts. Prov.
(Kadugli); Mongalla Prov. (Bor & Mongalla); Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post).
81 =Glinus lotoides= _Loefl._ RABA’A (Meshra El Zeraf)—Arab; GETAKI
(Meshra El Zeraf)—Dinka.
Annual, with stellate hairs, up to 2 ft. high. Leaves rotundate to
oblanceolate, 1 in. long, radical and pseudo-verticillate. Flowers in
axillary fascicles; sepals 5; petals 0; stamens 5 to many; stigmas 2-5.
Seeds verrucose.
Berber Prov. (Shendi); Kartoum Prov. (Khartoum); Blue Nile Prov. (Dried
pools); Darfur Prov.; Upper White Nile Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur
Ghattas); Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post).
The plant is said to be a purgative. The tender shoots are eaten.
82 =Gisekia pharnaceodes= _Linn._
Prostrate or ascending, somewhat succulent annual. Leaves opposite,
exstipulate, oblong-spathulate. Flowers small, in axillary clusters;
petals none; carpels 5, distinct, surrounded by sepals.
Red Sea Prov. (littoral); Berber Prov. (Obak); Khartoum, Kordofan &
Darfur Provinces.
Said to be a useful medicine for tapeworm.
=G. rubella= _Hochst._ SHA’ERET EL BAHAYAM (Meshra El Zeraf)—Arab.
Much like above but cymes in lax diffuse panicles.
Fung Prov.; Kordofan Prov. (Abu Gerad); Upper White Nile Prov.; Bahr El
Ghazal Prov. (Shambe).
83 =Semonvillea pterocarpa= _J. Gay._
Erect, branched herb, glaucous, 1-2½ ft. high. Leaves alternate, fleshy,
linear, 1-2 in. long. Flowers small, greenish, in 10-12 flowered,
terminal and leaf-opposed cymes; sepals 5; petals 0; stamens 6-7. Fr.
compressed orbicular, separating in 2 broadly-winged cocci.
Kordofan Prov. (Obeid & Mulbes).
84 =Limeum viscosum= _Fenzl._ TARBA (Khartoum), RUBAA’, also HOMRA (N.
Kordn.)—Arab.
Prostrate, glandular-viscid herb. Leaves alternate, oblanceolate to
rotundate. Flowers small, in extra-axillary, compact cymes; sepals 5,
viscid; petals 0; stamens 7. Fr. dicoccous, bony.
Khartoum & Kordofan Provinces.
=L. indicum= _Stocks._
Diffuse, glandular, puberulous or glabrate herb. Leaves nearly or quite
opposite, rotundate, ⅓ in. long. Cymes sessile or subsessile, axillary;
petals clawed, toothed above; stamens 6-7. Fr. minute dicoccous, bony.
Nubia
=L. linifolium= _Fenzl._ HAREISH (Kordn.)—Arab.
Glabrous herb. Leaves alternate, linear, ½-2 in. long. Cymes compact,
sessile or subsessile; sepals 5; petals 0, 3 or 5, linear-spathulate;
stamens 7. Fr. dicoccous, bony.
Kordofan Prov. (El Murra).
=FICOIDACEÆ.=
85 =Aizoon canariense= _Linn._
Hairy, prostrate herb. Leaves obovate to spathulate, up to 3 in. long,
alternate. Flowers sessile, solitary or clustered in axils of leaves.
Calyx 4-5 partite; petals absent. Fruit pentagonal stelliform, ⅓ in.
long.
Red Sea Prov.
86 =Trianthema pentandra= _Linn._ RABA’A (Khartoum) & RAB’AH—Arab; LOM
(Kenissa)—Dinka.
Prostrate herb. Leaves opposite, oval-oblong to obovate-elliptical, ½-2
in. long. Flowers fascicled, axillary; calyx 5-fid; petals 0; stamens 5.
Capsule membranous or coriaceous.
North Sudan; Red Sea Prov.; Kassala Prov.; Dongola, Berber, Khartoum,
Blue Nile & Kordofan Provinces; Mongalla Prov. (Kenissa); Fung Prov.
(Jongol’s Post).
The plant is used as an astringent in abdominal diseases. The Sudanese
mix one spoonful of pounded roots with one rottl of Marissa and use the
mixture as a remedy for gonorrhœa, the doses being taken for three days.
=T. salsoloides= _Fenzl._ DEILU (N. Kordn.) & DALLE—Arab.
Hairy herb. Leaves opposite, linear, fleshy, ½ to 1 in. long, dilated at
base with membranous stipuliform teeth. Flowers axillary fascicled or on
short lateral leafy shoots. Petals 0; stamens up to 5. Capsule 1-seeded.
Fung Prov.; White Nile Prov. (J. Arashkol).
The ashes mixed with Simsim oil and lime are used for making soap.
=T. polysperma= _Hochst._
Prostrate herb. Leaves opposite or nearly so, fleshy, glandular, ¼ to ½
in. long. Flowers dichotomously cymose, sessile in each fork. Calyx
5-lobed, with petaloid pink margin; stamens 4-6; styles 2; ovary
1-celled, ovules about 7.
Khartoum Prov.; Blue Nile Prov. (Rufaa); Fung Prov.; Kordofan Prov. (Abu
Gerad).
=T. crystallina= _Vahl._ ARARIB (Atbara)—Arab.
Prostrate herb. Leaves fleshy, linear to rotundate, ¾ in. long. Flowers
axillary fascicled.
Red Sea Prov. (sea-coast); Berber Prov. (Abu Hashim & Atbara); Nubian
Desert; Kordofan Prov. (Debakh); Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post).
=T. triquetra= _Rottl._ & _Willd._
Diffuse, prostrate herb, covered with minute scales. Leaves opposite or
alternate, over ½ in. long, linear to linear-lanceolate, fleshy. Flowers
numerous, sessile in the axil. Style simple.
Between Kassala & Goz Regeb; Fung Prov.; White Nile Prov. (Geteina);
Kordofan Prov.
=PORTULACACEÆ.=
87 =Portulaca quadrifida= _Linn._
Prostrate, fatty herb. Flowers yellow. Leaves opposite, oval, numerous,
fleshy. Joints and flower-heads bristly.
Red Sea Prov. (Karora); Kassala Prov. (Gallabat); Khartoum, Upper White
Nile & White Nile Provinces.
=P. oleracea= _Linn._ RIGLA—Arab. The Purslane.
Succulent annual with obovate or oblong-spathulate, alternate, fleshy
leaves. Flowers in clusters, few together, yellow, open during a short
time in the morning.
Common everywhere. Wild in various parts, e.g., Red Sea, White Nile,
Bahr El Ghazal & Mongalla Provinces.
Used as a vegetable and salad, the seeds are demulcent, diuretic and
slightly astringent.
=P. Erythraea= _Schwfth._
Fleshy; leaves obovate-cuneate, about 1 in. long. Flowers axillary,
sessile, solitary.
No locality given (fide Mrs. Crowfoot).
=P. foliosa= _Kern._
Herb, woody below. Leaves fleshy, terete. Flowers yellow, solitary or in
few-flowered heads, with numerous setæ.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Mvolo near Rōl River).
88 =Talinum Caffrum= _E._ & _Z._
Small herb, woody below, somewhat succulent above. Leaves linear-
lanceolate. Flowers axillary, solitary or in pairs, yellow.
Mongalla Prov. (Sh. Tombé).
=T. cuneifolium= _Willd._ DANAB EL TUT (Meshra El Zeraf)—Arab;
KUGATABBA—Bongo.
Undershrub. Leaves thick. Flowers carmine; capsules size of a pea,
thinly crustaceous, nodding; seeds numerous.
Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post); White Nile Prov.; Kordofan Prov. (J. Dago &
Barku); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land).
=T. crassifolium= _Willd._
Small herb, woody below. Leaves fleshy, elliptic or oblanceolate-oblong.
Flowers red in terminal, few-flowered panicles.
Red Sea Prov. (coast).
=POLYGONACEÆ.=
89 =Oxygonum atriplicifolium= _Martelli._
Herb; stem slender, pubescent on one side. Leaves alternate, deltoid to
lanceolate, ¾ in. long; petiole ¼ in. long, dilated into a membranous
sheath (_ochrea_), with long hairs. Racemes 6 in. long; bracts like
ochreæ enclosing 2-3 flowers; per. minute, pink, 5-lobed, becoming
3-spined in fruit; stamens 8; styles 3. Flowers polygamous.
Red Sea Prov.; White Nile Prov. (J. Arashkol); Kordofan Prov.
=var. sinuatum= _Baker._
Leaves thicker, pinnately lobed.
Red Sea Prov. (Khor Tamanib); White Nile Prov. (Hillet Abbas); Kordofan
Prov.; Darfur Prov. (Kulme); Mongalla Prov. (Bor & Mongalla).
90 =Polygonum plebeium= _R. Br._
Prostrate herb with short internodes. Leaves alternate, linear-oblong, ¼
to ½ in. long; ochreæ membranous, white, lacerate. Flowers clustered
2-5, axillary; per. white, small, 5-lobed; stamens 8. Fr. trigonous,
shining.
Khartoum Prov.; Banks of the Nile; Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post).
=P. serrulatum= _Lag._
Slender procumbent annual, 2-3 ft. long. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate,
3-4 in. long, subsessile; ochreæ bristly. Spikes several to a stem;
1½-2 in. long; bracts ciliate; per. pink, minute; stamens 6-8, styles
and nut as above.
Darfur Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: Nabambisso River);
Mongalla Prov. (Lado).
=P. limbatum= _Meisn._
Perennial 3-4 ft. high. Leaves lanceolate, 3-4 in. long, subsessile,
with stout adpressed hairs; ochreæ large, hairy sheathing below,
deflexed above. Racemes 3 to a branch, 2-3 in. long; per. pink, minute;
stamens 7; styles 2; nut lenticular, glossy, black.
Kordofan Prov. (Rahad); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas).
=P. barbatum= _Linn._
Hairy perennial. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, up to 6 in. long,
subsessile, hairy both sides; ochreæ without limb. Spikes, 2-3 in. long;
bracts bristly on margins, per. pink, minute; stamens 6-8; styles 3; nut
trigonous.
Kassala Prov. (Gallabat: Matamma); Fung Prov. (Fazoghli); Darfur Prov.
(Kulme & J. Marra: Niurnya 6,500 ft.); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur
Ghattas).
A blue dye, like indigo, is said to be obtained from this plant in China
and Japan. The root is used as an astringent and cooling remedy.
=P. lanigerum= _R. Br._
Hoary aquatic herb, 4-5 ft. high. Leaves lanceolate, up to 9 in. long;
ochreæ long, membranous, ciliate. Racemes dense, 1-3 in. long; bracts
orbicular; per. ⅙ in. long; stamens 6; styles 2; fr. lenticular, black.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Meshra El Rek & Ghabat El Arab, Bongo: Zariba Agad
Ngulfala); Mongalla Prov. (Kenissa, Yei River).
=P. tomentosum= _Willd._
Tall aquatic herb, more fulvous than the above; stamens usually 7;
bracts truncate, ciliate, otherwise as above.
Fung Prov. (Fazoghli); Kordofan Prov. (Rahad); Upper White Nile Prov.
(mouth of Sobat); Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: Bodumo swamps &
Nabambisso River); Bahr El Jebel (Sudd); Mongalla Prov. Yei River).
=P. senegalense= _Meisn._
Perennial, 4-5 ft. high. Leaves distinctly petioled, oblong-lanceolate,
narrowed both ends, 2-8 in. long; ochreæ large, truncate, not ciliate.
Racemes 2-3 in. long; bracts ovate, not ciliate; per. pale pink, minute;
stamens 7; styles 2; nut orbicular, flattened, shining, blackish.
Darfur Prov. (J. Marra, 6,500 ft).
=P. acuminatum= _H.B._ & _K._ =var. microstemon= _Mart._
Pubescent herb. Leaves lin.-lanceolate, acuminate, 6 in. long, adpressed
hairy on both sides; ochreæ bristly. Spikes dense, 2-3 in. long, 2-4 to
a stem; bracts ovate, ciliate; per. pink, minute, 4-5 lobed; style
bifid; nut lenticular.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur Ghattas).
=P. glabrum= _Willd._ TIMSAHIYA (Khartoum)—Arab.
Glabrous marsh herb, 3-4 ft. high. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, up to 8 in.
long; ochreæ large, membranous. Spikes dense, 2 in. long; per. pink;
stamens 6-8; styles 2; nut lenticular, orbicular.
Nubia; Dongola Prov. (Saikot); Between Khartoum & Shendi; Blue Nile
Prov. (Bagras, Dinder River); Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post); White Nile
Prov.; Kordofan Prov.; Darfur Prov. (J. Marra, Wadi Gindi 7,300 ft.);
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Wau in Jur).
An infusion of the leaves is used to relieve pain in case of colic.
91 =Rumex abyssinicus= _Jacq._
Very tall herb with perennial root stock; stems hollow, reddish. Leaves
triangular or ovate, hastate, up to 8 in. long; petals up to 4 in. long,
red; ochreæ membranous, ¾ in. long. Panicle terminal, branched, 1 ft.
long; flowers polygamous; per. lobes 6, 3 inner enlarged in fr. to ¼
in.; stamens 6; styles 3, stigmas fimbriate; nut 3-gonous.
Darfur Prov. (J. Marra, 6-8,000 ft.).
=R. vesicarius= _Linn._
Branched herb. Leaves deltoid or ovate, 1¼ in. long, cordate, fleshy;
petals up to 1½ in. long. Panicles terminal; flowers 1-2 on jointed ped.
in the whorls; bracts as long as ped., scarious; per. segm. ⅓ in.
diameter in fr., reddish, winged; nut almost 3-winged.
Red Sea Prov. (Littoral); Darfur Prov. (J. Meidob, 4,000 ft.).
=R. nepalensis= _Spreng._
Stout perennial, 3-4 ft. high. Basal leaves long petioled, oblong,
rounded or cordate at base, 1 ft. or more long, cauline ovate-oblong,
cordate to lanceolate. Panicles long, lax, with reduced leaves below;
flowers many in a whorl; pedicels deflexed; inner per. segm. ⅛ in. in
fruit, ovate-cordate margined with hooked teeth; nut ovoid-triquetrous.
Darfur Prov. (J. Marra: Guloberi Wadi, 8,000 ft.).
=ILLECEBRACEÆ.=
92 =Paronychia argentea= _Lam._
Densely tufted, pubescent herb, 3-6 in. high. Leaves opposite, lower
oblanceolate, mucronate, upper shorter, oblong; stipules and bracts
white-scarious, the latter completely hiding the flowers which are in
dense terminal clusters; per. very minute, 5-partite lobes hooded at
tip.
Dongola Prov. (Khandak).
93 =Cometes abyssinica= _R. Br._
Erect perennial, 6-12 in. high, pubescent and much branched. Leaves
opposite or verticillate, lanceolate, sessile. Flowers in terminal
clusters, bracts enlarged in fruit, silky, long, whitish, forming
globose, somewhat rotate heads about 1 in. diameter; per. ⅙ in. long,
green.
Red Sea Prov. (Soturba, Khor Tamanib, Khor Ashat, Has Has, Darfur Prov.
(J. Marra, 6,500 ft. and over).
=PHYTOLACCACEÆ.=
94 =Mohlana nemoralis= _Mart._
Erect annual, 3-4 ft. high. Leaves alternate, oblong, acute or
acuminate, up to 6 in. long. Racemes moderately dense, 2-5 in. long;
perianth small, dark green, obliquely campanulate, veined in fr.,
segments 4, unequal, lowest largest; stamens 4; anthers versatile
sagittate; fr. fleshy, lenticular.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: Naporruporru).
95 =Phytolacca octandra= _Linn._
Erect perennial, 2-3 ft. high; stems stout. Leaves alternate, oblong,
3-4 in. long. Racemes very dense; per. green, 5-partite; stamens about
8; fr. globose, purple-black.
Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post).
=CHENOPODIACEÆ.=
96 =Chenopodium album= _Linn._ FISS EL KELAB—Arab.
Erect herb, 1-3 ft. high. Leaves alternate, ovate-lanceolate, 1-1½ in.
long, coarse-dentate, mealy. Panicles axillary; per. lobes 5,
triangular, incurved; stamens 5, filam. short; styles 2, seed globose,
black-brown.
Kordofan Prov.
The plant is eaten as a pot-herb. It is also said to have laxative
properties.
=C. murale= _Linn._
Erect herb, mealy all over. Leaves ovate, obscurely 3-lobed, coarsely
serrate, 1-4 in. long. Panicles terminal and axillary, more spreading
than in above. Flowers as above.
Red Sea Prov. (Suakin, 21° N. Lat.); Berber Prov.; Khartoum Prov.;
Kordofan Prov.; Darfur Prov. (J. Marra, 6,500 ft.).
It is eaten as a pot-herb.
=C. Schraderianum= _Roem._ & _Schult._
Herb, 2-5 ft. high. Leaves pinnatifid, 1-4 in. long, covered with
stalked and sessile yellow glands. Panicle much branched and in zigzags;
per. segments 5; triangular, keeled, with stalked glands.
Darfur Prov. (J. Marra, 6,500 ft.).
97 =Atriplex farinosa= _Forsk._
Undershrub, 3 ft. high. Leaves alternate, lanceolate-oblong, 1½ in.
long, short petioled, some cordate or auricled, densely white-tomentose
beneath. Flowers unisexual, in terminal spikes or panicles, male flower
per. 5-lobed; stamens 3-5; female flower enclosed in 2 orbicular,
tomentose bracts, 1/5 in. diameter in fr., per. 0, styles 2-branched.
Red Sea Prov. (Littoral).
98 =Kochia cana= _Boiss._
Undershrub; branchlets white, obscurely silky. Leaves alternate, oblong,
1/5 in. long, hairy. Infl. subglobose, embedded in long brown hairs,
axillary or terminal, 2-sexual or female; per. lobes 5, incurved and
enlarged in fr.; stamens 5; styles 2-3.
Red Sea Prov. (Littoral).
99 =Halopeplis perfoliata= _Schweinf._
Woody, branched undershrub, 1-2 ft. high, nodes approximate. Leaves
alternate, very small, sessile, decurrent, glabrous. Spikes small,
dense; per. 3-toothed; stamens 1-2.
Red Sea Prov. (Littoral).
100 =Arthrocnemum fruticosum= _Moq._
Undershrub, branches short-jointed. Leaves 0. Flowers 2-sexual, very
small, partially sunk in cylindric, dense spikes 1½-2½ in. long; per.
3-4 lobed; stamens 1-2.
Red Sea Prov. (Saline marshes, Er-Rih Island).
101 =Salsola fœtida= _Del._ DEBERRAH (Nubia) & MULLEY (Egypt)—Arab.
Evil-smelling undershrub, 1-4 ft. high. Leaves alternate, orbicular,
minute, fleshy, imbricate; bracteoles similar. Flowers in short, dense
axillary spikes; per. 5-partite, segments in fr. winged, scarious;
stamens 5; style 2-branched.
Wadi Halfa (on sandstone); Berber Prov. (Obeish); Between Berber &
Khartoum; Red Sea Prov. (Suakin & 21° N. Lat.).
=S. vermiculata= _Linn._
Pubescent undershrub. Leaves alternate or fascicled, ovate, up to ⅓ in.
long, keeled at base. Flowers in dense spikes, as above.
Nubia (banks of the Nile, near Tingur).
102 =Suæda fruticosa= _Forsk._ ADLIB—Arab.
Glabrous undershrub, 1-2 ft. high. Leaves alternate, scattered, linear,
fleshy, ¼-⅔ in. long. Flowers minute, axillary, solitary or clustered;
per. urn-shaped in bud; lobes 5; stamens 5; style short, 3-armed.
Red Sea Prov. (Suakin, 21° N. Lat & Littoral).
=S. monoica= _Forsk._
Similar to above; upper leaves larger; flowers larger and mostly
1-sexual.
Between Suakin & Berber (Khor Langeb); Kordofan Prov. (Maties).
=S. Volkensii= _C. B. Clarke._
Succulent undershrub. Leaves oblong, up to ⅓ in. long. Flowers clustered
on nearly continuous spikes. Per. larger than in _S. fruticosa_,
pentagonal, swollen in fruit.
Red Sea Prov. (saline soils on sea-coast).
=S. vermiculata= _Forsk._
Spreading, white tomentose undershrub. Leaves ovate, sub-globose, up to
⅙ in. long, mealy and glandular, tubercled at base. Flowers in dense
spikes; bracts spirally inserted, white-margined; filaments exserted.
Red Sea Prov.
=S. vermiculata= _Forsk._ =var. puberula= _C. B. Clarke._
Leaves linear, up to ⅓ in. long without tubercle.
Red Sea Prov. (Coast).
103 =Cornulaca monacantha= _Del._
Much branched, rigid undershrub. Leaves alternate lanceolate, up to ¼
in. long, curved, ending in a spine, which drops off when old and the
base becomes a cushion. Flowers clustered, buried in wool, polygamous;
per. segments 5, 1 or more spinescent in fruit.
Dongola Prov.
=C. Ehrenbergii= _Aschers._
Leaves densely imbricated, mucronate; flowers solitary, not buried in
wool, axillary, otherwise as above.
Red Sea Prov. (Coast).
=AMARANTACEÆ.=
104 =Celosia argentea= _Linn._ DANAB EL KELB (H. Abbas), & SHEIBA
(Meshra El Zeraf)—Arab.
Branched herb, 1-4 ft. high. Leaves alternate, linear to spathulate-
elliptic, 1-5 in. long; petals 1-2 in. long. Spikes dense, scarious,
silvery-white, pink or straw-coloured, up to 6 in. long; per. ⅓ in.
long, 5-fid; stamens 5, filaments united at base; style 3-branched.
Kassala Prov. (Gallabat: Matamma); South of Khartoum; Fung Prov.
(Jongol’s Post); Kordofan Prov.; Darfur Prov.; Sobat River (Nasser).
The seeds are a remedy for diarrhœa. The plant is sometimes eaten as a
pot-herb; it is also said to yield a strong fibre.
=C. laxa= _Schumach._ & _Thonn._
Branched herb, 2-4 ft. high. Leaves long-petioled below, ovate to
lanceolate, up to 3 in. long. Infl. much looser than in above, 2-4 in.
long.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land by Nabambisso River).
=C. trigyna= _Linn._ BAMBIT (Kordn.), EL BUEIDA (Blue Nile)—Arab.
Straggling herb, 1-4 ft. high. Leaves long-petioled below, ovate or
lanceolate, acuminate, 1-5 in. long. Infl. varying from linear panicles,
4-6 in. long, interrupted, to simple spikes or globular spicate heads, 1
in. in diameter, pink to silvery-white; per. ⅛ in. long; style
3-branched.
Between Korosko & Berber; Red Sea Prov. (Erkowit & Karora); Kassala
Prov. (Gallabat: Matamma); Khartoum Prov.; Blue Nile Prov.; Fung Prov.
(Fazoghli); White Nile Prov.; Kordofan Prov.; Darfur Prov. (Zalingei);
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Jur: Jur Ghattas, Niamniam-land); Mongalla Prov.
(Lado: Yei River: Kagula).
The leaves are eaten as a vegetable.
=C. Schweinfurthiana= _Schinz._
Scrambling herb, 4-5 ft. long. Leaves long-petioled, ovate-lanceolate, 3
in. long. Panicles linear, up to 10 in. long, or elongate, interrupted
spikes; per. 1/10 in. long; style bifid.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land).
=C. populifolia= _Moquin._
Straggling undershrub, 2-3 ft. high. Leaves petioled, ovate-lanceolate,
base rounded, 3 in. long. Panicles linear, thyrsoid, 4-7 in. long; per.
1/10 in. long, scarious white with dark lines; style bifid. Caps.
1-seeded.
Kassala Prov. (Goz Regeb); Blue Nile Prov.; Fung Prov.; White Nile
Prov.; Kordofan Prov. (Bareis); Darfur Prov.
105 =Digera arvensis= _Forsk._ HARAYRAH, NUARAH, BEBIT or LABLAB AHMAR
(Blue Nile Prov.), & ASFAR (Meshra El Zeraf)—Arab; AMMĀL (Meshra El
Zeraf)—Dinka; KILUTUM (Meshra El Zeraf)—Shilluk.
Branched herb, 8-20 in. high. Leaves alternate, lanceolate or ovate, 2
in. long. Spikes axillary 2-7, somewhat interrupted, pink; per. 4-5-fid,
⅙ in. long; stamens 5, not united at base: style 2-fid; caps. 1-seeded.
Widely distributed: Nubia (between Suakin & Berber, Wadi Abu Salem);
Kassala Prov.: Berber Prov.; Khartoum Prov.; Blue Nile Prov.; White Nile
Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Ghabat El Arab).
It is eaten as a pot-herb, also as fodder. The leaves are used to cure
indigestion.
106 =Amarantus caudatus= _Linn._ ORF ED DIK—Arab.
Erect herb, 1-3 ft. high. Leaves alternate, long-petioled, narrow-
elliptic, 2-12 in. long. Spikes red, linear numerous, mostly in terminal
panicles; bracts numerous, longer than flowers; per. 1/10 in. long,
5-fid; style 3-fid, long.
Kassala Prov. (Gallabat: Matamma); Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post &
Roseires); Kordofan Prov. (Sigei).
Cultivated for its seed, which is edible. The plant is also cooked and
eaten as a vegetable. The garden variety is known as “Love-lies-
bleeding.”
=A. tricolor= _Linn._
Herb, 1-5 ft. high. Leaves spathulate-ovate, acuminate, up to 4 in.
long; pet. 1-2½ in. long. Spikes axillary and in terminal panicles; per.
1/10 in. long, 3-fid; bracts long-awned, longer than flowers; style
3-branched.
Kassala Prov. (Gallabat: Matamma).
=A. oleraceus= _Linn._
Herb; a weed in cultivation. Leaves ovate-elliptic, 2 in. long, long-
petioled. Spikes axillary and terminal, dense; per. very minute,
segments 3.
Khartoum Prov.
=A. græcizans= _Linn._ FISS EL KELB, & LISĀN EL TEIR—Arab.
A weed in cultivation. Leaves elliptic, 1-2 in. long, long-petioled.
Spikes globose, axillary and terminal; per. segments 3, minute, tailed.
Khartoum, Kassala & Kordofan Provinces.
=A. Blitum= _Linn._ LISĀN EL TEIR (N. Kordn.)—Arab.
A weed in cultivation, 15 in. high. Leaves narrow-oblong to obovate ½-1½
in. long including pet. Spikes copious, axillary; flowers still smaller
than above.
Red Sea Prov. (Suakin); Khartoum, Blue Nile, White Nile, Kordofan & Bahr
El Ghazal Provinces.
=A. polygamus= _Linn._
A weed, up to 2 ft. high. Leaves ovate-elliptic, 2 in. long; pet. often
very long. Spikes axillary; flowers as above.
Kassala Prov. (Gallabat: Matamma); White Nile Prov. (J. Arashkol); Fung
Prov. (Jongol’s Post); Kordofan Prov.
107 =Aerva tomentosa= _Forsk._ GHUBEISH (Nomads, Kordn.), SHEIBA (N.
Kordn.), LERU or (EL) ARA or LARA—Arab; EIGAB—Hadendowa.
Undershrub, 2-4 ft. high, with dense white stellate hairs. Leaves
alternate, lanceolate, 4 in. long. Flowers in spiked terminal, leafless,
dense panicles, 2 in. long; per. 5-fid, ⅛ in. long, hairy; bracts hairy;
stamens 5; filaments united in a tube with alternating staminodes, style
2-branched; caps. 1-seeded.
Widely distributed. Red Sea Prov.; Dongola Prov. (Khandak); Berber Prov.
(Saggadi, Wadi Omari); Khartoum, Blue Nile, Kordofan & Darfur Provinces.
The woolly spikes are used for stuffing pillows and donkey saddles. The
roots are used as tooth-brushes. It is used medicinally for horses and
camels.
=var.= β. =Bovel= _Webb._
More tawny than type. Leaves oblong or obovate, 1 in. long. Flowers
smaller; spikes more slender and interrupted.
Red Sea Prov. (between Suakin & Berber); Dongola Prov. (Debba): Kordofan
Prov.
=A. Ruspolii= _Lopr._
Bushy, tawny-woolly herb. Leaves oblong and obovate, ½ in. long,
recurved. Spikes small and interrupted.
Berber Prov. (17° 30′ Lat. N.).
=A. lanata= _Juss._
Woolly herb, 1-4 ft. high. Leaves ovate, 1½ in. long. Spikes axillary
and terminal, ¼-½ in. long; flowers small, densely white-woolly; bracts
glabrous-pointed.
Red Sea Prov. (Soturba, sea-coast, Erkowit); Bahr El Ghazal Prov.
(Nabambisso River: Niamniam-land).
=var.= β. =oblongata= _Aschers._
Leaves thick, very woolly. Spikes in a dense, narrow panicle, 1 ft.
long.
Red. Sea Prov. (Soturba).
=A. brachiata= _Mart._
More glabrate than _A. lanata_ and smaller. Infl. axillary; flowers very
minute; stamens 2 only.
White Nile, Kordofan & Darfur Provinces.
108 =Cyathula prostrata= _Blume._
Hairy or glabrate herb, 1-3 ft. high. Leaves ovate or obovate, 1-4 in.
long. Spikes terminal, 2-6 in. long, ¼ in. wide; bracts with straight
and hooked spines; per. segments 5, blunt or spinose, 1/12 in. long;
stamens 5, alternating with staminodes.
Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Niamniam-land: Kalenjo).
109 =Pupalia lappacea= _Juss._ LAMRAGA—Bari.
Hairy herb, 2-4 ft. high. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, 2-6 in. long.
Infl. in terminal subspicate clusters, 2-4 in. long; flowers about 3
together enclosed by 2 bracts and 4 bracteoles covered with white,
woolly hairs and hooked and barbed spines forming very troublesome
burrs; stamens 5; filaments connate at base.
Red Sea Prov.; Suakin to Berber (Wadi Omari); Fung Prov. (Roseires,
Jongol’s Post); White Nile Prov. (J. Arashkol & rocky hills); Kordofan
Prov.; Bahr El Ghazal Prov. (Bongo: Maiuoli, Jur: Dimo); Bahr El Jebel.
At Rejaf the plant is used medicinally, being burnt and the ashes added
to water and drunk for flatulence. It is also said to be used for
leprosy; sores are bled and the ashes of the plant, called DIKERI
TIMALLO, are rubbed in. Patients eat light food and no meat.
110 =Psilotrichum cordatum= _Moquin._
Herb, 2-4 ft. high. Leaves opposite, ovate, 1½ in. long, hairy. Panicles
terminal, 1-2 ft. long; spikes ½-1½ in. long, 4-12 flowered, bracteoles
2, shorter than flowers; per. segments 5, ⅛ in. long, green, hairy;
stamens 5, filaments joined into a cup at the base.
Red Sea Prov. (Soturba).
=P. Schimperi= _Engl._
Glabrous branched herb, 18 in. high. Leaves lin.-oblong, 2 in. long.
Spikes terminal and subaxillary, up to 5 in. long in fruit; per. green.
Fung Prov. (Jongol’s Post).
111 =Achyranthes aspera= _Linn._ ABRUKAB (Sennar), DANAB EL ABILANI or
FAKHAH or NA’ANA’A (Meshra El Zeraf), ANAWIDIK (Khartoum), ERG EL ASDA &
ERG EL DAM (Blue Nile)—Arab; DARATNIUWA—Hadendowa; EILUKWATEN
(Dilling)—Nuba.
Straggling or erect woody herb. Leaves opposite, elliptic, 2-3 in. long.
Spikes usually simple, 2-18 in. long, occasionally compound and
feathery; bracteoles spiny; fr. deflexed, somewhat prickly.
Red Sea Prov. (Erkowit & Khortratib); from Lat. 15° 30′ southwards.
Root chewed and used as a styptic on cuts.
=A. aspera= _Linn._ =var. argentea= _C. B. Clarke._
Leaves silky, strigose beneath with white hairs, often silvery.
Kordofan Prov.; Upper White Nile Prov. (near mouth of Bahr El Ghazal);
Mongalla Prov. (Kenissa).
=A. aquatica= _R. Br._
Hirsute aquatic herb. Leaves ovate or lanceolate, 3-4 in. long. Spikes 3
in. long; bracteoles small; per. straw-coloured; fr. deflexed as above.
Fu
